dangerously sick and there upon warily to give their Aurum Potabile or som such other Medicine as a cordial and restorer of strength until Nature being freed from al disturbance of Physick begins to gather strength and then they take opportunity to give a gentle Vomit which Purges serous or such like Excrements up and down In very many Diseases Hippocrates saies 't is better to be quiet than to do any thing that is 't is better to leave the work to Nature than to give any Medicament And if the Physitian knew that he is the Servant and Assistant of Nature he would cure more Patients than he does See Valesius upon the 19. Text of Sect. 2. of the 6. Book of Hippocrates Epidemicks Sluggishness of the Belly and impurity of the Vessels brings al into confusion Hippocrates Chap. 24. Of the Liver THe Liver which is the Instrument of making Blood consists of a Substance Substance of the Liver It s Color proper to it self fitted and ordained to that end for it is like congealed blood and therefore red and the same color it imprints upon the blood howbeit the Liver of some Fishes is of another Color viz. green black yellow as Saffron in which Creatures the blood receives its red color by passing through the substance of the Heart But in Men and other living Creatures which have the two Veins distinct called Blood where and how made Porta and Cava the whol Mass of blood is wrought in the Liver but one part thereof less perfect than the rest is by the Vena Porta distributed among those Parts which serve to nourish the Body another part being conveighed by the Vena Cava is perfected in the Heart of which is made the Arterial blood which is distributed to al the parts and afterwards is transmitted into the Veins that so in a Circular motion it may pass again into the Heart that by its flux it may maintain the perpetual motion of the Heart as the Wheels of a Mil are continually turned about by force of the Wind or Water-fal Such blood is furnished to those parts which having sence and motion depend upon the Brain or Heart The Liver is a T. a. f. 10. 1. D. T. 4. f. 1. A B. â–¡ scituate in the right Hypochondrium under the bastard or short Scituation of the Liver Bigness Ribs and fils with its bulk al that Cavity to the Sword-like Cartilage Somtimes it is so enlarged as to exceed those Natural Bounds and then it rests upon the Stomach reaching as far as the Spleen and descends three or four fingers breadth below the bastard or short Ribs which happens partly through relaxation of the bands wherewith it is bound to the Midrif and short Ribs partly through swelling of the Liver it self over loaded with Nutriment In Man-kind there is one single Liver which is not divided into Lobes or Fingers Number as in bruit Beasts yet there is a certain b T. 4. f. 5. C. â–¡ Cleft to be seen where the Umbilical c f. 1. a. f. 5. B. T. 2. f. 10. G. â–¡ Vein creeps into the Liver and many times two little Lobes or Laps are d T. 4. f. 4. A A. â–¡ seated Lobes or laps under the greater ones somtimes there is only e f. 5. B. â–¡ one which being hollowed receives the Trunk of Vena f f. 5. I. â–¡ Porta which is included in a Duplication of the Omentum or Call that the Excrements of the Liver might be derived thither Although the Liver be one continued Substance yet Anatomists divide the same Two Regions of the Liver into two Regions the one superior and exterior the other inferior and internal The superior or upper is called the g f. 1. B. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Gibbous or bunching part of the Liver the inferior is called the h f. 1. A. f. A A. â–¡ hollow part of the Liver Into the upper Region the Vena Its Vessels i f. 4. D D. â–¡ Cava sprinkles its Roots into the nether Region the Vena k f. 5. I. c. â–¡ Porta sows abroad its Suckers Besides these Roots there are observable certain Branches of the Channel of Choler dispersed among the Roots of Vena Porta and certain little twigs of the Milky Veins which neer the Trunk of Porta do enter into the Cavity of the Liver m T. 9. f. 1. a a a a. â–¡ l f. 15. H. â–¡ It is the mind of Physitians that both these Regions ought diligently to be observed Diversity of the Regions to be observed in practice because in either of these Regions the morbifick matter may be contained which is diversly to be purged according as it possesses the one or other Region for as much as the bunching part of the Liver is purged by the Kidneys through the Vena Cava the hollow part is purged by the Guts by means of the Branches of Porta which are terminated in the Guts conveighing blood and the evil humors of the Liver I have seen Impostumes in the bunching part when the hollow part has not been at al tainted and on the other side I have seen the hollow part impostumated without any detriment to the bunching part Howbeit inasmuch as I cannot see those two Regions separated so much as by a Membrane I cannot beleeve that one part can be sick and the other sound unless the morbifick humor be contained within the Pipes of the little Veins Many Anatomists do affirm that the Roots of Vena Cava and Vena Porta do Whether the Roots of Cava and Poâ—â—â— are united in the liver meet together and are united one unto another by many Anastomoses others deny that there is any such Conjunction among which I willingly acknowledg my self for one and give my voyce on their side my Reasons I have els-where laid down and Nature would have it so that natural and vicious Humors might not be confusedly jumbled together in the Liver You shal observe how the Vein which is taken for Cava takes its rise out of How blood is distributed from the Liver the upper part of the Liver and is inserted into the Trunk of Cava neer the midrif that the Cava may forth with powr out the blood which it hath received from the Liver or rather transmit the same into the neighboring Heart scituate only two or three fingers breadths off and inclosed in the Pericardium which cleaveth circularly to the Nervous Centre of the Diaphragma whereby thou maiest perceive that the greater part of the blood goes into the right Ventricle of the Heart that it may become Arterial by a double Circulation Particular and General A double Circulation of the blood I cal that the particular Circulation which is made from the right Ventricle of the Heart through the midst of the Lungs so as that the blood comes again into the left Ventricle of the Heart The general
between the Hammer and the Anvil as the Proverb is but between two Hammers wherewith they are beat upon and hurt on both sides whil the Head distils upon the Lungs and the Liver affords impure or over plentyful Blood unto the Heart whichthe Heart spues and casts back into the Lungs whereby they are infected and overwhelmed Which infection of the Lungs springs not from the Heart but from the distempered and ill disposed Bowels which suggest unto the Heart very impure blood whose vitiousness the Heart is not able to correct save after many Circulations In the mean whil the Lungs are greivously offended by the foresaid blood passing The chief Diseases of the Lungs through the substance thereof for they are subservient unto the Heart as it were in the Nature of an Emunctory Emissary or Common-shore whiles the filth of the Heart flowes unto the Lungs with the Blood whereupon the Lungs are subject to sundry Diseases For they are troubled with an hot or cold distemper with a Cholerick and Distemper Inflamation Consumtion Flegmatick Tumor and a frequent Inflammation called Peripneumonia or at least with an inflammatory disposition also with Impostumes and Ulcers which bring the Consumption for from spitting of Blood comes spitting of quitter and from thence the Consumption Also they are subject to a certain kind of Push or rising which in the end Push Vomica turnes into a secret mischievous Impostum termed Vomica of which few escape If the Quitter be derived from the Lungs into the Heart unless it pass readily into the Aorta it suddainly choakes or stifles the Patient If it be carried into the right ventricle it Causes the greater danger because it cannot be so easily Purged out Furthermore the Lungs are obstructed in the Asthma either perpetual or coming Asthma by fits which causes difficulty of breathing which as it is more or less is distinguished with different names The lesser is termed Dyspnea the greater It s Kinds when the Patien cannot breath save standing or sitting upright is termed Orthopnaea Oftentimes the Patient is vexed also with a cough which is somtimes moderate Cough and somtimes vehement with great wheezing and ready to choak the Patient which Springs from a cruel feirce Catarrh or sudden and plentyful Defluxion Whereupon by reason of the extreme troublesomness of the Cough which shakeâ— the Lungs there arises that disposition termed Spadon Vasorum or a dilatation of the Vessels being a dangerous and formidable â—ort of Aâ—eâ—risma In the Peripneumonia or Inflammation of the Lungs there is no smal dispute Whether Blood-letting is good in these Cases about Blood-letting for it is written that Blood must be drawn from the common Veins Now there is none of those Veins which are usually opened that communicates with the Veins of the Lungs neither are there any branches distributed from the Vena Cava into the Lungs which has by Galen in many places been disputed against Erasistratus The motion likewise of Nature shewes the same for whereas in Diseases of the Bowels and in burning Feavers the Crisis is wont to happen by bleeding at the Note in a Peripneumonia there is no such Crisis because the Veins of the Nose from whence blood is wont to Issue have no Communion with the Lungs If it be true that Blood naturally does pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs that it may be brought into the left Ventricle and from thence into the Aorta and if the Circulation of the Blood be acknowledged who sees not that in Diseases of the Lungs the blood flowes thither in greater quantity than ordinary and oppresses the Lungs unless it be first liberally taken away and afterwards Affermed at several times a little at a time be let out to ease the said Lungs which was the advice of Hippocrates who when the Lungs were swelled did take blood from al Parts of the Body from the Head Nose Tongue Armes Feet that the quantity thereof might be diminished and the Course thereof drawn from the Lungs He himself in Diseases of the Lungs bids us draw blood til the Body were Blood-less and in one that had a Consumption when he saw that the corruption of the Blood infected and corrupted the Lungs he took away blood in so great a quantity that the Patients body remained quite empty of the same in a manner Supposing that the Blood circulates the Lungs are easily emptied by Phlebotomy If the Circulation be denied I cannot see how blood may be from thence drawn back for if it should flow back by the Vena a T. 11. f. 2. E E G. â–¡ Arteriosa into the b T. 11. f. 3. D D. â–¡ right Ventricle the c T. 11. f. 4. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves do hinder it and the d T. 11. f. 3. C C C. three forked little Valves do hinder the recourse thereof from the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Vena Cava And therefore when the Veins of the Armes and Feet are opened blood is drawn from the Lungs by reason of the Circulation thereof and consequently the Opinion of Fernelius comes to nothing namely that in Diseases of the Lungs blood should be taken rather from the right Arm than the left because the blood cannot return into the Vena Cava save by breaking two doors and Bolts placed in the Heart Ulcers of the Lungs do often happen by reason of a fierce cough caused by very Some Causes of Consumption of the Lungs sharpe Serosities or by spitting of Blood which if it come from an opening of the mouthes of the Veines by reason of Aboundance of blood it is not so much to be feared as when it proceeds from eating asunder the Coats of the Veins by the acrimony of Humors Nature in this case out of Pitty that our life might be preserved haâ— distinguished Why the Lungs are distinguished into Lobes or Laps the Lungs into divers pipes and sundry Lobes Laps or Scollups that the infection might not spread over the whol Body of the Lungs which is usual in al continued or evenly united bodies And therefore we see many that have Ulcers in their Lungs do live long if they have but an indifferent Care of themselves If the Circulation of the blood be allowed so that it passes often through the A twofold Circulation of the Blood Lungs not through the Septum Medium or Partition-Wal of the Heart we must maintain a two fold Circulation of the blood the one is performed by the Heart and Lungs whiles the blood spirting from the right Ventricle of the Heart is carried through the Lungs that it may come unto the left Ventricle of the Heart for it is squirted out of the Heart and returnes thither again the other is a longer Circulation by which the blood flowing from the left Ventricle of the Heart compasses the whole body by the Arteries and Veins that it may
observed in Book 11. of his Method In which case blood letting is good for Ventilation and must be repeated if need be Unnatural Respiration is somtimes necessary in those that have their Health to Vnnatural Respiration somtimes 〈◊〉 in healthy persons expel smoaky vapors by forcible blowing out of the breath or to expel the Excrements of the Bellâ— or to force out a Child by holding the breath â—xâ—â—fflation or forcible puffing out of the breath answers to Expiration and holding of the breath is a long Inspiration as much as the party is able to endure for some necessary use and it is performed which is strange by one very smal muscle which shuts the Arythenois and the Glottis Chap. 8. Of the Heart THe Heart is the Principal and most Noble Bowel of the whol Body the Nobility of the Heart Fountain of Life-giving Nectar by the Influx whereof the virality or lively force of al â—he parts is recreated and cherished It is the first that lives and the last that dies by the benefit whereof al the parts of the body do live and subsist And therefore it is that Nature has framed this principal Part with admirable Workmanship both without and within of a a T. 11. f. â— B. â–¡ fleshy substance strong and thick It s Substance interwoven with al sorts of Fibres and because it is the Seat of Native Heat lest it should become dry and parched up she hâ—s â—oâ—stened it with fat placed round about and waâ—ered the same by cuâ—cumfusion of a wheyâ—sh Liquor It is scituate in the middle of the Chest hanging by the a T. 11. f. 4. A A. Mediastinum and b â— 11. f. 1. A. Pericardium It s Scitâ—ation For those two parts do joyn in this Office as hath been said in our Chapter of the Mediastinum The Heart is alwaâ—es of the same greatness in some strong men it is more smal Bigness and solid than ordinary in feebâ—er Perâ—ons iâ— is greater and of a looser substance as â—n some men and frequently in women It is shaped like a Pine-Apple having a broad bottom and growing pointed towards Shape the top The broad end is called the Basis or bâ—ttom which receives four Vessels the Vena c T. 11. f. 1 C. Cava running through the Breast and opened neer the Heart Vessels and fastened thereunto the Vena d f. 2. E E. G. â–¡ Arteriosa the e f. 1. M. f. 2. C. â–¡ Aoâ—â—a and the Arteria f f. 2. H H. â–¡ Venosa In the Basis we find little Cases or Covers placed by the Vessels which carry blood into â—he Heart They are called 〈◊〉 Cordis the g f. â— C C. Ears of the Heart Ears and are hollow In grown persons the right Ear is larger than the left but in the child in the womb and al Infants the left Ear is larger than the right The other end of the Heart is termed the Conus or poinâ—ed end There appear Veins and Arteries h f. 2. by B. â–¡ creeping upon the surface of the Heart which seem ordained to repair the Fat as it spends Before we proceed to the inner Structure of the Heart we are to consider how it Action viz. the pulse is moved For its Action is Motion or Puliation because look what blood it receives in it drives the same out by pulsation There are therefore two parts of the Hearts motion Systole and Diastole or Systole Diastole Contraction and Dilatation when it takes in blood it is dilated or widened when it expels the same it is contracted or drawn together between both which motions there intercedes a pause or resting time which is termed Peri-Systole How these motions are caused is a doubtful Question Rejecting the various Opinions of others I wil tel you how I conceive this motiâ—ion Cause of the pulse according to our Author is performed It is probable that the Heart being widened cannot receive the blood unless its dilatation be made by drawing back the Basis thereof to the Cone that the Vessels may shed their blood and the heart draw the same to it self In the Systole the heart is contracted and the blood received is thrust out and then the Heart becomes narrower and longer than it was before And because it is shut up in the Pericardium or Heart-case which is fastened circular-wise to the Sinewy Centre of the Midrif with its Cone or pointed end it smites the Nervy Centre of the Midrif and with its Basis or broad end and the Aorta sticking out it smites the Breast at the same instant when it is extended and prolonged This perpetual motion of the Heart though it depend in respect of its production How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the Heart upon the inbred faculty thereof yet can it not alwaies continue save by the coming in of blood out of which the Heart frames the vital Spirit and in case at every pulse the Heart receive one drop of blood or two which it casts into the Aorta and that in an hours space the Heart pulses two thousand times it must needs be that a great quantity of blood or al the blood in the Vessels should pass through the Heart within the space of twelve or fifteen hours Now this quantity may come to fifteen or twenty pounds of blood which is as much as is contained in the Vessels and therefore it must needs be that in the space of twenty four hours the whol mass of Blood is twice or thrice passed through the Heart according as the motion of the Heart is quicker or slower And that this Circular Motion of the blood might be performed with the greater Whether the blood do pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs commodity and facility William Harvey an English man the Kings Physitian the Author and Inventor of this motion of the blood and Joannes Walaeus a Professor of Leyden and most eager Defender and Protector thereof wil have the blood to be carried through the Lungs from the right unto the left Ventricle of the Heart not allowing that it should pass through the Septum or Partition wal between the Ventricles of the Heart and that the whol mass of Blood in an hour or two hours space is circulated through the Heart and the whol Body which I do not allow of and I have els-where laid down my reasons of the impossibility and inconveniency of such a motion The Heart is the Original of Vena Cava When I had observed that the Trunk of the Vena Cava was separated from the Liver running continually from the Jugulum to the Os Sacrum without any interruption and that it passed not through the Liver as we may see with our Eyes and perceive also by thrusting a smal stick thereinto I came to be of Opinion that The Liver of Vena Porta They
have different blood in them the Vena Cava did spring from the Heart as the Vena Porta takes its rise from the Liver and that two sorts of blood were contained in those Veins though both of those sorts are labored and wrought in the Liver the one of these sorts of blood being sent into the Porta the other by a branch rooted in the Liver twice as smal as the Trunk of Vena Cava carried unto the Heart What kind of blood is circulated The blood which is contained in the Vena Porta is not circulated although it have a flux and reflux within its own Channels and communicate with the Caeliacal Arteries which are joyned one to another by mutual Anastomoses Within those Vessels the blood may pass to and fro reciprocally but it does not run out according to the longitude of the body neither is it in such a sense circulated In what Vessels And therefore the Circulation which is made in the Heart does borrow its matter from the Liver by the Vena Cava The Circulatory Vessels are the Aorta and Cava neither do their branches receive that Circulation because the blood being shed into al the parts of the second and third Region does remain there to nourish the said parts neither does it flow back unto the greater Vessels unless it be revelled by force when there is great want of blood in the larger Vessels or when it is stimulated into some violent motion and so flows unto the greater Circulatory Vessels After what manner And so the blood which is brought from the Liver unto the right Ventricle of the Heart does pass through the Partition wall of the two Ventricles into the left Ventricle I confess that in a violent Circulation the blood is carried through the Lungs unto How the circulation is performed the left ventricle of the Heart where it is forcibly ejected into the Aorta that it may afterwards be carried into the greater Veins of the Limbs which communicate by mutual Anastomoses with the Arteries and then from the Veins it flows up into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so there is made a perfect Circulation by the continual flux and reflux of the blood So that the blood in the Veins does naturally and perpetually ascend or return unto the Heart the blood of the Arteries naturally and continually descends or departs from the Heart Howbeit if the smaller Veins of the Arms aud Legs shal be emptied of blood the blood of the Veins may descend to succeed in the place of that which is taken away as I have cleerly demonstrated against Harvey and Walaeus No man can deny the mutual Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries seeing that Galen has said it and demonstrated the same by Experiments and our dayly Experience confirms the same Hippocrates himself in his third Book of the Joynts takes notice of this communion of the Veins and Arteries in a Discourse by it self How necessary the circulation of the blood is You see how necessary it is for the blood to circulate that the motion of the Heart may not cease and how this Circulation may be performed without confusion and perturbation of the Humors and without destroying the Ancient Art of Healing And therefore the Circular motion of the blood is necessary to continue the motion of the heart as in Mils the Water must perpetually fal upon the Wheel to make it turn about also to warm again and restore the strength of the blood The Vtility thereof which is decayed by the loss of Spirits dispersed up and down the body whereas in the Heart it is refurnished with new Spirits and that the Heart being the Fountain of Native Heat may be moistened with a perpetual Dew lest by little and little it should parch and wither away for want of that dewy moisture or Life-giving Nectar By the Circulation of the blood in the Heart the Causes of Life and Death are more easily declared than by the Humidum Primigenium or Original Moisture bred in the Heart when the Child is formed which is so little that it is soon consumed and the perpetual motion of the Heart continuing day and night without ceasing would at length wear away the Substance of the Heart unless by a perpetual flowing in of the circulated blood it were moistened and repaired Whether the Heart and Arteries are moved at the same time Howbeit we must hold that the Heart and Arteries do move by Course one after another not being moved at the same instant with the same kind of motion but taking their turns and performing their work interchangably for when the Heart sends out the blood the Arteries receive it and transmit it into the Veins not that which is expelled the same instant but that which is neerest the Veins This being granted these parts must of necessity be moved one after another and the swelling motion of the Artery when it rises under our Finger is dilatation or widening and not contraction although it seem very like the pulse which the Heart makes when it contracts it self Having explained the Circulation of the Blood we must now open the Heart The right Ventricle of the Heart which you shal see divided into two Ventricles by the Septum Medianum or a T. 11. f. ☉ D D. □ Middle Partition The one is termed the b f. ☉ C C. f. 3. D D. f. 4. C C. □ Right Ventricle being the wider and softer The other the c f. ☉ B. f. 5. C C. f. 6. D D. □ Left being harder narrower and compassed with a thicker wal reaching as far as the Cone or Point of the Heart which the Right does not The Right Ventricle receives the Vena d f. 1. C. f. ♃ E. □ Cava and the Vena e f. 2. E E G. f. 4. A. T. 12. f. 3. all □ Arteriosa The Its Vessels Cava pours blood into the Heart the Vena Arteriosa carries back all or a part thereof into the Lungs To the Orifices of the Cava are adjoyned certain three-pointed f T. 11. f. 3. C C C. □ Valves or Their Valves Shutters which hinder the going back of the blood The Orifice of the Vena Arteriosa is compassed with three Valves or Shutters shaped like an old fashioned g f. 4. B B B. □ Greek Sigma which hinder the reflux of the blood The Left Ventricle receives two Arterial Vessels the a T. 11. f. 1. M. f. 2. C. f. 5. A. □ Aorta and the Arteria b f. 2. H H. f. 6. A. T. 1. e. f. 6. all □ Venosa Which latter according to the Doctrine of some Anatomists carries The left Ventricle of the Heart Its Vessels blood from the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart or carries Air prepared in the Lungs into the said Ventricle and likewise carries back fuliginous Vapors howbeit many do not allow the said use
signification is the same as in the fift figure AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE EIGHT BRASSE PLATE IN THIS BOOK The Fruit in the Womb being often helped by Physical Remedies requires no less diligent observation than the Body it self of Man therefore we have given you the representation of it in two Tables according to the Method of Dissections The first of which laies open to your view the Umbilicar Vessels and the Sccleton The other the Deliniament of the Bowels FIG I. Shews the Child ready to be born as it lies in a sit posture for extramission AAAA The parts of the Abdomen dissected and distracted BBBB The body of the womb divided into four parts CCCC The Charion and Amnios joyned together and dissected into four parts D The child turning its head downwards which is the natural way of Birth FIG II. Shews the Child taken out of the Womb the Umbilicar Vessels and Membranes separated about the beginning A The Umbilicar vein distended from the liver BB The two Umbilicar Arteries rising to the Navil C The Urachus knit to the Navil DDD The Navil produced even to the Placentum EE The Amnios separated from the Chorion under which a portion of the Navil appears FF The Chorion divided into four parts GGG The Umbilicar veins and arteries distributed in the Placenta which are extended above the Chorion but very lucidly appear under it FIG III. Explains the Secundines in what part they cleaye to the womb AA The convex part of the Placenta BBBB The Chorion under the Placenta FIG IV. Shews the Bones pertaining to the Head AA The bone of the Fore-head distinct from the Suture BB The two bones of the fore part of the head C The Crown as yet Membranous by reason of the distance of the Bones D The inferior cheek divided into two parts FIG V. Shews the ring-like bone of the Infant to which the Membrane of the Ear called Timpanum is knit FIG VI. The bones of the Ears removed a little from their Natural Scituation A The Malleus B The Incus C The Stapes D The little bone annexed to the Ligament of the Stapes first found out by D. Sylvius FIG VII Exactly represents the Labyrinth and Cochlea of the Ears perfect in all parts A The Oval hole in the Tympanum which looks toward the Labyrinth B The round hole in the Tympanum between the Labyrinth and the Cochlea CCC The three bony Cavities of the Labyrinth DD The Cochlea FIG VIII Shews the internal face of the Cochlea with the Labyrinth A The oval hole B The round hole CCC The three circles of the Labyrinth something opened DD The Cochlea broken shewing the little inward porous circle FIG IX The Vertebra of the Infant in three distinct parts A The first back part B The second back part C The third fore part FIG X. Shews the Vertebrae of the Neck the bones of the Breast as they are seen on the forepart A Denotes only the upper part of the Sternum the rest are under it FIG XI Shews the back and its Vertebrae wanting their Processes FIG XII Shews the Vertebrae of the Loyns with the bones that make the Pelvis A The five Vertebrae of the Loyus whose Processes are yet cartilaginous B The Os Sacrum composed of six parts CC The bones called Ilium DD The bones of the Pubis EE The bones of the Coxendix FIG XIII Expresseth the bones of the whol hand abd The Appendices of the bones yet cartilaginous c The bones of the wrest all cartilaginous FIG XIV Represents the bones of the whol Foot abd The Appendices of the bones which are cartilaginous c Certain Cartilaginous bones of the Instep AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE NINTH BRASSE PLATE IN THIS BOOK This Table comprehends all the Bowels which are found in the Abdomen and Breast of the Infant FIG I. Singularly expresseth the Lacteal Veins as they are represented at a single view AAA The hollow part of the Liver B The Gall. CC The umbilicar vein bowed upward DD The Stomach turned upwards E It s lower Orifice tyed with a string F A portion of the Jejunum cut off neer the Pylorus GGG The Pancreas of a famous bigness H The Spleen II The right Kidney covered with the common Membrane K The left Kidney in like manner covered LLL The Mesenterium stretched abroad MM c. The Guts knit to the Mesenterium aaaa Certain Lecteal veins stretched from the Sweet-bread to the Liver whereof few and those the least of them are here expressed bbb c. Lacteal veins distributed from the Sweet-bread to the Guts and those bigger ccc c. The Meseraick branches of the Vena porta dd c. Branches of the Meseraick arteries FIG II. A The right Renal Glandula B The right Kidney C The left Glandula of the Reins D The left Kidney E The Vena Cava descending FF It s internal Iliack branches GG The external Iliack branches of the Vena Cava HHH The great artery with its external Iliack branches II The internal branches of the great artery KK c. Both umbilicar arteries bent downwards L The bottom of the womb compressed M The neck of the womb N The bladder turned downwards O The Urachos P The node of the Navil cut off a The vein of the right Renal Glandula b The artery of the right Renal Glandula c The right emulgent artery d The right emulgent vein e The right spermatical vein f The right spermatical artery g The left artery of the Renal Glandula h The left vein of the Renal Glandula i The left emulgent vein k The left emulgent artery l The left spermatical vein m The left spermatical artery nn The Vessels preparing the Seed oo The testicles of a great magnitude pp The broad Ligaments of the womb qq c. The Tubae of the womb bowed down rr The round Ligaments of the womb cut off below ss Portions of the Vreters cut off FIG III. AA The Lungues diducted on both sides B The Heart whol C The trunk of the great artery coming from the Heart D A portion of the same artery passing downwards E The Vena Arteriosa stretched from the Heart aa The channel between the Vena Arteriosa and the great Artery b The beginning of the right subclavian artery c The beginning of the right Carotides d The beginning of the left Artery Carotides FIG IV. AA The Lungues diducted B The Heart cut towards the right Ventricle C The Vena Cava opened neer the Heart D Anastomosis between the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa E The shutter in the Anastomosis FIG V. A The Corpus Thymium separated from the Vessels of the Heart AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE TENTH BRASSE PLATE IN THIS BOOK This Table represents the Muscles and bones of the Breast its Membranes and Diaphragma FIG I. A The Pectoral Muscle in his scituation B The same Muscle out of his scituation C Serratus major anticus in its scituation D The
same a little removed out of it E Serratus anticus minor totally in its scituation F The subclavian Muscle in its scituation ◠The Clavicula bowed back under the pectoral Muscle gg Platysma myodes in the neck with their right strings GG c. The external intercostal muscles without their scituation HH c. The internal intercostal muscles in their scituation II A portion of the Diaphragma in its scituation K Part of the great artery descending L The hole for the Gula passing the Diaphragma M The hole for the Vena Cava descending NN The square muscles of the loyns in their scituation of which Chap. 12. OO The muscles called Psoas in their scituation of which Chap. 19. FIG II. Shews the bones of the breast as they are to be seen forwards AA The Sternum B The Mucronata or sword-like Cartilage CC c. The cartilaginous part of the Ribs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The true Ribs 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The bastard Ribs FIG III. Shews the Ribs Vertebrae and processes on the back part FIG IV. The Breast opened in which AA The Mediastinum drawn to the side BB The tunicle of the Mediastinum diducted under the Sternum C The right lobe of the Lungues FIG V. AA Part of the Pleura drawn at one side from the Ribs BB The Ribs laid bare from the Pleura CC The Ribs cloathed with the Pleura FIG VI. Shews the Diaphragma separated from the Ribs and Vertebrae AAA The fleshy part of the Diaphragma covered with its Membrane BB The Phrenical arteries CC The Phrenical veins D The passage of the Vena Cava E The passage of the Gula. FFF The membranous part of the Diaphragma G The hole between the fleshy portions of the descending of the great artery FIG VII A The left nerve of the Diaphragma B The right nerve of the same C The superior membrane of the Diaphragma separated D The fleshy substance of the Diaphragma E The hole for the Gula. F The hole for the Vena Cava GGG The Membranous part HHH The fleshy parts between with the great artery descends AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE ELEVENTH BRASSE PLATE IN THIS BOOK This Table chiefly represents the Heart its Membranes Vessels Ventricles and shutters then the Lungues and the Aspera Arteria separated from them FIG I. A The Pericardium compassing the Heart BB The Lungues embracing the Heart in their Natural Scituation C The Vena Cava ascending above the Heart D The beginning of the vein without a fellow E The right subclavian vein F The right Jugular vein G The left Jugular vein H The left subclavian vein II The right and left Carotis Artery KK The right and left subclavian Artery LL The Nerves of the sixt pair descending to the Lungues M The beginning of the great Artery descending FIG II. Shews particularly the vessels passing from the Heart to the Lungs which are shewed you separated in the third and sixt figure of the following Chapter A The Pericardium taken from the Heart B The Heart with the Coronal veins and arteries C The trunk of the great Artery passing out of the Heart D It s descending part turned upwards EE The left branch of the Arterial vein distributed to the Lungues F A channel between the arterial vein and the great artery G The right branch of the arterial vein HH The right and left branch of the venal artery I The Ear of the Heart KK The Lungues about the Heart L The proper tunicle of the Lungues separated FIG ◠The Heart of an Insant whol A The proper Membrane of the Heart separated B The substance of the Heart bare CC The right and left Ears of the Heart D The great Artery sticking out of the Heart E A portion of the Vena Cava FIG * A Part of the Heart transversly cut B The left ventricle CC The right ventricle conspicuous DD The Septum of the Heart FIG III. Shews the Vena Cava dissected with the right Ventricle A The Orifice of the coronal Vein B The Anastomosis between the Vena Cava and the venal artery CCC The shutters called Tricuspides DDD The right Ventricle of the Heart opened aa The passages between the Membranes ending in the Septum FIG IV. A The arterious vein dissected in the right ventricle BBB The shutters called Sigmoides in the arterious vein CCC The right Ventricle of the Heart opened FIG V. A The great Artery diffected neer the Heart BBB The semilunar shutters of the great artery CC The left Ventricle of the heart D Part of the left Ventricle turned back FIG VI. A The Venal artery dissected B The beginning of the Anastomosis between the venal artery and the Vena Cava bb The passages between the Membranes ending in the Septum CC The two mitral shutters DD The left Ventricle of the Heart opened FIG VII Shews the backward part of the Lungues and wind-pipe as they are joyned to the Heart A The right Nerve of the sixt pair which comes to the Lungues B The left Nerve of the same C The middle branch between each Nerve D The branch which is carried to the Pericardium EE The two greater branches of the windpipe which are Membranous behind FF The hinder part of the Lungues G The proper Membrane of the Lungues HH A portion of the Pericardium left I The heart left in his Scituation FIG VIII A The wind-pipe cut off under the Larynx B The right branch thereof divided first into two parts C The left branch thereof divided into greater and lesser branches ddd c. The extremity of the branches ending in membranous channels AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE TWELFTH BRASSE PLATE IN THIS BOOK FIG I. Shews the Vena Cava A The beginning of the Vena Cava with his large orifice about the Heart BB The rise of the subclavian branches C The beginning of the descending trunk DD The right and left Iliack branches aaa c. The branches of the Azygus distributed to the Ribs bb The superior intercostal cc The internal mammary * The Mediastina dd The Vertebral Vein ee The internal Jugular cut off under the skul ff The external Jugular from which the inferior branch riseth to the Organ of speech and the Subcutaneus by the face and Temples and backwards by another branch to the Ears gg The Cervical Vein hh The progress of the subclavian branches ii The internal scapular vein KK The external scapulars 3.3 The vein carried to the Muscle Deltois ll The superior Breast-vein mm The Cephalick vein cut off nn The basilick vein cut off oo The inferior Breast-vein p The left phrenical vein q The right phrenical vein rr A famous branch distributed in the Liver ss tt c. The sprigs thereof distributed in the right and left side thereof uu The Venae musculae or superior Lumbals yy The veins of the Renal Glandulae xx The right and left emulgent zz The right and left spermatical αα The beginning of the Lumbals
ββ The Vena muscula of the interior Lumbal γγ The Vena sacra ΔΔ The external Iliack branch EE The Epigastrick vein â—â— The internal Iliack branch â—â— Vena Glutea êê The Hypogastrick veins â—â— The veins of the Privities θθ The inguinal veins KK c. The branch of the crural vein iii The Saphena λλ The vein Ischias FIG II. Particularly describes the coronal vein of the heart FIG III. Shew the Arterial Vein of the Heart A The beginning by which it passeth out of the right ventricle BB Its branches which pass to the right part of the Lungues CC Its branches which pass to the left FIG IV. Shews the great Artery A It s beginning rising out of the heart BB The beginning and progress of the subclavian branches C The trunk descending DD The right and left Iliack branches aa The artery Carotis bb Its external branch distributed to the Jaws Face and backwards to the Ears cc The internal Carotis cut off under the skull dd The vertebral artery in like manner cut off â—â— The cervical muscula ee The internal Mammary ff The branches of the superior intercostal artery gg The internal scapular artery hh The external scapular artery ii The superior breast-artery kk The inferior breast-artery lm The arteries distributed to the muscles of the Shoulder nn The inferior intercostals oo The phrenical arteries p The famous artery called Coeliaca q It s right branch divided into three parts of which the superior and inferior is distributed to the Liver and the middle to the Gall. r The left branch of the Coeliacal s The right Gastrical artery t The splenical artery divided in smal branches to the spleen u The artery called Epiploica ur The Gastroepiploica x The artery carried to the Renal Glandula yyy c. The superior Mesenterical artery distributed into branches zz The emulgent arteries αα The rise of the Lumbal arteries ββ The spermatical arteries γγ The inferior Mesenterical artery derived into many branches â— The Arteria sacra ΔΔ The external Iliack artery â—â— The internal Iliack â—â— Arteria Glutaea êê The Hypogastrick artery distributed to the right Gut and Privities ♀ ♀ The Hypogastrick artery distributed to the womb distinguished from the former â—â— The umbilicar artery EE The Epigastrick artery θθ The Arteria Pudenda ii The Ischias kk The inferior Arteria Muscula λλ The artery which goes to the internal Iliack muscle FIG V. Shews the Coronal Artery of the Heart FIG VI. Shews the Venal Artery arising from the left Ventricle of the Heart A It s Orifice BB Its branches distributed to the right side of the Lungues CC Its branches distributed to the left AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE THIRTEENTH BRASSE PLATE IN THIS BOOK In this Table is laid open to view the Cartilages of the Larynx with their Muscles the Os Hyois with its Muscles the Tongue its Nerves and Muscles the Vvula with its Muscles the Tonsils the Vertebrae of the Neck and its bowing Muscles FIG I. The external face of the Buckler-like Cartilage FIG II. The internal face of the Buckler-like Cartilage FIG III. The hinder view of the Ring-like Cartilage FIG IV. A view of the foremost part of the same Cartilage FIG V. VI. The Cartilages called Arytaenoides FIG VII The Epiglottis FIG VIII A The Buckler-like Cartilage BB The pair of Muscles Hyothyroides CCCC The pair of Muscles Sternothyroides DD The small Muscles called Cricothiroides FIG IX A The external part of the Epiglottis joyned to the Larynx BB The Muscles Thyroarytaenoides CC The lateral Muscles Cricoarytaenoides D The Ring-like Cartilage EE The fore part of the wind-pipe FIG X. A The internal face of the Epiglottis aa The sticking out of the cartilages Arytaenoides BB The Muscles Arytaenoides every where loosed CC The Muscles Cricoaritaenoides postici D The broad part of the Ring-like cartilage EE The hinder and membranous part of the wind-pipe FIG XI A The Basts of the Os Hyois BB The horns of the Os Hyois CC The two cartilaginous Appendices FIG XII A The internal face of the Basts of the Os Hyois BB The internal face of the horns CC The two cartilaginous Appendices FIG XIII A The sides of the Os Hyois BB The muscles Geniohyoides turned downwards CC The internal Geniohyoides commonly called Genioglossi DDDD The muscles Sternohyoides EE The muscles Styloceratohyoides FFF The Muscles Coracohyoides ff The middle tendinous part FIG XIV A The inferior part of the top of the Tongue BBBB The muscles Basioglossi ssss The nervous substance between the muscles CC The muscles Ceratoglossi DD The muscles Styloglossi EE The muscles Myloglossi aa The Nerves of the Tongue from the fourth conjugation bb The Nerves of the Tongue from the seventh conjugation FIG XV. A The Gargareon or Uvula BB The external pair of Muscles bb Its tendon which passeth the chink CC The internal pair of muscles something compressed D Part of the Pallat from which the Uvula hangs FIG XVI and XVII Shews the Glandulae called Tonsillae FIG XVIII AA The long muscles bowing the neck BB The muscles bowing the neck called Scaleni aa Part of the Nerves tending to the arms CC The muscles bowing the Head with the Mastoides FIG XIX Shews the seven joynts of the neck FIG XX. The first joynt of the Neck in which aa The two holes holding the hinder part of the Head bb The holes on the sides which gives passage to the arteries to ascend FIG XXI The second Vertebra of the Neck a The tooth-like process b The Spina Bifidia FIG XXII a The Spine the rest is like the other joynts AN EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF THE FOURTEENTH BRASSE PLATE IN THIS BOOK It contains the Muscles which are conspicuous about the Shoulders Back Loyns and Neck the Carkass being turned over upon the Belly FIG I. AA The muscles Trapezii in their scituation BB The Rhomboides laid a little to view CC DD The broadest muscle of the back in which CC Shews its fleshy part DD Its membranous beginning FIG II. AA Trapezius pulled out of its scituation BB The Rhomboides laid open in its scituation C The same drawn out of his scituation as yet joyned to the basis of the Scapula DD Both the Levators of the Scapula E Serratus posticus minor in his scituation F Serratus posticus major in his scituation G The same muscle out of his scituation HH The greatest part of the Musculi Splenii conspicuous in their scituation II A portion of the Musculi complexi KK The Mastoides somewhat separated above LL The Sacrolumbi not removed out of their place MM The longest muscles of the back not separated NN The beginnings of the Sacrolumbi and longest muscles united OO The muscles Quadrati somewhat laid open FIG III. AA The beginnings of the muscles Sacrolumbi and the longest united BBBB The Sacrolumbi something moved out of their place and distinguished in their tendons CCCC The longest muscles of the back somewhat removed and distinguished into their
Putrefaction of the Humors Putrid Imputrid Malignant An Imputrid Feaver is caused only by the fervency of the Spirits and Humors contained in the Vessels or fixed in the solid Parts A Malignant Feaver is caused by extream Pucrefaction or by divers Symptomes greivously afflicting the noble Parts a Well-affected Feaver has none of al these A great Feaver is the Non-malignant same with a Malignant and a little Feaver differs not from a Well affected Hence are al the differences of Feavers taken a spirital Feaver is continual indeed yet lasts but a Day and is therefore termed Ephemera a Sanguin Feaver is also continual and threefold Encreasing standing at a stay and decreasing Putrid or Imputrid It is by some termed continens to distinguish it srom the rest of the Humoral Feavers Cholerick Melancholick and Flegmatick Feavers are continual when the Humors from whence they arise do Putrifie in the great Veins when they Putrifie in the little Veins or out of the Veins they make Intermitting Feavers An Hectick Feaver is also continual but slow and lingering The Return of intermitting Feavers is termed their fit the more than ordinary The sit of a Feaver It s Exacerbation Circuit Tertian Feaver Quartans Quotidians violence of continual Feavers it called their Exacerbation The beginning of a â—iâ— is called Invasio the time of Remission and Exacerbation of intermission and accession is termed Periodus or Circuitus the Period or Circuit Now the Accessions or exacerbations of Feavers are various according to the various motion of the Humor They come every third day by reason of the proper motion of Choler whence al bilious intermitting Feavers are called Tertians or third day Agues as the Quartans come every fourth day because the Melancholick Humor is moved upon that day as Flegm is moved every day whence quotidian Agues are Flegmatick Quintan Septan Nonan or sift seventh and ninth day Agues as they are exceeding rare so ate they not comprehended under any Rules of Art The Proper Symptomes of the beginnings of Ague-fits do shew the sort of Ague what it is so a shaking shewes a Tertian Ague A grinding cold fit that makes a man think it would break his bones argues a Quartan and for the fit to begin with a mere simple coldness is the token of a Quotidian A double tertian comes every day as the Quotidian does but with extream shaking whereas the Quotidian comes only with a coldness Confused and implicated Feavers are made of those Feavers which we have Confused now explained Confused or mixed Feavers are made by mixiture of the Humors as a Bastard Tertian is made by a mixture of Choler and Flegm But Implicated Implicated Feavers are stirred up by Vicissitude of Humors put into Putrefaction or Commotion where upon there is observed in them distinct sits one following another as in a double Tertian and in a double and triple Quartan and in a Semitertian which is nothing else but a complication of a continual Quotidian and an Intermittent Tertian and in the Feaver called Triteophyaea which lasts thitty hours and longer Two Agues are observed to follow one another so that the first being not quite Erratick finished another which is worse succeeds and follows the same But iâ— these sits are inordinat keeeping no certain Course and returning upon several daies they make such Agues as are termed Erraticae wandring giddy Agues There are other differences of Feavers taken from the Symptomes yet so as they In respect of Symptomes may be reduced to these sorts I have spoken of as the Feaver Epiala Leipyria Typhodis Elodis Pestilens Causus for they are al Humoral and distinguished by some remarkable Symptomes In the Feaver Epiala there is a sence of heat and cold by reason of the unequal Epiala Leipyria motion of the Morbifick matter In Leipyria the outward Parts are cold and the inner Parts burn with Heat because the Feaverish Heat is drawn inwards Typhodis and Eleodis are in which the Patient sweats much without any ease Typhodes thereby A Pestilential Feaver is no other than a putrid but it Springs from an extream and remarkable putrefaction and so deadly that more die than recover Causus is a name signifying extream Heat and burnning such as is in a continual Burning Feaver Feaver arising from Choler so that a Cholerick continiual Feaver by way of Eminency is so termed Cremnodes Febris the Feaver so called is said to proceed from an Inflammation Symptomatical Feavers of the Lungs but such Feavers as are caused by Inflammation of the Internal Parts are Symptomatical neither are they properly termed Feavers For here we speak of a Feaver only as it is an hot distemper of the Heart primarily affected Chap. 9. Of the Vessels viz. Veins Arteries and Nerves conteined within the Chest I Have a few things to speak of one Part of the Trunk of Vena Cava for In the Chest are Veins the whol Trunk has been sufficiently explained in our Chapter of the lower Belly You shal observe that the Trunk piercing through the Midrif does receive that same a T. 12. f. 1. r r. c. Hepatick branch which arises from the top of the Liver and carries Blood Hepatica into the Cava and from that same Oblique insertion unto the opening of the Trunk in the right Ventricle of the heart there is the distance of two Fingers breadth From whence we may gather that Blood is carried directly from the Liver to the Heart although it is mixed with other blood ascending by Circulation That same opening of the Vena Cava and its cleaving to the right Ventricle of the heart is contained and to be seen within the Pericardium which when the Trunk has passed through it ascends unto the Claves And therefore you may know that the blood ascending unto the heart by Circulation does also come as far as the Throat and is derived into the upper Limbes with that blood which descends from the Head by the Veins You shal observe that this Trunk does afford no branches to the heart except the a T. 12. f. 2. â–¡ Coronaria but only to other parts of the Chest and how blood shed out of Coronaria the left Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs may be revelled by Blood-letting seeing it has two Doors to be broken open in the heart before it can come to the Trunk of Vena Cava which hinder the flowing back of the Blood from the Lungs You shal consider if the b T. 11. f. 3. and 6. B. â–¡ Anastomosis of the Arteria Venosa with Vena Cava he remaining by which the foresaid Reflux may be made or whether the blood of the Lungs ought not to return into the left Ventricle of the heart that it may be made vital and then speedily to be cast into the Aorta from thence to be forthwith delivered over into the Veins Then you are to search
for the Vena c f. 1. Dâ—t 12. f. 1. a a a â–¡ Azygos or Vein without a fellow which Azygos Its Valves nourishes the Ribs In it you shal observe two or four valves or shutters not feigned and imaginary but true interchangably disposed which resist the blood flowing in abundantly I have many times shewed those valves and an inferior branch of this Vein ending into the Trunk of the Vena Cava below the Kidneys For which cause it cannot drink up nor transmit purulent matter into the Kidneys This branch serves to disburthen the Vena Cava above the Heart if blood do any time there abound or be contained in any great quantity within the little branches or twigs of the Azygos or solitary Vein Furthermore you shal search out the mutual Anastomoses of the twigs of the Anastomoses Azygos oâ— solitary Vein with the twigs of the Chest Vein under the lesser saw-fashioned Muscle near the Arm-Piâ—ts Hence it comes that in the Pleurisie the pained side is better disburâ—hened and the pain sooner eased by opening the Vena Basilica than any other Vein After the Azygos or solitary Vein out of the Trunk of the Cava ascending the Intercostals arise on a T. 12. f. 2. b b. â–¡ each side one if the branches of Vena Azygos do not reach Intercostals unto the upper Ribs When the Trunk is come as far as the Claves it produces the Mammaria or Dug-Vein which is twofold b T. 12. f. 1. c c. â–¡ internal and external they are both carried through Mammaria the Longitude of the breast-bone unto the Dugs But the internal being the greater having transmitted a branch through an hole in the Breast-bone into the Dugs Runs along unto the Right or streight Muscle that it may Joyn it self to the Epigastrica Hippocrates was wont to open the external in Inflamation and pains of Parts belonging to the Chest But now because of the Obscurity of those Veins that operation is not of use instead whereof Hors-leeches may be applied or Cupping-Glasses with Scarrification In the parting of the Vena Cava you shal under it observe a great Kernel placed Thymus a Kernel so called in the Throat under the Claves like a Pillow that it may gently bear up and enfold the Subclavian branches It is called Thymus In yong Animals it is sost as in Calves and together with the great Kernel of the Pancreas or Sweet-bread it is eaten as a dainty Dish By the swelling of this Kernel Strangulations or a sence of Choaking may happen even to Men but in Women subject to the Mother it is more frequently swelled and Choaks them if they be not releived by Blood-letting Some do recken up three smal Veins which are termed Thymica Capsularis and a T. 12. f. 4. C. c. â–¡ Mediastina whereas notwithstanding the Capsularis and Mediastina are one and the same Mediastina Vein From the b T. 12. f. 5. â–¡ Ramus Subclavius four notable branches do arise The first is cal-Anterior Cervicalis c T. 12. f. 4. A. â–¡ Cervicalis the foremost Neck-Vein which being drawn out upon the Musculi Mastoides ascends unto the Chin and Waters the fore Parts of the Neck After this follows the d T. 12. f. 4. C. â–¡ Internal Jugular being larger than the external which Internal Jugular ascends unto the Neck under the Musculus Mastoides and about the middle thereof it is divided into three Branches one of which being greatest and thickest creeping along the Vertebra's goes under the Scul making its entrance at the hole which is near the Apophysis Styloidea so as being applied to the lateral Channels of the Meninx dura or Dura Mater is poures out its Blood and goes no farther The Second branch creeps through the sides of the Neck and is distributed under the Jaw The third goes into the Tongue and produces the Ranulae or Veins under the Tongue the opening of which does wonderfully help in Diseases of the Brain A Finger-breadth distant from this Vein you have the Externa e Jugulatis External Jugular which creeping asâ—ant or sloaping under the Clavicula it sends forth two twigs whereof the one passes Obliquely unto the Delta-shaped Muscle under the Shoulder-point and is united unto the Vena Cephalica the other arises to the lateral Parts of the Head where at the corners of the Jaw-bone it is divided into two and is distributed into the Jaws and al the Parts which are subjected unto the Jaw-bone The Other Portion being carryed behind the Eares is distributed into the Fore-Head and hinder Part of the Head and upon the Temples with manifold branches and in these Parts by reason of the Veins Fernelius did conceive that a serous Humor was heaped together which flowing down upon the Parts beneath does breed Fluxions in the Habit of the Body he conceived likwise that an Issue made or a caustick applied to the Cavity behind the Eare did more good than if it had been made in the hinder part of the Head because of a branch of the Jugular Vein reaâ—hing unto the Eye This external Jugular Vein being opened by a skilsul Surgeon in sleepy Diseases Whether and in what Case it may profitably be opened is very good as many Histories do testifie but many wil not allow of it who prefer two or three Hors-Leeches fastened according to the Longitude of the Vein as far as the corner of the lower Jaw where it sticks out and is visible Howbeit you must observe that the internal Jugular does in the Neck communicate with the external and there this external Vein being opened although it reach not unto the Brain yet â—ay it disburthen this Part seeing the internal Jugular is hid under the Muscu us Mastoâ—dâ—us and cannot safely be opened And therefore that saâ—e opening of the Jugulars which is so much spoken of is to be understood of the external Jugulaâ— and not of the internal And because the Arteries and Veins are alwaies conâ—guous and coupled together Aâ—…ries Corâ—… in the same â—…e you shal loâ—k for the srâ—…k of the a Aâ—rta ascending Sprâ—…ging out of the left Ventricle of the Heart it does presently even in its Rise produce the two b Coronaâ—y or Crown Arteries which do compaâ—s the Heart like a Crown These you wil not see exactly unless you cut the Aorta and look into it through the left Ventricle of the heart if there be only one you shal â—ind a little Valve placâ—d at the Oâ—â—fice thereof as in the Coronary Vein The Tâ—unk of the Aorta after a little progress is without the Pericaâ—dium divided into Two Branches the one whereof is termed c Ascendenâ— the other d Descendent The ascendent is triparted three Arteries being brought from the same place that on the right side ascending to the Claves makes the a T. 12. f. 4. B. â–¡ Subolavia dexira the Subclaviae other two
Deafness whence it proceeds Page 193 Diabetes what it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Diaphragme its originall motion and use Page 231 see midrif Diastole what it is and wher Page 107 Digestion how it is caused Page 53 Dropsie how defined and whence it proceeds Page 59 Drum of the Ear what it is Page 193 Dugs of Women their substance scituatiod magnitude shape the teats and the circle about them their diseases Page 95 96 Dugs and Womb their consent how caused Page 97 E Ears the passage of them and the Bony Circle 21. Their parts windings Nervs and diseases Page 191 192 Ear external its Muscles common and proper Page 219 Inside thereof it s three Cavities and why the drum thereof is placed obliquely Page 272 273. It s Mallet anvil and stirrup Muscles Ligaments and drumstring ibid Ears Noises in them their cause and cure Page 193 The passages from them to the palate Page 269 Egyptians their operation in cutting out the stone not to be approved Page 72 Eyes their Scituation Parts Membrane Muscles Kernels c. Page 136. 137 Eyes their divers Diseases and their names Page 138 c. Eye the Orbitary bones thereof how many Page 12 Picolominus his error touching their number ibid Their Muscles are six Page 219 Eye-holes the bones thereof Page 22 Eye-lids their Muscles four Page 218 Elephantiasis of the Arabians what it is Page 213 Empyema what we are to understand thereby Page 96 Emphysema what dstemper of the eyè Page 139 Epididymis what it is Page 78 Epiglottis what is meant thereby Page 207 Its diseases Page 208 Excretion of Blood Choler Serum Quittor c. Page 194 Exostosis what it signifieth Page 266 Exostosis of the Skul what it is Page 270 F Face what it is And its Parts Page 11 Its description and diseases Page 194 195 Fallingsickness whence it proceeds Page 134 Falx a partition so termed Page 122 Fat its definition and division Page 27 Feavers continual and intermittent seated in the trunk of the Vena Cava Page 64 Feavers different either in respect of their Cause matter or manner c. Page 111 Fibre its definition and description Page 27 Fingers their Muscles Page 228 229 Their pappy ends Page 212 The best way of dissecting them Page 247 Flegm whether or no it may be collected within the Cavity of the Sphenoides Page 269 By what waies the flegm of the nose passeth Page 269 Flesh its definition and description Page 27 Proud Flesh in head-wounds whence it proceeds Page 267 Foot its division into Tarsus Metatarsus and Toes Page 18 c. Its Muscles and Motion Page 236 237 c. The Sesamoidean bones belonging thereto and its ligaments Page 285 Forehead Muscles should rather be they called the Eyebrow Muscles Page 218 Forinx what meant thereby Page 123 French Maidens why they have their right shoulder higher than the left Page 280 Frontal Muscles two of them Page 228 Fundament in what order to be dissected Its Name Muscles and their use Page 76 77 Its diseases sometimes closed up ibid G Gall The Bladder thereof its name substances scituation bottom neck sinews bigness shape communion vessels diseases Page 59 60 Gargareon Vvula or mouth-palat Its Muscles Page 223 Gelding How it may be made insensible Page 76 Genitalls Of a man and first of the yrad its parts skin foreskin bridle membrane vessels muscles the hollow ligaments their internal substance the Nut there of and its diseases Page 73. 74 see Yard Gongroni What kind of Tumor Page 201 Gonorrhea Virulent theseat thereof Page 79 What vein to be opened in the cure thereof Page 80 Greensickness What it is and the cause thereof Page 195 Groyns What to be observed therein Page 76 Gullet Its membrane kernels and obstruction Page 209 Gums Their natural and preternatural constitution Page 204 Their Vlcers or Aphthae Page 204 Guts Their substance scituation longitude general division and specialy their cavity and use Page 46 Their names â—…ments fat shutters connexion and Medicinal consideration Page 46 47 48 Gut Duodenum The Biliar pore thereof Page 46 Gut Ileum Its descent Page 76 H Ham Why the wounds therein are deadly Page 284 Hairs gray what kind of Symptom Page 120 Hallucination What meant thereby Page 142 Hand Its division into three parts Page 16 The two muscles thereof Page 227 228 The Void space therein Page 283 Head What it is and its division Page 8 The sutures thereof Page 21 The form thereof Page 30 Why placed in the highest Place its size shape division and the general diseases thereof Page 118 119 Its Muscles proper and common Page 218 223 Whether an issue may be made in the crown Page 268 Its moâ—â—â—n and ligaments Page 272 Head Dropsie What it is and whence it proceeds Page 121 Head Which Vertebra it is moved upon Page 272 Heart Whether it be the original of vena cava and whether it and the Arteries are moved at the same time Page 108 109 Heart The Nobility thereof its substance scituation bigness shape vessels Ears pulse and the cause thereof according to our Author Page 107 How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the heart Page 108 Whether the blood do pass from the right ventricle of the heart unto the Lungs and what kind of blood is circulated Page 108 It s right and left ventricle their vessels and valves Page 109 110 Heart It s usual diseases Page 110 Heart the Septum medium of it what it is Page 110 Heartburning Whence it proceeds Page 55 Heart Eaten by worms bred in the blood Page 66 Heart The original of Vena Cava Page 108 Hemorrholds What they are and where Page 77 Hermaphrodites Who so to be termed Page 75 Hildanus His way of taking out the stone not to be approved of Page 72 Hip The consumption thereof Page 283 It s natural shape ibid Hippocrates Certain places in him expounded Page 92 Hoatsness Whence it proceeds Page 208 Hofmans Arguments touching the breeding of the Animal spirits answered Page 128 c. His tenent disturbs the practice of Physick Page 130 Huckle bone The Oval hole thereof Page 283 Hydrocele What kind of rupture it is Page 78 Hymen In Virgins what it is Page 81 I Jaws Two the bones thereof Page 11 12 22 The lower Jaw its Muscles on either side six Page 221 Iliacus Muscle its original Page 234 Ilium The bones thereof its parts Page 17 How its motion is performed Page 42 Ilium and os sacrum Joyned together their motion and by what Muscles they are moved forwards and backwards Page 232 282 Indigestion Ill digestion and Slow digestion from whence they al proceed Page 55 Infants What diseases are proper to them Page 90 Intercostals internal what they are Page 230 Interosseans what Muscles they are Page 29â— Joints Gallens doctrine concerning them Page 8 Ischuria What it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Issues in what places they are commonly made Page
Scripture to have been cheifly ordained by our great Mr. Christ that as we had one solemn Ceremony to represent his sufferings and death we might not want another to set forth and solemnize his burial and Resurrection without which his own death and his Disciples Faith had been in vain and to take possession in and by a Figure of our own Resurrection to come For we Colo. 2. 12. are saith Paul Buryed with Christ in our Baptisme and therein also risen with him That is in a figure being through a solemn Ceremonious possession of our future Resurrection from the grave instated into eternal life This being so my Lord to whom should this excellent Description of the body of Man in general with al its parts and their Respective Diseases be dedicated rather than to him that has vindicated to the Christian world that excellent pledge of the Resurrection thereof to wit the Baptisme of Christ rightly solemnized whereby al true beleevers are mightily assured that though this curiously built House of our Earthly Tabernacle be sowen in the dust yet it shal not there abide for ever as the beasts that perish Accept therefore Generous Sir from your most humble servant this Testimony of your Christian Courage and sincerity and suffer this excelleut Treatise to shelter it self under your honorable Patronage And though this testimony of your vertue so publickly given may I fear afford some disgust to your Modesty yet I beseech your Lordship to let it pass for the glory of our great Mr. Christ and the Edification of Christendom And I have much reason to hope it may be a Monument of your honorable Memory when probably the royal and Magnificent combes at Westminster shal pledge the Fate of them in Pauls and be overwhelmed with Dust and Ruins Such is the desire and Hopes my Lord of him that craves leave to subscribe himself Your Honors Most humble Servant and true Admirer of your Christian Ingenuity Sincerity and Courage WILLIAM RAND From my House neer Cripple-Gate in London December 22. 1656. Mris. Culpepers Information Vindication and Testimony concerning her Husbands Books to be Published after his Death SO great are the Afflictions wherewith our Heavenly Father hath been pleased to exercise me his poor Handmaid that I have not only lived to see my dear Husband the Stay â—â—d Solace of my Life taken from me but it hath been my hard hap also to see his Reputation and Memory which wil be dear to al Posterity for the Works he hath written for the Common Good of this Nation blemished and Eclipsed by the covetous and unjust Forgeries of one who though he calls himself Nathaniel is far from being an Israelite in whom there is no guile who was not content to publish a Hodgpodg of undigested Collections and Observations of my deer Husband deceased under the Title of Culpeper's last Legacy but to make the Deceit more taking he steeled his Forehead so far and brased it so hard as not to be ashamed to forge two Epistles one in mine and the other in my Husbands Name of the penning of which he nor I never so much as dreamed And yet he impudently affirmeth in my Name that my Husband Laid a severe Injunction on me to publish them for the general good after his decease and that they are his last Experiences in Physick and Chyrurgery And in the Title of his Book he said They are the choycest and most profitable secrets resolved never to be published til after his Death Al which Expressions in the Title and Epistles are as fals as the Father of Lyes and every word in them forged and feigned And he knew wel enough that no discreet honest man that was a friend to my Husband or me would ever have agreed to such infamous and dishonest practices and therefore I desire all courteous Readers of the Writings of my Husband to take notice of this Deceit and to assure themselvs that it never entred into his head to publish such an undigested Gallimoffery under the promising and solemn Name of his Last Legacy and that whereby he gained his Reputation in the World as the Imposter makes him speak in his forged Epistle And I desire any in different Reader that hath observed my Husbands lofty and Masculine manner of expressing himself in his Prefaces and Epistles Dedicatory whether in case he had been minded or disposed to take so solemn a farewel of the world as the Forger makes him to do whether I say he would have done it in such a whining fashion and so in the Stile of a Balade-maker as to say And now if it please Heaven to put a period to my Life and Studies that I must bid al things under the Sun farewel Farewel to my dear Wife and Child farewel Arts and Sciences farewel al worldly Glories adiew Readers Certainly my Husband would have been far more serious and material in such a case as any discreet man wil Judg. Neither can it be thought that in such a solemn Valediction he could possibly forget his wonted respects to the Colledg of Doctors to whom he did so frequently address himself in divers of his writings Courteous Reader I shal say no more touching the abuse of the Book-seller only to prevent as much as concerns me thy being abused for the future know That my Husband left seventy-nine Books of his own making or Translating in my hand and I have deposited them into the hands of his and my much honored Friend Mr. Peter Cole Book-seller at the Printing-Press neer the Royal Exchange for the good of my Child from whom thou mayest expect to receive in print such of them as shal be thought fit to serve thee in due season without any Disguises or Forgeries unto which I do hereby give my attestation Also my Husband left seventeen Books compleatly perfected in the hands of the said Mr. Cole for which he paid my Husband in his life-time And Mr. Cole is ready and willing on any good occasion to shew any of the said seventy-nine Books or the seventeen to such as doubt thereof And if any Person shal question the Truth of any part of this Vindication or Epistle if they wil take pains to come to me I wil face to face justifie the truth of every word thereof as I have subscribed my Hand thereunto in the presence of many witnesses I profess in the presence of the great God the searcher of al hearts before whom Mr. Brooks and I must one day give an account of al our Actions That I have not published this Epistle or Vindication out of any disâ—respect to Mr. Brooks for I much respâ—t the man and would be glad to serve him to my power but only to cleer my Husband from the solly and weakness cast upon him by the means above expressed And out of tenderness to Mr. Brooks I first tried other means of keeping and afterwards of repairing my Husbands Credit and then stayed long to see if
is Purged and emptyed by sweating by Cupping-Glasses Scarrification and Rubbing according to the Doctrine of Galen Lib. de Sanitate by Bathings Whippings and Beatings and blistering and Rubifying or Pimple-raising Applications Therefore seeing the smal Pocks and Measses are but the scum of the whol habit of body that is of the Flesh and sollid parts their coming out is to be furthered either at the beginning or at any other time with Sweating Medicamants and such things as draw to the external Parts Neither need you let blood so often though the Patient be strong twice if need be is enough because it hinders the Motion of Nature in expelling unless either a dead sleep or strangling with a Feaver or bloody Flux which is for the most part deadly draw us to that remedy not neglecting young Pidgeons Cut alive through the middle laid to the Hands and Feet and somtimes to the Heart and smal Cupping-Glasses fastned al about the body with light Scarification And somtimes bathing the Body in Luke warm Water profits if the season of the year be convenient to make the Measses and smal Packs come out the better Chap. 4. Of the lower Ventricle THe Dissection and Anatomical demonstration must be begun at the belly because Why the Disection begins aâ— the lower Ventriole it is the sink and Kitchin of the body and therefore soonnest Putrifies and stinks It is called in Greek Coilia because it is coile that is hollow in latin Venter in English the Belly It s substance is fleshy composed of various similar parts which we shal propound It s Substance in order hereafter The belly seeing it is a most compound part it s own temperature is none at al but Temperature it follows the temperament of the parts contained in it and especially of the Liver It hath its Original from the first comformation with the rest of the Parts Original Scituation Quantity It is Scituated in the inferior part of the Trunk of the Body It s Quantity or widness is from the bastard Ribs or Diaphragma to the Os Pubis or share Bone and with these bounds it is Circumscribed above and below The whol widness of the belly is distinguished into three Regions the superior called a T. 1. f. 1. A. B. â–¡ Stomacbal the middle called b f. 1. C C. â–¡ Vmbiliar and the lower called c f. 1. E E. â–¡ Hypogastrica Again in every part both the lateral and middle parts ought to be observed the lateral parts of the stomachal Region are called d T. 1. f. 1. A B. â–¡ Hypochondria of the middle Region e f. 1. D D. â–¡ Ilia The middle is called the f infra C C. â–¡ Navil which is the centre both of the belly and of the whol body The lateral parts of the Hypogastrick Region are called g f. 1. F F. â–¡ Groyns the middle h f. 1. g. f 2. D D. â–¡ Pubis the share which after the fourteenth year both in men and Women is adorned with Hair as a natural covering for those parts which the common Law of bashfulness commands us to conceal In respect of number the belly is but one yet by the Peritonaeum it is divided into to Cavities The greater holds the parts which prepare for nourishment The lesser holds the bladder and Genitals in men and the Womb also in Women which never bear Children It is divided into parts containing and contained Parts containing are proper Parts containing Common common and diverse common are five i f. 2. B B. â–¡ Cuticula or scarf Skin k f. 2. C C. â–¡ the Skin l f. 2. D D. â–¡ the Fatty Membrane m T. 2. f. 8. 9. â–¡ the Fleshy Membrane and the Common Membrane of the Muscles Proper are the Muscles of the n T. 2. f. 3. and 4. â–¡ Abdomen and the o T. 10. f. 10. O O. â–¡ Peritoneum Proper Diverse Diverse are partly Fleshy partly bony bony are the p T 23. f. 1. A. â–¡ Vertebrae and q T. 14. f. 2. L L. f. 3. B B. â–¡ Pelvis which are parts of the Os Sacrum and Ilium Fleshy are the Muscles r T. 14. f. 1. C C. D D. â–¡ Psoas s f. 4. B B. â–¡ Sacrolumbus t f. 3. D D. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Latissimus v f. 2. O O. â–¡ Sacer x f. 4. C C. â–¡ Semispinutus y T. 10. f. 1. N N. Quadratus I cal them diverse because those bones and Muscles being Scituared in the hinder part of the belly do make somthing toward the constituting of the belly though they are referred to another part and pertain to another use The parts contained are manifold which are divided into such as nourish and Contained â— Parts Figure such as engender such as nourish are such as make Chyle and such as make blood The Genitals are of men and of Women The Figure of the belly is Oval by reason of the parts contained which if removed it is hollow that it may be the seat of the Vessels dedicated to nourishment and Generation and therefore the latins cal it Abdomen and the Greeks Epigastrion The color of the superficies of the belly is like the color of the rest of the body Color in men of ripe Age it is Hairy from the Pubis up to the Navil It is outwardly knit to the breast and inferior limbs by the Skin inwardly by Connexion the Peritoneum It communicats with the principal parts by Veins Arteries and Nerves The use of the Belly is to comprehend and involve the parts of nourishment Vse and generation take it individually it consists of Musculous Flesh It hath action to compress the parts contained within its self for the expultion Action of excrements upwards and downwards and to force the Child out of the Womb. The Medicinal Consideration From this discourse a Physitian collects many things in his Practice useful 1. That the Belly is the Sink of the Body in which the vices of our intemperance reside the Mother of all mischeifs and the Nurse of Physicians in which condition 'c is called Collatibus Venter an Aldermans Belly He whose Belly grows to a great bigness is called Ventrosus Fat Guts Some we read of whose Bellies grew to a monstrous bigness as Nichomachus Smyrnaeus in Galen in Athenaeus Lib. 12. Deipnosophist we read of a King that was choked with fatness But famous is that History in Michael Neander in Erot. Hebr. ex Talmud in Jona Rabbi Ismael and Rabbi Eliazer had such great Bellies that when they stood with their Faces together and their Bellies touched two great Oxen might pass between them and touch neither of them By reason of the Fleshy and fatty substance of the Belly it is subject to diverse Swelling in the Abdomen swellings Especially Aposthemes either from the liver by the Vmbilicar Vein or else the matter
read Daniel Sennertus and Matthews Martinius who treats expressly of the Diseases thereof Although the Mesaraick and Milky Veins which carry Chyle are fastned to the Guts like Horse-Leâ—ches yet the matter is diversly drawn by those Channels For the Liver draws Chyle by the Milky Veins from the Guts but sends Blood by the Mesaraick Veins to the Guts therefore both of them may be diversly obstructed For the milky Veins may be obstructed either al along through the thickness of Chyle or else in their Roots within the Liver How the Milky Veins are affected If the obstruction be in the whol passage al along then there ariseth a Chylous Flux either white or tauny in Color If in their Roots either within or neer the Liver the Chyle hath a light Tincture of Blood If the Mesarick Veins be stopped within the Liver the Liver cannot disburden it How the Meseraick self of his Excrements but they remaine either in the Liver or in the Mesaraick Veins and make most terrible obstructions by reason of the multitude of the Veins both within and without the Liver The Milky Veins have no Trunck but are seperated when they enter the hollow Part of the Liver and therefore they are not so easily obstructed And therefore al Humoral Fluxes of the Belly flow from the Liver or from distempers of the Mesaraick Veins Thick Fluxes proceed from the Milky Veins by reason of corrupted Chyle The Cure of both sort of Fluxes is the same Namely by such Medicines as cut Cure and purge out thick Humors but in Liquid Fluxes of the Meâ—araick Veins you must somtimes use strengthening Medicines And somtimes bleeding and Vomiting is more proper for these Fluxes than for those of the Milky Veins Chap 19. Of the Sweet-bread or Pancreas THe a T. 4. f. 1. E E. â–¡ Sweet-bread is a body neither truly b f. 2. A A. f. 3. A A. â–¡ fleshy nor truly Glandulous but Substance in a middle betwen both Yet it is very Syongy that so it may receive the Excrements of the Spleen and Liver It lies under the Stomach like a soft Cushion and is stretched from the c f. 1. A. â–¡ Liver to Scituation the d f. 1. D. â–¡ Spleen and if it have its Natural conformation it is as broad as the Palm of the Hand It receives the e T. 4. f. 1. F F. â–¡ Trunck of the Vena Porta the Milky Veins and the f T. 9. f. 1. a a a. b b b. â–¡ Splenical Vessels Vein passeth to the g f. 1. I. â–¡ Spleen through its Cavity Besides Virsungus Discovered a new h f. 1. D. f. 3. E E. â–¡ Channel in the Sweet-bread passing a A new Channel long the length of it which is inferred into the i f. 3. B B. â–¡ Jejunum neer the k f. 3. D D. passage of Choâ—er but for what end this was framed is yet uncertaine whether it be to cleanse the Excrements of the Sweet-bread or rather of the spleen which are carried thither So Fallopius found the Channels in the Sweet-bread no way to communicate It s Vse with the Veins but that being filled with Choler they empty themselves into the Bowels oâ— whether rather they carry a portion of Chyle to the Spleen for a particular making of Blood but if this Channel do not touch the Spleen then this Office is void and it must be to cleanse the Sweet-bread of the Excrements it receives either from the Liver or Spleen oâ— to carry away the fiâ—th of the Chyle which happily may remain there It is observed that this Part increaseth when the Spleen decreaseth so that it may wel be called the Spleens deputy There is the Seat of Hypochondriacal Melancholy it is the entertainer of many Diseases as wel as the Mesenterium both of them breed Sicknesses to the Body if they be filled with evil and filthy Humors Chap. 20. Of the Vena Porta WIthin the Belly are two notable Veins contained both of them take Two Veins Porta their original from the Liver The one is called a T. 4. f. 1. F F. â–¡ Porta which is subservient to the Places dedicated to nourishment nether passeth it further The and Cavâ—… other is called b T. 5. f. 2. F. T. 12. f. 1. C. â–¡ Cava which nourisheth the whol Body from the Crown of the Head to the sole of the Foot and passeth out of the Peritoneum and creeps along the Back and Loines with the great c T. 5. f. 2. G. T. 12. f. 2. C. â–¡ Artery Some think it is produced from the Heart and not from the Liver The Vena Porta ariseth from the hollow Part of the Liver which it filleth and is called the Gate of the Liver or the Vein which is seated at the Gates of the Liver The Trunk of the Vena Porta descending into the Belly sends out a branch called Branches of the Vena Porta Gastro Epiploon which is distributed to the Stomach and Omentum The second d T. 4. f. 6. m. â–¡ branch is called Intestinal which is carried to the Duodenum after that Superior it sends e f. 6. d d. â–¡ two branches to the Gal and the last f f. 6. B. â–¡ branch it sends to the right side of the Stomach These branches thus produced the Trunck is divided into two famous branches the g f. 6. g g. â–¡ Splenical and h f. 6. C D. â–¡ Mesenterical This again is divided into fower branches of Inferior which the greatest keeps the name Mesenterical The second is called i f. 6. I I. â–¡ Haemorrhoida and passeth to the right Gut The third is called Câ—calis and passeth to the Gut Caeâ—um or else to the beginning of the Colon and the fourth passeth to and nourisheth the remainder of the Colon. The splenical branch when it hath passed through the Sweet-bread produceth four opposite Veins aboue and below The first is called k T. 4. f. 6. e e â–¡ Gastrica Major which ascends to the left side of the Stomack Opposite to this is the right l f. 6. e. Epiploica which is distributed to the Omentum The Coronaria succeeds this and is distributed to the Somach and the left Epiploica to the Omentum Chap. 21. What is to be considered in the Vena Porta MAny things come to be considered in the Vena Porta 1. It makes the first Region of the Body with those Parts which it nourisheth and passeth with its Blood 2. It contains a peculiar sort of blood which is not circled as the Blood of the Place Vena Cava is and yet it may with the branches of the Caeliacal Artery have a Blood have transflux and transvasation 3. That it carries only Blood and not Chyle which is done by the Milky Veins as also the impurities of the Liver and Spleen to the Mesenterium Sweet-bread Office
Pain of the Stomach There is feling in the whol Stomach but it is exquisite in the upper Orifice by reason of certain Nerves of the Six Pare which are there interwoven with admirable workmanship Feeling is Abolished and Diminished when there is need of hungring and Reâ—â—sing Meat thirsting and yet the Stomach perceives it not but refuses both Meat and drink This proceeds from a great diâ—temper of Heat or Cold which causes Morâ—ification unless the Patient be distracted The sence of feeling is depraved in the Pain of the whol Stomach or of the upper Heart-burning Orifice thereof which drawes the Heart and noble Parts to Sympathise therewith wherefore this pain of the Stomach is called Cardiogmos Cardialgia and the aking of the Heart or Heart-burning and causes that kind of swouning which is called Syncope Stomachica the Stomach swouning and comes through the Hearts Sympathising with the Sâ—omach And to this Pain of the Stomach belongs Anxiety and Uâ—quiet tumblings and Anxiety â—ossings which the Greekes terme Riptasmâ—s or Asse from whence the Feaver Assodes has its Name in which the Sick are ful of unquietness The motion of the Stomach is Relaxation Coarctation By the Want of Contraction upon the Meat Hâ—ccuping Belâ—hing latter it shuts it self upon the Meat to digest the same and when that motion failes there is nothing but â—â—uctuations and risings both when a man is ful and fasting The motion of the Stomach is depraved in Hiccupings and Belâ—hings Hiccuping is more trouble some then Belching and is an il sign in feavers whether it come by fault of the Stomach it self or by its Sympathising with some other Part especially the Liâ—er Hippocrates mentions a Disease called Morbus Ruâ—â—uosus the Belching Disease Disorders in point of Excretâ—on are frequent in the Stomach either upwards in Symptomes in excretion aâ—e Vomitings and Spawlings or downwards in the Lienteria Diarrâ—â—a and Coelâ—aâ—a Affectio Vomiting happens either by reason of obstruction of the upper or of the lower Vomiting Orifice if the upper be obstructed the Meat is stopped in the upper Orifice a while and presently after Vomited if the fault be in the lower the Meat is retained a longer time and at last Vomited up A daily Vomitiâ—g up of Choler without further trouble is no Disease nor ill Of Châ—ler Symptome because it happens by reason that a branch of the Choler carrying Vessel is carryed into the Stomach as Galen observes and proves by examples Vomiting of Blood is an evil Symptome wheâ—her the Blood flow from the Liver Of Blood by the Veins which are branched from the porta into the Stomach or from the Spleen by the h Taâ— 4. Fig. 8. let h. â–¡ Vas Breve Somtime the Patients life is Vomited up this waies according to that expression of a Poet. Oâ—t of his Mouth he sperves his Purple Soul The frequent breaking up of wind with Belching may be reduced to this Symptome Of wind of Vomiting and this may be that which is termed Cholera Sicca known to Hippocrates and declared with its signs by Ludovicus Dureâ—us in his Comment upon the Coick Praedictions of Hippocrates But there is a Malignant Symptome called Cholera humida Of Choler up and down which is a violent and plentyful voiding of Choler upwards and downwards which kills within four daies becauses very much Evacuation suddenly caused is dangerous H. p. 1. Book of Aphorismes and al excess is an Enemy to Nature according to the same Hippocrates It proceeds from an Inflamation of the Stomach which is allayed by cooling aud astringent Remedies inwardly taken and outwardly applied but especially by the drinking of the spaw Waters and other Medicinal springs of the like Nature and by Laudanum discreetly given We must avoid the use of cordial and Stomach Pouders of an hot Nature because they vex and fret the Stomach The Physitians of Paris do let Blood in a smal Quantity though the pulse be very weak least the Stomach Heat being suffocated a Gangraene should arise Spawling or Salivation unless it be caused by anointing the Body with Quicksilver 2. Spawling which they cal Fluxing comes either from the Brain or else and that oftentimes from the Spleen whose superfluous serosity is received into the Stomach and voided at the Mouth by spitting and spawling The Cardiacus Morbus belongs to the Diseases of the Stomach of which read Morbus Cardiacus Trallianus Lib. 3. Chap. 5. 25. And Mercurialis in Varjis Lectionibus T was knowingly said of Seneca in his 15 Epistle Bibere et sudare Vita Cardiaci est drinking and sweating is the Life of a Cardiacal Person Pliny in his 23. Book Cap. 1. of his Natural History saies that al Hope of Curing this Disease consists in the use of wine Which he borrows from Varro out of the 14. Chap. of the 13. Book This Morbus Cardiacus is an extreme Faintness of the Stomach joyned with much sweating it proceeds from an hot Distemper thereof Among Diseases of the Stomach Rumination ought to be reckoned which is an Rumination inversion or turning of the Stomach as it were Inside out which in some Living Creatures is no trouble as in those that chew the â—ud Of this Disease see what Horstius saies in his Epistles Out of this Anatomical and Pathological Discourse may be collected what parts Vomits warily to be used are purged through the Stomach by way of Vomit whether it be safe to exagitate this Part by Violent Vomits whether it be good to use a mans self to this kind of Evacuation seeing no good Huâ—wife makes a â—loâ—e-stool of her Pottage-Pot The best way is diligently to preserve the Stomach and to Roborate â—s Tone or contractive Vigor rather than to dissolue and sâ—â—cken the same by Vomiting unless Nature desire to di burthen her self that way and the patient be easie to vomit and such preparatives be premâ—â—ed as the Antients were wont to use Wherefore they deal unskilfully not to say wickedly who after many other Vomits not to be given to persons very weak Medicines tried do give vomits to such as are at Deaths door as the last help which suffocate that little life which remaines and bring a speedy death But some wil say that Empericks and Mountebancks do this with good success I answer if you should reckon up those patients who have taken them to their cost you would find an hundred dead for two robustions persons saved who scaped by their good fortune not by help of the vomiting Medicament it is better to use vomits rather at the beginnings of Diseases while Choler works and ferments in places neer the Stomach than when the Pangs of Death have seized upon the Patient 'T is Man slaughter to wrong People in their health The discreeter sort of Empericks when they are called to such Patients are wont to find fault with what other Physitians have acted and to declare the Patient
third channel of Choler which goes into the Stomach unless some Part creep from the Meatus Hepaticus unto the Pylorus It has manifest Veins from the Porta called Venae Cysticae Its Arteries and Its Vessels Nerves are not so visible The Medicinal Consideration THe Gall-Bladder is subject to few Diseases The most common are when its Diseases of the Gall-Bladder Cavity or its Channels are obstructed When its Cavity is ful of little stones or filled with one great one by reason of thick Choler changed into a stony substance Its passages are stopped in the Liver or in the Gut Also it is broken through violeut motion in Vomiting and sometime it is so distended with Choler when the passages are stopped that should Evacuate the same that it has been seen as big as both a Mans Fists Somtimes when it is empty of choler it dries up so that nothing therefore remaines saving the ductus Hepaticus If we beleive Fernelius there could be no other Cause found of the death of some persons than that their Gall-Bladder had no Choler in it if so the evil and venemous Quality of the suppressed Choler was so great as to infect the heart or to weaken and corrupt some noble part The Symptomes of this Part are more manifest which do consist in its action Its Symptomes hurt or in the undue proportion or quantity of the Excrementitious Choler The Action of the Gall-bladder is attraction of Choler which is either diminished or abolished The undue proportions or quantity of the Choler is when either too little or too much is voided forth Which Symptomes cheifly appear in those Parts which Sympathise with the Gall-bladder Their Signs as in the Stomach when Choler is vomited up in the whol body when Choler is shed abroad through the Veins into the habit of the Body and deformes the Skin or when it takes its Course into the Guts and causes a dysentery or a Cholerick looseness But the original of these Symptomes is to be charged upon the Liver being il disposed Their Original And Democritus had good Reason to search diligently into the seat and Nature of Choler when he made dissection of divers living Creatures that he might be more able rightly to cure the Diseases of Body and mind When I see in an extream Yellow Jaundice the whol Skin infected with Choler Diversity of Choler proved that the Urins die cloaths Yellow the stooles being in the mean time whitish And when I see in another sort of Jaundice both the Urins and stooles Yellow This confirmes to me that there are two sorts of Choler and several waies for the expurnation of each of them In the Yellowest sort of Jaundice in which the stooles are By the different sorts of Jaundice whiteish the Meatus Hepaticus or Liver passage of Choler is stopped in the Cavity of the Liver In the other sort of Jaundice when the stools are Yellow it shews that a quantity of Choler passes away by the Urins and Guts and the obstruction is not so great nor so stubborn as in the Yellowist sort of Jaundice and therefore it is to be hoped the Cure will be more speedy Chap. 26. Of the Spleen THe Spleen is a Bowel placed right against the Liver as its Lieutenant and a The Spleen described kind of Bastard-Liver that when the Liver is Diseased it may assist the same in Sanguification or blood making It is of a a T. 4. f. 7. C. â–¡ Substance spongy soft sprinkled al over with very many Vessels like It s Substance Fibres or threds yet it is altogether unlike the substance of the Liver It is infolded in a Membrane b f. 7. B B. â–¡ proper to it self seeing it receives none from the Peritoneum It s Color is Black and Blew and obscurely Reddish Color Greatness It s greatness is uncertaine and not determinable because it grows greater or less according to the abundance or defect of Humors which flow thither are collected therein So that there is none of the Bowels which does so easily grow bigger and lesser as the Spleen In respect of Number it is wont to Be single Somtimes it has been observed to Number be double and threefold Consider in the Spleen its upper Part which is termed the Head and its nether Parts Part which is called the Taile T is a T. 4. f. 1. D. â–¡ placed in the left Hypochondrium under the short Ribbs opposed as it Scituation were to weigh against the Liver that the Body might remaine equally ballanced When it keeps its Natural Constitution its Temper is hot and moist enclining to Temper dryness It is of an oblong shape like a Tongue in Brutes but in Mankind it is more Shape like the Sole of a Mans Foot In the fore Part towards the Stomach it is b T. 4. f. 8. A A A. â–¡ hollowed that it might receive the c T. 4. f. 1. I. I. f. 8 B. and C. â–¡ splenical Veins and Arteries on the back part towards the Ribbs its d T. 4. f. 7. A. â–¡ bunching It s knit into the Stomach by two or three Veines remarkable enough which do Connexion make that so famous e T. 4. f. 6. h. â–¡ Vas Breve so called by reason of the shortness of the way Through those Veins it disburthens it self into the Stomach by the Veins and Arteries Splenical it Purges it self into the Guts and Kidnies Ii's fastened to the bastard Ribs by Membranous Fibres sufficiently strong somtimes it 's fastened to the Stomach and is knit at its point to the Midrif or Diaphragma It Communicates with the Heart by a remarkable peculiar and admirable Artery which it hath which by a short way carries thither the Vapours or â—l Juyces thereof The Action of the Spleen is much doubled and controverted among Physitians Action controverted divers Opinions thereof and Anatomists so Many Men so Many Minds Hippocrates did beleeve that it drew superfluous serosity out of the Stomach which Opinion Aristotle followed though others draw it to an attraction of Chyle either out of the Pancreas and Mesentery or out of the Stomach Galen will have it emploied in Purging away Melancholy which it draws from the Liver Others are of Opinion that it prepares Blood for the Heart that it may become Arterial whether it be of the thicker parts of the Chyle or of the dregs of the Blood carried thither Others say it prepares a superfluous wheyish matter being the excrement of its own digestion which it sends back again into the Stomach to ferment the Meats when they are turned into Chyle The Arabian Physitians acknowledg such an Humor but they assigne its office to be the provoking of Appetite Galen thought that it did help to strengthen the Stomach In so great dissent of Authors what shal we resolve upon every one brings probable reasons for his Opinion Hofmannus
out with the Blood and the Air is likewise by them received in to Cool the Body In Antient tâ—…nes and the daies of Yore it was a Part of Sooth saying to view the blood which flowed from their sacrifices which if it appeared pure and laudable it was a token of happy and joyful success iâ— bad and corrupted it was an ill sign according to Lucan Nec Cruor emicuit solitus sed Vulnere Largo Effluxit nigâ—um rutilo pro sanguine Virus That is No usual Blood did spring from the large Wound But black and Venemous for Red and found The Medicinal Consideration Seeing the Veins are the Cisterns of blood it comes here to be considered how The conditions of good Blood the blood ought to be qualified in sound bodies that so we may be able to judg of that which is corrupâ—… Now inbodies that are healthy the blood is Red Fibrous and has a smal quantity of Wheyâ—â—h Watermingled with it Whether the Eabres are made of an earthy and flegmatick matter which is drawn How the Fibres in the Blood are brâ—â—â— out into threds within the Channels or greater Veins and is made smaller in the lesser Veins many doubt supposing the four Humors to be conteined in the Mass of blood Some admit of blood but severed from the other Humors which in the first Region are separated from the blood Others distinguish the Alimentary Humors from the Excremenâ—â—tions the former are confused and mingled with the Blood the latter are to be seen collected in several Parts as Choler in the Gall-bladder Melancholy in the Spleen and Flegm is diffused through al the Parts of the Region of the belly notwithstanding Hippocrates acknowledged two fountains of Flegm the Head and the Stomach Now the Quality or temper of blood is hot and moist It s Quantity cannot be The natural Temper of the Blood Quantity of the Blood defined The Arabian Physicians especially Avicenna do write that in a Sanguine body wel constituted there are twenty four pounds of blood so that a Man may bleed twenty pounds and live but if he bleed more Death follows inevitably That which preserves our life is likewise the occasion of Death for as good Blood in a moderate quantity preserves our life so the same being vitiated or too much in quantity is the Cause of Sickness and Death it seâ—â— When blood offends in quality it is termed Cacochymia when in quantity Cacochymia Plethora what they are it 's called Plethora Somtime the blood is corrupted and not the Serum oâ— Wheyish Water Somtime the serum is corrupt and the blood remaines found Now the serum or Wheyish Water being corrupted is the worst Humor in the body grievously infecting weakening and destroying such parts as are therewith diseased Some Practitioners do make it a Question Whether in the Veins every Humor has its own proper Serum or not I beleeve that there is but one kind Corruption of the Serum of Serum which according to the several degrees of its Corruption and Tincture appears somtimes yellow and Cholerick somtimes green and livid or black and blue somtimes Melancholick and somtimes Milky Aristotle counts the Blood corrupted when it is changed into Serum Somtimes the Putrefaction of Blood is so great that the whol Mass is turned into a rotten putrefied Serum When the Corruption of blood is yet greater somtimes Worms are bred Worms breed in the blood therein which I have seen come away in the opening of a Vein Such a Worm being bred in the Veins may somtimes flow into the right Ear of the Heart and grow Heart eaten by worms bred in the blood great and at length gnaw and eat upon the Heart as has been often observed in the Dissection of dead Bodies The Veins have in them a Retentive Faculty whereby they hold fast the Blood Retentive faculty of the Veins being lost what follows within themselves which Faculty being perished they suffer the blood to leak out through al the parts of the Body yea even to sweat out as I have seen in some Patients But more often it flows out immediately by the Nostrils Mouth Lungs Guts Bladder by the Womb and by vomiting I have divers times seen in malignant burning Feavers that the blood has been Blood congealed congealed within the Veins like unto the pith of an Elder stick which has been noted by Fernelius in his Physiologia Aretaeus writes That the Vena Cava is somtimes inflamed and thereupon Vena Cava inflamed comes to break which I have seen my self to happen The Trunk of Vena Cava cannot be dilated so long as the blood circulates freely Neither is it subject to swellings termed Varices which are wont to happen only in the Veins of the Thighs and Legs Of the Diseases of this Vein and of the Blood contained therein there is a twofold Cure of the diseases of Vena Cava and the blood twofold Purgation Blood-letting Cure Purgation and Blood-letting but blood-letting is more necessary of the two in a Plethora either ad vasa or ad vires or in a Plethorick Cacochymia or in a very great and putrid Cacochymia that a portion of the extreamly corrupted blood may be taken away Blood-letting takes away such Obstructions as are caused by blood but not those that are caused by Humors congested in some part of the Body and therefore that same Euroâ—a so often mentioned that freeness of passage caused by blood-letting must be understood of the motion and free passage of the blood through the Veins and not of the removal of an Humor that is gathered together and wedged fast into any part of the body Iâ— blood-letting cannot be put in practice the Question is Whether Purgation If blood may be lessened by other waies beside bloodlessing alone may supply its place according to Galens Opinion in his Book de Sanitate tuenda or spare eating exercising the body frictions sweating I suppose where there is no Feaver the blood may be diminished by the means aforesaid and also by such Medicaments as draw the Serum out of the Veins for so the Veins being emptied the rest of the body may be extenuated and this is observed and put in practice in such Nations where the People are afraid of blood-letting Howbeit to open a Vein twice or thrice is a more speedy and safe Remedy Forasmuch as Sylvius and Carolus Stephanus have written that there is a Valve A Valve in Vena Cava within the Liver by the Trunk of the Vena Cava which hinders the blood from returning back Conringius saies that it is to be found in Oxen. This favors that Opinion of the bloods being carried from the Liver unto the Heart It seems to me that Nature has placed that Valve that the filth of the mass of blood should not It s use flow back into the Liver and obstruct the same which filth either she carries by some way
It s Bounds is the Mansion House of the Vital Parts It is bounded and circumscribed below by the a T. 10. f. 2. 11 12 c. â–¡ bastard Ribs and b f. 1. I I. f. 6 7 c. â–¡ Midrif above by the c f. 1. f. T. 12. f. 1. B B. â–¡ Claviculae and the whol Circumference and bulk thereof is made up of al the d T. 10. f. 1 2 3 c. â–¡ Ribs the Vertebra's of the e f. 3. â–¡ Back and the f f. 2. A A. â–¡ Breast-bone And because the Neck comptehends the beginnings of certain Parts which belong unto the Chest it is referred thereunto rather than to the the Head though it be the prop and Pillar thereof That the Chest may be wel shaped it ought to be of an Oval Figure and not Shape flat before which is termed Pectus Tabellatum a Table-shap'd Breast and is a token that the Party so Breasted wil fal into a Consumption The Chest is Compounded of divers Parts which are divided into external and Parts internal that is to say into Parts conteining and Parts contained The conteining Parts are common and proper The Common are five The Scarf-Skin the Skin the fatty Membrane the fleshy Membrane and the Membrane common to the Muscles which were explained in our Anatomy of the lower Belly The Membrane of Fat and the fleshy Membrane have one thing proper and peculiar in the Chest that they receive the Paps in Men and Women In Men there are only the marks of Paps or Dugs in Women they are Parts made not only for a â—eminine ornament but to nourish the Infant of which we are now to treat before we pass any further Chap. 2. Of the Dugs of Women THe Dugs are made up of a company of Kernels very like the Kernels of Prune-Stones Their Substance clustered together and disposed confusedly in heapes upon a Membrane proper to themselves in the middest of which there lies one Kernel greater than the rest under the Teat The Dugs are placed upon the Brest not to defend the Heart not to adorne and Scituation beautifie the Woman but that the Infant may be more conveniently nourished while the Mother embracing it in her Arms laies it to the Dug and the Child Tâ—â—kling her Nipple with its â—ucking provoks her the more to love it and to express her Love by frequent Kisses The largeness of the Dugs is different according as the Woman is of a more or less Magnitude fleshy and laâ—civious constitution of Body for the lustful heat of the Womb does puff up and swel a Womans Dugs In a Marriagable Virgin they become more large if she enjoy carnal Embracements with more than ordinary pleasure and content Nature our bountyful Mother has given a Woman two Dugs that she may nurse Number two Children or if one brest be sore the other may serve the turn for a time And for this Cause they communicate Vessels one with another The shape of the Dugs is not flat but bunching out that they might contein the Shape greater Quantity of Milk At the end of the Dugs are the Teats out of which drops the Milk which the Infant sucks The Teat or Nipple is made of the Skin drawn together and boared with little The Teats holes It is wrinkled on the out-side that the Infant may more easily lay hold upon it and keep it in its Mouth Round obout the Teat there goes a Ring or Circle of different Colors in Women The Circle about the Teats in respect of their Age and of their being with Child or not with Child c. In Virgins it is red in such as are devirginated it is Black and Blew In Women with Child it is larger than ordinary and if they go with a Boy it is Black and Blew or red if they go with a Girle it is of a whiteish Color The Medicinal Consideration The largness of the Chest is commended as sound and healthful but a narrow Mis-shapen Chest Chest is blamed because it occasions shortness of Breath because the Lungs are ill housed wanting Room to display themselves The shape of the Chest ought diligently to be considered by a Physitian when he sees any troubled with shortness of Breath In healthy Persons that the Chest may be perfectly shaped it is requisite that it be round in the forepart and not sharp and that it be streight before and behind if it prove crooked there is a fault in the Back-bone of which we shal speak in our Doctrin of bones Terence blames the affected Care of Mothers who straitned the Chests of their yong Daughters that they might become Slender and smal in the wast Such are â—…ghtly termed Wasp-wasted Weâ—ches because they seem divided in the middle like a Waspe or Bee A mis-shapen Chest by reason of the Crookedness of the Back-bone is more frequently By Crookedness of the Back-bone seen in Women than in Men because they are the weaker Vessels These Crookednesses we endeavour to correct with a firm Pair of Bodies made either of hard Leather or of strong Linnen with Whale-bones sowed between or of very thin Plates of Iron Also the Back-bone is daily by contrary motious bowed the other way Some are born thus Mis-shapen and they are incurable let the Rectifiers of Crookedness do what they câ—… Many times Rhewmes fal upon the Muscles of the Back bone which draw the Vertebraes awry whence proceeds a mis-shapen Bâ—…-bone and consequently a Crooked Chest because their shape depends upon the shape of the Back-bone To the evil shaping of the Chest appertains the falling down of the Brest or the By falling of the Brest bowing in of the Sword-like Gristle which hurts the Stomach and provokes vomiting and also shortness of Breath by hurting the Midrif therefore this Gristle ought speedily to be lifted up and restored to its place Baptista Codronâ—â—us and Ludovâ—cus Septalius have treated of this Disease The Diseases of the Cavity of the Chest are Empyema or a collection of quittor Empyema Dropsie within the said Cavity and the Dropsie of the Brest all which Diseases require a perforation to be made between the fourth and fift Rib of the Chest on that side in which the Humor is conteined Somtimes winds do so violently distend the Lungs that the Patient is in danger of Choaking unless the Chest be opened by the Perforation afore said which is often practised at Paris to the great benefit of the Patients and easing of the Chest although no watry Humors come forth but only wind which Issues violently with a noise Those whose Chests are distended with wind are by Hippocrates termed Pneumatiai The Dugs are to be considered at divers seasons in a Virgin Marriagable in a Condition of the Dugs Married Woman in a woman with Child and in one that lies in Child bed and gives Suck because in these several times they
The Arteria Venosa hath in its Orifice only two c T. 11. f. 6. C C. â–¡ three-pointed Valves or Shutters The Aorta carries back Arterial blood out of the left Ventricle of the Their Valves Heart and its Orifice is stopped by three d f. 5. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves or Shutters which hinder the blood from returning back again It is to be observed that these three-pointed Valves or Shutters are membranous neer their Vessels but they depend upon fleshy Pillars which within the Heart are like unto Muscles being fastened to the sides of the partition wall or Septum of the Heart which remains unmovable saving towards the Basis where it is softer and gives way a little when the Basis is drawn back in the Diastole or Dilatation of the Heart The Septum e f O D D. medium or Partition-wall of the Heart is porous ful of little holes which are somtimes manifestly discerned towards the Cone or Point of the The Septum Medium of the Heart Whether the blood pass through it or no Heart It is more probable according to the Doctrine of Galen that the blood does naturally pass through the said Septum or partition wall than through the Lungs Howbeit I deny not but that in the violent Agitation of the Heart and Lungs the blood is carried through the midst oâ— the said Lungs The Medâ—cinal Consideration Having finished these Observations I proceed unto the Diseases of the Heart The Heart as Pliny saies cannot endure long Diseases nor suffer lingring torments Vsual Diseases of the Heart art And Galen tels us That Physitians have not been able to find out or invent Medicines able to cure an evil and malignant distemper which has taken hold of the substance of the Heart Wherefore this part is diligently to be preserved which suffers not by its own fault but by the Impurities of other parts wherewith it is infected and corrupted Wherefore if the Heart be supplied with pure and good blood and be not infected by conâ—agion of the neighboring parts he Lungs and the Liver it flourishes Swouning most cheerfully and causes a very long life But by our Intemperance we suffer it not to continue in Health for the good of the whol Body And therefore it is exercised with divers Diseases by the loss of strength that is to say of Spirits or by their Dissipation such as are Syncope and Leipothymia or swouning and fainting Fainting away which differ only in degrees Syncope being greater than Leipothumia Oftentimes the Heart does counterfeit and make shew of a kind of Apoplexy but without snorting neither does it leave a Palsey after it or any feebleneis of Body or mind If this Disease return often with violence at length it over-whelms and stifles the Heart not only because the blood is stopped from going forth by reason of the fulness of the Vessels but by the Hearts being oppressed by some gross substance of the blood forcibly crowded into the Ventricies of the Heart stopping the pulsative motion of the Heart and Arteries and causing somtime that the Patient cannot speak and bringing him finally to his Grave This Disease is as common among the Germans as is the Apoplexy by reason of their full and Champion-like habit of body contracted by their dayly Feastings and liberal drinking especially at dinner which lasts til within Night they in the mean time taking no care to abate their Plethorick habit by liberal blood-letting Nor is it any wonder if from so great plenty of blood they fal into an Apoplexy or the Heart-swoonings aforesaid Hence depends the Explication of the 42. Aphorism of the Second Book The motion of the Heart is depraved in the Palpitation or Panting thereof and Palpitation it is interrupted in Syncope and Leipothymia The Ventricles and Partition are oftentimes obstructed being filled with little The Circulation intercepted by obstruction of the Ventricles Or of bits of Flesh or Fat wherewith the Heart is choaked the Circular motion of the blood being stopped Somtimes they stick in the right Ear of the Heart whence follows Palpitation or inequality or Interception of the Pulse Worms are also bred in the Heart of which Salius treats There is a memorable Story of a certain English man whose Heart was eaten into by a Worm You may read the Story in Aurelius Severinus The Circulation of the blood is stopped not only in the Heart but also in the The Velns Veins when they are stopped with very thick blood or with blood congealed like the pith of an Elder stick as I have often seen it after burning Feavers and as it has been observed by Fernelius The most frequent Diseases of the Heart are Feavers wherewith it is inflamed A Feaver and roasted as it were so that the Original moisture thereof becomes exhaust and dried up for as Ludovicus Duretus saies in his Commentary upon Hippocrates his Coick Discourses We lose more of our strength by a feaver of seven daies continuance than by the depraedation of our Natural Heat in seventy yeers time a yong man dies in seven daies consumed by a Feaver who might have lived seventy yeers under the sole Regiment of his Natural Heat Differences of Feavers In respect of the Cause a Feaver is Spirital The History of Feavers belongs to this place which I shal dispatch in few words The Hot Distemper of the Heart is termed a Feaver The Differences of Feavers are taken from their conjunct Cause which is three-fold The Spirits the Humors in the Vessels and the Humors fixed in the solid parts of the body From the Spirits a Feaver is termed Spirituosa or Spirital from the Humors in the Vessels it is termed Humoralis and from the Humors fixed in the solid parts it is termed Hectica Though there be three sorts of Spirits Natural Vital Animal yet is it the Vital Spirit alone which being inflamed causes the Spirital Feaver There are four Humoral Humors contained in the Vessels whence comes four sorts of Humoral Feavers the Sanguine the Cholerick the Flegmatick and the Melanchollick But the Hectick Feaver is distinguished by three degreee For the simple Hectick arites Hectick from the fixed Humor being only inflamed the middle Hectick is when the said Humor begins to wast and the Hectica Marasmodes when it is quite exhaust and consumed The Modi of Feavers or their manner of afflicting is two-fold for either the In respect of the manner Continual Intermittent Feaver is continual or it intermits it is putrid or not putrid malignant or wel-affected A continual Feaver never ceases burning til it go wholly away An intermitting Feaver leaves the Patient some space of time free from burning The Cause of the Continualness of a Feaver is the plenty of Morbisick matter and its nearness to the Heart and the distance and paucity of the said matter is the Cause of its Intermission A Putrid Feaver is caused by
of the Vital which is continually brought in great The place where the Animal Spirits are made according to our Authâ—r quantity by the Carotick Arteries to the Basis of the Brain where the branches meeting and being woven together do make the Rete Mirabile from which innumerable branches are derived into the Crassa Meninx that the blood may aâ—cend on every hand to those blood-channels of the Dura Mater which I coâ—ceive does alone palpitate or pant and I have seen in Fractures of the Skul that when that Membrane is broken the brain remains immovable Seeing therefore the foremost Ventricles are opened in the Basis of Brain and equal in their widness to the upper Cavities of the said Ventricles and are close unto the Rete Mirabile from it the Ventricles draw their Spirits or the Spirits exhaling from that Texture whose Arterâ—es are exceeding tender and thin they are brought along into the â—oremost Ventricles and soon after by the third Ventricle which serves instead of a Channel or passage they are forthwith carried by a streight course into the fourth Ventricle the Cistern or Conduit Head of Spirits that from thence they may be distribuâ—ed into the inferior Nerves and into the Cavity of the Spinal Marrow But the seven Pair of Nerves are propagated from those four Eminencies of which the two greater do form and enclose the sides of the foremost Ventricles the other two make the sides of the fourth Ventricle whose Roof and fore and after parts are made up by the double Apophysis Scolicoides Those four Eminencies are Spongy and receive Spirits which run directly into the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow by the â—ourth Ventricle And no man can deny that the Nerves of â—he brain are the off-springs of those four Eminencies and so this Proposition is to be interpreted All Nerves of the Body and Brain do spring from the Spinal Marrow either within or without the brain I deny not that the Spirits are diffused through the whol substance of the brain and not wholly contained in the Ventricles but I aver that the Ventricles are the true Shops or Work-Houâ—es of â—he Animal Spirit which is distributed unto the seven Couple of Nerves and to the Spinal Marrow That this is abâ—uâ—d and impossible Hofmâ—n does thus seek to prove 1. Arg. There is the Spirit made where the Action is performed I Answer many Actions are performed in parts in which no Spirits are bred The Arguments of Hoâ—man to the contrary answered and I deny that in the Body of the Brain al Actions are performed Again there needs no other elaboration than their passage through the brain for as the blood of the Veins passing through the Hearts Ventricles is in a moment made Vital so the Vital Spirits running through the middle of the Brain as far as the Ventricle do become Animal For if it were needful that the Animal Spirit should be elaborated in the Substance of the Brain it would lose much of its â—ubtilty because the brain is cold and moist 2 d Arg. of Hofman If the Spirit be to act it must needs be under the command of the Soul in the Vessels for after that it is entered into the Sea of the Veâ—tricles what is there to compel the same to return into the straâ—t passages of the Neâ—ves I â—nâ—wer If the Spirit be diffâ—â—ed into the whol substance of the brain being really soft as Wax how can it return into the Nerves seeing there are no Vessels running through the â—ubstance of the brain Those bloody marks wherewith it is sprinâ—â—ed are poinâ—s of blood dropping down from above out of the Arteries which runs between the winding substance of the brain The great Providence of Nature because the blood could not pieâ—ce nor pass through the midst of the Substance of the brain hath carried the same through the Channels of the Dura Mater as far as the â—â—ood passages whence â—â— slides into the â—â—ferior parts and by the Press oâ— that great Vein which Constiâ—utes the Plexus Choroides it â—â—ows into the Venâ—ricles More probable it were to assign the Seat and Shop of the Animal Spirits in the Plexus Choroides which is diffuâ—ed through al the Cavities of the brain as far as the baâ—â—s thereof But shew me friend Hofman the way by which the Animal Spirits made of the Vital may be diffused into the substance of the brain so as to flow back into the Nerves 3 d Arg. The Ventricles are surrounded within with the Pia Mater which â—inders the ingress and regresâ— of the Spirits I Answer If the Ventricles have for their Covering the thin Meninx the passage is thereby the saâ—er into the foremost Ventricles without any loss at all I have already demonstrated in an Entrance in the basis of the brain being the way into the fourth Ventricle there is no need of a regâ—ess for Arterial blood which ascends upwards by the Crassa Meninx distilling into the brain does on al sides afford Spirits to the whol brain neither can the blood penetrate without Spirits 4. Arg. Hofmans strongest Argument is this Seeing the two superior Ventricles open into the third and that into the Funnel and it into the Pallate who will be Suâ—ety that the Spirits will not maâ—e their escape this way I Answer This danger is easily shunned by the continual flux and pulse or driving of the Spirits to the Ciâ—â—ern and that same hole is exceeding smal and so deep even to the Oâ— Sphenâ—â—des that it can equal the length of a mans â—â—â—ger You who beleeve that the blood passes from the Right Ventricle of the Heart through the Lungs that it may return into the Left are you not afraid lest we should lose our vital Spirits when we blow ouâ— breath out in Respiration 5. Arg. The Ventricles are not continued with the Nerves but with the whol Body I Answer If the Nerves proceed from those same Eminencies which are Roots oâ— the Spinal Marrow between the Brain and the Petty-brain and they are principal portions of the Brain do not the Nerves arise from the brain it self But you your self have often times written that the Nerves arise within the brain from the â—oots of the Spiâ—al Marrow 6. Arg. The Ventricles have now another Office which cannot stand with that of the Spirits I Answer That I deny any such Office For the Choana or Funnel can pâ—â—ge away any wheyish Excrements which shal be in the Ventricles but the greatest part flowing down by the external windings of the brain unto the basis fals partly into the Os Ethmoides or Colander bone partly it descends to the basis of the brain and if not by the Choana yet by other holes neer abouts it is purged into the Paâ—â—ate But because Hofmans Spirits fail him in â—andling this Quâ—stion can you forbear laughing for they are his own words we shal also leave him to enjoy his self-love with a great flock of bleating Animals so he saies which follows
Vertebra's of the Neck than the joynt of the Thigh does from the Vertebra's of the Loines and Os sacrum About the Beginning of this great Nerve there is another adjoined which riseing The second out of the third hole of the Os sacrum and being carried along above the spine of Os sacrum it is branched out into the Musculi Gloutij and the Flexores Tibiae as far as to the Ham. The Medicinal Consideration Diseases of the Veines belonging to the Limbes especially to the Leg and Thigh Varices what they hee are the Varices which are knottie dilatations in which the Blood is collected as it were into Certaine Satchels Now they are cured with astringents with a close and Their Cure convenient ligature Or the veines are pricked and the blood let out or at the beginning of the varix the largest vein which gives nourishment to the rest or the beginning Whether a veine cut off will grow againe it selfe is tied up and cut off Many conceive that the veines cut off are bred againe they bring for an example the veines which are seen in a very great Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence but Fernelius has rightly observed that they are not veines but channels between the Skin which nature has framed as gutters to water and nourish the Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence Many thinke that the veines which are cut being tied together with a string do grow againe which I do not beleive Hippocrates cals the veines Spiracula Corporis the vents of the body or the breathing holes thereof which being opened the Body is aired and he saies that when the Veines are dried they draw sharp and cholerick humors in burning fevers Also the same Author saies that the veines do draw more than the flesh Lib. 1. de Morbis Especially if they be more hot and dry than ordinary â— Bloody sweats whence they proceed When the Veines being debilitated through Sickness of the Liver become nauseant and enclined as it were to vomit they suffer the Blood to run out not only through the mouthes of the upper and lower veines but also through the Skin of the whole Body in manner of a bloody sweat which I have observed two or three times A stoppage of the Veines and Arteries does often happen in Plethâ—…ck bodies The motion of the vessels how abolished so that in all places in which the pulse is wont to be felt the motion of the Arteries is abolished 〈◊〉 which case Hippocrates commends blood letting as a meanes to put the vessells into motion againe Somtimes the Pulle of all the Arteries is intercepted not excepting the Groine or crurall Arteries the Motion of the Heart stil remaining which disposition if it continue long it kills the Patient But if the motion of the Heart be perished likewise the Patient dies suddenly I have seen two that had no pulse at all only their Heart continued beating who lived sixteen yeares but in extreme weakness Balduinus Ronsaeus saw one in the same condition as he affirms in his medicinal Epistles Hereupon a question may be raised how the pulsation of the Arteries can be How the motion of the pulse in the Arteries can be stopped while the Heart moves stopped whiles the Heart beates after its wonted manner though slowly whether it be not necessary in such a Case that the Aorta be obstructed neare the Heart and that the irradiation and influlx of the arterial blood be by that meanes interceâ—â—ped And then the Blood of the veines approaches the Heart being drawne thither in the diastole or dilatation thereof that it may receive the seale of Vitality in the right ventricle and being afterwards driven forth by the Systole or Contraction into the vena cava the vital spirits are forcibly carried into the length of the channel and by the mutual anastomoses of the veines and Arteries they are communicated to the said Arteries with the blood I have in some persons observed that the motion of their Arteries hath been frequently intercepted or became very unequal for some daies together afterwards the impediment being removed which was near the Heart I found the same inequality in the Caeliac Arterie which did beat vehemently although the pulse appeared equal and wel ordered in the rest of the body This I conceive happened by reason of a little bit of flesh or fat which ascending to the Gates of the Heart did cause such a pulse so inordinate and being repelled or drawen back unto the Caeliac Arterie which is a branch of the Aorta it did produce such an irregularity as aforesaid The Crural Arterie seeing that it is evident in the Groine and subject to our feeling The Pulse is last felt in the crural Arterie the pulse thereof is easily discerned being vehement in regard of the greatness of the Arterie and the last which remaines after the pulse is extinguished in other extreme parts of the Body wherein it is usually felt to beate And therefore when no pulse can be felt in the other usual places it must be sought for e examined in this crural Artery not only in Men but in women also provided the Rules of Honesty be not broken And if when a disease is at the Heigth we can feel no pulse in this part death is neare at hand The Dilation or Section of an Arterie happens chiefly in the external parts Aneurisma what it is where the lesser Arteries reside which are branches of the great Trunk And this disease is termed Aneurisma It is seldome seen in the trunk of the Aorta because of its thickness The End of the Fift Book THE SIXTH BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK A new Osteologia or History of the Bones Wherein he treates of the Bones Ligaments and Gristles of the whole Body by which the frame of the Body is compacted together the Muscles being removed handling al the Diseases and symptomes which happen unto the Bones CHAP. 1. THe Scope of Nature and of the Physitian about the Body of Man its Fabrick are contrary the one unto the others Nature intending to make up the Body of Man begins at the most simple parts and so proceeds by little and little to the more compounded ones until she The Method finish her work But the Physician that he may attaine unto the knowledg of this workmanship of Nature proceeds gradually from the more compound unto the most simple parts so that in his Analysis or Resolution these parts are last which were first in the Composition So when we pul down an house first we throw off the Ceeling then we demolish the walles and Why we treat of the Bones in the last place lastly we dâ—g up the foundation Wee in like manner in our takeing asunder this House of Mans body by Anatomical Administration do now in the last place treat of the Bones which are the foundation of the whole Body and
cals Montium Scapulas Also the smal branches of trees were called Scopi hence the phrase Vvarum scopi vine branches used by Varro in his first Book de Re Rustica Cato speaks of Scopulae myrti Myrtle branches It is worth observation which Women by long experience have learned viz. that Whether broad shoulder'd Men beget large children broad shoulderd Men doe for the most part beget great Children because they are very hot hearted And Galen sais in his Arsparva that by how much the Heart is hotter by so much the Chest is larger And therefore Forestus his wives Mother would not marry her daughters to broad brested and broad shouldered Men for she was afraid least they should die in their travil by reason of the largness of their Children which Forestus saies he had often seen come to pass in the 70 Observation of his 28. Booke The Cause of this is as hard to assigne as of another inconvenience with which Why french maidens have their right shoulder higher than the left the young maides of France especially the Gentry are infested Whose right shoulder is frequently higher and fuller than their left so that among an hundred virgins you shal hardly find ten that have wel proportioned shoulders Whether it is caused by the more frequent and stronger motion of the right arme whereby the shoulder blade in widened and raised up by meanes of the interjacent muscles lifting themselves up Ad thereunto that in persons that are growen up their right shoulder is more heavy than there left if we beleeve Amatus Lusitanus in the last Cure of his 4 Centure Why is the right Hand stronger than the left and why are there so few Ambodexters Why so few that can use both hands alike that can use both hands alike Is it because the Lungs and Liver doe incline more to the right side than to the left Or is it because Nurses when they teach children to go do draw them on by their right hand Is it because Mothers would maketheire daughters low shoulderd while they study to make them smal and waspe-wasted For as Terence long since said if a Girle have a good habit of Body and burnish a little they say she is a champion or wrastler and therefore they pinch their bellies and withdraw their food and though naturally of good constitutions they never leave tampering til they make them like Bull-rushes mere waspe-wasted Rush-Candles Which is done not without manifest detriment to their Health whiles by the overgreat pinching in of the lower part of their Chest the upper parts thereof are inlarged whence proceedes that same sticking out of their shoulders or from contorsion of the Back-Bone its natural shape is vitiated and depraved Chap. 17. Of the Humerus Cubitus and Radius In all shoulders about the middle and inward part towards the Ribs there is a The shoulderhole manifest open hole tending downwards and evidently percing into the substance of the Bone through the which a remarkable veine does insinuate it selfe into the Cavity of the Bone that it may nourish the inner Marrow whence it comes to pass that the whole marrow of this Bone appeares bloody when the Bone is broake The Articulation of the a T. 21. f. 1. C. â–¡ Brachium with the b T. 21. f. 1. D. â–¡ Cubit is fastned and incompassed It s Ligament with a membranous and nervie Ligament The c T. 21. f. 1. E. â–¡ Radius is adjoined to the Cubit that it might direct the oblique motions of Why the Radius is joined to the Cubitus the Arme which are performed downwards and upwards which motions haveing taken away the Muscles you may observe by turnning the Radius to and fro backwards and forwards The d T. 21. f. 2. c. â–¡ Cubitus and the e T. 21 f. 2. d. â–¡ Radius do in the middle way part one from another Why they part one from another that the Radius in a semicircular motion might be more freely moved and that a larger seat might be afforded for the muscles which in that part are many Between this space there is interposed a membranous a T. 22. f. 2. e e. â–¡ Ligament by helpe of Why a Ligament is interposed which the Cubitus and Radius are more nearely and straitly combined and the interior muscles are separated from the external It helpes also the equality of their motion that both might be bent or stretched outright at one and the same time These two Bones are in their extremities fastened together by a very different Their Articulation with other Bones joint above the Cubitus receives the Radius but beneath the Cubitus is received by the Radius the Bulke and thickness of the substance being changed For the Radius is at the wrist thicker that receiveing the greater part of the wrist it might more conveniently move the same by an oblique motion But the Cubitus at the Brachium is broader because that bone alone is articulated with the brachium the Articulation of the Radius with the knob of the Brachium is thin Lastly you shal observe whether or no the styloides b T. 21. f. 1. â–¡ apophysis of the Cubit do touch the wrist being fastened thereunto by way of a joint Hippocrates observed the external part of the Cubit to be dislocated in Lib de Artick Which kind of Luxation Dalechampius observed as himself avers in his Comments upon the Surgery of Paulus Aegineta They who deny that the Cubit in a Man does touch the wrist do alleage that there comes between them a thick and moveable Gristle which fills that space and in very deed that same Cartilage or Gristle seemes to be adjoyned by way of a supplement Chap 18. Of the Wrist The c T 21. f. 1. F F. â–¡ wrist and d T. 21. f. 1 D. E. â–¡ Radius are joyned one to another by a nervous Ligament which infolds the Articulation Moreover another e Nervous ligament is observed being shap'd like a Ring which compasses the wrist round about which conteines within it the tendons which are carried through the cavity of the wrist and which lie upon the back of the wrist saveing some particular ones howbeit on the outside it seems smal The Wrist a T. 21. f. 3. â–¡ bones are eight disposed into two orders or rankes Number of the wrist bones The first order consists of three bones The second is made up of foure bones The fourth bone is over and above out of ranke and order but we may with Sylvius refer it to the first order Seeing it rests upon the third bone of the first order Howbeit Vesalius accounts it a sesamoidean bone because in this place it fills an empty space But how can it have the use of sesamoidean seeing it is not interposed between Bone and Bone It hangs over another that it might forme that cavity which is in the inner part of
Arteries Carotides Or sleepy Arteries whether or no the obstruction of them do cause deep sleep Communion of them and the spinal Marrow Page 115 116 Articulation Of the bones what concurs thereto Page 263 c. Asthma What it is its kinds Page 103 Atrophy What it is and whence it proceds Page 59 Auditory Passages of the Ear Page 193 Axillary Kernells their diseases Page 211 B Back and Breastbones Their Vertebrae Fallopius his observation touching them Page 23 Back Properly is not moved Page 231 How it is bowed by the Quadratus ibid It s various Muscles Page 231 232 Back-bone Its shape gristles Membranes and the way to dissect the Vertebras thereof Page 275 276 Baldness Whence it proceeds Page 120 Belchings and Hiccupings Whence they proceed Page 55 Belly The Muscles thereof their number figure largness original the white-line connexion action use c. Page 40 41 their medicinal consideration Page 42 Belly The division of its parts Page 44 the two notable veins thereof and what is to be considered in them Page 50 51 52 the Caeliacal Artery thereof Page 52 the Nerves thereof and what diseases rise therefrom Page 67 Its Muscles ten Page 232 Benedictus His experiment before the Arteries of the head may be opened Page 218 Blackmoors Whether they have any sutuers in thir Sculls Page 268 Blindness Whence it proceeds and the causes thereof Page 142 Bladder Its Muscles and the office thereof Page 232 251 Blood Where and how made and how distributed from the liver a double circulation thereof Page 57 58 105 how necessary the circulation of it is to continue the motion of the hart and whether the blood do pass from the right ventricle of the heart unto the Lungs Page 108 Blood what kind of it is circulated in what vessels after what manner and how necessary the circulation is Page 109 difference of blood in Vena Cava and Porta Page 108 whether the blood pass through the Septum Medium of the heart or no Page 110 the circulation thereof intercepted by obstruction of the ventricles or of the veins Page 111 The conditions of that which is good and how the Fibres are bred therein the natural temper thereof the quantity sometimes congealled Page 66 Whether it may be lessend otherwise than by blood-letting Page 66 Body Of man how to be considered by Anatomists its Parts its solid parts how manyfold its similar parts what and how many Page 26 It s natural and legitimate conformation and the necessariness of it Page 29 Body Of man its division Page 31 Bone its definition Page 27 Bones the history of them otherwise termed Ostology Page 4 Four consider ations of them ibid Bones Doctrine of them double Page 5 Why there are many of them in man Page 6 Bones Of men in what particulars they differ from those of Women Page 18 The number of them in a Mans Body Page 19 Bones Of Infants the history of them ibid Which is both Ancient and profitable Page 20 The number of them in Insants Page 25 Bones A new history of them Page 260 c Why they are last treated of Page 261. The Doctrine of them demenstrated in a dead body very necessay for the perfect knowledg of Mans body for the practice of Physick ibid Bones Their general diseases Page 265 c. Bone Called Luz the fable of the Cabalists concerning it Page 275 A threefold cavity in them and a threefould marrow Page 286 Bones The remote matter that nourisheth them Page 263 The immediate matter of them and whether they have Veins Arteries and Nerves ibid Bones the collection and ordering of them for a Sceleton Page 287 The manner of fastening them to make a Sceleton Page 288 Brains Their substance division their Coats Pipes and principal diseases Page 121 130 Brain Ful of windings and turnings Page 122 Brain Whether it hath any motion and whether it cooleth the heart Page 124 Whether or no and how the blood is circulated therein and what blood it is nourished with Page 124 125 Brain The manner of dessecting of it and history of it's parts ibid Breast or Chest What it is fourfold Page 14 Its form what it ought to be Page 30 Breasts What to be chosen in Nurses ibid Breast-bone Of how many particular bones it is made up the hole thereof and the Natural shap thereof Page 274 Bronchocele what it is Page 201 Buboes where they arise Page 76 Buccinator what muscle so called Page 220 C Cabalists their fable touching the Bone Luz Page 275 Cachexy what it is and whence it proceeds Page 59 Cacochimie what it is and whence it proceeds Page 65 Call what it is its scituation original diseases thereof similar organical and common Page 45 46 Cancer in the gums what it is and whence Page 204 Caries of the Skul what it is Page 270 Cartilage its definition Page 27 Cartilage xiphoides its figure Page 274 Its use and hole ibid It s crooking Page 275 Carunculae Myrtiformes what and where they are Page 81 Catalepsis and Carus what diseases they are Page 133 Catarrhs what they are and whence Page 135 Cheeks their description Page 195 Cheeks whence that sympathy between them and the knees proceeds Page 284 Chest its bounds shape parts and medicinal consideration and diseases Page 94 95 96 97 Its Muscles proper and common Page 230 Child its conception Page 87 its posture and accommodation in the Womb its natural birth Somtimes drawn out with a hook Page 88 89 Child-bed purgations what they are retained how to be evacuated Page 89 90 Chin described Page 194 Choler what it is the passages thereof two sorts thereof in the Liver Page 59 60 Choler diversity of it proved by the different sorts of Jaundice Page 60 Chorda of Hippocrates what it is Page 237 Choroides plexus tâ—…ause thereof Page 122 Circocelâ— what kind of tumor and where bred Page 78 Clavicula what it is its gristle and Ligament Page 273 Clitoris in women what meant thereby Page 82 The Muscles thereof Page 233 Coccix or crupper bone what it is and the Muscles peculiar thereunto in a Woman Page 250 Cods their coats cavities vessels Page 77 Columella or Uvula inflamed Page 205 Coma or dead sleep whence it proceeds Page 132 Concha what it is and its parts Page 273 Conorium what it is Page 123 Convulsion what it is and whence Page 134 Corus their original Page 213 Cough whence it proceeds Page 104 Courses in letting blood to move them what to be observed Page 86 Cremaster Muscle what it is Page 76 How it is known Page 249 Crupperbone what it is and the Muscle peculiar thereunto in man and woman Page 250 Its structure c. Page 276 Cubitus what it is and why the Radius is joyned thereunto Page 280 Cubit the Muscles thereof Page 225 Cuphosis a disease and where Cynicus spasmus what and whence Page 196 D Dandrif what it is and whence it proceeds Page 120
return into the right Ventricle of the Heart He that approves of one of these Circulations cannot deny the other The Lungs as it were do hang upon and are fiâ—mly fastned to the claves and the Brest-bone for they do not depend or hang by the Aspera Arteria for so in a violent Cough and when the Lungs are overburdened the Wesand or Wind-pipe and Parts fastened thereunto would be torn in peices Howbeit the Lungs and Heart being inflamed according to Hippocrates if the Lungs fal to one side the Patient faints away lies Cold and senceless and dies within the third or fourth day If the Heart be not inflamed the Patient lives longer and some escape Seeing the Substance of the Lungs ought to be light and soft to Facilitate respiration Why Old People are short Breathed and in old People it becomes dry and hard either through the dryness of their temper or by being filled with Flegm this is the reason of that shortness of Breath we see in Old Men which ushers them to their Grave Chap. 7. Of Respiration or fetching of Breath THe proper action of the Lungs is breathing which we must consider how it Necessity of Respiration ought to be in bodies that are in health that we may discern faults thereof when it is depraved In our whole Practice especially if you regard acute Diseases their is no Disease or Symptom so usual as difficulty in breathing It is wel for the Patient if in al Diseases especially acute ones he breath easily because life is inseparable from Respiration according to Galen in his 6. Book of the Parts Diseased And if with al the Patient Sleeps kindly and sweetly aud feels no pain in the noble Parts of his body it is to be hoped the Disease wil end wel because Hippocrates never knew any one die in whom these three conditions were found Now Respiration or breathing is twofold free or forced free is that whereby the It s twofold Air is gently drawn in and Issued out without any remarkable motion of the Chest And this depends only upon the Midrif the Ribbs and whol Chest never moving Free and Forced unless hapily the lower bastard Ribs are gently stirred and this kind of breathing is truly natural The second sort of breathing which is forced and violent is partly natural partly against Nature Natural when it depends upon our own power so that we can make it quicker or slower as when we puf out our wind with a long blast and when we hold our breath It is against Nature when it depends not upon oâ—r wil but upon the violence of the Disease In this kind of Respiration the whol Chest is moved by al the Muscles and the Midrif to avoid the oppression and suffocation of the Lungs and Heart which desire Air to cool them and that their smoaky Sooty Vapours may be expelled There are two parts of Natural Respiration Inspiration and Expiration Inspiration is caused by drawing in the Air and the dilatation of the â—hest by the Parts of Natural respiration Inspiration Expiration Ascent thereof Expiration is a breathing out of fuliginous or sooty Vapors the Chest being drawn together by the descent thereof Between these two motions is interposed a two-fold Pauâ—e or Rest viz. The space between the drawing in and blowing out of the breath and the like space between the blowing out of the breath and the drawing it in again as in the Pulâ—e there is a two-fold Rest termed Perisystole In Respiration or breathing Galen writes that three Organs are to be considered It s three Organs The Principal Mover viz. the Heart The Secondary Movers namely the Muscles and the Things moved viz. the Chest and Lungs The Organs by which the motion is performed are the Animal Spirits and the Nerves Now that unnatural and disordered breathing may be discerned we must principally Wherein Natural Respiration consists learn to know wherein the Natural manner of â—erching breath does consist viz. In the moderation and equability of Inspiration and Exâ—piration and of those things whereby Respiration is performed Now these are four Motion Rest that which is moved and that which by the motion is drawn in and carried forth That Respiration wil therefore be moderate wherein we shal observe a Mediocrity of motion and Rest and of the distention of the Chest and of the matter it self which is drawn in aâ—d breathed out and wherein Persons in Health appear no waies changed from what they were woâ—t to be And this Natural Respiration ought to be the Rule of the contrary which is not Differences of unnatural Respiration natural viz. of the hurt Respiration and of that which is in moderate Now Respiration is hurt as many waâ—es as there are parts which make up Natural Respiration viz. Motion Rest Swiftness or Slowness So that he hurts of Respiration are these following namely Defections from Natural Motion Rarity and Frequency of the Rest Greatness and â—maâ—neâ—s of Inspiration and Expiration Plenty and penury of the matter drawn in or breathed out with cold or heat Wherefore al difficulty of breathing consists in Magnitude or Paucity Frequence or Rarity Swiftness or Slowness and consequently Respiration is said to be faulty when it is too great or too little too slow or two swift too frequent or too rare too hot or too cold Also these Defections as wel in excess as defect are to be considered either in both parts of Respiration or in one alone also some are little without and great within others great without and little within and some arâ— great swift and frequent others conâ—rarily are little seldom and slow and some are doubled both in drawing and rendring back the breath These are the Compound Differences of Respiration hurt If Respiration fail the Question is Whether Perspiration can supply the defect Whether Perspiration may supply the use of Respiration thereof Galen â—aies it may and he describes Perspiration to be an evaâ—uation of Spirit or Air by the Arteries which are dispersed into the Habit of the Body by receiving in of Air and expelling fuliginous Vapors For Hippocrates has written that the whol body is perspirable within and without And the Author of Transpiration or Perspiration is counted to be the Heart the Instruments are the Arteries the Pores of the Skin are the Passages by which the Transpiration is made But I very much doubt whether Perspiration can supply the Office of Respiration for a time the Heart not being moved because I cannot perswade my self that the Air can pass so far as the Heart by the smal Arteries unless they did gape very wide seeing it would meet with the Arterial blood to stop its course The Arteries may indeed expel the sooty vapors of their blood but it is hard for them to draw the Aâ—r in again And if Perspiration be hindred by suppression of the smoaky vapors then putrid Feavers are wont to arise as Galen has