little one The Aqueous Humour which was in exceeding great abundance was not found congealed although the Vitreous and Crystalline were hard Frozen which demonstrates that this Humour is improperly called Aqueous and that its Substance is rather Spirituous and as it were Aetherial because that Congelation peculiarly belongs to Aqueous Liquors those which are Fat and Oleaginous being capable only of Coagulation even as those which are Spirituous and Aetherial do suffer neither Congelation nor Coagulation So that it is probable that this Substance which is lock'd up in the forepart of the Eye has nothing of Water but the Transparency and Fluidity because that it has need of an extraordinary thinness and Subtilty to serve for the Refraction which must be made in the Crystalline whose substance is thicker by establishing the diversity of the Medium which is necessary to this Operation The Choroides was brown and the Retina white The Tapetum was also of a blewish white In the place of the Optick Nerve there was observed a black point The Nerve entered into the Eye almost directly over the middle of the Tapetum The Crystalline contained five Lines Diameter and its Posteriour part was not so Convex as the Anteriour The Explication of the Figure of the Sea-Fox IN the lower Figure it is laid in such a manner that there may be seen the two Fins which it has on its Back Eye Nostril and the five Apertures of the Gills with the Teeth which are on the right side all of one single Bone making only one row and after another manner than on the left side where they are separated from each other and disposed in several rows as is seen in the upper Figure In the Upper Figure a. Is the Heart B c. The Right Lobe of the Liver c. The Gall-Bladder of which but a small part is seen it being inclosed in the Liver D D. The Left Lobe of the Liver e. The Spleen F g. The Ventricle g h. The Duodenum h I. The great Intestine j. The Auricle of the Heart K. The Aorta Ascendens L. The Cornea sunk and folding over the Crystalline M M. The Edge of the Sclerotica N. The Optick Nerve O P Q. The great Intestine part of whose coat is taken away to shew the Spiral Membrane that is within it O. The part next the Duodenum P. The beginning of the Rectum Q Q Q. The Srcew-like or Spiral Membrane THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SEA-FOX IN this Fish we found all the marks by which Authors describe that which they do call the Sea-Fox except some particularities which are pretended to have made it so named For they do say that it has a great deal of resemblance with the Land-Fox as well in its Tail as in its Subtilty Smell and Tast of its Flesh but none of the Company observed that it smell 't otherwise than the Generality of Sea-fish It s Flesh was found well tasted to make it to be taken as it has been by some Authors for the Accipenser or at least to make it unlike that of the Fox which is known to be very ill and it cannot be believed that this Animal can have a great deal of Subtilty if it be true that the Brain contributes to it for there was hardly any found in it As for the Tail it is indeed very strange but it nothing resembles that of a Fox The Sea-Fox is by Authors put in the unflat Cartilaginous Cetaceous Kind which are called Galeodi Their generical differences are to have two Livers five Bronchiae or Gills of each side and pendent points at the Finns which are under the Belly at the sides of the Navel in the Males These Fishes are of six Species called Canicula Acantias Mustelus Galexias Asterias and Alopecias which is our Sea-Fox whose Specifick difference as to the Figure is taken from its Tail which very perfectly represents a Sythe The length of this whole Fish was eight foot and a half and its greatest breadth directly over the Belly fourteen Inches It s Figure was such that from the end of the Nose to about the middle of its whole length it had the common form of a Fish for it grew larger toward the Belly and then it did contract to the place where the Tail of other Fishes end But there it is that his began which was almost as long as all the rest of the Body and made like a Sythe bent towards the belly At the place where this Sythe began there was a single Fin underneath which Salvian reports to be at the top where there was only an Eminence which was an Articulation that made the Spine to bend in this place higher and lower more easily than in all the rest of the Body where the Flexion was easie only to the right and left There were two Fins elevated on the Back a great one in the middle and another less towards the Tail altho Aristotle according to the report of Athenaeus says that it has not any Fin on the Back It had three Fins on each side The two next the Head were large and representing the wings of a Bird which is the reason perhaps that induced Aristotle to say that there is a Fox which like Batts hath leather wings These Fins were fifteen Inches long and five broad at their Basis. Those which were at the middle of the Belly were of a middle size They were at the side of the Navel and had each a pendent point which is proper to the Males in this sort of Fish as it has been said The last near the Tail were very small The Skin was sleek and without Scales the Crests and Fins were hard and composed of small Spines restrained by the Skin which covered them the Colour of which was all over alike of a very dark-gray blewish like Mud and not white at the Belly as in Salvian's Fox The Opening of the Mouth was five Inches and armed with two sorts of Teeth The right side of the upper Iaw to the place where are the Canini of other Animals had a row of sharp Teeth hard and firm being all of one single bone in the form of a Saw but this bone was much harder than the other bones which are fastened with a Cartilage in these sorts of Fishes The other Teeth which were on the side of this and all the lower Jaw made six rows throughout and were moveable and fastned by fleshy Membranes Their Figure was Triangular somewhat sharp and their Substance much softer than that of the others which are like a Saw especially in the inward rows where they were very brittle and softer than the Cartilage so that there were some which appeared only like an hardned Membrane The Tongue was all firmly fixed to the lower Jaw and composed of several Bones strongly articulated to each other by a fibrous Flesh. It was furnished with a hard Skin and covered with little shining points which made it very rough from the inside outwards and
Bone of a Pullets Thigh Along the Penis there were two Veins very large and full of Blood which went to the Balanus The Testicles were like to those of Dogs The Epiploon was very small It had little Fat and was a complication of Fibres and Fillets rather than a Membrane It was not laid upon the Intestines but tucked upon the Ventricle The Spleen was two inches and a half long It was of a Dark-red at the side of the Stomach in its hollow part and Blackish at the extremity in its gibbous part There was not observed any Vessels in the external Membrane of the Ventricle except the Coronaria Stomachica which appeared towards the upper Orifice and soon disappeared shooting forth a few Branches The Liver was somewhat blackish and of a Substance very Homogeneous without any appearance of Glands It had seven Lobes two great ones on the left side and five other small ones on the right side The Bladder was between the two upper Lobes The Pancreas which was fastned along the Duodenum inclining more towards the right Kidney than towards the Spleen was very small The Mesentery was all filled with a very hard Fat which inclosed and almost concealed all its Vessels The Intestines contained in all seven foot in length They were all of one thickness and had nothing which might distinguish them from each other there was no Caecum The right Kidney was a great deal higher than the left so that two Lobes of the Liver covered it The Lungs had five Lobes two on the right side and two on the left which were somewhat smaller and a fifth in the Mediastinum The Heart which resembled that of a Dog had the right Auricle extremely great In the right Ventricle and in the right Auricle there was found a great deal of slimie matter hardened The Musculus Crotophites passing under the Zygoma was fastned there It was extraordinary fleshie even to its insertion which is made by a very large tendon which was inclosed between two pieces of Flesh much thicker than those which are generally found in this place and which are thought to be there put to defend and strengthen the tendon of the Muscle of the Temples The Orbita was not Bony throughout but it was supplied in the upper part by a Crrtilaginous Ligament which joyned the Apophysis of the Os Frontis to that of the first Bone in the upper Jaw The Bone which separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum was as in Dogs The Dura Mater was very adherent to the Cranium The Sinus's of the Os Frontis were full of a matter like a fryable Fat. The Mamillares Processus were very large The Globe of the Eye exceeded not four lines and a half in Diameter The Aperture of the Eye-lids was larger and the Pupilla it self was not lesser than the whole Globe of the Eye The Crystalline contained three lines in breadth and two and a half in thickness and was more convex inwards than outwards This thickness of the Crystalline made the two other Humours to be less in quantity The Choroides was all over of the same colour viz. of a very brown-red without any Tapetum which is hardly ever wanting in the Eyes of other Animals The Explication of the Figure of the SEA-CALF THE lower Figure shews the difference that there is between the Fore-feet which are locked up under the skin except the Paws and hind feet which are joyned together having the form of a Fishes Tail. It may be likewise observed that the Ears do seem to have been cut off having no external Ears In the Upper Figure A. The Trunck of the Vena Cava B. The Trunck of the Aorta CC. The Venae and Arteriae Adiposae D. Ren Succenturiatus E. The right Kidney strip'd of the Membrana Adiposa and divided by the Gibbous part ffff Four small particular Pelves F. The Emulgent Vessels of the right Kidney GG The Emulgent Vessels of the left Kidney H. The left Kidney covered with its Membrana Adiposa GI The left Spermatick Vein which generally enters into the Emulgent but which has three other Branches which do fasten it to the Membrana Adiposa KL The Ventricle half of which is taken away to represent the Structure of the Internal Membrane whose wrinckles are undulated and waved in the upper part and strait in the Lower MMM The Liver N. The Gall-Bladder OO The Heart P. The Vena Cava which runs along by the Basis of the Heart QQ The Auricles of the Heart R. The Aorta making the Cross. S. The right Arteria Axillaris T. The left Axillaris Δ. The Artery of the Lungs VV. The Carotides XX. The Nervi Recurrentes YZ The Vena Cava opened at the place where it is fastned to the Heart Y. The hole which penetrates into the right Ventricle Z. The Oval hole which penetrates into the Vein of the Lungs a. An edge made by the Interiour Membrane of the Vena Cava bc One of the Hairs of the Beard represented twice as big as the Life d. Part of the Sclerotica which with the Cornea not represented makes the half of the Eye cut in two e. The Crystalline gg The Vitreous Humour hiii The other half of the Eye h. The Extremity of the Optick Nerve which enters directly at the Axis of the Eye iii. Three Branches of Blood-Vessels which do enter into the Eye with the Optick Nerve and which are ramified in the Retina Ω. The Tongue THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SEA-CALF RONDELETIVS has observ'd that the Sea-Calfe is of two Species one of which is found in the Mediterranean and the other in the Ocean But he makes no other difference between each of these two Species than the habit of the Body which he reports to be fuller in the Sea-Calfe of the Ocean than in that of the Mediterranean which is not so thick and short as the other The Sea-Calfe whose description we make had more resemblance with this second Species than with the first It had a long Neck and the Head farther distant from the Shoulders than it is in the Calfe of the Ocean so as it is represented in the figures we have of it and the rest of the Body was likewise straiter The Breast was broad by reason of the situation of the Omoplata which were forwarder than they are in other Animals which have the Breast Pointed and narrow when the Omoplata are backwarder The whole Animal was twenty eight Inches in length from the Nose to the end of the hind-Feet which according to the disposition that they Naturally have in this Animal were extended and joyned one to the other having in this only the forme of a Fish's Tail according to the Description of Aristotle which is contrary to that of Rondeletius who represents the Sea-Calf as well that of the Ocean as of the Mediterrrnean without hind-feet and who reprehends Aristotle for reporting that this Animal has Toes on the hind-feet like to those of the
hardly credible of the Calves of the Stature of ours and can agree only with those which are taken near England which according to Gesner are as great as the Bears or rather with those whereof Gomara Oviedo Pedro Ciesa and the last relations of the Ant-Isles do speak which are of a size so Prodigious that there are found some twenty foot long and seven thick But Names are most frequently given to Fish by reason of some resemblances that they have as it is pretended to certain things whether that Similitude be taken from their shape or dispositions Thus the Sea-Sheep has this Appellation because it is white and has crooked Horns like that of the Land and the Sea-Calf is by some called a Wolf by reason that it lives on Rapine Nevertheless by this reason it should be called a Sheep if compared to the Sea-Sheep and the Sea-Sheep ought on the contrary to be called a Wolf because that according to Aelian the Sea-Sheep hunts the Sea-Calves and devours them The Tongue was very like to that of a Calf being large flat and smooth It was forked and cut in two at the end as Aristotle has remarqued but not double round and small as in Serpents and Lizards as Pliny describes it The Larynx had a particular formation the Epiglottis being proportionably larger than in other Animals it went half an inch in length beyond the Glottis to cover it It is probable that this is done more exactly to close the entrance of the Aspera Arteria when this Animal eats his Prey at the bottom of the Sea and to hinder the water from running into its Lungs The Ventricle was in form of an Intestine which was contracted towards its two Orifices Severinus describes it round like an Ostrich's Egg. The interiour Membrane was folded and made several wrinckles Severinus describes it without wrinckles These wrinckles from the Superiour Orifice to the middle of the Ventricle were waved and from thence unto the Pylorus they were strait This seems to have some resemblance with the Ventricles of Animals which chew the Cud in which the wrinckles of the lower Ventricle are strait and according to the length of the Ventricle whereas in the upper they are transversal and oblique In the inside of the Ventricle there was found a round bottom of the Sea-herb called by the Sea-men Wreck which is a kind of Fucus This clue or bottom was of the bigness and shape of a Nut. It closed the upper Orifice of the Ventricle insomuch that it seemed that this round lump had been push'd into this Orifice by the effort of an extraordinary compression and by the contraction of the Ventricle The Liver had six Lobes two great ones underneath and behind and four small ones at the top and before The Gall-bladder was between the great right Lobe behind and the first of the small ones which are before of the same side Belonius reports according to Aristotle that the Sea-Calf has no Gall. Pliny would have it in the Breast which agrees not with what he relates that this Animal vomits up its Gall when pursued by the Fisher-men by reason of the knowledge he has that he is taken only for his Gall which is profitable for the Cure of several Diseases for it would be impossible for him to vomit up this Gall which is in his Breast it being incredible that he can understand the intentions of the Fishermen unless that this Sagacity be peculiar to it and other Amphibia such as are the Castor Serpents and Frogs which this same Author reports to take care to get rid of the things for which they are sought after so that the Castor tears off the Pouches wherein is contained the Medicinal Liquor of the Castoreum the Serpents do swallow the precious Skin which they do cast at the Spring the Frogs do daily vomit up certain Salutiferous Liquors which are ingendred in their Bodies for fear of being killed for this Liquor The Kidneys resembled not those of the Otter as Rondeletius says because the Kidneys of the Otter are composed of several small separate ones which have each their Emulgent Vessels and particular Ureters as is represented in the Figure of the Kidneys of the Bear. The Kidneys of our Subject were more like to the Kidneys of the Land-Calf being cleft at top only in their Surface by chops which did not sink very deep but these chops were much more numerous than in the Land-Calf and they made this Kidney to seem composed of several Glands joyned together These Kidneys did likewise differ from those of the Land-Calf in that besides the great Pelvis which is in the gibbous part of that Kidney there were several other small ones scattered in several places in the Substance of the Kidney insomuch that it seemed that every of these small Pelves appertained to each of the little particular Kidneys of which the great one was composed and that the Parenchyma of every of these particular Kidneys made but one single Mass. The Membrana Adiposa of the Kidney was all interspersed with very visible Vessels which made Rondeletius to say that the Emulgents enter not into the Cavity of the Kidney in the Sea-Calf as in other Animals but that they are distributed over the whole Body of the Kidney The greatest part of these Vessels in the left Kidney were the Branches or rather the Roots of the Spermatick Vein which by reuniting did form three great Branches which the Trunck of the Spermatick Vein that proceeds from the Emulgent did by the way receive This left Kidney was accompanied with a Succenturiatus which was about the bigness of a Filbert and immediately adhering to the Trunck of the Vena Cava The Lungs had but one Lobe on each side which was only a little transversly cut through the middle The Heart was round and flat It s Ventricles appeared very large and its Auricles very small The Trunck of the Aorta proceeded from the Heart two inches in length before it returned downwards Underneath the great Aperture through which the Trunck of the Vena Cava conveyed the blood into the right Ventricle of the Heart there was another which penetrated into the Arteria Venosa and from thence into the left Ventricle and afterwards into the Aorta This hole which is called the Foramen Ovale in the Foetus makes the Anastomosis by the means of which the blood goes from the Cava into the Aorta without passing through the Lungs and it is apparently for the same use that this passage is found in the Sea-Calf and Foetus by reason of the necessity which each have of living without respiration viz. the Foetus whilst in the Womb of its Mother and the Sea-Calf whilst under water Which demonstrates that Respiration is necessary for the Circulation and that the Blood which the Lungs have received from one of the Ventricles of the Heart by being dilated is afterwards thrust into the other Ventricle by the compression of
Feet in found only in Animals which do love and dilight-in Watry places where it is known that the Turky-Cock takes no pleasure In fine in the exact Description which the Ancients have made of the Meleagris it is impossible if it were the Turky-Cock that they should omitt the remarkable and particular things which appear in the Turky-Cock and which are not found in the Pintado such as are the way of displaying its Tail of dragging its Wings against the ground of extending and suffering the Combe on its head to hang of having the Neck rough and wholly void of feathers and of having a Lock of black Hair at the Breast As for what respects the Inward parts we found the Oesophagus as in most Birds ranged on the right side of the Aspera Arteria It was inlarged before its entrance into the Thorax and made a Craw of the bigness of a Tennis Ball when it was blown up afterwards it was contracted to pass thro the Thorax This contracted part measured two inches and a half in length This whole Oesophagus was spread over with a great quantity of Vessels which were not visible in the passage which from the dilatation that we have taken for a Craw passed to the Gizard this passage being of a Substance hardder whiter and more Nervous than the rest The Gizard was as in the Hen. It was found for the most part filled only with Gravel It s internal Membrane was very much plaited and easily separable from the fleshy part It s substance was like to white glue so that this Membrane being separated from the Gizard was easily dryed and waxed hard and brittle like Glass The Intestines were three foot long without reckoning the two Caecums which were each six Inches The Duodenum was much larger than the others being above eight Lines The Caecum's were not of a uniform breadth as in the generality of Birds but did go inlarging They were fastned by the Membranes of the Mesentery and received vessels therefrom like the other Intestines There was no Pancreas The Liver was divided into two Lobes which at the top had each a Cavitie to receive the point of the Heart The Cavity of the right Lobe was greater and deeper than that of the left because that the point of the Heart was turned towards the right side The lower extremitie of the Lobes was fastened to the Diaphragme which descends from the top downwards and to the Bladders which the Lungs form in the lower Belly of Birds In most of our Subjects the Liver was Scirrhous and filled with a great quantity of hard yellow Grains some as large as Pease and others less We found a Gall-bladder only in two of our Subjects In the one it was nine Lines in length and six in breadth It had a Ductus from its bottom which was inserted into the Intestine near the Pylorus In the other it was an Inch and half long and four Lines broad being fastened to the hollow part of the right Lobe and the Ductus was from its middle and not from its lower extremitie and inserted it self into the Intestine four Fingers beneath the Pylorus In the other Subjects which had no Gall-bladder the ramus Hepaticus was there found very large and visible It measured five Inches in length and was inserted into the Intestine six Inches beyond the Pylorus Towards the upper part of the Gizard there was a body of an oval Figure nine Lines long and of a dark red Colour and a firm Substance It had connexion with the Trunk of the Vena Porta with that of the Cava and Aorta and with the Intestines and Ventricle by some very visible branches Some Modern Authors have observed that Birds which have a fleshy Ventricle have no Spleen Yet we are of Opinion that this body could be no other thing than a Spleen as well by reason of these Connexions as of the Sympathie which it seem'd to have with the Liver because it was found that in all the Subjects where the Liver was Scirrhous this part was after the same manner altho' the hard and compact Substance of this body in the subjects where it was Scirrhous and its Figure so regularly oval might cause a belief that it was a Testicle but there were two other round bodies four Lines Diameter couched on the Loyns and fastened to the Trunks of the Vena Cava and Aorta which were the true Testicles In one of the Subjects these round bodies were single and fastened on the place of the division of the Iliacks The Air being blown into the Aspera Arteria it made all the Bladders to swell which received the Air after it had passed thro' the Lungs and of which there are some that do descend into the lower Belly of Birds it is observed that the Pericardium was likewise blown up This Remark may be of some Importance to discover the uses of Respiration and the Advantages which the Air being by this means introduced into the Thorax may bring to the Heart by the Compression it may there cause by the Impression of its Qualities by the reception of the Fumes which it incessantly exhales in the continual heat in which it is c. The Membrane of the Pericardium was not just fit and fastened to the Heart as is usual but was a great deal extended towards the Point making a sack or Appendix half an Inch long In one of the Subjects this Appendix was a great deal longer for descending between the two Lobes of the Liver it went to be fastened to the Gizzard The Aspera Arteria after having entered the Cavity of the Thorax had two small Muscles which were knitt to its Anteriour part and which turning on the one side and the other somewhat downwards were by several Fibres united to the Vessels of the Heart These Muscles were each almost an Inch long round like a Cord and about the thickness of two thirds of a Line We have found these same Muscles in a great many Birds in most they do fasten the Aspera Arteria to the Sternum The Lungs were of Spongious flesh perforated with several little holes as bigg as the head of a small Pin regularly placed as well full as empty and covered with a very fine Tunicle They were of a Pale-red inclining to Ash-colour being two Inches and a half long and nine Lines broad and five thick The Heart measured an Inch and half in length and an Inch in breadth towards its Basis it was very pointed The Aorta being come out of the left Ventricle was turned directly forward being still in the Heart and covered with the right Auricle so that it seem'd to proceed from the right Uentricle and crossed over in this place to descend to the right side For this same reason the left Carotide did likewise appear to come from the Heart altho' it proceeded from the Trunk The division of the Trunk of the Aorta which formes the Iliack Branches was an Inch and half
so plainly and distinctly as in the Bustard Arantius who has made the Dissection of a Bustard calls these Glands of the Oesophagus Carunculae and say's that they are round but it is probable that he saw those Glands only through the Internal Membrane which offers to view only the great end of each Gland which is round the rest which is extended and makes a point being hid under the other Glands The Gizard was four Inches long and three broad Before its opning it appeared very like to the Gizard of Hens by reason of its hardness which in Hens proceeds from the thickness of the fleshey part but in all our Bustards this fleshy part was very thin not exceeding a Line in thickness and the whole hardness which was observed in this Gizard before it was opned proceeded solely from the Internal Membrane which was not only thick and hard but which had Folds and Ruffs in several manners each Ruff being frizled and refolded which took up a great deal of roome This folded and ruffled Membrane on the inside of the Gizard was of a gold Colour and had no continuity with the Membrane extended over the Glands of the Craw which was white but it was separated from it like the Seams of a Lining of a Garment sowed together It was likewise easily separable from the fleshy part of the Gizard This Gizard was filled with Stones and Doubles There were some Stones about the bigness of a Nut. In one of the Subjects there was found ninety Doubles worne and polish'd by their mutual rubbing and by that of the Stones which were mix'd therewith without any appearance of Corrosion which it was easie to judge for that they were worn only in their Gibbous and Eminent parts the hollow parts remaining intire and without Polishing because that they could not be touched and rubbed like the others There was not likewise seen any mark or sign of Corrosion in these parts being neither rusty rough nor uneven In one of the Subjects the Ventricle was found filled with a great quantity of Hay Athenaeus say's that Bustards do chew the Cud. In a Parrot which is a Bird that is observed to Chew over again what it has already swallowed we have remarked two Ventricles separated one from the other by a long Ductus or Passage which seems to be made for the use of Rumination But we have found no such thing in the Bustard The Intestines measured four Foot in length without reckoning the two Caecums of which the right was a Foot and the left eleaven Inches which is no great length for an Animal that eats Hay The two Caecums proceeded as usually from the place where the Colon is joyned to the Ilium seaven Inches distant from the Anus They tended not from the top downwards as 〈◊〉 reports he observed it but from the bottom upwards as it is found in other Birds The internal Tunicle of the Ilium was folded lengthwise after the manner of the last Ventricle of Animals which chew the Cud towards the extremity of this Intestine it had some cross wrinkles which supply'd the place of the Valve of the Colon. About an Inch distant from the Anus the Intestine was contracted and afterwards dilated making a Pouch capable of containing an Egg. The two Ureters were inserted into this Pouch Towards its middle there was discovered a little hole which led into a Sack which was as it were a third Caecum which is vulgarly called the Purse of Fabritius from the name of him who first described it This Purse or Sack was two Inches long and three Lines broad at its beginning where it was a little straiter than towards its extremitie Over the hole which from the middle of the Pouch penetrated into the third Caecum there was a fold of the internal Membrane of the Pouch which served apparently for a Valve capable of hindering the reflux towards the top of the Rectum and of favouring the entrance into the third Caecum This observation of a third Caecum is contrary to what Aristotle has remark'd in the Intestines of the Bustard which he reports to have less Appendices at their lower extremity than other Birds use to have The Kidneys were three Inches long They were very deeply cut in three Lobes after the manner of Birds Their Vessels were likewise disposed as in other Fowl except the two Crural Arteries which are generally double and which commonly pass underneath the Kidneys For in our Subjects there was one which passed over and another which passed under to go into the Thigh Each Testicle was six Lines long and two broad being of the shape of a small Almond of a Substance very firm and white The Epididymis which was perfectly black and of the same Figure of the Testicle contained four Lines in length and two in breadth Besides the two Testicles in one of our Subjects there was found a Glandulous Body which seem'd to be a third It was nine Inches long and six broad of an Olive Colour The Ductus Deferens which proceeded from the extremity of the Epididymis of each of the true Testicles past over the Vena Emulgens to which it was fastened and descended upon the Kidney along the Ureter At the upper lip of the Anus there was a little Appendix which supplyed the place of the Penis Amongst so many Subjects of this kind which we have dissected there was never a Female The Tongue was not Bony as Aristotle describes it in Athenaeus It was Fleshy on the outside having on the inside a Cartilage fastened to the Basis of the Os Hyoides as in the generallity of Birds Its sides were rough with some prickly parts of a Substance between a Membrane and a Cartilage The Rings of the Aspera Arteria were entire In some of the Subjects there was on each side a Caruncle or red Gland immediately fastened to the Aspera Arteria and to the Carotides by the means of a branch about the bigness of a great Pin which is very common in Birds The Heart was two Inches and a half bigg The Sack which formes the fleshy Valve which is commonly found in the right Ventricle of the Heart of Birds at the entrance of the Vena Cava was four Lines deep The flesh of the left Ventricle was four Lines thick towards its Basis and one towards its Point In the Eye the Sclerotica had a Cartilaginous edge before about a Line broad which made as it were a Circle about the Cornea The Uvea was reddish and overspread with a great number of Arterys Veins and Nerves The Iris was of an Isabella Colour The Crystalline was three Lines Diameter the whole Globe of the Eye nine The Optick Nerve having penetrated into the inside of the Eye was flatned and formed a white edge of an oval long and strait Figure from whence proceeded the black Membrane in form of a Purse which fastened it self to the side towards the edge of the Crystalline This Membrane is
second Muscle its Action is by making its Tendon to approach towards its Origine to hinder the Cord of the first Muscle which it imbraces from hurting the Optick Nerve but its principal use is to assist the Action of the first Muscle And 't is herein that the Mechanisme is marvelous in this Structure which makes that these two Muscles joyned together do draw much farther than if it had but one For the inflexion of the Cord of the first Muscle which causes it to make an Angle on the Optick Nerve is made only for this end and a single Muscle with a strait Tendon had been sufficient if it had power to draw far enough But the Traction which must make the Eye-lid to extend over the whole Cornea being necessarily great it could not be done but by a very long Muscle and such a Muscle not being able to be lodged in the Eye all its length there was no better way than to supply the Action of a long Muscle by that of two indifferent ones and by bending one of them to give it the greater length in a little space The inspection of the Figure will serve greatly to the understanding of this Description which the novelty of the thing renders obscure in it self The use of this internal Eye-lid which till now has been described by no person is not determined Our Opinion is that it serves to clean the Cornea and to hinder that by drying it grow not less transparent Man and the Ape which are the sole Animals where we have not found this Eye-lid have not wanted this precaution for the cleansing their Eyes because that they have hands with which they may by rubbing their Eye-lids express the humidity which they contain and which they let out through the Ductus Lacrymalis which is known by experience when the sight is darkened or when the Eyes suffer any pain or itching For these Accidents do cease when the Eyes are rubbed But the Dissection has distinctly discovered to us the Organs which do particularly serve for this use and which are otherwise in Birds than in Man where the Ductus passes not beyond the Glandula Lacrymalis For in Birds it goes beyond and penetrating above half way on the internal Eye-lid it is opned underneath upon the Eye which is evidently done to spread a Liquor over the whole Cornea when this Eye-lid passes and repasses as we observed it to do every moment The Explication of the Figure of the TORTOISE THis Tortoise has several particularities which do render it different from those that we have in France It s shell is not flat but very convex It has but one Shell to cover its Back and Belly It s Tail is furnished with a Horn at the end Its Paws are not covered with Scales but with a Skin wrinkled like Spanish Leather Its Claws are not sharp but blunt and half worn away and its Jaws toothed like a Saw. In the Upper Figure A B C D. The right side of the Liver A. A little Lobe which covers the Bladder B. The Bladder C. The Trunk of the Vena Porta D. The right Ramus Hepaticus E F G. The left part of the Liver E. The left Ramus Hepaticus F. The Isthmus by which the left and right part of the Liver are joyned together G. The great Lobe of the left part of the Liver H H. The right Vena Cava I I. The left Vena Cava K. The Ductus Cysticus L. The Trunk of the Rami Hepatici M M. The Kidneys N N. The Venae Emulgentes to which are fastened two Glands O O. The Testicles P P. The Epididymides proceeding from the Kidney and fastened to the Testicles by little Ductus's Q Q. The Ureter's R R. The Bladder opned S. The Neck of the Bladder opned offering to the sight two Carunculae which are the extremities of the Ureter's and two others which are the extremities of the Deferentia T T. Two holes which are of the Origine at the Spongious Ligaments composing the body of the Penis V V. A large Muscle which includes the Rectum and Penis X X. Two other Muscles of the Penis which are interlaced with two others marked y y. Y. The extremity of the Glans Z. The great circular Appendix Δ. The little Appendix with its two Buttons Φ Φ. The extremity of the Rectum cut lengthwise to discover the body if the Penis Θ. An Aperture between the two Ligaments on which abutts the Neck of the Bladder φ. The Penis cut a cross to discover the Cavities of the two Ligaments marked ω ω and the Cavity which supplys the place of the Urethra marked Ï€. Ω Ω Ω Ω. The great Ductus's of the Lungs ξ ξ ξ. The Bladders opening into the Ductus's Λ Λ. The Auricles of the Heart seen on the side which touches the Back-bone 1. The Trunk of the left Vena Cava 2. The Trunk of the right Vena Cava 3. The Trunk of the Aorta at the going out of the Heart forming two Crosses 4. The left Aorta 5. The right Aorta 6. The conjunction of the two Aortas 7 7. The Carotides 8. The Artery of the Lungs 9 9. The Veins of the Lungs which are discharged into the Axillares 10. The Artery which goes to the Stomack 11. The Artery which goes to the Liver Pancreas Spleen c. 12. The Artery which goes to the Intestines 13. The Heart in its Natural Situation 14. The Anteriour Ventricle of the Heart 15. The Artery of the Lungs opened to shew its three Valvulae Sigmoides 16. 16. The Heart out of its Natural Situation being raised upwards and separated from its Auricles Λ Λ which are in their place 17. 18. The two Posteriour Ventricles of the Heart 19. The Aorta proceeding from the right Ventricle It is opened to represent its three Valvulae Sigmoides 20 20 20. The three Valvulae Sigmoides which are at the entrance of the Auricles of the Heart a b. Two holes which are the extremities of the Ductus by which the two Posteriour Ventricles do commnuicate c d. Two other holes which do make the Communication of the Posteriour left Ventricle with the Anteriour α α. The Cerebrum β. The Cerebellum γ γ. The Olfactory Nerves δ. The Medulla Spinalis ε ε. The Musculi Crotaphitae cut θ θ. The Os Occipitis χ. The Cartilaginous Plate oâ—… Film which stops the hole of the Ear. Ï„. A Ductus which descends into the Palate κ. The Plate or Film sustained by the â—…ony Stylus marked â—… THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A GREAT INDIAN TORTOISE THis Tortoise was brought from the Indies it was taken on the Coast of Coromandel It was four Foot and a half long from the extremity of the Mouth to the end of the Tail and fourteen Inches thick The Shell contained three Foot in length and two in breadth How great soever this Tortoise was it came not near those of which Elian and Pliny do speak which were fifteen Cubits and every one of
Cartilages and produced only Membranous Channels very large and unequal containing even an Inch and half in some places and half an Inch only in others The Membrane that formed these Channels was transparent and thinn but solid and fortified with Ligaments linck'd together after the manner of a Nett composed of several Mashes like to those that are seen in the second Ventricle of Animals that ruminate Each of these Mashes was the border and entrance of a little Pouch which opened into a second and that somtimes into a third The Branches of the Veins and Arteries of the Lungs did run along the Ligaments of which they did accompany all the Divisions equally distributing the Blood into the whole extent of the Lungs The Authors that have thought that the Tortoise has no Blood in the Lungs have grounded this opinion on the whiteness and transparency of the Membranes whereof they are composed which do make it to appear altogether Membranous when it is swelled whereas that of other Animals appears fleshy But the truth is that the only difference is that of more and less The Lungs of Man after the same manner as that of other Animals being composed of nothing else but small Vesicles heapt one against the other amongst which the Sanguinary Vessels are interlaced in so great a number that they do form an appearance of flesh like little Lobes fastned to the Channels of the Bronchi and 't is of these little Lobes that the great Lobes of the Lungs are composed Yet this difference of more and less fill'd with Blood has seemed to us to pass for essential and sufficient to establish a Species of Lungs which is one of three to which we reduce the Lungs of the Animals that we have dissected For we have found Lungs which did appear absolutly fleshy others absolutly Membranous and others partly fleshy and partly Membranous The Lungs of all four footed Terrestrial Animals which lay no Eggs and some of the Amphibious as the Sea-Calf are of the first Species And these Lungs do absolutely appear fleshy because that the Blood is equally dispersed thro' all their Substance into which it Circulates entirely making all the Blood to pass thro' the Lungs by its Vessels from one Ventricle of the Heart to the other The Lungs of Tortoises Serpents Frogs Salamanders Camelions c. are of the second Species And they appear absolutely membranous having but very little Blood dispersed into their Substance viz. only that which is necessary for their particular Nourishment So that there is no other Circulation made in its Vessels but of this Nourishment The Lungs of Birds are of the third Species and they do appear partly fleshy and partly Membranous by reason that the part which is fastned to the Ribbs is filled with a great quantity of Vessels by which the Circulation is entirely made as in Terrestrial Animals and the other part which is divided into eight and somtimes into ten great Bladders has no Vessels and the Circulation therein is only for its peculiar Nourishment These three Species of the Lungs may be reduced to two if their differences be taken from the use which the Lungs have in relation to the entire Circulation of the Blood And in this case the Lungs of Tortoises and other Amphibious Animals of that kind will make a particular Species their Lungs being useless for the entire Circulation And the Lungs of Birds and that of Terrestrial Animals will make another Species which will be common to those whose Lungs appear absolutely fleshy and those that appear only in one part For the establishing these two Species there may be likewise added another difference taken from the Motion of the Lungs which in Terrestrial Animals even as in Birds is continual regular and periodical And in the others as in the Tortoise Camelion c. it is interrupted and so seldom and unequal that the Camelion is somtimes half a day without ones being able to discern in him any Motion for the Respiration And somtimes it is perceived to swell on a sudden and to remain a quarter of an hour in this condition The Tortoise does probably use the same manner We have a long time observed several living and entire and we have taken notice that indeed they somtimes cast forth a cold Breath thro the Nostrils but it is by intervals and without order In those which were opened alive we saw that the Lungs remained continually swelled by the exact compression of the Glottis and that it shrunk entirely and suddenly when entrance was given to the Air by cutting the Aspera Arteria When the Breast of a living Dog is opened by taking away the Sternum with the Cartilaginous Appendices of the Ribbs the Lungs are observed suddenly to sink and afterwards the Circulation of the Blood and Motion of the Heart to cease in a little time after that the right Ventricle of the Heart and its Auricle with the Vena Cava are swelled as if they were ready to burst So that to prevent the Animals Death the end of a pair of Bellows is put into the Aspera Arteria and pushing in the Air to make the Lungs swell and afterwards withdrawing them to make them sink they are Artificially made to have the Motion that they Naturally use and it is observed that the Ventricle and right Auricle of the Heart with the Vena Cava do unswell and the Heart resumes its ordinary Motion again This hapnes not to the Tortoise in which one has laid open the Lungs for whether they continue swelled or whether they do shrink the Circulation and Motion of the Heart do continue so well in their Natural manner that it was experimented that a Tortoise has lived above four days in this Condition We have also made another Experiment to know more distinctly the Necessity of the Motion of the Lungs for the entire Circulation of the Blood in Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Fleshy and which are not Amphibious An Injection being made by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Artery of the Lungs of a dead Dog it happens that if one continues to make the Lungs rise and sink by the means of Bellows put into the Aspera Arteria the Liquor which is pushed into the Lungs does easily pass and go thro' the Vein into the left Ventricle And that when one ceases to blow it passes not but with a great deal of difficulty After having veiwed the different Structure of the Ventricles and Vessels of the Heart of the Dog and Tortoise it is easy to give some probable Reasons of the Phaenomena of these Experiments for it may be said that the Lungs of the Dog being sunk after Expiration the Vessels are compressed after such a manner that the Blood cannot pass and that it is necessary that these Vessels are dilated by Inspiration for the receiving the Blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart and that they be afterwards compressed in the Expiration to press it
the Temples which do cover the Two sides of the Crown of the Head and in the middle of the fore-head do leave that Cavitie which Aristotle in his Physiognomy adjudgeth to be peculiar to Lions Every of these Muscles was five inches in length four and a half in breadth two in thickness and Twenty Ounces in Weight This Head thus Garnished with Flesh and Composed of Bones so firm in their structure and Substance made us to think that if the Bear according to Pliny has a Head so tender and weak that it may be Slain with a slight Blow it is probable that it would be very difficult to stun a Lion and that this was well known to Theocritus who tells Hercules that all that he could do to the Nemaean Lion with his Club was to stun him and that he could not kill him but by Strangleing him with his Hands The Bone which is found in Brutes between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum over the Satura Lambdoides was an Inch and a half long Ten lines broad and Two thick of a squarer Figure than that which is in the Scull of Cats Doggs c The Glandula Pinealis was diaphanous and so small that it exceeded not a line in length and two Thirds of a line in breadth at its Basis. The Optick Nerves appeared much thicker after their Conjunction than before Which proceeded hence that the Foramina thro' which they do enter into the Orbita are not round but like a slitt which makes them broader by flattening them Being past thro' the Foramen of the Orbita they were extended to the Globe of the Eye two Inches and a half in length It was observed that the Cavity of this Orbita was not wholly fenced with a Bone on the inside but that there was a hole towards the Temples between the Apophysis of the Os Frontis and that of the first bone of the Jaw which were not joyned more than in Cats Doggs c. The Globe of the Eye was sixteen lines Diameter The Cornea was about the third part of a line in thickness at the middle and grew thicker towards its Circumference till it came to half a line after the manner of the glasses in Spectacles The Iris was of that pale colour which is called Isabella The Tunica Choroides appeared of a Gold-colour and which had nothing of that Verdure which most Authors do give to the Eyes of the Lion. The Reverse of the Anterior Vuea in the Place it lyes upon the Crystallinus was all Black. The Crystallinus was found very flat and its greatest Convexity contrary to what is in other Animals was in its anteriour part which is also observed in the Eyes of Catts The Figurs of the Crystallinus was such that it seemed shrunk up having a Dent in the side which made the Crystallinus of the left Eye where this dent was the greatest like the Forme of an Heart But one of these Crystallinus's which began to be spoilt by a Glaucoma made us to suspect that this was Praet ernatural and particular to our Subject The Aqucous Humour was found very abundant so that it almost equal'd the sixth part of the Vitreous Humour This abundance was Judged to be the cause of the clearness which remained in the Eyes after Death which are obscured when the Cornea is dryed and contracted for want of this Humour which keep 's it extended The last Observation was that considering the Season which was hot and moist when this Dissection was made and the disposition to Putrifaction which must needs be in the body of an Animal Dead of a Disease and which all Authors report to have a breath so stinking that it Infects whatever it approaches to such a degree that other Animals do not touch the remainder of the Flesh whereof he has eaten yet there appear'd nothing to us which denoted any extraordinary Corruption its smell being less offensive than that of a Deer which must be embowelled soon after it is killed And altho' there were found some Wormes in its Flesh the fourth day it was judged that they were ingender'd of Flyes because that a piece of the Tongue wrapt up in Paper was dryed in the space of one night and was grown very hard without any smell Which made us conclude that if the Lion is subject to a Feaver it is not caused by the Corruption of Humours and is only an Ephemera altho' it is said that he has it all his life This may cause a Belief that Choller is a Balsome in the body of Animals which resists Corruption and which has this effect that Lyons in whom it is praedominant do live a long time There was likewise made another reflection upon the smalness of the Brain of this Animal of which Natural Historians do relate so many marks of Judgement and Reason and by comparing it with the abundance of that of a Calfe it was judged that the littleness of Brain is rather the sign and cause of a savage and cruel Disposition than a want of Judgment This conjecture was fortified by an other Observation which was made four dayes before upon a Sea-fox where was found hardly any Brain altho' it was thought that the Sagacitie and Subtiltie which it hath has given it this Name amongst Fishes all the Kinds of which are generally ill provided of Brain so that they have little disposition to the Society and Discipline which Terrestrial Animals are capable of THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF ANOTHER LYON THis Lyon was extraordinary large though very young It was seven Foot and a half long from the end of the Nose to the beginning of the Tail and four Foot and a half high from the top of the Back to the ground Our Observations were almost the same with those which we have already made on the first Lyon but amongst other things the straitness and narrowness of the Thorax which we have already remarkt seem'd to us very considerable in this Subject For in the inside from the one side to the other in the largest place it exceeded not seven Inches of which the Heart took up four so that there remained but three for the Lungs Pericardium Mediastinum and Vessels of the Heart The Pericardium was likewise without Water and the Intestines short in Proportion to the Body containing but Twenty five Foot in length which was just three times the length of the Body The Crystallinus was more convex on the outside than the inside What we found different is that the Liver which was of so dark a Red in the first Lyon that it appeared Black was so pale in this that it had a Feville-morte Colour That the Annular Cartilages of the Larynx which were intire in the first Lyon which nevertheless was not Old were found imperfect in this which was Younger And we were not able to resolve whether we ought to atribute to the difference of Age that which we observed in the Paws because that in those of the Young Lyon we
Uteri yet it is very true to say that the structure and use of the Tuba in Women and the Cornua in Brutes have nothing essentially different seeing that as there are some Examples of the Conception made in the Tuba we have some Observations which do manifest to us that this Tuba has sometimes also an evident Cavity We have here put the Figure of the Uterus of a Woman in which we found two apparent Cavities which made some windings eight Lines long and near two broad at their beginning which from the Fundus Uteri did Penetrate into the Tuba At the end of each of the Cornua a little below the Testicle there was a long Body of a Nervous Substance which was taken for the Ligamenta Teretia For it descended into the Groyne and was there dilated like a Goose's Foot as in Women It s original was only different in this that in Women these Ligaments proceeded from the very Body of the Uterus at the place where the Tuba began a good distance from the Testicle Soranus Writes that he had seen in a Woman this round Ligament which he calls the Cremaster of the Testicle of Women which was fastened near the Testicle even as we have Observed in our Lyonness The Mediastine was not pierced like a Net as in the first Lyon but its Membrane was thick and continued The Lungs had seven Lobes three of each side and one in the middle Those of the right side were larger than those of the left The whole Parenchyma of the Lungs was scirrhous The Vena Coronaria was very large but the Heart was much less than in the two Lyons which have been dissected The inside of the left Ventricle was scirrhous towards the mouth of the Artery of the Lungs and it seemed that the Lungs had communicated this Distemper to the Heart There were two Polypus's one in each Ventricle of the Heart All the Basis of the Heart on the out side was sirrounded with a flimy Substance which formed several unequal Protuberancies instead of the Fat which is commonly found in this place The Tongue was armed as in the Lyons with great points like Claws they were lesser softer and blunter The Ventricles of the Brain were very large and the Cavity where the Falx enters and which divides the Cereâ—…rum in two was likewise very deep containing ten Lines The Glandula Pinealis was exceeding small not exceeding a Line The Christalline Humour like as in Lyons was more convex before than behind which was not found in the other Lyonness where it was flat and more convex behind The Membrane which is put into the bottom of the Eye and laid on the Choroides which we call the Tapetum was of an Isabella Colour intermixt with a brisk Greenish Blew It was easily separable from the Choroides which remained intire with its ordinary thickness after that we had taken away the Membrane which forms this Tapetum The Optick Nerve was near the Axis of the Eye In it 's middle there was seen to appear a Foramen which disappear'd when the whole Retina was layd on one side and that it was not equally extended about the Optick Nerve on the Concavitie of the Choroides The Explication of the Figure of the CAMELION IT is represented alive perched on a Tree somewhat crooked towards the side which it ascends to discover as much as is possible the top of the Head and bottom of the Belly In The Parts which the Dissection discovers A. The Gall-Bladder B. The left Lo e of the Liver C C. The right D. The Oesophagus E. The Ventricle F. The Pylorus G. The Ductus Cholidocus h. The Vena Porta I. The Vena Cava K K K. The Intestins L M. A Membrane which held all these Parts linkt together and suspended N. The first Bone of the Sternum O. The left Lobe of the Liver P. The upper part of the Lungs blown up and speckled with red Spots Q Q Q. The rest of the Lungs blown up R. The Aspera Arteria tyed to keep the Lungs blown up S S. The Os Hyoides T. The Cartalaginous Style to which the Trunk which sustains the Tongue is fastened X X. The Tongue Y. The Trunck drawn up Z Z. The Kidneys Γ Γ. The Cornua Uteri Δ. The Neck of the Uterus K K. The Intestines Θ Θ. The Eyes λ λ. The Optick Nerves Î . The Brain We did not think that the Skeleton needed any Explication by reason of the Neatness of the Figure and the exactness wherewith it is described in the Discourse THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CAMELION THere is scarce any Animal more Famous than the Camelion its admirable Properties have ever been the Subject as well of Natural as Moral Philosophy The changing of its Colour and the particular manner of feeding which is attributed to it have in all Ages given great Admiration and Exercise to those that do apply themselves to the Knowledg of Nature And those Wonders which Naturalists have related of this inconsiderable Animal have made it to be the most Famous Symbole used in Rhetorick and Ethicks to represent the base compliance of Courtiers and Flatterers and the Vanity wherewith simple and light Minds do feed themselves It s very name in Tertullian is the Subject of a Serious Meditation upon False-glory and he proposes it as the Example of the Impudence of Cheats and Boasters It is not known truly why the Greeks have bestowed so fine a Name upon so vile and ugly a Beast by calling it the Little-Lyon or Dwarf-Lyon according to Isidâ—…re's Etymology Gesner says that it somewhat resembles the Lyon without mentioning wherein Panarolus would have it the Tail which is crooked at the end as he says like the Lyons But the Truth is that neither the Camelion nor the Lyon have a crooked Tail. It would be more probable to place the Resemblance on the Crest which they both have on the Top of the Head which makes a kind of Casque But it appears on the Lyons Head only when the Fleâ—…h of the Musculi Crotophitae is cutt off Licetus thinks that this Name was given it because as the Lyon Hunts and Devours other Animals so the Camelion catches Flies by the same reason that a little Worm which Hunts and takes Ants as Albertus hath described is called Formicaleon and that a little Lobster as Pliny and Athenaus report is named Lyon because it is of the same Colour The Camelion is of the kinde of four-footed Beasts which do lay Eggs as the Crocodile and Lizard which it sufficiently resembles save that its Head and Back is not flat like the Lizards who has likewise much shorter leggs with which it crâ—…wls very fast along the ground whereas the Camelion has longer leggs and goes easily only upon Trees where it delights it self much more than on the ground because that as it is sayd it fears the Serpents from which it cannot secure it selfe by flight and that from thence it spies
very sleek and smooth from the outside inwards These points viewed with a Microscope were transparent as Crystal and appeared to have three Lines in length and one and a half at their Basis. The Throat was very large and the Oesophagus was not lesser than the Stomach in which Authors do say that this Fish conceals its young when they are afraid by swallowing them down to vomit them up again and this is the reason which made Aelian and Plutarch to say that the Subtilty which this Fish has to quit it self of the Hook which it has swallowed is to spew it up with its Stomach which as Aelian reports it can turn the wrong side outward which is much more probable than what others do say viz. that it proceeds to swallow the Line untill it has found a place weak enough to cut it with its Teeth because it has no Incisores This Stomach was about fifteen Inches long and five broad terminating at the bottom in a very strait Pylorus which was like a choaking making the passage of the Stomach to the Intestine This Ductus or passage which exceeded not three Lines in length and one and a half in Diameter was very smooth and slippery even as the Oesophagus but the inside of the Stomach was rugged and like to that of Animals which chew the Cud which is called Reticulum In the Stomach there was found a branch of the Sea-plant called in French Varec about five inches long and a Fish of the same length without a Head Scales Skin and Entrails being all digested except the Musculous Flesh which was left entire After the Pylorus the Intestine was a little enlarged even to contain four Lines Diameter for the length of five Inches which may be taken for the Duodenum which was afterwards dilated for the forming a great Intestine which was about eighteen inches long and three broad It s inferiour part which was smooth and seven inches long was the Rectum The Superiour which contained about thirteen Inches had a very particular structure for instead of the ordinary Circumvolutions of the Intestines the Cavity of this was transversly interrupted with several separations composed of the Membranes of the Intestine folded inwards These separations were near half an Inch distant from each other and turned round like the shell of a Snail or of a Stair-case with an open Newel which is the reason as it is easie to conjecture why the nourishment stays and is a great while in passing altho the way be very short The Liver took up the whole length of the right side of the Belly It was divided into two Lobes which has made Authors to say that this Fish hath two Livers The longest of these Lobes was twenty Inches the other eighteen each containing only five in breadth its colour was reddish and was streaked all along and across by obscure Lines The Gall was inclosed at the top of the great Lobe in the substance of the Parenchyma and was not gathered into a Vesicle but its colour only seemed to appear green through the Tunicle of the Liver The two Lobes weighed five pounds and a half The Vesicle had in the inside as it were leaves composed of its Tunicle The Gall which it contained was found to have more of Acidity than Bitterness The Spleen was fastened to the bottom of the Stomach It was double like the Liver and terminating in two unequal points the longest of which was five inches It s Colour resembled that of the Liver being only somewhat less dark and less brown Near the Spleen there was observed a part fastened to the Intestine which might be said to be the Pancreas because that it was as it were Glandulous but blacker then the Spleen Towards the Navel there was found a part shut up in the inside about two inches long and pointed at the end which was judged to be the part which made the Sex which was already discovered by the two points already mentioned and which Authors report to be found only in the Males The Bronchiae or Gills which are five of each side had this common amongst them that their Aperture which is about two inches and a half was inlarged almost as much again in the inside to lap over a hole like to their Aperture That wherein they differed is that the three middle holes were greater and provided on the inside with Bronchiae The two last which are somewhat lesser especially that which is most distant from the Head had this particular that they were smooth and without those Foliages whereof the Bronchiae or Gills are composed The Heart had no Pericardium but there was a Membrane like to that of the Pericardium which reinvested and inveloped the Aorta The bigness of the Heart and its Figure resembled a Pullets Egg. Its Ventricle which was single as in most Animals which do not breath had five valves three Sigmoides at the mouth of the Aorta and two Tricuspides at that of the Vena Cavâ—… The Heart had likewise one single Auricle very large and the beginning of the Aorta was girt with a fleshy ring of ten Lines The Aorta Ascendens having cast forth some branches for the Brain was consumed and near all lost under the Tongue The Head was a meer lump of Flesh being covered with the Muscles of the Temples which contained four Inches in thickness The Cranium was not bigger than ones fist it was near two fingers thick at top This thickness was excavated by cavernous and unequal Sinus's They were almost all empty containing only a little mucous matter mixt with Blood. The Brain which was very small and had but little Anfractuosity was so soft and flabby that no Observation could be made on its Structure The Spinalis Medulla which shot out all along through the Foramina or holes which are between the Vertebrae Filaments of Nerves about the bigness of a pin produced at the beginning of its Exit out of the Cranium three Pair which were about a line and a half in bigness two whereof divided themselves at the Temporal Muscles and at those which do move the great fore-Fins the third Pair run all along the Back-bone always keeping the same bigness although it continually cast into the Flesh little branches like those which proceed from the Medulla Spinalis The Eyes which were larger than those of an Ox were only demi-spherical being flat before and the Sclerotica making as it were a Cup. This Membrane was very thin but so hard that it might rather pass for a Bone than a Membrane On the contrary the Cornea was so tender that it was folded and sunk on the Crystallinus which was perfectly Spherical as it is generally found in Fishes yet in one of the Eyes it was somewhat flatned The Anteriour Uvea was not black nor very obscure in the inside but only greyish as it is on the outside where it makes the Iris. The Choroides was of the same colour and its ground had that
Man explains himself by a Figure which leaves those who would be deceived in their Error without scandalizing them and which makes others to understand his meaning For the Proverb being that the Eye must be rubbed only with the Elbow when it is sore to signifie that it must not be touched at all he has intimated that there is no Claw of the Elk which infallibly cures the Epilepsie by saying that there is none but that on the outside of the Foot which the Elk can put into its Ear that can do it for he adds this impossible qualification to a great many others which Authors do mention and which are very difficult but absolutely necessary as it is said to make this Remedy Operate as to have been cut off with one blow of an Hatchet the Animal being alive on St. Giles's day from a Male which is at Rut and has not yet engendred to manifest that the Impostors which would sell Elks Claws have added all these difficult qualifications to the end that those who have experienced the Claw of the Elk which they made use of to signifie nothing may think that it is the want of some one of those Qualifications which is certainly in that which the Merchant presents them Having made these Reflections on the firmness of the Ligaments of the Joynts of the Elk we observed the Figure of the Eye the great Canthus or Corner of which was slit downwards a great deal more then it is in Stags Fallow-Deer and wild Goats but after a fashion very extraordinary which is that this slit was not according to the length of the Eye but made an Angle with the line which goes from one of the corners of the Eye to the other The Dissection discovered to us that this slit was proportioned to the Glandulâ—… Lachrymalis which was found to contain an inch and a half in length and seven lines in breadth The internal parts had something resembling those of an Ox especially in that which concerns the four Ventricles and Intestines Nevertheless these Parts had this particular that the first and greatest Ventricle was partly inclosed by a Membrane like a Sack which having abundance of Vessels might pass for the Epiploon and that instead of the Glands and Fat which is usually in this part there was only towards the top some Bladders full of wind about the bigness of a Chesnut The Intestines which were forty eight foot long had a Caecum without an Appendix which was thirteen inches long and five broad It nearly resembled the Figure of a Man's The Liver was small not exceeding one foot in length and seven inches in breadth It was whole without Lobes and even without any appearance of the cleft which is over the Cartilago Xiphoides It was so joyned to the Diaphragme that it was impossible to separate it from its convex part without cutting it It had no Gall-Bladder and it was all over and even to the bottom of its Parenchyma of a gray and livid Colour The Spleen was likewise very small being no more than eight inches long and six broad The Substance of these two Viscera seemed very smooth and Homogeneous but the Kidneys were in their external Substance spotted with two different Colours which made it to appear rough like Chagrin tho to the touch nothing felt rugged They were not adherent to the Loyns by the Duplicature of the Peritoneum but fastned only by their Vessels The Lungs were divided into seven Lobes of which there was three on each side and one at the middle in the Cavity of the Mediastinum The inferiour Lobes were each as big again as the superiour The Heart was seven inches long and five broad It s Figure was pointed and from the basis to the point there was an Eminence obliquely turned like a Screw which Eminence answered to the Separation of the two Ventricles so that it seemed to be a fold of the external part of the right Ventricle upon the left This Eminence which is scarcely visible in the Heart of other Animals was extraordinarily apparent in this The Septum and rest of the Parenchyma of the Heart which environed the left Ventricle had the thickness of an inch The Rings of the Aspera Artâ—…ria were imperfect The Brain comprehending the Cerebellâ—…m was but four inches in length and two and a half in breadth The smallness of this part compared with the greatness of the Glandula Lacrymalis which as has been said was an inch long seemed to us as an Argument capable of confirming the Opinion of those who believe that the greatest part of the Glands which are about the Brain do not receive from it the Humidities wherewith they usually are imbued but that they are brought to them by the Arteries or by the Nerves from which they do receive the Matter whereof they do make the Lympha The Curiosity which we had of exactly seeking out the Ductus's designed to receive and convey these Humours which must be very visible in a part so extraordinary large could not be satisfied by reason of the corruption of our Subject which had been kept so long that all the Parts began to dissolve with Putrifaction The Substance of the Brain differed not from that of the Cerebellum both being very white and firm enough notwithstanding the Corruption to make it appear very sound in an Animal so subject to some Distempers whose seat is placed in the Brain which according to Cardan is colder moister and more Phlegmatick in this Animal than in any other The Glandula Pinealis was of an extraordinary size exceeding three lines in length like that which we found in the Dromedary but its Figure was Conical as usually whereas the Glandula of the Dromedary had the form of a Trefoile This greatness which to us seemed very considerable in regard of the smalness of the rest of the Brain made us to think that those who following Erasistratus do attribute to the different Formation of the Organs of the Brain the divers Operations of the interiour Senses might fortifie themselves in their Opinion by some such like Observations considering that Lions Bears and other fierce and cruel Beasts have this part so little that it is almost imperceptible and that it is very great in those which are timerous like the Elk which is held to be so fearful that it dies with fear when it has received the least wound and it is observable that he never recovers when he sees the smallest drop of his own Blood. In the Brain we likewise found another part whose bigness had relation to the smelling which is more exquisite in the Elk than in any other Animal according to the Testimony of Pausanias as has been already declared For the Processus Mammillares which are thought to be the Organs of that Sense were without comparison greater than in any Animal that we have Dissected being above four lines in Diameter The Explication of the Figure of the Coati Mondi THe lower
without a Cartilage at the place towards the Back-bone and which touches the Oesophagus These Rings were of such a Figure and so disposed that their extremities flatned and inlarged did each form as it were two Wings or Auricles which were laid one upon the other so that for instance the lower Wings or Auricles of the first Cartilage were covered with the upper Wings of the second which with its lower wings did likewise cover the upper wings of the third which did cover its lower wings with the upper ones of the fourth This continued after the same manner in all the Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria as is represented in the Figure which alone can sufficiently demonstrate this extraordinary Structure The residue of every Ring which was the hardest part was hollow in its middle and left two eminencies at its sides This conformation did in this place make the Aspera Arteria more rough than it generally is because that the inequality of the two different Substances which compose it namely the Membrane and Cartilage which is found in all forts of Asperae Arteriae this had over and above the inequality which the Cavities or Indentings that were in each Ring did make The Cornea in the Eye was of an oval Figure as it usually is in other Cows The Iris was Yellow a little inclining to Red. The Crystallinus was more convexbehind than before The Explication of the Figure of the CORMORANT IN the Lower Figure is observable the length of the Head the smalness of the Eye and its oblique Situation the crooked Figure of the Bill and the extraordinary Structure of the Feet which have the great Toe outwards and the others inwards being all four webb'd together by Membranes In the Upper Figure A B. Represents the Oesophagus blown up and tied at the top B C. The Ventricle blown up B. The place where the Oesophagus is straitned to make the upper Orifice of the Ventricle D E. The Aspera Arteria E. A knot made of a Bony Ring at the bottom of the Aspera Arteria F F. Two Musculous Ligaments which do fasten the Aspera Arteria with the Bladders of the Lungs G. The Heart H. The right Lobe of the Liver I. The left Lobe K. The third Lobe which is under the two others L. The Gall-Bladder M. The Pylorus N. A part of the Oesophagus the inside of which is represented O. The Superiour Orifice of the Ventricle P. A part of the Ventricle which is seen on the inside q q. The Membranes of the Ventricle cut asunder the interiour of which is composed of an infinite number of longish Glands conglomerated and whose points do make the internal Superficies of the Ventricle rough like Chagrin Q. The Larynx R. The Tongue S T. The right Foot. T. The Serrate or toothed Claw which is on the second Toe THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CORMORANT THis Bird is called a Cormorant that is to say Crow-Marine because that it is generally all black and is an Aquatick Animal Gesner says that it is for this reason that it is by Albertus Magnus called Carbo aquaticus Gaza is of Opinion that the Corax of Aristotle is this very Bird not only by reason of the Greek Name which signifies Crow but likewise of the other marks by which this Philosopher designs it which do perfectly agree with the Cormorant that we describe It was twenty seven inches from the end of the Bill to the extremity of the Tail and three foot and a half from one end of the Wings expanded to the other There are seen a great many larger on the Sea-Shore It s whole Plumage was Black or a very dark gray somewhat greenish on the wings except the Belly and under the Neck which were covered with white Feathers the end of which was blackish which made these white parts to seem spotted with brown Gesner reports that in Switzerland these Cormorants which are there called Scharbi that is to say Coals have some of them white Bellies Under the great plumes which cover the Body there was a gray down extremely fine and thick as in Swans Aldrovandus reports that the Skins of Cormorants are prepared like those of Vultures and used to cover and warm the Stomach The Feathers which did garnish and adorn the Neck were very short and those which did cover the Head much shorter but they were very thick and small like Fringe This demonstrates the Cormorant not to be the Phalocrocorax which is so called because it has no Feathers on the Head and that Pliny is deceived when he says that the aquatick Crow which is the Cormorant is naturally bald and that this particularity has given it the name which it has amongst the Greeks Belâ—…nius held the same Opinion These Plumes upon the Head were four lines in length strait and staring This made the Head to appear less flat than indeed it is although it very much appeared so with these Feathers Towards the root as well of the upper as lower Beak there was a Skin without Feathers it was likewise extended round the Eye This Skin was Red. Aldrovandus reports that it is generally white and Gesner makes it of a Saffron-Colour This same Skin was extended under the Beak upon the Cavity which is generally there In this place it was of a Pale-yellow The Bill at the sides was Gray mix'd with Red and Black at the top It was three inches in length from the opening to its extremity It was crooked and very pointed at the end This Beak served him to catch Fish but because that he could only swallow them backwards or sidewise and could not conveniently swallow the Tail first by reason of the Fins Crests and Scales which hindred them from entring into his Throat he used to cast them in the Air to receive them with the Head first which he does with so much dexterity that he never misses This Bird is made use of for Fishing by putting an Iron Ring at the bottom of its Neck to the end that the Fish being received into the Oesophagus which is very large making a kind of Craw might not enter into the Ventricle and they might easily be made to cast them up In the Beak there was not any hole for the Nostrils although in the Palate there was one large enough to permit the Vapours to rise up to the Organs of the Smelling The Eyes were small and situated very near the Bill Being shut the line which the Eye-lids made was somewhat more oblique than it generally is in Birds The Feet were short not exceeding four inches from the Belly to the Ground and there were seven to the end of the greatest Toe These Feet were very black and shining covered with long and strait Scales in the inside of the Foot and on the middle of the Toes These four Toes were webb'd together by some Membranes which we have already remark'd in a Scotch Goose. These Membranes were speckled like Chagrin These four Toes which
the Kidneys which seemed drawn downwards The Bladder was very large and thick being composed of two Coats which included between them a substance spongious and somewhat fleshie In one of the Subjects as it has been already declared all the back part of it adhered to the inferiour part of the Epiploon on which it was laid The forepart which touched the Peritonaeum was less fleshie It was loose in this place without being joyned to the Peritonaeum The Testicles of the Males were long and narrow containing only four lines in breadth and an inch and half in length The Vasa Praeparantia were fastned to the inferiour part of the Testicle and did form an Epididymis separated from the Testicle This Epididymis was fastned to a Ligament which passing into the Thighs did seem to be made to strengthen the Testicle and perform the Office attributed to the round Ligament of the Uterus The Parastatae were extraordinary great they were two inches and a half long and separated into three branches and in some of our Subjects into five like branches of Coral At the end of the Penis there was a bone of an inch long In the Females the broad Ligament of the Matrix was strongly fastened to the Kidneys at the bastard-Ribs The Testicles were of a Glandulous Substance without any appearance of Bladders or Eggs. The Nervous Center of the Diaphragme was so thin and transparent that the Lungs were seen through There were five principal Lobes which were each divided into two The Rings of the Aspera Arteria were not intire The Trunck of the Arteria Venosa and its chief branches were of an extraordinary length Having tied the Azygos in one of our Subjects and put a small pipe underneath the Ligature when it was blown the Vena Cava swelled beginning to swell through the Iliaca by reason of the Communication of one branch of the Azygos which passing beyond the Diaphragme went to make an Anastomosis with one of the the branches of the Iliack The Heart was two inches in length from the Basis to the point and fourteen lines in breadth through its middle between the point and the Basis being somewhat larger in this place than at the Basis it was blunt at the end and the flesh of the left Ventricle was firm and hard It had an Eminence which made it to appear winding like a Screw The right Auricle seemed to be only a dilatation of the Cava In one of the Subjects the two Auricles of the Heart were filled with a slimy white and very solid Substance and the Ventricles with a black and congealed blood The Brain was almost like that of the Hog There was no bone between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum The Globe of the Eye exceeded not four inches Diameter it was almost Sphaerical The Cornea was elevated like a demi-globe on another Globe formed by the Sclerotica The Crystalline was likewise almost spherical in one of the Subjects being more convex before than behind In this same Subject the Crystalline had as it were a Kernel its internal part being hard after the manner of a Cartilage and not less transparent than the rest This Part thus hardened had not the Figure spherical like the whole Crystalline but it was flat and lenticular The optick Nerve entered at the middle of the Globe of the Eye The Uvea was of a dark red the Membrane which is applyed to the bottom of the Eye and which we do call the Tapetum was whitish and disseminated with several little red Spots This whitish Colour of the Tapetum made the hole of the Uvea to appear less brown than the Iris. The two Hedg-hoggs which we dissected were Male and Female they contained eight Inches from the Snowt to the end of the hind-feet extended which were not above two Inches The Nose in both was short and round better resembling the Nose of a Dog than the Snowt of a Swine so that they were of that Species of Hedg-hog called by Mathiolus Canina who makes two viz. one which partakes of the Dog and the other of the Hog and this kind seems to be more common than the other because that in English the Herisson is absolutely called Hedg-hog and in Dutch Een ysere Verken that is to say a Hog covered and armed with Prickles They both had the Head Back and Flancks covered with Prikles The Nose Throat Belly and Feet were only interspersed with a very small and very white Hair. Hermolaus says that the Hedg-hog has Prickles all over the Body except on the Nose and Paws but we found this false in one of our Subjects which had no prickls on the belly but those on the Back and sides when it was heaped round the Breech and Snowt approaching each other did intirely cover the Belly The whole Animal was of one Colour the Skin Hair and Prickcles being of a dark yellowish Gray The Prickles were an Inch and a half long and very different from those of the Porcupine for they were somewhat flattish and very like to the Prickles of the outward Shells of ChesNuts The Paws were composed of five Toes of which there were three great ones in the middle and two little ones one on each side They had long pointed and hollow Claws making the Figure of a Pen. The Teeth were disposed in such a manner that below there was only the Molares and Incisores These last were but two which were somewhat longer than the Molares At the top there were no Incisores but only two Canini which left a vacancy in which the Incisores of the lower Jaw were lodged The Canini which were longer than the Incisores had each also a place to lye in in the lower Jaw between the Canini and Incisores with an Interval for that purpose The Female had eight Teats four on each side disposed in two ranges along the Belly and Breast the two highest being seated on the Pectoral Muscle Having taken off the Skin there appeared a Musculus Carnosus which as in the Porcupine was extended from the Ossa Innominata to the Ear and Nose running along the Back-bone without being fastned thereunto which shews that this Muscle serves not the Hedg-hog for the shaking his Skin like the Porcupine which darts his Prickles by this Action but to bring its Head to its Breech and to gather up the whole Body like a Ball which the Hedge-Hog uses to do when it cannot save it self by flight for being in this posture it is all over covered with its Prickles and the Dogs know not how to take him without being Pricked Pliny reports that if notwithstanding this Praecaution he perceives himself in danger he let 's fly his Urine which he knows to have the quality of vitiating his Skin and making all his Prickles to fall off as it were to deprive the Hunters of the Principal Fruit of their Labour which is this Skin which the Ancients had in great esteem by reason that it served them for
Brushes to clean their Cloaths The Liver had seven Lobes one of which was divided in two The Gall-Bladder was in the middle of the two upper Lobes which were the greatest It s Forme was Ovale It was eight Lines long very full and Blewish The Venae Lacteae were White and very apparent in the Mesentery and the Receptacle of the Chyle was great ample and full The Spleen was layd on the Ventricle to which it was fastned by twelve branches from the Vas Breve It was long and cut like a Cock's Comb. The Pancreas to which it was fastned had the same Forme It differed therfrom only in Colour the Pancreas being Whitish and the Spleen of a Blackish Red. The Intestines were all alike in Substance and thickness There was no Caecum They contained all together four Feet in length The Kidneys were an inch long and eight Lines broad They were of an Olive Colour the right being situated higher that the left The Bladder was an inch and a half long and an inch broad In the Male the Testicles were in the Belly which according to Aristotle is peculiar to the Hedg-Hog which amongst all Quadrupeds that do ingender a perfect and living Animal is the only one whose Testicles are inclosed in it as in Birds These Testicles had a very larg Epididymis which received the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia divided into four Branches and which were separately inserted into them from the basis to the greater half of their length This Epididymis was not separate from the Testicle as in the Porcupine but was therto fastned all its length The Vasa Spermatica Deferentia proceeded from the top of the Epididymis The Testicle and its Vessels were tyed and suspended by a Ligament which might passe for a Cremaster because that it was a Membrane which appeared somewhat Fleshy near the Testicle The rest of this Membrane was extended and inlarged after the manner of the broad Ligaments of the Uterus It had a great many Vessels of which two of the cheif did make a very considerable Anastomosis by crossing one another in the middle They proceeded from the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia as from their Trunck and were distributed through this whole Membrane extended like the Wings of a Batt as in the Uterus so that considering the greatness and Number of these Vessels which were not proportionate to the quantitie of the Nourishment which the Membrane might require it might be probably thought that the use of this Structure was that the Arteria Spermatica might send to this Membrane a part of the bloud which it carryes to the Testicle to be prepared in this great Number of branches in which the remainder that cannot be imployed to the Nourishment of the Membrane seemed to be sometime retained and perfected by this long retention to be inabled afterwards to reflow into the Trunck of the Spermatick Artery and to mingle with the bloud which go's into the Testicle there being nothing to oppose this reflux of which it is necessary to suppose the liberty into all the Arteries which upon this account are destitute of the Valves which are found in the Veins and the compression that the motion of Respiration causes to all the Viscera bâ—…ing a sufficient impulsive cause for this reflux On both sides of the Neck of the Bladder there were Pouches of a Substance partly Glandulous partly Membranous They were very Yellow T was apparently the Parastatae The Prostatae were a little underneath of an extraordinary size even as the Parastatae In the Female the Uterus was composed of a Neck and two Hornes The Neck was composed of two Membranes the external was thick and Fleshy the internal was thinne Membranous and Nervous The Hornes were unequal the left being lesser than the right in which there was a Foetus The Lungs had five Lobes viz. three of a middle size at the right side and two on the left one of which was greater and the other lesser than all the rest This little one which the Cavitie of the Mediastine inclosed was forked at the end The Heart was almost round The right Auricle was of a Red almost Black. The left was whitish The Globe of the Eye exceeded not two lines in diameter it had an internal Eyelidd Of the three Humours of the Eye there appeared only the Crystalline which filled up the whole Globe without any appearance of the Aqâ—…e us or Vitreous Humour The Retina did immediately touch the Crystalline and as it were â—…tick to it on that side towards the bottom of the Eye as the Cornea did cover and touch it before The Uvea was all over black without the Tapetum it did not likewise make any fold on the fore-part to forme the Iris so that the Eye when the lidds were open did appear all Black. The Explication of the Figure of two Sapajous and two other Monkeys THe lower Figure showes how the Hands and Feet of the Ape do differ from the Hands and Feet of Man the thumb of the Hand being small and the great Toe of the Foot very large and the other Toes extraordinary long Here is not described the Figure of the fourth Ape which is the second Sapajou because that it was wholy like to that which is here represented except the Nose which was longer In the Upper Figure A. The Umbilical Veine B B. The two right Lobes of the Liver C C. The two left Lobes of the Liver D. The fifth Cleft and making as it were two Leaves E. The Gall-Bladder F. The Ductus Cysticus G G G. The three Ductus Hepatici 4. 5. 6. Three Branches that come out of the first H. The common Ductus I. The Ventricle K. The Spleen L. The Pancreas M. The Caecum N. The end of the Ileum O. The beginning of the Colon. P. A Gland fastned to the lower part of the Trunk of the Cava Q Q. Two other Glands fastned to the two Iliack Veines R R. The Testicles S S. The Glandulous Prostates Θ. The Bladder so turned upside down as to hide the Penis T T. The Brain t t. The back part of the Brain without Anfractuositys V. The Bladder in the Natural situation and opned to shew the Caruncle Y and the thickness of the Prostates 3. 3. X X. The Parastatae Cyrsoides Y. The Caruncle at the beginning of the Urethra 3 3. The Glandulous Prostates which look but like the thickning of the Neck of the Bladder THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TWO SAPAJOUS AND TWO OTHER MONKEYS THe Species of Apes are very numerous Pliny reduces them under two Genus's viz. those which have Tails and those which have none The Tail-less Ape is by the Latines simply called Simiâ—… Those which have a Tail are of two Species The Latines have borrowed of the Greeks the names which they do give them for some are called Cercopitheci from the name of the Genus that is to say Tailed Apes others Cynocephali that is to say which have a head
Region is destitute For if there are a great many Birds which do never rise very high into the Air whose Lungs have notwithstanding these Bladders in which the Air is retained there are also a great many that have Wings which they use not for flying And it may be observed that there are found some parts in Animals which have not any use in certain Species and which are given to the whole Genus by reason that they have an important use in some of the Species 'T is thus that in several kinds of Animals the Males have Teats like the Females that Moles have Eyes Ostriches and Cassowars Wings and that Land-Tortoises have a particular Formation of the Vessels of the Heart which agrees only with Water-Tortoises as it is explained in the Description of the Tortoise However it be the structure of the Muscles of the Lungs of Birds gives occasion to believe that they do serve to this Retention because it is seen that the holes which they have to give entrance into the Pouches are most in the fleshy part of the Muscles which is capable of a voluntary Constriction and Relaxation And moreover this Retention of the Air is manifest in the Camelion which hath Lungs of a Structure like that of Birds For we have remark'd that the Camelion is somtimes swelled as it was ready to burst and continues a long time in this posture altho' the Reciprocation of the Respiration ceases not from going its usual pace as if by the means of these Muscles of the Lungs this Animal did retain the Air in some of the Bladders viz. in those whose Apertures are in the fleshy part of the Muscle and that in the others it leaves a free Egress and Entrance to the Air for Respiration In the middle of the two great Diaphragmes there was a Membrane which like a Mediastinum descended from top to bottom and which served for a Ligament to suspend the Heart Liver Ventricle and the rest of the parts of the lower Venter The Bladders of the Lungs were separable from the Diaphragmes and Muscles of the Lungs each having their particular Tunicle These Tunicles were joyned together making double and not single partitions The second Bladder had two holes The fourth descended not so low as in other Birds by reason that the Sternum being very small and consequently the Muscles of the lower Venter greater than ordinary this Bladder was not so necessary as in Birds which have the Sternum bigger which confirmes the opinion that we have of the use which we attribute to this fourth Bladder and which is explained in the Description of the Ostrich Now the Sternum was proportionably lesser than in the Ostrich because that the Muscles designed for the Motion of the Wings to which it gives rise were very small and proportioned to the Wings The Heart was an Inch and half long and an Inch broad towards its Basis. It s fleshy valve made a Sack that was but one Line deep The Tongue measured an Inch in length and eight Lines in breadth It was indented all round like a Cocks Combe Aldrovandus has said that the Cassowar has neither Wings nor Tongue instead of saying that these parts are of a structure altogether extraordinary in this Bird. The Globe of the Eye was very bigg in proportion to the Cornea being an Inch and half Diameter and the Cornea but three Lines The Crystalline was four The black Purse which proceeds from the Optick Nerve was as usually in other Birds In this Subject we applyed our selves exactly to remark what belongs to the internal Eye-lid which we have found in the Eyes of all Birds and in those of the generality of Terrestrial Animals The particularities of the admirable structure of this Eye-lid are such things as do distinctly discover the wisdom of Nature amongst a thousand others of which we perceive not the contrivance because we understand them only by the Effects of which we know not the Causes But we here treat of a Machine all the parts whereof are visible and which need only to be lookt upon to discover the Reasons of its Motion and Action This internal Eye-lid in Birds is a Membranous part which is extended over the Cornea when it is drawn upon it like a Curtain by a little Cord or Tendon and which is drawn back again into the great Corner of the Eye to uncover the Cornea by the means of the very strong Ligaments that it has and which in drawing it back towards their Origine do fold it up It made a Triangle when extended and it had the figure of a Crescent when folded up It s Basis which is its Origine was towards the great Corner of the Eye at the edg of the great Circle which the Sclerotica Forms when it is flatted before making an Angle with its Anteriour part which is flat and on which the Cornea is raised making a Convexitie This Basis which is the part immovable and fastned to the edg of the Sclerotica did take up more than a third of the Circumference of the great Circle of the Sclerotica The side of the Triangle which is towards the little corner of the Eye and which is moveable was reinforced with a border which supplys the place of the Tarsus and which is black in most Quadruped's This side of the Eye-lid is that which is drawn back into the Corner of the Eye by the Action of the Fibres of the whole Eye-lid which parting from its Origine proceed to joyn themselves to its Tarsus To extend this Eye-lid over the Cornea there were two Muscles that were seen when the six were taken away which served to the motion of the whole Eye We found that the greatest of these two Muscles has its Origine at the very edge of the great Circle of the Sclerotica towards the great corner from whence the Eye-lid takes its original It is very fleshy in its beginning which is a large Basis from whence coming insensibly to contract it self by passing under the Globe of the Eye like as the Eye-lid passes over it it approaches the Optick Nerve where it produces a Tendon round and slender so that it passes thro the Tendon of the other Muscle which serves for a Pully and which hinders it from pressing the Optick Nerve on which it is bent and makes an Angle to pass thro' the upper part of the Eye and coming out from underneath the Eye to insert it self at the corner of the Membrane which makes the internal Eye-lid This second Muscle has its Origine at the same circle of the Sclerotica but opposite to the first towards the little corner of the Eye and passing under the Eye like the other goes to meet it and imbrace its Tendon as it has been declared The Action of these two Muscles is in respect to the first to draw by means of its Cord or Tendon the corner of the internal Eye-lid and to extend it over the Cornea As to the
out and make it pass into the left Ventricle It may be again Imagined that the Ventricles of the Heart of the Tortoise and other Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Membranous not having their walls solid like those of the Heart of the Dogg wherin the Blood has no freer passage from one Ventricle to the other but cross the Lungs but that being Porous in all their Substance and also open one into the other by very large holes it must not be thought strange that altho the Lungs remain Immoveable whether blown up or sunk the Circulation is not hindred and that in these Animals it is always performed after the same manner as it is in the Foetus Because that in the Foetus as in these Animals the Lungs receive the Blood only for their Nourishment and not for the intire Circulation so that it sends to the Heart only the remainder of what it has not consumed And in fine as the intire Circulation is not performed but by the Anastomoses of the Heart in the Foetus it is done also in the other Animals which we treat of only by particular Apertures which the Ventricles of their Heart have one into the other But to be more assured that the Blood Circulates not intirely thro' the Lungs in the Tortoise the Trunck of the Artery of the Lungs was tyed up and it was observed that the Motion of the Heart was in no manner altered and that the Circulation was continued always after the same manner Now this is easier to be seen in this Animal than in others by reason that its Heart being whitish and the Walls of the Ventricles thin before the Blood was in some sort seen to enter in and go out of the right Ventricle from which the Aorta proceeds as has been declared and this was known by a redness which happens when the point of the Heart approaches its Basis and which disappears when it is remote from it For it is easy to judg that when the point approaches the Basis 't is then that the Heart utter'd the Blood from its Ventricles because that at this very instant their Walls presing inwards and compressing the Blood did cause a redness to appear in this place The Compression being capable of making the Bodys which their Spongious consistence has rendered Opake to become diaphanous by the diminution of the Intervals which make them Spongious In fine this Circulation thus apparent which has continued for four Dayes the Lungs being opned and cut in several places has seem'd to us very clearly to Demonstrate that in the Tortoise the Lungs serve not for the Circulation of the Blood as in the Animals which have fleshy Lungs The true use of the Lungs in the Tortoise and other Animals of its Genus is a thing which has seemed to us obscure enough to excite us to examine it carefully and to allow us the boldness of promoting thoughts somewhat extraordinary following the liberty that we thought we might take to our selves in these Memoires where we do not place things as being compleated but only as materials which may be employed or rejected according as they shall be found fitt or useless or defective when time by new Experiments or better Argumentations shall better make known their Worth. We do believe then that there is no appearance that the Lungs of the Tortoise serve for the intire Circulation of the Blood for the Reasons which have been alledged neither is it made for the Voice the Tortoise being absolutely Mute And it is not conducing to the refreshment of the Internal Parts nor for the Evacuation of their Vapours seeing that it wants the continual and regulated Motion which is observed in other Animals and which is necessary for these purposes So that there remains only the compression of the Internal Parts whose uses have been explained in the Descriptions that we have made of Birds and which are reduced to the preparation and distribution of the Nourishment But we do search after another use more Important and which being more particular to the Tortoise and the other Animals of its Species does better answer to the particular Conformation of their Lungs and we have found that to this part may be attributed the faculty that the Tortoise has of raising and holding it self above the Water and of sinking to the bottom when it pleases in so much that it supplys the place of the Air-Bladder which is found in most Fishes There are several conjectures on which we found the probability of this Opinion and which do make us to think that this Bladder of Fishes and the Lungs of the Tortoise being enlarged do render the Body of these Animals light enough to Swim upon the Water and that when these parts are contracted and the Air which is capable of compression taking up less room by reason it is straitned and so the whole Body being less extended it descends to the bottom after the same manner as the little hollow Figures of Enamel enclosed in a Pipe of Glass do sink to the bottom when by pressing on the surface of the Water the Air is compressed which is enclosed in the Cavity that makes them Swim We have frequently observed that as soon as a Tortoise is put into the Water it casts forth thro' the Mouth or Nostrils several bubbles which are in all likelyhood formed by the overmuch Air that it has in its Lungs for the keeping it self in a just Equilibrium which puts it in a condition of being heavy enough to sink to the bottom at the least compression which its Muscles do make upon its Lungs just as the little Figure of Enamel descends in the Water at the smallest effort that is made to compress the Air that it encloses and it is easy to comprehend that if the Tortoise being at the bottom of the Water relaxes the Muscles that did compress its Lungs the Air by the Virtue of its Spring returning into its first State can give again to its whole Body the extent which it had when it did Swim upon the Water The probability of this Arguing has been confirmed by Experience A living Tortoise was lockt up in a Vessel full of Water on which there was with Wax exactly fastned a cover from the top of which there went a Glass Pipe. The Vessel being full so as to make the Water appear at the bottom of the Glass pipe we observed the Water did somtimes ascend into the Pipe and that somtimes it descended Now this could be done only by the augmentation and dimunition of the Bulk of the Tortoise and it is probable that when the Tortoise endeavoured to sink to the bottom the Water fell in the Pipe because that the Animal lessened its Bulk by the contraction of its Muscles and that the Water rose by the slackning of the Muscles which ceasing to compress the Lungs did permit it to return to its first size and did render the whole Body of the Tortoise lighter
230 scarce to be found in the Demoiselle 207 In the Castor two Inches ½ long 89 In the Coati-mondi between the two upper lobes of the Liver 117 large in Eagles differently annected in the different Subjects 187 fastned to the left side in the Indian-Cock 192 Generative parts in the Civet-cat concealed 101 of Male Apes different from Men and Dogs 161 of Female Apes like Women in some particulars ib Gizzard wanting in the Cormorant 136 In the Indian-cock covered with a brittle Coat on the inside 193 In the Demoiselle like an Hens 208 wanting in the Cassowar tho' a graniverous Animal 244 possibly supplyed by the many Ventricles in the Cassowar 245 Glands in the Eagles Craw. 186 In the Indian-cock's Craw. 193 In the Bustard's Oesophagus 200 In the Demoiselles Craw. 208 discharging a Lympha into the mouth of the Demoiselle 211 In the Pancreas of the Ostrich quite separated and distinct 231 In the Craw of the Bustard most distinct of any 244 Glandula Lacrymalis in the Elke an Inch and halfe long 110 swelled by syringing into its Ductus in the Demoiselle 211 Glandula Pinealis in the Dromedary composed of three others 41 In the Chaâ—…pard no bigger than a Pin. 65 In the Lynx very small 79 In the Lyon diaphanous and small 6 In the Civet-cat no bigger than a Pins head 103 In the Elke very big 112 In the Sea-calfe large 125 In the Chamois a Line diameter 145 generally very small in Fierce and Cruel Creatures and very large in Fearful ones 112 Glottis in the Camelion transverse 26 In the Tortoise exactly closed 264 H Hair of the Beaver without cavitys 83 of two sorts in some Animals and why ib of the Civet-Cat darker on the Belly and Throat than else where contrary to other Animals 100 of the Elke spongy and porous like Rushes 109 of the Sea-Calve's Skin not altered by the weather 122 Head of the Ape has no Apophysis Mastoides 163 of all Birds proportionably small 222 of a Tortoise being cutt off stirred its Jaws for half an hour 254 Heart of the Lyon bigger than other Beasts 6 of a Dromedary large 40 of the Castor has the left Auricle bigger than the right and the Foramen Ovale not discernable 89 of the Elke seaven Inches long and five thick 111 of the Coati like a Dogs the right Ventricle being larger 117 of the Gazella 4½ and 2½ Inches 59 of the Sea-Fox without Pericardium but such a Membrane encompast the Aorta 72 of the Lynx like a Catts 79 of the Civet-Catt like a Dogs 103 of the Chamois has a Callous Apophysis 144 of the Stag and Hinde large 170. 171 of the Indian-Cock small 194 of the Tortoise has three Ventricles and is largest from side to side 259 Heart and Lungs how formed in Amphibious Animals ib Heart and Liver of the Ostrich included together in one Cavity 232 of the Pintado described 180 Heart's motion in the Tortoise 262 Heart of the Sea-Calfe described 124 differs much from the Castors 121 In Birds has no Valves in the Vena Cava 236 In Bruites more pointed than in Men. 162 Hedg-hog's Skins used Anciently for Brushes 153 Hens almost the only Birds that vary their Colours 175 Hepatici-ductus two as many Pancreatici and one Cysticus in the Indian-Cock 192. 193 Hole of the Ear wanting in the Camelion 21 uncovered in Pintados but small 178 Hornes of the Antilope and Sheep described 54 of the Canada-Stag described 167 of Bruites how nourisht 168 Horny Crest on the Cossowar's Head. 243 Hyaena of Aristotle our Civet-Cat 100. 104 Hypogastricks send Branches to the Scent-Bags in the Civet-Cat 101 I Iaws of the Tortoise strongest of all Animals 254 Iejunum and Ileum short in the Porcupine 150 Internal Eyelids their structure and use 248 In all Animals but Men and Apes 249 towards the lesser corner in the Chamois 142 Intestines of the Dromedary very long 40 In the Elke 48 foot long 111 In the Stag 96 foot long 169 In the Hinde 40 foot long 171 In the Coati-Mondi 7 foot long 117 In the Barbary-Cow 78 foot long 128 In the Chamois 40 foot long 144 In the Civet-Cat short 103 In the Cormorant 7 foot long all of a size 136 of the Indian-Cock 12 foot long 193 of the Bustard 4 foot long 201 In the Demoiselle 6 foot long 208 In the Ostriches of very different lengths 226 longest in Animals that feed on grass 169 In the Bear all of one sort 46 Intestine of a Sea-fox has a spiral membrane in its middle 71 Ivy apt to grow where Stags-Hornes have been buryed 169 K Kidneys of the Bear divided into several Glands 46 of Birds commonly large 187 In the Canada-Stag large without a Succenturiatus 170 In the Civet-Cat the right higher and fastned by a duplicature of the Peritonaeum as in Man. 103 right higher in the Coati-Mondi 117 In the Cormorant toothed like a Cocks-Comb 137 In the Gazella almost round 59 In the Indian-Cock of conglomerated Glands 194 In the Lynx of a longish figure 79 In the Ostrich not cut into three like other fowle 231 In the Otter separated like the Bears 95 Those of the Oviparous Animals described 137 In the Sea-Calfe like the Land-Calf 123 L Lachryma Cervi what 169 Lachrymalis ductus goes farther than the Glands in Birds not in Men. 249 Larynx of the Sea-Calfe contrived for eating under Water 123 Leggs of Eagles why feathered 184 of the Tortoise very short 254 Ligamentum Ciliare its use 49 Ligaments in the Elkes Legs very strong 109 Liver in the Ape consists of five Lobes like a Dog not as in Man. 159 and spotted with hexagonal spots as in Bruits 160 In the Barbarian-Cow without lobes 129 In the Bustard very large 199 In the Canada-Stag and Hinde without Lobes 170 In the Castor of five Lobes 89 In the Cat-a-mountain of glands and has 6 Lobes 63 In the Civet-Cat of 5 great and one small Lobe 103 In the Demoiselle very large 207 In the Gazella made up of small glands 56 In the Coati-mondi without any appearance of glands 117 In the Elke without Lobes and joyned to the Diaphragme 111 In the Lynx seven Lobes and like a Cats 78 In the Ostrich of two Lobes 230 In the Otter of 6 Lobes 95 In the Pintado of two Lobes 179 In the Porcupine and Hedg-Hog of seven Lobes 150. 15â—… In the Sea-Calfe of 6 Lobes 123 In the Sea-Fox of two Lobes 71 In the Tortoise double 255 Lungs reduced to three Species 260 And Heart how formed in Amphibious Animals 259 In the Ape of 7 Lobes Man but 4. 162 In the Barbary-Cow of 7 Lobes 129 Those of the Cassowar and so of Birds in general described 246 In the Chat-pard of 7 great and one small Lobe 67 In the Civet-Cat of 6 Lobes 103 In the Elke of 7 Lobes 111 In the Coati-mondi of 5 Lobes 117 In the Chamois of 8 Lobes 144 In the Gazella of 6 Lobes 59 In the Lynx
And the internal parts of these two Animals have the same conformity altho' Albertus affirms the contrary At the first opening the Skin seemed not to us extraordinary hard nor impenetrable as Cardan reports but it was found strongly connected by a number of hard and nervous Fibres which proceeded from the Muscles and penetrated the Panniculus carnosus The Oesophagus was not so large that the Lion could swallow as some Authors tell us the members of Animals all intire for it exceeded not an inch and half in breadth and was drawn together by the Foramen of the Diaphragme after the usual manner being not open and dilated as it is in most Fishes and Serpents which do easily swallow whatever enters into their Mouth The Stomack was eighteen inches long and six broad situated from the top to the bottom inclineing a little to the right side and rising towards the Pylorus At the Superiour and Anteriour part there were two unequal Protuberancies The Intestines were not very long comprehending all together but twenty five foot the Colon eighteen inches and the Appendix of the Caecum three The Pancreas was like to that of Catts and Dogs and the great Glandules of the Mesentery which are by Asellius called Pancreas were also like to those of these Animals The Liver in which we found seven lobes as in Catts was of so dark a red that it inclined to a black It was also very soft It s hollow part under the Gall-bladder was filled with choller diffused into it's Substance and into that of all the Circumjacent parts which was the sole Circumstance that gave us some suspition of the cause of this Animals death which we judge to be the Disease to which Pliny alone say's Lions are subject and which he calls Aegritudinem fastidii For whether this be understood of the mortal trouble which it conceives of its captivitie as that Author expresses it or that this signifies the disgust which kills him for want of eating it is well known that the retention of the choller may cause either The Gall-bladder was seven inches long and one and a half broad It s Structure was very particular being anfractous towards the Meatus Cholidochus and as it were seperated into several cells Catts have exactly the like The Spleen was a foot long two inches broad and half an inch thick It was not so black as the Liver notwithstanding that general rule which Galen gives of the colour of the Spleen which he says is always blacker than the Liver especially in Animals which are of a Temperament hot and dry and which have sharp Teeth So that there is great probability that this blackness of the Liver was extraordinary in this Subject and not natural The Kidney was almost round being three inches and a half in length to two and a half in breadth and thickness It weighed seven ounces and two drachmes The Parts of Generation had this particular that the Urethra was not crooked but quite strait from the Bladder to the extremitie of the Penis and that the beginning of the Ligaments which with the Urethra do compose the body of the Penis was very remote from the Prostatae which are at the beginning of the neck of the Bladder So that the Urethra which in all contained eleven inches extended not being joyned to these Ligaments the length of three inches and a half Which made us to doubt of the truth of what Aristotle says concerning the Physiognomie of the Lion to witt that he has eminently and above all other Animals visible and apparent signes of the strength and perfection of his Sex. The reason of this Structure appears to us to be founded on the extraordinary breadth of the Os pubis along which the Urethra must descend from the Bladder the bottom of which must pass over the Bones to their inferior part from whence ariseth these Ligaments which do compose the Penis This Conformation makes the the Lion to piss backwards and not by lifting up the Legg like Doggs as Pliny say's and that he couples with the Lionness after the same manner as Camells Hares c. In opening the Thorax it was observed that from all the Cartilages of the Sternum which had been cut there came out two or three drops of Blood which demonstrated that these parts are not so solid as that their cavities should be imperceptible as some Authors do think seeing that they are penetrated by some Sanguinary Vessels as is seen in all Animalls when young The Mediastinum was furnished with abundance of great vessels The Membranes which composed it and which were perforated like a net were joyned and left no space but towards the Diaphragme on the right side of the Heart where there was a very large and ample cavity The same thing is observed in Catts The Lungs were found to have six Lobes on the right side and three on the left All the Annular cartilages of the Aspera Arteria made an entire circle excepting two or three under the Larynx in which besides their greatness which was four inches in compass there was not more than two lines which were not entire The breadth of this Organ of the voice seem'd to us very capable of making the dreadful noise of its Roaring The Ductus lacteus Thoracicus was very small and joyned to a long fillet of fat which was extended to the whole length and at the side of the body of the Vertebrae it was two lines broad The Heart which was found dry and without water in the Pericardium was in proportion much greater than in any Animal containing six inches in length and four in breadth towards the Basis and ending in a very sharp point It s Substance appear'd to us very soft before it was opened but it was discovered that this proceeded from its being lean and hollow its Ventricles being so ample that the left one which descended into the Cuspis left but two lines of thickness in the flesh which covered it at this place towards the Basis it had but seven and the Septum had almost as many The Auricles of the Heart were so small that the Right which is the greatest was not half an inch The Structure of the Heart of Catts is not so particular for it is more obtuse at the Cuspis and fleshy than ordinary The Proportion of the Branches which the Ascendent Aorta emitts was such that the Carotides contained the same thickness as the left Subclavian and as the remainder of the Right from whence they do arise which is very considerable in respect of the smallness of the Brain The same thing is observed in Catts excepting that they have a great deal more Brains in proportion to their Bigness The Brain exceeded not two Inches every way It was included in a Cranium about half an Inch thick in the thinnest place and almost an Inch in the Fore-head The Crown was elevated like the Crest of an Helmet to give rise to the Muscles of
them watching the opportunity when they do pass or Sleep under him to Kill them with his Foam which he lets fall upon them Belonius has observed two Species of Camelions one whereof is found in Arabia the other in Aegypt Faber Lynceus adds a Third which is in Mexico That which we describe is the Aegyptian one which is the greatest of all For those of Arabia and Mexico are not ordinarily more then six inches long and ours which was brought us alive was in all comprehending the Tail eleven Inches and a half in length Pliny is greatly mistaken when he makes the Camelion as big as the Crocodile which is the biggest of all Animals or if he intends to compare it to the Land Crocodile he deceives his Reader for that is less known than the Camelion and whereof no body has spoken but himself or upon his Report Salmasius attributes this Fault to the ill Translation which Pliny has made of the Book which Democritus writ of the Camelion in which according to the Ionick Dialect the Crocodile is called by the Name which commonly signifies the Lizard The Head of ours was an Inch and ten Lines from the Head to the beginning of the Tail it was four Inches and a half the tail was five and the Feet were each two Inches and a half long The Bulk of the Body was found different at several times For sometimes it was two Inches from the Back unto the under part of the Belly at other times it was scarce above an Inch according as it swelled or contracted it self this swelling and this contracting was not only in the Thorax and Belly but it reached even to its fore and hind-legs and its Tail. This particular Circumstance which Aristotle has observed makes us to think upon what Theophrastes says of the Camelions Lungs viz. That they do extend thro' the whole Body Now these contrary Motions of swelling and contracting are not done as in other Creatures when to breath they dilate their Breast and presently contract it successively and orderly for we have seen it puft up above two Hours during which time it abated a little but very impreceptibly and swelled again a little but with this difference that the Dilatation was more suddain and visible and that by long and unequal intervals We have likewise seen it continue unswelled for a long space and much longer than swelled In this Condition it appeared so lean that the Spine was sharp as if by the extenuation of the Muscles which are without along the Vertebrae the Skin was fastened upon the spinous and oblique Apophyses which discovered three Eminencies The Ribbs might be counted and the Tendons of the fore and hind-legs appeared very distinctly to the Eye But neither the Vertebrae like a Saw which Gesner and Landius do in Scaliger report were seen on the Back nor the Pricks which Panarolus saith were placed there by Nature for its defence appeared to us how lean soever it grew it s back only remained sharp and keen without being jagged or having any Points the Apophyses of the Spine being square at the end as in the generality of Animals This lankness was known likewise when it turned its Body for it seemed like an empty Sack that is twisted which Tertullian who was of the same Country with our Camelion had very well observed when he says that this Animal was but a living Skin This Skin was very cold to the touch and notwithstanding the great lankness I have been describing it was impossible to feel the beating of the Heart which was more secret and obscure than the motion of its Breathing The Superficies of the Skin was uneven and raised in little Eminencies like Chagrine being nevertheless very soft to the touch because that every Eminence was very smooth These Eminencies or Grains were of a different size the greatest part were like the head of a middle-sized Pinn viz. The Grains which covered the fore and hind-leggs the Belly and Tail There were others somewhat bigger of an oval Shape upon the Shoulders and Head and some of these large Grains were higher and more pointed to witt under the Throat where they made a Row like Beads which reached from the lower lipp to the Breast The Grains which were upon the Back and Head were joyned and heaped together sometimes to the Number of Seven sometimes Six Five Four Three and Two leaving between these different heaps some distances covered with other little Grains almost imperceptible which were generally of a pale Red and Yellowish like the bottom of the Skin which appeared between these parcels of Grains This Ground changed not Colour till the Animal was dead at which time the little Points grew whiteish and the Ground whereon they were sowed changed its Red into a Dark-Gray It has been since found that all these Grains as well the great as the little ones were made by the Skin which swelled outward being hollow on the inside in the place of every Grain like plates of Metal which are chaced or stamped in part also thro' several little Pellicles very slender and lying one upon another which increased the thickness of every Eminence which were easily raised when they were scraped with a Penn-knife But all this would not make the Skin resemble that of a Crocodile as Aristotle with most Authors would have it For the Crocodile has upon its Back very large thick Scales proportionable to those under its Belly and they are ranged one upon another whereas the Eminencies of the Camelion's Skin are spread without Order and little differing in size The Colour of all the Eminences of our Camelion when it was at rest in the shade and had continued a long time untoucht was a Blewish-Gray excepting under the Paws which was a White inclining to Yellow and the Interval of the Heap of Grains which was of a Pale and yellowish Red as aforesaid And it is probable that the natural Colour of the Camelion's Skin which according to Aristotle is Black was in ours that Gray which covered the Skin all over when in Repose and which remained on the inside of the Skin when excoriated Though the out-side had sometime after its Death preserved the Spots and different Colours which were there at the Minute it expired but which were well near all obscured when the Skin was dryed Now this Gray which coloured all the Camelion exposed to the Light changed when in the Sun and all the places of its Body which were inlightened instead of their Blewish Colour took up a Brownish Gray inclining to a Minime The rest of the Skin which was not illuminated by the Sun changed its Gray into several brisk shining Colours which made Spots about half a Finger in bigness which reached from the Crest of the Spine to the middle of the Back others appeared likewise upon the Ribbs fore-leggs and Tail. All these Spots were of an Isabella Colour through the mixture of a pale Yellow wherewith the Grains
can give their Eye-lid a different motion from that of the Eye for that of our Camelion could not remove it self but the Eye-lidd followed its Motion Which Pliny seems to express but very improperly when he says that the sight or Pupilla of the Camelio stirs not but that it is the whole Eye which moves for there is no Creature that stirrs the Prunella when all the rest of the Eye stands still But what is more extraordinary in this motion is to see one of the Eyes move whilst the other remains immoveable and the one to turn forward at the same time that the other looks behind the one to look up to the Skie when the other is fixed on the Ground And all these motions to be so extream that they do carry the Pupilla under the Crest which makes the Eye-brow and so far into the Canthi or Corners of the Eye that the Sight can discerâ—… whatever is done justly behind and directly before without turning the Head which is fastened to the Shoulders Aristotle who has described the Camelion more exactly than any other Animal has omitted this particular circumstance of this extraordinary motion of the Eyes which in truth is not found in the Mexican Camelion But it is probable that is not that which Aristotle has described He has not also observed that this little hole of the Eye-lidd closes by enlarging it self cross-wise even to the making one single slitt which very exactly unites the upper part with the lower for he says that the sides of that hole do never joyn together to close the Eye Pliny and Solinus do likewise averr the same thing and almost all Naturalists who have only seen Camelions in the Books of these Authors That part of the Body which is called the Trunck and which comprehends the Thorax and Belly was in our Camelion a Thorax alone with scarce any Belly which Aristotle hath better observed than Pliny who say's that the Camelion's Breast is joyned to its Belly for that is not peculiar to it being so in all Animals which have nothing between the Breast and Belly But when Aristotle say's that the Camelion's Breast as in Fish is joyned to the Hypogastrium which is the lower Belly he clearly shews that the Ribbs do descend as low as the Ilia whereas other Animals have only the transverse Apophyses of the Loyns the rest being Bone-less and therefore by Hippocrates called Void It s four Feet were alike They differed only in this that the foremost were bent backwards and the hindmost forwards and it may be said that these are four Arms which have their four Elbows bending inwards every one consisting as it were of a Humerus articulated with two Bones like to a Radius and Cubitus Solinus is mistaken when he says that the Camelion's Feet are Joyned to the Belly for in ours those behind were articulated with the Os Ischium and those before were fastened to the Omoplatae The four Paws were every one composed of five Claws and better resembled Hands than Feet They as well those before as behind were divided in two which made as it were two Hands to each Arm and two Feet to each Leg For though one of these parts had but two Claws and the other three yet they were as large as one another the Claws which were two and two being larger than those which were three and three These Claws were closed together under one skin as in a Mittin and were divided only in the last Joynt to which the Nails are fastened The disposition of these Paws was different in that those that were before had two Claws outwards and three inwards contrary to those behind which had three outwards and two inwards With these Paws it caught hold on the little branches of Trees like a Parrot which to pearch it self divides its Claws different from other Birds who do always put three before and one behind whereas the Parrot puts two behind as well as before The Claws which were a little crooked and very sharp and of a pale Yellow proceeded but half way out of the Skin the other half was covered and hidden underneath They were in all two Lines and a half long It s Tail well enough resembled that of a Viper as Pliny observes or that of a great Rat which Marmol who has Writ the History of Africa in Spanish seems to intimate when he compares this Tail with that of a Mole because that the small resemblance that there is between the Tail of a Camelion and that of a Mole must make us to think that Marmol according to the Custome of the generality of those who publish the Relations of what they have seen in Forreign Countries has without distinction intermixt what he hath Read with what he hath Seen and that he has taken what he speaks of the Camelion's Tail out of some Italian Author because that Topo which in Spanish signifies a Mole does in the Italian signify a Rat. But the Tail of our Camelion was neither like to a Vipers or Rats save when its swelling made it round for otherwise it had all along the three Eminencies which are seen upon the Back as aforesaid which are the rows of the Spinous and oblique Apophyses of the Vertebrae Besides these it had likewise two other rows made by the Transverse Apophyses It always wound this Tail about the Branches and it served him instead of a fifth Hand When it walked it very rarely suffered it to trail on the ground but kept it parallel to the places where it went. It s Pace was slower than that of a Tortoise and seemed very Ridiculous in that its Leggs being not short and incumbred like those of the Tortoise but very looss and free it carryed them with a kind of Gravity which seemed affected because needless Wherefore Tertullian saith that one would think that the Camelion rather made as if it would walk than that it really did Some do think that this Gate is a Mark of the Timerousness which is said to be very extream in this Animal But because it is certain that Fear when it is not great enough wholly to take away Motion adds great Strength to that of the Leggs into which it is beleived that it makes all the Heat and Vigour which has left the Heart to descend It is much more probable that this slowness is the effect of a great Praecaution which makes it to Act circumspectly For it seems that the Camelion chuses out places where it can best sett its feet and when it climbs up Trees it trusts not to its Claws tho' they are much sharper than those of Squirrels which do every where climb up so lightly But if it cannot grasp the Branches by reason of their bigness it seeks out the clefts or cracks which are in the Bark to fasten its Claws therein HAving opened our Camelion after it was dead we found when the Skin which covered the Thorax and Belly was pulled off that
smallness of this Subject which made it to dry speedily hindred us from making our Observations so particularly as it deserves The last Observation which we made but which is not the least considerable was upon its Tongue the make and use of which is very extraordinary We found that it was composed of a White Flesh very solid ten Lines long three broad round and a little flattish towards the end It was hollow and open at the end like a Sack somewhat like the end of an Elephants Proâ—…oscis This Tongue was fastened to the Os Hyoides by the means of a sort of Trunk like a Gut six Inches long and a Line broad having a Membrane without and a Nervous Substance within The Membrane was covered with Spots all along as if it had been imbued on the inside with a Blackish extravassated Blood unequally collected in several Places The Nervous Substance in the middle was Solid and Compact although very Soft and was not easily divided into Strings like the Nerves which proceed from the Spinal Marrow This Trunk served to cast out the Tongue which was fastened to it by extending it and to draw it back by Contracting it self and it was our Opinion that when it shortened it self it must be that the Membrane which covered it had a Stylus of a Cartilagineous Substance very fine and smooth inserted into it to the end of which the Trunck was fastened and on which its Membrane was plaited like a Silk-Stocking on the Leg For we could not certainly understand how this Tongue could otherwise be retracted This Stylus which was an Inch long took its Original from the middle of the basis of Os Hyoides as it is found in the Tongue of several Birds The Tongue was endowed with store of apparent Vessels by reason of the Blood which was there in great abundance as in all the rest of the Body Which made us wonder why Aristotle said that the Camelion has no Blood but about the Heart and Eyes and that the generality of the Moderns do place it among those Animals that have little Blood. It is probable that it was not the small Esteem which the Antients made of the particularities of this Tongue which hindered them from speaking thereof and that if they had seen to what purpose the Camelion uses it they could not think that it liv'd by the Air alone For this Tongue serves it for the catching of the Animals whereon it lives and it is a very surprising thing to us to see the Swiftness wherewith it darts this Tongue at a Fly and with which it draws it back again into its Mouth with the Prey which it is said that it never fayls to catch by the means of a Natural Glue which its Tongue incessantly Sweats forth as we have observed and which gathers together and thickens in its Cavitie which penetrates not into the Trunk to which this Tongue is fastened So that to swallow what it has glued at the end of its Tongue it is necessary that there be a kind of Peristaltick Action performed by the Tongue whose parts successively joyned and pressed against the Palate do there cause to run into the Throat whatever it has to Swallow The abundance of wrinkles which we saw run a cross on the extremitie of this Tongue made us to be of Opinion that it must be so done Nevertheless Marmol who say's that he has seen a great many live Camelions with a design to explain himself upon this particular use of their Tongue Asserts that it serves them not to catch Insects and that whatever he has observed of this Animal could not make him to alter his Opinion that its only Nourishment is the Air and the Beams of the Sun. Yet we have found its Ventricle and Intestines filled with Flys and Wormes having seen it swallow them after the manner aforesaid We have likewise observed that the Excrements that it voided almost every day were mixed with store of Yellow and Greenish Choler and such as they are in Animals which do live in something else besides Air Which Nidermayer Physitian to the Landgrave of Hessen who in the Year 1619. brought a live Camelion from Malta into Germany hath already observed Our's did many times void Stones about the bigness of a Pea which it had not swallowed but which were ingendred in its Intestines as we discovered after a Curious Examination For it was found that these Stones were so light that being put into distilled Vinegar they rose from the bottom of the Vessel when stirred that they did there Dissolve and that one of them which cleft contained in its middle the head of a Fly about which the Stony matter was amassed This made us to think that the Lienteria which Panarâ—…lus Reports to be perpetual in the Camelion was not the Distemper of our's seeing that retaining the Useful things it rejected those only which were Superfluous and not fit to be kept It is true indeed that it voided Flyes which appeared almost as intire as it had taken them but it is known that this happens to Serpents which do Evacuate Animals whole as they have swallowed them And every body know's that the manner of drawing the Nutritive Juice from the Food is different in different Creatures that some must Dissolve what they Eat and therefore they do first Chew it and afterwards reduce it into Liquor in their Stomach that others who Swallow without Chewing have a Heat and Spirits powerful enough to Extract the Juice they have need of without breaking that which contains it even as it is seen that the Juice of the Grapes is drawn as well from the Rape where the Stones remaine whole as from a Vat wherein they are bruised By these Observations we thought there was not less reason to doubt of the Truth of the Proposition which the Ancients had started touching the Aerial Nourishment of the Camelion than we have had to reject that which they had establish't touching the changeing of Colour which they have said happens to it by the touching of the different things which it approaches after having observed that except the White which our Camelion took in a Linnen Cloath all the other Colours wherewith it was covered proceeded not from the things which it touched And it is rational to think that the White which it received in a cold Linnen Cloath where it was kept some time as under a Cloak was an effect of the Cold which generally made it grow Pale because that very day was the coldest of all those whereon we observed it And to the end that Naturalists and those which Study Morality may not be troubled for Curious Subjects to exercise their Philosophy which they thought to have found in the extraordinary particulars which the Antients had left in Writing concerning the Wonders of the Camelions Nourishment and change of Colour we do think that the new Observations of the Motion of its Eyes and that of its Tongue and the
and a half in breadth and being interspersed with a great number of Vessels which were above a Line in thickness so that it wanted only the Fat to resemble an Epiploon The Heart which was six Inches long and four broad was very solid at its Point the Flesh whereof was an Inch thick this Point was blunt and not sharp as in the Lyon. The Aspera Arteria had all its rings imperfect and not intire as in the first of the Lyons which we dissected But these Rings in our Bears were much larger than in the Lyon being above five Inches in the Circumference The Tongue was broad and thin as in the Cat and Dog and furnished at top with its little fleshy Points without any roughness The Cranium or Skull was not so brittle as Authors do report it was found very hard under the Saw. It is very true that it was not above half the thickness of the Lyons which we found to be six Lines at the thinnest place The Bone which advanced on the in-side and which separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum was also thinner and of a more irregular shape than in the Lyon. The Brain was in recompence four times as big being four Inches in length and as many in depth to three in breadth whereas the Lyon had but two every way The Glandula Pinealis was very little and almost imperceptible as in the Lyon. The Eye was covered over with an internal Eyelid which began at the great Canthus or corner tending somwhat down wards It was strangely little Its Ball was not above Five Lines Diameter and was lesser than that of a Catt The Chrystallinus was almost spherical and that of the left Eye of the greatest and oldest of our Bears was spoiled by a Glaucoma which had made it white and altogether opake its situation was likewise very extraordinary not being directly placed over the Aperture of the Uvea but drawn a side out of the Axis of the Eye so that even before the dessection this was found out by a whiteness which appeared at the bottom of the aperture of the Pupilla in the inside as if there had been a Cataract couched and this was caused by the contraction of the Fibres of the Ligamentum Ciliare of one side and by the extension or relaxation of those of the other which seem'd to be made to leave a free passage for the usual Species through both the other humours this distortion of the Crystallinus being probably caused after the same manner as it is seen to happen to the eyes of Children which haveing been a long time couched in one place where they can only discern the light obliquely do grow a squint by a disposition which the muscles of the eye do contract by use and which changes that which is naturall to them by the extension of the fibres of some and by the contraction of others This would make us to think that these Fibres of the Ligamentum Ciliare are capable of a contraction and voluntary dilatation like to that of the Fibres of the muscles and that this action may augment or diminish the convexitie of the Crystallinus according as the need which the different distance of the objects may make it to have on the Eye to see more clearly and distinctly The extream leanness of our two Bears deprived us of the means of making an experiment on their Fat and of informing our selves of the truth of what Aristotle Theophrastus and Pliny do report thereof that being kept all winter it manifestly increases in bulk and weight which being verified would confirm the current opinion that the Bear is of all Animals that in which the Facultie of growing is most powerfull seeing that being at the begining of Life almost the least of all for according to the report of Aristotle and Pliny it is hardly bigger then a Ratt yet it grows one of the greatest and that though it hath been a long time suckled and feed with milk from a damme which eats nothing if it be true as Aristotle says thaâ—… the Bear brings forth its Cubbs when it is ready to shut up it self in its Den where it remains for ty days without eating and that afterwards the Bear dos annually continue a long space without takeing Nourishment it ceaseth not to grow so powerfully that according to Albertus its growth like the Crocodile's lasts the whole course of its life and continues even after its death if what the ancients have writt concerning its Fat be true The Consideration of these particulars joyned with our Observations made us to think that the Temperament of the Bear which according to Aristotle is extreamly Humid must be understood of an Humidity peculiar to Life which is that which dos not easily dry and which is the effect not of the Crudity such as is the superfluous Humidity of the Excrements but of the perfection of the Concoction caused by the goodness of the Constitution of the parts which are capable of easily Converting all kind of Nourishment into good Juice and of assimilateing and changeing it into their proper Substance or of dissipating the greatest part thereof by the Imployment which they do advantagiously make of it for the exercise of their Functtions The Remark's which our Observations on the Bear have afforded us of this perfection of Temper are first that an Animal which Eat 's indifferently of all sorts of Meat like the Bear and which with the same Facility Digests raw Meats Fish Crabs Insects Fruits of Trees Pulse and Hony and that in a very small Stomach and strait Intestines and amongst which there is found no Caecum must have a Wonderful Power for the Concoction seeing that it is capable of supplying by the goodness of the Temper that which is wanting in the Commodiousness of the Structure which is found in the Organs which other Animals have to render these functions more perfect and which to Digest a great deal of Nourishment do keep it a long time in great Receptacles and Convey it through a vast many wrinkles and anfractuosities as we have Observed in the Camel whose Intestines were almost as long again as those of the Bear comprehending above eleven Toises Secondly the small capacity which is found in its Liver and Spleen to receive the Excrements denotes also that the action of the Natural Heat is so well regulated that it is not Subject to the Defects or Excesses through which the Food being either Burnt or but half Drest the Bloud which is thereby ingendered hath need of being Purged and Cleared of abundance of parts which are incapable of Nourishing the Body For as to the great Number of Kidneys when even Nature had made it to Evacuate a greater quantity of Serosity the abundance of this Excrement ought not to be Esteem'd a Sign of the weakness of the Heat and imperfection of the Concoction but rather an Effect of the little insensible Transpiration which is made in the Bear by reason of
towards all the Males which they do keep in their Houses where they do frequently nourish these Chat-pards especially in Barbary there being some appearance that the Spermatick Vessels might have been consumed and effaced by age even as the Anastomoses of the Heart are in Animals of a short time after their Birth when these parts wanting Action and Use do wax dry and utterly Abolish But the truth is that we found not any Cicatrice in the Skin of the Belly and considering that the Umbilical Vessels do still remain altho contracted when they do no more execute the Functions for which they were employed before the Birth and that the Spermatick Vessels serving for other uses than Generation have no reason to dry up for want of Imployment when that for which they were principally designed comes to cease seeing that it is ordinarily seen that as they pass they shoot forth several branches for the nourishment of the adjoyning parts we remain in our former Opinion that this defect of such important Organs must proceed from some other part and that the Sterility which is common to some Animals which have been ingendred by the mixture of two different Species must have a particular cause in our Subject For that which renders Mules Barren is not the defect of any of the Organs which are necessary to Generation seeing that the difference which may be found in the Conformation of the Matrix of Mares and that of She-Asses cannot as some pretend be the occasion of Sterility the Mare in which something is wanting that is found in the She-Asse being not deprived of any of the parts which are absolutely necessary to Generation seeing that she ingenders and the difference of the Organs which is between the Species of Horses and that of Asses hinder's not the Generation of Mules which do proceed from the mixture of these two Species Therefore Aristotle according to Empedocles attributes this defect only to the Temper of these Animals whose parts have contracted a hardness which renders them incapable of contributing to a new mixture which this Philosopher explains by the comparison of Copper and Tin which being separately very Ductile and Malleable to be imployed in different and several works are no more in a condition of being weilded and receiving a new form by reason of a brittle hardness and sharpness which the Mass composed of these two Metals acquires when they are melted together So that if it be true that the Lupi Cervarii or Ounces which are thought to be engendred of the Wolf and Panther as Mastives of the Leopard and Bitch and the greatest part of the other Animals which are born by the mixture of two Species cease not to be fertile it must be thought that the Conformation of our Chat-pard was particular and accidental to it and that the defect of the Parts which are wanting and which made it incapable of Generation proceeded not from this mixture of Species which by changing the Conformation of the Parts could not corrupt it to the degree of rendring it useless to the Functions and which is still less capable of making a Mutilation but which may more easily cause a vice in the Temper which is a consequence very natural from the mixture and in fine it is probable that if the Mule be the only Animal which the confusion of Species makes Barren it must needs be that there is something particular in those which have ingendred it which is not found in the others 'T is that which Aristotle has observed in the Horse and Asse who hath both much less power for Generation than all other Animals seeing that in this Genus which consists of those which are short-liv'd and which ought consequently to be more readily engendred the Females do carry their Conception a great deal longer and have much more difficulty to give it its last perfection than others by reason as this Philosopher says of the hardness of their Uterus which is like an Earth which Drought and Aridity have made sterile For this being so it is found that the Mule is Barren not only by the general reason of the repugnance which is always found in the mixture of different Species but likewise by the particular defect which was in both of the Species which are assembled for Generation and which have not surmounted that repugnancy so powerfully as Leopards Dogs and Foxes which are Animals fertile enough to transmit to their Posterity the powerful dispositions which they have for Generation notwithstanding the contrariâ—…ty which the mixture of different Species may cause The Penis was extraordinary small containing from the swelling of the Ischium which is its Origine to the end but an Inch and half and but a Line and half in Diameter There was found no Bone. The Diaphragme was very fleshy and its nervous part very small The Pericardium in which there was no water was exceeding close to the Heart which happened perhaps by the swelling of this part which after the manner of all things that do congeal was puffed up For this Dissection was made the eleventh day of Ianuary 1670. at which time was felt a greater cold than ever was known The Ventricles of the Heart were filled with great plenty of congealed and hardened blood which was not in the Veins perhaps by reason of its little quantity which easily thaws in the parts which must necessarily be much handled in the Dissection and Preparation thereof The Heart was rounder and less pointed than in Cats and fierce Beasts by reason as it is probable that the extraordinary distention and enlarging of the Ventricles had made the point to shrink towards the Basis. The Lungs had eight Lobes four on the right side three on the left and the eighth in the middle in the cavity of the Mediastinum joyning the Diaphragme The Os Frontis had two very large Sinus's which were square and long adjoyning to each other There were two other Sinus's in the Os Occipitis they were of a triangular form and distant from each other being of the right and left side of the Cerebellum The Bone which separated these two Brains had two points The Brain was divided in two by the Falx which was very large and which did enter very deep therein The Anfractuosities were extended in length from the Cerebellum to the fore-part At the place where the Glandula Pinealis usually is there was found only a little point about the bigness of a pins point which was taken for this Gland The Orbite of the Eye was whole and bonie all round the Bones of the Temples and that of the Iaw being joyned but the internal and upper part was open insomuch that the Ball of the Eye touched the Muscles of the Temples The Ball of the Eye contained eleven Lines in Diameter through the middle the Cornea had nine There was an Internal Eye-lid which was seated in the great Canthus of the Eye and which advanced towards the
the Testicles of the Castor and Aelian says that this Animal knowing that Men do hunt it only to get this Liquor of so great use in Physick tears off its Testicles when it sees it self closely pursued by the Hunters and leaves them to them as for its ransom Others are of Opinion that the Castoreum is not found in the Testicles of the Castor but in the Bags particularly designed to receive this Liquor To informâ—…us of the Truth we stript our Beaver of its skin and having taken it away we discovered in the place where we had observed these Eminencies four great Pouches fixed underneath the Os Pubis The two first were placed in the middle and higher than the two other They both together represented a kind of Heart the top of which was about an Inch under the Os Pubis and the sides being circularly extended did approach to re-unite themselves in the upper part of the common aperture The greatest breadth of these two Pouches taken together was a little more than two Inches and the length from the top of each to the common aperture was likewise about two Inches They appeared externally of an Ash-colour streaked with several white Lines of the shape of those which are seen in the Saligot or Water-nut Their outward Coat was without wrinckle or fold and appeared clear and transparent so that its Colour seemed to be borrowed of the Coat which was underneath And indeed having opened one of these Pouches we found that the inward Coat was of an Ash-colour that moreover it was fleshy and that it had on the inside several wrinckles like to those of a Sheeps Maw amongst which we found some remains of a greyish matter which had a stinking smell and which was there so strongly fastened that it seemed to be a part thereof These wrinckles were extended into both these Pouches which had communication one with the other by a hole of above an inch and were separated only at the bottom Underneath these first Pouches there were two others one at the right and the other at the left side each of which had the Figure of a Pear somewhat flatted or of a long green Almond They were each two inches and a half in length and ten lines in breadth Their greatest breadth was towards the end farthest from the common Passage of the Excrements and ended at the sides of this hole These two Pouches were so placed as that they joyntly formed with the said common hole the shape of a very open V from the inside of which the two first Pouches raised themselves like a Heart as we have already said These two lower Pouches were very streightly joyned with the upper about the common hole and it is probable that the matter of the Castoreum having begun to be prepared in the two upper Pouches passeth into the other two there to be perfected and to acquire more consistence more oyliness more smell and a yellower colour which appeared very little in the upper Pouches The structure also of these Pouches were very different It seemed that the lower ones were composed of Glands like the Kidneys of young Animals for in their exteriour surface there was a great number of small round Bodies a little rising and of a different size the largest not exceeding a middleing Lentile They were all covered over with the Membrane which externally enveloped all the great Pouches which is nothing else but a Continuation of the common Membrane of the Muscles Having opened several of these little Glandulous Bodies we found that they were composed of a spongie Flesh of a whitish colour inclining to a red and that they all had a considerable Cavity so that it seemed as if they were so many little Pouches but there was no Liquor in them nor any other remarkable Substance We judging by the Touch that there was some Liquor in the Pouches of whose surface these little Bodies made a part opened one at the bottom keeping that of the other side to save the Liquor Out of this hole there came a stinking Liquor yellow as Honey unctuous as melted Fat and combustible as Turpentine for it took fire being put to the flame of a wax-candle We would have seen whether by squeezing there would not be a reflux of this humour into the upper Pouches or into the common passage of the Excrements but neither the one nor the other fell out Having afterwards emptied the Liquor of this second Bag we perceived that in its lower part there was a third Pouch about fourteen lines in length and six in breadth which was likewise full of Liquor and so fastened to the Membrane of the second Pouch that it could not be separated It went sloaping to a point on the lateral part of the common hole but we perceived not that there was any passage into the Cavities which we have spoken of in describing this hole for we could make nothing go out that way In the external surface of the third Pouch there were little glandulous Bodies like those which we observed in the second In this third Pouch we found a Juice yellower more liquid and better digested than in the others It had also a different smell and greatly resembled the yolk of an Egg but its colour was somewhat paler Tho it was proposed in this discourse to speak only of the Observations made in the Dissection of the Castor it will be no digression to relate what has been since written from Canada touching the Castoreum It is reported that the Castors do use this Liquor to create themselves an Appetite when they have no Stomach that they do get it out by squeezing with their Paw the Vesicles which do contain it and that the Savages do therewith rub the Snares which they lay for these Animals on purpose to entrap them Rondeletius had well observed that the Castors do frequently lick up this Liquor but he speaks not of the particular uses which are told us that the Animal and Savages make thereof But to return to the Pouches which contain the Castoreum it is evident by the accurate Description which we have already made thereof that they are not the Testicles of the Castor as several Naturalists have imagined whose Error will likewise more evidently appear by what we shall afterwards speak of these Testicles Sextius according to the relation of Pliny derided those who believed that the Castor tears off his Testicles when closely pursued by the Hunters and said that it was impossible because that this Animal hath the Testicles fastened to the Back-bone But he confutes one error by another For as Dioscorides has very well observed the Testicles of the Castor are concealed in the Groins and not fastened to the Back-bone Nevertheless Amatus Lusitanus and Mathiolus who have both Commented upon Dioscorides and who say that they have Dissected Castors in the presence of several Phisitians do averr that they have found these Testicles so fastened to the Back-bone that they had
has as yet been seen only by Amatus Lusitanus who has observed some of this Nature at the beginning of the Azygos and which he thought to serve to hinder the Bloud of the Azygos from returning into the Trunck of the Cava but this Conformation is extraordinary whatever this Author sayes who averr's himself to have seen it a thousand times because that all Anatomists with an unanimous consent do testifie and avow to have seen the contrary and never to have found Valves in the Veins whose Situation favoured not the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart The Carotides having been opened long-ways it was observed that they had several Rays like transverse Cutts which interrupted the continuitie of the Fibres which are according to the length of the internal Membrane of this Artery which appeared to be made to knitt together these Fibres and to fortifie them even as it is seen in the Fibres of the right Muscle of the Belly which are so interrupted by the transverse lines that they are called Enervations It was searcht whether the same thing could be found in the Crural Artery but it was smooth and even and had not these Cutts The Globe of the Eye was an inch and a half in Diameter The Crystalline was more convex behind than before The Explication of the Figure of the Pintado THe Pintado which is represented in the lower Figure has no Tuft at the root of the Beak like that whose Head is represented in the upper Figure As to other particulars the Ten which we describe had all that is remarkable in this viz. the Tail turned downwards as it is in Partridges the Neck and Leggs longer than Partridges are the Feet provided with Membranes after the manner of Water-Fowl the Head covered with a Casque the top of the Beak garnished with two Appendices and the whole Plumage black or dark-gray Spekled with white Spotts In the Upper Figure A B. One of the Feathers of the Wing A is the part of the Wing which is uncovered B is that which is covered by another Feather C D. One of the Feathers of the Belly C the part of the Feather which covers the Down marked D. E F G. The Head almost as big as the life E the Tuft which grows out at the root at the Beak F. the Casque or Bonnet G The fleshy Beards g. The hole of the Ear. H H. The small Muscles of the Aspera Arteria I I. The Artery of the Lungs divided into two Branches K K. The Carotides the left of which seems to proceed immediately from the Heart L. The Cross or bending of the Aorta on the right side M N. The Heart N. The Right Auricle O O. The Liver P. The Gall-Bladder Q. The Ductus which conveys the Choler into the Intestine R. The Intestine S. The Ventricle or Gizard T T. The Venae Iliacae V. A single Testicle fastened to the Bifurcation of the Iliack Veins X X. The Emulgent Veines Y. The continuation of the Trunck of the Aorta beyond the Venae Iliacae a a. The Iliack Arteries which do serve for Emulgents b b. The Kidneys c c. The Ureters THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TEN PINTADO'S THe Birds which we describe are a kind of Hen called Pintado by reason of the exactness of the Figures which seem as if Painted on its Plumage these figures not being irregular and as it were accidentally made as in the generality of other Birds Upon this very reason some of the Ancients made Choice of the Names which they have given to these Fowl For by Varro and Pliny they are called Variae and by Martial Guttatae by reason of the white Spots wherewith their whole body is diversified and Speckled as it were with several drops Their Eggs are likewise Painted and Chequered with white and black thus this sort of diversitie is a thing Natural and perpetual to these Birds which this particularity distinguishes from common Hens which in the Genus of Birds are almost the sole ones which have not the Plumage alwayes with the same Colours in their Species Hens being indifferently white black gray yellow or mixt with all these colours Other Authors have given to the Pintado's Appellations taken from the Country where they do generally breed which is Africa by calling them Hens of Africa Barbary Numidia Guinea Mauritania Tunis Pharos that is to say Aegypt Margravius reports that in the Kingdome of Congo it is called Quesele Pliny relates that they are also called Meleagrides because that according to the report of his time they went annually from Africa into Baeotia and come to beat themselves near the Tombe of Meleager whose Story feigns that the Sisters were changed into these Birds There are some which do think that the Meleagris is the Cocq-d'Inde or Turky-Cock which shall be examined in the Sequel The ten Pintado's whereof we have made the Dissection were of the size and almost the shape of an ordinary Hen. Some are of Opinion that they do better resemble the Partridge But the length of their Neck and Leggs which did even surpass that of the Neck and Leggs of Hens have made us to disapprove this Similitude We only found that they had the Tail bent down-wards like the Partridg and not held up like the Hen. But they have no Characteristick more particular of the Hen than the fleshy Appendices which do hang down on both sides of their Jaws which are not mett-with in any other Bird and which even in the Pintado have something different from those which are in Hens as shall hereafter be explained Their whole Plumage was only of two colours viz. White and Black. The White was every where perfectly White the Black was also in some places perfectly Black but in the most it was faint and inclining to a dark-Gray The top of the Neck instead of Feathers was only garnisht with a black Down which did better resemble Hair than Feathers These Hairs being about two lines long were turned upwards contrary to the ordinary situation of Hair and Feathers In one of our Subjects towards the hinder part of the Head these Hairs were almost an inch long and made as it were a Tuft The under part of the Neck had little dark-gray Feathers markt with White These Feathers went insensibly three inches in length and one in Breadth The half of these Feathers towards the root on both sides of the Quill or Stem was garnished with Beards or branchings like grayish white Down above half an inch long on each side Each Down or Beard was dissheivelled and divided as it were into several fine Locks or threads towards its extremity Near the Quill or Stem the roots of each beard were joyned together by the Crochets or little Fibres wherewith the Beards or branchings of the feathers which do serve for flight use to be fastened and which are described in the Ostrich The other half of these Feathers was composed of these same sort of Beards or Branchings which
of the Aâ—…rta and Cava being seated towards the upper part of the Kidneys They had an Epididymis loose from the Testicle which hung by one end It was five lines long of a green colour the Testicle being of a whitish-yellow The Ductus Deferens proceeded not from the Epididymis but from the lower part of the Testicle from whence descending along the Vena Emulgens it was fastned to the Ureter so that the Ureter and Deferens made but one Ductus The Females had Testicles like those of the Males except the Epididymis which was wanting Immediately underneath the Testicles the Ovarrum was placed 'T was a heap of a great number of little Eggs different in size some being as big as little Pease others as small as Rape-seed The passage called Oviductus that seems to have relation to the Part called Tuba in the Matrix of Terrestrial Animals was enlarged at the top like a Funnel which embraced part of the Eggs. This Funnel which represents the Fringe of the Tuba of Terrestrial Animals was made of a very fine Membrane the rest of the Passage whose Membrane was a little thicker descended along the left Kidney to which it was fastned by the means of a Membranous Ligament an inch broad in form of a Mesentery which grew along the Vena Emulgens from which it received several branches which connected with the branches of the Emulgent Arteries were dispersed in the Membranes whereof this Ligament was composed and did likewise pass into the Tunicles of the Passage called Oviductus This Passage which was very streight in its upper part was greatly enlarged towards the bottom where it opened into the extremity of the Rectum with a very streight Mouth The Kidneys were three inches long and seven or eight Lines broad being indented in several places after the usual manner of Birds The Vasa Emulgentia viz. the Vein and Artery were of a Structure very different The trunck of the Aorta descending directly without dividing into two other truncks did plainly shoot forth on the right and left some branches of a mean size The first third and fourth which were the least did enter into the Kidney and made the Emulgents The second and fifth which were bigger were the Crural Arteries The sixth and seventh were lost in the lower part of the Belly The trunck of the Vena Cava having passed a little underneath the beginning of the Kidneys was divided into two great Branches each of which was again subdivided into two others the one of these branches run along the Kidney and was there fastened by several very short branches which were the Emulgents The other Branch was likewise divided into two others one of which did also make the Vena Cruralis the other passing underneath the Kidney joyned itself to the opposite branch and both made but one branch laid upon the Artery which was divided like the Vein and was distributed as the other into the lower parts of the Belly The Ureter proceeding from the upper part of the Kidney went under the branch of the Vena Cava and running along the Kidney joyned it self with the Deferens to make together but one single Vessel as has been declared The Larynx was composed of a Cricoides and Arytaenoides as in the Goose. The Rings of the Aspera Arteria were intire of a very hard substance near that of a Bone. Their Figure was particular each being notched and indented in two places and joyned together by this Notch viz. at the places which did answer to the two sides of the Neck the rest which was not notched being foreward and backward so that the notches of one Ring entring into the notches of the other it happened that the rest of the Rings which were not notched did on the fore-part cover the halves of two Rings and was covered behind with those very Rings which it covers in the forepart This Structure made these Rings to enter into each other which they could not do very far being hindred by these Notches which made one Ring to ride over the other and made the Artery that it could not bend so easily towards the sides as forwards and backwards where there was nothing that might hinder the Rings from entring into each other The Figure of the whole Artery was not less strange than its Composition for after having descended along the Neck in a strait line about the length of a foot it turned outwards and instead of entring into the Thorax it did enter into a hollow Cavity in the Bone of the Sternum where being descended about three inches it was re-bent towards the place through which it had entred and from thence descended into the Thorax where it was divided into its two Branches The Rings in this whole Circumvolution were so strongly fastened to each other that they were not capable of any Motion neither have they any need thereof being thus inclosed within the Sternum The Rings of the part which was in the Neck were looser to yield to the motion of the Neck At the bottom of the Aspera Arteria there was a bony knot having the form of a Larynx which on the inside was divided in two by a small Tongue as in the Goose and several other Birds The Branches which went to the Lungs were likewise according to the usual manner composed of Cartilaginous Demi-Circles at the top being garnished underneath only with a very thin Membrane The round and long Muscles which in several Birds do fasten the Aspera Arteria with the Sternum did take their Rise from that part of the Sternum which is Articulated with the Clavicula or forked bone and were inserted into the sides of the Aspera Arteria a great deal higher than the place of their Origine so that their Action was to draw the Aspera Arteria downwards They were a line and a half in Diameter and near two Inches in length When the Aspera Arteria was blown into the Bladders of the Lungs which descended to the bottom of the Belly did swell and raised up the Liver At the same time that the Bladders were swelled the Oesophagus and Craw were likewise observed to swell as in Pigeons and when the Oesophagus was breathed into the Bladders did also rise but the Air did more easily pass from the Aspera Arteria into the Oesophagus than from the Oesophagus into the Aspera Arteria The use of this Communication and the ways by which it is performed are not as yet well known we refer the speaking thereof to the Description of the Pigeon The Heart was two inches long and an inch broad at its basis it weighed half an ounce The Pericardium was fastened to the Heart by several small Fibres The right Ventricle was as usually larger than it is long It s Interiour was extraordinary Smooth The fleshy Valve which Birds have at the mouth of the Vena Cava was five lines long and half a line thick The Arteries of the Heart had their
regularly ranged and framed like the ends of small Pipes being round and pierced through the middle at the part towards the inside of the Craw and unequal on the other side being composed of several Graines after the manner of conglomerated Glands And in this they differed from the Glands which are found in the Craws of the Demoiselles of Numidia Geese Ducks and several other Fowl where these Glands are seen pierced only as in the Ostrich but they are single and of the kind of those called Conglobated The Membrane that coated the inside of the Gizzard and which was easily separable therefrom was a line and half in thickness in some of our Subjects It was composed of two parts viz. of a Tunicle which was immediately fastened to the Flesh of the Gizzard and of a heap of little Glandulons Bodies which made a kind of Velvet These small Bodies in most of the Subjects were so minute that they appeared to be rather Fibres than Glands in some they were about the bigness of a great Pin and above the length of a Line They were joyned and glued to each other as the Fibres are in Wood. There was a great many places where these small Bodies were separated and made several clefts or chincks The Ventricle of the Cormorant was almost of this Structure These Ventricles were always found full of Hay Grass Barley Beans Bones and Stones of which there were some as big as a Pullets Egg. There were likewise some Doubles in one we counted seventy of them They were most of them worn and consumed about three quarters being scratch'd by their mutual rubbing and by that of the Stones and not by Corrosion caused by any humour or acide Spirit as we found because that some of these Doubles which were hollow on one side and bossed on the other were so worn and bright on one side of the Boss that there remained nothing of the Figure of Money whereas the side which was hollow was not at all damaged its cavity having defended it from the rubbing of the other Doubles All the rest which was contained in the Uentricle with these Doubles as well Stones and Bones as Pulse and Hay was green Wee found the same thing in the Uentricle of a Bustard where there were Ninety Doubles worn by this rubbing they had likewise given a green Colour to a great deal of Hay which was there This made us to think that in Birds and generally in all Animals the dissolution of the Nourishment is not performed only by subtile and penetrating Spirits but also by the Organical and Mechanical Action of the Ventricle which compresses and incessantly beats the things which it contains so that in the generality of Animals which do swallow a hard Nourishment without chewing it as Birds which live on Grain Nature has made their Ventricle Musculous and has given them the instinct of swallowing Stones by the means of which they may break in their Ventricle what others do bruise with their Teeth In fine this Affectation which the generallity of Birds have of swallowing Stones has a more manifest use than that which Eagles and Cranes have of putting Stones into their Nests Cardan and the generallity of other Naturalists are of Opinion that the Ventricle of Birds and especially of the Ostrich is fleshy to afford it more Heat but it is known that the Musculous and Fibrous flesh acts more by its Motion than by its Temper and that one of the principal and most important Actions of the Heart is that of Contraction and Dilatation which serves not less to the Concoction and alteration of the Blood than to its distribution It is probable that those who have thought that the Stones and Iron which Ostriches do devour are dissolved in their Ventricle by a particular virtue that Nature has given to the Ventricles of different Animals by which some do digest Poysons others Bones and raw Flesh and that the Ostrich was furnished with that of digesting Metals and Stones reflected not on that attrition of the Peices of Copper which we have observed and much less on the verdure with which all that was contain'd in the Ventricle was tinged For if the Ventricle of the Ostrich had a faculty peculiar for digesting of Metals it would digest them after the same manner as other things are digested which is to be melted and dissolved without suffering other change in their Colour than to become white which proceeds from the almost infinite little bubbles which the boyling of the Fermentation there produceth For this Ebullition gives a white Colour to whatever it Agitates as is seen in the Froth of Inck which is white It is likewise known by Experience that the things which are dissolved in the Ventricle do receive an alteration in their Substance without changing Colour as it is remark'd in Craw-Fish which are found half digested in the Ventricles of Fishes with their Natural blackness and not having that redness which they do acquire when the Heat of the Fire Boyls and alters them after a manner which is very different from the heat of Animals So that the greeness which happens to Copper in the Ventricle of the Ostrich cannot proceed from a Dissolvent that it has to Digest Metals but there is a probability that the Dissolution is there made after the same manner as if it should have been done out of this Ventricle if the Copper had been champed with Herbes or some acid or saline Liquor of what Nature soever it were and which should be very different from this acid or salt or else from that general Dissolvent whatever it be of all that is capable of affording Nourishment So that it is credible that the Ostrich being a Voracious Animal which has need of Swallowing some hard thing that is requisite as has been said to break its Nourishment it misuses the instinct which Nature has given it for that end when it Swallows Iron and especially Copper which is turned into Poison in its Stomach instead of turning into Nourishment And indeed we were informed by those who look after these Animals in the Aviary of Versalles that the Ostriches ' which do Swallow much Iron or Copper do all Dye presently after The Intestines in our Subjects were different in length altho' the Animals were almost of the same size In one they were fifty Foot in another fourty two in a third thirty three in a fourth twenty nine The three smaller Intestines had scarce more length than the Colon and Rectum together The Caecum was doubled as in most other Birds each comprehending two Foot in length more or less in proportion to the length of the other Intestines The External Surface of the Colon and Caecum were uneven with some very regular Bosses but different in each of these Intestines These Bosses were formed by some leaf-like Ligaments which were on the inside almost the same as they are seen in the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals which chew
communicate themselves along the Testicle to which they inserted some Branches at equal Spaces In this place they were exceedingly invelop'd with Membranes and Fat But notwithstanding these Impediments their Structure and Communications were distinctly seen because that having boiled one Testicle and all the Fat being melted the Vessels evidently appeared and shewed that after being united they were separated to rejoyn again The Deferens descending along the Spine to the second Bladder was there fastened after being dilated and changed into a Membrane This Ductus as usually was solid and without Cavity at its beginning and at the end it was enlarged and became Membranous The Liver was red of a Substance hard and firm By its Figure it resembled that of a Man being divided into two great Lobes The left was parted into two other small ones There was also another little one in the middle and at the bottom of the two great ones which was found but in one of the Subjects There was no Gall-Bladder but only a Ductus Hepaticus which proceeded from the middle of the hollow part of the Liver and inserted it selfe at the Pylorus The Ductus was formed by the uniting of three great branches which were distributed into the whole Substance of the Liver At the extremity of one of these Branches very near its Insertion into the Ductus there was a Dilatation about the bigness of a great Filbeard which did not appear because it was again covered over by the Parenthyma of the Liver The Vena Porta was double having two separate Truncks and each their particular roots The first which was the bigger was fastened to the right Lobe at the place where the Gall-Bladder commonly is in Birds The second the lesser came out from the bottom of the left Lobe The Vena Cava was joyned along the great Diaphragme right by the side of the Aorta The Pancreas was ten inches long and an inch broad It was placed between the first fold which the Intestines do make in forme of a long Sinuosity as in most other Birds It was of a true flesh-Colour The Glands whereof it was composed were wholly separated from each other and joyned only by Membranes The Ductus Pancreaticus was knitt to the upper part of the Iejunum It proceeded from the middle of the Pancreas where the two branches joyned which it shot forth into each half of the Pancreas one towards the top and the other towards the bottom It is remarkable that in the Generalitie of Birds the Ductus Pancreatici are inserted near the Cholidochi but in our Ostriches the insertion of the Pancreaticus was above three foot distant from that of the Hepaticus The Spleen was fastned to the Ventricle by a strong Membrane which conducted and held the Splenatick Vessels It was Cylindrical being two inches and a half long and Eight Lines Diameter yet it was a little smaller at the bottom than at the top It s Parenchyma was Solid and like to that of the Kidneys of Quadrupedes The Kidneys comprehended eight inches in length and two in breadth In most of our Subjects they were different from the Kidneys of other Birds not being cut into several Lobes but having a continuity very equal Their whole Substance which was quaggy appear'd moreover very unequal as being composed of a great quantity of Glands They had a very fine Membrane that immediatly covered them which was again covered over with another stronger and thicker supplying the use of the Membrana Adiposa The colour of these Glands was of a very brisk dark Red. In some of our Subjects we found the Kidneys were cut in three as usually the upper and lower part being larger than that of the middle The Ureter was not as in other Birds lay'd upon the Kidneys from top to bottom but it was included in their Substance where it was a little larger than outwardly as it were to form a Pelvis which was about the length of the Kidney In this Pelvis there was seen several holes which were the Mouths of the Branches or Channels which the Pelvis sends into the whole Substance of the Kidney There was not any appearance of Papillae The Rings which composed the Aspera Arteria were intire but a little compressed which gave them an Oval Figure The Larynx consisted of one Cricoides and one Arytaenoides The Cricoides resembled that of a Man and the Arytaenoides was made of two flat and large Cartilages articulated with the Cricoides by the means of their Muscles Between them they left an Aperture of six Lines which made the Glottis These two Cartilages were covered over with one Muscle which plainly serv'd to close the Mouth of the Glottis by drawing them together The Diaphragme was not single as in terrestrial Animals where there is but one Partition which separates the Parts contained in the Thorax from those of the lower Venter But there were several Diaphragmes which made a great many separations by dividing the Cavity of all this part of the Body which is called the Trunck into six other Cavities by the means of five Partitions which may be taken for as many Diaphragmes There were four of these Diaphragmes or Partitions whose Situation was direct from top to bottom and a fifth seated a Cross. Of the four strait ones two were little and two great the little ones covered the Lungs which were fastened to the sides and separated them from the four upper Bladders of the Lungs The great Diaphragmes which covered these Bladders as the little Ones covered the Lungs left a great space in the middle where the Heart and Liver were included together The fifth Diaphragme which was seated cross-wise going from the middle of one of the great Diaphragmes to the middle of the other separated the Heart and Liver from the Gizzard the Intestines and other parts of the lower Belly in which the two inferiour Bladders of the Lungs were likewise held So that the six Cavivities were a great one of the lower Venter another great one of the middle of the Thorax seated over the first two middling ones at the side of the second which contained the four upper Bladders and two little ones at the side of these middling ones where the right and left Lungs were inclosed Each of the little Diaphragmes which we call the Muscle of the Lungs because that it was fleshy and covered the Lungs had its Origine very fleshy which was divided into six heads fastened towards the extremity of the great Ribbs near the Angle which they do make with other little Ribbs that fasten them to the Sternum instead of the Cartilages which knitt them in Terrestrial Animals These six Heads did altogether produce a large Tendon or Aponeurosis which being couch'd on the Lungs went to joyn it self with the Aponeurosis of the other opposite Muscle on the Vertebrae of the Back to which it was also strongly connected The direction of the Fibres of this Muscle was Oblique inclining a little
of which formed by the sides of the Ligaments were Convex and the third formed by the Tunicle of the Intestine was strait Each of the two Ligaments was not only Spongious as it is ordinarily in other Animals but they were hollow with a long Cavity in form of a Pipe which went from the Os Pubis where was the Origine of the Ligaments as far as the Glans The Vessells which were sent into the body of the Penis had a particular distribution For whereas the Artery Vein and Nerve do usually all three run upon the Penis there were but two in our Subject And the Vein after having formed a Net work and several Circumvolutions towards the root of the Penis did penetrate into the Ligament and producing a Trunk which running along the Internal and Superiour part of the Cavity sent forth several Branches into all the rest of the internal Surface of this Cavity The Structure of the Glans was yet more Extraordinary than all the rest Above it terminated in a point and appeared to be the continuation of the Ligaments not differing therefrom neither in its Substance nor its Tunicle Underneath it had two flat and almost circular Append ces placed one upon the other The greatest which was fastned to the Glans underneath was an Inch and half in diameter The least which was fix'd to the middle of the greatest contained but half an Inch. It had moreover two little Appendices like two buds about the bigness of a Line All the Glans was of a Colour like to that of the Inferiour part of the Tunicle of the Rectum which serv'd as a Case to the Penis 't was of a very dark slate Colour There were two Muscles serving to draw the Glans inwards They took their Origine from the Vertetrae Lumbares and passing along the side of the Rectum inserted themselves at the upper part of the Penis near the Glans Towards the middle they were interlaced with two other Muscles appointed for the Motion of the Tail and which served them as a Pully The Heart was seated in the upper part of the Breast being closed in a very thick Pericardium and fastned by the lower part of the Membrane which covered the Liver It s Figure differed greatly from that which the Heart generally has For instead of being extended from its Basis to its point its greatest dimension was from one side to the other being three Inches this way and an Inch and a half only from the Basis to the point The two Auricles which proceeded from the Basis were very loose and as it were hanging down The right had two Inches and a half in length to an Inch and half over the left was lesser The Vena Cava which as has been said had two Trunks proceeding the one from the right part of the Liver and the other from the left convey'd the Blood thro' each of these Trunks into each of the Auricles These Auricles as usually opened each into a Ventricle and at each of the Apertures which gave passage to the Blood from the Auricle into the Ventricle there were three Valvulae Sigmoides which contrary to what is usuall in this kind of Valve hindred the Blood from going out of the Heart to return into the Auricles performing the Office of the Valvulae Tricuspides Besides these two Ventricles which were in the hinder part of the heart which faceth the Spine there was a third in the fore-part inclining a little towards the right side These three Ventricles were communicated by several Apertures their Substance not being solid and continued as in the Hearts of other Animals but Spongious and composed of Fibres and fleshy Columns contiguous only to each other and interwoven together Besides the strait Apertures which were between these Columns there were others more capacious by which the two Posteriour Ventricles had communication together and with the Anteriour Ventricle The two hinder Ventricles as has been sayd did recieve the Blood from the two Trunks of the Vena Cava with the Blood of the Pulmonique Veine which was double there being one on each side For these Veins emptying themselves into each Axillary did mix the Blood that they had received from the Lungs with that of the Vena Cava to carry it into the right Ventricle from which the Aorta did proceed The Anteriour Ventricle had no other Vessel than the Pulmonique Artery This Artery as well as the Aorta had three Valvulae Sigmoides the action of which was to hinder the Blood which is got out of the Heart from re-entring when the Ventricles have dilated themselves to receive the Blood of the Vena Cava and the Lungs This uncommon Structure of the Ventricles and Vessels of the Heart must have some particular uses on which we will not declare our Conjectures supported on different Experiments till after having shewn that the Structure of the Lungs is not less extraordinary For the one and the other Structure is thus extraordinary in these parts by reason of the particular Actions that they have in Amphibious Animals of which kind the Tortoise is The Aorta at the end of the right Ventricle was divided into two Branches which formed two Crosses These Crosses before they were quite turned downwards did produce the Axillares and Carotides Afterwards the left Cross descending along the Vertebrae did cast forth Branches The first was distributed to all parts of the Ventricle The second went to the Liver Pancreas Duodenum and Spleen The third furnished Branches to all the Intestines Afterwards it was united with the Branch of the right Cross which descended so far without casting forth any Branches and both formed but one Trunck which descending along the Body of the Vertebrae gave Branches to all the parts of the lower Belly The Larynx was composed as in Birds of an Arytenoides and Cricoides articulated together The two Bones which do each make one of the Horns of the Hyoides were not articulated the one to the other but each separately in different places of the Basis of the Hyoides The Cleft of the Glottis was strait and close apparently to keep the Air a long time enclosed in the Lungs for uses which shall be afterwards explained It may be also believed that this so exact inclosure is to prevent the Water from entring into the Aspera Arteria when the Tortoises are under Water And this particular Conformation of the Glottis may be the Cause of the Snoring of the Sea-Tortoises which as Pliny reports is heard a great way when they do float sleeping upon the Surface of the Water The Sea-Calves which are likewise remarkable for their Snoring have also their Glottis and Epiglottis extraordinary close as has been remarked in the Description of this Amphibious Animal The Aspera Arteria which had its Rings intire was separated at the entrance of the Breast into two long Branches of six Inches each From the entrance of the Lungs these Branches did loose their
less than one thick The Structure of the Kidneys appeared to us very excellent and particular Their figure was very long They were five Inches and a half in length and two and a half in breadth The Membrana Adiposa which was without Fat being taken away there appeared another very hard and very thick Membrane which was not the peculiar one fastned to the Parenchyma but a Membrane which like a Sack contained fifty six small Kidneys for they may be called so many Parenchyma actually separated from one another covered with their proper Membranes and joyned together in some places by Fibres and very thin Membranes which were produced from that which inveloped them like a Sack. This connexion was principally of the little Kidneys which are in the Hollow part of this whole heap of Kidneys For towards the Gibbous part they were not linked together The figure of each little Kidney represented a large Basis on the out side and were pressed together towards the inside of the whole Kidney where they were fastened like a Bunch of Grapes This Basis was in some Hexagonal in the most Pentagonal and in others Four-square They were also different in Size but in the greatest part it was about the bigness of a middleing Chestnut in some of a small Nutt This Heap did represent a Pine-Apple when Ripe Each of these little Kidneys was fastned as it were by a Tail composed of three sorts of Vessels which are the Branches of the two Emulgents and the Ureter which entered thro' the Point of the little Kidney which made a dent to receive them as an Apple receives its Stalk after the usual manner of the great Kidneys These Branches were disposed so as that of the Artery was between that of the Vein and that of the Ureter as Riolanus has observed who beleives that these Vessells are thus seated to the end that the Artery strikeing upon the Ureter may Incessantly cause the Urine to run by its continual beating The Truncks of the Emulgent Vein and Artery which were not bigger than a Quill were each divided into two Branches and afterwards into several others to Furnish and add one to every little Kidney though there were sometimes two which seemed to be fastened as it were to one single Tail But that appeared so by reason that the two Branches which fastened them together did enter into the little Kidney presently after the Division These Branches penetrated a little farther and lost themselves in the Parenchyma so that the notable Cavity which the Vessel had when out of the little Kidney quite disappeared whether that happened by the almost infinite and consequently imperceptible division which is made in the little Branches which disperse themselves through the Parenchyma as Laurentius Bellius thinks it happens to the Emulgents of the Kidneys of Man or that indeed these Vessels do not pass farther according to the Opinion of Higmorus and that the spongious Substance of the Parenchyma presently sucks up and filtrates the Blood of the Artery to render it to the Vein pure and separated from its serosity which runs through the Papillae into the Pelves of the Ureter like as Whey when the Cheese curdles leaves the buttery Part and passeth through the Cheesy part and even as the Lye which is poured upon the top of the Copper comes through the hole below after haveing penetrated the linnen without any Pipes which do carry and convey it thither The Formation of the Ureters was different from that of the Emulgent Vessels For a little after its enterance into the Membrane which like a sack shut up all the little Kidneys it was inlarged and its bigness which was about the size of a Quill increased equall to that of a finger It was afterwards divided into two branches of this same bigness which produced others lesser which supplyed a lesser to every little Kidney This last Branch did nevertheless surpass in bigness the Branches of the Emulgent Vein and Arterie which entered with it into the little Kidney and it passed forwarder and nearer to the middle at which place it was divided into two and sometimes into three branches Every of these Branches inlarged it self a little and at its extremity formed a Pelvis which was filled with a Caruncle like a Nipple and at the side of this Caruncle the Pelvis appeared pierced with three or four holes which were only Sinuosities formed by the Membrane of the Pelvis which was wrinckled on the in-side making as it were other lesser Pelves capable of receiving only the head of a Pin. These Papillae or Nipples which were no bigger than a Grain of Wheat exceeded in their Number those of the Papillae of an Ox's Kidney which are as large as the end of ones Finger but which are not in Number above Nine or Ten whereas there was above a Hundred in every one of the Kidneys of our Bear And it seems that Bartholinus had not examined this when he writt that the Kidney of the Bear was like to that of the Ox of New-born Infants and of a Porpoise which he dissected before the King of Denmark for these Kidneys of which Bartholinus speaks and to which he compares those of the Bear have only slits in their Superficies which makes them to appear at the first sight like unto those of the Bear although in truth they have but one simple and continued Parenchyma these slits penetrating not very deep whereas the Fifty six small Kidneys of the Bear were actually divided and had every one all the parts of which the great Kidneys are composed It must be also that those who like Pliny have reported that the Penis of the Bear so soon as it is Dead grows hard like a Horn have not seriously examined the Matter and that they have not had either the Courage to inform themselves which is the Penis of the Bear when alive or the curiosity of dissecting one when dead for they would have found that this hardness is natural to this part in the Bear as in the Dog Wolfe Squirrel Weasel and several other Animals which have a Bone at the end of the Penis as Aristotle observes That of our Bears was five Inches and a half long four Lines broad towards the Os Pubis from which it was five Inches distant and a little bended The Lungs had five Lobes three on the right side and two on the left The two upper on the right side were very large the third which was middling was divided at its extremity into three Points In one of our Bears the two Lobes of the left side were exceedingly swelled the superior which appeared whiteish was puft up with a great deal of Wind In the inferiour there was found a strange Body twice as big as ones fist like to a Spunge steeped in Ink. In the other Bear which was very young the Structure of the Mediastinum was very particular being pierced in several places with a great many holes of a Line
Crest were included in this Membranous Quill which is likewise found in the Feathers of the Tail of Turkey-Hens All the Thighs were covered with Feathers The Neck was nine Inches long From the under part of the Belly to the extremitie of the Feet extended were fourteen Inches The Feet were great and strong The Leggs were covered before and behind with large square Scales At the sides they were small not exceeding half a Line of an Hexagonal Figure The Talons were black long and crooked Behind the Legg there wanted that Spurr which is peculiar to Cocks The Beak was large being nine Lines broad at its beginning and two Inches long Towards the end it was black and very hard the rest was yellow and covered with a Membrane which was so swelled in one of the Subjects that it made a round and high Bunch about the bigness of a small Nutt and after the manner as Aldrovandus Figures it That which had not this Bunch had the end of the Beak divided in three as if it had been three Beaks joyned together The Liver in both the Subjects was of a brisk red Colour and of a Substance very soft It was divided into two Lobes the right was biggest the lâ—…t longest The Gall-Bladder was almost in the middle of the two Lobes but more fastened to the left side than the right In one of the Subjects it was Anfractuous and of the Figure which is attributed to Tears which divided it into three little Cells It was joyned at the top to the surface of the Liver by the means of its exteriour Tunick which it borrowed from the Capsula and at the bottom to the Intestine which supplyes the place of the Iejunum It s Colour was green its length an Inch and its bigness half an Inch. The Ductus Cysticus in this Subject proceeded from the upper part of the Bladder and descended straight downwards to insert it self into the Posteriour part of the Intestine It was about the bigness of a Hens-quill and about an Inch long There were two Ductus Hepatici which in Birds is very rare They both came out of the side of the Vena Porta They were of different sizes the one being as bigg as the Quill of a Hen and the other scarcely equalling a middle sized pin They descended in a right Line the length of an Inch and penetrated the Intestine very near the insertion of the Cysticus In the other Subject the Bladder was smaller of an oval Figure The Ductus Cysticus proceeded from the middle of the Bladder There were likewise two Ductus Hepatici which were inserted into the Intestine after the same manner as in the other Subject But all these Ductus bilarii were lesser than in the Subject where the Bladder was Anfractuous The Pancreas which was found double in one of the Subjects was placed as usually in Birds in the Interval of the first Circumvolution of the Intestines which makes a Sinuosity at the bottom of which these two Pancreas's took their Origine and the one viz. the right passing under the Mesentery and the other above ascended to fasten themselves to the left part of the Liver and to the Pylorus From this place they did each send forth a very fine Ductus six Lines long which inserted it self near the place of the three Cholidochi These five holes wherewith the Intestine was in this place pierced by the three Cholidochi and two Pancreatici did all meet under the wrinkle which the Intestine makes to form as it were a Caruncle The glandulous Substance of the Pancreas was of a pale red they were thin towards their Origine but very thick at their extremity towards the Liver The other Subject had but one Pancreas and one single Ductus The Oesophagus which was very strait and not exceeding half an Inch in compass was dilated towards the entrance of the Thorax to forme a Craw which was four Inches in circuit and an Inch in length After its being thus dilated it was contracted and passing through the Thorax was again dilated to form as it were a Ventricle furnished with Glands which had the Figure and size of a grain of Rye they were ranged like those which are described in the Bustard The fleshy Tunicle of this Ventricle was very thin The Gizzard which was two Inches and a half in length and two in breadth had nothing remarkable excepting that its fleshey part was very thin and its Velvet covering very thick hard and brittle like Glass This hardness hapning to this coat of the Gizzard of the Indian Cocks when being separated from the Gizzard they are left some time a drying but in these Subjects they were found thus hardned at the opening of the Body and being still fresh The Intestines were of an extraordinary length viz. twelve Foot and each Caecum six but their Cavitie was very strait not exceeding a Line in Diameter In the Anus at the extremitie of the Rectum there was a hole two Lines broad which was the mouth of a Sack five Lines in length and three in breadth This Sack which was under the Rectum is described in the Bustard The Testicles were seated on the Aorta at the superiour part of the Kidneys their Substance was glandulous of a pale red They were five Lines long and two broad and at their lower part there was seen another Gland absolutely black which was strongly fastened to them 'T was the Epididymis which through its lower extremitie sent forth a very fine Ductus which was the Deferens which running along the Vena Emulgens was changed into a very thin Tunicle The Penis was placed at the lower part of the Anus opposite to the Rump Iâ—…s Figure was Pyramidical being four Lineâ—… long and three Lines broad towards its Basis. It was composed of two hard and nervous Bodies clad with several smooth and spongeous Membranes There was also seen some musculous Flesh which fastens it self at its Basis. The Kidneys which were speckled with several small points some white others minime made us to apprehend that their Substance consists of a number of conglomerated Glands They were as usually in Birds cut in several deep compartments and divisions each Kidney being two Inches and a half in length and ten in breadth The Amulgent Veins and Arteries had their distribution as ordinarily and the Vreters inserted themselves at the extremity of the Rectum after having run along the exteriour surface of the Kidney The Asperae Arteria in one of the Subjects descended in a strait line to the middle of the Craw-Bone which terminates the top of the Thorax in Birds where it was dilated and fastened There turning it self backwards it made a fold reascending an Inch and half in heigth and fastening it self by a very strong Membrane to the very place of the Craw-Bone From thence it descended into the Thorax In the other Subject it made not so great a fold but it was dilated after the same manner This
dilatation was two Inches and a half in Circumference being not an Inch in any other part The Heart was very small not being an Inch in length and half an Inch at its Basis its point was very sharp The Cavitie of the fleshy Valve which is at the mouth of the Vena Cava in Birds was a Line in depth The Globe of the Eye measured ten Lines in Diameter and the Cornea five The Crystalline was more convex behind than before It was three Lines Diameter The Vitrious Humour was of a very hard Consistance The Choroides was all over black even over the Tapetum where were seen none of the Colours which are commonly there The Iris was of a dark red The Sclerotica was hard and Cartilaginous at the fore part according to the nature of Birds and Fishes The Optick Nerve was side-ways and after having pierced the Sclerotica and Choroides was inlarged and formed a Circle from the Circumference of which there went several black fillets which were united to form a Membrane that we have found in all Birds and which is described in several places of these Memoires The Explication of the Figure of the Bustard THe Six Bustards were not in all things alike There were some whose Neck was proportionably longer than the Leggs others had it shorter Some had the Beak more pointed than it is here described yet the Generality had it thus There was one where the Feathers which covered the Ear were somewhat longer than they are here represented In the Upper Figure AA The two Lobes of the Liver B. The Gall-Bladder C. The Ductus Cysticus DD. The Ductus Hepaticus EF The Ductus Pancreatici G. A fold of the internal Tunicle of the Intestine forming a Caruncle or Teat which cover's the four Mouthes of the Cystick Hepatick and Pancreatick Branches HH The Pancreas I. The extremity of the Oesophagus where it begins to inlarge it self KKK The outward membrane of the Oesophagus which is common with the Oesophagus and Ventricle or Gizzard which it covers LL. The Internal Membrane which cover's the Gland's of the lower part of the Oesophagus This Membrane is also covered with another which makes the Velvet and which is likewise extended over the Membrane M M. It is not here represented to avoid Confusion and because it is easily supply'd by Imagination MM. The Internal Membrane of the Gizzard which is folded and rufled N. The Glands which are at the bottom of the Oesophagus like to the ends of Pipes and ranged one upon the other OO The Fleshy and Musculous part of the Gizzard inclosed between the Membrane K K K and the Membrane M M. P. One of the Feet represented at large altho it exceed not a third part of the Natural bignesse p. One of the Talons cut to shew that it is not hollow underneath but round as at top Q. The extremity of the Ilium R R. The beginning of the two Caecum's S S. The great Pouch which is near the Extremity of the Rectum It is opened to discover the mouths of the Ureter's and of the third Caecum T T. The Ureters V. The third Caecum commonly called Fabricius Purse X. The mouth of the third Caecum Y. A fold of the internal Membrane of the great Pouch of the Rectum making a little Sack over the Mouth of the Purse Z Z. The mouths of the Ureters THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF SIX BUSTARDS THe greatest of the six Bustards which we dissected comprehended but three Foot from the extremity of the Beak to that of the hind Feet extended This size comes not near that which Belonius and Turnerus allow to the Bustard which they report to be the largest of all Fowl next the Ostrich The Cassowary and Griffon which we dissected were a great deal bigger and other Authors do not make the Bustard larger than that which which we describe Aristotle in Athenaeus makes it much less for he compares it as to its bigness to a great Cock. And it is strange that Belonius and Turnerus who had seen Bustards should to follow Pliny speak so of it that they seem not to have well understood him For the Bird which according to Pliny is the largest next the Ostrich is the second Species of Tetrao which is not the Bustard and Pliny says only that the bigness of the Otis which is evidently our Bustard approaches that of the Tetrao But it is not certainly known what the Tetrao is and what he speaks thereof agrees not at all with the Bustard this Bird according to Pliny's Description being black all over the Body except the Feathers over the Eyes which are red which is not found in the Bustard who has indeed some red and some black or some brown in its Plumage but these Colours are there placed after another fashion The Neck and Feet were much longer in our Bustards than in those which Gesner and and Aldrovandus have described as for the rest they do well enough agree with the Description which these Authors do make thereof Their Neck was a Foot long and their Leggs a Foot and half The Wings were hardly longer than the Leggs so that being extended they exceeded not four Foot which has no proportion with the Mass of the rest of their Body Therefore it is that this Bird fly's with so much difficulty that it may easily be overtaken in its flight Oppian say's that of all Birds the Bustard only is afraid of Doggs because that it raises it self so little from the ground and go's so slowly that they can easily catch it 'T is upon this account that it has been by the Latins called Avis tarda from whence is derived the word Otarde in French unless it be taken from its Greek Name which is Otis altho the Ancients have spoken very variously of the Otis to make it doubted whether it is our Bustard Albertus calls it Bistarda and gives to that Epithete ill borrowed from Avis tarda an Etymologie much worse for he thinks it is so named because that it generally makes two leaps when it begins to fly The Plumage was of six Colours viz. white black ash-colour browngray and rose-colour The Belly Thighs under-part of the Tail and Wings were white It is probable that Belonius who makes the top of the Wings white in the Bustard is mistaken because that generally Birds which have any dark Colour in their Plumage have it ordinarily on the Wings and Back Which is observed in other Animals which have the Back also browner than the Belly The fore-part of the Neck the Head and middle of the upper part of the Wings were of an ash colour The hinder part of the Neck the Back the upper part of the Wings near the top and the top of the Tail were red streak't with black long unequal and as it were interrupted spots as in Partridges This made us to think that Aelian intended to speak of the Bustard when he say's that in the Indies there are Partriges as
Ualvalae Sigmoides as usually The Fleshy Ligament which fastned one of the Partitions of the right Ventricle to the other was longer and thinner than generally it is The Aorta coming out of the Heart was divided into three Truncks The least was the Aorta descendens which made the Crosse by turning towards the right side as in the Generality of Birds The two other greater Truncks were the Axillares which hauing cast forth two small Branches which were the Carotides were divided into several other great Branches which were almost all employed and distributed into the Muscles of the Wings The Carotides a little above their Origine had each a Gland which was fastned to them These Glands were two lines long and a line thick In the lower Beak on both sides of the Tongue under the inward Tunicle of the Mouth there was found two Glandulous Bodies from whence proceeded several Lympheducts which opened into the Mouth and there discharged being squeezed a white and Viscous humour There were two of them towards the upper part a great deal bigger than the others The Tongue was fleshie at top and Cartilaginous underneath as in Hens The Tunicle of the Palate was rough with a great number of little Nipples and of hard and Membranous points It likewise included a glandulous Body which shot forth two great Ductus's opening into the Mouth There was discovered a great quantity of other little glands at the sides of the Larynx which had also some Lympheducts The Cranium or Skull was above half a Line thick The Brain was divided in two as generally in Birds Each part was eleven lines long and seven broad The Cerebellum was eight lines every way Both together weighed but a Drachme and a half The internal Eye-lid was large and was easily extended over the whole Globe of the Eye The Punctum Lachrymale was double round and very large It opened as is usual into the cleft of the hinder part of the Palate The lower Glandula Lachrymalis was coucht under the Globe of the Eye in the great Canthus It was ten lines long and two broad It s Ductus was great and opened between the Eye and internal Eye-Lid Having Syringed into this Ductus the Gland swelled very much The upper Glandula Lachrymalis was very small not exceeding three Lines in length and two in breadth The Sclerotica was Cartilaginous before having as it were a harder Ring than the rest three lines broad The Cornea had a border or yellow Circle quite round joyning the Conjunctiva The Iris was of a dark red the Tapetum of the same colour the rest of the Choroides was extraordinary black We found not that other black Membrane like a Sack which proceeds from the Optick Nerve and which we have always found in the Birds that we have dissected without being able to conjecture what its use may be All that we could surmise is that this part has an Office like to that of the Choroides in that the one and the other do amongst other things serve to prepare the Nourishment of the Humours of the Eye which by reason of the transparent purity that is requisite for them must have an Aliment very pure and wholly exempt from the gross and Earthy parts by which Bodies are rendred Opake for these parts which may be called the Lees of the Blood are separated therefrom and retained in the Choroides and Purse of the Optick Nerve which are sullied and blackned therewith this being done almost after the same manner as the Choroides Placenta and Membrane of the Uterus are sullied if I may so say from the grossest and most impure portion of the Blood which they retain to the end that the part designed for the Formation and Nourishment of the Foetus may be finer and purer This Conjecture which for these reasons may have some probability has been likewise confirmed by the particularity that we have remarked in our Subject where this black Purse not appearing we found the Choroides a great deal thicker than ordinary as if the whole dregs of the blood which in the Eyes of other Birds should be retained in the Choroides and black Purse had here been collected into the Choroides alone The Explication of the Figure of the OSTRICH IN the lower Figure it may be seen that the Feathers of the Wings and Tail could not be proper for Flying the parts which do compose these Feathers not being hook'd together as they are in other Birds that the Eye which is not obliquely Scituated after the usual manner has great Eye-lids The opening of which is long-wise as in Man that the Neck Head and Thighs are destitute and unprovided of Feathers and that each Foot has but two Toes In the Upper Figure A A. Represents the Cavity of the middle of the Thorax B B D D. The Cavity of the lower Belly These two Cavities are formed by two great Diaphragms and separated one from the other by the transverse Diaphragme which is between A and B and which is garnished with Fat underneath E E E E. The four Bladders of the right side of the Stomach C C C C. The four Bladders of the left side These four Bladders are inclosed on each side between the great Diaphragme and Muscle of the Lungs G G. The Lungs each of which is shut up between the Muscle of the Lungs and the Ribbs H. A part of the Cartilago Cricoides II. The Cartilago Tyroides K. The Tongue L L L. The hinder part of the Sclerotica which makes half the Globe of the Eye the fore-part being taken away M. The Membrane folded like a Purse which proceeds from the Infundibulum or Funnel N formed by the extremity of the Optick Nerve and uniting near the Ligamentum Ciliare O. The Optick Nerve P. The Crystallinus with the Ligamentum Ciliare Q Q. The Cerebrum uncovered R R. The Dura mater raised up and thrown backward upon the Cerebellum S. The Glandula Pinealis in its place T T. The upper part of the Cerebellum V V. The Sinus Longitudinalis X X. Two Tuberosities or Swellings making the lateral and inferiour parts of the Cerebellum Y Y. Two Cavities or Ventricles which are in the Swellings of the Cerebellum α. The Cavity which is at the rise of the Medulla Spinalis made like a Pen. β. The Vermiforme Apophysis of the Cerebellum γ. The Cerebellum raised and turned backwards δ δ The Brain divided in two after having cut the small Fibres which joyn the two parts ε ζ. The upper Ventricles in which is seen the Lacis Choroides marked ζ. ι. The Glandula Pinealis bent a little backward out of its place λ λ. Two Swellings Scituated under the Brain They are the same which are marked X X. μ. The Cerebellum ν. The fourth Sinus Δ. A piece of the Stem of a Feather viewed with the Microscope 11. 22. Two of the Filaments whereof the less Beard of the Feather was composed Here is represented only the beginning the rest