Scythiās cure of the Scyatica which the Scythians did vse to open to helpe the Scyatica or hip-gowr The Iugular veynes he describeth in the fourth Booke de Morbis In his Booke de Natura ossium hee commandeth to open the veynes of the hams and ankles in pains of the Loynes and Testicles In the first Section of the 6. Book Epidemiωn in fits of the stone or inflāmations of the Kidneyes hee openeth the Ham veynes The shoulder veyne he describeth in his Booke de ossium Natura calling it sanguiflua or the blood-flowing veine In his Booke de victus ratione in morbis acutis in the Plurisie he openeth the Basilica or Liuer veine which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the inner or internall veine Now the common Originall and vse of the veines he declareth in his Booke de Alimento as also of the arteries 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the radication or roote of the veynes is the Liuer of the Arteries the Heart out of these blood spirits and heate are distributed into the whole body Of the Nerues you shall reade many things yet dispersedly but for their cōmon Originall which all men were ignorant of he pointed it out manifestlie All Hippo. discouered the Original of the Nerues men almost do hold that the softest nerues or nerues of sense doe arise from the brain the hard such as serue for motion from the Cerebellum or little braine but now it is resolued especially since Varolius his curious search by a new manner of anatomizing the head that all the Nerues euen the Opticks themselues doe arise from this Cerebellum or backeward Varolius commendation braine which me thinkes Hippocrates insinuateth in his Booke De ossium Natura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The originall of the Nerues is from the Occipitium or hinder part of the head euen to the racke bones the hippes the priuities the thighes the armes the legges and the feete Of Glandules or Kernels hee wrote an entire Booke and so much of the similar parts Of the Organicall parts also he wrote much and that excellently Of the Heart a Golden booke wherein he so excelleth that I thinke neither Galen nor Vesalius haue gone beyond Hippocrates Golden book of the Heart him for exact description but in it there are many things obscure which needes an Interpreter if the world were so happy The history of the infant the Principles of generation the conceyuing forming norishment life motion and birth hath he most excellentlie described in his bookes De Natura pueri De septimestri and De octimestri partu We conclude therefore that Hippocrates wrote very diuinely of Anatomy but withall so obscurely as his workes euen to this age seeme to be sealed from the greatest wits I think therefore An exhortation to take paines in Hippocrates that he shall merit most of Physicke who hauing all his furniture about him shall labour to make manifest to the world those diuine Oracles which hitherto we haue rather admired then vnderstoode What Galen hath written of Anatomie and how vniustly he is accused by the later writers especially by Vesalius CHAP. XI ALmost all the Grecians Arabians and Latines do very much extoll Galen as after Hippocrates the second Father of Physicke forasmuch as he hath The prayse of Galen in such sort amplified and adorned the whole Art by his deep and diuine writings that vnder him it may seeme to be as it were borne anew For indeede howbeit there were extant before many excellent Monuments Records yet were they so confused and shuffled out of order that it seemed a new worke to gather together those thinges that were dispersed to illustrate that which was hard and difficile rude and vnpolisht to distinguish and order that which was confused beside many things which he obserued in his owne particular experience For other parts of Physick I will say nothing but for Anatomy I will confidently auouch that Galen hath so beautified and accomplished it that he hath not onely dispersed the blacke clowds of ignorance which hung ouer the former ages but also giuen great light splendor to the insuing posterity For whereas there are three meanes which leade vs as it were by the hand to the perfect and exact knowledge of Anatomy namely Dissection of the Three things acomplishing an Anatomist parts their actions and their vses he hath so accurately described them all as he hath gotten the prize from all men not onely before him but euen after him also The manner of Dissection he hath manifested in his Bookes de Anatomicis administrationibus de Dissectione musculorum neruorum The actions of the seuerall parts he hath elegantly described to the life in his Booke de naturalibus facultatibus de placitis Hippocratis Platonis But aboue all are those seuenteene golden bookes of the Vse of parts which are truly called Diuine labours and hymnes sung in praise of the Creator So that the benefites we all and those before vs haue receyued by Galen are indeede very great and yet the more the pitty almost all the new Writers do continually carpe and barke at him yea teare and rend him whether it be by right or wrong wounding and lancing his credite vpon euery slight occasion one by way of cauill another ambitiously seeking to make himselfe esteemed by Galens disgrace and few with any desire that truth should take place But as flouds beating against the rockes by how much they rush with greater violence by so much they are more broken and driuen backe into the maine so such are their bootlesse and ridiculous endeauors who enterprize by the disgrace of another especially of their Maisters and Teachers to gaine reputation vnto themselues But let vs see wherein these Nouices do blame Galen First they say hee hath giuen vs onely the Anatomy of bruite beasts and not of Man hauing neuer dissected a mans body The slanderof the new Writers against Galen Againe they vrge that he was ignorant of many things which at this day are generally commonly knowne Thirdly they say he deliuers many things repugnant and contrary to himself Lastly that he hath written all things confusedly without Method or order For say they what Method can ther be obserued in his books of the vse of Parts which you cal diuine First he treats of the hand then of the legges and feete and last of all of the lower belly and the naturall parts How sillie these calumniations are and how miserably these The confutation of the first slander men are by their owne ignorance deceiued let all men heare and iudge For to begin with the first I say and affirme that Galen did not onely cut vp the bodies of Apes but manie times also the carkasses of men My witnesse shall be the author himselfe In his thirteenth booke de vsu partium I am determined saith he
other both Greeks and Arabians but they bring for confirmation of their opinion no necessary arguments but such onely as are probable shadowed ouer with a veile of truth It is more honourable say they and monarchical that there should be one principle The arguments of the Peripateticks The first then many and that the very name of a principle doeth necessarily import so much For if the soule of the Creature be but one in number and that indiuisible then must the bodye likewise of it bee either one whole or at least haue some one principall part for essences must not be multiplied without necessity And as in the great vniuerse which we behold there is one Principle which Aristotle in his eighth booke of his Physicks calleth Primum mouens and Primus motor that is the First mouer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ti 's naught to haue moe Kings then one Let him that raygnes raygne King alone So in the Microcosme or Little world there must be but one principle one prince which The dignity of the heart is the Heart whose excellencie and dignity aboue the rest of the partes these things doe cleerely demonstrate First because it first liueth and dyeth the last and therefore is the originall of life and the seat of the soule Next because it endureth no notable disease but yeildeth presently to Nature if it be afflicted Againe because it obtaineth the most honourable place that is the middle of the body Fourthly for that by his perpetuall motion all thinges are exhilerated and doe flourish and nothing in the whole Creature is fruitfull vnlesse the powerfull vigour of the Heart do giue foecundity vnto it There say they is the mansion and Tribunall of the soule where heate is to be found the first instrument of all the functions but the Heart is the springing fountaine of Natiue heate which by the arteries as it were by small riuerers is deriued into the whole bodie Moreouer The second the seate of the faculties is there where the Organs of the same faculties doe appeare but all the veines arteries sinewes doe arise out of the Heart For the arteries no man euer made doubt The veines doe surely arise thence where their end and termination doeth The third The heart the original of the veines appeare but that is about the Heart for the implantation of the great arterie and the hollow veine are alike Beside all the veines are continuated with the heart to it are they fixed where they also haue membranes set like dores vnto them which seeme to bee the beginnings and heads of the veines but through the Liuer they are onely disseminated and The heart the original of the sinewes Aristotle the rest of the entralles they make a passage through and so end into haire strings Aristotle also is of opinion that the hart is the originall of the nerues for his flesh is hard thight and somewhat membranous but the ventricles thereof haue in them infinite textures of manifest sinewes Finally the Heart is the first 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the first 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the first 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 4. argument The heart the first store-house of bloud that is Sanguifier Liuer Mouer Sensator That it is the first Sanguifier or the work-house wherein the bloud is made the Philosopher demonstrateth because in it the bloud is contained as in a vessell or conceptacle and receptacle whereas in the Liuer it remayneth but as in a pipe or conuayance and beside no where in the whole body is the bloud contained out of his vessels saue only in the Heart which therefore is the Treasurie thereof and therefore in all sudden passions of the minde it returneth and flyeth to the heart as to his fountaine not to the Liuer or to the Braine That it is primum sensorium the first sensator that is that the faculties offence motion The heart the first sensator The first reason and appetite are deriued from the heart the Peripateticks proue by these arguments Because in a Syncope that is a swounding where the vital spirits faile there appeareth a sodaine and head-strong ruine and decay of all the faculties Because in all sodaine motions of noysome and hurtfull things as also when we would auoide them the heat of the heart The second being drawne inward there appeareth a pale wannesse in the face and on the contrary when we conceiue ioy for any thing that is profitable or when wee pursue such things the heate of the heart being called outward there appeareth in the countenance a ruddinesse and alacritie Because if the arteries called Carotides be tyed or obstructed then followeth The third presently a sencelesse dulnes and a priuation of the Animality if I may so speake the patient lying like a senceles stocke Because Ioy Sorrow and Hope are motions of the The fourth Heart in which consisteth all the Appetite wee haue to pursue that which we like or to flye and auoyde that we dislike and abhorre Finally because in sleepe the Animall faculties The fift doe rest and cease from their labours now sleep is nothing else but a retraction or calling backe of the heate to the heart from the other partes wherein it was in continuall expence and that is the reason why a man after sleepe is so much refreshed and riseth strong againe to the labour either of minde or body albeit in both he were well wearied yea tyred out before As for the Braine they say it cannot be the authour of sence because it is of a cold temper vnapt for motion and made only to refrigerate and coole the exceeding heat of the Heart being of it selfe without all sence These and such like are the arguments of the Peripateticks by which they perswade themselues that there is but one Principle of mans body which is the Heart But these conceits of Aristotle and the Philosophers are long since hissed out of the A consutati of the Peripateticks Schooles of the Physitians and banished from amongst them because they assume those things for true which are vtterly false and obtrude things probable as if they were necessary And what I pray you is more absurd then to preferre the probability of a Logicall argumentation before the euidence of sence reason and experience ioyned togither Nowe that the veines doe arise from the Liuer that the nerues or sinewes which are soft and medullous or marrowy within and without cloathed with membranes are deriued Demonstratiue argumēts to proue that the heart is neither the original of the veines nor of the sinewes from the substance of the Braine he that hath but one eye may clearely discerne That great Philosopher obserued in the heart many Fibrous strings in both his ventricles wouen out of the extremities of the smal membranes and mistooke them for threddy nerues whereas indeede it hath but one smal nerue arising from the sixt coniugation of the
brain which looseth it selfe in his substance Hee saw the hollow veine in the heart very large and ample but he did not obserue that it onely openeth into the heart gaping at it with a spacious orifice or mouth to poure into the right ventricle as it were into a Cisterne sufficient bloud for the generation of vital spirits to supply the expence of the whole body but goeth not out of the heart as doeth manifestly appeare by those three forked membranes or values and floud-gates yawning outward but close inward But because wee shall haue fitter occasion hereafter to dispute this question with them of the originall of the veines and the sinewes it shall bee sufficient that we haue sayd thus much of it at this time As for the seate of the faculties of sence and motion is it not against all reason and experience That the hart is not the beginning of animal motion to place them in the heart The heart indeede is moued and that perpetually but that motion is not Voluntarie but Naturall it is moued yet not at our pleasure but according to it owne instinct Dayly practise and experience teacheth vs that when the ventricles of the Braine are either compressed or filled and stuffed vp as in the Apoplexy Epilepsie and drowsie Caros then all the faculties are respited and cease from their functions but when the heart is offended the life indeede is endangered but neither motion nor sence intercepted Againe if the heart were the seate of all the faculties as the Peripatetikes would faine haue it then vpon any affection of the same or notable deprauation of his temperament An elegant argument against the Peripatetickes all the functions should be impeached because all actions come from the Temper But we see that in a Hectique ague or Consumption wherein there is an vtter alienation of the temper as being an equall distemper of all distempers the most dangerous yet the voluntary and principall faculties do remaine inviolate In the violent motions and throbbing Strange motions of the Heart palpitations of the heart which some say haue beene seene so extreame that a rib hath beene broken therewith yet neither the voluntary motions of the parts are depraued nor the minde at all alienated or troubled Who will deny but that by pestilent and contagious vapors and breaths comming from the byting of venomous beasts or the taking of poyson the vitall faculty is oppugned and as it were besieged in his own fortresse But yet those that are so affected do enioy both sence and reason euen to the last breath most times When the Braine is refrigerated sleep presently stealeth vpon vs now Aristotle himselfe Aristotle defineth sleepe to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The rest of the first sensator If any of the principal Faculties either Motiue or Sensatiue be affected where do the remedies applyed auaile Surely at the Head not at the Heart The Braine therefore not the Heart is the first Moouer and first Sensator But the Peripatetiks obiect that the Braine hath no The sensation of the Braine not passiue but operatiue Why the braine is cold that is lesse hot Answeres to the arguments of the Peripatetiks sence and therefore cannot be the author of it We will giue them a learned answere out of Galen The Braines sensation is not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is not passiuely but operatiuely It receiueth not the species or Images of sensible things but like a Iudge it taketh knowledge of their impressions and accordingly determineth of them They say the Braine is vnapt for motion because it is cold we answere it was necessary it should bee cold that is lesse hot for the better performance of the functions For if the Braine had exceeded in heate then would his motions haue beene rash and vnruly and his sensations giddie and fond as in a phrensie In a Syncope the Animall faculties do faile It is true but why Because there is an exolusion and so a defect of vitall spirits by which the animall are cherished The Ligation or interception in like manner of the arteries of the necke called Carotides induceth a priuation of motion and sense onely because the vitall Spirits are intercepted which minister matter to the Animall But one Principle is better then many That we confesse is very true but yet we know there are many reasons why it is not possible it should be so in this Little world We Why in the Little worlde there cannot be one onely principle The first demonstration will instance but in a few It is granted by all men that the substance of the arteries is diuerse from that of the veynes and the substance of the sinnewes differing from them both and as their substance so is their structure very different and their temper not one and the same how then could it be that Organs of so distinct kinds should yssue all from one and the same part Againe it was necessary that these organes should in their originall be very The second large and ample to transfuse sufficient spirites and a common matter suddenly and togetherward into the whole bodye Now the magnitude or proportion of any one part much lesse of the heart could not be sufficient for this purpose either to affoord a foundation for so large vessels or to supply a competent allowance of matter for them all Addeheereto The third that the faculties of the soule follow the temper of the body and therefore so diuers faculties might not issue from one part which hath but one single temperament How can we imagine reasonably that three distinct different faculties yea oftentimes quite contrary Reason Anger and Concupiscence shoulde reside altogether as if they were sworne friends in one Organ Or how when the heart is on fire with anger should reason make resistance which delighteth in a middle and equall temper Do not the vital and animall faculties require a different temper Their Organs therefore must also necessarily The fourth be different and distinct For the heart is by nature fitted to contain and propagate the vital faculty but for the preseruation of the animall it is vtterly incompetent The reason is at hand The vitall spirit is very hot impetuous raging and in continuall motion and therefore stood in neede of a strong organ wherein it should be wrought and contained that the spirit might not because of his tenuity be exhaled nor the vessell by which it is conueyed breake in perpetuall pulsing and palpitation which both wold easily haue hapned if the heart and arteries had bin thin and of a slender texture The animall faculty required another temper in her organ otherwise the motions would haue beene furious the sences giddy and rash Reason would continually haue erred because the property of heate is to confound and make a medley of all things shuffling in one thing hudlingly vpon another through his continuall and indesinent
scituation of the hart and particularly the fore-parte thereof TABVLA IX FIG I. The second Figure FIG II. The coate is proper to the heart very thin and fine Vesalius likens it to the Membrane that compasseth the Muscles this inuesteth it as that of the Muscles and so strengthneth The Coate his substance from which it cannot be seuered The fat called pinguedo with Columbus or Adeps with Galen and Aristotle or both with Archangelus is very plentifully gathered about it like Glue especially at the Basis where the greater vessels are placed because there is the concoction celebrated of those things that are conteined in it not in the Cone or point The Fatte of what kind it is This fat is harder then it is in any other part and therefore it should seeme rather to be Adeps then Pinguedo and that is Galens and Aristotles reason for if it were Pinguedo it would melt with â—â—e extreame heate of the heart to great disaduantage Howsoeuer the vse of this fat â—â—to moisten the hart least being ouer-heated with his continuall motion it should The vse of fat grow dry and exiccated but this kinde of fatty humidity is hardly consumed but remaineth to cherish it and to annoint and supple the vessels that they cleaue not with too great heate and drought Moreouer the heart being the fountaine of heate which continually flameth it serueth for a sufficient and necessary Nutriment whereby it is cherished and refreshed in great affamishment nourished and sustained least otherwise the heart should too soone depopulate and consume the radicall moysture Wherefore Galen ascribeth this vse to fat that in great heates famines violent exercises it should stand at the stake to supply the want of Nature at a pinch So sayeth Auicen Fat 's of all kindes are increased or diminished in the body according to the increase or diminution of heate wherefore heate feedeth vppon them We haue often obserued in opening of the ventricles of the heart in the very cauities of them a certaine gobbet or morsell if not of fat yet of a substance very like it so that A substance like fat obserued in the ventricles of the heart we haue more wondred how that should in such a furnace congeale then the other in the outside The cone is alwayes moystned by the humor contayned in the Pericardium The vesselles of the heart are of all kinds which doe compasse the heart round about table 9. figure 2. l and branches from these LL table 10. figure 2. D The veine is called Coronaria The veine called Coronaria or the Crowne veine arising from the trunke of the hollow veine table 6. E before it bee inserted into the right ventricle and sometimes it is double this engirteth round like a crowne the basis of the heart and hath a value set to it least the bloud should recoyle into the hollow veine From this crowne veine are sprinkled branches downward along the face of the heart which on the left side are more and larger because it is thicker more solid then the right side This bringeth good and thicke bloud laboured onely in the Liuer to nourish this thicke and solid part that the Aliment might be proportionable to that it should nourish What nourishment the hart needed By this vessell also it may be beleeued that the Naturall Soule residing in the Naturall spirite is brought into the heart with all his faculties It hath also two Arteries called Coronorias table 12. figure 1. BB proceeding from the The Arteries descending trunk of the great Artery which together with the vein are distributed through his substance to cherish his in-bred heate and supplying vitall spirites doe preserue his life for if the heart did liue by the spirits perfected in his left ventricle and carried vnto his substance without Arteries then also might the same spirit passe through the pores of the hart By what spirits the heart liueth and so be lost It hath also Nerues but very small ones from the sixt coniugation table 10. figure 1. K or from the nerues which are sent vnto the Pericardium which are distributed into his basis The nerues table 10. figure 2. h close by the arteriall veine but not very perspicuously and as some thinke for sence onely and not for motion because his motion is Natural and not Animal But saith Archangelus if there must be but one and not two principles of motion in vs then shall the Brayne be also the originall of all motions because it is the seate of the sensible Soule for that opinion of Aristotles who attributeth vnto the heart onely all the powers and faculties of the foule Galen and the later writers do with one consent disauow and so Archangelus his conceit that the motion of the hart commeth froÌ„ his nerues this nerue shall minister vnto the heart not onely sence but also motion and both their faculties and also the faculty of pulsation or the motion of dilatation and constriction And this nerue sometimes though seldome is suddenly stopped whence commeth hasty and vnexpected death which wee call sudden death the faculties of life and pulsation being restrayned so that they cannot flow into the heart But we with Gal. in the 8. Chap. of his seauenth A cause of sudden death Booke de Anatom Administ will determine for our partes that the faculty of pulsation ariseth out of the body of the heart not from the nerues for then when these are cut away the pulse should cease and the hart taken out of the chest could not be moued which we find otherwise by dissection of liuing creatures CHAP. XII Of the substance ventricles and eares of the heart THE substance of the heart is a thicke table 10. figure 3. sheweth this and red The substaÌ„ce of the heart Why so thick flesh being made of the thicker part of the bloud it is lesse redd then the flesh of muscles but harder more solide and dense that the spirits and inbred heare which are contayned in the heart and from thence powred into al parts of the body should not exhale and that it might not bee broken or rent in his strong motions and continuall dilatation and constriction And it is more compact spisse and solid in the cone then in the basis because there the right fibres meeting together 〈◊〉 more compact right as it is obserued in the heads or tendons of the muscles This flesh is the seat of the vitall Faculty and the primary and chiefe cause of the functions of the heart which Where is the seat of the vital faculty consiste especially in the making of vitall bloud and spirites For it hath all manner of fibres right oblique and transuerse most strong and most compact and mingled one with another and therefore not conspicuous as in a muscle as well for the better performance The heart hath all kinde of fibres of his motion as for a defence
ebullition or boyling of the bloud whereby it riseth and occupieth a larger place yea and powreth it selfe out into all the cauity adioyning thereto and this he illustrateth by an example taken from boyling water water when it boyleth riseth vp and occupieth larger place then it did A pregnant example before but if you blowe cold ayre into it it presently falleth right so is it sayth he in the heart of a man the heate boyleth vp the bloud and the cold ayre we draw in by inspiration settleth it againe and this is farther proued because the pulses of yong men are more liuely and stronger then of old of whole men then of sicke of waking men then of sleeping Another instance because their heate is more vehement and the feruor or working of their bloud more manifest These things are very probable and carry I must needs say a great shew of trueth but if they be weighed in the ballance of Anatomy they will bee found but light Herein was the Philosophers error that he vnderstandeth the heart to be distended or dilated because Wherein was the Philosophers error it is filled contrariwise the Anatomist vnderstandeth the heart to bee filled because it is dilated In the depraued motion or palpitation of the heart it is distended indeede because it is filled either with water or with vapours but in the proper and naturall it is dilated by an inbred Comparison power of his owne and being dilated drawes in bloud and spirits and so is filled like as a Smithes bellowes being opened by the power of the smith is filled with ayre whether hee will or no bladders whilest they are filled are distended those fill in the dilatation these dilate in the filling Beside this conceite of Aristotles others haue diuersly deuised concerning this motion Erosistratus Hiracledus Erasistratus Hiracledus Erithreus conceiued that the motion of the heart was from the Animall and vitall faculties together Auerrhoes that it was from the appetent and sentient soule and that the heat was but the instrument which the appetite vsed others thought Auerrhoes that nature onely moued the heart because alone it is sayd to bee principium motus or beginning Other opinions of motion in those things that are moued others that the dilatation of the heart was from the soule and the contraction meerly naturall the sides of the heart falling down with their owne waight like as in the disease called Tremor or the shaking palsie the faculty The cause of the snaking palsie of the soule continually rayseth vp the heade and the waight beareth it downe againe whence the perpetuall shaking proceedeth But trueth is the motion of the heart is no trembling but a constant and orderly motion neither is the contraction caused by the waight of the heart it buckling vnder the burthen of it selfe but the greatest strength of the heart is in the contraction whereby it hurleth The kinds of motions forth as the lightning passeth through the whole heauen his spirites into the whole body and excludeth oftentimes not without violence the fumed vapours into the arteriall veine But before we set downe our resolution concerning this matter a few things are to Voluntary motions be first established There is a threefold motion Violent Animal and Naturall of violent motions none at all can be perpetuall whereupon wee may conclude that no Art can make a perpetuall motion Animall motions are all voluntary this Galen well describeth in the fifth Chapter of his second Booke de motu musculorum where he sayeth If thou canst settle and appease those things that are moued or done at thy pleasure and againe mooue or doe that was at rest or was not done that action or motion is truely voluntarie if moreouer thou canst doe any thing swifter or flower oftner or seldomer at thy pleasure these actions are obedient to thy will Finally the Naturall motion is manifold as a thing may diuers waies Natural motions manifold be sayd to be naturall There is one simple naturall motion which is accomplished only by nature and the Elementary forme with this motion heauy things moue downeward and light things vpward Secondly all motions are called Naturall which are opposed to violent motions so the motions of the muscles though they be voluntary are sayd to be naturall if they be naturally disposed Thirdly all motions are called Naturall which are not Animall that is voluntarie So Galen sayeth in the place before quoted that the motion of the heart is not of the soule that is of the will but of nature againe the motion of the heart is of Nature the motion of the chest of the Soule So that Galen in his 7. Book de vsu partium deliuering but two kinds of faculties the one Animall the other Naturall vnderstandeth all that to be Naturall which is not Animall or voluntary Now we conclude that the motion of the heart is Natural in the third acception The resolution of the question that is that it dependeth neither vpon the will nor simply vpon Nature but vpon the vitall faculty of the Soule which is Naturall not vpon the wil because wee can neither stay it nor set it going againe neither slacken nor hasten it at our pleasure not simply vpon Nature for in a body that is animated that is that hath a Soule nothing mooueth but the Soule otherwise there should be more formes then one and more beginners of motion then one which true and solid Philosophy will not suffer This Soule is the Nature it selfe of the Creature which that it may preserue the vnion between the body and it selfe moueth the heart concocteth in the stomacke reboyleth in the Liuer and perfecteth the bloud in the veines When we say therefore that the motion of the heart is Naturall wee meane that it is from a naturall faculty of the Soule which is not voluntary And that this motion is natural all the causes of it do euidently shew There be three immediate causes of the pulse the Efficient the End or finall cause and Three immediate causes of the pulse The efficient the Instrument all Naturall The Efficient cause is the vital faculty which imploieth it selfe wholly about the generation of spirits which by that perpetuall motion are brought foorth for in the Diastole or dilatation it draweth bloud and ayre In the Systole or contraction it draweth out the spirits already made and their excrements The Finall cause which you may call either the vse or the necessity at your pleasure The Final is three-fold the nourishment of the spirituous substance which is kept in the left ventricle of the heart the tempering and moderating of it for there was great danger that because of the continuall motions the heart should be inflamed vnlesse it had beene ventilated with ayre as with a fan and the expurgation of smoky or fumed vapors The Instruments also of this motion are Natural not Animall Galen
neruous for many tendons reach vnto it beside almost all the nerues arise from about that part in Latine occiput or occipitium as Plantus hath it we call it the nowle The middle part of the scalpe betweene these is gibbous or round called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to hide as it were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because that part of the head is especially couered with haires Galen in the 11. Booke of the Vse of parts and the 14. Chapter calleth it aruumpilorū the Field of haires the Latines call it vertex because in that place the haires runne round Galen in a ring as waters doe in a whirle-poole Finally the sides of the scalp betwixt the eyes the eares and the necke are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayeth Aristotle in his first Booke of his History and the eleauenth Chapter because the pulse is there very manifest the Latines cal them Tempora because their gray haires and sunken flesh bewray the age of a man Againe the parts of the scalp are contayning and contayned The contayning parts Another diuision of the parts Containing are some of them Common some proper The Common are the Cuticle or scarfe-skinne the true skinne bearing a wood or bush of haire the fat and the fleshy pannicle The proper contayning parts are either externall or internall The externall are two membranes pericranium and periostium certain muscles and the bones of the head The proper inward conteyning partes are the two mothers called Meninges dura and Pia which encompasse both the skull and the braine The parts contayned are the braine and the Cerebellum or after-braine from which ariseth the marrow which when it is gotten out of the skull is properly called the marrow of Contained the backe or pith of the spine from which doe arise many nerues as well before it issue out of the skull as after Of these we will first entreat and then after of the part without hayre or the face in the booke following CHAP. II. Of the common containing parts of the head THE common contayning parts of the head are fiue the Haires the Cuticle the Skinne the Fat and the fleshy pannicle of all which wee haue spoken 5. common parts heretofore at large yet because in euery one of these there is some difference from the same parts in other places of the body wee must a little here insist vpon them and first of the haires Albeit therefore the haire is generally more or lesse all ouer the body as before is sayd yet aboue all places the head is adorned with the greatest aboundance of them The haires of the head are the longest of the whole body because sayeth Aristotle in his first Booke de Generatione Animalium and the third Section the braine affoordeth toward their nourishment Aristotle a large supply of humour or vaporous moysture whether you will which also is most clammy and glutinous For the braine is the greatest of all the glandulous bodies They are also in the head stiffest because the skinne of the head is the thickest yet is it rare and full of open pores so sayeth Galen in his ninth Booke de vsu partium and the first Chapter Galen In the head Nature hath opened conspicuous and visible waies for the vaporous and smoky or sooty excrements for the head is set vpon the body as a roofe vppon a warme house so that vnto it doe arise al the fuliginous vaporous excrements from the subiected parts Pollux Eschylus The haires of the head are called in Latine Capilli as it were Capitis pili by Pollux and Eschylus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to cutte In men they are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caesaries because they are often mowed in women 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to dresse with diligence from whence haply wee haue out worde to combe or rather from the Latin word Coma whose signification is all one with the former In woemen they are diuided by a line which separation the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins discrimen and aequamentum in English we cal it the shed of the haire The skinne of a man although in comparison of other creatures it is most thinne yet if The skin of the head you compare the skinne of the head with that of the chest or the lower belly it is very thick as also is the cuticle And therefore Columbus insulteth ouer Aristotle for saying that the skinne of the head is very thinne .. The place is in the 3. Booke of his history and the eleauenth Section where hee doth not say that the skinne of the head is very thinne for in the Aristotle redeemed fift Booke de Generatione Animalium and the third Chapter hee calleth the skinne of the head 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is very crasse and thicke but he saith and that truely that the skinne of a man in respect of his magnitude is very thin Well the skinne of the head as it is the thickest so sayeth Galen in his second Booke de Temperamentis and the 5. Chapter it is so much drier then the skinne of the rest of the body by how much it is harder yet is it rare sayeth Aristotle in the place next aboue named that the sooty excrements might be auoided for the generation of haire as before is sayed It hath vesselles running in it Veines from the outward braunch of the externall iugulars The veines which creeping on both sides are vnited in the forehead and are sometimes opned in grieuous paines of the head and these veines running vnder the drie and hairie skinne carrie bloud vnto it for nourishment Arteries it hath also from the outward branch of the Carotides Arteries deriued to the rootes of the eares and to the temples especially which bring Vitall spirits vpward from the Heart It receyueth also certaine endes of Nerues reflected vpward from the first and seconde coniugation of the Neck to giue it sense I saide ends of Nerues for so saith Gal. in his sixeteenth booke de vsu partium and the 2. Chapter The skinne hath not a proper definite An elegant place in Galen Nerue belonging vnto it as euery Muscle hath his Nerue disseminated in or about his body but there attaine vnto it certaine Fibres from the subiected parts which connect or knit it to those parts and also affoord sense vnto it The sense of this skinne of the heade is not fine and exquisite as in the Chest or the Lower belly Aristotle in the third booke of his Historie and the eleuenth Chapter saith it hath no sense at al and rendreth a reason because it eleaueth to the bone without any interposition of Flesh But Galen disprooueth this opinion in his sixeteenth Booke of the Vse of Parts and the second Chapter It may bee Aristotle meant the Cuticle and
absolutely an Organicall action because it is impaired in those that are Melancholicall and Phreniticall when the structure of the braine is not at all violated neither yet purely Similar because the brain is offended when his ventricles are cōpressed or stuffed vp all be the Temperament be not offended Furthermore this Ratiotiation is neither inchoated nor perfected by the Temperament alone neither yet performed by any particle of the braine but is an action mixed or compounded of an organicall and Similar such as is the action of the heart the stomack For the heart indeed is moued and hath his pulsation from an ingenite faculty and proper Temper of his owne But it could neither haue been contracted nor distended vnlesse it had beene excauated or hollowed into ventricles QVEST. IIII. Of the vse of the Braine against Aristotle IF euer that great interpreter and inessenger of Nature Aristotle the Prince of the Peripateticks doe lesse sufficiently acquite himselfe it is in the matter of Anatomy The vse of the braine after Aristotle more especially in that he hath written concerning the vse of the brain in the seuenth Chapter of his second Booke de part Animal where he cannot be redeemed from palpable absurdity The braine sayth he was onely made to resrigerate the heart First because it is without blood and without veines and againe because a mans braine is of all other creatures the largest for that his heart is the hottest This opinion of Aristotle Galen in his 8. booke de vsu partium confuteth by these arguments First seeing the braine is actually more hot then the most soultery ayre in Summer how shall it Aristotle confuted refrigerate or coole the hart Shall it not rather be contempered by the inspiration of ayre which it draweth in and as it were swalloweth from a full streame If the Peripateticks shal say that the externall ayre is not sufficient to refrigerate the heart but that there is alsorequired an inward bowell to asist it I answere that the braine is farre remoued from the heart and walled in on euery side with the bones of the Scull But surely if Nature had intended it for that vse she would eyther haue placed it in the Chest or at least not set so long a necke betweene them The heele saith Galen hath more power to coole the heart then the braine for when they are refrigerated or wet the cold is presently communicated to the whole body which hapneth not when men take cold on their heads Beside the braine is rather heated by the heart then the heart cooled by the braine because from the heart and the vmbles about it there continually arise very hot vapours which beeing naturally light do ascend vpward Adde heereto this strong Argument which vtterly subuerteth the opinion of Aristotle and the Peripateticks If the braine had beene only made to coole A very strong Argument the heart what need had there bin of so admirable a structure what vse is there of the 4. ventricles the Chambered or Arched body of the webs and textures of the Arteries of the pyne glandule of the Tunnell of the Testicles and Buttocks of the spinal marrow and of the manifold propagations of the sinewes Finally if this were true that Aristotle affirmeth then should the Lyon which is the hottest of all creatures witnesse his continuall disposition to the Ague haue had a larger braine then a man and men because they are hotter should haue larger braines then woemen which things because they abhorre from reason and sense wee doubt not to affirme that the brain was created for more noble and diuine imployments then to refrigerate the heart The body therefore of the braine was built for the performance of the Animall Sensatiue Motiue and Principall functions and it is hollowed into so many ventricles The true vse of the braine furnished with so many textures and complications of vessels for the auoyding of his excrements for the preparation and perfection of the Animall spirits besides the Nerues serue as Organs to lead out the same Animall spirit together with the faculties of motion and sense vnto the sences and the whole body Auerrhoes Aristotles Ape and where occasion is giuen a bitter detractor from Physitions endeauoreth to excuse Aristotle and saith What Auerrhos opinion is That the braine doth therefore refrigerate the heart because it tempers the extreame heat of the vitall spirits But let vs grant that the braine tempers some spirits yet it will hardly temper the spirits of the heart of the large Arteries if it at all temper those spirits which But confuted are contained in the substance and membranes of the brain which spirits so tempered seeing they do not returne vnto the heart how shal they temper the heat of the heart Alexander Benedictus in the 20. Chapter of his fourth booke seemeth to follow the opinion of Auerrhoes Albertus Magnus a man better stored with learning then honesty although hee be a Peripatetick yet in this point he falleth from his Maister Aristotle and saith in his 12 booke de Animal that the braine by his frigidity doth no more temper the heat of the hart then the siccity or drinesse of the heart doth temper the moysture of the braine Whether the braine be the originall of the sinewes Whether the Nerues be continued with the veines and Arteries Whether the Nerues be the Organs of sense and motion Whether the Nerues of motion differ from the Nerues of sense Why the sense may perish the motion being not hindered or on the contrary VVhether the faculty alone or a spirit therewith doe passe by the Nerues By which part of the Nerue the inner or the vtter the spirit is deriued All these questions and difficulties with their resolutions you must seeke for in the third Where these questions are disputed part of our booke of the vessels The rest of the questions we now prosecute QVEST. V. VVhence it is that when the right side of the Head or Brayne is wounded or enflamed a Convulsion falleth into the opposite partes WEe haue a double Probleme heere to discusse The first how it commeth to passe that when the right side of the Head is wounded or enflamed it oftentimes falleth out that the lefte parts of the bodie suffer Convulsion The second why one part of the Braine beeing smitten or obstructed it sometimes happeneth that the contrary side of the body is resolued or becommeth Paralyticall Both these questions haue in them many difficulties For the affections or diseases almost The affectiōs of the partes are communicated according to Rectitude of all the parts are communicated 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is by rectitude not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is by Contrariety because the right side with the right and the left with the left are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is haue a similitude of substance And therefore when the Spleene is affected the left side is pained
is bound to the sides of the third gristle and betwixt it and the gristle especially at the basis there is a little Fat growing It is lax that it may more easily be incurued and turned vpon the Larynx and be mooued in deglutition or swallowing in an acute and graue voice vpward and downward And it is Why they are laxe crasse somewhat hard also and dense because by that way meate sometimes halfe chewed hard and in great gobbits must passe of necessity Some there be which thinke that this Membrane is increased with fleshy fibres and that it becommeth a musculous membrane both in men and beasts to help the lifting vp of the Epiglottis which Fibres are compassed with a little skin both outward and aboue least it should be hurt in the passage of the meate The internal Coate or Membrane which is more crasse in the cauitie of the Larynx The Inner coate or Throttle then it is in the pipe of the Artery is soft stretched and slipperie beecause the cauitie was to be made polished and smooth but where the cleft of the Larynx doth close this Membrane on both sides is by often compressing of it when wee holde our breath made more hard and callous and with the substance doth change the colour waxeth more white But of this Membrane we haue spoken somwhat before in our History of the Rough Artery Concerning the vessels also and the Glandules of the Larynx we shall speake in their proper places CHAP. XXXVIII Of the sound and the voyce IT is sufficiently manifest by that which we haue said that the voyce is an action of the Larinx and that it is the instrument of the voyce and that How a voice is made the glottis or whistle is the first and immediate cause of the voyce and this is Galens opinion wherefore we will discourse a little of the voyce The voyce therefore according to Aristotle is a certaine significatiue sound of a liuing creature or as Galen defines it the voyce is the Ayre The definitiō of a voyce strucken and a sound is the percussion of one body against another in some other There be therefore three things required to the effecting of a sound to wit two seuerall bodyes which doe mutually strike one another the ayre in which the purcussion is made which ayre is beaten and broken betwixt the two bodies But that these bodyes thus mutually knocking one another may effect a sound first What things āre required to a sound The bodyes must be hard it is required that they be stretched by which tension or stretching they are somewhat hardened therefore Aristotle supposed that they ought to be hard for a sponge wooll may mutually strike one another and yet no sound be made But if you say that sounds are oftener made by hard bodyes yet it is true also that sometimes they are made by soft bodyes for if you ioyne your lips together a kind of whistling may be heard but this proceedeth from their tension whereby they thrust out the Ayre by compressing each other Moreouer they ought to haue a broade and plaine superficies for two needles striking Broade and plaine one another doe make no sound Againe the percussion ought to be vehement and quicke for if you gently put your hand to any thing no sound is heard But if besides these And polished for the better sound bodyes be polished and concauous or hollow and of a solid and ayry matter such as brasse and glasse is then the sound will be greater more plaine and delightsome which may bee shewed in bels and musical instruments for such bodyes containe a great deale of ayre in them which airy when it is moued and seeketh a vent doth euery way strike about the sides and euery way causeth a resonance or resounding Now seeing a voyce is the sound of a liuing creature or a certaine species or kind of What is required to a voyce sound there must be euen so many things required to it as a sound Namely the aire for the matter the bodyes which by compressing the ayre doe as it were breake it for the efficient cause we may adde the place which is the head of the rough Arterie The ayre expired The ayre which is required for the forming of a voyce is that which we returne by expiration and this is the matter for the generating of a voyce for that which is inspired is prepared for the refreshing and nourishment of the heart and Inbred heate Wherefore a mans voce is so long continued as the expiration endureth and when it fayleth the voyce vtterly ceaseth Now this expired aire is broken by by the ayry instrument and so the voyce is formed at this breaking and where it is broken there percussion doth forthwith follow But it may be demanded which of the ayry instruments can strike and presse this ayre The Chest and the lungs do not make this voyce because their motions be Diastole By which of the spirituall instruments the ayre is broken and Systole or dilatation and constriction which make no voyce Neither is it the pipe of the Rough Arterie or the greatest part of the weazon because it wanteth muscles wherefore it cannot perfect the voyce which is a voluntary worke Moreouer if you cut the weazon below the Larinx or head the creature will yet expire It is broken by the throtle and why freely but he will not vtter any voyce and if againe you bind this incision the voyce will returne Neither is it the nosthrils which is the cause of the voyce because they are onely passage nor the mouth because it is onely a receptacle nor the tong because they which be dumbe haue their tongs and respiration sound so they which haue their tongue cut out doe yet vtter some kind of voyce It remaineth therfore that amongst the ayry instruments onely the Larinx or throtle is it which is as it were the shop or worke-house wherein the percussion is made which the fabricke and structure of it do sufficiently shew For it hath Muscles which are necessarily required to the effecting of a voyce which is a voluntary action It hath also nerues which affoord the motion Gristles also which are hard bodyes broade smooth polished and concauous or hollow vpon which the ayre may easily be broken constringed and compressed and therwithall resound It hath also a cleft which is requisite vnto the breaking of the ayre that so a sound may be made For this breaking of the ayre cannot be done vnles it passe through by some straight narrow way How this aire is broken This Elision or breaking is made through the cleft when it is constringed and angustated or straightned by the articulation of the Arytaenoides or Ewre-gristle and the Muscles Wherefore Galen writeth that a voice cannot be made vnlesse the passage be straite neyther can that passage be well called straight vnlesse it tendeth by
and the inward heate dissipated which is wont to mooue and solicite the appetite which also is the reason why euery man in winter eats more then he doth in Summer Or we may say that they are dried by the heate of the Fire and so become thirsty and drinke often insomuch that the stomacke being relaxed or loosened by the moysture of drinke becomes languide and so the appetite is broken or we may say further that being very dry they cannot be hungry because Aristotle sayeth it is impossible that at one and the same time a man shoulde vehemently desire both meat and drinke It is further obiected that as Aristotle sayth in the fift Chapter of his Booke de Sens Obiection Sensi which also is prooued true by experience that when we are full wee loath the Smell of meates but delight in the smels of Spices and Roses If therefore the odour of meate did not nourish a full stomacke would no more abhorre the odours of meate then of Roses or Spices Solution But we answere that this saciety hapneth not because of the odours but because of the steame or exhalation wherein the odour is for wee grant that such a steame may in some sort nourish but the odour of Roses which hath for his subiect a more subtle exhalation is better pleasing vnto vs especially because their smell is very fragrant and acceptable whereas the Smell of meates is neuer pleasing but when wee are an hungry VVee conclude therefore with Aristotle in the place before quoted That odours doe not at all nourish Others disputing more probably doe make according to Galen two kindes of nourishments one which is taken by the mouth and nourisheth the solide partes of the body another which is drawne through the Nosthrils which nourisheth the thin ayry Some say that odours nourish the spirits Their reasōs parts as the spirites for Galen affirmeth that the spirites doe feede vppon ayre and odors VVherefore the nourishment of the spirits they attribute vnto odours and the rather are they induced so to think because nasty and abhominable smelles doe make men oftentimes swound yea and such exhalations arising from dead Carkasses or muddy fens doe infect the ayre and breede a pestilence Adde hereto that in the Low Countries the odour that ariseth from the flowers of beanes as they grow in the fieldes doe often driue trauellers into a deliration or light madnesses as Leuinus Lemnius hath obserued And Plutarch sayeth that by the smell of oyntments Cats doe grow mad Moreouer Physitians doe consent that the smell of spices doeth breede 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a payne or dull Answere stupidity and fulnesse in the head Adde hereto that many odours or smels are able to refresh a man when he is ready to swound or faint away they exhilerate or cheare the heart and if we may beleeue Aristotle in the place before quoted they correct the distemper of the brayne All these thinges we confesse are true if they be vnderstoode of that vaporous or aerie exhalation or substance wherein the odour is transported for by that meanes or in that respect onely the odour is sayde to nourish the spirites and Galen in his 8. Booke de compositione medicamentorum secundum locos and the 4. chapter writeth that if with the odours there are also many vapours associated then sayth he such odours haue some faculty to nourish But if we vnderstand by odours the simple obiect of the smell naked and separated from exhalations it is vtterly false that they say for although that vaporous substance wherein the odor is conuayed doe by the helpe of other qualities concommitating or accompanying the odours cherish and refresh the spirites and performe those other good offices which wee haue remembred yet it followeth not from hence that an odour is a substance rather that it is an accident of a substance because it doth inhere in the forenamed qualified vapour But we will come vnto the definition of an odour QVEST. XLVIII The definition of an Odour AN Odour is a quality moouing the smell arising out of a fit mixtion of the foure Elements wherein heate and moysture haue the predominance For wee conceiue What an odour is with Aristotle in the fift Chapter of his Booke de sensu sensili that in the pure and sincere Elements there is no odour at all Aristotle in the beginning of the chapter rendreth the reason because they can haue no Tast vnlesse they be mingled for the Taste and the Smell that is the sapour and the sauour or odour doe arise out of the same matter yet so that in sapours there is more moysture in odours more siccity notwithstanding in odors the siccity is not at any time without some humour for those things that wither and are torrified do loose their odours as may appeare in the ashes of Iuniper for as soone as all the humour is consumed the odour or smell vanisheth also therewithall Againe some that are ouer-dryed recouer their smels by the permixtion of moysture But that in odoriferous things the siccity is predominant may be prooued because such sweete smelling flowres or what else you shall name become without smel if they be too That drought is predomināt in odours much moistened hence it is that Roses gathered in the raine do smell verie litle nothing at all in comparison of the fragrancie of those that are gathered in faire and dry weather That also is the reason why in Egypt the flowers are not sweete because the aire is moyst and cloudy by reason of the waters of Nylus On the contrary the hot Climats of the East as Arabia Syria the Indies do bring forth Spices and other plants of excellent and delicate Why in Egipt the Flowers do not smell Obiection Smels It may be obiected ther are many waters which are verie odoriferous now no man will denie but that in water the moisture exceeds the drought VVee answere that in water the odour is onely potentiall and that the heate eleuateth or raiseth vp from out of them a vapour or exhalation wherein the siccity preuailes ouer the humidity and in this vapour is there an Actuall odour The Reason is because this mooueth the Sense but the other odour which is in the water cannot mooue the sense vnlesse it exhale together Solution with the vapour and attaine vnto the organ The truth of this we may easily admit if we draw into our Nosethrils a little sweete water for so we shall not smell the odour thereof because of necessity a vapour is required to actuate the odour Moreouer that all that odour is potentiall which consisteth not in a vapor but lurketh as yet in mixt bodies may be conuinced by inuincible argument For Aristotle in the 5 chapter of his Booke de sensu et sensili saith the subiect of Sapors and sauours is one and the same If therefore in odours or sauours siccity be predominant
and greater because the body of the arterie is harder then that of the arteriall veine These values also doo hinder the aliment which is drawne by the Meseraicke arteries from the guts that is the Chylus which Hippocrates in his Booke De Corde cals Alimentum Hippocrates non principale as if he shold say an aliment at the second hand lest I say this Chylus shold get into the Heart The Orifice also of this artery is established with a hard substance which is sometimes gristly in some greater creatures a bony gristle for it is very rare if it be found a true bone notwithstanding that Galen saith it is a bone in an Elephant but in man there is no such thing found The branches of this great Arterie are distributed into the whole body as may appeare by this Table which we haue heereto annexed In this distribution of the branches of the great Artery they accompany the branches of the Gate and the Hollow-veynes yet are their propagations not so frequent because Tab. xv sheweth the great Artery whole and separated from all the parts of the body together with his diuisions and subdiuisions TABVLA XV. CHAP. XIII Of the vse of Arteries THE vse of the great Artery and of his branches may bee considered two wayes eyther as they are Canales or Pipes or as they mooue and beate A double consideration of their vse perpetually As they are Canales or Pipes they haue three vses or ends First to contayne spirituous and vitall bloud and to distribute it vnto the whole body partly for the perfect nourishment of the particular parts 3. vses as Canales for the parts sayth Galen in the tenth chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium which are neare vnto the Arteries doe draw out of thē vaporous bloud though it be but little partly for the nourishment and generation of the animall spirits The second vse is to leade vnto the parts vital spirits to cherish and sustaine those vitall spirits which are seated in the parts Thirdly with the same spirit to transmit heate and the vitall faculty perpetually into the whole body to cherish the in-bred heat of the particular parts to moderate and gouerne their vitall functions and to defend their life As the Arteries doe beate so haue they also a treble vse The first is to preserue the in-bred heat of all the members which they do by ventilation or wafting ayre vnto them 3. vses in respect of their motion For if it were not breathed it would by degrees languish and be extinguished Their second vse is by their motion to make a kinde of commotion in the bloud for the arteries accompany the veines which if it were at rest would putrifie like standing waters for bloud sayeth Hippocrates is water The third vse is to solliciate and to compell the bloud to fall out of the veines into the substance of the parts for more speedy nourishment This motion of the Arteries is called pulsus or pulsation of the worde Hippocrates Pulsation as Galen witnesseth was the first authour which is absolued by dilatation and contraction qualities not bred with the artery or seated in their substance but flowing into them from the heart which may be demonstrated if you intercept a part of an arterie with a tie for the part that is vnder the tye will haue no motion but as soone as the tye is taken away the motion will returne Erasistratus conceiued that the Arteries mooued quite contrary vnto the motion of the heart but wee agree rather with Herophilus Aristotle and Galen who thinke they are dilated and constringed in the Diastole and Systole of the heart onely we must remember that the motion of the heart is swifter and more vehement then that of the arteries which you may thus make experience off Lay your right hand vpon your heart and with your left hand touch the wrest of the right hand and then you shall perceiue whether the motion of both bee the same or contrary but the more certaine knowledge of this poynt is taken from the dissection of liuing creatures In the contraction of the Arteries they strongly driue vital spirits into the whole body and expel by expression sooty and smokie excrements arising from the humors which otherwise would suffocate the head When they are dilated they snatch from the heart spirits as a new matter which in their contraction they communicate to the particular parts to be a vehikle of the heat and do assume out of the neighbour veynes natural blood for their proper nourishment by the inoculations which are betwixt them and the veines and that is the reason especially why the veines the arteries do walke together throughout the whole body vnlesse some great obstacle be in the way But the arteries lye vnder the veynes vnlesse it be at the holy-bone not so much for defence as because by their motion Why they lye-vnder the veines they might constraine the veynes to powre out their blood as also to make a conspiration or consent betwixt the vessels and a communion of their matters that the arteries might affoord vnto the veynes spirit and life and the veynes vnto the Arteries naturall blood Againe by this vicinity of the vessels the membranes which couer the veynes tye them vnto the parts by which they passe are also of great vse vnto the Arteries It is also thought that these Arteries by the pores of the skin do draw Aier whereby the heate which is within is breathed which breathing is called Transperation But concerning the motions of the Arteries and by what faculty they are mooued whether they moue as the heart mooueth or contrary vnto it wee haue intreated in the second third fourth and fift Questions of the Controuersies of the sixt booke to which place we referre the Reader CHAP. XIIII Of the ascending Trunke of the great Artery THE great artery at the left ventricle of the heart from whence it ariseth is exceeding large whence Hippocrates Plato Aristotle and Galen haue al agreed The great Artery that the heart is the fountaine and originall of Arteries Tab. 16 fig. 1 A and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the heart aboue the values Tab. 16 fig. 3 char 1 2 3 it affoordeth sometimes one sometimes two coronary arteries Tab. 16 fig. 1 BB which like a Crowne do compasse the Basis of the heart and through the length thereof together with the veyne dismisseth branches which The coronary Arteries are more and larger in the left side and those make the substance of the heart viuide or liuely Presently after a little vnder the trunke of the Arteriall veyne it ariseth vpward pierceth through the Pericardium is diuided into two vnequal parts one of which ascendeth vpward Tab 16 fig. 1 E vnto the head which is the lesser the other and the greater by much runneth downward Tab. 16 fig. 1 D because the parts of the creature
already declared doth sufficiently witnes But as Hippocrates Erasistratus when he was wiser Herophilus Galen and most Anatomists do agree from the braine from which also the spinall marrow draweth his original From the brain I say which is manifested as wel by sense in the dissection therof where we see many riuers of nerues in the braine to which those of the body are continuated as also because their substances are marrowy alike and cloathed each of them with two membranes Moreouer the affects or diseases of the head doe manifestly proue that all Sense and motion doe flow from the Brayne So in the Apoplexy which is caused by an obstruction of the passages of the Brayne the Animall Faculty is instantly intercepted albeit the heart be altogether indempnified So in the Epilepsie or Falling sicknes where the marrow of the brayne from whence the nerues do yssue is affected the whole body is drawn into Convulsion which is nothing so when the heart is affected But we sayde before that a beginning is double one of Generation another of Dispensation An original double In respect of their Generation their beginning is Seede of which as of their immediate matter they are framed In respect of their Dispensation their beginning is in the brayne together I meane with the After-brayne which is the originall à quo from which Those Pipes if so you list to call them which receiue Sense and Motion are distributed into the body as the part standeth in need of the one or the other or both Againe the Nerues are sayde to be of two sorts some proceeding from the brayne The differences of nerues some from the spinall marrow and of these againe some from the beginning of the Spinall marrow that is being yet contayned in the scull others in the Spinall marrow which is in the Rack-bones of the Chine Againe of these some belong to the marrow of the Necke some of the Chest some of the Loynes and some of the Os sacrum or Holy-bone to which also we may adioyne the nerues of the Ioynts Bauhine in this place interposeth his owne opinion which is that all Nerues doe yssue Bauhines opinion of the originall of nerues 8. seueral opinions quoted by him from the marrow of the brayne oblongated or lengthned out some whilest it remayneth yet in the Scull and some after But withall hee maketh mention of diuers opinions both of the Ancient and late Writers concerning the originall of the Nerues which discourse of his we will here transcribe but contract it as briefly as we can Hee reckoneth therefore eight opinions for the ninth we thinke not worthy to be remembred The first is of Hippocrates in his booke de natura ossium in the very beginning where Hippocrates he sayth that the original of the nerues is from the Nowle vnto the Spine the Hippe the Share the Thighes the Armes the Legs and the Foote The second is Aristotles who in many places deliuereth that they arise from the heart because in it there are aboundance of nerues for which hee mistooke the fibres and because Aristotle from thence motions doe arise and vnder his Ensigne Alexander Auicen and the whole schoole of the Peripateticks doe merrit or band themselues This opinion of Aristotle Auerhoes and Aponensis with some others doe maintayne indeede but with a distinction affirming that they issue from the hart mediante cerebro by the mediation of the brayne or that they arise from the heart and are multiplyed and propagated in the brain The third is that of Praxagoras who thought that the Nerues were nothing else but Praxagoras extenuated Arteries The fourth of Erasistratus who thought they yssued from the Dura meninx but in his Erasistratus age he changed his mind as Galen witnesseth of him The fift is Galens who determineth that the Nerues and the Spinal marrow doe proceede Galen from the brayne The sixt is that of Vesalius who saith that some Nerues issue out of the Scull others Vessalius out of the Racks of the Spine those that proceede out of the Scull doe arise from the basis of the forepart of the braine or from the beginning of the Spinal Marrow before it enter into the spondelles The rest from the Spinall marrow remayning within the Racke-bones The seauenth is Falopius his opinion in his obseruations where hee sayeth that some Falopius Nerues as those that are soft doe arise from the brayne or the marrow within the Scul others from the Spinall marrow The eight is Varolius opinion who sayth that all Nerues doe take their original from the Spinall marrow which proceedeth from the brayne and the After-brayne and with Varolius him doe Platerus Archangelus and Laurentius vpon the matter consent as also doeth Bauhine as you haue heard before The Nerues therefore which yssue from the Marrow of the Brayne contayned yet within the Scull are commonly accounted 7 paires according to Galen some make nine coniugations which are called Nerui cerebri The Nerues of the Brayne which may be expressed in this disticke Optica prima oculos mouit altera tertia gustat Quartaque quinta audit vaga sexta septima linguae est The Opticks first Eye Mouers next the third and fourth doe Tast The fift doth Heare the sixt doth gad the Tongue claymes seuenth and last To which also we may adde the organs of Smelling Other Nerues do arise from the same marrow after it is falne through the great hole of the Nowle-bone and runneth thorough the holes bored in the racke-bones of the spine where it is properly called Spinalis medulla the Spinal Marrow And these are thirty paires or Coniugations that is to say seuen of the Neck of the Chest or backe twelue fiue of 30. pair of the spinall marow the Loines and six of the Holy-bone from which the nerues of the ioynts do arise For the hand receiueth sometimes fiue some sixe propagations from the fift sixt and seuenth paires of the necke and from the first and second paires of the Chest the foot receiueth foure Nerues from the three lower paires of the Loines and from the foure sometimes the fiue vppermost of the Holy-bone which are called nerues of the spinall marrow These nerues do yssue on either side after the same manner for no nerue is produced without his companion and therefore the Grecians called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Neruorum paria or Coniugia paires or Coniugations of nerues All these Coniugations as they do arise alike one from the right hand the other from the left so are they also distributed after one and the same manner except onely the sixt paire of the Braine whose right nerue is not diuided as is the left as we shall heare afterward And thus much shall haue bene sufficient to haue said in generall concerning the nature differences vse and originall of the nerues Now we descend vnto their particular Historie beginning with
the lower part vnder the heade where it is articulated vvith the Tarsus or wrest it buncheth out into a processe fig. 2 Ï€ wherevnto is inserted the tendon of the seuenth muscle of the foote and at the same place there are two Seedebones greater then the rest and crusted ouer with a gristle The second bone of the Afterwrest which sustaineth the foretoe is the longest vnlesse it be the fift which sustaineth the little toe for the length of this last is encreased by a notable The Bones of the Toes processe figure 2 Ï whereby it was articulated to the wrest because it was to bee lengthned into the outside of the foote to make a place of implantation for the tendon of the eight muscle of the foote These bones of the Afterwrest aboue and belowe haue Appendices crusted ouer with gristles their substance also and their cauity which conteyneth their marrow is answerable to the substance and cauity of the bones of the Afterwrest of the Hand Moreouer they are thrilled with small holes by which little veines and arteries as in other bones do passe in to nourish and cherish them After the bones of the Afterwrest doe follow the bones of the toes which make the third part of the foote and are in number fourteene fig. 1 ◠Ε. fig. 2 Λ Ε for euerie one of them consisteth of three bones as it is in the fingers of the hand excepting the great toe fig. 1 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and indeed their substance structure and situation is litle different from the haÌ„d sauing that the first ioynts haue a deeper sinus because the deeper heads of the bones of the pedium or Afterwrest are inserted into them And although the heads of the bones of the foot are large yet is not their sinus so large as in the hands that so in extention the toes might be more lifted vp and yeeld something to the ground vpon which we stande The great toe is formed of two bones fig. 1 Φ χ that the foreside of the cauity of the Afterwrest might more firmely rest vpon the earth All these Bones aboue and below haue Appendices and are crusted ouer with strong gristles to make the ioynt more glib which is articulated by Ginglymos alwayes excepting the last bones of the toes which are not articulated to any other bone but haue nayles cleaning vnto them Note also that the knuckles of the toes are shorter then those of the hands gibbous aboue and hollowe belowe the better to admit the Tendons of the muscles which bend the second and thirde ioynts Againe the first bones are greater then the second and the second greater then the third and the middle bone in foure toes seemeth to be square In like manner the bones of the great toe are thicker then the bones of the thumbe the rest of the bones of the toes are lesser then the bones of the fingers Finally the bones of the toes are also full of marrow CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Seed-bones and the Nayles THE Seed bones t. 25. f. 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are of the same number and position with the Seede-bones in the hands that is to say twelue and they are so much lesse and lesse conspicuous in the toes then they are in the fingers as the fingers are greater then the toes notwithstanding as the great toe hath greater bones theÌ„ the thumb so also are his seedbones larger Wherefore at the first ioynt of the great toe nere the head of the bone of the Afterwrest which is articulated to that ioynt there are two notable seede-bones which lye vnder the neruous part of the muscle which bendeth the first bone of the great toe and of these the inner is bigger almost by halfe then the other yea as big as half a great pease when the husk is off and not much vnlike it This bone the Arabians call Albadara and they say how foolishly let the Diuines speake that of this bone as it were of seed a man receyueth the new body wherewith he riseth at the resurrection that which lieth vnder the second ioynt of the great toe and is much lesse then the former leaneth vppon the tendon of the muscle which bendeth the second bone of the great toe CoÌ„cerning the rest of the seedbones they are disposed as is said in the history of the hand To this place wee thought good to refer two small bones found in the Ham neere the 2 Seed bones in the Hand thigh-bone and growing to the heads of the two first muscles which mooue the Foote These bones saith Vesalius are found in Harts in Dogs and Hares and such like dry creatures yea in old men also Their surface is slippery and regardeth the vpper part of the lower heads of the thigh to which bones this is peculiar that they do not leane vppon the tendons of the muscles as other seed-bones do but vpon their originals like as doth the bony part which in old men is fastned to the Cube-bone which bony part we meet withall in the tendon of the seauenth muscle of the foote there reflected Furthermore as we said before that to the outside of the ioynt whereat the bones of the Afterwrest which sustaineth the little finger is fastned to the wrest there is a small bone annexed so also in the foot at the outside of the articulation of that bone of the Afterwrest of the foote which supporteth the little toe ta 25. f. 1 2 μ where the fifte bone of the Afterwrest is articulated to the Cube-bone there is also found a small bone at the insertion of the tendon of the eight muscle of the foot These seed-bones although they seem to haue the same vse that they haue in the hands Their vse yet moreouer in the foot they are the cause why wheÌ„ we stand or walk whether the place be rough or smooth the foot applies it selfe more equally vnto the earth as also to keepe the toes when we stand or walke from being luxed by stones or any other eminent thing we shold light vpon Finally the extremities or ends of the toes as it is in the Fingers are couered and defended with nayles fastned to the skin on the outside of which we will add a few words The Nayles are called by the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their root 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the bottome or white moone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the filme that groweth to the root 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are The Nailes diuers opinions concerning the matter of the Nailes some thinke it is a glutinous moysture parched and dryed by the heate and driuen vnto the extreame parts and therefore saith Hippocrates are the nailes exceeding fast and thight beecause their matter is baked together Secondly Empedocles conceiued that the nails were made of nerues by congealation and therefore Foesius in his notes vpon Hippocrates cals the nailes Neruorum clausulas summas the terminations of the nerues giuen by Nature to make vp