Ventricles of the Heart where kept in by the density thereof they turn into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck The Consistence Nature would have the Pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the Heart might be kept in better state for if the Pericardium had been bony it would have made the Heart like iron by the continual attrition on the contrary if it had been soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the Heart What the Heart is and of what substance THe Heart is the chief mansion of the Soul the organ of the vital faculty the beginning of life the fountain of the vital spirits and so consequently the continual nourisherer of the vital heat the first living and last dying which because it must have a natural motion of it self was made of a dense solid and more compact substance than any other part of the body The three sorts of fibers of the Heart The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the Hollow-vein into the receptacles thereof and the breath or air from the Lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which pass through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vital spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholerick blood to the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to contain the air and blood drawn thither by the forementioned vessels until they be sufficiently elaborate by the Heart All these fibers do their parts by contracting themselves towards the original as the right from the point of the Heart towards the basis whereby it comes to pass that by this contraction of the fibers the Heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the tranverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which looks towards the Vertebra's which chiefly appears in the point thereof The Magnitude It is of an indifferent bigness but yet in some bigger in some less according to the diverse temper of cold or hot men as we noted in the Liver Figure The figure thereof is pyramidal that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point Composition It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other entrails For the blood being there a little more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turns into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to cicatrize The proper Vessels It hath the Coronal veins and arteries which it receives either on the right side from the Hollow vein or on the left from the basis at the entrance of the artery Aorta You cannot by your eye discern that the Heart hath any other nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura The Nerves Yet I have plainly enough observed others in certain Beasts which have great hearts as Swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the Heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the Heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this entrail where otherwise it doth not concrete unless by cold or a remiss heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone situate most commonly upon the fourth vertebra of the Chest Number and site which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some think that it inclines somewhat to the left side because we there feel the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the Arteries it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that region is the most safe and armed besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore-mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composing it Connexion with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is Temper and action first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith This right ventricle was made for the necessity of the Lungs Secondly to generate the vital spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body What the vital spirit is But this spirit is nothing else than a certain middle substance between air and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the Vital as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or Valves the Vessels and their mouths their distribution into the Lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Ears of the Heart which because they are doubtful whether they may be reckoned amongst the external or internal parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Ears are of a soft and nervous substance The Auriculae Cordis or ears of the heart compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softness they might the more easily follow the motions of the Heart and so break the violence of the matter entering the Heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the Heart and as it were overwhelm and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and air and then by little and little draw it forth for the use of the necessity of the Heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawn into the Heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptiness I will answer That that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the Heart which continually draws these matters to it no otherwise than
a fire draws the adjacent air and the flame of a Candle the Tallow which is about the wiek for nourishments sake Whilst the Heart is dilated it draws the air whilst it is drawn together or contracted it expels it This motion of the Heart is absolutely natural as the motion of the Longs is animal Some add a third cause of the attraction of the Heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the Heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole Body These Ears differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left Their magnitude and Number because it was made to receive a greater abundance of matter They are two in number on each side one situate at the basis of the Heart The greater at the entrance of the hollow vein into the Heart the less at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is Their use to break the violence of the matters and besides to be stays or props to the Arteria venosa and great Artery which could not sustain so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tenderness of substance Of the Ventricles of the Heart THe Ventricles are in number two on each side one The partition between the ventricles of the heart distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where piercing through The right of these Ventricles is the bigger and encompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right Ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow-vein and for distributing of it partly by the Vena arteriosa into the lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yield matter for the generation of the vital spirits Therefore because it was needful there should be so great a quantity of this blood Why the right ventricle is more capacious and less compact it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to be received in the right ventricle was more thick it was not so needful that the flesh to contain it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vital spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for fear of wasting and lest they should vanish into air and also less room that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right Ventricle of the Heart is made for preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vital spirits The action of the right ventricle as the Lungs are made for the mitification or qualifying of the Air. Which works were necessary if the Physical Axiome be true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious Lungs with more subtil blood the substance of the Heart gross and dense with the veinous blood as it flows from the Liver that is gross The action of the left ventricle And it hath its Coronal veins from the Hollow-vein that it might thence draw as much as should be sufficient But the left Ventricle is for the perfecting of the vital spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart The uses of the four orifices of the Heart THere be four Orifices of the Heart two in the right and as many in the left Ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the vein or the blood carryed by the Hollow-vein to the Heart the lesser opens a passage to the Vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carried in it for the nourishment of the Lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vital spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egress and regress to the Ateria venosa or to the air and fuliginous vapors And because it was convenient that the matters should be admitted into their proper Ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the Systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices The Valves Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put eleaven valves that is to say six in the right ventricle that there might be three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give How they differ These Valves differ many ways First in action for some of them carry in matter to the Heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back again Secondly they differ in site Action Site Figure for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figure for those which carry in have a Pyramidal figure but those which hinder the coming back again are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly Substance in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certain fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholly membranous Number Fiftly they differ in number for there be only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibit the coming back Motion are six in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrariwise are shut in the Systole that they may contain all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the Systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow back into the Heart But you shall observe that Nature hath placed only two Valves at the orifice of the Arteria venosa Why there be only two Valves at the Orifice of the Arteria venosa because it was needful that this Orifice should be always open either wholly or certainly a third part thereof that the air might continually be drawn into the Heart by this Orifice in Inspiration and sent forth by
Exspiration in the contraction of the Heart Whereby we may gather this that there is but one third part of that air we draw into the Heart in breathing sent forth again in the form of vapor in exspiration because Nature would have but one third part of the Orifice to lye open for its passage out Therefore the exspiration or breathing out and the Systole of the Heart and Arteries is shorter than the inspiration so that we may truly say that the inspiration or drawing the breath in is equally so long as the exspiration is together with the rest which is in the midst between the two motions CHAP. XII Of the distribution of the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa HAving hitherto shewed the original of the vessels of the Heart we must now speak of their distribution The Vena arteriosa or the Arterious vein and the Arteria venosa or the Veinous Artery each proceeding out of his proper ventricle that is the right and left are divided into two large branches one of which goes to the right and the other to the left hand the one lying cross-ways over the other the Vein always riding over the Artery as you may understand better by the sight of your eys The Artery always lies under the vein than by reading of Books These branches at their entrance of the Lungs are divided into two other large branches and each of them go to his peculiar Lobe of the Lungs and these again run almost into infinite other branches dispersed in three places over the Lungs These Vessels have acquired their names by reason of that transmutation of consistence whereby the composure of a vein degnerates into an Artery A twofold reason why the Vein was made arterious or like an artery and that of an Artery into a Vein for the commodity of life For this is a miracle of prudent Nature to change the Coats of the vessels of the Lungs producing a Vein which in its Body should imitate an Artery and an Artery which should represent a Vein for if the Vena arteriosa should have retained its proper consistence the arterious blood which is carryed by it from the Heart to nourish the Lungs might by reason of its subtilty penetrate through and flow away by reason of the rarity of the veinous texture and so nature should never have attained her conceived end that is to nourish the Lungs by reason of the continual motion of their contraction and dilatation For nourishment cannot be assimilated to the part unless it be put and cleave to it Wherefore it was fit that nature should make the Body of this vein solid that it might be immoveable unshaken and stubborn in respect of a vein which by its softness would have been too obsequious and yielding to the agitation of the Lungs that so it might have nourishment which might be diffused into all parts thereof and which might neither be drawn by its Diastole Why the Artery was made like a Vein nor driven back into the heart by its Systole But the artery hath the consistence of a vein that by that veinous softness according to the necessity of Nature it might be the more readily contracted and dilated to bring the air in and carry the vapours forth of the heart Here we meet with a difficulty which is By what way the Blood is carried out of the right and left ventricle of the heart Galen thinks that there be certain holes in the partition made for that purpose By what way blood may pass out of the right into the left ventricle and verily there are such but they are not perforated Wherefore Columbus hath found out a new way which is that the Blood is carried to the lungs by the Vena Arteriosa and there attenuated and carried from thence together with the air by the Arteria venosa to the left ventricle of the heart this he writes truly very probably Botallus in his Treatise de Catarrho hath found out a third way to wit a vein which he cals Arteriarum nutrix that is The nurse of the arteries The vein called the Nurse of the arteries Fallop initio obser Arteriarum Gal. lib. 15. de usu partium cap. 6. which creeps a little above the Coronal to the right ear of the Heart and then goes into the left ear thereof But yet I am very much afraid that this vein observed by Botallus is that vessel observed by Fallopius whereby the Vena Arterialis is joyned to the Aorta and by which the all vital Blood is carried for the forming and nourishment of the Lungs whilst the infant is yet in the womb Of which also Galen makes mention but it had lain hid from his time to this day but that Fallopius raised up the memory of it again CHAP. XIII The Distribution of the ascendent Hollow-Vein THe Hollow Vein rising out of the gibbous part of the Liver Gal. lib. de form foetus The greater descendent branch of the hollow vein and resembling according to Galen the Body of a Tree is divided into two notable Branches but not of a like bigness For the greater by the hind-part of the Liver upon the Back-bone and by the way receives certain other Branches from the substance of the Liver which enter not into the great trunck with the rest You may often see this descendent Branch even to the Back-bone upon which it lies in this its descent covered with the substance of the Liver so that it may seem that branch proceeds not from that common trunk together with the ascendent The upper branch of the hollow vein is the less although indeed it always doth But the lesser Branch ascends to the upper parts and is distributed after this manner following For first arising into the Midriff it bestows two small veins upon it on each side one which from that part are called Phrenicae But from thence when it arrives at the right Ear of the Heart it makes the Coronales the Coronal or Crown-veins Venae phrenica Coronales which compass the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown Thirdly entring somewhat more deeply into its right Ear in its greater part it produces the vena arteriosa Fourthly lifted up above the heart Vena Arteriosa on the right side it produces the vein Azygos or sine pari that is without a fellow which descending to the fourth rib reckoning from above downwards nourisheth the intercostal muscles and also the membranes of the eight lower ribs on both sides sending a Branch into each of the muscles at the lower part of the rib which may be sufficient for their nourishment Besides also oftentimes Vena Azygos or sine pari especially in little men this vein Azygos nourishes all the spaces between all the ribs by the like Branches which it sends in the same manner to the four upper ribs Moreover also this Azygos sometimes The Azygos sometimes two How the matter
joyned by Anastomosis or ineculation 10. 10. The second called Pudenda 11. spent upon the privy parts 11. The third Coxalis 12 upon the Muscles of the Hip. 12. Here the outer Iliacal vein having past through the Peritoneum or rim of the Belly enters the Crus and begins to be called the Crural Trunk Γ Γ. that is undivided as far as to the two lower heads of the Thigh But it reaches forth four propagations before its division The first 13 13. is called Saphena which creeps through the inside of the Leg under the skin as far as to the ends of the Toes 14. Another 14 called Ichia is spread out into the skin upon the Hip-bone The third 15 named Muscula is sent to the Muscles 15. which extend the Leg. 16. The fourth 16 named Poplitea is distributed into the Calf of the Leg. 13. The vein Saphena also scatters from it self four surcles 17 the first 17 into the upper part of the skin of the inside of the Thigh 18. the second 18 about the middle of the Thigh 19. the third 19 into the Knee the fourth 20 is carried forward and backward to the middle of the Leg. 20. Δ. The division of the Crural Trunk near to the two lower heads of the Thigh into an inner branch Θ Θ. and an outer one Λ. Λ. Θ. The inner distributes little branches to the Muscles of the Calf 21 12. and then runs down under the inner ankle to the great Toe 22. 22. Λ. The outer presently is cleft into two branches an inner one Ξ Ξ. and an outer Π. That is spent wholly upon the Muscles of the Calf Π. this passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg through the outer and back-side of the Leg. The second Treatise Concerning The ARTERIES CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery with its propagations that are distributed through the Head THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries The Original of the great Artery but an unanimous consent that all the propagations which are scattered throughout the body take their rise from one which they call Aorta and that this is derived out of the Heart But the Heart consisting of two sinus or cavities a right and a left one this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle A where it is largest and more hard and griestly then elswhere But as soon as it is grown out and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries it presently propagates two small sprigs a a one of each side which they call Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries because together with the vena Coronalis or Crown-vein they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart But they are more and greater about the left then the right ventricle as we have also formerly said concerning the vein because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side as which beats with a perpetual and more violent motion wherein more blood is digested then the right sinus or ventricle does yet that propagation is bigger and longer which arises on t of the right side of the Artery sometimes also there is only one at whose orifice a little valve is found Those propagations being thus disseminated the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks or Arterial vein and pierces through the Pericardium and having got above it is cleft B into two branches which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks and because one ascends C and the other runs downward Q that shall be the Ascendent Trunk this the Descendent Yet the Descendent and lower one is bigger by much then the upper What parts both the Trunks nourish The order of that which is to be said because that serves more parts then this For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest to the Head and Arms but the lower to very many parts of the Chest to all the lowest belly and the Legs That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk and its progress through the Chest and Head and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest and lowest belly and lastly through the Legs The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta C being fastened to the Oe sophagus or Gullet climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery and Hollow-vein and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates For sayes he cold things as snow and ice are enemies to the Breast provoke coughs and cause eruptions of blood and distillations Truly they are enemies to the Breast because whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet they cool the rough Artery that lyes next to it together with the Gullet which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold hence the cough and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row But issues of blood happen in like manner the great Artery being cooled whereby the vital Spirits and the blood are driven back to the Heart and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head which being stuft eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils as also catarrhs and distillations it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts And hence also a reason may be rendered why some upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions and exercise of body have presently been suffocated the passion of the heart and grievous swoundings following thereupon For the Artery being vehemently coold the blood is congealed as well that which was in the Aorta or Great artery as that which abides in the heart from whence happen at first fearful symptoms and then suddain death But we have seen in these men that a vein being opened the blood hath come out thick and cold and with very great difficulty whence also we have not found a more present remedy for them then such things as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood Hence also a reason may be given why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black the diseased can hardly swallow For although it be true which is the cause commonly assign'd that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head yet we may ascribe a main
presently after it hath got beyond the Peritonaeum it issues forth a propagation from the outside which is called Muscula crura is exterior the outer Muscle-artery of the Crus which being carried downward is propagated into the Muscles that cover the foreside of the bone of the thigh Sometimes over against this but oftner a little below yet of the inside another is brought forth called Muscula cruralis interna the inner muscle-artery of the Crus ν which is distributed in many branches through the third bending Muscle of the thigh calâ—ed Triceps and those on the inside of the thigh as far as the knee the ends of which branches are joyned with the end of the inner Iliacal Artery which we told you descends through the hole of the share-bones to the Crus These propagations being dispatcht away the crural trunk descends from the groin together with the crural vein and is so bent backward near to the bone of the thigh that when it is come to the ham it stands betwixt the two hindmost heads of the thigh For prudent nature does alwaies observe this to carry down the vessels about that side of the joint where the bending is lest if they should go on that side whereon the joint is extended they should be comprest But in the very mid-way as it were as it runs down through the thigh it sends out a propagation Ï€ which breaking into more surcles runs out through the Muscles that are seated on the backside of the thigh together with the ham-vein and at length descending through the ham whence it is called Poplitea the ham-artery is distributed with many sprigs into the calf of the leg But whilst it stayes in the ham it sends out a propagatiâ—n ÏÏ on each side to the sides of the joint of the knee which then sinking deeper are consumed partly in the joint it self partly upon the Muscles called gasteromenii that make the calf from whence they are called Surales the arteries of the calf After that the Crural Trunk lyes in the ham Î¥ it sends forth a propagation from its out side σ which runs down near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the leg and is hid betwixt the Muscle that moves the foot outward and the second bending Muscle of the instep and distributes it self into the rest that lye on the forepart of the leg as far as they are fleshy and till they begin to be contorted by the outer ankle A little under this same another artery Ï„ is brought forth out of the backside of the Trunk which runs down as far as to the mixing together of the tendons of the calf-muscles Then another Ï… issues out of the same back-side of the Trunk but under the second which descending and passing through the transverse ligament runs down by the top of the foot and is diffused into the Muscles that move the toes outward The remainder Γ of the trunk is carriâ—d downward by the backside of the leg and about the inner ankle offers a surcle φ to the foot which goes to the Muscle of the great toe and creeps through the top of the foot But the Trunk it self lying hid among the tenâ—ons of the Muscles of the toes is cut χ into two branches of which the inner ψ bestowes two surcles upon the great toe two upon the fore toe and one upon the middle the outer ω two upon the little toe and two upon the toes next to it on the lowerside But although the progress of the arteries be for the most part such as we have described yet what we have said formerly of the veins that their distribution varies much not only according to the diversity of bodies but also of sides in the body of the same man is true also of the arteries which in divers men are diversly distributed An Explanation of the Table of the Arteries This Table comprises the delineation of the great Artery entire and free from all the parts A THe large beginning of the great Aroery where it issues out of the left ventricle of the heart but presently after its rise and before it yet falls out of the Pericardium or purse of the heart it shoots forth the two Coronary Arteries aa a a which encompass the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown But presently having past the pericardium B it is divided B into two trunks one of which is the Ascendent C C the other the Descendent one Q The Ascendent Trunk C is by and by divided into the two subclavian arteries D D DD both which when they have attained to the first rib scatter many propagations partly from the higher partly from their lower side From the lower side issues Intercostalis superior the upper artery between the ribs b b communicating particular twigs to the distances of the four upper ribs From the higher side issue three The first is vertebralis the artery of the rack-bones c c creeping on by the transverse processes of the rack-bones of the neck as far as to the skull The second mammaria the artery of the dugs d d which descending under the breast-bone runs out as far as to the seat of the navil and distributes sprigs into the distances of the gristles of the true ribs and then into the muscles that lye upon the breast at length about the naviâ— it joyns by anastomosis or inoculation x with the ascending Epigastrick artery 1. The third cervicalis or the artery of the back-side of the neck e e is propagated to the muscles on the back-side of the neck as far as the nowl of the head These branches being issued out the subclavian artery goes to the arm pit and takes the name of Axillaris E about E and so is diffused into the arm Yet before it enters thereinto it shoots out some twigs from both parts of it from the lower three f of which the first f is called scapularis interna the inner blade Artery because it is spent upon the muscles that cover the hollow side of the shoulder-blade The second is Thoracica superior the upper chest Artery g g dispersed into the muscles on the foreside of the chest The third h h Thoracica inferior the lower Artery of the chest which descending along the sides of the chest is inserted into the muscle called Aniscalptor that moves the upper part of the arm backward Betwixt g and h a little branch is placed one of ahem which here are disseminated into the glandules of the arm-pit From the upper part issues one i i called scapu aris interna the outer blade artery being disposed of into the muscles on the outside of the shoulder-blade FF In this place the axillary artery changes its name and is called Brachialis the trunk of the arm that is undivided as far as G G scattering two twigs l and m into the muscles that cover the bone of the upper part of the arm on
dispersed through the Liver betwixt the roots of the hollow and Gate-veins R. the root of the Gate-vein in the Liver S. the root of the hollow-vein in the Liver a. The concourse or meeting of the passages of choler into one branch b. The neck of the bladder into which the passage is inserted c. The passage of the Gall into the Duodenum d. the Duodenum opened to manifest the insertion of the porus biliaris i. e. an artery going to the hollow part of the Liver and the bladder of the Gall. f. a small nerve belonging to the liver and the bladder of gall from the rib branch of the sixth pair gg the cistick twins from the gate-veins CHAP. XIX Of the Spleen or Milt BUt because we cannot well shew the distribution of the gate-vein unless the Spleen be first taken away and removed from its seat therefore before we go any futher The Substance I have thought good to treat of the Spleen Therefore the Spleen is of a soft rare and spongious substance whereby it might more easily receive and drink up the dregs of the blood from the liver and of a flesh more black than the liver For it resembles the colour of its muddy blood Magnitude Figure from which it is generated It is of an indifferent greatness but bigger in some than in othersome according to the diverse temper and complexion of men It hath as it were Composition a triangular figure gibbous on that part it sticks to the ribs and midriffe but hollow on that part next the stomach It is composed of a coat the proper flesh a vein artery and nerve The membrane comes from the Peritonaeum the proper flesh from the faeces or dregs of bloud or rather of the natural melancholy humor with which it is nourished The fourth branch of the vena porta or gate-vein lends it a vein the first branch of the great descendent artery presently after the first entrance without the Midriff lends it an artery But it receives a nerve from the left costal from the sixt conjugation on the inner part by the roots of the ribs and we may manifestly see this Nerve Number and Site not only dispersing it self through the coat of the liver but also penetrating with its Vessels the proper flesh thereof after the self same manner as we see it is in the heart and lungs It is one in number situate on the left side between the stomach and the bastard-ribs or rather the midriffe which descends to their roots For it oft-times cleaves to the midriff on its gibbous part by a coat from the Peritonaeum as also on the hollow part to the stomach both by certain veins which sends it into the ventricle as also by the kall It hath connexion either primarily or secundarily Connexion with all the parts of the body by these its vessels It is of a cold and dry temper the action and use of it is to separate the Melancholick humor Temper and use which being feculent and drossie may be attenuated by the force of many arteries dispersed through its substance For by their continual motion and native heat which they carry in full force with them from the heart that gross blood puts off its grosness which the Spleen sends away by passages fit for that purpose retaining the subtler portion for its nourishment The passages by which it purges it self from the grosness of the melancholy bloud are a vein ascending from it into the stomach to stir up the appetite by its sourness and strengthen the substance thereof by its astriction also another vein which sometimes from the Spleen-branch sometimes from the gate-vein plainly under its orifice descends to the fundament there to make the Haemorrhoidal veins CHAP. XX. Of the Vena Porta and Gate-vein and the distribution thereof THe Gate-vein as also all the other veins is of a spermatick substance The substance and figure of a manifest largeness of a round and hollow figure like to a pipe or quill It is composed of its proper coat and one common from the Peritonaeum It is only one Composition Number and Site and that situate in the simous or hollow part of the Liver from whence it breaks forth or rather out of the umbilical vein into the midst of all the guts with which it hath connexion as also with the stomach spleen sphincter of the fundament and Peritonaeum by the coat which it receives from thence Temper and Action It is of a cold and dry temper The Action of it is to suck the Chylus out of the ventricle and guts and so to take and carry it to the Liver until it may carry back the same turned into bloud for the nutriment of the stomach spleen and guts This gate-vein coming out of the simous part of the Liver is divided into six branches that is four simple and two compound again divided into many other branches Division thereof into 6 branches of which 4 simple 1. Clysticae gemellae 2. Gastrica 3. Gastrepiplois 4. Intestinalis The first of the simple ascends from the fore-part of the trunk of the bladder of the Gall by the passage of the Choler and are marked with g g with a like artery for life and nourishment and this distribution is known by the name of Cysticae gemellae or Cystick twins The second called the Gastrica or stomach vein arising in like manner from the forepart of the trunk is carryed to the Pylorus and the simous or back-part of the stomach next to it The third is called Gastrepiplois the Stomach and kall-vein which coming from the right side of the gate-vein goes to the gibbous part of the stomach next to the Pylorus the right side of the kal. The fourth going forth from behind and on the right hand of the gate-vein ascends above the root of the Meseraick branch even to the beginning of the gut Jejunum along the gut Duodenum from whence it is called Intestinalis or the Gut-vein And these are the four simple branches Now we will speak of the compound The first is splenick which is divided after the following manner Two compound I. Ramus Splenicus sending forth For in its first beginning and upper part it sends forth the Coronalis or Crown-vein of the stomach which by the back-part of the stomach ascends into the upper and hollow part thereof to which place assoon as it arrives 1. Coronalis it is divided again into two branches the one whereof climbs up even to its higher orifice the other descends down to the lower sending forth by the way other branches to the fore and back parts of the stomach These engird and on every side incompass the body or the ventricle for which cause they are named the crown-veins I have sometimes observed this coming forth of the trunk a little above the orifice of the splenick branch 2. Haemorrhoidalis Interna But
speedily putrefie Men that are of an ill juyce are also most apt to this kind of Pestilence for in the naughty quality of the juyce there is a great preparation of the humors unto putrefaction You may know it by this that when the Pestilence reigneth there are no other diseases among the common people which have their original of any ill juyce but they all degenerate into the Plague Therefore when they begin to appear and wander up and down it is a token that the Pestilence will shortly cease or is almost at an end But here also I would have you to understand those to be of an ill juyce which have no pores in their skin by which as it were by rivers the evil juyce which is contrary to nature may be evacuated and purged Who least subject to take the Plague And I have noted and observed that those are less in danger of the Pestilence which have Cancerous Ulcers and stinking sores in their Noses and such as are infected with the French-Pox and have by reason thereof tumors and rotten Ulcers or have the Kings-evil running upon them the Leprosie or the Scab and to conclude all those that have Fistulaes and running in their bodies I think those that have quartane Fevers are the better priviledged for the same because that by the fit causing sweat that cometh every fourth day they avoid much of the evill juyce that was engendred This is more like to be true then to think that the poyson that cometh from without may be driven away by that which lurketh within Contrariwise women that are great with childe as I have noted Who subject thereto because they have much ill juyce being prohibited from their accustomed evacuations are very apt to take this disease and so seldom recover after they are infected Black or blew Impostumes and spots and pustles of the same colour dispersed over the skin Signs the disease is incurable A good sign argue that the disease is altogether incurable and mortal When the swelling or sore goeth or cometh before the Fever it is a good sign for it declareth that the malignity is very weak and feeble and that nature hath overcome it which of it self is able to drive so great portion thereof from the inner parts A deadly sign But if the sore or tumor come after the Fever it is a mortal and deadly sign for it is certain that it cometh of the venomous matter not translated but dispersed not by the victory of nature but through the multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moon decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humors that were collected and gathered together before the Full of the Moon through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weak and feeble because of the imbecillity of the native heat which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the Full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the Wainings of the Moon are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstrual fluxes chiefly or commonly at that time In a gross and cloudy air the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious In what air most contagious then in a thin and subtil air whether that thinness of the air proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North winde and cold Therefore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the City the air is dark and gross the pestilent infection is less fierce and contagious then it is in Province for the subtilty of the air stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortal and pernicious wheresoever it be because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortress or castle of life but commonly not before the signs and tokens of it appear on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physician to help to preserve him from so great a danger before the signs thereof be evident to be seen and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for What effects fear and confidence produce in the Plague Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it cometh to pass that so many die thereof And moreover because of the first suspicion of this so dire and cruel a disease the imagination and mind whose force in the diversly much stirring up of the humors is great and almost incredible is so troubled with fear of imminent death and despair of health that together with the preturbed humors all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh down This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sick and the bearers which are not fearful but very confident although they do all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldom die thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent Fever comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humors or aptness to putrefie but it never thence hath its first original for that comes alwayes from the defiled air therefore a pestilent Fever is thus bred in us The pestilent air drawn by inspiration into the lungs The original of the Plague alwayes from the air and transpiration into the utmost mouths of the veins and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humors already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certain kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humors like unquench't lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putrid vapor which carryed to the principal parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vital spirits and hence proceeds a certain feverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a malign quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venom and besides causeth divers symptoms according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and the hâ—mors wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing and nature defending manifest in which if nature prevail it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send and drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stool or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin Signs that nature is oâ—â—come But on the contrary if the malignity prevail
in the lowest Belly by the Gate-vein But although it be not parted into any branches until it come to the Jugulum Propagations of the Ascendent Trunk Phrenica yet before that it spreads some propagations at its sides and of those three notable ones The first ee is that which is called Phrenica or the vein of the Midriff on either side one and is distributed throughout the whole Midriff which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a numerous issue sending little branches to the neighbouring Pericardium or purse of the Heart and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest which when it has now got above and entred the Chest it inclines a little to the left hand and enters the Pericardium and being hidden very close over against the eight Rack-bone of the Chest is very strongly infixt into the right ventricle C of the heart that Aristotle did not without cause guess that it sprung from hence But before it be so infixed it sends out another propagation bb which is a notable one and extends it self by the hinder part of the Heart and the left side of it towards the forepart compassing the basis of the Heart like a Crown Coronâ—ria from whence it is called Coronaria or the Crown-vein of the Heart This scatters many branches through all the outer surface of the Heart but especially through the left side as that which needed a more copious aliment then the right side because of the continual and greater motion there But because the flesh of the Heart is hard and solid it ought therefore to be nourisht with a thicker blood from whence it is that this branch grows out of the vein before it enters the Heart to wit when the blood is somewhat thicker and not yet attenuated in the cavities of the Heatt Near to the original of this there is a little valve or flood-gate which hinders the blood from flowing back to the Hollow-vein as it might easily do by reason of the continual motion of the Heart When the Hollow vein has now gotten above the Heart it becomes lesser and perforates again the Pericardium and for sakes the Rack-bones of the Back and being got above the Gullet the rough Artery and the Aorta or great Artery which lean so upon one another that the Gullet takes hold of the bodies of the Rack-bones the rough Artery lies upon that and the aorta again upon this it climbs upwards through the midst of the division of the Lungs where the right part is separated from the left But because by this means it could not get to the back and the little branches if it should have sent forth any such had been very liable to danger of breaking being so hanged up therefore it sends forth a third propagation cc as soon as it is got out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Greeks call this vein 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins sine pari or carens conjuge without a companion or wanting a mate because in a man there is but one and it has no companion or mate on the left side as other veins have though in creatures that chew the cud it is double and plainly to be perceived of both sides But it issues forth about the fifth Rack-bone of the Chest out of the hinder part of the Hollow-vein and the right side and goes downwards not directly but inclining a little toward the right hand is as it were reflected backwards to the Back-bone but as soon as it reaches the eight or ninth rib it is cleft above the Spine of the Back into two branches which running downwards pass through the division of the midriff which is betwixt its two productions and so are spread abroad into the lowest Belly Of these the left which is sometimes the greater hiding it self about the transverse Processes of the Rack-bones and under the left production of the midriff and the original of the first bending Muscle of the thigh is inserted into the left Emulgent either near to its beginning or as it oft happens into the middle of it But the right running on likewise under the membranes about the transverse processes of the right side and the right production of the Septum or Midriff and the beginning of the same first bender of the thigh which keeps the right side is implanted sometimes into the very Trunk of the Hollow-vein sometimes into the first vein of the Loins And we are indebted for this observation to the learned Fallopius who would have the matter that is gathered together in the Chest whether it be watery or purulent and corrupt or sanguinous to be evacuated by the benefit of the left branch of this vein of which notwithstanding we will say something briefly in the following Book But this vein in its journey downwards shoots forth twigs of both sides as well right as left of which the right are more notable and larger of which there are numbred almost alwayes ten which run out to as many distances of the lower ribs and make the inferior Intercostal veins But I say they are almost alwayes ten because it happens very seldome that all the distances of the ribs receive branches from this vein the two uppermost to wit the first and second distance getting their surcles or twigs from the fourth branch that is presently to be mentioned But these twigs run straight forwards near to to the lower side of the ribs where there are cavities cut out for them as we have taught in the second Book And truly this place is diligently to be taken notice of by Students in Chirurgery because of the opening of the Chest in the disease called Empyema that they may know that incision is to be made in the uppermost place of the rib because in the lower the vessels would be harmed to the great indangering of life But these veins do not run through the whole length of the true ribs but are terminated together with the bony part But the propagations of the Mammary vein nourish the six distances between the gristles of the seven true ribs as we shall tell you by and by Yet in the bastard ribs they run even beyond the Gristles towards the Abdomen or Paunch into whose Muscles they insinuate themselves But there are certain other little branches propagated from the same vein by which nourishment is derived to the marrow of the Rack-bones and the Muscles to wit those about which they are carried some also are implanted into the Mediastinum near to the back This vein sine pari without a companion being thus constituted the Hollow-vein ascends to the Jugulum or Hollow of the Neck D being supported by the Mediastinum and a certain soft and glandulous body which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is placed in the highest part of the Chest to defend the divarications of the veins there hanging up from all danger of breaking And here
others to the pericardium or puâ—se of the heart and to the heart it self it descends farther within the duplication of the mediastinum and near to the rack-bones is divided into two branches which make the right nerve of the left orifice of the stomach are carried obliquely and theâ— piercing through the midriff together with the gullet to which for all that they afford â—â—ver a branch are consumed upon the leâ—t orifice of the stomach with many branche◠〈◊〉 a little net and so encompass it together with the left nerve Whence the sympathy is betwixt the stomach heâ— t. Propagations of the inner branch that it seems wholly to 〈◊〉 of nerves Hence there is so great a sympathy of the stomach not only with the bâ—a◠〈◊〉 with the heart also that such diseases as pain the upper orifice seem to be of the â—t and indeed so they are the same heart suffering pain because of this nerve being â—â—ined And this is the true cause to wit the communion of this nerve not the ne◠〈◊〉 of both the entrails as others say The inner branch goes to the inner side of the â—oâ—â— of the first â—ib of the chest and cleaving to the rack-bones under the Pleura runs down through the roots of the rest of the ribs taking to it a little branch from every one of the Intercostal nerves that issue out of the back-bone then passing through the midriff with the Descendent trunk of the great artery it is carried as far as to the Os sacrum or great bone at the region whereof it issues out three propagations which are distributed into the natural inner parts The first goes to the lower membrane of the Kall and descending through it is parted into three little branches of which one is distributed to the right side of the same membrane and to that part of the Colique Gut that is joyned into it another the least of them and a very small one to the guts duodenum and the Jejunum about its beginning the third to the bottom of the stomach on the right side and to the upper membrane of the Kall which is something the larger That which remains of this propagation is spent upon the hollow part of the Liver and the bladder of Gall. The second goes into the right kidney and the membrane thereof The third which is greater then either of the former descending to the first rack-bone of the loins reaches into the right side of the mesentery and into the Guts that are tyed thereto entring the center of the mesentery in company of an artery and a vein The remainder goes into the bladder and in women into the right side of the bottom of the womb But the outer branch of the left nerve The outer branch of the left nerve saving that in its descent it has offered sprigs both to the Pleura or membrane investing the rib and to the coat of the lungs and that outwardly as also to the purse of the heart and heart it self inwardly at that part of the Descendent Trunk of the great artery where it first issues out of the heart and is bowed to the back-bone it sends forth three surcles which returning to the said artery close together into one nerve Its propagations The left recurrent nerve which is called sinister recurrens nervus the left returning nerve and in like manner as the right one takes its progress upward and is propagated into the muscles of the Larinx or throttle After this it issues out a small sprig which is distributed through the basis of the heart and coat of it in manner of hairs Afterward the remainder descends inclining it self obliquely to the right and goes to the upper orifice of the Stomach in the right side whereof it is diffused as the right branch was before into the left side being divided into many little branches in manner of a net From this a surclo is carried down along the upper part of the stomach to the pylorus or lower orifice which when hath as it were interwoven with some sprigs it goes into the hollow of the Liver Propagations of the inner branch of the left nerve The inner branch first of all takes to it propagations from the intercostal nerves and then passing through the midriff is divided into three The first of them goes overthwart to the spleen and in the way shoots out two sprigs one which is likewise sent into the lower membrane of the Kall and part of the colick-gut which is tyed thereto another into the left side of the bottom of the stomach and into the upper membrane of the Kall The second propagation goes into the left side of the Mesentery and the guts of that place sometimes also it issues sprigs which run out with the seminary vessels through the processes of the Peritoneum or rim of the belly to the testicles The third goes to the left Kidney and the fat membrane thereof The remainder of the branch passes to the left side of the bladder and of the bottom of the Womb. The use of this pair is manifest enough Use as being very notorious when the outer branch bestows little boughs upon the middle bowels but the inner upon all those of the lowest belly and the right branch upon those of the right side the left on those of the left Besides this use it conduces by the returning branches also to the framing of the voice by imparting the faculty of motion to the muscles of the throttle The seventh pair arises in the utmost part of the nowl bone The seventh pair It s original where the marrow of the brain is ready to go out of the skull and so is counted the hardest of all the nerves that have their original within the skull But it arises in some roots separated from each other which joyning together on both sides into one it goes out of the skull through the fourth and fifth holes of the nowl-bone which are planted betwixt that greatest one which opens a way for the descent of the spinal-marrow and that at which the sixth pair goes out and presently after its egress is involved in one common membrane with the sixth pair whence some not so diligently observing it have believed that they were mixt one with another and thus they descend together When it comes to the root of the tongue it distributes surcles into all the muscles thereof sending over some also to certain muscles of the bone hyoides and of the throttle as also to those which take their beginning from the appendix called styloides It s use The use of this conjugation is to carry down the faculty of sense and motion from the brain to the muscles of the tongue To these seven pairs which are commonly so numbred The eighth pair we add an Eighth which makes the nerves of smelling by which a faculty is derived from the brain of apprehending the odors of things without These are commonly
defluxion or falling down of humors into the part Or these evacuations are performed by much matter evacuated from an opened Bile or running Ulcer a Fistula or such like sores Or by sweats which are very good and healthful especially in sharp diseases if they proceed from the whole body and happen on the critical days By vomit The force of vomits which often violently draws these humors from the whole body even from the utmost joynts which purging medicines could not evacuate as we may see in the Palsie and Sciatica or Hip-gout By spitting as in all who are suppurated either in the sides or lungs By Salivation Salivation or a Phlegmatick flux by the mouth as in those who are troubled with the French-pox By sneezing and blowing the nose for by these the brain opprest with moisture disburdeneth its self whether it be done without or with the help of sternutatories and errhines wherefore children and such as have somewhat moist brains purge themselves often this way By hicket and belching The whole body is also purged by urine for by these the windiness contained in the stomach is often expelled By urine for by this not only Feavers but which is more to be admired the French-pox hath often been terminated and cured For there have been some troubled with the Pox in whom a flux of the vicious and venenate humor could not by Unctions of quicksilver be procured either from the mouth or belly yet have been wounderfully freed bv abundance of Urine both from danger of death and their disease By bleeding for nature hath often found a way for grievous diseases especially in young bodies by bleeding at the nose and by their courses in women By a flux or lask purgation sweats insensible evacuation and transpiration for so tumors the matter being brought to suppuration do sometimes vanish away and are dissolved both of their own accord as also by dissolving or discussing medicines We do the same by exercise diet hot-houses long sleep waking and shedding of tears By sucking as with Cupping-glasses and Hors-leeches in wounds made by venemous bitings We must observe three things in every evacuation In all such kinds of evacuations we must consider three things the quantity quality and manner of evacuation As for an example When an Empyema is opened the matter which runs out ought to be answerable in proportion to the purulent matter which was contained in the capacity of the breasts otherwise unless all the matter be emptyed there may happen a relapse the matter should be white soft equal and nothing stinking Lastly you must let it forth not all together and at one time but by little and little and at several times otherwise not a little quantity of the Spirits and heat doth flow out together with the unprofitable matter and so consequently a dissolution of all the powers CHAP. XVIII Of the Perturbations or Passions of the Mind Why the Passions of the mind are called Accidents Their force THe Perturbations are commonly called the Accidents of the Mind because as bodily accidents from the body so may these be present and absent from the Mind without the corruption of the subject The knowledg of these must not be lightly passed over by the Chirurgeon for they stir up great troubles in the bodies and yield occasion of many and great diseases of which things joy hope and love may give an apparent testimony For by these motions the heat and spirits are sometimes gently sometimes violently diffused over all the body for the enjoying of the present or hoped for good For then the heart is dilated as to embrace the thing beloved and the face is dyed with a rosie and lively colour For it is likely that the faculty it self is stirred by the object by whose power the Heart it self is moved From whence they have their force For it is first necessary before we be moved by any Passions that the senses in their proper seats in which they are seldom deceived apprehend the objects and straight as messengers carry them to the common sense which sends their conceived forms to all the faculties And then that each faculty as a Judge may afresh examin the whole matter how it is and conceive in the presented objects some shew of good or ill to be desired or shunned For What man that was well in his wits did ever fall into laughter unless he formerly knew or saw somewhat said or done The reason of Joy which might yield occasion of laughter Therefore Joy proceeds from the heart for the thing causing mirth or joy being conceived the faculty moves the heart which shaken and moved by the faculty which hath dominion over it is dilated and opened as ready to embrace the exhilarating object But in the mean time by the force of that dilatation it sends forth much heat and spirits together with the bloud into all the body A great part of which comming to the face dilates it the fore-head is smooth and plain the eyes look bright the cheeks become red as died with Vermilion the lips and mouth are drawn together and made plain and smooth some have their cheeks dented with two little pits which from the effects are called laughing cheeks because of the contraction or curling which the muscle suffer by reason of their fulness of bloud and spirits The effects of Joy all which to be brief is nothing but to laugh Joy recreates and quickens all the faculties stirs up the spirits helps concoction makes the body to be better liking and fattens it the heat bloud and spirits flowing thither and the nourishing dew or moisture watering and refreshing all the members from whence it is that of all the passions of the mind this only is profitable so that it exceed not measure for immoderate and unaccustomed joy carries so violently the bloud and spirits from the heart into the habit of the body that sodain and unlookt for death ensues by a speedy decay of the strength the lasting fountain of the vital humor being exhausted Which thing principally happens to those who are less hearty as women and old men Anger Anger causeth the same effusion of heat in us but far speedier than joy therefore the spirits and humors are so enflamed by it that it often causes putrid Feavers especially if the body abound with any ill humour Sorrow Sorrow or grief dries the body by a way quite contrary to that of Anger because by this the heart is so straitned the heat being almost extinct that the accustomed generation of spirits cannot be performed and if any be generated they cannot freely pass into the members with the bloud wherefore the vital faculty is weakned the lively colour of the face withers and decays and the body wastes away with a lingring Consumption Fear Fear in like sort draws in and calls back the spirits and not by little and little as in sorrow but sodainly and violently
motive-faculty Lib. 6. Epidem Hippocrates seems to have confirmed the same where he writes Those who have a thick and great head have also great bones nerves and limbs And in another place he saith those who have great heads and when they stoop shew a long neck such have all their parts large but chiefly the Animal Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatness of the bones and the rest of the members but that he might shew the equality and private care or government of Nature being most just and exact in the fabrick of man's body as if she hath well framed the head it should not be unlike that she idly or carelesly neglected the other parts which are less seen I thought good to dilate this passage lest any might abuse that authority of Hippocrates and gather from thence that not only the bones membranes ligaments grisles and all the other animal parts but also the veins and arteries depend on the head as the original But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body he will understand we have a far other meaning What parts are called Vital By the Vital parts we understand only the heart arteries lungs wind-pipe and other particles annexed to these But by the Natural we would have all those parts understood which are contained in the whole compass of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body and the processes of the Erythroides the second coat of the Testicles For as much as belongs to all the other parts which we call Containing they must be reckoned in the number of the Animal which notwithstanding we must thus divide into principal sensitive and motive and again each of these in the manner following The division of the animal parts For first the principal is divided into the Imaginative which is the first and upper part of the brain with its two ventricles and other annexed particles into the Reasoning which is a part of the brain lying under the former and as it were the top thereof with its third ventricle into the Memorative which is the cerebellum or after-brain with a ventricle hollowed in its substance Secondly the Sensitive is parted into the visive which is in the eyes the auditive in the ears the smelling in the nose the tasting in the tongue and palat the tactive or touching which is in the body but most exquisite in the skin which invests the palms of the hands Thirdly the motive is divided into the progressive which intimates the legs and the comprehensive which intimates the hands Lastly into simply-motive which are three parts called bellies The division of the vital parts for the greatest part terminating and containing for the vital the instrument of the faculty of the heart and dilatation of the arteries are the direct or streight fibers but of the constrictive the transverse but the three kinds of fibers together of the pulsifick or if you please you may divide them into parts serving for respiration as are the lungs and weazon and parts serving for vital motion as are the heart and arteries furnished with these fibers which we formerly mentioned The division of the natural parts The division of the natural parts remains which is into the nourishing auctive and generative which again are distributed into attractive universal and particular retentive concoctive distributive assimilative and expulsive The attractive as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricle the retentive as the Pylorus or lower passage of the stomach the concoctive as the body of the ventricle or its inner coat the distributive as the three small guts the expulsive as the three great guts we may say the same of the liver for that draws by the mesaraick and gate-veins retains by the narrow orifices of the veins dispersed through the substance thereof it concocts by its proper flesh distributes by the hollow vein expels by the spleen bladder of the gall and kidnies We also see the parts in the Testicles divided into as many functions for they draw by the preparing vessels retain by the various crooked passages in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and faculty they distribute by the ejaculatory at the glandules called Prostatae and the horns of the womb supplying the place of prostates Lastly they expel or cast forth by the prostates horns and adjoyning parts For as much as belongs to the particular attraction retention concoction distribution assimilation of each part that depends of the particular temper and as they term it occult property of each similar and simple part Neither do these particular actions differ from the universal but that the general are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers but the special by the several occult property of their flesh arising from their temperature which we may call a specifick property Now in the composition of mans body nature principally aims at three things The first is to create parts necessary for life as are the heart brain and liver The second to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living as the eyes nose ears arms and hands The third is for the propagation and renewing the species or kind as the privy parts testicles and womb And this is my opinion of the true distinction of mans body furnished with so many parts for the performance of so many faculties which you if you please may approve of and follow If not you may follow the common and vulgar which is into three bellies or capacities the upper middle lower that is the head breast The vulgar division of mans body and lower belly and the limbs or joints In which by the head we do not understand all the Animal parts but only those which are from the crown of the head to the first vertebra of the neck or to the first of the back if according to the opinion of Galen Lib. de ossibus where he makes mention of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia we reckon the neck amongst the parts of the head By the breast whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard or short ribs and the midriff By the lower belly the rest of the trunk of the body from the ends of the ribs to the share-bones by the limbs we understand the arms and legs We will follow this division in this our Anatomical Discourse because we cannot follow the former in dissecting the parts of mans body by reason the Animal parts are mutually mixed with the vital and natural and first of the lower belly Nature would not have this lower belly bony Why the belly is not bony because the ventricle might be more easily dilated by meat and drink children might grow the better and the body be more flexible It is convenient we begin our Anatomical Administration from this because it is more subject to
The magnitude The figure The composure NOw we must speak of the Stomach the receptacle of the food necessary for the whole body the seat of appetite by reason of the Nerves dispersed into its upper orifice and so into its whole substance The substance thereof is rather spermatick than sanguine because that for one fleshy membrane it hath two nervous The quantity or magnitude of the ventricle is divers according to the various magnitudes of bodies and gluttony of men The figure of it is round and somewhat long like a Bagpipe The stomach is composed of two proper coats and one common from the Peritonaeum together with veins sinews and arteries the innermost of its proper coats is membranous woven with right fibers for the attraction of meats it is extended and propagated even to the mouth thereof whereby it comes to pass that the affections of one part may easily be communicated to the other by sympathy or consent The cause of the consent of the mouth and stomach This coat hath its original from the membranes of the brain which accompany the nerves descending from the third and fourth conjugation to the mouth thereof And in like sort from other productions descending by the passages of the head from whence also another reason may be drawn from that which they commonly bring from the nerves of the sixt conjugation why in wounds of the head the stomach doth so soon suffer by consent with the brain The exterior or outer is more fleshy and thick woven with oblique fibers to retain and expel It draws its original from the Pericranium which assoon as it comes to the gullet takes unto it certain fleshy fibers There be nerves sent into the Stomach from the sixt conjugation of the Brain as it shall be shewed in its proper place Veins and Arteries are spread into it from the Gastrica the Gastrepiploides the Coronaria and Splenick from the second third and fourth distribution of the Vena-porta or Gate-vein and the third of the descendent artery to the natural parts assoon as it passes forth of the Midriffe It is one in number The greater part of it is situated on the left side between the Spleen The number the hollowness of the Liver and the Guts that assisted by the heat of such neighbouring parts it may more cheerfully perform the concoction of the meat Neither am I ignorant that Galen hath written that a great part of the Stomach lies on the left side But inspection it self and reason makes me derogate from Galen's authority for because there is more empty space on the left side Lib. de usu partium by reason the Spleen is less than the Liver it was fit it should lie more on the left side The connexion The more proper connexion of it is with the gullet and guts by its two orifices with the brain by its nerves with the liver and spleen by its veins with the heart by its arteries and with all the natural parts by its common membrane The temper of the ventricle in men of good habit is temperate because it is almost composed of the equal commixture of sanguine and spermatick parts or according to Galen's opinion The temper Lib. 9. Meth. it is cold of it self and by the parts composing it and hot by the vicinity of the bowels But in some it is hotter in others colder according to the divers temper and complexion of divers bodies That stomach is to be thought well tempered that powerfully draws down the meat and drink and embraces and retains them so drawn until by concoction and elixation they shall be turned into a juyce like cream which the Greeks call Chylos and lastly which doth strongly send from it and repel the excrements of this first concoction The Stomach is known to be hotter by this that it better concocts and digests coorse and hard meats as Beef hard Egs and the like than soft meats easie of digestion Notes of a hoâ— Stomach which it corrupts and turns into belchings For so a young Chicken is sooner burnt than well roasted at a great fire The stomach which is colder desires much meat but is slow in concocting them especially if they be cold and hard of digestion which for that cause quickly turn sowre The action of a well conditioned stomach is twofold one common another proper The common is to attenuate The action twofold mix and digest the meats taken in at the mouth for the nutrition of it self and the whole body after the liver hath performed its duty which before it be done the ventricle only enjoys the sweet pleasure of the Chylus and comforts it self against the impurity of the adjacent parts whereof it is called the work-house of concoction Its first action is to attract retain and assimilate to it self that which is convenient but to expel whatsoever shall be contrary either in quantity or quality or in the whole substance It hath two orifices one above which they commonly call the stomach and heart The two orifices of the stomach the other lower which is called the Pylorus or lower mouth of the stomach The upper bends to the left side neer the back-bone it is far more large and capacious than the lower that so it may more commodiously receive meats half-chewed hard and gross which Gluttons cast down with great greediness it hath an exquisite sense of feeling because it is the seat of the appetite by reason of the nerves incompassing this orifice with their mutual imbracings whereby it happens that the ventricle in that part is endued with a quick sense that perceiving the want and emptiness of meat it may stir up the creature to seek food For albeit nature hath bestowed four faculties on other parts yet they are not sensible of their wants but are only nourished by the continual sucking of the veins as plants by juyce drawn from the earth This orifice is seated at the fifth Vertebra of the chest upon which they say it almost rests The site Yet I had rather say that it lies upon the twelfth Vertebra of the chest and the first of the loins for in this place the gullet perforates the midriffe and makes this upper orifice The glandulous ring of the Pylorus The lower orifice bends rather to the right side of the body under the cavity of the Liver It is far straiter than the upper lest any thing should pass away before it be well attenuated and concocted and it doth that by the help or assistance of as it were a certain ring like to the sphincter muscle of the fundament which some have thought a glandule made by the transposition of the inner and fleshy membrane of the ventricle into that which is the outer of the guts I know Columbus laughs at this glandulous ring but any one that looks more attentively shall perceive that Pylorus is glandulous The stomach in its lower and inner side hath many folds
see it comes to pass in most Beasts which have one Gut stretched straight out from the stomach to the fundament as in the Lynx and such other Beasts of insatiable gluttony always like plants regarding their food CHAP. XV. Of the Mesentery The substance Magnitude Figure Composure AFter the Guts follows the Mesentery being partly of a fatty and partly of spermatick substance The greatness of it is apparent enough although in some it be bigger and in some lesser according to the greatness of the body It is of a round figure and not very thick It is composed of a double coat arising from the beginning and root of the Peritonaeum In the midst thereof it admits nerves from the Costal of the sixt Conjugation veins from the Vena Porta or Gate-vein Arteries from the descendent artery over and besides a great quantity of fat and many glandulous bodies to prop up the division of the vessels spred over it as also to moisten their substance It is in number one situate in the middle of the guts from whence it took its name Number The connexion Yet some divide it into two parts to wit into the Meseraeum that is the portion interwoven with the smal guts and into the Meso-colon which is joyned with the Great It hath connexion by it vessels with the principal parts by its whole substance with the guts and in some sort with the kidneys from whose region it seems to take its coats The temper It is of a cold and moist temper if you have respect to his fatty substance but if to the rest of the parts cold and dry The action and use The action and use of it is to bind and hold together the guts each in his place lest they should rashly be folded together and by the Meseraick-veins which they term the hands of the Liver carry the Chylus to the Liver All the miseraick veins come from the liver In which you must note that all the Meseraick Veins come from the Liver as we understand by the dissection of bodies although some have affirmed that there be some veins serving for the nourishment of the guts no ways appertaining to the Liver but which end in certain Glandulous bodies dispersed through the Mesentery of whose use we will treat hereafter CHAP. XVI Of the Glandules in general and of the Pancreas or Sweet-bread A Glandule is a simple part of the body sometimes of a spongy and soft substance Substance of the glandules sometimes of a dense and hard Of the soft Glandules are the Tonsillae or Almonds like in substance to blanched Almonds the Thymus Pancreas Testicles Prostatae But the dense and hard are the Parotides and other like The Glandules differ amongst themselves in quantity and figure for some are greater than othersome and some are round and others plain Quantity and figure as the Thymus and Pancreas Others are compounded of veins nerves arteries and their proper flesh Composition as the Almonds of the ears the milky glandules in the breasts and the testicles Others want nerves at least which may be seen as the Parotides the axillary or those under the arm-holes and others The number of glandules is uncertain by reason of the infinite multitude and variety of sporting nature Number You shall find them always in those places where the great divisions of vessels are made as in the middle ventricle of the brain in the upper part of the Chest in the Mesentery and other like places Although othersome be seated in such places as nature thinks needful to generate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature as the Almonds at the root of the tongue the kernels in the dugs the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the womb or where Nature hath decreed to make emunctories for the principal parts as behind the ears under the arm-holes and in the groins The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their composition but also with those whose division they keep and preserve Connexion They are of a cold temper wherefore Physitians say the blood recrudescere i to become raw again in the dugs when it takes upon it the form of milk But of these some have action as the Almonds Temper Action and use which pour out spattle useful for the whole mouth the dugs milk the Testicles seed others use only as those which are made to preserve under-prop and fill up the divisions of the vessels The substance of the Pancreas Besides this we have spoken of glandules in general we must know that the Pancreas is a glandulous and flesh-like body as that which hath every-where the shape and resemblance of flesh It is situate at the flat end of the Liver under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion The site and under the Gate-vein to serve as a Bulwark both to it and the divisions thereof whilst it fils up the empty spaces between the vessels themselves and so hinders that they be not pluckt asunder nor hurt by any violent motion as a fall or the like CHAP. XVII Of the Liver HAving gone thus far order of dissection now requires that we should treat of the distribution of the gate-vein but because it cannot well be understood unless all the nature of the Liver from whence it arises be well known therefore putting it off to a more fit place we will now speak of the Liver Wherefore the Liver according to Galen's opinion What the Liver is lib. de form foetus is the first of all the parts of the body which is finished in conformation It is the shop and Author of the blood and the original of the veins the substance of it It s substance and quantity is like the concrete mud of the blood the quantity of it is divers not only in bodies of different but also of the same species as in men amongst themselves of whom one will be gluttonous and fearful another bold and temperate or sober for he shall have a greater Liver than this because it must conceive and concoct a greater quantity of Chylus yet the Liver is great in all men because they have need of a great quantity of blood for the repairing of so many spirits and the substantifick moisture which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contemplation But there may be a twofold reason given why such as are fearful have a larger Liver Why Cowards have great Livers The first is because in those the vital faculty in which the heat of courage and anger resides which is in the heart is weak and therefore the defect of it must be supplyed by the strength of the natural faculty For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part by the increase and accession of another The other reason is because cold men have a great
this same splenick branch on its lower part produces the branch of the Haemorrhoidal veins which descending to the fundament above the left side of the loins diffuses a good portion thereof into the least part of the colick gut and the right gut at the end whereof it is often seen to be divided into five Haemorrhoidal veins sometimes more sometimes less Silvius writes that the Haemorrhoidal branch descends from the mesenterick and truly we have sometimes observed it to have been so Yet it is more sutable to reason that it should desscend from the Splenick 3. Gastrepiplois major sinistra not only for that we have seen with our eyes that it is so but also because it is appointed by nature for the evacuation of the excrementitious melancholick humor But this same splenick branch out of the middle almost of its upper part produces the third branch going to the gibbous part of the stomach and the kall they term it the greater middle and left Gastrepiplois 4. Epiplois simplex But on the lower part towards the Spleen it produces the simple Epiplois or Kall-vein 5. Vas breve seu venosum which it diffuses through the left side of the Kall Moreover from its upper part which touches the Liver it sends forth a short branch called vas breve or venosum to the upper orifice of the ventricle for stirring up the appetite Lib. 4. de usu partium We have oftentimes and almost always observed that this vein-vessel which Galen calls vas breve comes from the very body of the Spleen and is terminated in the midst of the Stomach on the left side but never pierces both the coats thereof Wherefore it is somewhat difficult to find how the melancholy juyce can that way be powred or sent into the capacity of the Stomach Now the Splenick branch when it hath produced out of it those five fore-mentioned branches is wasted and dispersed into the substance and body or the spleen II. Ramus mesentereus divided into three parts Then follows another compound branch of the vena porta called the Mesenterick which is divided into three parts the first and last whereof goes to the Blind-gut and to the right and middle part of the Colick-gut divided into an infinite multitude of other branches The second and middle is wasted in the Ileon as the third and greater in the Jejunum or Empty-gut It is called Mesenterick because it is diffused over all the Mesentery as the Splenick is in the Spleen And thus much we have to say of the division of the Gate-vein the which if at any time thou shalt find to be otherwise than I have set down you must not wonder at it for you shall scarce find it the same in two bodies by reason of the infinite variety of particular bodies which as the Philosophers say have each their own or peculiar gifts Our judgment is the same of other divisions of the vessels Yet we have set down that which we have most frequently observed CHAP. XXI Of the original of the Artery and the division of the Branch descending to the natural parts THese things being thus finished and considered the guts should be pulled away but seeing that if we should do so we should disturb and lose the division of the artery descending to the natural parts therefore I have thought it better to handle the division thereof The original of arteries The division of the great descendant Artery is into these before the Guts be pluckt away Therefore we must suppose according to Galen's opinion that as all the veins come from the Liver so all Arteries proceed from the Heart This presently at the beginning is divided into two branches the greater whereof descends downwards to the natural parts upon the spine of the back taking its beginning at the fifth vertebra thereof from whence it goes into the following arteries The first called the intercostal runs amongst the intercostal muscles and the distances of the ribs and spinal marrow through the perforation of the nerves on the right and left hand from the fifth true even to the last of the bastard ribs 1. Arteria interâ—ostalis 2 â—brenica 3. Coeliaca This in going this progress makes seven little branchings distributed after the forementioned manner going forth of the trunk of the descendent over against each of the intercostal Muscles The second being parted into two goes on each side to the Midriffe whence it may be called or expressed by the name of the Diaphragmatica or Phrenica i the Midriffe Artery The third being of a large proportion arising from the upper part of the Arterie presently after it hath passed the Midriffe is divided into two notable Branches whereof one goes to the Stomach Spleen Kall to the hollow part of the Liver and the Gall the other is sent forth to the Mesentery and Guts after the same manner as we said of the Meseraick vein wherefore it is called the Coeliaca or Stomach Artery But we must note all their mouths penetrate even to the innermost coat of the Guts that by that means they may the better and more easily attract the Chylus contained in them 4. Emulgent The fourth carryed to the reins where it is named the Reinal or Emulgent because it sucks fit matter from the whole mass of blood 5. Spermatica The fifth is sent to the Testicles with the preparing Spermatick-veins whence also it is named the Spermatick Artery which arises on the right side from the very Trunk of the descendent Artery that it may associate the Spermatick-vein of the same side they run one above another beneath the hollow-vein wherefore we must have a great care whilest we labour to lay it open that we do not hurt and break it The seventh Figure of the lower Belly A A The Midriff turned back with the ribs of the Peritonaeum BB The cave or hollow part of the liver for the liver is lifted up that the hollow part of it may be better seen C The least ligament of the Liver D The Umbilical vein E The hollowness of the Liver which giveth way to the stomach F the left orifice of the stomach GG Certain knubs or knots and impressions in the hollow part of the liver H The bladder of Gall. I The Gate-vein cut off and branches which go to the bladder of gall K A nerve from the liver coming from the stomachical nerve L An Artery common to the liver and bladder of gall M A nerve common also to them both coming from the right costal nerve of the ribs N The passage of the Gall the Guts cut off OO The hollow of the fore-parts of the Spleen P The line where the vessels of the Spleen implanted Q. The trunk of the hollow veia R The trunk of the great Artery S The Coeliacal Artery cut off T V The Kidneys yet wrapped in their membrane X Y The fatty veins called venae
divided into four lobes disjoyned with a manifest and visible division on each side two whereby they may be the more easily opened and contracted and the air may the better enter Besides also in large bodies who have a very great Chest there is found a fifth lobe arising from the second lobe of the right side as a cushion or bolster to bear up the Hollow-vein ascending from the Midriff to the Heart In little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so near as to touch the Diaphragma this lobe is not seen yet it is alwayes found in Dogs The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof Figure for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the Weazon with your mouth or a pair of bellows Composition They are compounded of a coat coming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa coming from the right ventricle of the Heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the Heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the Throat and lastly it s own flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick bloud poured out like foam about the divisions of the foresaid vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unless you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobe of the Lungs stretched forth into the right and left side do almost involve all the Heart that so they may defend it against the hardness of the Bones which are about it they are tyed to the Heart chiefly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed The sticking of the Lungs to the ribs But oft-times presently from the first and natural conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certain thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherways they are tyed to the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body Their nourishment for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of air which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the air that it hurt not the Heart by its coldness The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or Wind-pipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voyce and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throttle is the chief instrument of the voyce for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throttle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Palate of the Mouth as in the upper part of a Lute or such like Instrument by the help of the Gargareon or Uvula as a certain quil to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx ribs the Diaphragmn and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed down whence proceeds a suppression of the vocal matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is Why the lungs are light That seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the Chest for when it it straitned the Lungs are straitned and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is That by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring air at such times as they have much or sodain necessity as in running a race And lastly That in Plurisies and other purulent abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that means the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to cool and temper the raging heat of the Heart The use of respiration or breathing For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the cool air and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapor Therefore the Chest performs two contrary motions for whilst it is dilated it draws in the encompassing air and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapor of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a pair of Smiths-bellows CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or Purse of the Heart Whence it hath its matter THe Pericardium is as it were the House of the Heart which arising at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the Vertebra's situate there or else the vessels of the Heart yielding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retains the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the Heart to perform its proper motion Wherefore the bigness of the Pericardium exceeds that of the Heart It consists of a double coat one proper of which we have spoken another common coming from the Pleura and also of the veins arteries and nerves the vessels partly coming from the Mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt Conjugation Number and Connexion It is only one placed about the Heart and annexed to it at the basis thereof by its membranes to the original of the Lungs and the Vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every Membrane is Use The use thereof is to cover the Heart and preserve it in its native humidity by certain natural moisture contained in it unless you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condensation and concretion of the spirits Although this seems not very likely because it grows and is heaped up in so great quantity in living bodies that it hinders the motion of the Heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man From whence the matter of the watery humor contained in the Pericardium For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose Hearts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the Stomach or Liver and this humor may be generated of vapors which on every side exhale into the Pericardium from the blood boyling in the
to the opposite side that it may there joyn it self to the Nerve of that side To which purpose the right is carryed above the Gullet the left below it so that these two Stomatick become four and again these four presently become two CHAP. XV. The Division of the Arteries THe Artery arising forth of the left Ventricle of the Heart The left branch of the ascendent Artery is less then the right The distribution of the left subclavian Artery into the is presently the two Coronal Arteries being first spred over the substance of the Heart divided into two unequal branches The greater whereof descends to the lower parts being distributed as we formerly mentioned in the third Book and 22. Chapter The lesser ascending to the upper parts is again divided into two other unequal branches the lesser of which ascending towards the left side sends forth no Artery from it until it arrive at the rib of the Chest where it produces the Subclavian Artery which is distributed after the manner following First it produces the Intercostal 1 Intercostalis and by it imparts life to the three intercostal muscles of the four upper ribs and to the neighbouring places Secondly It brings forth the Mammillary branch 2 Mammaria which is distributed as the Mammillary vein is Thirdly the Cervicalis 3 Cervicalis which ascends along the neck by the transverse productions to the Dura mater being distributed as the Vena Cervicalis is The Figure of the Arteries A The orifice of the great Artery or the beginning thereof where it issueth out of the Heart B Coronaria so called because like a Crown it compasseth the basis of the Heart C the division of the great Artery into two trunks V i. D the left Subclavian climbing obliquely upward unto the ribs E the upper Intercostol Artery or a branch which bestoweth four propagations unto the distances of the lower rib F the Neck-artery which through the transverse processes of the Rack-bones of the Neck attaineth to the Scull bestowing surcles unto the marrow and his neighbour muscles G the left Mammary Artery running under the Brest-bone and to the Navil It distributeth the surcles to the Mediastinum the muscles of the Brest and of the Abdomen H Muscula or a branch attaining to the backward muscles of the Neck I the Scapular-Arteries which go unto the hollowness of the blade and of the muscles that lie thereon K Humeraria which climbeth over the top of the shoulder L Thoracica superior sprinkled unto the forward muscles of the Chest M Thoracica inferior which passing along the sides of the Chest attaineth to the Broad muscles of the arm N the Axillary Artery running out into the Arm and affording branches unto the muscles thereof O a branch reaching to the outside of the cubit lying deep PP branches to the joint of the cubit with the arm Q the upper branch of the Artery running along the Radius und offering surcles to the thumb the fore-finger and the middle-finger R a surcle creeping unto the outside of the hand and led betwixt the first bone of the thumb and that of the after-wrist supporteth the forefinger where we use to feel the pulse S the lower branch of the artery running along the Ulna and communicating surcles to the little finger the ring-finger and the middle finger * A little branch unto the muscles about the little finger T the distribution of the upper and lower branches into the hand and the fingers V the trunk of the great Artery ascending to the Jugulum and the division thereof in that place into X Y Z. X the left Carotis or sleepy artery Y Subclavian dextra divided into branches as the right is divided Z Carotis dextra called also Apoplectica and Lethargica a the division of the left Carotis in the chops b the exteriour branch of that division going into the face the temples and behind the ears c the inner branch going to the throttle the chops and the tongue d the division hereof at the basis of the skull into two branches which enter the sinus of the Dura mater e a propagation of the branch b unto the muscles of the face f the distribution of the branch b under the root of the ear g the forebranch hereof creeping up the temples h the back-branch running on the back-side of the ear under the skin i the trunk of the great Artery descending unto the spondils of the back kkk the lower Intercostal arteries which go unto the distances of the eight lower ribs from which are offered surcles to the marrow and to the muscles that grow to the Back and to the Chest l the artery of the midriff called Phrenica or Diaphragmatica ζ Mesenterica Superior but you must note that above ζ the trunk of the Coeliacal artery is taken away lest the multitude of letters in so small a Table should breed obscurity η θ the right and left Emulgents running from the Aorta or great Artery unto the kidnies ιι κκ the spermatical arteries on either side going to the testicles λ the lower Mesenterical artery on the left below μ running especially into the Colick-gut on that side μμ the arteries called Lumbares which run overthwart and like knees affording surcles to the muscles that grow to the loins and to the Peritonaeum μ the lower Muscula superior running into the sides of the Abdomen and the muscles νν the bifurcation of the great artery into two Iliack trunks and at the sides but somewhat inward are branches which make those that are called Sacrae Τ the division of the left Iliack trunk into an inner branch at ξ and an utter at φ. ξ the inner Iliack branch ο Muscula inferior the utter propagation of the inner branch going unto the muscles which cover the branch-bone and the Coxendix Ï€ Hypogastrica the inner propagation of the inner branch going to the bladder the yard and the neck of the womb Ï the umbilical artery σ the remainder of the branch ξ assuming an addition from the utter branch neer φ and so falling through the hole of the share-bone into the leg Ï„ Epigastrica it ascendeth upward unto the right muscle of the Abdomen and about the navel is joyned with the mammary artery η Pudenda it creepeth overthwart the share-bone φ the Crural trunk without the Peritonaeum χ Muscula cruralis exterior going into the fore-muscles of the thigh ψ Muscula cruralis interior going unto the muscles of the inside of the thigh ω The conjunction of this artery with the branches Γ Poplitea going to the muscles on the back-side of the thigh ΔΔ which communicateth small branches to the joint of the knee and the muscles that make the calf of the leg Θ the division of the Crural artery under the ham into three branches Λ Tibiaea exterior it accompanieth the brace-bone and is consumed into the muscles Ξ the chief part of the crural artery Σ the upper and backer
Tibiaea ΠΦ the lower and backer Tibiaea running unto the upper side of of the foot at Φ. Ψ a propagation of the crural artery going to the inner and upper side of the foot and sprinkling a branch unto the ankle Ω a propagation unto the lower part of the foot which affordeth surcles to each toe 4. Musculosa Fourthly passing out of the Chest from the Back-part of the Chest it sends forth the musculosa whereby it gives life to the hind-muscles of the neck even to the Back-part of the head 5 Humeraria duplex Fifthly having wholly left the Chest it sends forth the two Humerariae or shoulder-arteries the one whereof goes to the muscles of the hollow part of the shoulder-blade the other to the joynt of the arm and muscles situate there and the gibbous part of the shoulder-blade 6 Thoracica duplex The distribution of the right subclavian artery The Carotides or sleepy arteries Their division The distribution of the internal branch of the sleepy arteries Sixthly and lastly it produces the Thoracica which is also twofold for the one goes to the fore-muscles of the Chest the other to the Latissimus as we said of the vein the remnant of it makes the Axillaris of that side The other greater branch likewise ascending by the right side even to the first rib of the Chest makes also the subclavian of that side which besides those divisions it makes on this side like those of the left side hath also another which makes the right and left Carotides or sleepy arteries which ascending undivided with a nerve of the sixth conjugation and the internal jugular vein by the sides of the Asperia Arteria or wind-pipe when they come to the Pharinx they are divided on each side into two branches the one internal the other external The internal and greater is sent to the Pharinx Larinx and Tongue then entring into the head by the long hole and Back-part of the upper jaw it sends many Branches to the nose eyes the inside of the temporal muscles and to the Crassa meninx or Dura mater the remainder of this Branch going by the side-holes of the same that it might there make the Plexus admirabilis as we see And then it is spent upon the basis of the brain abundantly diffused over the tenuis meninx or Pia mater and then the membrane or Plexus Choroides To what par s the external branch of the sleepy artery arrives The external or lesser Branch of the sleepy arteries goes to the cheeks the temples and behind the ears lastly it sends a Branch into the long muscle of the neck with which the internal Jugular-vein insinuates it self into the Dura mater entring by the hole of the nerves of the sixth conjugation But we must note that there be more veins in a mans Body then arteries and besides that the veins are far thicker For there is no need for preserving the native heat in the parts themselves either of so many or so large instruments of that kind Therefore you may often find veins without arteries but never arteries without veins But we understand that an artery is companion to a vein not only when it touches it or adheres to it by common membranes as usually it happens but also when it is appointed together with the vein for the use of the same part CHAP. XVI Of the Thymus THe Thymus is a glandule of a soft rare and spongious substance of large bigness What the Thymus is situate in the furthest and highest part of the Chest amongst the divisions of the subclavian or Jugular veins and arteries as yet contained in the Chest for this use The use that it might serve these vessels for a defence against the bony hardness of the Chest and besides that as it were by this prop or stay the distributions of these vessels might become the stronger for so we see that nature hath provided for others especially such as are the more noble and worthy The magnitude This glandule appears very large in beasts and young men but in such as have attained to full growth it is much less and scarce to be seen CHAP. XVII Of the Aspera Arteria the rough Artery or Weazon THe Aspera Arteria or Weazon seeing it is the instrument of voice and respiration The Substance is of a gristly ligamentous and wholly various substance For if it had been one rough and continued Body with the Larinx or throttle it could not be neither dilated nor compressed opened nor shut neither could it order the voice according to our desire The Figure of the Aspera Arteria or Weazon A The orifice of the great Artery cut from the heart aa The coronal arteries of the heart B C D The division of the great artery into two trunks the descending C the asce ndng D. E The left axillary or subclavian artery F. The right axillary or subclavian artery G The right Carotis or sleepy artery H The left Carotis I The trunk of the rough artery or weazon K L The division of the rough artery into two branches of which the right goes into the right and left into the left side of the lungs which branches are again subdivided into many other M The head of the Rough Artery called the Larinx or Throttle N N Certain Glandules or Kernels at the root of it OO The right and left nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugation P A revolution of small branches of the right nerve to the right Axillary Artery QQ The right Recurrent Nerve R A revolution of small branches of the left nerve unto the descending of the great Artery SS The left recurrent Nerve It is composed of veins from the internal Jugular Composure of arteries arising from the Carotides and of nerves proceeding from the Recurrent Branch of a double membrane of which the external comes from the Peritonaeum the internal which is the stronger and woven with right fibers from the inner coat of the mouth the which is common with the inner coat of the oesophagus or gullet And also it consists of round gristles yet not drawn into a perfect circle composed in manner of a channel and mutually joyned together in order by the ligaments that proceed from their sides and ends Why the back part of the Weazon is ligamentous These same ligaments perfect the remnant of the circle of this Aspera Arteria on that part next the gullet which is thought to be done to this end that that softness of a ligament might then give place when we swallow harder and greater gobbets of meat Of the two sorts of ligaments which are annexed to the gristles of the Weazon some tie and fasten together the rings or circles which give means both to it and these circles to be drawn in length othersome bring these gristles into a perfect circle Why the fore-part is gristlely which also yield them means of dilatation These
transpiration or by the moisture of the skin The unputrid Synochus or by a sweat natural gentle and not ill smelling to this Diary we may refer the unputrid Synochus generated of bloud not putrid but only heated beyond measure For usually there arises a great heat over all the body by means of the bloud immoderately heated whence the veins become more tâ—mid the face appears fiery the Eyes red and burning the breath hot and to conclude the whole habit of the body more full by reason of that ebullition of the bloud and the diffusion of the vapours thence arising over all the body Whence it is that this kind of Synochus may be called a vaporous Feaver To this Children are incident as also all sanguine bodies which have no ill humors The cure of this and the Ephemera or Diary is the same because it may scarse seem different from the Ephemera in any other thing than that it may be prolonged for three or four dayes Wherefore whatsoever we shall say for the cure of the Ephemera may be applyed to the Synochus bloud-letting excepted which in an unputrid Synochus is very necessary Now the cure of a Diary-Feaver consists in the decent use of things not natural The cure of a Diary Feaver contrary to the the cause of a disease wherefore bathes of warm and natural water are very profitable so that the Patient be not Plethorick nor stuft with excrements nor obnoxious to Catarrhs and defluxions because a Catarrh is easily caused and augmented by the humors diffused and dissolved by the heat of a Bath therefore in this case we must eschew frictions and anointing with warm Oil which things notwithstanding are thought very useful in these kinds of Feavers especially when they have their original from extreme labour by astriction of the skin or a Bubo Let this be a general rule that to every cause whence this Feaver proceeded you oppose the contrary for a remedy as to labour rest to watching sleep to anger and sorrow grateful society of friends and all things replenished with pleasant good will and to a Bubo the proper cure thereof The use of Wine in a Diary Wine moderately tempered with water according to the custom of the sick Patient is good and profitable in all causes of this Feaver except he be pained in his head or that the Feaver drew its original from anger or a Bubo for in this last case especially the patient must abstain wholly from Wine until the inflammation come to the state and begins to decline This kind of Feaver often troubles Infants and then you must prescribe such medicines to their Nurses as if they were sick that so by this means their milk may become medicinable Also it will be good to put the Infant himself into a Bath of natural and warm water and presently after the Bath to anoint the ridg of the Back and Brest with Oyl of Violets But if a Phlegmon possess any inward part or otherwise by its nature be great or seated near any principal Bowel so that it may continually send from it either a putrid matter or exhalation to the heart and not only affect it by a quality of preternatural heat by the continuity of the parts thence will arise the putrid Synochus if the blood by contagion putrefying in the greater vessels consists of one equal mixture of the four humors This Feaver is thus chiefly known How a putrid Synochus is caused it hath no exacerbations or remissions but much less intermissions it is extended beyond the space of twenty four hours neither doth it then end in vomit sweat moisture or by little and little insensible transpiration after the manner of intermitting Feavers or Agues but remains constant until it leaves the Patient for altogether it commonly happens not unless to those of a good temper and complexion which abound with much bloud and that tempered by an equal mixture of the four humors It commonly indures not long because the bloud by some peculiar putrefaction degenerating into Choler or Melancholy will presently bring forth another kind of Feaver to wit a Tertian or continued Quartain Phlebotomy necessary in a putrid Synochus The cure of this Feaver as I have heard of most learned Physitians chiefly consists in blood-letting For by letting of bloud the fulness is diminished and therefore the obstruction is taken away and lastly the putrefaction And seeing that in this kind of Feaver there is not only a fault of the matter by the putrefaction of the bloud but also of the Temper by excess of heat certainly Phlebotomy helps not only as we said the putrefaction but also the hot distemper For the bloud in which all the heat of the creature is contained whilst it is taken away the acrid and fuliginous excrements exhale and vanish away with it which kept in encrease the Feaverish heat Moreover the veins to shun emptiness which Nature abhors are filled with much cold air in stead of the hot bloud which was drawn away which follows a cooling of the habit of the whole body yea and many by means of Phlebotomy have their Bellies loosed and sweat both which are much to be desired in this kind of Feaver What benefit we may reap by drawing bloud even to fainting This moved the ancient Physitians to write that we must draw bloud in this disease even to the fainting of the Patient Yet because thus not a few have poured out their lives together with their bloud it will be better and safer to divide the evacuations and draw so much bloud at several times as the greatness of the disease shall require and the strength of the Patient may bear Why we must give a Clyster presently after bloud-letting When you have drawn bloud forthwith inject an emollient and refngerative Clyster lest that the veins emptied by Phlebotomy may draw into them the impurity of the Guts but these Clysters which cool too much rather bind the belly than loose it The following day the Morbisick matter must be partly evacuated by a gentle Purge as a bole of Cassia or Catholicon then must you appoint Syrups which have not only a refrigerative quality When Syrrups profitable in this case but also to resist putrefaction such as the Syrup of Limmons Berberries of the Juyce of Citrons of Pomgranates Sorrel and Vinegar Why a slender Diet must be used after letting much bloud let his diet be absolutely cooling and humecting and also slender for the native heat much debilitated by drawing of great quantity of bloud cannot equal a full diet Therefore it shall suffice to feed the Patient with Chicken and Veal Broths made with cooling Herbs as Sorrel Lettice and Purslin Let his drink be Barly-water Syrrup of Violets mixed with some pretty quantity of boyled water Julepum Alexandrium especially if he be troubled with scouring or lask But the Physitian must chiefly have regard to the fourth day for if then
vel unguenti and there may be use of a resolving and repercussive Ointment as â„ž plumbi usti loti pomphol thuris an Ê’ ij ss absinth pontic â„¥ ss olei rosarum â„¥ iij ceraeÊ’ vi succi solani quantum sufficit ad unguenti crassitudinem They very much commend Theodoricks Emplaister to asswage the pain of ulcerated Cancers â„ž olei ros cerae all an â„¥ ii ss succi granat solani an â„¥ ij cerusae lotae â„¥ i plumbi usti loti Theodoricks Emplaisters tuthiae prapar an â„¥ ss thuris mastich an Ê’ ij fiat empl molle This following Ointment I have often used with good success â„ž Theriac veter â„¥ i succi cancrorum â„¥ ss succi lactucae olei rosar an â„¥ i ss vitel ovorum sub cinerib coct ij camphor Ê’ ss pistentur omnia in mertario plumb fiat ungentum â„ž Spum argent axungiae porci recentis cerae alb an lb ss olei boni â„¥ viij vitel ovorum assat iiij fiat unguent servetur usui And when you will use it mix it with a little Ointment of Roses Leaches The application of Whelps Chickens c. I have also mitigated great pain by applying Leaches to an unulcerated Cancer in that part where the torment was most vehement by disburdening the part of some portion of the malign humor which same thing I have done by application of young Whelps or Pigeons or Chickens cut long-ways and presently applyed to the ulcer and now and then changed assoon as their heat seems dissolved and others applyed for the natural heat in an Anodyne or mitigating medicine Epist 21. The Estate of Erysimum John Baptista Theodosius in his Epistles writes that a cataplasm of the herb Erisimum or Cadlock being beaten is very good to be applyed to a Cancer not ulcerated but if the Cancer be ulcerated he boils this same herb in Hydromel and so by injections and lotions cleanses the ulcer The signs of the Cancer in the womb and mitigates the pain If the Cancer affect the womb the Patient feels the pricking of the pain in the groin above the pecten and in the Kidneys and is often troubled with a difficulty of making water but when it is ulcerated it pours forth filth or matter exceeding stinking and carion-like and that in great plenty the filthy vapour of which carryed up to the heart and brain causes often swounding Now to mitigate the pains of such like places the following medicines are of good use â„ž Mucag. semin lini faenugr extract in aqua rosar plantaginis quod satis est Of this being warm make a fomentation â„ž Rad. Altheae lb ss coquatur in hydromelite pistetur trajiciatur addendo ol rosar parum fiat Caplasma Also you shall make divers pessaries according to the different kinds of pain also make injections of the juyce of Plantain Knot-grass Lettuce Purslain mixed together and agitated or laboured in a leaden Mortar with a little Oyl of Roses for this kind of medicine is commended by Galen in every kind of ulcerated Cancers Also this following Water is very profitable Lib. 9. Simpl. and often proved by me â„ž Stercoris bubuli lb iiij herbae Roberti plantag sempervivi hyoscyami portulac l. ctuc. endiv. an m. i. cancros fluviatiles num xij Let them be all beaten together and distilled in a leaden Alembick keep the liquor for use and with it make often injection into the part or if the site of the part will permit let the cancerous ulcers be washed therewith and pledgets of lint steeped therein be applyed and renewed ever and anon for so the acrimony and force of the inflammation is retunded and the pain asswaged Galen beats into powder River-Crabs burnt Lib. 4. de comp med secundum gen the powder mixed with Ointment of Roses is most profitably applyed upon lint to cancerous Ulcers It will be very convenient to put into the neck of the womb the following Instrument made of Gold or Silver whereby the cancerous filth may have free and safe passage forth and the filthy and putredinous vapours may more easily breathe forth Therefore let it be hollow quite through some five or six fingers long and about the bigness of ones thumb at the upper end perforated with many holes whereby the filth may have passage forth Let the outer or lower end be some two fingers thick in the circumference make it with a neat spring that may hold that end open more or less according to the Physitians mind let there be two strings or laces put unto it by which being tyed before and behind to the rowler with which the woman shall girt her loins the Device may be kept from falling as your may see in the following figure A Vent made like a Pessary for the Womb affected with a cancerous Ulcer A Shews the upper end perforated with five or six holes B The lower end C That part of the end which is opened by the spring which is marked with the Letter D. EE The strings or laces Neither is that remedy for not ulcerated Cancers to be contemned which consists of a Plate of lead besmeared with Quick-silver for Galen himself testifies Lib. 6. simp Plates of Lead that Lead is a good medicine for malign and inveterate ulcers But Guido Cauliacensis is a witness of ancient credit and learning that such plates of lead rubbed over with Quick-silver A History to such malign ulcers as contemn the force of other medicins are as it were Antidotes to waste and overcome their malignity and evil nature This kind of remedy when it was prescribed by that most excellent Physitian Hollerius who commanded me to apply it to the Lady of Montigni Maid of Honour to the Queen-mother troubled with a Cancer in her left brest which equalled the bigness of a Walnut did not truly throughly heal it yet notwithstanding kept it from further growth Wherefore at length growing weary of it when she had committed herself to a certain Physitian boldly promising her quick help she tryed with loss of her life how dangerous and disadvantagious the cure of Cancer was which is undertaken according to the manner of healing other ulcers for this Physitian when he had cast away this our medicin and had begun the cure with mollifying heating and attractive things the pain inflammation and all the other symptoms encreasing the tumor grew to that bigness that being the humor drawn thither could not be contained in the part it self it stretched the brest forth so much that it broke it in the middle just as a Pomgranate cleaves when it comes to its full maturity whereupon an immoderate flux of bloud followed for staying whereof he was forc't to strew caustick powders thereon but by this means the inflamation and pain becoming more raging and swoundings coming upon her she poor Soul in stead of her promised Health yielded up her Ghost in the Physitians bosom CHAP. XXXI Of the
open Aneurismaes unless they be smal in an ignoble part not indued with large vessels but rather let him perform the cure after this manner Cut the skin which lies over it until the Artery appear and then separate it with your knife from the particles about it then thrust a blunt and crooked needle with a thred in it under it bind it then cut it off and so expect the falling off of the thread of it self whiles Nature covers the orifices of the cut Artery with the new flesh then the residue of the cure may be performed after the manner of simple wounds Those of the inward parts incurable The Aneurismaes which happen in the internal parts are incurable Such as frequently happen to those who have often had the unction and sweat for the cure of the French disease because being so attenuated and heated therewith that it cannot be contained in the receptacles of the Artery it distends it to that largeness as to hold a man's Fist Which I have observed in the dead body of a certain Taylor who by an Aneurisma of the Arterious vein suddenly whilst he was playing at Tennis fell down dead A History and vessel being broken his body being opened I found a great quantity of bloud poured forth into the capacity of the Chest but the body of the Artery was dilated to that largness I formerly mentioned and the inner coat thereof was boney For which cause within a while after I shewed it to the great admiration of the beholders in the Physitians School whilest I publiquely dissected a body there whilst he lived he said he felt a beating and a great heat over all his body the force of the pulsation of all the Arteries by the occasion whereof he often swounded Doctor Sylvius the Kings Professor of Physick at that time forbad him the use of Wine and wished him to use boyled water for his drink and Curds and new Cheeses for his meat and to apply them in form of Cataplasms upon the grieved and swoln part At night he used a Ptisan of Barly meal and Poppy-seeds and was purged now and then with a Clyster of refrigerating and emollient things or with Cassia alone by which medicines he said he found himself much better The cause of such a bony constitution of the Arteries by Aneurismaes is for that the hot and fervid bloud first dilates the Coats of an Artery then breaks them which when it happens it then borrows from the neighbouring bodies a fit matter to restore the loosed continuity thereof This matter whilest by little and little it is dryed and hardened it degenerates into a gristly or else a bony substance just by the force of the same material and efficient causes by which stones are generated in the reins and bladder For the more terrestrial portion of the bloud is dryed and condensed by the power of the unnatural heat contained in the part affected with an Aneurisma whereby it comes to pass that the substance added to the dilated and broken Artery is turned into a body of a bony consistence In which the singular providence of Nature the Hand-maid of God is shewed as that which as it were by making and opposing a new wall or bank would hinder and break the violence of the raging bloud swelling wich the abundance of the vital spirits unless any had rather to refer the cause of that hardness to the continual application of refrigerating and astringent medicines Which have power to condensate and harden Lib 4. cap. ult de praesaex pulsu A Caution in the knowing Aneurismaes as may not obscurely be gathered by the writings of Galen But beware you be not deceived by the fore-mentioned signs for sometimes in large Aneurismaes you can perceive no pulsation neither can you force the bloud into the Artery by the pressure of your fingers either because the quantity of such bloud is greater than which can be contained in the Ancient receptacles of the Artery or because it is condensate and concrete into clods whereupon wanting the benefit of ventilation from the heart it presently putrefies Thence ensue great pain a Gangrene and mortification of the part and lastly the death of the Creature The End of the Seventh Book The Eighth BOOK Of Particular TVMORS against NATVRE The Preface BEcause the Cure of Diseases must be varyed according to the variety of the temper not only of the body in general but also of each part thereof the strength figure form site and sense thereof being taken into consideration I think it worth my pains having already spoken of Tumors in general if I shall treat of them in particular which affect each part of the body beginning with those which assail the head Therefore the Tumor either affects the whole head or else only some particle thereof as the Eyes Ears Nose Gums and the like Let the Hydrocephalos and Physocephalos be examples of those tumors which possess the whole head CHAP. I. Of an Hydrocephalos or watry tumor which commonly affects the heads of Infants THe Greeks call this Disease Hydrocephalos as it were a Dropsie of the Head What it is The causes by a waterish humor being a disease almost peculiar to Infants newly born It hath for an external cause the violent compression of the head by the hand of the Midwife or otherwise at the birth or by a fall contusion and the like For hence comes a breaking of a vein or artery an effusion of the bloud under the skin Which by corruption becoming whayish lastly degenerateth into a certain waterish humor It hath also an inward cause which is the abundance of serous and acrid bloud which by its tenuity and heat sweats through the pores of the vessels sometimes between the Musculous skin of the head and the Pericranium sometimes between the Pericranium and the skull and sometimes between the skull and membrane called Dura mater Differences by reason of place and otherwhiles in the ventricles of the Brain The signs of it contained in the space between the Musculous skin and the Pericranium Signs are a manifest tumor without pain soft and much yielding to the pressure of the fingers The Signs when it remaineth between the Pericranium and the skull are for the most part like the fore-named unless it be that the Tumor is a little harder and not so yielding to the finger by reason of the parts between it and the finger And also there is somewhat more sense of pain But when it is in the space between the skull and Dura-mater or in the ventricles of the Brain or of the whole substance thereof there is a dulness of the senses as of the sight and hearing the tumor doth not yield to the touch unless you use strong impression for then it sinketh somewhat down especially in Infants newly born who have their skuls almost as soft as wax and the junctures of their Sutures lax both by nature as also
all means for the quick recovery of the Patient lest that which was of its own nature small may by his negligence become great Therefore it is expedient he should know what wounds are to be accounted great This as Galen saith is three ways to be known The first is by the magnitude and principality of the part affected for thus the wounds of the Brain Heart and of the greater vessels Lib. 4. Meth. cap. 6.1 though small of themselves yet are thought great Wounds are called Great out of three respects Then from the greatness of the solution of continuity for which cause wounds may be judged great in which much of the substance of the part is lost in every dimension though the part be one of these which are accounted servile Then from the malignity through which occasion the wounds of the joynts are accounted great because for the most part they are ill conditioned CHAP. IV. Of Prognosticks to be made in Wounds THose Wounds are thought dangerous wherein any large Nerve vein or Artery are hurt What wounds are dangerous From the first there is fear of Convulsion but from the other large effusion of the veinous or arterious bloud whence the powers are debilitated also these are judged evil which are upon the Arm-pits groins leggs joynts and between the fingers and likewise those which hurt the head or tail of a Muscle They are lest dangerous of all other which wound only the fleshy substance But they are deadly which are inflicted upon the Bladder Brain Heart Liver Lungs Stomach and small guts But if any Bone Gristle Nerve or portion of the cheek What least dangerous What deadly Hip. aphor 19. Lib. 6. or prepuce shall be cut away they cannot be restored Contused wounds are more difficult to cure than those which are from a simple solution of continuity for before you must think to heal them up you must suppurate and cleanse them which cannot be done in a short time Wounds which are round and circular are so much the worse for there can be no unity unless by an angle that is a meeting together of two lines which can have no place in round wounds because a circular figure consists of one oblique line Besides wounds are by so much thought the greater by how much their extreams and lips are the further disjoyned which happens to round wounds Why round Wounds are difficult to heal Contrary to these are cornered wounds or such as are made alongst the fibers as such as may be healed Wounds may be more easily healed in young men than in old because in them Nature is more vigorous and there is a greater plenty of fruitful or good bloud by which the loss of the flesh may be the better and more readily restored which is slowlier done in old bodies by reason their bloud is smaller in quantity and more dry and the strength of nature more languid Wounds received in the Spring Hip. lib. de ulcer Hip. aph 66. lib. 5. are not altogether so difficult to heal as those taken in Winter or Summer For all excess of heat and cold is hurtful to them it is ill for a Convulsion to happen upon a Wound for it is a sign that some Nervous body is hurt the Brain suffering together therewith as that which is the original of the Nerves A Tumor coming upon great wounds is good for it shews the force of nature is able to expel that which is harmful and to ease the wounded part The organical parts wholly cut off cannot again be united because a vital part once severed and plucked from the trunk of the body cannot any more receive influence from the heart as from a root without which there can be no life The loosed continuity of the Nerves Veins Arteries and also the Bones is sometimes restor'd not truly and as they say according to the first intention but by the second that is by reposition of the like but not of the same substance The first intention takes place in the fleshy parts by converting the Alimentary bloud into the proper substance of the wounded part But the second in the spermatique in which the lost substance may be repaired by interposition of some heterogeneous body which nature diligent for its own preservation substitutes in place of that which is lost for thus the body which restores and agglutinates What a Callus is and whence it proceeds is no Bone but a Callus whose original matter is from an humor somewhat grosser than that from whence the Bones have their original and beginning This humor when it shall come to the place of the fracture agglutinateth the ends of the Bones together which otherwise could never be so knit by reason of their hardness The Bones of Children are more easily and speedily united by reason of the pliantness of their soft and tender substance Small and contemptible Wounds often prove mortal Aphor. 1. sect 1. Lastly we must here admonish the Chirurgeon that small Wounds and such as no Artisan will judg deadly do divers times kill by reason of a certain occult and ill disposition of the wounded and incompassing Bodies for which cause we read it observed by Hippocrates that it is not sufficient for the Physitian to perform his duty but also external things must be rightly prepared and fitted CHAP. V. Of the Cure of Wounds in general The general Indication of Wounds THe Chirurgeon ought for the right cure of wounds to propose unto himself the common and general indication that is the uniting of the divided parts which indication in such a case is thought upon and known even by the vulgar for that which is dis-joyned desires to be united because union is contrary to division But by what means such union may be procured is only known to the skilful Artisan Therefore we attain unto this chief and principal Indication by the benefit of Nature as it were the chief Agent and the work of the Chirurgeon as the servant of Nature And unless Nature shall be strong the Chirurgeon shall never attain to his conceived and wished for end therefore that he may attain hereto he must perform five things Five things necessary for uniting wounds the first is that if there be any strange Bodies as pieces of Wood Iron Bones bruised Flesh congealed Bloud or the like whether they have come from without or from within the Body and shall be by accident fastened or stuck in the wound he must take them away for otherwise there is no union to be expected Another is that he joyn together the lips of the Wound for they cannot otherwise be agglutinated and united The third is that he keep close together the joyned lips The fourth that he preserve the temper of the wounded part for the distemper remaining it is impossible to restore it to its unity The fifth is that he correct the accidents if any shall happen because these urging
Let them be all put in the vessel mentioned in the Treatise lately described for use The patient shall keep himself in that Bathing-tub as long as his strength will give him leave Leo. Faventius his ointment then let him be put into his bed well covered where he shall sweat again be dried and rest Then let him be presently anointed with the following ointment which Leonellus Faventius much commends â„ž Olei Laurini de Terebinth ana â„¥ iij. Olei Nardini petrolei ana â„¥ j. Vini malvatici â„¥ iv Aqua vitae â„¥ ij Pyrethri Piperis Sinap Granor. Junip Gumni hederae anacard Laudani puri an â„¥ jss Terantur misceantur omnia cum Oleis Vino bulliant in vase duplici usque ad Vini consumptionem facta forti expressione adde Galbani Bdellii Euphorbii Myrrhae Castorei adipis Ursi Anaetis Ciconiae an â„¥ ij Make an ointment in form of a liniment adding a little wax if need shall require Or you shall use the following remedy approved by many Physitians â„ž Myrrhae Aloes Spicae nardi Sanguinis draconis thuris opoponacis An approved Ointment for the Palsie Bdellii Carpobalsami amomi sarcocollae croci mastic gummi arabici styrac liquidae ladani castorei ana â„¥ ij Moschi Ê’ i Aqua vitae â„¥ i Terebinthinae venetae ad pondus omnium pulverbauntur pulverisanda gummi eliquabuntur cum aqua vitae aceti tantillo And let them all be put in fit vessels that may be distilled in Balneo Mariae and let the Spine of the Back and paralytick limbs be anointed with the liquor which comes from thence I have often tryed the force of this following Medicine â„ž rad Angel Ireos floren gentian cyperi ana â„¥ i. Calami aromat Cinam Cariophyl nucis Mosch macis A distilled water good to wash them ouâ—wardly and to drink inwardly anaÊ’ ij Salviae major Iuae arthriticae Lavend rorism satureiae puleg. calament mentastri ana M ss florum chamaem melil hyperic anthos stoechad ana P j Concisa omnia contundantur in Aquae vit Vini malvat. an lb ij infundantur And let them be distilled in Balneo Mariae like the former let the affected parts be moistned with the distilled liquor of which also you may give the Patient a spoonful to drink in the morning with some Sugar For thus the Stomach will be heated and much phlegm contained therein as the fuel of this disease will be consumed You must also appoint exercises of the affected parts and frequent and hard frictions Exercises and frictions Chymical Oyl with hot linnen clothes that the native heat may be recalled and the excrements contained in the parts digested you may also use the Chymical Oyls of Rosemary Thyme Lavender Cloves Nutmegs and lastly of all Spices the manner of extracting whereof we shall hereafter declare in a peculiar Treatise CHAP. XIV Of Swooning SWooning is a sodain pertinacious defect of all the powers but especially the vital in this What Swooning is the Patients lie without motion and sense so that the Ancients thought that it differed from Death only in continuance of time The cause of swoon ng Three causes of Swooning which happens to those that are wounded is Bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the Spirits or Fear which causeth a sodain and joynt retirement of the spirits to the Heart Whence follows an intermission of the proper duty as also of the rest of the faculties whilest they being thus troubled are at a stand Also Swooning happens by a putrid and venenate vapour carryed to the heart by the Arteries and to the Brain by the nerves by which you may gather that all swooning happens by three causes The first is by dissipation of the spirits and native heat as in great bleeding And then by the oppression of these spirits by obstruction or compression as in fear or tumult for thus the spirits fly back hastily from the surface and habit of the body unto the heart and center Lastly by corruption as in bodies filled with humors and in poysonous wounds The signs of swooning are paleness a dewy and sodain sweat arising the failing of the pulse a sodain falling of the body upon the ground without sense and motion a coldness possessing the whole body so that the Patient may seem rather dead than alive For many of these who fall into a swoon die unless they have present help Therefore you shall help them if when they are ready to fall you sprinkle much cold water in their face if that the swooning happen by dissipation of the spirits The cure of Swooning caused by d ssipation of spirits or if they shall be set with their faces upwards upon a bed or on the ground as gently as may be and if you give them bread dipt in wine to hold and chew in their mouths But if it be caused by a putrid vapour and poysonous air you shall give them a little Mithridate or Treacle in Aqua vitae with a Spoon as I usually do to those which have the Plague or any part affected with a Gangrene or Spacel The cure of swooning caused by a venâ—na e air But if the Patients cannot be raised out of their swoons by reason of the pertinacious oppression and compression of the spirits about the heart you must give them all such things as have power to diffuse call forth and resuscitate the spirits such as are strong Wines to drink The cure of swooning caused by oppression and obstruction sweet perfumes to smell You must call them by their own name lowd in their ear and you must pluck them somewhat hard by the hairs of the Temples and Neck Also rub the Temples Nostrils Wrists and Palms of the Hands with Aqua vitae wherein Cloves Nutmegs and Ginger have been steeped CHAP. XV. Of Delirium i.e. Raving Talking idly or Doting DOting or Talking idlely here is used for a symptom which commonly happeneth in Feavers caused by a wound and inflammation and it is perturbation of the phantasie What a symptomatical Delirium is The causes thereof and function of the mind not long induring Wherefore such a doting happens upon wounds by reason of vehement pain and a feavour when as the nervous parts as the joynts stomach and midriffe shall be violated For the Ancients did therefore call the Midriffe Phrena because when this is hurt as if the mind it self were hurt a certain phrensie ensues that is a perturbation of the animal faculty Why the Brain suffers with the midâ—iffe which is imployed in ratiocination by reason of the community which the Diaphragma hath with the Brain by the nerves sent from the sixth conjugation which are carryed to the stomach Therefore doting happens by too much bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the spirits whereby it happens that the motions and thoughts of the mind err as we see it happens to those who have bled much
in the parts thereunder an unvoluntary excretion of the Urine and other excrements Signs that the Spine is wounded or a totall suppression of them seises upon the Patient When the hollow vein and great Artery are wounded the Patient will dye in a short time by reason of the sodain and aboundant effusion of the blood and spirits which intercepts the motion of the Lungs and heart whence the party dies suffocated CHAP. XXX Of the cure of the Wounds of the Chest WE have read in John de Vigo that it is disputed amongst Chirurgeons concerning the consolidation of wounds of the Chest For some think that such wounds must be closed up Vigo tract de vuln thoraâ— cap. 10. and cicatrized with all possible speed lest the cold air come to the heart and the vitall spirits fly away and be dissipated Others on the contrary think that such wounds ought to be long kept open and also if they be not sufficiently large of themselves that then they must be inlarged by Chirurgery that so the blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may have passage forth which otherwise by delay would putrefie whence would ensue an increase of the feaver a fistulous ulcer and other pernicious accidents The first opinion is grounded upon reason and truth if so be that there is little or no blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest But the latter takes place where there is much more blood contained in the empty spaces of the Chest Which lest I may seem rashly to determin I think it not amiss to ratifie each opinion with a history thereto agreeable Whilst I was at Turin Chirurgeon to the Marshall of Montejan the King of France his General A History I had in cure a Souldier of Paris whose name was Levesque he served under captain Renovart He had three wounds but one more grievous than the rest went under the right brest somewhat deep into the capacity of the Chest whence much blood was poured forth upon the midriff which caused such difficulty of breathing that it even took away the liberty of his speech besides through this occasion he had a vehement feaver coughed up blood and a sharp pain on the wounded side The Chirurgeon which first drest him had so bound up the wound with a strait and thick suture that nothing could flow out thereat But I being called the day after and weighing the present symptoms which threatned speedy death judged that the sowing of the wound must straight be loosed which being done there instantly appeared a clot of blood at the orifice thereof which made me to cause the Patient to lye half out of his bed with his head downwards and to stay his hands on a Settle which was lower than the bed and keeping himself in this posture to shut his mouth and nose that so his Lungs should swell the midriffe be stretched forth and the intercostal muscles and those of the Abdomen should be compressed that the blood poured into the Chest might be evacuated by the wound but also that this excretion might succeed more happily I thrust my finger somewhat deep into the wound that so I might open the orifice thereof being stopped up with the congealed blood and certainly I drew out some seven or eight ounces of putrefied and stinking blood by this means When he was laid in his bed I caused frequent injections to be made into the wound of a decoction of Barly with Honey of Roses and red Sugar which being injected I wisht him to turn first on the one and then on the other side and then again to lye out of his bed as before for thus he evacuated small but very many clots of blood together with the liquor lately injected which being done the symptomes were mitigated and left him by little and little The next day I made another more detergent injection adding thereto wormwood Why bitter things must not be cast into the Chest centaury and Aloes but such a bitterness did rise up to his mouth together with a desire to cast that he could no longer indure it Then it came into my mind that formerly I had observed the like effect of the like remedy in the Hospital of Paris in one who had a fistulous ulcer in his Chest Therefore when I had considered with my self that such bitter things may easily pass into the Lungs and so may from thence rise into the Weazon and mouth I determined that thenceforwards I would never use such bitter things to my Patients for the use of them is much more troublesome than any way good and advantagious But at the length this Patient by this and the like means recovered his health beyond my expectation Read the History of Maryllus in Galen lib. 7. de Anaâ—om administra But on the contrary I was called on a time to a certain Germain gentleman who was run with a sword into the capacity of his Chest the neighbouring Chirurgeon had put a great tent into the wound at the first dressing which I made to be taken forth for that I certainly understood there was no blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest because the Patient had no feaver no weight upon the Diâ—phrâ—gma nor spitted forth any blood Wherefore I cured him in few dayes by only dropping in some of my balsome and laying a plaister of Diacalcitheos upon the wound What harm ensues the too long use of Tents The like cure I have happily performed in many others To conclude this I dare boldly affirm that wounds of the Chest by the too long use of tents degenerate into Fistula's Wherefore if you at any time shall undertake the cure of wounds which penetrate into the capacity of the Chest you shall not presently shut them up at the first dressing No liniments must be used in wounds of the Chest but keep them open for two or three dayes but when you shall find that the Patient is troubled with none or very little pain and that the midriffe is pressed down with no weight and that he breathes freely then let the tent be taken forth and the wound healed up as speedily as you can by covering it only with lint dipped in some balsome which hath a glutinative faculty and laid somewhat broader than the wound never apply liniments to wounds of this kind lest the Patient by breathing draw them into the capacity of the Chest Wherefore also you must have a care that the tent put into those kinds of wounds may be fastned to the pledgets and also have somewhat a large head lest they should be drawn as we said into the capacity of the Chest for if they fall in they will cause putrefaction and death Let Emplast Diacalcitheos or some such like be applyed to the wound But if on the contrary you know by proper and certain signs that there is much blood fallen into the spaces of the Chest then let the orifice of
the wound be kept open with larger tents untill all the Sanies or bloody matter wherein the blood hath degenerated shall be exhausted But if it happen at any time as assuredly it sometimes doth that notwithstanding the Art and care of the Physitian the wound degenerates into a Fistula then the former evil is become much worse For Fistula's of the Chest are scarse cured at any time and that for divers causes The first is for that the muscles of the Chest are in perpetual motion Wounds of the Chest easily degenerate into a Fistula Another is because they on the contrary inside are covered only with the membrane investing the ribs which is without blood The third is for that the wound hath no stay by means whereof it may be compressed sowed and bound whereby the lips being joined together the wound may at length be replenished with flesh and cicatrized Why there flows such plenty of matter out of wounds of the Chest But the reason why wounds of the Chest do every day heap up and pour forth so great a quantity of matter seems to be their vicinity to the heart which being the fountain of blood there is a perpetual efflux thereof from thence to the part affected For this is Natures care in preserving the affected parts that continually and aboundantly without measure or mean it sends all its supplyes that is blood and spirits to their aid Add hereto that the affected parts by pain heat and continual motion of the Lungs and midriffe draw and allure much blood to themselves Such like blood defiled by the malignity and filth of the wound is speedily corrupted whence it is that from the perpetual afflux of blood there is a continual efflux of matter or filth which at the last brings a man to a consumption because the ulcerated part like a ravenous wolf consumes more blood by the pain heat and motion than can be ministred thereto by the heart Yet if there be any hope to cure and heal the Fistula it shall be performed after the use of diet and phlebotomy according to the prescript of the Physitian by a vulnerary potion which you shall find described when we treat of the Caries or rottenness of the bones The cure of a Fistula in the Chest When Aegyptiacum must be put into the injections Wherefore you shall make frequent injections therewith into the Fistula adding and mixing with it syrup de rosis siccis and mel rosarum Neither do I if the putrefaction be great fear to mix therewith Aegyptiacum But you must have a care to remember observe the quantity of the injected liquor that you may know whether it all come forth again after it hath performed its detergent office For if any thereof remain behind in the corners and crooked passages it hurts the part as corrupted with the contagion thereof The form of a Syringe fit to make injection when a great quantity of liquor is to be injected into any part After the injected liquor is come forth a pipe of gold silver or lead shall be put into the fistulous ulcer and it must have many holes in it that so the filth may pass forth at them it must be fast tyed with strings that it may not fall into the capacity of the Chest A great Spunge steeped in Aqua-vitae and wrung forth again shall be laid hot to the end or orifice thereof both to hinder the entrance of the air into the Fistulous ulcer as also to draw forth the filth there by its gentle heat the which thing the Patient shall much further if often times both day and night he hold his breath stopping his mouth and nose and lying upon the diseased side that so the Sanies may be the more forcibly evacuated neither must we leave the putting in the pipe before that this fistulous ulcer shall be almost dry that is whole as when it yields little or no matter at all then it must be cicatrized But if the orifice of this fistulous ulcer being in the upper part hinder the healing thereof then by a chirurgical Section a passage shall be made in the bottom as we said before in an Empyema The delineation of the Pipes with their Strings and Spunges The Reader must note that the Pipes which are fit for this use need not have so many holes as these here exprest but only two or three in their ends for the flesh growing and getting into the rest makes them that they cannot be plucked forth without much pain A wound made in the Lungs admits cure What wounds of the Lungs are curable unless it be very large if it it be without inflammation if it be on the skirts of the Lungs and not on their upper parts if the Patient contain himself from coughing much and contentious speaking and great breathing for the wound is inlarged by coughing and thence also arises inflammation the Pus and Sanies whereof The harm that insues upon coughing in wounds of the Lungs whilst the lungs again endeavour to expel by coughing by which means they are only able to expel that which is hurtful and troublesome to them the ulcer is dilated the inflammation augmented the Patient wastes away and the disease becomes incurable There have been many Eclegma's described by Physitians for to clense the ulcer How Eclegma's must be swallowed which when the Patient useth he shall lye on his back to keep them long in his mouth so to relax the muscles of the Larinx for thus the medicin will fall by little and little alongst the coats of the Weazon for if it should fall down in great quantity it would be in danger to cause coughing Cows Asses or Goats-milk with a little Hony lest they should corrupt in the Stomach are very fit remedies for this purpose but Womans milk exceeds the rest But Sugar of Roses is to be preferred before all other medicins in the opinion of Avicen The utility of Sugar of Roses in ulcerated or wounded Lungs for that it hath a detergent and also an astrictive and strengthening faculty than which nothing is more to be desired in curing of ulcers When you shall think it time to agglutinate the clensed ulcer you must command the Patient to use emplastick austere and astringent medicins such as are Terra sigillata bolus armenus hypocystis Plantain Knot-grass Sumach Acacia and the like which the Patient shall use in his Broaths and Eclegma's mixing therewith Hony of Roses which serving for a vehicle to the rest may carry away the impacted filth which hinders agglutination But seeing an hective Feaver easily follows upon these kinds of wounds and also upon the affects of the Chest and Lungs it will not be amiss to set down somewhat concerning the cure thereof that so the Chirurgeon may know to administer some help to his Patient whilst a Physitian is sent for to overcome this disease with more powerful and certain remedies CHAP. XXXII
incompassing air under which also is comprehended that which is taken from the season of the yeer region the state of the air and soil and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time Hence it is we read in Guido Why wounds of the head at Paris and of the legs at Avignion are hard to be cured that Wounds of the head are cured with far more difficulty at Paris than at Avignion where notwithstanding on the contrary the Wounds of the legs are cured with more trouble than at Paris the cause is the air is cold and moist at Paris which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the brain and head it cannot but must be offensive to the Wounds of these parts But the heat of the ambient air at Avignion attenuates and dissolves the humors and makes them flow from above downwards But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guido and say that wounds of the head are more frequently deadly in hot countries let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest and natural heat of the air but to a certain malign and venenate humor or vapor dispersed through the air and raised out of the Seas as you may easily observe in those places of France and Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea An indication may also be drawn from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts for the musculous parts must be dressed after one and the bony parts after another manner The different sense of the parts indicates and requires the like variety of remedies for you shall not apply so acrid medicins to the Nerves and Tendons An indication to be drawn from the quick and dull sense of the wounded part as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense The like reason also for the dignity and function of the parts needfull for the preservation of life for oft-times wounds of the brain or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts divert the whole manner of the cure which is usually and generally performed in wounds Neither that without good cause for oft-times from the condition of the parts we may certainly pronounce the whole success of the disease for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the brain into the heart the large vessels the chest the nervous parts of the midriffe the liver ventricles small guts bladder if somewhat large are deadly as also those which light upon a joynt in a body repleat with ill humors as we have formerly noted Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawn from the situation of the part and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts or from the figure thereof seeing that Galen himself would not have it neglected Gal. lib. 7. Meth 2. ad Glauc But we must consider in taking these forementioned Indications whether there be a composition or complication of the diseases for as there is one and that a simple indication of one and that a simple disease so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease But there is observed to be a triple composition or complication of affects besides nature for either a disease is compounded with a disease as a wound or a plegmon with a fracture of a bone or a disease with a cause as an ulcer with a defluxion or a disease with a symptome as a wound with pain or bleeding It sometimes comes to pass that these three the disease cause and symptome concur in one case or affect In artificially handling of which we must follow Galens counsell Gal. lib. 7. Meth. who wishes in complicated and compounded affects that we resist the more urgent then let us withstand the cause of the disease and lastly that affect without which the rest cannot be cured Which counsell must well be observed for in this composure of affects which distracts the Emperick on the contrary the rational Physitian hath a way prescribed in a few and these excellent words which if he follow in his order of cure he can scarse miss to heal the Patient Symptomes truly as they are symptomes yeeld no indication of curing neither change the order of the cure for when the disease is healed the symptome vanishes as that which follows the disease as a shadow follows the body But symptomes do oftentimes so urge and press How and when we must take indication of curing from a symptome that perverting the whole order of the cure we are forced to resist them in the first place as those which would otherwise increase the disease Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawn to two heads the first is to restore the parts to its native temper the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or quality for when those two are present there is nothing which may hinder the repletion or union of wounds nor ulcers CHAP. IX What remains for the Chirurgeon to do in this kind of Wounds THe Chirurgeon must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage pain hinder defluxions prescribe a diet in those six things we call not-natural forbidding the use of hot and acrid things as also of Wine for such attenuate humors and make them more apt for defluxion Why such as are wounded must keep a slender diet Therefore at the first let his diet be slender that so the course of the humors may be diverted from the affected part for the stomach being empty and not well filled draws from the parts about it whereby it consequently follows that the utmost and remotest parts are at the length evacuated which is the cause that such as are wounded must keep so spare a diet for the next dayes following Venery is very pernicious for that it inflames the spirits and humors far beyond other motions whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot are too plentifully carried to the wounded and over heated part The bleeding must not be stanched presently upon receiving of the wound for by the more plentiful efflux thereof the part is freed from danger of inflammation and fulness Why we must open a vein in such as are wounded by Gunshot Wherefore if the wound bleed not sufficiently at the first you shall the next day open a vein and take blood according to the strength and plenitude of the Patient for there usually flows no great store of blood from wounds of this nature for that by the greatness of the contusion and vehemency of the moved air the spirits are forced in as also I have observed in those who have one of their limbs taken away with a Cannon bullet For in the time when the wound is received there flows no great quantity of blood although there be large veins and arteries torn in sunder thereby But on the 4 5 6. or some more dayes after the blood flows in greater abundance and with more violence the native
appetite whereby they require many and several things without reason a great part of the nourishment being consumed by the worms lying there they are also subject to often fainting by reason of the sympathy which the stomach being a part of most exquisite sense hath with the heart the nose itches the breath stinks by reason of the exhalations sent up from the meat corrupting in the stomach through which occasion they are also given to sleep but are now and then waked there-from by sudden startings and fears they are held with a continued and slow fever a dry cough a winking with their eye-lids and often changeing of the colour of their faces But long and broad worms being the innates of the greater guts Signs of worms in the great guts Signs of Ascarides shew themselves by stools replenished with many sloughs here and there resembling the seeds of a Musk-melon or Cucumber Ascarides are known by the itching they cause in the fundament causing a sense as if it were Ants running up and down causing also a tenasmus and falling down of the fundament This is the cause of all these symptoms their sleep is turbulent and often clamorous when as hot acrid and subtill vapors raised by the worms from the like humor and their food are sent up to the head but sound sleep by the contrary as when a misty vapor is sent up from a gross and cold matter They dream they eat in their sleep for that while the worms do more greedily consume the chylous matter in the guts they stir up the sense of the like action in the phantasie They grate or gnash their teeth by reason of a certain colvulsifick repletion the muscles of the temples and jaws being distended by plenty of vapors A dry cough comes by the consent of the vitall parts serving for respiration which the natural to wit the Diaphragma or midriffe smit upon by acrid vapors and irritated as though there were some humor to be expelled by coughing These same acrid sumes assailing the orifice of the ventricle cause either an hicketting or else a fainting according to the condition of their consistence gross or thin these carried up to the parts of the face cause an itching of the nose a darkness of the sight and a sudden changeing of the colour in the cheeks Great worms are worse then little ones red then white living then dead many then few variegated then those of one colour as those which are signs of a greater corruption Why worms of divers colors are more dangerous Such as are cast forth bloody and sprinkled with blood are deadly for they shew that the substance of the guts is eaten asunder for oftimes they corrode and perforate the body of the gut wherein they are contained and thence penetrate into divers parts of the belly so that they have come forth sometimes at the navel having eaten themselves a passage forth as Hollerius affirmeth When as children troubled with the worms draw their breath with difficulty and wax moist over all their bodies it is a sign that death is at hand If at the beginning of sharp fevers round worms come forth alive it is a sign of a pestilent fever the malignity of whose matter they could not endure but were forced to come forth But if they be cast forth dead they are signs of greater corruption in the humors and of a more venenate malignity CHAP. V. What cure to be used for the Worms The general indications of cureing the worms IN this disease there is but one indication that is the exclusion or casting out of the worms either alive or dead forth of the body as being such that in their whole kind are against nature all things must be shunned which are apt to heap up putrefaction in the body by their corruption such as are crude fruits cheese milk-meats fishes and lastly such things as are of a difficult and hard digestion but prone to corruption Pap is fit for children for that they require moist things but these ought to answer in a certain similitude to the consistence and thickness of milk that so they may be the more easily concocted and assimilated and such only is that pap which is made with wheat flower not crude but baked in an oven that the pap made therewith may not be too viscid nor thick if it should only be boiled in a pan as much as the milk would require or else the milk would be too terrestrial or too waterish all the fatty portion thereof being resolved the cheesie and wayish portion remaining if it should boil so much as were necessary for the full boiling of the crude meat they which use meal otherwise in pap yield matter for the generating of gross and viscid humors in the stomach whence happens obstruction in the first veins and substance of the liver by obstruction worms breed in the guts and the stone in the kidnies and bladder The patient must be fed often and with meats of good juice lest the worms through want of nourishment should gnaw the substance of the guts Now when as such things breed of a putrid matter the patient shall be purged and the putrefaction represt by medicines mentioned in our Treatise of the Plague Wherefore and wherewith such as have the worms must be purged For the quick killing and casting of them forth syrup of succory or of Lemmons with rubarb a little treacle or methridate is a singular medicine if there be no fever you may also for the same purpose use this following medicine â„ž cornu cervi pul rasur ebâ—ris an Ê’i ss sem tanacet contra verm an Ê’i fiat decoctio pro parvâ dosi in colaturâ infunde rhei optimi Ê’i cinam ℈ i. dissolve syrupi de absinthio â„¥ ss make a potion give it in the morning three hours before any broth Oil of Olives drunk kills worms as also water of knot-grass drunk with milk and in like manner all bitter things Yet I could first wish them to give a glyster made of milk hony and sugar without oils and bitter things lest shunning thereof they leave the lower guts and come upwards for this is natural to worms to shun bitter things and follow sweet things Whence you may learn that to the bitter things which you give by the mouth you must alwaies mix sweet things that allured by the sweetness they may devour them more greedily that so they may kill them Harâ—s horn good against the worms Therefore I would with milk and suger mix the seeds of centaury Rue wormwood aloes and the like harts-horn is very effectual against worms wherefore you may infuse the shaveings thereof in the water or drink that the patient drinks as also to boil some thereof in his broths So also treacle drunk or taken in broth killeth the worms purslain boiled in broths and distilled and drunk is also good against the worms as also succory and mints also a
face resolutions of the powers and many other things Hot poisons kill sooner then cold all which are caused hy all sorts of poison Lastly no body will deny but that hot poisons may kill more speedily then cold for that they are more speedily actuated by the native heat CHAP. IX The Effects of poisons from particular venemous things and what Prognosticks may thence be made IT is the opinion of Cornelius Celsus and almost of all the Antients that the bite of every beast hath some virulency but yet some more then other-some They are most virulent that are inflicted by venemous beasts Asps Vipers Watersnakes and all kinds of Serpents Basilisks Lib. 2. cap. 27. The bites of all wilde beasts are virulent Dragons Toads mad Dogs Scorpions Spiders Bees Wasps and the like They are less malign which are of creatures wanting venom as of Horses Apes Cats Dogs not mad and many other things which though of their own nature they are without poison yet in their bites there is something more dolorifick and ill natured then in common wounds inflicted by other occasions I believe that in their slaver or sanies there is something I know not how to term it contrary to our nature The bites of a red-haired man virulent which imprints a malign quality in the ulcer which also you may observe in the tearings and scratchings of such creatures as have sharp claws as Lions and Cats Moreover many affirm that they have found by experience that the bites of men are not altogether without virulency especially of such as are red-haired and freckled chiefly when as they are angred it is probable that the bites of other persons want this malignity seeing that their spittle will cure small ulcerations Wherefore if there shall happen difficultie of cure in a wound caused by a mans biteing which is neither red haired nor freckled neither angry this happens not by means of the spittle nor by any malign quality but by reason of the contusion caused by the bluntness of the teeth not cutting but bruising the part for being not sharp they cannot so easily enter the flesh unless by bruising and tearing after the manner of heavy and blunt strokes and weapons wounds being occasioned by such are more hard to be cured then such as are made by cutting and sharp weapons Contuled wounds harder to heal then such as are cut But of the fore-said bitings of venemous creatures there are few which do not kill in a short space and almost in a moment but principally if the poison be sent into the body by a live creature for in such poison there is much heat also there is therein a greater tenuity which serves as vehicles thereto into what place or part soever of the body they tend the which the poysons taken from dead creatures are defective of Wherefore some of these kill a man in the space of an hour as the poison Asps Basilisks and Toads others not unless in two or three dayes space as of water-Snakes a Spider and Scorpion require more time to kill yet all of them admitted but in the least quantity do in a short space cause great and deadly mutations in the body as if they had breathed in a pestiferous air and with the like violence taint and change in their own nature all the members and bowels by which these same members do in the time of perfect health change laudable meats into their nature and substance The place whereas these poisonous creatures live and the time conduce to the perniciousness of the poyson for such as live in drie mountains and sun-burnt places kill more speedily then such as be in moist and marish grounds also they are more hurtful in winter then in summer and the poyson is more deadly which proceeds from hungry angry and fasting creatures then that which comes from such as are full and quiet as also that which proceeds from young things chiefly when as they are stimulated to venery is more powerful then that which comes from old and decrepit from females worse then from males from such as hve fed upon other venomous things rather then from such as have abstained from them as from snakes which have devoured toads vipers which have fed upon scorpions spiders and Caterpillers Yet the reason of the efficacy of poisons depends from their proper that is their subtil or gross consistence and the greater or less aptness of the affected body to suffer For hot men that have larger and more open veins and arteries yield the poison freer passage to the heart Therefore they which have more cold and strait vessels are longer ete they die of the like poison such as are full are not so soon harmed as those that are fasting for meats besides that by filling the vessels they give not the poison so free passage they also strengthen the heart by the multiplication of spirits so that it more powerfully resists pernicious venom If the poyson work by an occult and specifick property it causeth the cure and prognostick to be diffcult and then must we have recourse to Antidotes Why treacle retunds the force of all simple poysons as these which have their whole substance resist poysons but principally to treacle because there enter into the composition thereof medicines which are hot cold moist and dry whence it is that it retunds and withstands all poysons chiefly such as consist of a simple nature such as these which come from venemous creatures plants and minerals and which are not prepared by the detestable art of empoisoners CHAP. X. What cure must be used to the biteings and stingings of venomous beasts CUre must speedily be used without any delay to the bites and stingings of venemous beasts which may by all means disperse the poyson and keep it from entring into the body for when the principal parts are possessed it boots nothing to use medicines afterwards Therefore the Antients have propounded a double indication to lead us to the finding out of medicines in such a case to wit the evacuation of the virulent and venenate humor and the chang or alteration of the same and the affected body But seeing evacuation is of two sorts to wit universal which is by the inner parts and particular which is by the outward parts Wee must begin at the particular by such to pick medicines as are fit to draw out and retund the venom A double indication in the cure of venemous bites for we must not alwaies begin a cure with generall things as some think especially in external diseases as wounds fractures dislocations venomous bites and punctures Wherefore hereto as speedily as you may you shall apply remedies fit for the bites and punctures of venomous beasts as for example the wounds shall be presently washed with urine with sea-water aqua vitae or wine or vinegar wherein old treacle or mustard shall be dissolved Lotions fit for venemous bites Let such washing be
into the bowels All things that resist poison must be given any way whatsoever as lemons oranges angelica-roots gentian tormentil burnet vervain cardus benedictus borage bugloss and the like Let all things that are afterwards set before the patient be meats of good juice such as ate veal kid mutton patridg pullets capons and the like CHAP. XVI Of the biting of a Viper or Adder and the symptoms and cure thereof THe remedies that were formerly mentioned against the bitings of mad dogs the same may be used against all venomous bites and stings yet nevertheless each poison hath his peculiar antidote Vipers or Adders as we vulgarly term them have in their gums The bites of vipers how virulent or the spaces between their teeth little bladders filled with a virulent sanies which is pressed out into the part that they bite with their teeth There forthwith ariseth a pricking pain The symptoâ— the part at the first is much swollen and then the whole body unless it be hindred gross and bloody filth sweats out of the wound little blisters rise round about it as if it were burnt the wound gnaws and as it were feeds upon the flesh great inflammation possesseth the liver and the guts and the whole body becomes very dry becoming of a pale or yellowish colour with thirst unquenchable the belly is griped by fits a cholerick vomiting molesteth them the stomach is troubled with a hicketting the patients are taken with often swoundings with cold sweat the fore-runner of death unless you provide by fit medicines for the noble parts before the poison shall invade them Matthiolus tells that he saw a country-man who as he was mowing a meadow An history by chance cut an Adder in two with his sithe which when he thought it was dead he took the one half whereon the head remained without any fear in his hand but the enraged creature turning about her head cruelly bit him by one of his fingers which finger as men usually do especially when as they think of no such thing he put into his mouth and sucked out the blood and poison and presently fell down dead When as Charls the ninth was at Montpelier An history I went into the shop of one Farges an Apothecary who then made a solemn dispensation of Treacle where not satisfying my self with the looking upon the Vipers which were there in a glass ready for the composition I thought to take one of them in my hands but whilst that I too curiously and securely handled her teeth which were in her upper jaw covered with a skin as it were a case to keep the poison in the beast catched hold of the very end of my fore-finger and bit me in the space which is between the nail and the flesh whence presently there arose great pain both by reason of the part endued with most exquisite sense as also by the malignity of the poison forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might press forth the blood and poison lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body Remedies for the bite of a viper I dissolved old Treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistned cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few daies I throwly recovered by this only medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerful drawers as a quill rosted in hot embers garlick and leeks beaten and applied barly-flowr tempered with vinegar hony and goats-dung and so applied like a pult is Some think it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little honey Galen writes that the poison inflicted by the bite of a viper Lib. de theriac may be drawn forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous The Haemorrhous why so called THe Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by biting he causeth blood to drop out of all the passages of the wounded body he is of a small body of the bigness of a viper with eies burning with a certain fiery brightness and a most beautiful skin The back of him as Avicen writes is spotted with many black spots his neck little and his tail very small the part which he bites forthwith grows blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrary thereto in its whole substance Then follows a pain of the stomach and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous quality of the poison These pains are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive faculty of all the parts of the belly being weakned and the veins which aâ—e spread through the guts Wonderful bleedings not being able to retain the blood contained in them For the blood is seen to slow out as in streams from the nose mouth ears fundament privities corners of the eies roots of the nails and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficulty of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadly convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarisie and burn the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfully drawing Antidotes The figure of the Serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIIII Of the Serpent called Seps The reason of the name and description of the Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruel malignity of its poison It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curls or twines up the tail in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash colour a broad head small neck big belly writhen tail and as he goes he runs aside like a crab But his skin is variegated and spotted with several colours like to Tapistry By the cruelty of his caustick and putrefying venom he burns the part which he hath bit with most bitter pain he causeth the shedding of the hairs and as Aetius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood The symptoms but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefied affected parts wax white and the body all over becomes of the colour of that scurf which is termed Alphos so that by the wickedness of this putrefactive poison not only the spirits are resolved but also the whole body consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putrid tumors arising from an hot and humid or suffocating constitution of the air Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basilisk far exceeds all kinds
emplasters and so applied it asswageth pain by stupefaction hindering the acrimony of pustles and cholerick inflammations But by its humidity it softneth scirrhous tumors dissolveth and dissipateth knots and tophous knobs besides it causeth the breath of such as are annointed therewith to stink by no other reason then that it putrefies the obvious humor by its great humidity Avicens experiment confirms this opinion who affirmeth that the blood of an Ape that drunk Quick-silver was found concrete about the heart the carcass being opened In l. 6 Dios c. 28 Matthiolus moved by these reasons writes that Quick-silver killeth men by the excessive cold and humid quality if taken in a large quantity because it congeals the blood and vital spirits and at length the very substance of the heart as may be understood by the history of a certain Apothecary An history set down by Conciliator who for to quench his severish heat in stead of water drunk of a glass of Quick-silver for that came first to his hands he died within a few hours after but first he evacuated a good quantity of the Quick-silver by stool the residue was found in his stomach being opened and that to the weight of one pound besides the blood was found concrete about his heart Others use another argument to prove it cold and that is drawn from the composition thereof because it consists of Lead and other cold metals But this argument is very weak For unquencht Lime is made of flints and stony matter which is cold yet nevertheless it exceeds in heat Lib. 4. de nat rerum Paracelsus affirmeth that Quick-silver is hot in the interior substance but cold in the exterior that is cold as it comes forth of the Mine But that coldness to be lost as it is prepared by art and heat only to appear and be left therein so that it may serve instead of a tincture in the trans-mutation of metals And verily it is taken for a Rule amongst Chymists that all metals are outwardly cold by reason of the watery substance that is predominant in them but that inwardly they are very hot which then appears when as the coldness together with the moisture is segregated for by calcination they become caustick Moreover many account quick-silver poison Tract de casu offen yet experience denies it For Marianus Sanctus Boralitanus tells that he saw a woman who for certain causes and effects would at several times drink one pound and a half of quicksilver which came from her again by stool without any harm Moreover he affirmeth that he hath known sundry who in a desperate Colick which they commonly call miserere mei have been freed from imminent death by drinking three pounds of quick-silver with water only For by the weight it opens and unfolds the twined or bound up gut nnd thrusts forth the hard and stopping excrements he addeth that others have found this medicine effectual against the colick drunk in the quantity of three ounces Antonius Musa writes that he usually giueth Quick-silver to children ready to die of the worms Avicen confirmeth this averring that many have drunk Quick-silver without any harm wherefore he mixeth it in his ointments against scales and scabs in little children whence came that common medicine amongst country people to kill lice by annointing the head with Quick-silver mixed with butter or axungia Quick-silver good for women in travel Matthiolus affirmeth that many think it the last and chiefest remedy to give to women in travel that cannot be delivered I protest to satisfie my self concerning this matter I gave to a whelp a pound of Quick-silver which being drunk down it voided without any harm by the belly Whereby you may understand that it is wholly without any venomous quality Verily it is the only and true Antidote of the Lues Venerea and also a very fit medicine for all malign ulcers as that which more powerfully impugns their malignity then any other medicines that work only by their first qualities For the disease called Malum sancti manis Besides against that contumacious scab which is vulgarly called Malum sancti manis there is not any more speedy or certain remedy Moreover Guido writes that if a plate of lead be besmeared or rubbed there with and then for some space laid upon an ulcer and conveniently fastned that it will soften the callous hardness of the lips thereof and bring it to cicatrization which thing I my self have often times found true by experience Lib. de comp med socurd loc Against malign ulcers Certainly before Guido Galen much commended Quick-silver against malign ulcers and cancers Neither doth Galen affirm that lead is poisonous which many affirm poisonous becaus it consists of much Quick-silver but he only saith thus much that water too long kept in leaden pipes cisterns by reason of the drossiness that it useth to gather in lead causeth bloody fluxes which also is familiar to brass and copper Otherwise many could not without danger bear in their bodies leaden bullets during the space of so many years as usually they do It is reported It is declared by Theodoret Herey in the following histories how powerful Quick-silver is to resolve and asswage pain and inflamations Not long since Against the Parotides saith he a certain Doctor of Physick his boy was troubled with parotides with great swelling heat pain and beating to him by the common consent of the Physicians there present I applied an Anodine medicine whose force was so great that the tumor manifestly subsided at the first dressing and the pain was much asswaged At the second dressing all the symptoms were more mitigated At the third dressing I wondring at the so great effect of an Anodine Cataplasm observed that there was Quick-silver mixed therewith and this happened through the negligence of the Apothecary who mixed the simple Anodine medicine prescribed by us in a mortar wherein but a while before he had mixed an ointment whereinto Quick-silver entred whose reliques and some part thereof yet remained therein This which once by chance succeeded well I afterwards wittingly and willingly used to a certain Gentlewoman troubled with the like disease possessing all the region behind the ears much of the throat and a great part of the cheek when as nature helped by common remedies could not evacuate neither by resolution nor suppuration the contained matter greatly vexing her with pain and pulsation I to the medicine formerly used by the consent of the Physicians put some Quick-silver so within a few daies the tumor was digested and resolved But some will say it resolves the strength of the nerves and limbs as you may see by such as have been anointed therewith for the Lues Venerea who tremble in all their limbs during the rest of their lives This is true if any use it too intemperately without measure and a disease that may require so great a remedy for thus we see the Gilders
hinder natures diligence and care of concoction For as in the Dog-Dayes the lees of wine subsiding to the bottom are by the strength and efficacie of heat drawn up to the top and mixed with the whole substance of the wine as it were by a certain ebullition or working so melancholick humors being the dregs or lees of the blood stirred by the passions of the minde defile or taint all the blood with their seculent impurity We found that some years agon by experience at the battle of S. Dennis For all wounds by what weapon soever they were made degenerated into great and filthy putrefactions and corruptions with severs of the like nature and were commonly determined by death what medicines and how diligently soever they were applied which caused many to have a false suspicion that the weapons on both sides were poysoned But there were manifest signs of corruption and putrefaction in the blood let the same day that any were hurt and in the principal parts disected afterwards that it was from no other cause then an evil constitution of the air and the mindes of the Souldiers perverted by hate anger and fear CHAP. V. What signs in the Air and Earth prognosticate a Plague WEe may know a plague to be at hand and hang over us if at any time the air and seasons of the year swerve from their natural constitution after those waies I have mentioned before if frequent and long continuing Meteors or sulphureous Thunders infect the air Why abortions are frequent in a pestilent season if fruits seeds and pulie be worm-eaten If birds forsake their nests eggs or young without any manifest cause if we perceive women commonly to abort by continual breathing in the vaporous air being corrupted and hurtful both to the Embryon and original of life and by which it being suffocated is presently cast forth and expelled Yet notwithstanding those airy impressions do not solely courrupt the air but there may be also others raised by the Sun from the filthy exhalations and poysonous vapors of the earth and waters or of dead carkasses which by their unnatural mixture easily corrupt the air subject to alteration as that which is thin and moist from whence divers Epidemial diseases and such as are every-where seize upon the common sort according to the several kinds of corruptions A Catarrh with difficulty of breathing killing many such as that famous Catarrh with difficulty of breathing which in the year 1510 went almost all over the world and raged over all the Cities and Towns of France with great heaviness of the head whereupon the French named it Cuculla with a straitness of the heart and lungs and a cough a continual fever and sometimes raving This although it seized upon many more then it killed yet because they commonly died who were either let blood or purged it shewed it self pestilent by that violent and peculiar and unheard of kinde of malignity The English Sweating-sickness Such also was the English Sweating-sickness or Sweating-fever which unusual with a great deal of terror invaded all the lower parts of Germany and the Low-Countries from the year 1525 unto the year 1530 and that chiefly in Autumn As soon as this pestilent disease entred into any City suddenly two or three hundred fell sick on one day then it departed thence to some other place The people strucken with it languishing fel down in a swound and lying in their beds sweat continually having a fever a frequent quick and unequal pulse neither did they leave sweating till the disease left them which was in one or two daies at the most yet freed of it they languished long after they all had a beating or palpitation of the heart which held some two or three years and others all their life after At the first beginning it killed many before the force of it was known but afterwards very few when it was found out by practice and use that those who furthered and continued their sweats and strengthened themselves with cordials were all restored But at certain times many other popular diseases sprung up as putrid fevers fluxes bloody-fluxes catarrhs coughs phrenzies squinances plurisies inflamations of the lungs inflamations of the eies apoplexies lithargies The Plague is not the definite name of one disease small pox and meazles scabs carbuncles and malign pustles Wherefore the Plague is not alwaies nor every-where of one and the same kinde but of divers which is the cause that divers names are imposed upon it according to the variety of the effects it brings and symptoms which accompany it and kinds of putrefaction and hidden qualities of the air What signs in the earth foreteâ—l a plague They affirm when the Plague is at hand that Mushroms grow in greater abundance out of the Earth and upon the surface thereof many kinds of poysonous insecta creep in great numbers as Spiders Catterpillers Butter-flies Grass-hoppers Beetles Hornets Wasps Flies Scorpions Snails Locusts Toads Worms and such things as are the off-spring of putrefaction And also wilde beasts tired with the voporous malignity of their dens and caves in the Earth forsake them and Moles Toads Vipers Snakes Lizards Asps and Crocodiles are seen to flie away and remove their habitations in great troops For these as also some other creatures have a manifest power by the gift of God and the instinct of Nature to presage changes of weather as rains showrs and fair weather and seasons of the year as the Spring Summer Autumn Winter which they testifie by their singing chirping crying flying playing and bearing with their wings and such like signs so also they have a perception of a Plague at hand And moreover the carkasses of some of them which took less heed of themselves suffocated by the pestiferous poyson of the ill air contained in the earth may be every-where found not onely in their dens but also in the plain fields These vapors corrupted not by a simple putrefaction but an occult malignity How pestilent vapors may kill plants and trees are drawn out of the bowels of the earth into the air by the force of the Sun and Stars and thence condensed into clouds which by their falling upon corn trees and grass infect and corrupt all things which the earth produceth and also kills those creatures which feed upon them yet brute beasts sooner then men as which stoop and hold their heads down towards the ground the maintainer and breeder of this poyson that they may get their food from thence Therefore at such times skilful husbandmen taught by long experience never drive their Cattle or Sheep to pasture before that the Sun by the force of his beams hath wasted and dissipated into air this pestiferous dew hanging and abiding upon the boughs and leaves of trees herbs corn and fruits But on the contrary that pestilence which proceeds from some malign quality from above by reason of evil and certain conjunction of the Stars is
before the death of the Patient drives the excremental humours which are the matter of the spots unto the skin or else because nature in the last conflict hath contended with some greater endeavour then before which is common to all things that are ready to die a little before the instant time of death the Pestilent humor being presently driven unto the skin and nature thus weakned by these extreme conflicts falleth down prostrate and is quite overthrown by the remnant of the matter CHAP. XXIX Of the cure of Eruptions and Spots They are to be cured by driving forth YOu must first of all take heed lest you drive in the humor that is coming outwards with repercussives therefore beware of cold all purging things phlebotomy and drowsie or sound sleeping For all such things do draw the humors inwardly and work contrary to nature But it is better to provoke the motion of nature outwardly by applying of drawing medicines outwardly and ministring medicines to provoke sweat inwardly for otâ—erwise by repelling and stopping the matter of the eruptions there will be great danger lest the heart be oppressed with the abundance of the venom flowing back or else by turning into the belly it infers a mortal bloudy flux which discommodities that they may be avoided I have thought good to set down this remedy whose efficacy I have known and proved many times and on divers persons when by reason of the weakness of the expulsive faculty and the thickness of the skin the matter of the spots cannot break forth but is constrained to lurk under the skin lifting it up into bunches and knobs The indication of curing taken from the like I was brought unto the invention of this remedy by comparison of the like For when I understood that the essence of the French-pox and likewise of the pestilence consisted in a certain hidden virulency and venomous quality I soon descended unto that opinion that even as by the annointing of the body with the unguent compounded of Quick-silver the gross and clammy humours which are fixed in the bones and unmovable are dissolved relaxed and drawn from the center into the superficial parts of the body by strengthening and stirring up the expulsive faculty and evacuated by sweating and fluxing at the mouth that so it should come to pass in pestilent Fevers that nature being strengthened with the same kind of unction might unload herself of some portion of the venomous and pestilent humor by opening the pores and passages and â—etting it break forth into spots and pustles and into all kind of eruptions Therefore I have anointed many in whom nature seemed to make passage for the venomous matter very slowly first looâ—ing their belly with a glyster and then giving them Treacle-water to drink which might defend the vital faculty of the heart but yet not distend the stomach as though they had the French-pox and I obtained my expected purpose In stead of the Treacle-water you may use the decoction of Guaicum which doth heat dry provoke sweat and repel putrefactioâ— adding thereto also Vinegar that by the subtilty thereof it may pierce the better and withstand the putrefaction This is the description of the unguent An ointment to draw them forth when as they appear too slowly Take of Hogs-grease one pound boil it a little with the leaves of Sage Thime Rosemary of each half an handful strain it and in the straining extinguish five ounces of Quick-silver which hath been first boyled in Vinegar with the fore-mention herbs of Sal Nitrum three drams the yelks of three eggs boyled until they be hard of Treacle and Mithridate of each half an ounce of Venice-Turpentine oyl of Scorpions and Bayes of each three ounces incorporate them altogether in a mortar and make thereof an unguent wherewith annoint the Patients arm-holes and groins avoiding the parts that belong to the head breast and back-bone then let him be laid in his bed and covered warm and let him sweat there for the space of two hours and then let his body be wiped and cleansed and if it may be let him be laid in another bed and there let him be refreshed with the decoction of a Capon reer eggs and with such like meats of good juyce that are easie to be concocted and digested let him be annointed the second and third day unless the spots appear before If the Patient flux at the mouth it must not be stopped when the spots and pustles do all appear and the Patient hath made an end of sweating it shall be convenient to use diuretick medicines for by these the remnant of the matter of the spots which happily could not all breath forth may easily be purged and avoided by urine If any Noble or Gentlemen refuse to be annointed with this unguent let them be enclosed in the body of a Mule or Horse that is newly killed and when that is cold let them be laid in another until the pustles and eruptions do break forth being drawn by that natural heat For so Matthiolus writeth In pâ—oaem lib. 6. Diâ—sc that Valentinus the son of Pope Alexander the sixt was delivered from the danger of most deadly poyson which he had drunk GHAP. XXX Of a pestilent Bubo or Plague-sore A Pestilent Bubo is a tumor at the beginning long and moveable and in the state What a pestilent Bubo is and full perfection copped and with a sharp head unmoveable and fixed deeply in the glandules or kernels by which the brain exonerates it self of the venomous and pestiferous matter into the kernels that are behinde the ears and in the neck the heart into those that are in the arm-holes and the Liver into those that are in the groin that is when all the matter is gross and clammy so that it cannot be drawn out by spots and pustles breaking out on the skin and so the matter of a Carbuncle is sharp and so fervent that it maketh an Eschar on the place where it is fixed In the beginning while the Bubo is breeding it maketh the patient to feel as if it were a cord or rope stretched out in the place or a hardned nerve with pricking pain and shortly after the matter is raised up as it were into a knob and by little and little it groweth bigger and is inflamed these accidents before mentioned accompanying it If the tumor be red The signs of Buboes salutary and deadly and increase by little and little it is a good and salutary sign but if it be livid or black and come very slowly unto his just bigness it is a deadly sign It is also a deadly signe if it increase suddenly come to his just bigness as it were with a swift violence and as in a moment have all the symptoms in the highest excess as pain swelling and burning Buboes or Sores appear sometimes of a natural colour like unto the skin and in all other things like unto an oedematous tumor which
miseries of mans life as it were by the enticements of that pleasure also the great store of hot blood that is about the heart wherewith men abound maketh greatly to this purpose which by impulsion of imagination which ruleth the humors being driven by the proper passages down from the heart and entrails into the genital parts doth stir up in them a new lust The males of brute beasts being provoked or moved by the stimulations of lust rage and are almost burst with a Tentigo or extension of the genital parts and sometimes wax mad but after that they have satisfied their lust with the female of their kinde they presently become gentle and leave off such fierceness CHAP. IV. What things are to be observed as necessary unto generation in the time of copulation How women may be moved to Venery conception WHen the husband commeth into his wives chamber he must entertain her with all kinde of dalliance wanton behaviour and allurements to Venery but if he perceive her to be slow and more cold he must cherish embrace and tickle her and shall not abruptly the nerves being suddenly distended break into the field of nature but rather shall creep in by little and and little intermixing more wanton kisses with wanton words and speeches handling her secret parts and dugs that she may take fire and be enflamed to Venery for so at length the womb will strive and wax servent with a desire of casting forth it own seed and receive the mans seed to be mixed together therewith But if all these things will not suffice to enflame the woman for women for the most part are more slow and slack unto the expulsion or yeelding forth of their seed it shall be necessary first to foment her secret parts with the decoction of hot herbs made with Muscadine or boiled in any other good wine and to put a little Musk or Civet into the neck or mouth of the womb and when she shall perceive the efflux of her seed to approach by reason of the tickling pleasure she must advertise her husband thereof that at the very instant time or moment The meeting of the seeds most necessary for generation he may also yeeld forth his seed that by the concourse or meeting of the seeds conception may be made and so at length a child formed and born And that it may have the better success the husband must not presently separate himself from his wives embraces lest the air strike into the open womb and so corrupt the seeds before they are perfectly mixed together When the man departs let the woman lye still in quiet laying her legs or her thighs across one upon another and raising them up a little lest that by motion or downward situation the seed should be shed or spilt which is the cause why she ought at that time not to talk especially chiding nor to cough nor snees but give her self to rest and quietness if it be possible CHAP. V. By what signs it may be known whether the woman have conceived or not IF the seed in the time of copulation or presently after be not spilt if in the meeting of the seeds the whole body do somewhat shake that is to say the womb drawing it self together for the compression and entertainment thereof if a little feeling of pain doth run up and down the lower belly and about the navel if she be sleepy if she loath the embracings of a man and if her face be pale it is a token that she hath conceived In some after conception spots or freckles arise in their face Spots or specks in the faces of those that are with child their eies are depressed and sunk in the white of their eyes waxeth pale they wax giddy in the head by reason that the vapors are raised up from the menstrual blood that is stopped sadness and heaviness grieve their minds with loathing and waywardness by reason that the spirits are covered with the smoaky darkness of the vapors pains in teeth and gums and swounding often-times commeth the appetite is depraved or overthrown with aptness to vomit and longing whereby it happeneth that they loath meats of good juice and long for and desire illaudable meats Why many women being great with childe refuse laudable meats and desire those that are illaudable and contrary to nature The suppressed terms divided into three parts and those that are contrary to nature as coles dirt ashes stinking salt-fish sowr austere and tart fruits pepper vinegar and such like acrid things and other altogether contrary to nature and use by reason of the condition of the suppressed humor abounding and falling into the orifice of the stomach This appetite so depraved or over-thrown endureth in some untill the time of child-birth in others it cometh in the third month after their conception when hairs do grow on the child and lastly it leaveth them a little before the fourth month because that the child being now greater and stronger consumes a great part of the excremental and superfluous humor The suppressed or stopped terms in women that are great with childe are divided into three parts the more pure portion maketh the nutriment for the child the second ascendeth by little and little into the dugs and the impurest of all remaineth in the womb about the infant and maketh the secondine or after-birth wherein the infant lieth as in a soft bed Those women are great with child whose urine is more sharp fervent and somewhat bloody the bladder not only waxing warm by the compression of the womb fervent by reason of the blood contained in it but also the thinner portion of the same blood being expressed and sweating out into the bladder Hip. 1. de morb mul. A swelling and hardness of the dugs and veins that are under the dugs in the breasts and about them and milk comming out when they are pressed with a certain stirring motion in the belly are certain infallible signs of greatness with child Neither in this greatness of child-bearing the veins of the dugs only but of all the whole body appear full and swelled up especially the veins of the thighs and legs so that by their manifold folding and knitting together they do appear varicous Aph. 41. sect 5. whereof commeth sluggishness of the whole body heaviness and impotency or difficulty of going especially when the time of deliverance is at hand Lastly if you would know whether the woman have conceived or not give unto her when she goeth to sleep some mead or honied water to drink and if she have a griping in her guts or belly she hath conceived if not she hath not conceived CHAP. VI. That the womb so soon as it hath received the seed is presently contracted or drawn together AFter that the seeds of the male and female have both met and are mixed together in the capacity of the womb then the orifice thereof doth draw it self close together lest
concoct the same as may be seen in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navel is half an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat grown it is found three or four times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the child is in his mothers womb he taketh his nutriment only by the navel The childe in the womb taketh his nutriment by his navel not by his mouth and not by his mouth neither doth he enjoy the use of eyes ears nostrils or fundament neither needeth he the functions of the heart For spirituous blood goeth unto it by the artertes of the navel and into the Iliack arteries and from the Iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these only the infant doth breath Therefore it is not to be supposed that the air is carried or drawn in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the child How the childe breatheth but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth perform the generation or working of blood or of the vital spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embryon or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the womb and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principal entrails IN the six first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to be made and brought forth of the eminences or cotyledons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seed as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they pierce the womb so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veins diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it cometh to pass that the seed it self boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not only through occasion of the place but also of the blood and vital spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into three bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the rain falling into a river or channel full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new forms The three bladders or concretions of the three principal entrails that is to say of the liver heart and brain All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embryon or the rude form of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members When the seed is called an embryon on the fourth day after that the vein of the navel is formed it sucketh grosser blood that is of a more full nutriment out of the Cotyledons And this blood because it is more gross easily congeals and curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully and absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bigness above all the other parts and therefore it is called Parenchyma Why the liver is called Parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of blood brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunk of the hollow vein called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto hairs into all the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one groweth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the mean season the arteries of the navel suck spirituous blood out of the eminences or Cotyledons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more fervent and spirituous blood the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshie sound and thick substance as it behooveth that vessel to be which is the fountain from whence the heat floweth and hath a continual motion In this the virtue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow vein is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or root of an artery which presently doth divide it self into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vital heat CHAP. X. Of the third Bubble or Bladder wherein the head and the brain is formed THe far greater portion of the seed goeth into this third bubble that is to say Why the greater portion of seed goeth into generation of the head and brain yeelding matter for the conformation of the brain and all the head For a greater quantity of seed ought to go unto the conformation of the head and brain because these parts are not sanguine or bloody as the heart and liver but in a manner without blood bony marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veins arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skin are called spermatick parts because they obtain their first conformation almost of seed only although that afterwards they are nourished with blood as the other fleshie and musculous parts are But yet the blood when it come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by virtue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head form and fashion themselves unto the form of the brain when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones Why the head is placed on the top of the body The head as the seat of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and govern all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soul or life which is the rectress or governess is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principal entrals as props and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also she hath framed the bones The first bones that appear to be formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Ilium conneâ—ed or united by spondyls that are between them then all the other members are framed and proportioned by their concavites and hollownesses which generally are seven that is to say two of the ears two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the
womb There are women that bear the childe in their womb ten or eleven whole moneths and such children have their conformation of much quantity of seed wherefore they will be more big great and strong and therefore they require more time to come to their perfection and maturity for those fruits that are great will not be so soon ripe as those that are small But children that are small and little of body do often come to their perfection and maturity in seven or nine moneths if all other things are correspondent in greatness and bigness of body it happeneth for the most part that the woman with childe is not delivered before the ninth moneth be done A male will be born soonner then a female or at the leastwise in the same moneth But a male childe will be commonly born at the beginnâ—ng or a little before the begining of the same moneth by reason of his engrafted heat which causeth maturity and ripeness Furthermore the infant is sooner come to maturity and perfection in a hot woman then in a cold for it is the property of heat to ripen CHAP. XXXI How to preserve the infant in the womb when the mother is dead IF all the signes of death appear in the woman that lieth in travel and cannot be delivered there must then be a Surgeon ready and at hand which may open her body so soon as she is dead whereby the infant may be preserved in safety neither can it be supposed sufficient if the mothers mouth and privie parts be held open for the infant being inclosed in his mothers womb Why it is not sufficient to preserve life in the childe to hold open the mouth and privie parts of the mother so soon as she is dead and the childe alive in her body and compassed with the membranes cannot take his breath but by contractions and dilatations of the artery of the navel But when the mother is dead the lungs do not execute their office function therefore they cannot gather in the air that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their own substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want air there cannot be any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart as also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the womb which are as it were the little conduits of the great artery whereinto the air that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the womb Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the air is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the artery of the infants navel the iliack arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto his body for the air being drawn by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages How the bellie of the woman that dieth in travel must be cut open to save the childe Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is far better to open her body so soon as she is dead beginning the incision at the cartilage Xiphoides or blade and making it in a form semicircular cutting the skin muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the womb being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise he infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though he were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakness yet you may know whether he be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navel for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him How it may be known whether the infant be aâ—ive or not shortly after he hath taken in the air and is recreated with the access thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakness or debility of the strength of the childe by cutting the navel string it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jot remaining may be stirred up again But I cannot sufficiently marvel at the insolency of those that affirm that they have seen women whose bellies and womb have been more then once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatness of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the womb for the womb of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yield a gread flux of blood which of necessity must be mortal And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the womb is cicatrized it will not peâ—mit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or bear a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfetation SUperfetation is when a woman doth bear two or more children at one time in her womb What superfetation is and they be enclosed each in his several secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to be conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception and birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomach which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meat to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowl neither unto this or that side so the womb is drawn together into the conception about the seeds assoon as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawn in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to go into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children then one which are divided by their secundines A womans womb is not distinguished into diverse cells And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombs of women as are supposed or rather known to be in the wombs of beasts which therefore bâ—ing forth many
or breadth so much is wanting in their length The cause of the divers turnings of the womb into divers parts of the body and therefore it happeneth that the womb being removed out of its seat doth one while fall to the right side towards the liver sometimes to the left towards the milt sometimes upwards unto the midriff and stomach sometimes downwards and so forwards unto the bladder whereof cometh an Ischury and strangury or backwards whereof cometh oppression of the straight gut and suppression of the excrements and the Tenesmus But although we acknowledge the womb to decline to those parts which we named yet it is not by accident only as when it is drawn by the proper and common ligaments and bands when they are contracted or made shorter The womb is not so greatly moved by an accident but by it self being distended with fulness but also of it self as when it is forced or provoked through the grief of something contrary to nature that is contained therein it wandreth sometimes unto one side and sometimes unto another part with a plain and evident natural motion like unto the stomach which embraceth any thing that is gentle and milde but avoideth any thing that is offensive and hurtfull Whereof come such divers accidents of strangulation of the womb yet we deny that so great accidents may be stirred up by the falling of it alone unto this or that side for then it might happen that women that are great with childe whose wombs are so distended by reason that the childe is great that it doth press the midriff might be troubled with a strangulation like unto this but much rather by a venemous humor breathing out a malign and gross vapor not only by the veins and arteries but also by the pores that are invisible which pollutes the faculties of the parts which it toucheth with its venemous malignity and infection and intercepts the functions thereof Neither doth the variety of the parts receiving only but also of the matter received cause variety of accidents For some accidents come by suppression of the terms others come by corruption of the seed but if the matter be cold The cause of sleepiness in the strangulation of the womb it brinketh a drowsiness being lifted up unto the brain whereby the woman sinketh down as if she were astonished and lieth without motion and sense or feeling and the beating of the arteries and the breathing are so small that sometimes it is thought they are not at all but that the woman is altogether dead If it be more gross it inferreth a convulsion if it partipate of the nature of a gross melancholick humor it bringeth such heaviness fear and sorrowfulness that the party that is vexed therewith shall think that she shall die presently and cannot be brought out of her minde by any means or reason The cause of drowsie madness if of a cholerick humor it causeth the madness called furor uterinus and such a pratling that they speak all things that are to be concealed and a giddiness of the head by reason that the animal spirit is suddenly shaken by the admixtion of a putrified vapour and hot spirit but nothing is more admirable then that this disease taketh the patient sometimes with laughing and sometimes with weeping for some at the first will weep and then laugh in the same disease and state thereof But it exceedeth all admiration which Hollerius writeth A history usually happened to two of the daughters of the Provost of Roven For they were held with long laughter for an hour or two before the fit which neither for fear admonition nor for any other means they could hold and their parents chid them and asked them wherefore they did so they answered that they were not able to stay their laughter The ascention of the womb is to be distinguishâ—d from the strangulation The ascention of the womb is diligently to be distinguished from the strangulation thereof for the accidents of the ascention and of the strangulation are not one but the woman is only oppressed with a certain pain of the heart difficulty of breathing or swouning but yet without fear without raving or idle talking or any other greater accident Therefore oftentimes contrary causes inferr the ascention that is overmuch driness of the womb labouring through the defect of moisture whereby it is forced after too violent and immoderate evacuations of the flowers and in childe-bed and such like and laborious and painfull travel in childbed through which occasion it waxeth hot contrary to nature and withereth and turneth it self with a certain violence unto the parts adjoyning that is to say unto the liver stomach and midriff if haply it may draw some moisture there-hence unto it I omit that the womb may be brought unto its place upwards by often smelling to aromatick things yet in the mean while it inferrs not the strangulation that we described before CHAP. XLV The signs of imminent strangulation of the Womb. BEfore that these fore-named accidents come the woman thinks that a certain painfull thing ariseth from her womb unto the orifice of the stomach and heart and she thinketh her self to be oppressed and choaked she complaineth her self to be in great pain and that a certain lump or heavy thing climbs up from the lower parts unto her throat and stoppeth her winde her heart burneth and panteth And in many the womb and vessels of the womb so swell that they cannot stand upright on their legs but are constrained to lie down flat on their bellies that they may be the less grieved with the pain and to press that down strongly with their hands The womb it self doth not so well make the ascention as the vapor thereof that seemeth to arise upwards although that not the womb it self but the vapor ascendeth from the womb as we said before but when the fit is at hand their faces are pale on a sudden their understanding is darkned they become slow and weak in the leggs with unableness to stand Hereof cometh sound sleep foolish talking interception of the senses and breath as if they were dead loss of speech the contraction of their legs and the like CHAP. XLVI How to know whether the woman be dead in the strangulation of the womb or not I Have thought it meet because many women not only in ancient times Women living taken for dead but in our own and our fathers memory have been so taken with this kind of symptom that they have been supposed and laid out for dead although truly they were alive to set down the signs in such a case which do argue life and death Therefore first of all it may be proved whether she be alive or dead by laying or holding a clear and smooth looking-glass before her mouth and nostrils For if she breath although it be never so obscurely the thin vapor that cometh out How women that have the
with vaporous spirits wherewith as long as the humor distills it is replenished and looks white A Fornace or Reverberation furnished with his Retort and Receiver A. Shews the Fornace B. The Retort C. The Receiver D. The vessel filled with cold water Now for the Receiver there are two things to be observed The first is that it be great and very capacious that it may not be distended and broken by the abundant flowing of vaporous spirits as it doth oft-times happen another thing is that you set it in a vessel filled with cold water lest it should be broken by being over hot you may easily perceive all this by the ensuing figure CHAP. XVII A Table or Catalogue of Medicines and Instruments serving for the cure of Diseases MEdicines and Medicinal meats fit for the cure of Diseases are taken from living Creatures Plants and Minerals From living creatures are taken Horns Heoves Hairs Feathers Sheâ—s Sculls Scales Sweats Skins Fat 's Flesh Blood Entraile Vrine Bones Extreme parts Hearts Liver Lungs Brain Womb Secundine Testic es Pizzle Bleader Sperm Tail Ceats of the Ventricle Exspirations Bristles Silk Webs Tears Spittle Heny Wax Egge Milk Butter Cheese Marrow Rennet Sâ—nells whether they be stinking oâ— sweet as also Poysons whole creatures themselves as Foxes Whelps Heagâ—hâ—gs Frogs Worms Crabs Cray fishes Scorpions Hoâ—sleeches Swallows Dungs From. Pâ—nts that is Trees Shrubs and Herbs are taken Roots Moss Pith Siens Buds Stalks Leaves Flowers Cups Fibers or hairy threads Ears Seeds Bark Wood Meal fuyces Tears Orts Gâ—ws R sins R tterness Mass oâ— spissament Mâ—nna which falling amâ— like dew upon plants presently concretes Wh l. plants as Mallows Omâ—â—ns c. Metals o Minerals are taken either from the Water oâ— Earth and are either kindes of Earth Stones o Metals c. The kinâ—es oâ— Earth are Bole-Armenick Terâ—a sigillata Fullere-earth Chalk Okar Plaster Lime Now the kindes of Stones are Flints Lapis Jâ—daicus Lapis Lynâ— is The Pumice Lâ—p Haematites Amiantus Galactites Spunge stones Diamonds Saphire Chryâ—â—lite Tâ—pace Lâ—ad-stone The Pytites or fire-stone Alablaster Marble Chrystaâ— and many â—ther precious stâ—nâ—s The kinâ—es of Salts as well Natural as Artificial are Common Salt Salt nitrum Sal Aâ—kali Sal Ammomacum Salt of Vrine Salt of tartar and generally all salts that may be made of any kinde of Plants Those that are commonly called Minerals are Marchasite Antimony Muscevy Glâ—ss Tutty Arsnick Orpiment Lazure or blue Rose agar Brimstone Quick-silver White-Coperas Chalâ—itis â—â—ry Roman Vitrâ—l Colcother vitrio or Green-coperas Alumen sciffile Common Alum Alumen rotinâ—um R und Alum Alumen liquidem Alumen â—tmosum Borax er Burrace Bitumen Naptha Cinnabâ— is er Vermillion Lytharge of Gela. Lytharge of Silver Chrysocolla Scandaracha Red-lead White-lead and divers other Now the Metals themselves are Gold Silver Iron Lead Tin Brass Copper Steel Lattin and such as arise from these as the scales verdigrease rust c. Now from the Waters as the Sea Rivers Lakes und Fountains and the mud of these waters are taken divers medicines as white and red Corral Pearls and infinite other things which Nature the hand-maid of the great Architect of this world hath produced for the cure of Diseases so that into what part soever you turn your eyes whether to the surface of the earth or the bowels thereof a great multitude of Remedies present themselves to your view The choyce of all which is taken from their substance or quantity quality action place season smell taste sight figure and weight other circumstances as Siltyus hath abundantly shewed in his Book written upon t his Subject Of these Simples are made divers Compositions as Collyriâ— Caputpurgia Eclegmate Dentifrices Dentiscalpia Apophlegmatismi Gargarisms Pilis Boles Petions Emplasters Vnguents Cerats Liniments Embrecations Fomentations Epithemes Attractives Reâ—overs Suppuratives Emollients Mundificatives Incarnatives Cicatrizers Putrifâ—rs Corrosives Aglutinatives Anâ—dynes Apozemes Julips Syrups Powders Tablets Opiats Conserves Preserves Consect â—ns R wls Vâ—nits Sternutatories Suderyficks Glysters Pessaries S â— ppâ—â—tories Fumigations Tr câ—iks F nerals Caâ—s Stomachers Bags Baths Half baths Virgins-mâ—k Feâ—i Picatiâ—ns Depilatâ—ries Viâ—â—catâ— ies Pâ—â—ential cauteries Nâ—se-gayâ—s â—ans Campies or extenaed clâ—aths to make winde Artifiâ—al â—â—uâ—tains tâ—â—alâ—â— or ar p dâ—wâ— liquorâ— Now these tâ—aâ—â—â—e â—â—ought to be noâ—rishing medicines are Restarratives Cullises Exor ssi ns Gellies Pâ—i ans Barâ—y creams Panad'es Almâ—nd milks Marck-pains Wafers Hâ—â— of â—cher H d â—â—el and such other drink Muâ—cilages Oxymeâ— Oxye are R â—-Vineger Hyd aelium Mâ—thâ—glâ—n Câ—der Drink of Servisses Alt. Beer Vinegar Verjuyce Oil. Steâ—led water Water brewed with cread-crums Hippocratâ— Perry and such like Waters and distilled oyls and divers other Chymical extractions As the waters and oyls of hot dry and aromatick things dâ—wn in a copper-Alembick with a cooler with ten times as much water in weight as of herbs now the herbs must be cry that the cistillation may the better succeed Waters are extracted out of flowers put into a Retort by the heat of the Sun or of Dung or of an heap of p esled our Grapes or by Balneo if there be Receiver put and closely â—luted thereto All kindes oâ— salt of things calcined dissolved in water and twice or thrice filtred that so they may become more pure and fit to yield oyl Other distillâ—tions are made either in Cellars by the coldness or moist are of the place the things being laid either upâ—n a marble or else hanged up in a bag and thus is made oyl oâ—â—â—rtar and of S lts and other things of an Aluminous nature Bones must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels All woods roots-barks shells of fishes and seed or grains as of corn broom beans and other things whose juice cannot be got out by expression must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels in a Reverberatory Fornace Metals calcined and having acquired the nature of salt ought to be dissolved and filtred and then evaporated till they be drie then let them be dissolved in distilled vinegar and then evaporated and dryed again for so they will easily distill in a Cellar upon a Marble or in a bag Or else by putting them into a glassy Retort and setting it in sand and so giving fire thereto by degrees until all the watery humidity be distilled then change the receiver and lute another close to the Retort then increase the fire above and below and thus there will flow forth an oil very red colored Thus are all metalline things distilled as Alums salts c. Gums axungiae and generally all rosins are distilled by Retort set in an earthen vessel filled with Ashes upon a Fornace now the fire must be encreased by little and little according to the different condition of the distilled matters The Vessels and Instruments serving for Distillations are commonly these Bottoms of Alembicks The heads of them from whence the liquors drop Refrigeratories Vessels tor subblimation For Reverberation For distilling by
concavity of the body Signs that a wound hath pierced in the concavity of the chest if the air come forth at the wound making a certain whizzing noise if the patient breathe with great difficulty if he feel a great heaviness or weight on or about the midriff whereby it may be gathered that a great quantity of blood lieth upon the place or midriff and so causeth him to feel a weight or heaviness which by little and little will be cast up by vomiting But a little after a fever commeth and the breath is unsavory and stinking by reason that the putrifying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his back and he hath an often desire to vomit but if he escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting Signs that the Lungs are wounded That the Heart is wounded he is vexed with a grievous shortness of breath and with pain in his sides We may perceive the heart to be wounded by the abundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse paleness of the face cold sweat with often swooning coldness of the extreme parts and sudden death When the midriff which the Latins call Diaphragma is wounded The Midriff the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortness of winde a cough and fit of grievous pain and drawing of the intrals upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appear we may certainly pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth suddenly by a wound of the hollow Vein or the great Artery The Vena Cava and great Artery by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindered The marrow of the back bone being pierced The spinal marrow the patient is assaulted with a palsie or convulsion very suddenly and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood cometh out at the wound The Liver and pricking-pain disperseth it self even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the lower end of the breast-bone called Sternon the blood that followeth from thence down into the intestines doth oft-times infer most malign accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomach is wounded the meat and drink come out at the wound The Stomach there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth swearing and coldness of the extreme parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the Milt or Splene is wounded black and gross blood cometh out at the wound The spleen the patient will be very thirsty with pain on the left side and the blood breaks forth into the belly and there purrifying causeth most malign and grievous accidents and often-times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained The Guts the excrements come out at the wound whereat also oft-times the guts break forth with great violence When the reins of Kidnies are wounded the patient will have great pain in making his urine The Kidnies and the blood commeth out together therewith the pain commeth down even unto the groin and yard and testicles When the Bladder and Ureters are wounded the pain goeth even unto the entrails The Bladder the parts all about and belonging to the groin are d stended the urine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth oftentimes out of the wound When the womb is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities The womb and all other accidents appear like as when the bladder is wounded The nerves When the sinews are pricked or cut half asunder there is great pain in the affected place and there followeth a sudden inflammation flux abscess fever convulsion and oftentimes a gangrene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unless it be speedily prevented Having declared the signs and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set down other signs of certain kindes of death that are not common or natural whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgment of the descreet Physician or Surgeon Signs that an infant is smothered or over-laid Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkenness or negligence lies upon the infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgment be required whether the infant died through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or sudden disease that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof you shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signs following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nostrils now being dead be moistened or bedewed with a certain foam if his face be not pale but of a Violet or Purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swoln and puffed up as it were with a certain vaporous foam and all other intrails sound it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corps of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a Magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slain by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signs finde out the certainty hereof Signs of such as are slain by lightning For every body that is blasted or stricken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unwholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birds and sowls of the air or dogs will not once touch it much less prey or feed upon it the part that was stricken oftentimes sound and without a wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skin to be bruised broken or shivered in pieces Lib. 2. cap. 54. But if the lightning hath pierced into the body with making a wound therein according to the judgment of Pliny the wounded part is far colder then all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thin and fiery air before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heat that was in the part is soon dispersed wasted and consumed Lightning doth alwaies leave some impression or sign of some fire either by ustion or blackness for no Lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are
mouth of the Cannon and when we perceived them that they would land they were saluted with Cannon-shot and we discovered our men of War together with our Artillery The English retire they fled to Sea again where I was glad to see their Vessels hoise sail again which was in a great number and in good order and seemed like a forrest which marched upon the Sea I saw a thing also whereat I marvelled much which was that the bullets of great pieces made great rebounds and grazed upon the water as upon the ground Now to make the matter short the English did us no harm and returned whole and found into England and left us in peace We stayd in that Country in garrison till we were assured that their Army was dispersed In the mean time our Horsmen exercised their feats of activity as to run at the ring fight in duel and others so that there was still something to employ me withall Mounsieur de Estampes to make sport and pleasure to the said Monsieur de Rohan and Laval and other gentlemen caused diverse Country wenches to come to the feasts to sing songs in Low Britain tongue where their harmony was like the croaking of Frogs while they are in love Moreover he made them dance the Britany Triory without moving feet or Buttocks Dances of the Country wenches Wrast crâ— little Britain a good wrastâ—er he made them hear and see much good Otherwhiles they caused the Wrastlers of the Cities and Towns to come where there was a Prize for the best and sport was seldome ended but that one or other had a leg or arm broken or the shoulder or hip displaced there was a little man of Low Britany of a square body and well set who held a long time the credit of the field and by his skill and strength threw five or six to the ground there came to him a great school-master who was said to be one of the best Wrastlers of all Britany he entred into the lists having taken off his long jacket in hose and doublet and being neer the little man he seemed as it he had been tied to his girdle Notwithstanding when each of them took hold of the coâ—lâ—â— they were a long time without doing any thing and they thought they would remain equal in force and skill but the little man cast himself with an ambling leap under this great Pedant and took him on his shoulder and cast him on his kidnies spread abroad like a frog and then all the company laught at the skill and strength of the little fellow This great Dative had a great spight for being cast by so little a man he rose again in choler and would have his revenge They took hold again of each others collar and were again a good while at their hold without falling to the ground in the end this great man let himself fall upon the little and in falling put his elbow upon the pitch of his stomach and burst his heart and kil'd him stark dead And knowing he had given him his deaths blow The little Britain kil'd took again his long cassock and went away with his tail between his legs and hid himself seeing that the little man came not again to himself either for wine vinegar or any other thing that was presented unto him I drew near to him and felt his pulse which did not beat at all then I said he was dead then the Britans who assisted the wrastling said aloud in their jabbering that is not in the sport And some said that the said Pedagogue was accustomed to do so and that but a year passed he had done the like in a Wrastling I would needs open the body to know the cause of this sudden death where I found much bâ—ood in the Thorax and in the inferior belly The body opened by the Author and I strived to find out any apertion in the place from whence might issue so greaâ— a quantity of blood which I could not do for all the diligence I could make Now I believe it was per Diapedesin or Anastomosin that is to say by the apertion of the mouths of the vessels or by theiâ— poroâ—ties the poor little Wrastler was buried I took leave of Messieurs de Rohan de Laval and Estamps Monsieur de Rohan gave me a present of fifty double â—uckets and an ambling-hors and Monsieur de Laval another for my man and Monsieur de Estamps a Diamond of thirty Crowns and so I returned to my house at Paris The Voyage of Parpignan 1543. A Little while after Monsieur de Rohan took me with him poste to the camp of Parpignan being there the enemy made a Sally forth and came and inclosed three pieces of our Artillery where they were beaten back to the gates of the city which was not done without hurting and killing many and amongst the rest de Brissac who was then chief master of the Artillerie received a musket shot upon the shoulders returning to his Tent all the others that were hurt followed him hoping to be drest by the Surgeons that ought to dress them Being come to his Tent and laid on his bed the bullet was searched for by three or four the most expert Surgeons of the Army who could not find it but said it was entred into his body Address of the Author In the end he called for me to see if I were more skilful then they because he had known me before in Piedmdâ—nt by and by I made him rise from his bed and prayed him to put his body into that posture as it was when he received his hurt which he did taking a Javelin between his hands as he held the Pâ—ke in the skirmish I put my hand about the wound and found the bullet in the flesh making a little tumor under the Omoplate having found it I shewed them the place where it was and it was taken out by Master Nicholas Lavernaut Surgeon to Monsieur the Dâ—lphin who was the King's Lieutenant in that army yet notwithstaneing the honor remained to me for finding it History I saw one thing of great remark which is this That a souldier in my presence gave to one of his fellows a stroke with an Halbard upon the head penetrating even to the left ventricle of the brain without falling to the ground He that stroke him said He had heard that he cheated at dice and that he had dâ—awn a great Sum of mony and that it was his custom to cheat I was called to dress him which I did as it were for the last knowing well that he would quickly dye having drest him he returned all alone to his lodging which was at least two hundred paces distant I bid one of his companions send for a Priest to dispose of the affairs of his soul he helpt him to one who staid with him to the last gasp The next day the patient sent for me by his shee-friend in a
Savoy with six other Surgeons following the Army to see the hurt of the said Lord of Martigues and to know of me how I had dressed him and with what medicines The Emperors Physician bid me declare the essence of the wound and how I had drest it Now all the assistants had a very attentive ear to know if the wound were mortal or not I began to make a discourse that Monsieur de Martigues looking over the wall to perceive them that did undermine it received a shot from an Arquebus quite through the body presently I was called to dress him I saw he cast out blood out of his mouth and his wounds Moreover he had a great difficulty of breathing and cast out winde by the said wounds with a whistling in so much that it would blow out a candle and he said he had a most sharp pricking pain at the entrance of the bullet I do beleive and think it might be some little pieces of bones which prickt the Lungs When they made their Systole and Diastole I put my finger into him where I found the entrance of the bullet to have broken the fourth Rib in the middle and scales of bones which the said bullet had thrust in and the out-going of it had likewise broken the fifth Rib with pieces of bones which had been driven from within outward I drew out some but not all because they were very deep and adherent I put in each wound a Tent having the head very large tied with a thred lest by the inspiration it might be drawn into the capacity of the Thorax which hath been known by experience to the detriment of the poor wounded for being faln in it cannot be taken out which is the cause that engenders putrefaction a thing contrary to nature The said Tents were annointed with a medicine composed of yelks of eggs Venice-turpentine with a little oyl of Roses My intention for putting the Tents was to stay the flux of blood and to hinder that the outward air did not enter into the brest which might have cooled the Lungs and by consequent the heart The said Tents were also put to the end that issue might be given for the blood that was spilt within the Thorax I put upon the wound great Emplasters of Di acolcitheos in which I had relented oyl of Roses and Vineger to the avoiding of the inflammation then I put great stupes of Oxycrate and bound him up but not too hard to the end he might have easie respiration that done I drew from him five porrengers of blood from the Basilisk vein of the right arm to the end to make revulsion of the blood which runs from the wounds into the Thorax having first taken indication from the wounded part and chiefly his forces considering his youth and sanguine temper He presently after went to stool and by his urine and sieg cast great quantity of blood And as for the pâ—â—n which he said he felt at the entrance of the bullet which was as if he had been pricked with a bodkinâ— that was because the Lungs by their motion beat against the splinters of the Broken Rib. Now the Lungs are covered with a coat comming from the membrane called Pleura interweâ—ved with nerves of the sixt Conjugation from the brain which was cause of the extreme pain â—e self likewise he had great difficulty of breathing which proceededd from the blood which was spilt in the capacity of the Thorax and upon the Diaphragm the principal instrument of respiration and from the dilaceration of the muscles which are between each Rib which help also to make the expiration and the inspiration and likewise because the Lungs were torn and wounded by the bâ—llet which hath caused him ever since to spit black and putrid blood in coughing The fever seised him soon after he was hurt with faintings and swoonings It seemed to me that the said fever proceeded from the putredinous vapors arising from the blood which is out of his proper vessels which hath falln down and will yet flow down The wound of the Lungs is grown great and will grow more great because it is in perpetual motion both sleeping and waking and is dilated and comprest to let the air to the heart and cast fuliginous vapors out by the unnatural heat is made inflammation then the expulsive vertue is constrained to cast out by cough whatsoever is obnoxious unto it for the Lungs cannot be purged but by coughing and by coughing the wound is dilated and grows greater from whence the blood issues out with great abundance which blood is drawn from the heart by the vein arterial to give them nourishment and to the heart by the vena cava his meat was barly broath stued prunes somtimes Panado his drink was Ptisan He could not lye but upon his baâ—k which shewed he had a great quantity of blood spilt within the capacity of the Thorax and being spread or spilled along the spondyls doth not so much press the Lungs as it doth being lain on the sides or â—itting What shall I say more but that the said Lord Martigues since the time he was hurt hath not reposed one hour only and hath alwaies cast out bloody urines and stools These things then Messieres considered one can make no other prognostick but that he will dye in a few dayes which is to my great grief Having ended my discourse I â—rest him as I was wont having discovered his wounds the Physicians and other assistants presently knew the truth of what I had said The said Physiciâ—ns having felt his pulse and known his forces to be almost spent and abolished they concluded with me that in a few dayes he would dye and at the same instant went all toward the Lord of Savoy where they all said that the said Lord Martigues would dye in a short time he answered it were possible if he were well drest he might escape Then they all with with one voice said he had been very well drest and sollicited with all things necessary for the curing of his wounds and could not be better and that it was impossible to cure him and that his wound was mortal of necessity The Monsieur de Savoy shewed himself to be very much discontented and wept and asked them again if for certain they all held him deplored and remediless they answered yes Then a certain Spanish impostor offered himself who promised on his life that he would cure him and if he failed to cure him they should cut him in an hundred pieces but he would not have any Physicians Surgeons or Apoâ—hecaries with him And at the same instant the said Lord of Savoy told the Physicians and Surgeons they should not in any wise go any more to see the said Lord of Martigues And he sent a Genâ—leman to me to forbiâ— me upon pain of life not to touch any more the said Lord of Martigues which I promised not to do wherefore I was very glad seeing he
in the interspaces of the muscles and in the substance of them Likewise to the bones which caused a great corruption in the whole thigh from whence the vapors did arise and were carried to the heart which caused the syncope and the fever and the fever an universal heat through the whole body and by consequent depravation of the whole Oeconomy Likewise that the said vapors were communicated to the brain which caused the Epilepsie and trembling and to the stomach disdain and loathing and hindered it from doing its functions which are chiefly to concoct and digest the meat and to convert it into Chylus which not being concocted they ingender crudities and obstructions which makes that the parts are not nourished and by consequent the body dryes and grows lean and because also it did not do any exercise for every part which hath not his motion remaineth languid and atrophiated because the heat and spirits are not sent or drawn thither from whence follows mortification And to nourish and fatten the body frictions must be made universally through the whole body with warm linnen cloths above below and on the right side and left and round about to the end to draw the blood and spirits from within outward and to resolve any fuliginous vapors retained between the skin and the flesh thereby the parts shall be nourished and restored as I have heretofore said in the tenth book treating of the wounds of Gun-shot and we must then cease when we see heat and redness in the skin for fear of resolving that we have already drawn by consequent make it become more lean As for the ulcer which he hath upon his rump which came through his two long lying upon it without being removed which was the cause that the spirits could not flourish or shine in it by the means of which there should be inflammation aposteme and then ulcer yea with loss of substance of the subject flesh with a very great pain because of the nerves which are disseminated in this part That we must likewise put him in another soft bed and give him a clean shirt and sheets otherwise all that we could do would serve for nothing because that those excrements and vapors of the matter retained so long in his bed are drawn in by the Systole and Diastole of the Arteries which are disseminated through the skin and cause the spirits to change and acquire an ill quality and corruption which is seen in some that lye in a bed where one hath swet for the Pox who will get the Pox by the putrid vapors which shall remain soaking in the sheets and coverlets Now the cause why he could in no wise sleep and was as it were in a consumption t was because he ate little and did not do any exercise and because he was grieved with extreme pain For there is nothing that abateth so much the strength as pain The cause why his tongue was drye and fowl was through the vehemency of the heat of the fever by the vapors which ascended through the whole body to the mouth For as we say in a common proverb When the oven is well heat the throat feels it Having discoursed of the causes and accidents I said they must be cured by their contraries and first we must appease the pain making apertions in the thigh to evacuate the matter retained not evacuating all at a time for fear lest by a sudden great evacuation there might happen a great decay of spirits which might much weaken the patient and shorten his dayes Secondly to look to the great swelling and cold of his leg fearing lest it should fall into a Gangrene and that actual heat must be applied unto him because the potential could not reduce the intemperature de potentia ad actum for this cause hot briks must be applied round about on which should be cast a decoction of nerval herbs boyled in wine and vineger then wrapt up in some napkin and to the feet an earthen bottle filled with the said decoction stopt and wrapt up with some linnen cloths also that fomentations must be made upon the thigh and the whole Leg of a decoction made of Sage Rosemary Tyme Lavander flowers of Cammomile Melilot and red-Roses boiled in white-wine and a Lixivium made with Oke-ashes with a little Vineger and half an handful of salt This decoction hath vertue to attenuate incise resolve and drye the gross viscous humor The said fomentations must be used a long while to the end there may be a great resolution for being so done a long time together more is resolved then attracted because the humor contained in the part is liquified the skin and the flesh of the muscles is rarified Thirdly that there must be applied upon the rump a great emplaster made of the red desiccative and unguentum Comitissae of each equal parts incorporated together to the end to appease his pain and drye up the ulcer also to make bim a little down-pillow which might bear his rump aloft without leaning upon it Fourthly to refresh the heat of his kidnies one should apply the unguent called Refrigerans Galeni freshly made and upon the leaves of water-Lillies Then a napkin dipt in Oxucrate wrung and often renewed and for the corroboration and strengthening of his heart a refreshing medicine should be applied made with oyl of nenuphar and unguent of Roses and a little saffron distilled in Rose-vineger and Triacle spread upon a piece of Scarlet for the Syncope which proceeded from the debilitation of the natural strength troubling the brain Also he must use good nourishment full of juice as rere eggs Damask-prunes stewed in wine and sugar also Panado made of the broth of the great pot of which I have already spoken with the white fleshly parts of Capons and Patridg-wings minced small and other rost-meat easie of digestion as Veal Goat Pigeon Partridg and the like The sauce should be Orenges Verjuice Sorrel sharp Pomgranats and that he should likewise eat of them boiled with good herbs as Sorrâ—l Lettuce Purslain Succory Bugloss Marigolds and other the like At night he might use cleansed Barly with the juice of Nenuphar and Sorrel of each two ounces with five or six grains of Opium and of the four cold seeds bruised of eath half an ounce which is a remedy nourishing and medicinal which will provoke him to sleep that his bread should be of Messin neither too new nor too stale and for the great pain of his head his hair must be cut and rub his head with Oxyrrhâ—dinum luke-warm and leave a double-cloth wet therein upon it likewise should be made for him a frontal of oyl of Roses Nenuphar Poppies and a little opium and Rose-vineger and a little Champhire and to renew it sometimes Moreover one should cause him to smell to the flowers of Henbane and Nenuphar bruised with vineger Rose-water and a little Camphir wrapped in a handkercher which shall be often and a long time
if the humor go back to the Breast or Lungs it breaks through or eats out their vessels and hence follows a spitting first of blood then of corrupt matter and from thence at last a Consumption as Hippocrates teaches in his Aphorism But in this place it is first of all to be observed that there are two sorts of propagations of veins which make the Emroids for there are some propagations of the Gate-vein of which we have already treated but there are others of the Hollow-vein which arise from the Iliacal branches of which we are to speak hereafter Now if the forementioned humors whether melancholick or cholerick or phlegmatick and salt flow through the propagations of the Gate-vein the internal Emroids are caused which being cured the matters flow back into the branches of the Gate-vein that are scattered through the lower Belly into which the veins being loaden with these humors unburden themselves make a species of the Dropsie called Ascites But if they flow through the branches of the Hollow-vein they cause the external Emroids and these being cured against the Precept of Hippocrates there is danger of a Consumption to ensue because from hence there is an easie passage of the peccant matter through the Hollow-vein to the Lungs nigh to the Heart And this is that which we have of a good while observed that many who have been long troubled with Fistula's of the Fundament and afterwards cured through the ignorance of Physitians have faln into a spitting of blood and then into a Consumption Nay we remember that a Maid was once cured by us in Germany which had a Fistula in the middle of her Hip and for three years had sought help from many in vain but being cured she fell at length after three or four month into a spitting of much blood Although she was scarce ten years old I let her blood presently in the foot of that side on which she had been troubled with the Fistula and purging her body and laying on a cautery near the place in which the Fistula had been I easily freed her in this manner from imminent danger of a Consumption This spitting of blood happened from no other cause but that sharp and cholerick matter which when it could no longer finde a way out by the Fistula got up afterwards to the Lungs through the branches of the Hollow-vein But Hippocrates sayes expresly that there is danger of a Dropsie or Consumption to follow because it sometimes falls out that neither of these happen but rather some other disease insues as it happened to Alcippus who fell in to a madness and from that into an acute Feaver sometimes also the bloody flux follows and other mischiefs Sometimes also it happens that they who are so cured are preserved still in health by abundance of urine sweatings remedies and a good rule of diet CHAP. II. Treats of the superior or ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava or Hollow-vein and the branches which it scatters through the Head WEE are now to consider the other vein which as we told you is called Cava the Hollow one a which spreads it self much wider then the Gate-vein The use of the Hollow-vein as being distributed throughout the whole body For its office is to nourish all those pars of our body which conduce not to the concoction of the food those parts being spread far and wide it is necessary that the Hollow-vein also be very large and extended to a great length and because they ought to be nourisht with a thinner and more elaborate blood and not so thick and faeculent as that wherewith the Stomach Spleen and Gall are nourisht therefore the blood which the Hollow-vein makes and carries is also more pure thin and sincere In delivering the History of this vein although we are not of their opinion The method to be observed in the History of this Vein who derive its beginning either from the liver or heart yet because we must begin our Treatise of it somewhere we thought fit to follow the received custome of Anatomists and so for perspicuities sake we shall alwayes speak of it as if it took its birth from the Liver It may be added that it spreads certain roots as it were in the Liver just like the Gate-vein in the History of which when for that reason we took our rise from those roots we may not without cause begin thence also with the Hollow one But this vein although it run directly through the whole Trunk of the body and make one very notable stock D that is drawn out through the middle and lowest belly like one straight line continued or rather in manner of a channel or conduit pipe is notwithstanding wont to be divided into two by reason of the Liver and so one to be called the Ascendent Trunk the other the Descendent For indeed that is not true to which many perswade themselves that the Hollow-vein in its going forth from the Liver like the great Artery when it comes out of the heart is cleft into two trunks but if hereafter they be called Trunks by me you must beleive that I do it only for orders sake in teaching The Ascendent thetefore of upper Trunk A.D. is that which stands about the Liver and is terminated about the Jugulum or Hollow of the Neck but that is called the Descendent one T.V. which is beneath the Liver and reaches down as far as the Legs For both of them are afterwards divided into two branches of which they of the Ascendent m and q â—re carried upwards to the head as the Jugular or Neck-branches or to the Arms as the Brachiales G and I or Arm-veins these of the Descendent Trunk to the Legs and are called the Crural b anches T We will speak therefore of all these in order so that we first deliver the History of the Ascendent Trunk then of its branches that grows up partly to the Head partly to the Arms after that we will come to the Descendent Trunk and its branches that are digested into the Legs The Ascendent Trunk As therefore we have said that many little Veins like roots grow out of the Hollow side of the Liver which alwayes by degrees inserted into the greater veins and all of them at length meeting together about the middle of it did make a Trunk so in the same manner out of the circuit of the Convex side of the Liver a numerous propagation of veins issues forth which afterwards meet together in one Trunk This Trunk makes its way through the nervous part of the midriff on its right side and passing through it goes undivided to the Jugulum or Hollow of the Neck and because it climbs upwards it is commonly called the Ascendent Trunk by them who conceive that the Hollow-vein rises out of the Liver It is much lesser then the Descendent because the upper parts are nourished by it alone but almost all the inferior parts that are contained
and the inner the greater but both of them ΘΛ are scattered through the Leg and lowest part of the Foot The inner Θ in its descent sends some propagations of the Muscles that are placed on the backside of the Leg and especially those which make the Calf but most of all to the inner part 21 of the Gasteronemius externus or outward Calf-muscle and so afterward continuing its course downward when it is come to the lower Appendix of the Tibia or Leg and has bestowed some shoots upon the skin it is reflected under the inner Ancle 22 and runs out as far as to the great Toe The outer Λ is presently cleft into two lesser branches that are likewise unequall of which the inner Ξ that is the greater and lies deep is wholly spent upon the Muscles of the Calf running all along directly betwixt the two heads of the Gasteronemius externus or first moving Muscle of the Foot as also betwixt the Gasteronemius internus or inward Calf-Muscle and the Tibieus anticus or forward Leg-Muscle and at last betwixt the Muscles that bend the Toes distributing some surcles everywhere by the way to the Muscles through which it passes When it comes to the mid length of the Leg it is again subdivided into an inner and an outer branch The inner of these distributes a twig near to the joint of the Tibia or greater Leg-bone and the bone called the Cockall descends with the Tendons of the Muscles and is divided into the great the fore and the middle Toes The outer passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg and when it comes to the Ligament which tyes together the greater and lesser bones of the Leg it shoots forth a branch which perforating the Ligaments runs into the Foot and is scattered into the Muscles which bend the Toes of the Foot outward But the outer and less branch Î of the Crural-vein goes from that division of the outer branch which is made near the Ham to the upper Appendix of the Fibula as also to the outer and hinder part of the Tibia where scattering many little branches it goes to the outer Ankle and at last ends in the Foot And this is the univetsal History of the Hollow and Gate-veins where we have perfected the whole course of their distributions It seems yet to remain that we speak of the Umbilical and Arterious veins But because the Umbilical vein is nothing else but a more notable propagation issuing out of the Gate-vein and in a man grown performs the office of a Ligament rather then a vein because it keeps the Liver in its place as the stories of them do witness who upon the cutting off or wounding of the Navil have sodainly dyed their respiration being hindred by the weight of the Liver falling out of its place and pulling down the Diaphragma or Midriff with it we thought it not worth our pains to make any more mention of it in this place But if any one will obstinately contend that it is a peculiar vein with arguments fetcht out of his own Brain we know no better counsel that we can give him then to consult better with his own sense or if he will contend further to purge his Head with Hellebore that that dimness of the Eye-sight may be a little taken away But we shall with more convenience make mention of the Vena Arteriosa or Arterial-vein in the following Book when we shall explain the history of the Arteria venosa or venal Artery because they are very like one another and therefore the same pains may serve them both An Explanation of the Table of the Veins This Table delineates the Hollow-vein entire and free from all parts Wherein we have marked the Trunks and larger branches with pretty great letters but the propagations with little ones and when they are at an end with figures AD THe Ascendent Trunk of the Hollow vein the beginning whereof is about A which notes the place wherein the Liver should stand in the proportion of this figure the end about D. For it passes on undivided from the convex part of the Liver about which it scatters little branches aaa a a a as far as to the Hollow of the Neck but it scatters some propagations three in number The first of these ae ae ae ae is called vena Phrenica the vein of the Midriff which is distributed of both sides into the Midriff and Pericardium or purse of the Heart growing thereto as also iâ—â—â— the Mediastinum or partition of the Chest Another is Vena Coronaria the Crown-vein bb bb which embraces the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown dispersing many Surcles to the point of it The third is the vein Azygos or without a mate cc cc. which issuing out from the right side of the Hollow-vein about the heart about the fifth Rack-bone of the Chest goes down near to the right side of the Rack-benes as far as to the second almost of the loines There are ten propagations ddd from this ddd sent to as many bony distances of the ribs which are called Inter costa les inferiores the lower veins betwixt the ribs B. Shews how the Trunk AD is bowed toward the right side because of the situation of the heart C. The orifice of the Hollow-vein reaching into the right ventricle of the heart D. The division of the Ascendent Trunk about the Hollow of the Neck EE into two branches EE which they call subclaviae or the veins under the Collar-bones From these arise many propagations some issuing from the lower others from the upper part of them Out of the lower part issue five The first is called Intercostalis superior the upper vein between the ribs e. e and scatters two Surcles f f to the distances of the three upper ribs ff The second is mammaria the vein of the dugs g. g which descending under the brest-bone as far as to the strait Muscles of the Abdomen is inoculated 10 with the Epigastrick vein climbing upward 9 giving surcles to the gristly distances of the true ribs as also to the Mediastinum and Muscles that lye upon the Breast The third called Mediastina h. h is disseminated into the Mediastinum or partition of the Chest The fourth vertebralis i. or the vein of the Rack-bones i. climbs up through the holes that are bored in the transverse processes of the Rack-bones of the Neck distributing springs to the Muscles that lye upon the Rack-bones The fifth is called Cervicalis or the vein of the hinder part of the Neck l. l distributed into the Muscles seated on the lower part of the back side of the neck and on the upper part of the Chest Out of the upper part issue three The first is Jugularis interna the inner vein of the Hollow of the Neck m. m which having sent over small sprigs from
the brain The division thereof into a lesser and greater branch The inner branch P of the sleepy artery or arteria Encephalica the brain-artery is carried into the chops and having scattered some propagations to the tongue and throttle is divided about the basis of the skull into two unequal branches to wit a greater and a lesser one The lesser and bind-most s is carried together with the greater Encephalick branch of the internal Jugular-vein to the back-side of the skull enters through the second hole of the occipitium or nowl-bone and goes into the sinus or canale of the thick membrane The greater and more forward t having entred the cavity of the skull through a hole made on purpose for it in the temple-bone and attaind to the saddle of the wedg-bone going every where under the hard membrane first of all propagates a branch on both sides into the side of the thick membrane then in beasts scattering an infinite number of surcles makes the Rete mirabile or wonderful net which indeed may be found in a man too but it is very little and seems but a shadow in respect of that in beasts These surcles being thus placed it pierces through the thick membrane of the brain and having got out of it sends another propagation out of the skull through the second hole of the wedg-bone to the eye and its muscles as also to the temple muscle that lifts up the lower jaw and then going straight up to the side of ths phlegmatick glandule it is divided into two branches an outer and an inner The inner is joyned with its fellow of the other side A subdivision of the greater and being joyned they are wasted into many little arteries which are dispersed through the thin membrane and the very substance of the brain to the origional of the optick nerves The outer being reflected and sustained with the thin membrane goes into the forward ventricle of the brain being divided into many surcles which are united with those little arteries which arise from the vertebralis or artery of the rack bones some with those which the vertebral artery scatters through the basis of the head under the brain but others with those which it disseminates through the thin membrane and substance of the brain together with which they make the plexus choroides CHAP. II. Declares the History of the Axillary Artery being distributed through the Arm. THe Axillary Artery therefore when it is come to the arm Brachialis truncus he Trunk of the arm taking the name of the Arm-trunk FF is carried in one undivided stock beyond the bent of the Cubit through the inside of the Arm dispersing some small propagations on both sides to the Muscles that lye on the inside of the upper part of the arm But it goes fast by the inner or deep branch of the Basilick vein as an unseparable companion of it whose conduct and steps it every where follows But presently falling down by the back-side of the upper part of the arm where the muscles which extend the cubit stick to it it sends forth two propagations l and m the lower of which is a very notable one and so it is writhed back toward the bent of the Cubit and having attained thereunto it reaches out two surcles n n one of each side so manifest that the pulse is there often times evidently enough perceived The division thereof into two branches The outer branch Then going under the bent of the cubit through the inside of it and sinking down betwixt the two muscles that bend the second and third bones of the four fingers it is cut G into two notable branches one of which is an outer the other an inner one The outer H is carried along the Radius or lesser bone of the cubit whence I call it Radius and goes directly to the wrist in which place Physitians feel the pulse it being very manifest by reason that the artery lies next under the skin But not far from the root of the wrist it shoots out a little branch o which runs under the tendons of the Muscles which extend the thumb into the outside of the hand and is spent upon the Muscles which are placed betwixt the first bone of the thumb and that of the after-wrist which supports the fore-finger This branch being propagated going under the inner annular ligament of the wrist and the broad tendon of the palm-muscle it is divided into three branches ppp like the vein and nerve that are its companions The first of these goes to the inside of the thumb the second to the inside of the fore-finger The inner branch and the third to that of the middle The first and second are each of them parted into two branches the third is undivided The inner branch of the trunk of the arm l runs strait along the ulna or greater bone of the cubit and for that reason I call it Cubiteus and is dispersed into the palm of the hand But it is so hidden among the muscles that it is hardly perceived to beat unless in lean folkes and therefore Physitians alwayes lay their hands upon the outer branch when they feel the pulse in the wrist But it passes on under the transverse ligament of the wrist and the tendon of the palm muscle in company of a vein and nerve and scatters two branches into the little finger as many into the ring-finger and one into the outside of the middle CHAP. III. Shews the Inferiour or Descendent Trunk of the great Artery and the propagation thereof through the middle and lowest bellies WEE have said above that the great artery A as soon as it has gotten above the Pericardium or purse of the Heart is divided B into two branches of which one goes upward the other descends to the parts below We have already handled the upper branch it remains that we explain the other also The Descendent Trunk It s progress The Descendent trunk thereof Q answering in proportion to the stock of a tree is carried down to the fifth rack-bone of the chest and declining somewhat to the left cleaves to that side of the body of the rack-bones and so descends leisurely When it has now past the midriff through that division resembling a semi-circle which is betwixt the productions of the septum transversum or midriff presently it runs out by the rack-bones of the loins leaning upon the middle of their body till it come to the last of them where near to the Os sacrum it is divided R into two notable branches SS which with our Anatomists we wil call Iliacae the Iliacal arteries from their situation In this journey it scatters many propagations from it self which are very worthy to be diligently observed because from thence we may easily give a reason of many accidents in diseases Its propagations But they are in number eight the Intercostal arteries the two Phrenicae or arteries of the
called Phrenicae of the midriff xx are two one of each side 2. Phrenica the arteries of the midriff which arising out of the Trunk presently after it is come forth of the hollow of the chest being divided into more branches are scattered into the midriff but especially into the lower side of it near to the rack-bones of the back They sprinkle some small twigs also into the upper part which afterwards go to the Pericardium or purse of the heart there where it growes to the midriff The Coeliaca or Stomach-artery is but one so called 3. Coeliaca because it sends over branches to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Stomach This being most like to the splenick branch of the Gate-vein affords many branches to the Stomach Liver Bladder of Gall Kall the gut Duodenum the beginning of the Jejunum or empty Gut a part of the Colon or Colique-Gut the Sweet-bread and Spleen But it arises out of the foreside of the body of the Trunk and being stayed up all the way by the upper part of the lower membrane of the Kall The two branches thereof The right branch is divided into two notable branches but of unequall bigness one of which goes to the right the other to the left that is the less this is the greater The right branch therefore is joined with the descendent Gate-vein in the Pancreas or Sweet-bread that is placed under the hinder part of the Stomach and leaning there upon the membranes of the Kall goes to the Liver and its smallness is worth the taking notice of if you look upon the largeness of the Liver which the Ancients long since and many at this day have made the work-house of the blood But it is inserted in the hollow part near to the Trunk of the Gate-vein and is so small because that part of the Liver which entertains the roots of the Gate-vein needed not a greater Artery but the other part which hath the propagations of the Hollow-vein receives great plenty of vital spirits sent over from the heart through the Hollow-vein Yet before it enters into the Liver it disseminates in the way many surcles Propagations from its upper part and those partly from its upper side partly from its lower from the upper side two first that which I call Pyloricus which arises in the mid-way and being divided into many little branches is scattered into the back-side of the right orifice of the Stomach The outer is called Cysticae gemellae the Twin-Arteries of the bladder of Gall which are two little branches From its lower part and go into the bladder of Gall and presently are divided into many propagations From the lower side likewise two arise The first is Epiplois Dextra or the right Kall-Artery which is implanted into the right side of the lower membrane of the Kall and part of the Colique-Gut annexed thereunto The outer is cleft into two branches of which one called Intestinalis the Gut-Artery passes on to the Duodenum and beginning of the Jejunum or empty Gut the other named Gastro-epiplois dextra the right Stomach and Kall-Artery somewhat larger then the former turns down to the right side of the bottom of the Stomach and being supported by the upper membrane of the Kall issues out some shoots from the upper part to the fore and back-sides of the Stomach but from the lower to that membrane of the Kall upon which it leans The left and greater branch is called Arteria Splenica the Spleen Artery The left branch which sticking to the lower membrane of the Kall and the Glandules placed therein passes on together with the Spleen-vein to which it is fastened and in the like manner distributes its propagations to the Spleen But in the way likewise it distributes branches from both parts of it from the upper issues Gastrica the Stomach-Artery Propagations from its upper part which reaches into the middle of the hinder part of the Stomach or that wherewith it leans upon the back and ascending from thence it compasses the left orefice of the Stomach round about like a Crown and disperses little twigs partly upward to the end of the Gullet partly downward and those greater and more numerous into the Stomach and so it makes the Arteria Coronaria or Crown-Artery like to the Crown-vein which arises from the Gate-vein as we have said in the fore-going Treatise From its lower part But from its lower side the Spleen-Artery sends out the Epiplois sinistra or left Kall-Artery about that part wherewith it now attains to the Spleen which runs out into the left sidt of the membrane of the lower parr of the Kall This Artery presently after its rise is cleft into two branches which part very far asunder from each other from which many other Arteries arise that ate all consumed upon the said membrane of the Kall and the Colique Gut that is tyed thereto These branches being issued the Spleen-Artery draws nearer to the Spleen and just like the vein of the same name which accompanies it all the way It s division is cleft into two branches like the Letter Y one of which may be called the upper the other the lower which afterward entring by the hollow part of the Spleen are splintered into an infinite number of little sprigs so that there are five times more Arteries there then veins Whence it comes to pass that in inflammations of the Spleen if you lay your hand to the left Hypochondrium or place under the Gristle of the Bastard-ribs it seems to pant But before this entry of the Artery the lower branch makes a totable Anastomosis or inoculation with the lower branch of the vein and propagates a twig to the lower membrane of the Kall But from the upper branch issues one called Gastro-epiplois sinistra the left Stomach and Kall-Artery which being fastened to the upper membrane of the Kall is derived into the left side of the bottom of the Stomach bestowing little branches upon the fore and back-sides of it or also upon the upper part of the Kall Another issuing from the upper branch makes the vas breve Arteriosum or short Arterial vessel carries like the vein its name-sake to the left side and orifice of the Stomach The use of the right branch Why ulcers are more frequent in the great guts The use of the cleft The use of the right branch which goes to the Liver besides the common one which it hath is this as often as the bladder of Gall is obstructed to carry down the choler to the Guts and especially to the Colon into which some of its branches are implanted Which is the reason that in bloody flixes the Ulcers are almost alwaies found in the great Guts and especially in the Colon very seldome in the small ones For this artery when either the Liver being over hot breeds abundance of choler or the bladder of Gall is obstructed receiving
intermitting cholerick feavers a solution whereof follows by a loosness Phlegm is so expell'd as often as bloody fluxes happen to such as have the gout in the feet which ease them of their pain if the intent of nature be advanced by the help of a wise Physitian Lastly melancholy is conveyed out by both the Mesentericks but especially by the Haemorrhoidal branch whence Hippocrates sayes 6. Epidem He which has the Emroids naturally shall neither be troubled with the pain of the side or inflammation of the lungs nor with felons or black pustles called Terminthi nor with the Leprosie canker or other diseases For there is a very great sympathy betwixt the brest and the haemorrhoidal artery because the trunk out of which it arises An observation descending from the heart presently after it first issues from thence propagates the intercostal branches Moreover all black cholerick humors are purg'd by this means out of the whole body that cankers and leprosie cannot be caused by them From these voluntary purgings which nature it self has found out we may now judg of such as are caused by the help of a Physitian and may be termed artificial For an opinion of some men hath prevailed much in our age that the body cannot be purged by clyster but only by those medicines which are taken at the mouth But I will not only believe but also being taught it by experience can witness that if the clysters contain in them purging medicines the whole body is very commodiously cleansed For the whole colick gut receiving the matter of the clyster the vertue it self of the medicine draws down the noisome humors by the arteries out of the Aorta or great artery Which being granted we may give a reason what we have seen very often why Suppositories made of white helebore produce the same symptoms as are wont to be caused in them who have taken in white hellebore at the mouth Why anointing of the navel with such things as purge loosens the belly How the colick is changed into the gout on the contrary In like manner from hence we may fetch the reason why the belly is strongly purged the region about the navel being anointed with purging medicines For the vertue of the medicine is attracted by the arteries and by them afterward it purges These arteries are they by which the disease of the colick is changed into the gout and on the contrary the gout into the colick as we have it in Hippocrates 6. Epidem Sect. 4. where he sayes One that was vexed with the pain of the colick on the right side had some ease whilest the Gout held him but this disease being cured he was pained more The reason whereof was this because that humor which caused the gout was carried out of the joints to the colick gut whereby the colick disease was increased Laurentius inquiring into the cause of this refers us to hidden and unknown passages to which it seems to me that we need not fly if we say that the humors are brought out of the crural arteries into the trunk and out of this into the Mesenterick branches and lastly out of these into the guts for this is the shortest and most convenient way Nor is there any reason that we should be afraid of that pollution of the vital spirits which they will object to us if the excremenitious humors pass through the arteries for this betrayes their great ignorance as well in Anatomy as in solid Physick and it would be very easie if I would digress to prove in this place that a great part of the humors in our body flow down through the arteries For in them the strength of nature exceeds and is more vigorous that whensoever it is provoked it is most apt to expel and the blood being stirred by their continual beating as also by its own nature makes all that is therein more fit to flow And who will not beleive that excrements are carried through the arteries who considers the flowings down from the spleen in which there being five times more arteries then there are veins truly it is necessary that that ballast of the spleen be carried out through the Arteries Lumbares The four Lumbares or loin-arteries γ γ γ arise out of the backside of the trunk of the great artery all along as it passes through the region of the loins They run through the common holes in the rack-bones of the loins and to their marrow and also into the neighbouring muscles And at the side of the marrow after they have entred the rackbones they climb upon both sides to the brain together with the veins of the loins But they are all equally big if you excep those two which issue out near to the Os sacrum or holy-bone which are not only derived into the rackbones to the marrow and to the muscles thereabout but are also sent overthwart through the Peritoneum and muscle of the Abdomen The two last are by some called Musculae superiores the upper muscle-arteries and are distinguisht from the Lumbares And these are the arteries which if we observe we shall easily give the reasons of many things of which Physitians do still dispute very hotly but especially of that most difficult question which is controverted among Physitians by what wayes and in what manner the colick ends in a palsie or in the falling sickness How the colick disease ends in a palsie or Epilepsie For we have the observation in Paulus Aegineta lib. 3. c. 43. where he sayes the colick as it were by a certain pestilent contagion ended with many in the falling sickness with others in a resolution of the joints or palsie their sence remaining and they who fell into the falling sickness for the most part dyed but they who fel into the palsie were most of them preserved the cause of the disease being carried to another place in the solution For the humor that caused the disease came back out of the colick gut through the mesenterical arteries from whence being afterward transported into the trunk of the great Artery it came also to the lumbares or arteries of the loins which swelling with blood prest together the neighbouring nerves from which came the palsie in the feet And this we have often observed as well in our selves as in others especially in former years when these diseases at Padua were Epidemical Yet the Palsie is not alwayes a perfect one but often as I am wont to call it imperfect because the power to walk is not wholly taken away but the diseased stand upon their feet with a great deal of difficulty Many at that time being deceived in the knowledg of the disease mistaking this for a great weakness of body contracted by their sickness endeavoured to take it away by eating and drinking largely but in vain This also is the cause why the Falling-sickness and Lethargies too as we have oft-times seen follow after the Colick because the matter
Frictions their kindes and use 25 Fuci how made 721 Fumigations their differences matter and form 717 Fundament the falling down thereof 223. The causes and cures 640 Fungus an excrescence sometimes happening in Fractures of the scull 263 G GAlens Effigies and praise 740 Gall and the bladder thereof c. 76 Ganglion what 317. properly so called ibid. Gangrene what 317. The general and particular causes 318. That which is occasioned by cold upon what part it seizes ibid. Signs 319. Prognosticks ibid. The generall cure 320. The particular cure ibid. Gargareon 336 Gargarisms their matter and form 716. repelling ripening and detergent ones 211 Garlick good against the Plague 530 Gastrica vena 61 Gastropiplois vena ibid. Major ibid. Geese their wâ—rriness in flying over mount Taurus 45 Gemelli musculi 168 Gemini musculi 163 Generation what it is 15. What necessary thereto 592 Generation of the Navil 594 Giddiness see Vertigo Ginglymos what 173 Giraffa astrange beast 681 Glandula what sort of tumor 293 Glandula lacrymalis 127 Glandules in general 75. At the root of the tongue 135. Their inflammation and cure 208 Glans penâ—s 87. Not rightly perforated how to be helped 419 Glysters their differences materials c. 702. Several descriptions of them 703. They may nourish ibid. Goats dung is good to discuss schirrous tumors 195 Golden ligatures how made 219 Gomplosis what 173 Gonorrhea how different from a virulent strangury 472. the cure 473 Gout the names and kindes thereof 444. the occult causes thereof ibid. the manifest causes thereof 446. out of what parts it may flow 447. signs that it flows from the Brain or Liver ibid. How to know this or that humor acconpanying the Gouty malignity ibid. Prognosticks 448 The general method to prevent and cure it 449. Vomiting sometimes good 450. Other general remedies ibid. Diet convenient 451. What wine not good 452. How to strengthen the joints ibid. The palliative cure thereof ibid. Local medicines in a cold Gout 453. In a hot or sanguine Gout 455. In a Cholerick Gout 456. What is to be done after the fit is over 458. Tophi or knots how caused ibid. The hip-gout or sciatica 459. The cure thereof 460 Gristles what 95. of the nose 130. of the Larinx 136 Groins their wounds 282. Their tumo s see Bubos Guajacum the choise faculties and parts 465. The preparation of the decoction thereof ibid. The use 466 Gullet and the history thereof 110. The wounds thereof 273 Gums overgrown with flesh how to be helped 207 Guns who their inventor 286. Their force 287. the cause of their reports 293 Gun-powder not poisonous 289 290. How made ibid. Gutta rosacea what 723. The cure ibid. Guts their substance figure and number 72. Their site and connexion 73. Action ibid. How to be taken forth 80. Signs that they are wounded 280. Their cure 281. Their Ulcers 337 H HAemorroids what then differences and cure 342. In the neck of the womb 638 Haemorrhoidalis interna 62. Externa 81 Haemorrhoidalis arteria sive mesenterica inferior 79 Haemorrhous a Serpent his bite the signs and cure 508 Haiit a strange beast 684 Hair what the original and use 111. How to make it black 724. How to take it off ibid. Hairy scalp the connexion and use 111. The wounds thereof not to be neglected 112. The cure thereof being contused 256 Hand taken generally what 147. The fracture thereof with the care 358. How to supply the defects thereof 584 Hares how they provide for their young 40 Hare-lips what 171. Their cure ibid. Harmonia what 173. Hawks 47 Head the general description thereof 111 The conteining and conteined parts thereof ibid. The musculous skin thereof ibid. Why affected when any membranous part is hurt 112. The watry humor thereof 205. The wounds thereof 238 c. The falling away of the hair and other affects thereof 399. The dislocation thereof 376 Hearing the organ object c. thereof 16 Heart and the history thereof 100. The ventricles thereof 111 Signs of the wounds thereof 274 Heat one and the same efficient cause of all humors at the same time 7. three causes thereof 178 Hectick fever with the differences causes signs and cure 277 278 Hedg hogs how they provide for their young 40 Heel and the parts thereof 167. Why a fracture thereof so dangerous ibid. The dislocation thereof 396. Symptoms following upon the contusion thereof ibid. Why subject to inflammation 397 Hemicrania see Megrim Hemlock the poysonous quality thereof and rhe cure 519 Henbane the poysonous quality and the cure 518 Hermophrodites 18 and 649 Hern his sight and the Falcon 47 Hernie and the kindes thereof 216 Humoralis 222 Herpes and the kindes thereof 188 The cu e. ibid. Hip-gout see sciatica Hip the dislocation thereof 389. Prognosticks 370. Signs that it is dislocated outwardly or inwardly 390. Dislocated forwards 391. backwards ibid. how to restore the inward dislocation 392. the forward dislocation 394. the backward dislocation ibid. Hippocrates his Effigies 738 Hoga a Monsterous fish 674 Holes of the inner basis of the scull 122. of the external basis thereof ibid. small ones sometimes remain after the cure of great wounds 171 Holy-bone its number of Vertebrae and their use 138. the fracture thereof 357 Hordiolum an affect of the eye-lids 403 Horns used in stead of Ventoses 443 Horse-leeches their application and use 444. their virulency and the cure ibid. Hot-houses how made 721 Hulpales a Monstrous beast 680 Humeraria arteria 108. Vena 148 Humors their temperaments 7. the knowledg of them necessary ibid. their definition and division ibid. serous and secundary as Ros Cambium Gluten 10. an argument of their great putrefaction 293 Humors of the eye 127 Aquens 129 Crystallinus ibid. Vitreus 130 Hydatis 403 Hydrargyrum the choise preparation and use thereof in the Lues Venerea 467 Hudrocephalia whether uncurable 505. What cure must used therein 506 Hydrocephalos what 205. The causes differences signs c. ibid. the cure 206 Hydrocele 216 221 Hymen 626 Whether any or no. ibid. A history thereof 627 Huoides os the reason of the name composure site c. thereof 134 Hupocondria their site 57 Hupochuma 408 Hupogastricae venae 81 Hypopyon 408 Hypothenar 158 J JAundise a medicine therefore 215 Jaw the bones thereof and their productions 124 125 The fracture of the lower jaw 352 How to help it 353 The dislocation thereof 373 The cure 374 Ibis a bird the inventer of glysters 36 Ichneumon how he arms himself to assail the Crocodile 42 Idleness the discommodites thereof 23 Jejunum intestinum 73 Ileon ibid. Iliaca arteria 80 Vena ibid. Ilium os 161 Ill conformation 28 Imagination and the force thereof 598 Impostors their impudence and câ—â—â—t 34 264 Impostume what their causes and differences 177 Signs of them in general 178 Prognosticks 179 What considerable in opening of them 184 Inanition see Emptiness Incus 113 133 Indication whence to be drawn 2. of feeding 22. what 28. the kindes