Magnitudo and in man it 's greater then in other creatures as the brain and the liver in proportion His length is to the breadth of six fingers 6. digit his latitude and depth four In timidis majus In cowardly creatures it is great as in Hares Harts Asses Weesels so that the heat being in too great a receipt is weakned In valiant men it 's little and small for the union of his heat Cael. Rhodig lib. 4. cap. 16. Historia Rhodig says that some thought the heart to grow â„¥ ij in a year till man comes to 50. then so to decrease to an 100. which is the last period of life His parts are either externall or internall Externall as the Pericardium of which we have spoken his proper coat which is so thin that it cannot be separated His Adeps his two sorts of vessels the one which compasses the heart the other that enters the ventricle his Auriculae The internae are his fleshy substance his ventricles and vales Adeps is more in man then in any other creature Adeps which may make some wonderment if you consider his heat which will suffer little on the left ventricle but all on the right to the very Conon Massa will have it from the thicker part of the bloud the thinner evaporated But Achillinus hath invented a pretty one As butter is made by a strong motion so adeps here It is about the Basis where the greater and lesser vessels are seated Nature would have it Adeps non Pinguedo lest molten by the heat of the heart it might prove dangerous Riolanus hath seen the heart all wrapped in fat Women have more and yellower then men Use is to moisten the heart Vsus adipis humectare Cor. lest being heated by his continuall motion it should dry but especially in great fastings and exercises and according to the increase or decrease of the heat doth it augment or diminish so much doth heat feed upon it Bauhinus observed many times certain pieces of fat to be in the ventricles Cordis But the Conus is moistned from the humour contained in Pericardio Coronaria valvula His vessell to nourish the outward part is Vena Coronaria which is single seldome double It hath a valve like a half-moon to hinder the bloud from flowing back into Cavam To nourish the inward part is Vena Cave Of both of these Branches heretofore as likewise de Arteria Coronaria Nervi from the sixt Conjugation Nervi or from the nerves of the Pericardium which are distributed in the Basis of the heart along the Vena Arteriosa This nerve being stopt causeth sudden death De Substantia Ventriculis Auriculis Cordis SUbstance is thick flesh red not musculous Substantia crassa ex sanguine arteriali it 's made of the thicker bloud Ex sanguine arteriali secundum Aponens pag. 49. not so red as muscles yet harder exceeding thick and solid that the spirits and inborn heat which is in the heart should not breath through and be broken with continuall motion It is more solid in the point then in the Basis and here the right fibres are more compacted and thicker then in the head of the muscles or tendons Sedas facultatis vitalis Omnia genera fibrarum This flesh is the seat of vitall faculty and the first cause of functions of the heart It hath all sorts of fibres though not conspicuous as in a muscle to make his motion and defence from injuries Therefore Galen calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or carnosum viscus It is not a muscle because it hath all sorts of fibres besides it hath naturall motion not voluntary as muscles have Motus is continuall Motus continuus to prevent his own combustion This is two-fold Diastole Systole which are made by his fibres and between the motion there is Quies duplex Quies duplex Diastole cum Conus ad Basin id est Perisystole Diastole or Amplification is when the point by his right fibres is drawn to the Basis of the heart and so the heart is made shorter but the sides are distended and made sphericall Diastole non fit Cordis parientibus diductis elevatis ut in folle as Erasistratus thought sed when the point Yet Riolanus hath a third opinion that in Diastole the Basis comes to the Conus and in Systole it doth abcedere quia Conus most solid and hard cannot be inverted ut adducatur abducatur Use Vsus sanguinem è Cava haurire in dextrum aerem in sinistrum Systole cum Conus à Basi to draw bloud by the Vena Cava in dextrum and aire per Arteriam venosam in sinistrum ventriculum his valves loosing and yielding to their entrance Systole seu Contractio is when the point goes from the Basis and the heart put to his length and grows narrower the right fibres loosened and the transverse which compasse the heart drawn together and the valves Venae Cavae and Arteriae venosae shut Vsus 1. ad expellendum songuinem è dextro in venam arteriosam 2 Aerem ex arteris venosa in Aorsam Effiâ—itur ligamentis the great artery and Arteria venosa opened giving way to the bloud from the right by Venam arteriosam into the Lungs from the left to vitall spirits into the great artery with a portion of vitall bloud cum suliginibus per Arteriam venosâ—n This motion is called Systole seu contractio depressio dicitur This contraction is made by those strong ligaments which are in the inward ventricles of the heart which in contraction fall and bring with them the coats of the heart But the Motus Cordis originally is seated in the left ventricle Motus originaliter in sinistro Therefore the right needs no ventilation except communicated from the left as appears by those vessels of the left ventricle to which only pulsificall power is communicated So the motion of the right is like that in the ears which is because the neighbouring part moves or from agitation of the bloud not for that there is in it any faculty of moving for when the auricula are dilated the rest of the arteries are shut Quatuor motus duo auricularum duo ventricule rum So therefore in viva sectione Animalis alicujus four motions are observed differing in time and place 2. proper of the eares 2. of the ventricles Neither is this motion from the nerves as Fallopius and Piccolhominy would have it but from the Parechyma of the heart and so is naturall not animal and voluntary It hath 2. cavities which are called ventres Dextra Ventricu lus Dexter Semicircularis is not exactly round but hath his proper circumscription and semicircular and compasseth the bottome of the heart Yet comes nto to his extremity as Vesalius would have it Largior sinistro It 's larger and greater then the
other for the great quantity of bloud it receives Sinus sanguineus Ruf. Therefore of Rufus it 's called sinus sanguineus venosus It is a looser and softer flesh and of a thinner wall into this Vena Cava ascends whilest the heart is dilated it pours in his bloud that it might be here concocted and cleansed And of the thicker part the inward substance of the heart is nourished The thinner part with the same contraction per septum is sweat through into the left ventticle for the generation of vitall spirits Natus ad pulmones for for the lungs was this ventricle made as is apparent for they only have it who have lungs In caeteris which respire not but transpire only as fish have not this right ventricle So that this right ventricle and the lungs were made for the left 's sake Sinister is exactly in the middest of the heart Sinister Rotundus it 's narrower then the other for that it containeth lesse matter His cavity is round comes down to the point hath as much flesh as thrice the right for the better keeping of naturall heat and more solid that the vitall spirits vanish not Therefore it 's called Sinus spirituosus Sinus spirituosus arteriosus ventriculus In this cavity are made the vitall spirits which by the arteries with arteriall bloud are communicated to the rest of the body for his nourishment and refection Materies spirituum Aer externus sanguis The materialls are aire and bloud mixed together Aire received in by the mouth and nostrils prepared in the lungs and per arteriam venosam whilst the heat is dilated is carried into the left ventricle Bloud attenuated in the right ventricle partly into the lungs per venam arteriosam for their nutriment and partly per septum is drawn by the ventricle and retained there by his innate property mingled with the aire where by the in born faculty of the heart spirit and continuall motion it 's perfected and becomes vitall spirit and arteriall bloud which in the contraction of the heart is poured into the great artery for the life and nourishment of the whole body Superficies interna ventriculorum inaequalis The inward superficies of both ventricles is unequall and rough least spirits and bloud there entring before they be perfected should glide away And here to this businesse the valves concurre The unevennesse is partly ob foveas plures which in the left are remarkable and partly for fleshy bits Portiunculae which about the point of the heart thin and small in the right five or six in the left two thicker and stronger unto which the nervous fibres of the valve do grow Ligamenta cordis And these by some are called the ligaments of the heart This is the hottest according to Galen howsoever the Peripatetick will have the right Yet is it not so hot as to produce hairs as Pliny reports of Aristomenes Messen lib. 11. Historia Benivenii cap. 37. and Benivenius and Muretus in var. lect which is a sign of wicked man although sometimes of a crarftily wise and a daring man Habens in anima serviles pitos sometimes of an eloquent as Hermogenes in Caelio Rhodig and Leonidas in Plutarcho These ventricles are divided with a partition which is called Interstitium or Paries or Septum to keep the contents of the ventricle from sudden juncture sic Plato de fatuo Septum It is from the right extuberant from the left hollow and of the same thicknesse that the left side of the heart as if the heart had been made for the left ventricle It 's full of cells Cellulatum porosâ—â—n and porous to the right that the bloud in the left might be sweet for the generation of spirit and arteriall bloud These pores cannot be seen in dead men because they fall together These spiracula or for aminula as Riolanus calls them are carried in a doubtfull tract so that no probe can pierce them Ad mucronem pellucidum but toward the point where the Septum is most thin even in dead bodies it is pervious whereby the bloud may the better be strained through as is apparent in an oxes heart well boiled Concerning the translation of bloud into the left ventricle from the right there are diverse opinions De transitu per septum Galen Aver Piccolh Laurent Riolan Bauhin Galen Averroes Piccolhominy Laurentius Riolanus howsoever Bauhinus mistakes him and Bauhinus all these say that the bloud is carried through this Septum from the right into the left Vesalius is not so forward Vesalius dubitat but professeth his ignorance how per Septum in regard it is so thick Columb Platerus per venam arteriosam Columbus and Platerus say positively that the bloud in the right is attenuated and by venam arteriosam carried into the lungs that there prepared per Arteriam venosam in might come into the left ventrucle Botallus Botallus found out a way by himself forsooth from the right ear unto the left Vlmus a Caeliaca in Aortam ad Cor. Vlmus sanguinem arterialem to be prepared attenuated and concocted in the spleen thence into the Trunk of Aorta and so into the right ventricle of the heart where mingled with the aire prepared in the lungs But do not valves hinder this passage Varolus per Intestina Mercatus cum Columbo Varolus denies all passages to the left but only by the trunk from the Intestina Mercatus inclines to Columbus concerning the passage only the finer part to nourish the lungs and the thicker and grosser to come to the heart per Arteriam venosam and there refined for the rest of the body At each side of the Basis of the heart there is an Appendix which neither in regard of profit or action but from similitude is called Auricula Auricula which about the ventricles before the orifices of the vessels are placed to carry stuffe into the heart Dextra Dextra which is set before Vena Cava is greater and makes with Vena Cava as it were one common body It 's greater then the left and his point stands upward The Sinistra is placed ad Arteriam venosam Sinistra It 's much lesse because his orifice is lesser then that of Vena Cava It is likewise sharper longer in his side and more wrinkled in his externall superficies and more crested then the right harder but lesse fleshy and thicker because the ears must answer to their ventricles since they serve for a kind of preparation of matter They are hollow for the inlargement of their Sinus and have a peculiar substance not communicable to any other part they are cuticular Cuticulares least they break by attraction and for the better following the motion of the heart because when the heart is dilated they like skins are contracted and thrust matter to the heart when they are
drawn together the valves are dilated because they are moved in a distinct time The reason saith Galen is because when the heart is distended it 's filled the ears when they are filled are distented Extended they are smooth and equall contracted they wrinkle within they answer to the unequall superficies of the ventricles They are thin the fitter for contraction Tenues they are soft and nervous for strengths sake for that is strongest that is most nervous Hippocrates in lib. de Corde in sectione vivorum observed the motion of the heart ceased yet these to move Galen in 7. Administrat cap. 11. Historia Galent reports the heart boyled not to grow soft nisi demptis auriculis neither the Pike can be boyled nisi dempto Corde Give me leave to thrust in the story of Pliny lib. 11. Pliny cap. 37. that those men who have been poyson'd or Cardiaco morbo periere those hearts cannot be burnt So Vitellius endeavoured to prove that Piso poysoned Germanicus because his heart would not burn But he was saved Quia Germanicus morbo Cardiaco decesserat To this give me leave to adde the story of of that most excellent Historian Monsieur du Thou Cor Zuinglii who reported that the heart of Zuinglius could not be burnt although the rest of his body was In a Harts heart the left ventricle is greater then the right and the bone in the orifice of Aorta is here placed to keep up the valves Riolani Historia Riolanus reports a story of President Nicholaus of 80. years who had a bone ad radicem Aortae as Harts and stagges have fit stuffe for a Lawyers heart Use 1. Vsus 1. Sanguinis impetum probibere To keep the heart from sudden choaking that might happen by any irruption of bloud and aire as if they were Diverticula into which is received the materia regurgitans in Cordis ventriculis 2. 2. Ad iutelam vasorum Cor refrigerare To defend the vessels in the motions of the heart Hippocrates addes a fourth to be like fans or bellows to cool the heats Vesalius denyes these Uses but gives us no better Varolus thinks they were made for the conservation of aire Vessels are 4. Vasa 4. and so may orifices in the most eminent part of the ventricle about the Basis of the heart Vesalius and Varolus say that their originall comes from the heart These are likened to the four great rivers of the great world Nilus Tagus Tigris Euphrates In the right Vena Cava Vena Arteriosa In the left Arteria Magna Arteria Venosa These are disposed as in the rest of the body where a vein is not joyned to a vein but to an Artery so that of these two although they be of the same nature and office and come out of the same ventricle yet they are placed alternatim and as a vein lyes between an artery so the great vein lyes by the side of the great Artery and Vena Arteriosa on the other side of the great Artery and then Arteria Venosa next to Vena Cava on the other side Turn up the heart and you shall see their place and seat within these are 11. valves or portals Valvulae 11. tres singulas trium vasorum orificiis duae arteriae venâ—sae which Hippocrates calls Pelliculae Cordis latitantes Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membranarum Epiphyses And they arise from these orifices whereof some are Tricuspides others Semilunares Some from without inward to the ventricles of the heart to which with strong ligaments they are tied to Septum especially towards the point with which in dilataon of the heart the ligaments stretched they draw themselves and to the body of the heart as if they turned up the valves Some from within are turned outward and those that serve for dilation and bringing in are greater then those that carry out because the heart draws with a greter force dilated then expells contracted Yet all are stretched in dilatation of th heart in which the trisulcae make clefts by which stuffe is brough in The sigmoides shut close the extremities of their vessels Sigmoides and hinder the egress of matter but in contraction all are contracted and then the trisulcae shut up the empty places which by their dilatation they had made and so keep back the reflux of bloud The Sigmoides flagging make clefts so that bloud an spirit may freely passe forth but if throught stretcht they stop the whole orifice Use Vsus Communis vallarum refluxum proh bere Quae intus foras efferunt Quae foras intro ferunt â—rabunt Communis of all valves to keep back the matter from reflux But the proper use of these quae intus foras efferunt and bring out matter from the heart that it flow not back again But those which are made to bring in as quae foras intro ferunt least it flow not out whereby the heart might be wearied with diversity of labour But why three valves Because no other number could exactly shut and open these orifices as you may see by the orifice of Arteria Venosa which shuts not close and therefore there are but two there Vena Cava having pierced the Diaphragma Venae Cava pars in auriculam dex tram ingreditur and come to the heart with a short branch but with an ample and large orifice thrice bigger then that of Aorta a small part is received into the right ear but the greater part runs streight to the jugulum as Galen observed in his 6. de usu part cap. 4. From the right ear it is inserted into the right ventricle from whence it cannot be separated The use of this piece of brance for so I must call it is to carry bloud from the liver up to the right ventricle Vsus bujus partis sanguinem efferre into which in his dilatation it is poured neither can there any great quantity passe this way into the right ventricle when assoon as it comes to the mouth of the Auricula there is a membrane full of admiration which stops halfe the fore-part of this Auricula as Eustachius observes Eustachii valvula and then going forward to the orifice of Vena Cava in this ventricle there grows a membranous circle which gives strength to the heart which looks inward and a little more in divides it self into 3 strong valves which from a broad base ends in an obtuse point and being shut falls together into the form of a spears point and are called Trisulcae or Tricuspides In dextr Trisulcae with which many filaments and fibres joyned together grow and appear with fleshy explantations that by these tanquam ligamentis in compressions of the heart they might be stretched and so the orifice almost shut This circle opened with his fibres is like a Crown which the Kings anciently were wont to wear These valves in Vena Cava and
Arteria Venosa foras intro spectant Foras intro ne refluat sanguis in Cavam to hold the bloud that in contraction of the heart it run not into the Cavam I wonder how Columbus mistakes himself who will have these valves with those of Arteria Venasa to serve for the emission of bloud as if they were intus foras But Piccolhominy reprehends him Since therefore this branch that enters the heart is lesser then that which ascends and that there are ports and stops in the Auricula dextra and right ventricle since no common passage from the lungs in Cavam whereby these branches might be spread through the whole body I cannot see that all bloud that is for nourishment comes first to the heart there to be perfected Vena arteriosa The other vessel of the right ventricle is Vena Arteriosa a vein by office because it carrieth bloud 2 Because it stirs an artery by substance for it 's like it having two coats It 's fixt with a lesse orifice then Cava hath to the right ventricle from whence as you have heard Vesalius say it ariseth when in respect of his connexion it is better said to be a branch of Aorta which is plain in foetu But in truth it 's begotten with the rest of the spermaticall parts His coates are thick and hard that they be not hurt by respiration neither ought they to be easily dilated which was for two reasons profitable 1. That the whole capacity of spirits might be free from the instruments of spirit 2. That bloud rush not violently into the heart And since the lungs were to be nourished with thin and vaporous bloud only the most thin is elaborated and being filled here by these thick wals is made here thinner for their fitter nourishment Besides to keep this right ventricle from cold aire for the branches of Aspera Arteria which drawing cold aire are carried between the branches Venae Arteriosae Arteriae Venosae whereby the aire drawn per Caeca spiracula is communicated Now if it had but one coat it should draw as much air as Arteria Venosa so at length the right might be extinguished Therefore he draws not more air then is fit for the refreshing of the spirits in the right ventricle Pividitur in duos ramos in dextrum sinistrum pulmonem Vsus Thus resting upon Arteria Magna is divided into two Trunks which are carried to the right and left lungs And these are disseminated into innumerable branches per Pulmones Use is in the contraction of the heart to take and carry a great part of the bloud out of the right ventricle for nourishment into the lungs In the body of this vessell there are three valves which intus foras spectant Valvulae tres intus foras sig moides dictae and every one like a half moon they seem to be so hard that they are like a round cartilage Arteria venosa is a vessel of the left ventricle Arteria venosa whence it was It is an Artery by office because if contains aire and carries it and hath pulsation which by sense cannot be perceived yet it is the more probable because it is continuated to the left ventricle It is a vein by substance his orifice is greater then that of Aorta It hath a thinand simple coat that the aire which comes from Aspera Arteria's branches may the better pierce and the laxe substance give way to the attraction of the aire into the heart for the better tempering of his heat and fuliginous vapours returned into Asperam Arteriam It is a great vessell and in his outlet from the heart divided into two branches as if it had two orifices The right runs under the Basis of the heart into the right lung the left like Vena Arteriosa into the left where it is divided into innumerable branches This and Aorta are joyned in their rise only there goes between them a certain piece which made a channell and was perforated in foetu Botallus observed between these valves of this part another which was alwayes gaping by which the bloud did flow and reflow in Venam Cavam Use is in dilatation of the heart to draw air out of the lungs Vsus corde dilatato trahere aeram è pulmonibus Contractio spiritus in Pulmones and in his contraction to carry a portion of vitall bloud with fuliginous vapours into the lungs And least all the air should goe back into the lungs at the orifice of this vessell there is a membranous circle out of Substantia Cordis which leads inward and is divided into two valves Duae valvulae Foras intus foras intus which are greater then those à Vena Cava and end in an obtuse point and are stronger and have longer filaments and more fleshy of which one respects the right side the other the left which joyned are like an Episcopall miter There are but two valves quia it was fit that it should not exactly shut 1. That since all parts want bloud and spirit the lungs might likewise have a continuall supply 2. Quia they only give a continuall passage to the avoiding of fuliginous vapours out of the heart since nature hath allotted no other part Bauhinus observed in 1611. Observatio Bauhini 1611. that from the Arteria Venosa there went out of the left ventricle a branch up to the left lung and so winding down by the side of the great artery under the midriffe was inserted into the emulgent a fit passage for the avoidance of matter out of the lungs into the Kidneys Riolanus gives three uses of this vessell Vsus 1. Aerem in Cor. 2. Fuligines exportare 3. Sanguinem in pulmones First to carry air into the heart 2. To bring forth the Purgamenta spiritus vitalis 3. To supply the lungs with arteriall bloud And these three are done by the same passage at one time neither doth the artery cease to beat Arteria Magna Venae pulsatiles Audaces Substantia Tunicae 2.1 Exterior tenuis sine sibris transversis Arteria Magna is the other vessell of the left ventricle Some call arteries Venas pulsatiles The Arabian Interpreters Venas audaces Of these there are three sorts Aspera Arteria Arteria Venosa Arteria Magna His Substance is membranous the fitter for distention It hath 2 particular coats The exteriour is thin and soft with many right fibres some oblique none transverse 2. Interior densa Interiour coat is five times as thick as that of the veins First that arteriall bloud and spirit evaporate not 2. That it be not cracked with the continuall motion of the Systole and the Diastole Cum sibris transversis tantum It hath only transverse fibres for the sudden distribution of bloud and spirit Galen puts another coat to it which is in the inward superficies like a cob-web They are without sense as veins are least they should
suffer by their continuall motion This great one hath his rise out of the left ventricle with a large mouth from whence by his contraction bloud and spirit elaborated in the left ventricle is conveyed with heat into the whole body and least in the dilatation they should run back into the ventricle nature hath put three valves in his orifice Tres valvulae intus foras Sigmoides Sigmoides intus foras vergentes as are in Vena Arteriosa but are greater and stronger quia the body of this artery is stronger then that of Vena Arteriosa These hinder the aliment drawn out of the guts by the Mesaraick arteries from coming to enter the heart In some creatures it is cartilagineous in some bony secundum Aristotelem Quia quod movetur movetur supra aliquo quiescente cui innititur dum movetur The branches of this artery come along with those à Porta and Cava yet sever with Cava As the veins which come to the skin have no arteries so in the substance of the muscles they are seldome seen with veins because the bloud is thinner and the spirits breathed from the arteries can come further without help of an artery Use of this great artery and his branches have a double consideration Vsus duplex 1. ut canales Ad spirituum vitalium retentionem c. 1. as they are pipes or channels 2. as they have pulsation As channels they are given to the parts for three causes 1. That they may hold spirituall and vitall bloud and distribute it through the whole body 2. To carry vitall spirits for the upholding of the parts 3. To transmit with the same spirit heat and vitall faculty through the whole bodie As they have pulsation 2. ut pulsatiles 1. Naturalem calorem fovere c. they have 3 uses 1. To preserve the naturall heat of the parts by saving it for otherwise it would be extinguisht 2. By his motion to hinder putrefaction in the veins for bloud else would soon putrefy 3. To shake the bloud into the substance of the parts whereby nutrition may be made This motion of the arteries is called pulsus Hic motus Pulsus which is perfected by dilatation and contraction and it is not insitus arteriis but flows à Corde as appears if you tie an artery beneath the ligature it moves not and are simul dilated and contracted with the heart Only in this they differ that the motion of the heart is greater and vehementer Arteries are close under veins not for safegard but that by his motion they may force bloud to come into the veins as likewise being dilated they draw from the veins and contracted cast it back again by the mutuall passages of the veins and arteries so likewise by their mouths terminated in the skin all fuliginous excrement they may avoid and draw a great part of aire into them And this is that that Hippocrates says Totum corpus foras introque spirabile est Hence is his necessity Neither was there any creature ever without a heart although the Auspices in Pliny did feign many creatures without hearts when they would deterre the Emperours from some enterprise De Pulmonibus RIolanus commands us that before we touch the heart we shew the vessels and then the lungs Yet with Bauhinus we bring the lungs in the last place These are the receipt of life spirit and aire for the refreshing of the heart and the instrument of respiration and voyce and given to those creatures quaerespirant and have a neck and therefore fishes quia non respirant want lungs and the left ventricle of the heart They are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod est respirare Situs in the hollow of the chest Figura a little different from the mouth least by the sudden arrivall of the aire they should be too much cooled Yet in bodies with long necks where the aire comes not conveniently tempered we see a disposition to consumptions and dry diseases In the living whilst we draw in aire they fill the whole cavitie except the hollow between the coats of the Mediastinum whilest we expirare they fall but not so much as in dead bodies for that they are full of aire and bloud And although we use with bellows to blow them yet are they never so full as in the living because they are to hold aire for many motions of the heart as is plain in Divers and singers Connexus to the neck and back Connexus collo by the benefit of Aspera Arteria although the greatest part is free of them whereby they may more freely move and by the intervention of the Mediastinum they are tied before to the Sternum Sterno as likewise by certain fibres to the sides of the chest and Pleura behind to the vertebra Per fibras Pleura If too streightly tied it causes a difficulty in breathing Massa ne Cor deprimant Yet Massa says there is good use of these ties in regard of the heart least it should be crushed with the weight of the lungs They are likewise tied to the heart per venam arteriosam arteriam venosam Motus is diversly argued De motu secundum Aristotelem à Corde Galen ad fugam vacui Aristotle 3. de Part. Animal cap. 6. will have the motion of the lungs to be à Corde Galen will have them move non propria vi sed ad fugam vacui as appears in wounds of the chest the aire entring the lungs move not because the aire fills the empty place But the chest being whole the lungs necessarily are dilated to avoid vacuum Neither do they only fall as Bauhinus observes ad vacui fugam but either pressed by the chest or by the aire expired or by both they fall together Yet so as Nature ties them to the Pleura that they may follow the motion of the chest Laurentius ad motum Pectoris Laurentius will have them move non à Corde quia illius motus perpetuus non est nec vi propria sed per accidens they follow the motion of the chest Aver propria vi Averroes will have them move propria vi non thoracis motum sequi for so there might be granted a perpetuall motion Riolan motu insito Riolanus his motus is insitus and depends not from any other and is dilated and contracted like a bag not like a bellows for in a free breathing the chest standing still the lungs move quia respiramus And breathing is perfected by dilatation and contraction Figure is fitted to the parts they rest upon Figura ad cavitatem Pectoris Therefore without they answer the cavity of the chest and are extumescentes within they are hollow that they might the better yield with his lobes to the heart and be his covering The right joyned to the left represent the cloven foot of an oxe They are divided by the benefit of the
two coats into which they open but not into the Cavity of the Guts which is lined with a Crust from the Excrements of the 3. Sine valvulis concoction These have no valves as Columbus would have us believe 1. by reason of their termination which is so little quasi in puncto 2. How could bad humours either sponte or arte be cast from the whole Intestino if there were valves Galen in 3. de Fac. Nat. 13. says that these same veins recarry bloud from the Liver to nourish them and carry chylus to the Liver and at the same time pro diversa partium attrahentum natura desiderio robore Sinister Mesenterica sinistra is with many branches carried into the middle of the Mesentery and into that region of the Colon which from the left side of the stomach reacheth to the Rechum His most remarkable branch is Haemorrhoidalis interna Haermorrhoidalis Interna which as Bauhinus hath it is but one but hath many branches about the Anum This sometimes comes à Ramo Splenico but seldome from the spleen It spues out alwaies with pain black bloud but not in any great abundance Vena Cava differs from vena Porta Differentia inter Cavam Portam which is softer and looser Cava thicker and harder Vse 1. To nourish parts which the Cava toucheth not 2. To carry chylus ad Portam and so to the Liver when it hath prepared for it De Arteriis Abdominis AOrta arising out of the left ventricle of the heart is divided into an upper Trunk which is the lesser and into a lower which is the bigger and runs down to the Extremities Some of his branches accompany venam Cavam others Portam The Artery is whiter thicker lanker and not so full of bloud as the veins for fitnesse of motion Arteria concomitantes Portam tres First Caeliaca Caeliaca for that he sends many branches to the stomach Cavae Duodeno Iejuni initio Coliparti Hepati Vesicae Bilariae Pancreati lieni These come all from a part of Aorta which is in the Spina and are joyned in Pancreate with Porta as Gastrica Cystica Epiplois Intestinalis and the rest whose names answer to the branches of vena Porta Mesenterica superior Inferior Vsus 1 Vse 1. To give heat Vsus 2 2. To keep the Mesentery and Guts from corruption by continuall motion and vitall spirit Vsus 3 3. Some would have them to suck the most pure part of chylus and to carry it up into the left ventricle But the valvulae of the great Artery seated in his rise apparently hinder any thing from coming into the heart from the Artery but not from the heart to the Artery De Ventriculo THe stomach which is the common receptacle of meats and drink the store-house of the first concoction 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is by the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is indeed a common name for all Cavities but more properly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Serenus Pliny All Anatomists are busy in extolling it as Q. Serenus As being sick all other parts suffer Pliny he is as witty to depresse it giving it the title Pessimum Corporis vas instat ut Creditor saepius die appellat Huic luxuria conditur huic navigatur ad Phasin huic profunda vada exquiruntur nemo ejus vilitatē aestimat consummationis faeditate This is too much to put the errous of fancy upon a part But his necessity is as handsomely maintained by that quarrelling Dialogue of Mevius Agrippa in Livy Mevius Agrippa where he brings in all the parts against the stomach as having the prime pleasure of whatsoever it takes therefore the rest would forbear but conquer'd by their malice they found how necessary it was But discourses of this kind we will forbear for our intent at this time is to speak only of the structure and use of parts It 's hollow vessel round Definitio long and membranous full of all sorts of fibres made to receive meat and to juyce it Figure Round for receipt Figura and to be freer from hurt long like a bag-pipe It 's hollow and of the greatest cavity of the whole body It is largest and most round towards the left hand and thinner to the right to give place to the liver that by degrees meat may recede to the left And therefore the first sleep is best on the left side Before it is bost and behind two bosses between which there are two sinus but being blowen they appear not Sinus duo to make way to the vertebrae and to the descending Trunk of Cava and Aorta His externall superficies is plain Externa superficies Interna smooth and whitish within it 's rugged and ruddy like unshorn velvet In fourfooted beasts it 's sphericall because only man hath a broad back In the rest it 's sharp In creatures that are toothed on both sides Duo apud Riolanum it 's but one Riolanus would have us believe that he found two ventricles in one man as likewise in a woman 1624. within four leagues of Paris and these two stomachs were divided ore angusto In those that have teeth on one side it 's fourfold In feathered creatures twofold sometimes three Magnitudo 5. palmar It 's five handfuls large according to Hippocrates for the better stowage that we be not alwayes eating but once filled we may be fitter for other businesse My master Aquapendente measured the bignesse of the stomach by the distance between the clavicles and the pointed cartilage Aquapendens and from the pointed cartilage to the Navell and from the Navell to the Share-bone for if the space which is from the pointed cartilage to the Navell be greater then that which is beneath the Navell the stomach is great if not it 's little The other is a common sign that a great mouth hath a great stomach howsoever it differs in greatnesse according to the bulk of the body Histor Riolani Riolanus reports that he dissected an Aethiopian woman who had a stomach no bigger then a gut but what gut Situs he names not His Situs is near the Center of the body for the more equall distribution of nourishment not near the mouth nor too near the chest that it hinder not the instruments of respiration He hath membranous and fleshy sides free from bones for his better extension Connexus Connexus Oesophago By the Oesophagus to the mouth under the midriffe between the liver and the spleen His greater part bends to the left fide the better to poise the body the upper right part lies under the hollow of the liver for heat On the left it almost toucheth the midriffe and therefore full he hinders the motion of the Diaphragma and so causeth a shortnesse of breathing On the back part are the vertebrae to which it is tied as some
à spinali medulla out of the 4. and 5. vertebrae and are from thence carried into the nervous circle His perforations are two Perforationes 2. The one to make way for the Oesophagus into the stomach the other for the ascent of the Vena Cava to the Heart Some do adde a third for the descent of Aorta But this and sine pari sticks close to the vertebrae and the midriffe comes close to both Some will have these to be no perforations but productions of the Peritonaeum and Pleura It 's observed of those that die of any wound of this part that they die laughing Hippoc risu mortui vulnevati as by Hippocrates 7. Epidem Tycho thrust through the midriffe died laughing Use is for free respiration Vsus ad liberam respirationens It 's loosened in expiration and bent in inspiration But from whence this motion is it insetus aut aliunde as from the heart striking the center of the midriffe or from the Systole and Diastole of the lungs as while we breath they are dilated and the midriffe is drawen downwards But in expiration the lungs being contracted fuga vacui the midriffe is contracted 2. ad Hypochondriorum ventilationem 3. ad excretianem 2. To fan the Hypochondria especially the liver which in his upper and convex part hath no arteries 3. To help the excretion of the belly stuffe for if this muscle from above as it were with hands should not presse the bowells it were indifferent for the excrements to be voided upwards or downward Sedes Risus Plin. Pliny will have it the seat of mirth and Aristotle titillationis and homo piscis titillantur De Pleura WHat the Peritonaeum is in the lower Region Pleura the same is Pleura in the middle for it embraceth and invests all the parts of the chest but the twelfth rib His substance is nervous Sul stantia tenuis but thin as the Peritonaeum and some will have it thicker and stronger but that is contradicted by sight It 's thickest towards the Back Superficies externa interna Ad vertebras pinguis Duplex His outward superficies is unequall the inward as it were answered is smooth with fat It 's fatty towards the Vertebrae It 's perforated where it sends vessels either within or without the chest It 's double for the securing the intercostall vessels which are carried through the duplicature of it Venae Venae from the intercostals and Azygos with so many arteries Nervi from the 6. pair Nervi Vsus 1. ad tutelam 2. ad vestitum partium 3. ad enstodâ—am 〈◊〉 pulmomâ—â—â— and in this duplicature is begotten Pleuritis Use is 1. to defend the lungs from the hardnesse of the ribs 2. To invest all the contained parts for it gives a common coat to them all 3. Some adde to keep the lungs that they fall not between the spaces of the ribs De Mediastino MEdiastinum is a double membrane Mediastinum duplex membrana right and left Galeno 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it divides the cavity of the chest which the Pleura incompasseth into two parts Columbus calls it intersepimentum dissepimentum Intersepimentum Columb Situs Their rise is from the middle of the chest from the Pleura doubled by one softer and thinner then Pleura and their length is from the jugulars to the midriffe their depth from the chest to the vertebrae Their cavity hath many membranous fibres which concurre in the making of a voice Persorotio In this cavity many times there is a collection of humour which Columbus will have perforated Yet Paraeus discommends this operation Galen used it in servo Marulli Minographi and he found the Pericardium fixed to the Sternon and Hippocrates lib. de intern affect costam treaeo fortassis mediastinum Use first to hold the Pericardium firm Vsus 1. tenere Pericardium 2. ad tutelam vâ—sorum 3. Pulmones dividere that it move not to the sides to the Sternon or to the vertebrae 2. To secure the vessels in their passages 3. To divide the parts from contagion that might happen to each other Thus have we run over all the coverings of the chest We come now to the Parts contained as Vena Cava ascending the great Artery the Pericardium the Heart the Lungs the Aspera Arteria the Oesophagus De Thymo THymus or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thymus Substantia spongiosa the sweet-bread is a glandulous body soft and spongy white It 's the greatest and the softest It 's seated in the highest part of the chest Situs ad Sternum Juxta jugulum under the Sternon and above the vertebrae for securing the divisions of the vessels which run to the arms and shoulders like a pillow It varies with our years Infantibus major In those that are new born it 's great in regard of the tendernesse of the vessels and their weaknesse but in adultis it dries and decreaseth even to a small quantity De Vena Cava Ascendente WE have heretofore divided Venam Cavam into Truncum descendentem ascendentem Vena Cava ascendens of which we will now speak Vena Cava is derived from the upper part of the liver and by his proper perforation pierceth the midriffe to the heart and so takes his course to the jugulars But in this way he yields 4. branches 1. is Phrenicus Ramus 2. Coronalis 3. Azyges 4. Intercostalis Phrenicus Phrâ—â—ica which Bauhinus calls Diaphragmaticus is one out of each side and is disseminated with many branches throughout the Diaphragma and sends some to Pericardium and Mediastinum and sometimes the right ariseth within the chest and sometimes the left beneath the Diaphragma from Vena Cava with which and with Adiposa it is often joyned The Trunk going forward pierceth the Pericardium about the eight rib where he makes a large Sinus and so making himself round he ascends in a whole Trunk and a piece by the way into the ear of the heart and so into the ventricle of the heart as into a Cistern And without the heart having cut the Pericardium appears Coronaria Galen will have it a little one Coronaria Vesalius a great one Such as it is it compasseth the whole Basis of the heart like a Crown It is many times simple Simplex quandoque duplex seldome double and shoots out branches down almost to the point of the heart But the most are on the left side as being thickest and therefore in most need of nourishment Azygos is the third Azygos simplex and is without fellow and in man it is commonly one The Vena Cava having gotten about the Pericardium brings forth this vein sine Pari between the 4. and 5. vertebrae of the chest Out of the back and inferiour side of the Cava it goes in a right line But above the Trunk asperae Arteriae
purpose Besides there is an Anastomosis between the inward and outward jugulars and their arteries Concerning the apertion of this outward in Apoplexies and pains of the head Apertio ejus in forti angina asthmate acuto in passions of the Lungs nay Riolanus in that of the spleen and sides commends ti Rosetus Prosper Alpinus Carpus Rosetus de partu Caesareo pag. 430. and by my Master Prosper Alpinus lib. de med Aegyptior cap. 10. and Iac. Carpus teacheth the way id est a finger distance beneath the angle of the neather jaw Yet we know the danger by Hippocrates 6. Epid. 5. sect tom 22. Hippoc. Lisae and Donatus Grammaticus calls them Lisae quod ex iis elisis animal statim extinguitur unde elisum quicquid ex tali causa mortuum est Galen Averroes Lethalis And Galen and Averroes pronounce that Iugularibus percussis mortem inferre ex immodica sanguinis profusione I saw it in Padua and in a Patient in Tower-street But he had leaches in the middest of the neck about the Bifurcation From this to the Cephalica some have observed a Branch Iugularis interna is great in man for his great brain Iugularis interna It ariseth à cavo subclavio close to the commissure Claviculae cum Sterno by the side of Aspera Arteria It sends small branches ad fauces and this inward branch close to the Styloides enters the Cranium and is applyed to the Sinus Durae Matris pouring bloud into them And this was called apoplectica by the Arabian Translatours Apoplectica Arabibus Andervacus observes some to have 2 3 or 4 on a side De Arteria Magnae Ascendente IT is but one labour to look upon the Arteries and the veins only in the history of the Arteries these things are considerable Aorta ◠Tunicae 3. First in his texture Aorta in his originall is divided into 3. Coats the externall is soft and membranous 2. harder the 3. cartilagineous Coming out of the left ventricle he presently encompasseth the Basis of the heart with 2. small branches seldome with one which are called Coronaria Coronaria and so coming forth under the Trunk Venae Arteriosae ascends upward and is lesser then the descending branch 2. Azygos sine arteria Carotis Azygos hath no artery within the chest 3. without it changeth his name and is called Carotis because pressed together hominem caro sive sopore gravat It runs by the sides asperae Arteriae with the internall jugular to the Basis of the Scull But the left is not mingled with Carotis as the right is 4. That the externall jugular hath no artery Externa jugularis sine arteria but will have those pone aures to be from the internall De Nervis per Thoracem disseminatis ALI Anatomists hold as a position aeternae veritatis Nervi 8 ad pectus that all Nerves come from the Brain some from within and some from without the Scull Those which belong to the chest for their history we now deliver are 8. Diaphragmatici duo Two Diaphragmatici which spring from the space between the third and fourth vertebrae and so between the duplicature of the Mediastinum descend to the nervous center of the midriffe Two recurrentes Recurrentes duo which descending out of the Calvaria from the 6. pair run by the side of the Carotis till it comes to the Iugulum where it divides it self into 3. manifest branches Recur dexter circa axillarei of which these recurrents are one branch The right recurrent embraceth the axillary artery and so winding about it as about a screw runs upwards into the muscles of the Cervix with small but many branches Recurrens sinister circa truncum magnae arteriae Vocales à Galeno inventae The left recurrent for the streightnesse of the axillary is not bowed but winds it self about the Trunk of the great artery where it bends to the back These are likewise called vocales first found by Galen They are the principall instruments of the voice for these being cut or intercepted as by cutting a live dog in one of these branches he is made half-voiced presently The third branch of this sixt conjugation runs along the sides of the ribs and is called Costalis Costalis and so to the Viscera The fourth is called Stomachicus which runs between the duplicature of Mediastinum Stomachicus where is a great plexus nervorum ten or twelve branches for the lungs and so piercing the Diaphragma comes to the left mouth of the stomach and so to the head of the Colon whence many times after along colick comes Raucedo De Pericardio THe Heart being the noblest part in the Body of man Pericardion therefore nature hath provided a peculiar defence for it which is called Pericardion The Latines have many names as Cordis involucrum Capsa Capsula Arcula Vagina Capsula c. The purse of the heart a large membrance compassing the heart Figure is Pyramidall Figura Pyramidalis or rather like a Pine-kernell In the Basis larger and so runs down sharp at the point Situs in the midst of the chest Situs and closed by the membranes of the Pleura Connexus to the Mediastinum Connexus Mediastino Pleurae Spinae nervoso circulo by many fibres before to the Pleura where the cartilages of the sixt or seventh ribs of the left side behind to the spinam dorsi beneath to the nervous circle of the Diaphragma and this is a priviledge only for man and the securing the Vena Cava's inlet to the heart says Vesalius and Riolanus Yet more to the left side then right side and so strongly but without breaking it cannot be separated This tye makes as if the motion of the heart were directed to the center Concerning his originall Anatomists do differ Some from Mediastinum others from Pleura It 's made of two coats Tunicae duae 1. A Mediastino the outward is from the Mediastinum the inward from the coats of the vessels of the heart So that all the vessels in the whloe space between the Basis of the heart and the Pericardium A vasis Cordis are borrowed from the Pleura by this common coat Substance is conveniently strong Substantiae fortis for if harder it would have hurt the Lungs if softer it might be hurt by the bones Yet it hath a hardnesse for maintaining motion of the heart Superficies externa interna His outside is fatty and fibrous his inside smooth and slippery for the easier motion of the heart It 's tied to the Basis of the heart which is over against the fift vertebra of the chest but not tied to the body of the heart but is equally so much distant from the Basis the point and the sides as is fit for his dilatation and to contain his serous humour Perforata
the roots of these veins Anastomosis insignis whereby the mutuall transitus appears howsoever Picolhominy could not find them in the greatest Liver neither raw nor half-boyled Yet in those that dye new-born if it please you to blow Venam Vmbilicalem you shall perceive the aire to pierce both the Coats of Porta and Cava lungs heart and Guts besides that famous Anastomosis which is like a common passage to both trunks By these the humours of the habit are purged and we say the upper Region by the Kidneys the lower by the belly are discharged Amongst these roots diverse branches are made which make the trunk that goes to the Gall. Arteries run from the Caeliaca close to vena Porta Arteriae and are most in the hollow parts few in the upper because Diaphragma sufficiently cools it Nervi Nervi are two small ones one from the Orifice of the stomach the other from the roots of the Ribs on the right side to give sense although little is here required since it is a part made only for nutrition It hath two Actions Actio Communis Privatae one Official and Common which is to make bloud the other private and peculiar to nourish it self De Vesica Biliaria IT is not questioned by any but that the Liver makes bloud by his own proper heat and it is an eternall rule of Nature that heat doth Congregare homogenea segregare beterogenea And since all nourishment hath heterogene parts for nothing that is simple doth nourish so as the sweetest makes bloud the bitter part of aliment choler and the earthy and black part melancholy the watery serum These as unfit for nourishment are separated and case forth Yet they have their use as I shall shew you in their order and therefore nature hath made proper receptacles for them Vesicula Biliaria Follicvlus felleus Situs Connexus And for choler 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vesicula Biliaria or folliculi fellei Situs in the right and hollow part of the Liver to be ready to receive choler Connexus It 's fixed above to the Liver Figura and where it toucheth the right side of the stomach and Colon oftentimes per transudationem it gives to them a tincture And hence those perpetuall burnings of the stomach sayes Bauhinus Figure Figura is long somewhat round hollow which grows lesse it 's lesser then the spleen or Kidneys because the quantity of this Excrement is lesser in the body of man Some say it 's like a Pear Substance Substantia membran Duae tunicae is membranous the better for dilation It hath 2. coats the outward à Peritonaeo without fibres and begins just without the Liver the other is his proper coat thick and strong and hath this property that it is not bitter nor hurt with choler although all other coats are It hath all kind of fibres for his better strength It 's defended by a crust which comes from the third Conconction It 's divided into three parts The bottome the neck and the two Ductus Fundus is the larger part of the vessell Fundus and looks downwards when the Liver is in his naturall position It 's ovall and of a yellowish colour and sometimes blackish when it keeps it too long and sometimes it begets stones Cervix Cervix is the streighter part and is harder then the Fundus and by little ends in a streight passage which making a half circle ends in Porum Biliarium where we have often seen three valvulas 3. Valvala Laurent which Riolanus sayes was a fiction of Laurentius which hinders the regurgitation out of the common meatus Meatus are two Meatus duo one which comes directly from the Liver and beneath the valves inserts it felf into communem canalem where before it enters it 's called Canalis Hepaticus Canalis Hepaticus and so runs into the Guts about principium Iejuni The other is made of the countition of the vessels and runs into the bladder of the Gall and so passing down the valves makes a common channell with Canalis Hepaticus It is to be observed that sometimes this Canalis or Porus Cholidochus Porus Cholidochus makes a double insertion before he comes into the coats of the Guts There is a third meatus Ad stomachum which is a division of the second and runs into the stomach a little above the Pylorus But this is but rare Vesalius once saw it in a Gally-slave at Rome Charls Steven often at Paris All wonders are at Paris These are infelices naturae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they are alwayes troubled with vomiting Hist. Vesalii But this was not so in Vesalius's slave That which runs into Duodenum if it be greater then it should it causeth loose bellies and great pains these are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vasa Arteriae Neavus Vuicus Vessels are small Cystica Gemella from Porta for nourishment Arteries from Caeliaca One small Nerve from the sixth pair and that hardly perceived Vse To receive Vsus Cerui non sine ductu Hepatico hold and expell choler from the Liver but whether it be necessary it 's doubted since Bucks live without it but not sine ductu cholidocho Hepatico Fernelius reports divers to have died by his emptinesse Yet Dioscorides commends wormwood for purging it De Trunco Vena Cavae descendente VEna Cava à veteribus Vena Cava Maxima Iecoraria mater venarum maxima dicitur ab Hippocrate Iecoraria Venarum mater except the umbilicall and Porta cum reliquis spermaticis ortae His branches are spread per Hepar and mingled in the body of the Liver with the branches Portae secundum Vesalium there making one trunk from Os sacrum to Iugulum Yet Doctrinae gratia we divide it into Truncum ascendentem Truncus Ascend Truncus Descend of which â—hâ— our discourse of the chest in Truncum descendentem which coming forth and bending downwards runs along with the arterie and in his passage First he sends from his Trunk Venam adiposam sinistram Vena adiposa sinistra which gives divers branches to Eustachius Glandulae and to the outward coat of the Kidney Dextra ab Emulgente The right adiposa comes seldome from the Cava but from the Emulgente The second is the Emulgent ab officio Emulgens Renalis ab insertione dicta It 's the greatest that comes from the Trunk it 's thick and short with an oblique descent in exortu quandoque gemina quandoque triplex magnitudine pares In his insertion into the Kidney quandoque in quinque ramos dividitur and to keep it from a reflux into Cava Nature hath placed valvulas as also in the veins of the spleen The third is Spermatica Spermatica Dextra The right is sometimes double ab eminentiori sede
umbilicalia tied too near the Navell draw up the bladder and so the Yard is shortned It hath the common coverning without fat that it might not hinder his erection The Panicle here by Riolanus is called Dartos Dartos which reacheth to the lower part of the Glans to which it 's tied Substance is peculiar Substantia è duobus nervis made of two hollow nerves between which runs a channell these as ligaments arise from the lower part Pubis and upper Isthii and so run up to the Glans first a little severed then joyned Their inward substance is hollow like a pipe spongy and blackish and as it were filled with black bloud and as made of innumerable branches of arteries veins and nerves cast into a net Between these two bodies is there a hollow passage common to seed and urine which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fistula urinaria which is the substance of the bladder extended to the end of the Yard or the neck of the bladder producted Yet Bauhine would have it differ from the substance of the bladder quia vesica cocta ab hoc canali recedit Here Bauhinus puts to our memory which other Anatomists overslipped a membrane thin which covers the Glans and channell begotten of Pia Mater Inter. Tunica à pia Matre secundum Baubinum which investâ— the nerves of the Yard which is of exquisite sense The other is an externall coat fleshy made of transverse fibres for the expulsion of seed and urine It 's rare to see two channels one for seed and the other for urine Historia Yet Vesalius reports of a Lawyer of Friuli that had two distinct passages It hath four muscles seated close to Perinaeo Museuli 4. in Perinaeo which are covered with much fat two side ones which come from Coxendicis appendice beneath the Yard first nervous then fleshy short and thicker then the other two and so run into the body of the Yard Their use is erigere Vsus eorum flectere sustinere in congressu Their insertion is not farre from the exortus of the Yard The other two muscles arise fleshy à sphinctere ani secundum longitudinem penis and by the sides of the channell are carried and so make their insertion in the middest Their use is to dilate the lower part of the channell in mixione coitu prostatas comprimere And between the muscles is the place for cutting in the stone Venae Error Columbi Venae ab Hypogastrica Pudenda Arteriae Columbus will have here no veins which I wonder at Yet it hath both externall or Cutaneae which come from Hypogastrica Pudenda and are for a while parted and then come together and so accompany the arteries and are ended with their arteries Internal are two from the Hypogastrica which are inserted in the root of the Yard and through his length are dispersed About the midst the right goes into the left and the left into the right Yet so as a vein goes along the back promiscuously accompanied with nerves even to the Glans It hath two great nerves Nervi 2. ab osse sacro which come from the medulla ossis sacri or the root of the Yard The one is lost about the midst of the skin of the Yard and stones The other is internall and so runs along the back dispersed to the Glans Glans which is the head of the Yard fleshy and softer then the rest that it hurt not and pointed for better entrance His flesh is sensible and solid his substance is spongy Spongiesae substenitae not hollow It 's cover'd with a most thin membrane It hath another made of the duplicature of the skin which is called Praeputium Praeputium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Corona sutura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Femen The upper part is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the circle Corona The lower line Sutura or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that to the Fundament 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 between the fundament and the stones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Femen aut interfemineum In the head there hath been of late years a new disease or rather a new symptome of the old which is called Chrysstalline from his shining brightnesse Chryslailine very frequent in France I have seen one not far from this place and I heard of another about Temple-Bar for which my Counsell was asked De Thorace FRom the lower belly our Anatomicall Doctrine hath led us to the middle Region in which reigneth the king of life This middle belly is called Thorax 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thorax 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est salire for the perpetuall motion of the heart And although Hippocrates Aristotle Rufus Ephesius and the rest of the ancients did include the lower belly yet with Galen and the Physick Schoole we shut it up between the Clavicles and the pointed Cartilage Situs is between the upper and the lower belly Situs for the fitter and apter distribution of life and heat In the upper part are the clavicles in the lower the midriffe before the sternum behind the vertebrae of the Back The right and left side are walled with 12. ribs and divers sorts of muscles Figure is ovall Figure and most capacious the fore part and hinder part broader here then in any other creatures for the better capacity of lungs and heart for man hath most use of spirit Substance is not altogether bony Substantia non tata ossea nec carnea as is the scull so all motion should be lost nor all fleshy as is the lower belly so all parts might fall in together and so cause suffocation Therefore Nature hath provided an instrument with an intercourse of flesh and bones so that by the bones an equall amplitude iâ—preserved and by the muscles a freedome of motion is maintaied Therefore having placed this great Prince the Heart in the chest she presently set a guard about it for his defence and security which was to be preserved by cold aire Therefore she put him into a moveable castle that by his spreading aire for his refreshing might be drawn into the lungs and by his contraction fuliginous vapours and smoaks might be expelled The Chest is divided into parts containing and contained Partes continentes conentae communes propriae Propriae durae out melles Containing are either common or proper The common are our first five recited in our lower belly as scarfskin skin fat the fleshy pannicle and the membrane of the muscles The proper parts are either hard or soft Hard are either bones or Cartilages Soft are either fleshy properly as muscles or improperly as corpora mammarum which according to the sex do differ or are membranous as Pleura Mediastinum Parts contained are all instruments of life and respiration as the Heart Contentae the Lungs the Vena Cava ascendent
would have it It is therefore here cast about os Sphenoidis and is called Rete mirabile from the artificiall figure of the work Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plexus Retiformis His fabrick is from the arteries Carotides which are brought from the heart by the chest and neck into the head at the Basis of the brain close to the exertion of the optick nerves and there make this net which is not simple but as if diverse nets were flung on heaps together and cannot be separated Here reside the animall spirits which are come from the heart and are elaborated and concocted and so fly in plexum choroidem where they are perfected and poured forth into the third and fourth ventricle for their conservation Use Vsus 1. ad salutem totius 2. ad refrigerationem cordis sed negatur à Galeno Aristotle in 2. de Part. Anim. cap. 7. gives two use to the brain 1. Ad salutem totius naturae 2. To cool the heart I know that Galen at large hath refuted this Proposition 8. de usu paat cap. 3. Yet in Arte parva and the cap. 29. de Signis calidi cordis nisi Cerebrum obstiterit which is no more then Aristotle saith And Averroes upon that place contemperando naturalem calorem cordis sua frigulitate naturali Concerning the contraoperationem partium I shall tell you presently 3. ut sit animae domicil 3. Use is Galen's to be Animae domicilium where are made the chief functions of sense and motion 4. His substance to be the laboratory of animall spirits 4 ut sit officina spirit and there to be contained and from thence to be sent to all the instruments of sense and motion and from this substance doe all the nerves and spinalis medulla take their rise Neither is this spiritus animalis varius multiplex Spirit anim unicus sed sec organa diver sed specie unitus idem which carries the whole sensitive soul and all his faculties by the nerves into every part of the body although it produce many and diverse functions according to the diversity of organs that it is infused into from the brain as to the eyes which are the instruments of sight sight is made so to the eares hearing Actuar which Actuarius expresseth by the example of the Sunne beams which are one yet differ in their variety of colour Concerning the sensus of the substance of the brain there are divers opinions De sensu Cerebri Hippoc. Sec. Gal. sentire Arist negat Pic. obscure sen â—â— Fernel à meningib Bauhin expers sen Hippocrates says lib. de vul cap. Cerebrum citissime maxime sentire Galen follows him Aristotle 3. Hist anim cap. 17. Cerebrum medullam sensu tactus privari Piccolhominy Cerebrum sentire obscure Fernelius Sensus omnes à meningibus manare Bauhinus Omnis sensus expers although it be Sensus principium origo ut in apoplecticis apparet Medullae spinalis principio penitus obstructo omnes partes substantiae sensum amittunt motum And yet the brain feels Sensum not as other parts Animal non habet naâ—uralem habet for animall sense it hath not naturall it hath both of those things which are profitable and of those things which are not profitable as the viscera have the Heart Liver Spleen Kidneys have sense of those things which hurt them and desire to decline them although they have no nerves from the brain but their membranes which can give no irradiation of sense into their substance So we see often faintings from vapours and ill humours which strike the substance of the heart Sternâ—â—â— tâ—â—es So sneesings and nocturnall concussions which offend the substance of the brain So then the body of the brain membranis nudatum hath a kind of naturall sense Motus naturalis as likewise a naturall motion and gives a voluntary to the rest of the parts And this his motion is proper and peculiar both for the generation Ad generationem expurgationem spirit Vsus 1. Aerem inferre 2. ad odoratum nutrition and expurgation of spirits And this his motion hath a double use according to Galen 1. To bring aire into the brain for augmentation and ventilation 2. For the making of Odoratus and this motion is not only here but many parts which have not arbitrary motion yet have a motion to avoid and expell from them that which might hurt them So the Liver spleen Qualis in bepate liene c. vena arteriae humores noxios quotidie deponunt So the guts in Cris yet have no muscles yea the muscles themselves edocti natura so in singultu where there are no muscles what hinders then the brains as in sneesings catarrhs Yet this doctrine hath received amongst the Anatomists contradiction Galen 8. de usu part cap. 2. perpetuum tribuit Galen perpetuum tribuit Vesal nullum Fallop dicit continuo moveri Vesalius nullum And as for the argument of smelling which is per inspirationem whilst the brain is contracted he give no credit to it Fallopius in his observat because he could not find it dares not determine it but in his Institut continuo moveri dicit Coiter denies it so doth Platerus Coiter Plater negant Pic. Columbus perpetuo movetur Ruf. à pulsu Conclusio propria vi artâ—riarum Yet Columbus and Piccolhominy hanc perpetuo moveri probant exemplo vulnerum capitis even to the substance So not as Rufus will have it from the pulsatory motion that is in the meninges these ratione quatuor sinuum as Fallopius We do determine this question the substance of the brain to be moved not by animall and voluntary motion not by violent but by a naturall proper and peculiar besides alieno arteriarum quippe Diversis temperib à corde Neither is this naturall motion of the brain answerable to that of the heart as appears if you put one hand upon the top of the head of an infant and the other upon the region of the heart their motions answer not but there are more pulsations in the arteries and heart then in the brain Therefore it is not communicated from the heart Besides the heart and the arteries dilatatione trahunt and by contraction expell but on the contrary the brain by contraction draws by dilatation expells 1. When his substance is distended his cavities are narrowed they are extended when the substance is drawn together De Cerebello WE have shewed you the whole masse of the brain to be divided into Cerebrum Cerebâ—llum Varolus will have the brain made in gratiam specierum visibilium cerebellum in gratiam specierum resonantium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Situs This of the Greeks was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sive posterius Cerebrum The Petty-brain It 's seated under the brain in the inferiour part of the scull It 's