Greeks call it Diaphragma Now this part being truly a Muscle assisting respiration we might on that account have deferred to treat of it till we come to describe the Muscles of the Thorax but because it is wholly an internal part and serves to make up the cavity of the Breast we rather chuse to discourse of it here and omit it in the treatise of Muscles It is almost round excepting its two appendages whereby it is fastened to the Muscles or vertebrae of the Loins and is seated transversly or across the Body only sloping a little backwards It is as broad as the width of the Thorax for its edges are fastened to the lower part of the Sternum to the ends of the lowest Ribs and to the lowest vertebra of the Thorax It s circumference is carnous but in its middle or centre as it were it is nervous and membranous for thither do all the carnous Fibres run from the edges Wounds in the nervous part of it are mortal because the party presently falls into Convulsions and respiration faileth but if it be wounded in its fleshy part the patient oft escapes It is clad with two Membranes the upper from the Pleura to which the Mediastinum and Pericardium are joined and sometimes the lowest tips of the lobes of the Lungs the under from the Peritonaeum It is perforated on the right hand near the nervous centre by the trunk of Vena cava ascending from the Liver and on the left hand near the said centre by the Gullet and two Stomachick nerves springing from the par vagum Behind at the Vertebrae there descend betwixt its two appendages or productions the Aorta a branch of the Vena azygos and the Intercostal nerve distinguisht from the par vagum by Dr. Willis for the use of the parts of the Abdomen It has two Arteries called Phrenicae from the Aorta descending and as many Veins from the trunk of Vena cava ascending through it Nerves it hath first from the second pair of the vertebrae of the Neck which according to Dr. Willis communicate with the Intercostal pair By this communication of the Intercostal nerve with that from whence this Nerve of the Diaphragm springeth yea with this Nerve it self for the said Author says that two or three Nerves are sent from the cervical Plexus of the Intercostal into the trunk it self of the Nerve of the Diaphragm he very ingeniously gives a reason of the great consent of the Midriff with the Heart Brain and Face when a Man laughs For says he as often as the imagination is affected with some pleasant or wonderfull conceit the Heart would presently fain triumph ovare and be lighten'd by throwing off its burthen as it were wherefore that the Bloud may the quicklier be emptied out of its right Ventricle into the Lungs and consequently out of the left into the Aorta the Diaphragm being instigated by the Nerves that goe to it from the abovesaid Plexus is drawn upwards with a more rapid Systole and often repeating its jumps as it were it bears up the Lungs and causes them the quicker and frequenter to discharge the Air and Bloud and then inasmuch as the same Intercostal nerve that communicates below with the Nerve of the Diaphragm is also continued above with the Maxillar nerves when a cackling is begun in the Breast the gestures of the Mouth and Face pathetically answer thereto And when the Diaphragm is wounded in its nervous part then the Muscles of the Face suffer Convulsions and the laughter called Risus Sardonius which is involuntary is caused Besides the abovesaid Nerves it has secondly small twigs from the Stomachick nerves and Intercostal as they descend through it It s use is first to divide the Thorax from the Abdomen that noisom and impure vapours may not ascend from the more ignoble parts as the Guts to offend the more noble as the Heart c. Secondly to help the Muscles of the Abdomen in compressing and excluding the excrements and in Women the Foetus But thirdly its chief use is to assist respiration in which it is the principal Muscle In inspiration it is stretched out plain in expiration it grows slaggy It s motion seems to be a kind of mixt motion but rather animal than natural for though we move it in our sleep and so it may seem natural yet seeing when awake we can stop slacken or hasten its motion as we please it seems to be voluntary or animal And thus much of the parts containing now to the parts contained CHAP. IV. Of the Pericardium and the Humour contained in it THE parts contained are either Viscera or Vasa Bowels or Vessels The Bowels are the Heart and Lungs But the Heart being inclosed in a membranous cover called Pericardium we will first treat of it in this Chapter It is called Pericardium because it is placed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 about the Heart It is called also Capsula cordis the Heart-case and Involucrum the Cover c. It is membranous and encompasseth the whole Heart whose shape it therefore resembles but is larger both to grant a free motion to the Heart and to contain its proper liquor It springs at the Basis of the Heart from the outer common Coats that are borrowed of the Pleura of those Vessels that enter into the Heart Whence it has five holes according to the number of Vessels that go in or out of the Heart As first one made by the ascending trunk of the Cava another by the Vena subclavia both which enter the right Ventricle of the Heart from whence there goes out Vena arteriosa into the Lungs which makes a third hole A fourth is made by the Arteria venosa entring the left Ventricle of the Heart and a fifth by the Arteria magna going out of the same It s outside adheres to the Mediastinum by many Fibres and is continued to it at the basis of the Heart where the Vessels perforate it It s lower end is knit firmly to the centre or nervous part of the Diaphragm which Bartholin says is peculiar to men for in all other Creatures it hangs loose It has Veins below from the Phrenicae above from the Axillares Its Arteries are so small that they can hardly be discover'd It receives Nerves from the pair commonly called the sixth Bartholin affirms it to have Lymphaticks also which is very probable that they may absorb part of the liquor contained in it lest it abound too much seeing it receives continual supply for I am not of opinion that this liquor is spued out of the Lympheducts as Steno thinks but that they rather imbibe it and convey it to the Ductus thoracicus It contains in it a serous liquor that in healthfull Bodies is a little reddish much like water wherein flesh has been washt It is bred of vapours exhaling out of the Heart which are stopt by this
dense Membrane and condensed into humour Dr. Lower opposing this opinion brings for argument that if it were collected this way because it would be continually a gathering it would soon encrease so much that this Capsula could not hold it But the abovesaid Lympheducts absorbing what is superfluous wash away this objection which if they did not his own opinion that it drops out of the Glands seated at the basis of the Heart would be liable to the same inconvenience For such destillation would be as continual as this condensation is supposed to be Naturally it is not in quantity above two spoonfulls This is that liquor that is supposed to have slown from the Side of our Saviour when the Souldier pierced it with a Spear for saith the Text John 19. 34. There came forth bloud and water The Pericardium is some sort of fence to the Heart but it seems to be chiefly made for the sake of the liquor it contains which serves for the moistening of the Heart and making it slippery that it may move more glibly CHAP. V. Of the Heart in general and of its Motion THE Heart in Latine Cor in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to burn because it is the source of vital heat is the principal Bowel of the whole Body which no perfect Animal does want nor can long survive its wounds Vital spirit and natural heat are communicated from it to all the parts of the Body though perhaps not so much owing to its substance as to the fermentation of the humours in it as shall be discoursed hereafter It is seated in the middle of the Breast encompassed with the Pericardium and Mediastinum it s lower tip or Mucro bending a little to the left side Neither its Mucro nor sides are knit to any place but it hangs loose in its case only suspended by the Vessels that go in and out of its upper part or basis It s situation in Beasts that feed upon Grass is near the middle of the whole Body reckoning from the Head to the Tail but in Man and most carnivorous Animals it is nearer the Head whereof the learned Dr. Lower gives an ingenious reason Seeing says he the trajection and distribution of the Bloud depends wholly on the Systole of the Heart and that its liquor is not driven of its own nature so readily into the upper parts as into vessels even with it or downwards into those under it if the situation of the Heart had been further from the Head it must needs either have been made stronger to cast out its liquor with greater force or else the Head would want its due proportion of Bloud But in Animals that have a longer Neck and which is extended towards their food as it were the Heart is seated as far from the Head as from the other parts and they find no inconvenience from it because they feed with their Head for the most part hanging down and so the Bloud as it has farther to go to their Head than in others so it goes a plainer and often a steep way It has a firm thick dense substance thinner and softer in the right side thicker and more dense in the left but most compact and hard at its tip only on the left side of the tip it is thin as consisting mostly of the concourse of the inner and outer Membrane It s Parenchyma is for the greatest part made up of musculary Fibres so that it self may truly be reputed a Muscle It s Fibres are a few of them streight but far more oblique Both are inserted into a Tendon that is spread over its basis under the Auricles Part of which Tendon at the egress of the Aorta in some Creatures becomes bony as in a Stag c. On the outer superficies of the right Ventricle there run a few slender Fibres streight upwards and are terminated in its basis In which also terminate the oblique ones next under these ascending from the left side towards the right spiral-wise The Fibres that lie under these go clean contrary For they arise every where from the right side of the Heart whence being carried obliquely towards the left and having embraced each Ventricle of the Heart they rise to the basis of the left side spiral-wise as the other But they run not all of them the whole length from the basis to the cone for then would the Heart be as broad or thick at the lower end as the upper but some reach not above half way others a little further c. and some to the very Apex The Fibres of the left Ventricle differ not from those of the right as to kind only they are considerably stronger Which they are for this reason that whereas the right Ventricle only promotes the circulation of the bloud through the Lungs the left must cast it forth with that force as that it may circulate through the whole Body The curious Reader may find a most accurate description of these Fibres in Dr. Lower's treatise de Corde whither I refer him for to insist too long on such minute similar parts would not be suitable to this Epitome of Anatomy Though by a view of those Figures that I have borrowed of him their structure may be pretty plainly apprehended It s shape is like a Boy 's Top save that it is flattish behind or a Pyramid turn'd topsy turvy whence it is divided into its basis which is its broader part and upper and into its cone or apex or narrower and lower part which ends in a tip or mucro It is bigger in Men than in other Creatures considering the proportion of their Bodies It is lesser but more dense in hot and bold Men than in the cold and cowardly In adult persons it is commonly six fingers breadth long and four broad at the basis Outwardly it is cover'd with a proper Coat which is thin but strong and dense and very hard to separate from it it is the same with the outer Coat of the great Artery as that which cloaths the Ventricles on the inside is continued and common with that thin skin that covers the inside of the Arteries like a Cuticula and hence 't is likely says Diemerbroeck that the Arteries borrow these Coats of the Heart as the Nerves borrow their two Tunicles from the Pia and Dura mater of the Brain Upon this Membrane that invests the Heart there grows some hard fat about the basis which serves to moisten it It is not nourished by the bloud or nutritious juice received into its Ventricles but by Vessels running through its Parenchyma Its Arteries are two springing out of the Aorta before it pass out of the Pericardium and are called Coronariae because their trunks do not presently sink into the Parenchyma of the Heart but fetching a circuit on its surface the better to branch out themselves towards its cone they encompass its basis And
substance of the parts and that in a greater quantity than suffices for their nourishment as was just now shewn what is superfluous must needs enter the mouths of the Capillary veins from which it goes forward to the larger and so to the Heart But seeing this way of transfusing the Blood through the substance of the parts answers not to that hasty circulation of the Bloud we above demonstrated it is necessary also to admit of the former way namely anastomoses in which the Veins are continued to the Arteries and that not only in their larger branches as that notable one of the Splenick artery with the Splenick vein but also in their smaller twigs in the extreme parts And secondly as to the space of time in which the whole mass of Bloud may ordinarily circulate through the Heart it is probably much shorter than many have imagined For supposing that the Heart makes two thousand pulses an hour which is the least number any speak of and some have told twice as many and that at every pulse there is expelled an ounce of Bloud which we may well suppose seeing the Ventricles are wide enough to contain two ounces and that it is probable both that they are filled near full in the Diastole and that they are near if not quite emptied by the strong constriction of the Heart in the Systole seeing the whole mass usually exceeds not four and twenty pound it will be circulated six or seven times over through the Heart in the space of an hour And by so much the oftener by how much the Bloud comes short of the supposed quantity or the pulse either naturally or by a Fever or violent motion is rendred more frequent By which quick motion the Bloud it self is kept from coagulation and putrefaction and the parts are cherished with vital heat which heat of the parts is much according to the slowness or rapidness of the circulation so when we sit still and the pulse is slow or rare we grow cold but when upon running or any violent exercise the pulse becomes more frequent and quick we become hot CHAP. VII How Bloud is made of Chyle of its Colour and whether the Body be nourished by it ACcording to Dr. Harvey's observations there appears in an Embryo a punctum saliens or red beating speck which is Bloud before any the least lineament of the Heart So that whatever instrument of sanguification the Heart may appear to be afterwards it contributes nothing to the elaborating of the first Bloud but it seems rather to be made for the Bloud 's sake to transmit it to all the parts of the Embryo or Foetus than the Bloud to be made by it But it must be confest that things proceed in the grown Foetus far otherwise than they do in the first formation For the parts of an Embryo are nourished and encreased before it have a stomach to concoct any thing and yet in a perfect Foetus none can deny that the Stomach does concoct and prepare nourishment for it so it moves before the Brain is formed so perfectly as to be able to elaborate Animal spirits and yet after it is perfected every one knows that the Brain does elaborate such spirits as being sent into all the parts of the Body by the Nerves enable them to move In like manner though there be Bloud in the Embryo before the Heart be formed yet after it is perfected nothing will hinder but it may at least contribute something to sanguification We will suppose then that as all the other parts are formed by the Vis plastica or generative faculty of the first vegetative and then animal Soul seated in the Ovum but assoon as they are perfected and the Foetus excluded are nourished by the Bloud so the Bloud it self being at first made in like manner assoon as the Veins Heart and Arteries are compleated so as it can circulate by them may not improperly be said to be nourished by the Chyle the Heart assisting the assimilation of the one into the other And this is done in this manner The Chyle ascending by the Ductus thoracicus as was described Book 1. Chap. 10. and flowing into the Subclavian vein together with the returning venal Bloud is poured into the right ventricle of the Heart in its Diastole or Relaxation then by its Systole or Contraction it is driven out from thence into the Lungs from whence it ascends again into the left ventricle of the Heart out of which it is expelled through the Aorta and passing along with the Bloud through the Arteries of the whole Body returns again with it by the Veins to the Heart For it undergoes many circulations before it can be assimilated to the Bloud Which is evident both because it is the Chyle but little alter'd that is separated in the Placenta uteri for the nourishment of the Foetus and in the Breasts for the Infant to suck in the form of Milk and also from hence that if one be let bloud four or five hours or later after a full meal there will a great quantity of the milky Chyle it self swim a top the coagulated Bloud But every time the new infused Chyle passes through the Heart with the Bloud the particles of the one are more intimately mixed with those of the other in its Ventricles and the vital spirit and other active principles of the bloud work upon the Chyle which being full of salt sulphur and spirit assoon as its Compages is loosened by its fermentation with the Bloud in the ventricles of the Heart especially but also in the Arteries these principles having obtained the liberty of motion do readily associate themselves and are assimilated with such parts of the Bloud as are of a like and suitable nature Now whether this alteration that happens to the Chyle especially in the Heart should be said to be by fermentation or accension or by what other action is a thing not yet nor likely to be agreed upon it is so full of difficulty But it seems to be by fermentation from the considerable heat observable in the Arterial bloud and if there be any thing of accension that seems to proceed not from any part inherent either in the Bloud or Chyle nor to be effected so much in the Heart and Arteries as in the Lungs whiles the Bloud passes through their Parenchyma out of the Vena arteriosa into the Arteria venosa and is inspirited or impregnated with nitrous air drawn into them by inspiration Which will be more evident by what follows Why the Bloud should be of a red colour rather than any other no reason can be given but the will of the Creatour though some attribute it to the Heart others to the mixture of salt and subacid juices with sulphureous even as the Oyl of Vitriol being poured upon Conserve of Roses or other thing that is of a palish red if it contain any thing of sulphur makes it of a most deep
inosculate with those of the Artery in all its ramifications The third vessel is called Vena pulmonaria or Arteria venosa this has but a single Coat as the other Veins have After it has accompanied the Wind-pipe and Arteria pulmonaris in all their branchings in the Lungs and by its small twigs has received the Bloud by anastomoses out of the Artery it unites first into two trunks viz. the right and left afterwards into one and opens into the left ventricle of the Heart At its orifice there are placed two membranous Valves called Mitrales because when they are joined together they do in some manner resemble a Bishop's Mitre They are of a stronger contexture than those called Tricuspides at the orifice of the Cava in the right Ventricle and so are the Fibres that ascend to them from the Papillae or fleshy columns stronger For seeing the Bloud is expelled more impetuously out of the left Ventricle than out of the right for the Bloud sent out of the one is to circulate only through the Lungs but that out of the other through the whole Body it was convenient that the Valves and Fibres should be stronger to sustain the violent motion of the Bloud and hindring it from returning into this Vein again to direct its course into the Aorta whose orifice opens in the Systole of the Ventricle Just as this Vena pulmonaria is entring into the left Ventricle there is in a Foetus in the Womb a Pipe called Foramen ovale that opens into it coming from the Cava as was noted above To which we shall here add that at its orifice into this Vein there is a Valve placed that hinders any Bloud from returning into the Foramen out of the Vein And here there is one thing worth noting concerning the pulmonary Artery and Vein That whereas in all the other Arteries and Veins through the whole Body besides the Bloud contained in the Arteries is of a bright scarlet colour and that in the Veins of a black purple on the contrary the Arteria pulmonaris containeth black purple Bloud and the Vein scarlet-coloured The reason whereof was shewn before Chap. 7. viz. That the scarlet colour of the Bloud is wholly owing to the mixture of Air with it in the Lungs And therefore that Bloud which the pulmonary Artery brings into the Lungs out of the right ventricle of the Heart being the Venal bloud that was brought thither from the circulation by the Cava changes not its colour till it passes out of the small twigs of the said Artery into those of the pulmonary Vein where the airy particles insinuate themselves into it and so alter its colour The pulmonary Vein hath no Valve in it except that at its opening into the left Ventricle Of which Dr. Willis giveth this reason That the Bloud within the Praecordia may always because of the Impetus of the passions freely fluctuate and regurgitate both ways backwards and forwards And lest the left ventricle of the Heart should at any time be suffocated by the Bloud rushing too impetuously into it the fleshy Fibres in the root of the Vein for both this and the Cava have such there by the instinct of Nature contracting themselves invert its course and make it flow backward towards the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the great Artery or Aorta THE fourth vessel is the great Artery called Aorta arcula a little Chest and by way of eminency Arteria magna because it is the greatest Artery of the whole Body from which all the others except the pulmonary are derived It springeth out of the left ventricle of the Heart and at its rise hath three Valves looking outwards called Semilunares being altogether like those at the orifice of the Arteria pulmonaris in the right Ventricle These hinder the Bloud from returning out of the great Artery into the Heart again The orifice of the Aorta or else the Tendon of the Heart that adheres to it in some Creatures especially in Harts does often grow bony and sometimes in Men according to the observations of Bartholin and Riolanus Assoon as the Aorta is gone out of the Heart it ascends not in a direct course towards the Head for if it had seeing it openeth streight upward out of the Ventricle it would have poured the Bloud in too rapid a stream into the Brain and the lower parts of the Body would have been defrauded of their due share but it first bends arch-wise so that its bowed corner sustains the first Impetus of the expelled Bloud and directs the greatest torrent towards its descending trunk and a lesser quantity passes up by the ascending being to convey the Arterial bloud to fewer and smaller parts In a Foetus in the Womb there comes a Pipe out of the Arteria pulmonalis into the Aorta called Canalis arteriosus which brings out of it the greatest part of the Bloud that was expelled out of the right Ventricle little more passing into the Lungs than may serve for their nourishment of which we gave the reason before Chap. 9. After the Foetus is born this Canalis degenerates into an impervious Ligament Before the Aorta come out of the Pericardium it sendeth forth sometimes one but oftener two small twigs from each side one which compass the basis of the Heart like a Garland and send down according to the length of the Heart other twigs These are called Coronariae When these two twigs have encompassed the basis and meet they inosculate with one another but not with the Veins At their rise out of the Aorta there is a Valve placed that permits the Bloud to flow out of the great Artery into them but hinders its reflux When it hath pierced the Pericardium and bended a little arch-wise backwards it is divided into two Trunks whereof the one is called Truncus ascendens the ascending Trunk the other descendens the descending Of these two the descending is largest because it ministreth to more parts The ascending Trunk running up under the Vena cava lies upon the Wind-pipe and is presently divided into two branches whereof one passeth to the right the other towards the left Arm They are called Rami subclavii because they march under the Channel-bones and assoon as they are gone out of the Breast are called Axillares The right is the larger and arising higher goes a more direct way towards the Arm the left is less and arising lower ascends more obliquely towards the left Arm. They send out several branches both from their lower and upper side From the lower proceeds the superiour Intercostal which runs along the interstices or intervals of the four uppermost Ribs and sends slips to the neighbouring Muscles and spinal marrow These sometimes arise from the cervical Arteries coming out through the holes of the Vertebrae From the upper side of each subclavian springs first Mammaria which descends towards the Breasts through the Muscles that fill
iliaci they run down out of the Peritonaeum to the Thighs where they begin to be called Crurales where we shall leave them till we come to speak of the Arteries of the Limbs Book 4. Chap. 5. Having now traced all the Arteries springing out of the Aorta whether out of its ascending or descending Trunk in the Thorax and Abdomen taking occasion to doe so because the great Artery out of which they all arise has its origine in the Heart to which we have considered it as an appendage we shall pass on to the description of the remaining parts in the Breast not yet spoken to Pag 281. Tab. IX Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. The Explanation of the Table Figure I. Representeth the Vessels that go into and out of the Heart a The Basis of the Heart b The Mucro or Cone of the Heart c The trunk of the Cava ascending from the Liver d The trunk of the Cava above the Heart descending from the Claviculae e The uniting of these two Trunks as they enter into the right auricle of the Heart f The Arteria pulmonaris rising out of the right Ventricle and passing towards the Lungs g The Canalis arteriosus from the Arteria pulmonaris to the Aorta pervious in a Foetus in the Womb. h The Vena pulmonaria coming from the Lungs and entring into the left ventricle of the Heart i The Aorta ascending out of the left ventricle of the Heart k The ascending trunk of the Aorta j The descending trunk of the Aorta Figure II. Representeth the oblique Fibres of the Heart lying under the streight which are outermost but here removed which ascending from the left side towards the right obliquely terminate in the basis of the Heart from Doctor Lower a The basis of the Heart b The Cone c The Fibres that encompass the left Ventricle d The Fibres encompassing the right Ventricle e A Sinus in the interstice of the Ventricles made for receiving the vessels of the Heart Figure III. Representeth a second rank of oblique Fibres lying under the former and running clean contrary from the right side of the Heart to the left also from Dr. Lower a The basis of the Heart b The Cone c The right side of the Heart d The left e The Fibres of the right Ventricle f The Fibres of the left Figure IV V VI VII Represent the Valves of the Vessels that go into and out of the Ventricles of the Heart Figure IV. A The orifice of the Vena coronaria B A print of the Anastomosis between the Vena cava and Pulmonaria by means of the Foramen ovale CC The Valvulae tricuspides with the Fibrillae by which they are tied Figure V. A The right Ventricle of the Heart opened BBB The Valvulae sigmoides of the Arteria pulmonaris Figure VI. AA The Vena pulmonaria laid open B A print of the Foramen ovale opening into it CC The two Valvulae mitrales D The left Ventricle laid open Figure VII A The Aorta cut open near the Heart BBB The Valvulae semilunares in the orifice of the Aorta CHAP. XII Of the aspera Arteria and Lungs AS in the first Book being to treat of the Stomach we first described the Gullet which serves as a Tunnel to it so the same reason induces to begin with the Windpipe called Trachea or aspera Arteria thereby to usher in the description of the Lungs to which it performs the same office as the Gullet to the Stomach this receiving in Air as that does Meat and Drink The Aspera arteria then is a long Pipe consisting of Cartilages and Membranes which beginning at the Throat or lower part of the Jaws and lying upon the Gullet descends into the Lungs through which it spreads in many branchings It is commonly divided into two parts the upper which is called Larynx and the lower that is named Bronchus Of the former we shall speak in Chap. 14. where we shall treat of the parts contained in the Neck of the other here By the Bronchus we mean all the Trachea besides the Larynx as well before as after it arrive at the Lungs It is joined immediately to the Larynx to whose lowest Cartilage all those of the Bronchus are assimilated These Cartilages are like so many Ribs Hopes or Rings seated one below another at equal distances and kept in their places by the inner membrane of the Trachea which fills up their interstices and ties them one to another like a Ligament Yet these Rings have not their circle intire but on the back-side of the Bronchus next the Gullet that they might give way to the Meat in swallowing they pass into a Membrane which is the same with the inner Membrane that ties them together So that they are in figure like the letter C. Besides the inner there is also an outer Membrane that helps to connect these Cartilages the more firmly one to another and the whole Trachea to the neighbouring parts that it may more safely and firmly descend into the Thorax This is much thinner than the other for the inner according to Dr. Willis has two rows of muscular Fibres the outer streight the inner oblique the first by their contraction shorten the Trachea the latter straiten it so that he thinks they assist expiration especially when it is violent as in coughing hawking or the like It is also of most exquisite sense as every one knows being the least thing offends it and causes a Cough which is a sort of Convulsive motion And this it ows to the recurring Nerves of the sixth pair Dr. Willis's eighth creeping along it more than the outer It is usually besmear'd with a fattish and mucous humour to hinder its drying and to make the voice smoother for when this humour is fretted off in Catarrhs or it becomes unequal from any cause the voice becomes hoarse and when it is dryed by too much heat as in Fevers it becomes squeaking The aspera Arteria has Veins from the external Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides and from the Arteria bronchialis first found out by Frederick Ruysch which springs from the backside of the descending trunk of the Aorta a little above the lower Intercostals Nerves it receives from the recurring branches of the par vagum as abovesaid When it is descended as low as the fourth vertebra of the Thorax it is divided into two Trunks whereof one goes into the right lobe of the Lungs the other into the left and each is presently again divided into two and those into others till at last they end in very small branches which are dispersed among the roots of the pulmonary Artery and Vein and end into and are continued with the little Bladders that make up the greatest part of the Parenchyma of the Lungs For Though the Lungs called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to breath
Mothers bloud why should her Menses be stopt all or most of the while she is with Child To which I answer that 't is for the same reason that Nurses that give suck commonly want them also for as in Nurses the chyle passes in a great proportion to the Breasts whereby the bloud being defrauded of its due and wonted share does not encrease to that degree as to need to be lessened by the flowing of the Menses so in Women with Child there is so great a quantity of the Succus nutritius which is only chyle a little refined and impregnated with vital spirit that passes to the Placenta by the Hypogastrick and Spermatick arteries for the nourishment of the Foetus that unless the Mother be very sanguine her Menses intermit after the first or second month I shall conclude therefore that the Foetus is nourished three several ways but only by one humour first by apposition of it whiles it is yet an imperfect Embryo and has not the Umbilical vessels formed but after these are perfected it then receives the same nutritious juice by the Umbilical vein the more spirituous and thin part whereof it transmutes into bloud and sends forth the grosser part by the Umbilical artery into the Amnios which the Foetus sucks in at its Mouth and undergoing a new concoction in its Stomach is received out of the Intestins by the Venae lacteae as is done after the birth CHAP. XXXIV What parts of a Foetus in the Womb differ from those of an adult person HAving delivered the history of the Foetus we will only further shew in what parts a Foetus in the Womb differs from an adult person And this we cannot do more exactly than in the manner that Diemerbroeck has reckon'd them whom therefore we shall here translate with little alteration This diversity he saith consists in the difference of magnitude figure situation number use colour cavity hardness motion excrements and strength of the parts Now this diversity is conspicuous either in the whole Body or in the several Ventricles or in the Limbs There is considerable in the whole Body 1. The littleness of all the parts 2. The reddish colour of the whole 3. The softness of the Bones whereof many are as yet gristly and flexible and that by so much the more by how much the Foetus is further from maturity In the Head there are several differences As 1. The Head in respect to the proportion of the rest of the Body is bigger and the shape of the Face less neat 2. The bones of the Skull are softer and the Crown is not covered with bone but onely with a Membrane 3. The bone of the Forehead is divided as also of the under Jaw and the Os cuneiforme is divided into four 4. The bone of the Occiput or hinder part of the Head is distinguisht into three four or five bones 5. The Brain is softer and more fluid and the Nerves very soft 6. The bones that serve the sense of Hearing are wonderfully hard and big 7. The Teeth lie hid in the little holes of the Jaw-bone There is no less diversity in the Thoraxâ— For 1. The Dugs swell and out of them in Infants new born whether Male or Female a serous Milk issues forth sometimes of its own accord sometimes with a light pressure yet there are no Glandules very conspicuous but there is some fashion of a Nipple 2. The Vertâ—brae of the Back want their spinous processes and are each one made of three distinct Bones whose mutual concourse form that hole whereby the spinal marrow descends 3. The Heart is remarkably big and its Auriculae large 4. There are two unions of the greater Vessels that are not conspicuous in adult persons viz. 1. The Foramen ovale by which there is a passage open out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaris just as each of them are opening the first into the right Ventricle and the latter into the left Ventricle of the Heart And this Foramen just as it opens into the Vena pulmonaris has a Valve that hinders any thing from returning out of the said Vein into the Foramen 2. The Canalis arteriosus which two fingers breadth from the basis of the Heart joins the Arteria pulmonaris to the Aorta It has a pretty large Cavity and ascends a little obliquely from the said Artery to the Aorta into which it conveys the bloud that was driven into the pulmonary Artery out of the right Ventricle of the Heart so that it never comes in the left Ventricle even as that bloud that is sent out of the left Ventricle into the Aorta never came in the right except a little that is returned from the nutrition of the Lungs but passed immediately into it out of the Vena cava by the Foramen ovale So that the bloud passes not through both the Ventricles as it does after the Foetus is born for then it must have had its course through the Lungs which it cannot have because they are now very dense and lie idle and unmoved Yea they are so dense and heavy that if one throw them into water they will sink whereas if the Foetus be but born and take only half a dozen breaths they become so spongy and light that they will swim Which by the way may be of good use to discover whether those Infants that are killed by Whores and which they commonly affirm were still-born were really so or no. For if they were still-born the Lungs will sink but if alive so as to breath never so little a while they will swim 5. The Gland Thymus is notably large and consists as it were of three Glands In the lower Belly there are these differences 1. The Umbilical vessels go out of the Abdomen 2. The Stomach is narrower yet not empty but pretty full of a whitish liquor 3. The Caul is hardly discernible being almost like a Spiders web 4. The Guts are seven times longer or more than the Body 5. In the small Guts the excrements are pituitous and yellow but in the thick somewhat hard and blackish sometimes greenish the Caecum is larger than usual and often filled with Faeâ—es 6. The Liver is very large filling not only the right Hypochondre but extends it self into the left side and covers all the upper part of the Stomach It has a passage now more than in the adult called Canalis venosus which arising out of the Sinus of the Porâ—a carries the greatest part of what is brought by the Umbilical vein directly and in a full stream into the Cava above the Liver but assoon as the Infant is born and nothing comes any longer by the said Vein this Canalis presently closes as the Vein it self turns to a Ligament as also do the Vrachus and the two Umbilical arteries 7. The Spleen is small 8. The Gall-bladder is full of yellow or green choler 9. The Sweet-bread is very large and white 10.
the Glands many do take for true Lacteals and therefore do believe that there are some Venae lacteae that conduct the Chyle directly to the Mammae But from whence those Lacteals have their origine is not agreed among the defenders of that opinion Some affirm them to rise from the Stomach some from the Pancreas and some from the Ductus thoracicus The truth is it is no wonder they should not agree concerning their rise seeing the opinion is grounded more upon rational conjecture than ocular discovery For as was said in the former Book Chap. 32. discoursing of the Venae lacteae their being said to convey the liquor into the Amnios That that were a plausible opinion if such could be demonstrated by Anatomy so we may say as to their conveying the Chyle to the Breasts where it comes to be called Milk But with all due respect and deference to the Espousers of this Hypothesis such as the most learned Sir George Ent Caspar Martianus Diemerbroeck c. we must crave leave to dissent therefrom with Doctor Wharton Doctor Needham c. till there shall be observed more certain footsteps of such Vessels The use of the Breasts in Women is to prepare or separate Milk for the nourishment of the Child Which how it is done we shall shew in as few words as may be It was an old opinion that Milk was made of Bloud sent from the Womb by the Epigastrick vessels ascending and as was thought inosculating with those branches of the Mammariae that descend towards the Navel But as later Anatomists have found those anastomoses only imaginary invented to serve an Hypothesis so it is generally denied that either Bloud sent from the Womb or from wheresoever is the true matter out of which Milk is made For not to mention which yet is very considerable that it is incredible that the Mother could every day endure the loss of so much Bloud suppose a pound and half as the Child sucks daily Milk from the Breasts I think the argument urged by Dr. Wharton may satisfie any Man Viz. Nature does nothing in vain she goes not forward and backward by the same path But if she make Bloud of Chyle which is certain and then make Chyle of Bloud again she goes so For Chyle is a sort of Milk as appears by the opening of the Lacteal veins If therefore that Chyle be first excocted into Bloud and then return again to the nature of Milk Nature should certainly frustrate her first work We shall not therefore spend further time to refute so improbable and now obsolete an opinion but shall avow that Chyle is the true matter out of which Milk is made which is done after this manner The Chyle being received into the common receptacle from the Venae lacteae of the Mesentery ascends up by the Ductus thoracicus and by it is conveyed into the subclavian Veins where it is mixed with the Bloud and from whence it is circulated with it through the ventricles of the Heart And when it comes out of the left Ventricle by the Aorta a good part of it as yet not assimilated to the Bloud is sent to the Breasts by the Mammary and Thoracick arteries whose Capillaries are inserted into the Glands through which it is strained or filtrated into the Tubuli lactiferi even as the Serum of the Bloud is separated from it by the Glands of the Kidneys into their Tubuli or Syphons And as those Syphons of the Kidneys carry the Serum into the Pelvis so do these of the Mammae the Milk into the common duct of the Nipple As for the Bloud that came along with the Chyle to the Glands that returns back again into the Subclavian and Axillar veins and so to the Heart Besides this matter of the Milk viz. Chyle Dr. Wharton suitable to his Hypothesis of the Succus nutritius of the Nerves thinks that the Nerves contribute their share which he calls spermatick for the nourishment and encrease of the spermatick parts of the Child But if it should be supposed that the Nerves have such Succus in them which we do not believe what weakness must it needs induce upon the Mother to have so much of it with the animal spirits daily drain'd out of them whereas we see that many Women are more chearfull and healthfull when they give suck than at other times We cannot therefore consent to that opinion And here a most difficult question may arise why the Chyle whether it be brought by some Venae lacteae or by the Arteries flows only to the Breasts at some certain times and not always seeing the Vessels that carry it are not obliterated nor it self exhausted They that taught that the Milk was made of Bloud and that that Bloud was sent from the Womb by the Hypogastrick vessels inosculating with the Mammary these I say deriving the Milk from the Menstrual bloud as its matter out of which it is made thought that the stopping of the Menses as commonly happens to Nurses unless very plethorick occasioned the regurgitation of the Bloud by the said Vessels up to the Breasts where so free a vent was found for it after it was first changed into Milk by their Glandules They assigned the same bloud for the nourishment of the Foetus in the Womb and that after the birth it ascended up to the Breasts But having in the former Book Chap. 33. shewn that the Foetus is not nourished at all by the Mothers bloud as also in this Chapter that Milk is not made of it we need not though it were easie to shew how ill this Hypothesis would satisfy the question if Bloud should be supposed the material cause of the Milk And indeed it is far easier to invalidate the reasons that have been urged for it than to produce any new ones that are more satisfactory For as above in Book I. discoursing of the manner and matter of the nourishing the Foetus in the Womb we scrupled not to expose our selves to the smiles of our so oversagacious Virtuosi in resolving all into the wise disposal of the Creatour so we shall not be ashamed to profess our I think invincible ignorance in this also and acquiesce in the wise providence of Nature However we will not omit to give Diemerbroeck's opinion which if it cannot satisfy may for its ingeniousness delight The cause of it says he is a strong imagination or an intense and often thinking of Milk Breasts and their Suction which worketh wonderfull things in our Bodies not indeed simply of it self but by mediation of the appetitive power or of the passions of the mind which induce various motions on the spirits and humours So the imagination and thinking of a great danger maketh a Man tremble fall be cold fall into a swoon yea hath sometimes turn'd all the hairs grey in a short time The imagination of a joyfull matter causeth heat and animosity of the Body thinking on a
red We will not spend time to shew in how many respects this similitude falls short of explaining the reason of the Phaenomenon but shall content our selves with inquiring from whence the difference of colour arises between the Venal and Arterial bloud Every one knows that Bloud let out of a Vein into a Porringer is indeed of a florid scarlet colour in its surface but all that coagulates is of a dark red colour from the superficies to the bottom and of such a colour it appears as it streams out of the Orifice of the Vein But if an Artery be cut the stream then looks of a far brighter colour like the superficies of the Venal bloud when it is congealed in a Porringer Now the Arterial bloud receives not this florid colour in the Heart but in the Lungs For if it receiv'd it in the Heart then might the right Ventricle be supposed to give it as well as the left but that it does not do so is clear by this experiment of Dr. Lower's If you open the Vena arteriosa which receives the Bloud out of the right Ventricle the Bloud differs nothing in colour from the Venal but its curdled part looks every whit as black But if one open the Arteria venosa as it is entring into the left Ventricle it has the perfect colour of Arterial bloud which shews that as it ows not that colour to the left Ventricle any more than to the right being not yet arriv'd at it so it must receive that alteration of colour in the Lungs in which the nitrous air being diffused through all the particles of the Bloud is intimately mixed with it and if you will accends it For if there be any such thing as a Flamma vitalis properly so called in Animals though the Bloud be to it instead of the Oyl or other matter whereon it feeds yet it oweth the continuance of its burning to the Air without the continued inspiration of which the Animal cannot live but instantly dies even as a Candle is presently extinguished if you put it in a close place where the air cannot come to it or by some Engine be suckt from it But this by the bye For I must confess that notwithstanding the plausibleness of the opinion this alteration of the colour of the Bloud by the Air in the Lungs is no sufficient argument to prove any such vital flame seeing the Arterial bloud being extravasated retains its florid colour when no doubt if there ever was any accension the flame is extinguished But this scarlet colour is meerly from the mixture of the particles of the Air with the Bloud from which it transpires in a great measure through the pores of the Skin while the Bloud circulates in the habit of the Body out of the Arteries into the Veins whence the Venous bloud becomes so much darker in colour than the Arterial And yet the Venous bloud it self when extravasated appears of a scarlet dye in its surface which is meerly from its being exposed to the Air for if one turn the congealed Bloud in a Porringer upside down the bottom which at the turning is blackish will in a little while turn red Though we have confessed that the Chyle does circulate through the Body several times before it be perfectly assimilated to the Bloud yet we do not think that it passes into the nourishment of the parts in the form of Chyle And therefore when speaking of the nutrition of the Foetus in the Womb Book 1. Chap. 33. we often mentioned a nutritious juice which was Chyle a little alter'd we did not call it so with respect to the solid parts of the Foetus but to the Bloud it self whose Pabulum or nourishment it is assoon as the Umbilical vein is formed as the Bloud is of the Body For as to the increase of the first delineated parts of an imperfect Embryo that is far different from ordinary nutrition The Bloud then consisting of particles of a different nature each particle passes into the nourishment of that part which is of the same nature So the salt and sulphureous particles being equally mixt are agglutinated and assimilated to the fleshy or musculous parts the oily and sulphureous to the Fat the salt and tartareous to the Bones c. Now this is not done by any election or attraction of the parts as if they pick'd and choos'd with a kind of discretion such particles of the Bloud as are suitable to their own nature For the mass of Bloud is equally and indifferently carried to all the parts But there is that diversity of figure both in the several particles of the Bloud and in the pores of each part that in the circulation through the habit of the Body some stick in these and others in those where they are fasten'd aud united to the substance of the respective parts and those which through their peculiar figure are unapt to adhere to one or other return again to the Veins and so to the Heart where they receive some new alteration So that as the Life of the Flesh is in the Bloud according to Levit. 17. 11. so has it its vital heat and nourishment from it also CHAP. VIII Of the parts of the Heart viz. the Auriculae the Ventricles and the Septum that divideth them HAving treated of the Heart in general and of its Action c. we now come to discourse in specie of the parts which it is compounded of viz. it s two Auriculae two Ventricles and the Septum The Auriculae or Ears of the Heart are so called from some similitude of shape they have with those of the Head for they rise from a long basis upon the basis of the Heart and end in an obtuse point making an obtuse triangle They are as it were two appendages of the Heart seated at its basis over the Ventricles They are of the same fabrick and use being both Muscles and made up of the same order of Fibres which are carried into opposite Tendons whereof that at the basis of the Heart is common to it and these Auriculae and the other runs along their upper part The right is larger and softer the left is less but more firm Their superficies is smooth when they are filled but when empty it is wrinkled and the left more than the right When they are cut open there appear in their Cavity many fleshy columns running from the upper to the lower Tendon and betwixt them there are pretty deep Ditches or long Cavities but fewer in the right than the left They are dilated and contracted in like manner as the Heart but at different times for the Systole of the Ventricles is at the same time with the Diastole of the Auriculae and on the contrary the Systole of the Auriculae with the Diastole of the Ventricles So that the Auriculae are a receiving their Bloud from the Veins while the Ventricles are expelling theirs into the Arteries and when
the Ventricles are relaxed and empty in their Diastole the Auricles force their Bloud into them by their Systole They serve to receive the Venal bloud immediately out of the Vena cava and Pulmonalis and to measure it as it were into the Ventricles Whither that they may expell it with the greater force the internal Fibres or Columns of their cavity arising from their root where they are joined to the basis of the Heart reach directly outwards towards the Vena cava and Pulmonaris and in the Systole of the Auriculae grasp the Bloud contained in their cavity like so many fingers and squeez it into the Ventricles whilst they are relaxed in their Diastole The Heart hath two Cavities called Ventricles whereinto it receives the Bloud from its two Auricles and out of which it expels it into the Arteria pulmonaris and Aorta The right is wider and not exactly round but almost semicircular nor reacheth down to the Mucro or tip of the Heart the left is narrower but rounder and longer reaching down to the very tip Now though the outside of the Heart be smooth yet these Ventricles are very unequal having their sides hollowed into divers interstices or furrows and interwoven with carnous Fibres reaching this way and that way They are more numerous in Men's Hearts than in those of any other Animal though such as are big as Horses and the like have them larger These Fibres or fleshy Columns serve to straiten or constringe the Ventricles and the clefts or furrows betwixt them help their sides to close more exactly in their Systole than they could have done had they been smooth The Fibres are more and stronger and the furrows deeper in the left Ventricle than in the right yea they are also in that side of the Septum that makes part of the left though that side that looks to the right be well nigh smooth For there was need of greater and stronger constriction in the left than in the right seeing the right expels the Bloud to no greater circuit than through the Lungs but the left to the extreamest parts of the Body They are divided from one another by the Septum or a partition that stands like a Wall betwixt them It is hollow towards the left Ventricle and as was just now said has such like Fibres and Clefts as the rest of the Cavity but towards the right it is convex or bunching out and has but very little inequality Many have been of opinion that it has some wider pores through which part of the Bloud does pass immediately out of the right into the left Ventricle but he that searches for them diligently will find none unless he first make them with his Probe And indeed if there were any in grown persons we may much more suppose them to be in Foetus's in the Womb in whom are several passages that after the birth are obliterated But if these were in the Foetus then should Nature have made those two other passages in vain namely the Foramen ovale whereby the Bloud passes out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaris as it is entring the left Ventricle and the Canalis arteriosus which carries the Bloud out of the Arteria pulmonaris into the Aorta I say if the Bloud could have passed out of one Ventricle into the other without going through the Lungs by any pores that perforate the Septum these other passages had been superfluous And therefore we may suppose that as in grown persons they cannot be found by any Probe or Bristle so they were not there even while the Foetus was in the Womb seeing there was no occasion for them As to the use of the Ventricles it may be learned partly by what has been discoursed in the three former Chapters and partly by what shall be said further in the following wherein we are to describe the Vessels opening into and out of them Whither also we transfer the treating of their Valves that are placed at their Orifices CHAP. IX Of the Ascending trunk of Vena Cava BEcause the Vessels contained in the Thorax either open into the Heart or run out of it having finished the description of It we shall discourse next of them as appendages to it But we shall not need to repeat here what we said Book 1. Chap. 10. of the Ductus chyliferus thoracicus that runs up the Thorax by the Spine and opens into the Subclavian vein but shall desire the Reader to look back thither for the description of it And now shall only meddle with the Sanguiferous vessels that are four in number viz. Vena cava Arteria pulmonaris or Vena arteriosa Vena pulmonaria or Arteria venosa and the Aorta or Arteria magna and in this Chapter of the first viz. Vena cava In the former Book Chap 12. and 13. where we discoursed of the Vessels contained in the Abdomen we supposed with the Galenists that both the Vena portae and Cava had their rise from the Liver not dogmatically asserting it but supposing it for methods sake And in Chap. 13. describing the branches of the Cava in the Abdomen we found it presently dividing it self after its rise out of the upper part of the Liver into the Ascending and Descending trunk the description of the branches of the latter in the lower Belly we there finished but traced the Ascending trunk no further than its penetrating through the Midriff up into the Thorax deferring the further prosecution of it till this place that we come to treat of the Vessels contained in the Thorax As it ascends through the Midriff it sends forth a small sprig on each side called Venae phrenicae these run through the Midriff the Mediastinum and Pericardium If at any time matter gathered in the cavity of the Thorax be afterwards discharged by Urine which many Physicians have affirmed it is probable that it is absorbed by the mouths of these Veins gaping in the upper side of the Diaphragm upon which such matter must be supposed to fluctuate whereby it is brought into the Cava and so in the circulation is separated by the Kidneys out of the Emulgent arteries and descends by the Ureters to the Bladder From the Diaphragm it passes undivided to the right ventricle of the Heart but before it enter it having pierced the Pericardium it sends forth sometimes one sometimes two twigs called Venae coronariae which compassing the basis of the Heart bring back into the Cava the Bloud that is superfluous from its nutrition As these open into the Cava there is a Valve placed which permits the Bloud to return by them into the Cava but hinders any to pass out of the Cava into them Before this trunk of Vena cava open into the Ventricle it is joined to that other trunk that descends from the Claviculae though for method's sake we must consider that as a continuation of this by and
to be particular as to the differences of number or shape c. of the Stomachs of several Animals having designed only a succinct Anatomy of Man But the inquisitive may satisfie themselves in the learned Dr. Charleton's second prelection before the College of Physicians entituled Historia Ventriculi or more fully in the ingenious Dr. Grew's comparative Anatomy of Stomachs and Guts published with his Museum Regalis Societatis It is placed immediately under the Midriff which it toucheth wherefore if it be too full it causeth a difficulty of breathing by hindring the motion of it In the forepart on the right side it is covered with the hollow part of the Liver on the left side it is touched by the Spleen towards the Back by the aorta the vena cava and under it backwards by the pancreas all which further its heat The bigness of it is commonly such as is capable to receive so much food at one time as is sufficient for nutrition It is less in Women than in Men to give way to the distention of the Matrix They who have wide Mouths have large Stomachs It is joyned with the gula on the left side where its upper orifice is it is tied to the duodenum where the lower orifice is on the right side The bottom in the whole length of it is joyned to the upper part of the Caul by whose mediation it is joyned to the Liver Back Spleen Colon and Pancreas The substance of it is membranous that it might admit distention and contraction It hath three Membranes The first is common which it hath from the peritonaeum or the Diaphragm about the upper orifice it is the thickest of all those which spring from the peritonaeum the Fibres of it being nervous are straight running from one orifice to the other and encompassing both its bottom and sides in their whole longitude Near the orifices and towards the bottom of the Stomach they are far thicker than in the middle insomuch as there they seem in a manner carnous and motory These nervous Fibres of this Membrane do cross at right angles the carnous ones lying next under them The second is fleshy and the Fibres of it are transverse under which a few oblique and those fleshy lie This Coat is believed by some to be muscular The third is nervous endued with all kinds of Fibres straight oblique and transverse but the straight are most conspicuous and plentifull It is something wrinkled and its inner superficies is pulpous porous and soft It is always moistened with a slimy flegmatick humour that sticks so close to it as if it were something that grew out of it Besides these Membranes with their Fibres it hath also a parenchyma but that not sanguineous but of a peculiar sort For without a parenchyma how should the inequalities that spring from the texture of the Fibres be filled up And what should that be which those that make strings for musical Instruments scrape from the Guts if not it for we see after such scraping they have lost nothing of their strength which they owe to the Fibres and Membranes And 't is apparent that the substance of the Guts and Stomach is the same Some there are that think this parenchyma that I plead for to be almost wholly glandulous It hath also two orifices The one is in the left side called sinistrum wider than that in the right that meat not well chewed might the better pass It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cor from whence the region of the Stomach under the cartilago ensiformis is called scrobiculus cordis or Heart-pit and hence also the pains which happen in it are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because there is a great consent between it and the Heart by reason that the twigs of Nerves which proceed from the same branch springing from the sixth pair communicate to both so that one being affected primarily the other must suffer by consent This hath orbicular Fibres that the meat and drink being once received within the capacity of the Stomach it might be exactly shut lest fumes and the heat should break out which might hinder concoction and annoy the Head The other by the Grecians is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 janitor or door-keeper because it as a Porter doth make way for the Chylus to descend to the duodenum It is not so wide as the other orifice because it was only to transmit the elaborate Chylus Here the inmost nervous Coat is very full of wrinkles the middle which is carnous hath here also two ranks of Fibres transverse or anular to straiten this passage and secondly straight viz. such as running lengthways do gather up and draw the rest of the Stomach towards this door for the distribution of the Chyle after it has been sufficiently concocted in the Stomach It hath Veins first from the trunk of vena porta and this is pyloricus ramus or secondly from the branches of the same for so from ramus splenicus it hath gastrica minor and gastrica major the largest Vein of the Stomach from whence coronaria springeth gastro-epiplois sinistra and vas breve from the ramus mesentericus before it be divided it hath gastro-epiplois dextra All these Veins as the rest of the Body serve only to convey back again towards the Heart the remains of the arterial Bloud which in the circulation is not spent on the refection and nourishment of the part though some learned modern Anatomists think they do besides the arterial Bloud receive some of the more subtile part of the Chyle for its readier conveyance into the mass of Bloud and thence draw a reason of the very quick refreshment that hungry and faint persons receive by eating or drinking It hath its Arteries from ramus coeliacus which do accompany every Vein and have the same denomination with them It hath Nerves from the par vagum o◠the sixth pair Dr. Willis's eighth whose trunks passing down below the pneumonick branch by the sides of the Gullet are each divided into two branches the outer and inner Both the inner branches bending to one another grow into one which passing with the Gullet through the Midriff goes on the outer part of the orifice of the Stomach and spreads it self in its bottom The two outer branches in like manner inclining to each other unite into one which descending to the Stomach by the oesophagus and arriving at the inner part of its orifice there turns back and creeps through its upper part The inner and outer branches as they come one on one side and another on the other side of the upper orifice of the Stomach send forth many small twigs which mutually inosculating make there the plexus nerveus like a net From this multitude of Nerves interwoven in the mouth of the Stomach proceeds that great consent betwixt it and the Head So
Cava the larger their chanel comes to be at their arrival towards it The smaller twigs are innumerable the larger roots joyning immediately to the Cava are commonly but three though two of them are presently towards the Liver divided into other two as large each as themselves so that one may account them to be five These emptying all the Bloud exhausted out of the Liver into the Cava it is presently divided into the Ascending and Descending trunk The Ascending forthwith enters the Diaphragm and marches up the Thorax where we shall leave it till we come thither and only here speak of the Descending trunk as long as it continues in the Abdomen The Descending trunk is somewhat narrower than the Ascending and passing down along with the great Artery it continues undivided till the fourth vertebra of the Loins But in the mean time it sends forth divers slips from its trunk As 1. The Venae adiposae for the Coat and fat of the Kidneys that on the left side goes out first 2. The Emulgents descending to the Kidneys by a short and oblique passage these bring back that bloud to the Cava which the emulgent Arteries carried to the Kidneys with the Serum 3. The Spermaticks called Vasa praeparantia The right springeth from the trunk of Vena cava a little below the Emulgent but the left from the left Emulgent it self Of these more in the 20th Chapter 4. The Lumbares sometimes two sometimes three carried to be tween four vertebrae of the Loins All these Veins being sent forth of the trunk by this time it is come to the fourth vertebra of the Loins where it goes to behind the Arteria magna above or before which it had thus far descended and is divided into two equal branches called Iliaci because they pass over the Os ileon c. as they go down to the Thighs Just about the division there spring two Veins called Muscula superior for the Peritonaeum and Muscles of the Loins and Abdomen and Sacra which is sometimes single sometimes double for the marrow of Os sacrum Afterwards the Iliacal branches are again divided each into two other the exteriour that is greater and the interiour that is less From the interiour arise two Veins Muscula media for the Muscles of the Hip and Buttocks and Hypogastrica which is a notable one sometimes double for most parts of the Hypogastrium as the Muscles of the streight Gut which are the external Hemorrhoidals for the Bladder and its neck the Yard and the lower side of the Womb and its neck which last are the Veins by which the Menstrues were believed to pass before the circulation of the Bloud was found out for since 't is known that they pass by the Hypogastrick arteries and what Bloud is not sent forth at those times or at other times is not spent on the nutrition of the parts returns by these Veins to the Cava and by it to the Heart From the exteriour three two before it goes out of the Peritonaeum and one after 1. Epigastrica for the Peritonaeum and the Muscles of the Abdomen the most noted branch of it ascends under the Musculi recti towards the Venae mammariae with which they have been thought to inosculate about the Navel 2. Pudâ—nda for the Genitals in Men and Women this goes transversly to the middle of Os pubis 3. Muscula inferior for the Buttocks And now the descending branches of the Cava are past out of the Abdomen into the Thigh and begin to be called crural and of them we shall discourse when we come to the Limbs in Book 4. cap. 4. Now the use of this Descending trunk of the Vena cava is not to carry any thing to any part from the Liver but wheresoever its lesser twigs end into Capillaries from thence is Bloud received being brought thither by the respective Arteries and conveyed into the greater branches and by them into the trunk of the Cava by which it ascends to the right ventricle of the Heart there to be anew inspirited and from thence to be sent forth again by the Arteries as shall be further explained when we come to the Heart For though the Descending trunk of the Aorta or great Artery pass down the Abdomen along with that of the Cava and so is contained therein as well as it yet because the Arteries have all of them their origine from the Heart we will forbear to speak of them till we come to the Anatomy of it in the next Book CHAP. XIV Of the Gall-bladder and Porus bilarius FOR the receiving and evacuating of Bile there are two vessels or passages framed in the right and hollow side of the Liver namely the Gall-bladder and Porus bilarius By this latter there flows a thicker but milder by the former a thinner more acrimonious and fermentative Choler into the Intestins The Gall-bladder called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Vesica bilaria or Folliculus fellis is a hollow Bag placed in the hollow side of the Liver and in figure representeth a Pear It is about two inches in length and one in breadth By its upper part it is tied to the Liver which doth afford it a hollowness to receive it but the lower part which hangeth without the Liver resteth upon the right side of the Stomach and the Colon and doth often dye them both yellow It hath two Membranes the one common which is thin and exteriour without Fibres This springing from the membrane of the Liver only covereth that part which hangeth without the Liver The other Membrane is proper This is thick and strong and hath three sorts of Fibres the outermost are transverse the middlemost oblique and the innermost streight Within it hath a mucous substance or crust engendred of the Excrements of the third concoction of its Membrane to withstand the acrimony of the Choler It hath two parts the Neck and the Bottom The Neck is harder than the Bottom and higher in situation It from the bottom by degrees growing narrower and narrower at last endeth in the Ductus communis or the common passage of the Choler which is inserted into the beginning of the Jejunum or the end of the Duodenum This elongation of the neck of the Vesica fellea is called Meatus cysticus because it springeth from the Cystis The Choler is conveyed into the Vesica by many very small roots dispersed in the Liver between the branches of the Porta and Cava they are so very small that they are scarcely discernible but when they meet together they make one pretty notable Trunk which is inserted into the Cystis near its Neck with a Valve before its Mouth to hinder the regurgitation of the Choler For in the Jaundice the Choler does not return out of the Gall-bladder into the Bloud again but either for want of a convenient ferment it is not separated from the Bloud or
Cornua in which they lay so loosely that by blowing only one might drive them this way or that way The inner tunicle of these or the Egg within an Egg as it were was become yet more conspicuous The sixth day after the coitus we examin'd another in one of whose Testicles we observ'd six Cases emptied and in the Cornu of the same side we could light of but only five Eggs near the Vagina brought as it were upon a heap but in the Testiole of the other side we found four Folliculi emptied and in the Cornu of that side only one Egg The cause of which difference we suppose to be either because some Eggs by the wave-like motion of the Cornua not unlike the peristaltick motion of the Guts being carried downwards towards the Vagina were driven forth or because being consumed in the Folliculi they came not to the Vterus or light on some other mischance These Eggs were as big as small Pease The seventh day from the coitus we examin'd another in whose Ovaria we found some Folliculi emptied that were greater redder and harder than the foregoing and saw as many transparent Tumours or Cells in divers parts of the Vterus out of which being opened we turned Ova as big as Pocket-pistol Bullets in which we beheld nothing but the Inner tunicle very conspicuous and a most limpid humour It is to be wondred at that in so short a space of time the Eggs should imbibe so great plenty of liquor that whereas before they might easily be taken out of the Womb now they could very difficultly The eighth day from the Coitus we opened another in the right Cornu of whose Vterus we saw one in the left two Cells one of these was almost twice as big as the other for Nature doth sometimes so vary that there are Eggs of divers bigness found not only in divers Animals of the same species dissected at the same distance from the coitus but also in one and the same Individual In the horns of the Womb being opened we saw the Eggs a little bigger than the day before but all of them their tunicles breaking poured out their clear liquor before we could take them quite out for which reason we tried another dissected likewise the eighth day after the coitus the right Cornu of whose Vterus we saw swelled up into two and the left into four transparent Tumours or Cells out of which that we might take the Ova we used the greatest diligence and attention but as soon as we came to them their tunicles were so very tender that they burst as the former which when we saw the Eggs that remained we boiled with the Vterus whereby their contents harden'd like the whites of Hens Eggs. The inner substance of the Cells on that side whereon it receives the Hypogastrick vessels was become more tumid and red The ninth day after the coitus we dissected another that was old the Testicles of this were almost as big again as those of younger in the right we saw two in the left â—ive Folliculi lately emptied and besides these others that lookt very pale which we judged to be those that had been emptied the coitus before this although for the most part they leave only some palish points or specks to which the increase of the Testicles is owing The Folliculi of the last coitus were each beset with a Papilla but the others were smooth In the right Cornu there were two and in the left five Cells whose substance being more rare and pellucid than the other parts of the Vterus was interwoven with many twigs of Veins and Arteries Opening some of these Cells we could see the Ova but could not take them out whole wherefore being compelled to examine the content of the Eggs in the very hollow of the Cells we found it clear like Crystal in the middle whereof a certain rare and thin cloud was seen to swim which in other Conies dissected likewise on the ninth day after the coitus for its exceeding fineness escaped our sight The inner substance of the Cells namely that which receives the Hypogastrick vessels being more tumid than the rest exhibited the rudiments of the Placentae The tenth day after the coitus we inspected another in whose right Testicle we found one only Folliculus emptied which by reason of the Sanguineous vessels dispersed plentifully through it was redder and had a less Papilla in the middle of this pale substance there appear'd as yet a very small Cavity but in the left Testicle we found six such Folliculi In the Cornua of the Vterus we found also so many Cells namely one in the right and six in the left distant a fingers breadth one from another in the middle of which Cells lay a rude mucilaginous draught of the Embryo like a little Worm one might also plainly discern the Placenta to which the Egg by means of its Chorion was annexed The matter of the Eggs boil'd with the Womb hardned like the white of an Egg and tasted like the boiled congealed substance of the Eggs in the Testicles The twelfth day after the coitus we opened another in one of whose Testicles we found seven in the other five Folliculi emptied and as many Cells in the Cornua much bigger and rounder than the foregoing in the middle of which the Embryo was so conspicuous that one might in a sort discern its Limbs in the region of whose Breast two sanguineous specks and as many white ones did offer themselves to view in the Abdomen there grew a certain mucilaginous substance inclining here and there to red We could not discern more in this shapeless little Animal because of its tenderness The fourteenth day after the coitus we disseâ—ted another the Cells of whose Vterus we beheld to be yet greater and the Sanguineous vessels more and more turgid we also noted that the Cells the larger they grew came also nearer to one another and their Interstices were lessened The Membranes Amnios and Chorion were knit together which though they appear thicker and stronger are yet more hard to be separated from one another than in the Ova taken intirely out of the Womb tearing these we saw an Embryo with a great and pellucid Head with the Cerebellum copped it s gogle Eyes gaping Mouth and in some sort its little Ears might be discovered also It s Back-bone was drawn out of a white colour which bending in about the Sternum resembled a Ship by whose sides most slender Vessels run whose ramifications were extended to the Back and Feet In the region of the Breast two sanguineous specks greater than the foregoing exhibited the rudiments of the ventricles of the Heart at the sides whereof were seen two whitish specks for Lungs In the Abdomen being opened there first shew'd it self a reddish Liver then a white Body to which was knit a mucilaginous matter like a writhed thread being the rudiments of the Stomach and
though at their rise they turn one on one side and t'other on the other of the Heart yet at their ends they meet again and inosculate one with the other so that if one inject any liquor into one it will run into the other It has also two Veins called Coronariae which encompass its basis in like manner and communicate one with the other These receive and carry back the Arterial bloud that remains from the nutrition of the Heart and refund it into the Cava Nerves it has from the sixth pair Dr. Willis's eighth which passing between the Arteria pulmonalis and the Aorta do send forth divers twigs on each side into the Auriculae and then are branched out into the substance of the Heart Dr. Lower says they are manifestly apparent over all the outer superficies of the Heart of a Calf or other Animal newly brought forth Great controversie hath been and still is about the motion of the Heart whether it depend on the influx of the animal spirits or on the dilatation ebullition or accension of the bloud in its Ventricles or partly on one partly on the other Plausible Arguments are produced on every side but such as rather tend to shew the shortness and insufficiency of the contrary opinions to solve this Phaenomenon than pretend to demonstrate any certain reason of it That the immediate instruments of its motion are its Fibres none can doubt but what sets these Fibres on work is all the question That it cannot be the Animal spirits conveyed by the Nerves only is apparent first because the Heart moves in the Embryo before either Brain or Nerve are so perfectly formed that the Animal spirits can be elaborated out of the Bloud by the former or transmitted to the Heart by the latter yea seeing they are made of Arterial bloud that must be sent to the Brain by the pulsation of the Heart before they can be generated And secondly because those muscular motions that depend on the influx of the Animal spirits are voluntary which this of the Heart is not for we can neither stop it nor hasten it at our pleasure Lastly because the Heart of living Foetus's as of young Puppies and of Eels being cut out of the Body and from all the Nerves by which any Animal spirits should flow into it will continue beating as long as 't is warm yea when it has ceas'd beating if one throw warm bloud or but warm water upon it it will recover some kind of pulsation again Which may serve also to convict the second opinion of errour for if its motion depended only on the dilatation of the bloud it would cease assoon as the bloud flows no longer into its Ventricles And as to ebullition or accension Dr. Lower's experiment or his observation are a sufficient confutation of their being the reason of this pulsation His experiment is this He drew out of the Jugular vein of a Dog about half of his bloud away injecting by turns into the Crural vein a like quantity of Beer mixt with a little Wine and this he repeated alternatively so often till instead of bloud there flow'd out of the Vein only a paler tincture like water wherein Flesh had been wash'd or Claret diluted with very much Water and yet the Heart in the mean time remitted but a little of its former pulsation ..... His observation which he had from a Physician worthy of credit is this A Youth about sixteen years old continuing bleeding for two days together his friends and those that waited on him gave him good store of Broth to keep up and recruit his Spirits which swallowing down greedily his bleeding was now and then encreas'd thereby so that at length having poured forth almost the whole mass of his bloud that which now run out was dilute and pale neither of the nature nor colour of bloud but liker the Broth he had drunk so much of And this kind of flux continued a day or two the Heart the mean while retaining its pulsation till at length being stopt the Youth was restored by degrees to entire health and grew to a robust and lusty Fellow This experiment and observation I say do make it apparent the motion of the Heart depends not on the ebullition or accension of the bloud for then when in the first the Beer and Wine in the second the Broth flow'd into its Ventricles instead of Bloud its motion must either have been more notably alter'd or rather have quite ceas'd these liquors being so far distant from the nature of bloud especially the Broth. And lastly that this motion is not caused partly by the influx of the animal spirits and partly by the ebullition or accension of the bloud may be evinced by the Arguments produced against each opinion apart and yet if a reason could be given this seems the most probable Namely that the bloud destilling into the Ventricles of the Heart is in them accended and rarefied and wanting more room expands or bears against their Sides and then the Parenchyma of the Heart being molested by that expansion calls in the Animal spirits for help which coming in in convenient plenty contract the muscular Fibres that make up the Parenchyma of the Heart and so by straitning its Ventricles drive forth the bloud contained in them into the Arteries But we had rather ingenuously confess our ignorance of the reason of so admirable an action and profess with Dr. Lower that it is too hard for Man to conceive of and that it is the prerogative of God only who searcheth the secrets of the Heart to know the reason of its motion also CHAP. VI. Of the Pulse and the circulation of the Bloud THE motion of the Heart is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Pulsus pulse or beating And this is performed by Diastole or Dilatation in which it receives Bloud into its Ventricles and Systole or Contraction by which it expells it Contraction being the proper motion of a Muscle the Systole is the proper motion of the Heart and the Diastole is but a ceasing or restitution from that motion For in the Diastole the Fibres of the Heart are relaxed so that the Bloud destills down into its Ventricles out of the Veins whereby when they are filled and in some measure distended the Fibres both streight and oblique begin to contract themselves and compress or straiten the Cavities of the Ventricles and also draw up the cone nearer its basis whereby the Heart becomes rounder and harder and the Bloud is expelled with force out of the Ventricles into the Arteries which motion is called the Systole But why the Heart should keep such stated turns of Systole and Diastole and continue them for may be fourscore years together that as we said above we cannot conceive the reason of but admire the wisedom and power of the Creatour in beginning and continuing such a motion Now seeing by this continual
reciprocation of the Pulse there is a constant expulsion of Bloud from the Heart there must needs be a continual influx of Bloud into the Heart out of the Cava And seeing the Cava from whence the supply is is never drawn dry and on the other hand seeing the Arteries that receive the Bloud continually from the Heart are not unduly swell'd with it it necessarily follows that this motion proceeds circularly viz. that the Bloud is continually driven out of the Heart into the Arteries out of these into the Veins and parts to be nourished then from the lesser Veins returns to the Cava and so at length to the Heart again The invention of which circulation is owing to our Countreyman Dr. Harvey and may be prov'd invincibly by these reasons 1. The great quantity of Bloud that is driven out of the Heart into the Arteries at every Pulse For though the Ancients who knew not this circulation imagin'd that only a drop or two were expelled by every Systole which they were necessitated to suppose to avoid the great distension that the Arteries must be liable to if any considerable quantity issued into them yet it is certain and demonstrable that there must needs an ounce or more be driven into them each time For taking it for granted that there is no other way for any liquor to pass from the Stomach to the Kidneys but through the Heart along with the Bloud seeing if some Men at some times drink three pints of Drink they shall piss it out again in half an hour yea more of Tunbridge Waters in that space and seeing secondly that there is commonly as much Bloud as Serum that flows to the Kidneys the Bloud returning back by the Emulgent veins it is clear that by the two Emulgents which are none of the largest Arteries there must pass in half an hours time six pounds of liquor all which must come from the Heart and how much more then may we conceive to be driven through all the other Arteries that run through the whole Body This is more accurately evinced by Dr. Lower's experiment which is this I cut asunder says he both Cervical arteries in a large Dog and at the same time through an hole made in the left side of his Breast over against the Heart I comprest the trunk of the Aorta below the Heart with my finger to hinder any Bloud from descending by it and lastly I took care also to straiten the Brachial arteries under the Axillae by which means almost all the Bloud was driven out of the Heart through the Cervicals besides that which was sent into the Vertebrals and which is wonderfull to be related within the twentieth part of an hour the whole mass issued out so that it is not to be denied but that it all past through the Heart in that space And though it may be granted that amidst such wounds and tortures the Heart does beat somewhat quicker in such a case than at other times yet the same thing is partly evident from wounds in the Limbs when some notable Artery is cut asunder for 't is strange in how small a time a Man will bleed to death even at that one Artery Yea we may give a great guess how much Bloud is sent out at every Pulse even from the ordinary opening of one Vein in the Arm from whence a notable quantity of Bloud will issue in a short time how much then may we suppose would flow out of all the Veins if they were opened at one time Seeing then 't is evident that so great a quantity of Bloud is expelled out of the Heart at every Systole and that for all that the Arteries are not unduly distended nor any part swell'd by it neither yet the Cava and other Veins emptied 't is certain that the Bloud that is driven into the Arteries flows back to the Heart by the Veins in a constant circulation 2. A second Argument to prove it may be taken from the Valves in the Veins which are so framed that Bloud may freely flow through them out of the lesser Veins into the greater and so into the Cava but not on the contrary out of the greater into the less Yea if one blow into the Cava through a Pipe there will no wind pass into the smaller Veins but on the contrary if you blow up the lesser Veins the wind will readily pass to the larger and so to the Cava 3. And lastly The same thing is most clear by the Ligature in bloud-letting For whether you let bloud in the Arm or Foot you always tie the Fillet above where you intend to make the Orifice and then the Vein below the Ligature will presently fill and grow tumid but above it will fall and almost disappear Which must needs be from hence for that the Bloud being driven along the Arteries towards the extreme parts returns by the Veins and ascends upwards which coming to the Ligature and being stopt there swells the Vein below the Ligature and spurts out assoon as the Orifice is made but when the Fillet is loosed again the Bloud flows no longer out thereat but holds on its wonted channel the Vein and the Orifice closes up again Having sufficiently demonstrated the circulation of the Bloud we will shew two things further first how the Bloud passes out of the Arteries into the Veins and secondly in how long a time the whole mass of Bloud may be supposed to pass through the Heart in its ordinary circulation As to the first it was the opinion of Riolanus that the Bloud circulated only through the larger Vessels by anastomoses or inosculation of the Veins with the Arteries and that that which run into the smaller was all spent on the nutrition of the parts But it is clear that there must be a circulation even in the smallest from the great quantity of Bloud that will flow out of the least Artery in the Hand or Foot when it is cut which it were very absurd to imagine to be all spent on the nourishment of the respective part Now there are but two ways whereby the Bloud can be supposed to pass out of the Arteries into the Veins viz. either by the former opening into the latter by inosculation or else by the Capillary arteries letting out their Bloud into the pores of the substance of the parts on whose nutrition part is spent and the remainder imbibed by the gaping mouths of the Capillary veins And it seems necessary to admit both these ways this latter because if part of the Arterial bloud did not issue into the substance of the parts they could not be nourished by it for while it is in the vessels it may add warmth indeed to the parts through which it flows but cannot nourish them seeing even the vessels themselves are not nourished by that stream of Bloud that glides along their Cavity but by Capillaries running through their Coats and if the Bloud be driven into the
by and both of them discharge the Bloud contained in them by one mouth into the said Ventricle As they are going to join there comes a Tubercle or Protuberance betwixt them that hinders the one from opening into the other in a direct line but makes them both go obliquely towards the left hand as they enter the Auricula without which provision that Bloud that is a descending from the Claviculae would have faln so full on that which is ascending by this trunk of the Cava we have been a describing as must have made it either to stagnate if not regurgitate or however would have retarded its motion Now immediately below this protuberance out of the united trunk there goeth a passage along the basis of the Heart to the Vena pulmonaria in Foetus's in the Womb which assoon as they are born closes up and becomes obliterate The reason of this passage of the Bloud in them is because their Lungs having either none or but a very obscure and imperfect motion the Bloud does but little of it pass through them but a good part of it through this Foramen out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaria just as it is entring into the left Ventricle into which this Bloud is discharged together with that little that is returning by the said Vena pulmonaria from the nutrition of the Lungs For though there be expelled out of the right Ventricle a pretty quantity of Bloud at every pulse into the Arteria pulmonalis yet there is but a little of it that goes to the Lungs though all do in adult persons that it may be there impregnated with Air but the greatest part by a Pipe called Canalis arteriosus runs into the Aorta which Pipe does degenerate into a Ligament after the Foetus is born So that the Foetus in the Womb liveth after the manner of Fish or other Creatures that have no Lungs and but one ventricle of the Heart for there is but very little of its Bloud that passeth any more than one of its Ventricles in one circulation that which circulateth through one missing the other But to return The united trunk of the Cava opens by one large Orifice into the right ventricle of the Heart into which is poured all the Bloud that returns from all the parts of the Body except the Lungs in its circulation And lest in the Systole or constriction of the Heart the Bloud should be expelled the same way that it comes in by at the Orifice of the Cava there grows a membranous circle which is cleft into three membranous Valves looking inwards called Tricuspides or three-pointed which permit the Bloud to come in but not to go out And this office these Valves perform in this manner as is most ingeniously described by Dr. Lower Out of the sides of the right Ventricle there grow certain Papillae or round and long Caruncles called before fleshy Columns from whose top there proceed certain tendinous Fibres that are knit to these membranous Valves Now these Membranes encompass the orifice of the Cava round about so that whereas the Mucro or tip of the Heart is in every Systole drawn up towards the basis the Papillae being also moved upwards do slacken their Fibres like Bridle-reins whereby it comes to pass that the Membranes or Valves also to which they are tied hanging loose are driven upwards like sails filled with wind by the Bloud that is squeezed in every Systole of the Heart and thereby they shut this inlet into the Heart so closely that not a drop of liquor can flow back again into the Auricula or Cava but is expelled all into the Arteria pulmonalis that is now open But as in every Systole of the Heart its tip being brought nearer its basis the Papillae do much relax their Fibres so in the Diastole the tip receding from the basis again does also draw down the Papillae and their Fibres with it whence it comes to pass that the Membranes or Valves being also drawn down do presently unshut this Orifice and open the door as it were for more Bloud to come in what came in before being expelled in the last Systole The united trunks of the Cava discharging themselves thus into the right Ventricle that which ascends towards the Claviculae for so we must consider it for orders sake though in truth it descends from thence assoon as it is gone out of the Pericardium sendeth forth a notable branch called Vena sine pari or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is but one having no fellow It ariseth out of the hinder part of the Cava but more towards the right hand and descends through the right side of the cavity of the Thorax After its beginning which is betwixt the fourth and fifth vertebra of the Breast it bends a little forward toward the right hand till it be descended as far as the eighth or ninth vertebra where it begins just to keep the middle It sends forth on each side Intercostal branches to the Interstices of the eight lowest Ribs and at the eighth Rib it is divided into two branches One whereof being the larger descends toward the left hand betwixt the processes of the Diaphragm and is inserted sometimes into the Cava above or below the Emulgent but oftner into the Emulgent it self The other being the right is joined also to the Cava commonly a little above the Emulgent but seldom into the Emulgent it self It was formerly held before the circulation of the Bloud was found out that in an Empyema of the Thorax the matter was absorbed by the mouths of this Vein and carried directly to the Emulgent veins where it was separated with the Serum by the Kidneys But seeing the Bloud does indeed ascend from the Emulgents by this Vein and that at its insertion into them there is commonly a Valve that hinders any thing from issuing out of the Vena sine pari into the Emulgent but permits the contrary it is certain that if this Vein be at any time an instrument to evacuate such Pus it must first ascend to the Cava and pass through the Heart and so be carried to the Kidneys by the Aorta and the Emulgent arteries arising out of it But though it is difficult to conceive how the mouths of this Vein should open so wide into the cavity of the Thorax as to imbibe slimy roapy Pus and yet not let forth the Bloud that is more fluid so that one would hardly assign this office to it yet when the Pus is collected betwixt the Pleura and Intercostal muscles and the Tumour does not burst I see not why it may not be supposed that the Intercostal branches of the Vena sine pari do imbibe the matter out of the Tumour and carry it that way which was just now spoken of And if ever Pus be imbibed out of the cavity of the Thorax because it floats upon the Diaphragm the Venae phrenicae
are liker to do it than this as was noted before in this Chapter when we described those Veins Of this Vena sine pari we shall say no more but that at its rise out of the Cava it has a Valve that opens towards the Cava which having sent forth this Vein ascends on towards the Claviculae strengthned and sustained by the Mediastinum and Thymus and before it is divided into the two Rami subclavii sometimes after sends out yet two other small Veins called The superiour Intercostals on each side one each of which has a Valve where it joins to the Cava permitting the influx of the Bloud into it but hindring its relapse These run along the Interstices or intervals of the three or four uppermost Ribs Yet sometimes the Vena sine pari sends twigs to these four Interstices of the Ribs as well as to the eight lower and then these superiour Intercostals are wanting Afterwards the trunk of the Cava is divided into two large Veins one of which goes to the right hand the other to the left These while they are within the Breast are called Venae subclaviae running along the Channel-bones but assoon as they are gone out of it Axillares They send forth several branches both upwards and downwards Sometimes the superiour Intercostals just now mentioned though seldom arise out of them Next the Mammariae descend from them though these sometimes spring out of the trunk of the Cava so uncertain is the origine of some of these Veins These send forth double branches Internal and External The Internal run to the gristly ends of the Ribs and their Intercostal spaces and some of their twigs also are terminated in the glands of the Mammae The external pass down on the outside of the Breast and send many twigs into the said Glands and marching further by the sides of the Cartilago ensiformis descend out of the Thorax continuing their course down the Abdomen under the streight Muscles thereof till about the Navel where it hath been an old Tradition that they inosculate with the Venae epigastricae but this was a mistake as has been noted more than once already Bartholin says that sometimes there is but one Mammaria The second Vein that ariseth out of the Subclavian is the Mediastina this sends twigs to the Mediastinum from which it has its name to the Pericardium and to the Gland called Thymus This also sometimes springeth out of the trunk of the Cava The third is Cervicalis or Vertebralis this turns backwards towards the vertebrae of the Neck into whose lateral holes it enters by some small twigs which disperse themselves through the Membrane that invests the marrow contained in these Vertebrae and other twigs it bestows upon the Muscles that lie next upon the Vertebrae The fourth is Muscula inferior this is spent upon the lower Muscles of the Neck and the upper of the Thorax It riseth sometimes from the external Jugular All these spring from the lower side of the Subclavian veins but these that follow from the upper As The Muscula superior which is dispersed through the Muscles of the Neck Then the Jugulars which are double External and Internal As they go out of the Subclavians there is placed sometimes one thin Valve sometimes two to hinder the return of the Bloud out of these into them The External ascend on the outside of the Neck and these are they which are opened when any one is let bloud in the Neck for any Distemper of the Head or Quinzy c. They ascend but just under the Skin and provide for the outward parts of the Neck Chaps Head and Face They make the Temple-veins and the Forehead-vein both which are wont sometimes to be opened Yea they send small Capillaries through the sutures of the Skull into the Membranes that cover the Brain The Internal in Men are larger than the External They ascend from the Subclavian by the sides of the Wind-pipe on which they bestow small twigs Assoon as they are come to the basis of the Skull they are each divided into two the greater and less The greater is carried backwards and by that hole of the Os occipitis by which the sixth pair of Nerves Dr. Willis's eighth comes out of the Head they enter in and are dispersed through the Dura mater c. The less enters in by the holes made for the third and fourth pair of Nerves and is also bestowed on the Dura mater c. When the Subclavian veins have sent forth all these branches they then pass out of the Thorax and begin to be called Axillar of which we shall treat in the fourth Book Chap. 1. Into the Vena subclavia are inserted also the Ductus chyliferus thoracicus of which in the first Book Chap. 10. and Lymphaticus ramus which returns the Lympha from the Arms Neck c. but sometimes this opens into the Jugular CHAP. X. Of Vena arteriosa and Arteria venosa THE second vessel in the Breast is called Arteria pulmonaris otherwise Vena arteriosa It is an Artery from its office for it carrieth Bloud out of the right Ventricle of the Heart to the Lungs It s Coat is double also like that of other Arteries As it riseth out of the right ventricle of the Heart there stand at its orifice three Membranous Valves looking outwards called Semilunares because they make as it were a half circle as also Sigmoides or Sigmoideae from the shape of the Greek letter Sigma which of old was of the same figure with an English capital C. In the Systole of the Heart they open and permit the Bloud to issue out of the Ventricle into this Artery but in the Diastole they shut so that none can return back again Assoon as it is past out of the Pericardium it bends towards the Aspera arteria or Wind-pipe and is divided into the right and left branch which applying themselves to the like branches of the Aspera arteria do every where accompany them on the under side and as they run along send out very many twigs on every side which presently associate with those of the Wind-pipe and of the Vena pulmonaris And where the small Pipes of the Aspera arteria end into the little round Cells which we shall describe in the Chapter of the Lungs the twigs of this Artery being complicated with those of the Vein do embrace them like a Net Whence one may guess that the reason why the sanguiferous vessels do so exactly accompany all the branches of the Wind-pipe and it s annexed little Bladders is that the whole mass of Bloud passing this way may be inspired or impregnated with the particles of the nitrous Air. For there is but a very little spent on the nutrition of the Lungs but the greatest part of it is driven into the small twigs of the Vena pulmonaria which
I. Representeth the Sternum cut off and lifted up the Mediastinum Thymus Lungs Diaphragm c. AAA The inner superficies of the Sternum and of the Cartilages knit to it Tab. X Pag. 290 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. BB The mammary Veins and Arteries descending under the Sternum C The glandulous body called Thymus DDDD The sides of the Mediastinum pull'd asunder from the Sternum EE The space between the Membranes of the Mediastinum arising from the tearing of it from the Sternum GG The Lungs HH The Diaphragm I The Cartilago ensiformis Figure II. Representeth the Diaphragm with its processes A The left Nerve of the Diaphragm B The right C The upper membrane of the Diaphragm a little separated D The carnous substance of the Diaphragm bared E A hole for the Gullet to descend by F A hole for the Vena cava GGG The membranous part or centre of the Diaphragm HHH Its processes or appendices betwixt which the great Artery descends Figure III. Representeth a piece of one Lobe of the Lungs according to the ramifications of the Aspera arteria divided into many lesser Lobules from Dr. Willis A The muscular Villi or Fibres running streight lengthways in the inside of the Aspera arteria upon which other circular ones lie BBB A part of the trunk of the Trachea as also its branches that make the lesser Lobules uncut open that their annular Cartilages may be seen CCCC The secondary Lobules hung upon the stems of the Bronchia like Grapes which might yet be divided into lesser Lobules all whose inner ducts pass out of the Bronchia into the Air-bladders or vesiculary cells dddd The sanguiferous vessels creeping along the superficies of the Lobules CHAP. XIII Of Respiration THE Action for which the Lungs are appointed by Nature is Respiration which is an alternative Diastole and Systole or dilatation and contraction of the Breast whereby the Air is received in and driven forth of the Lungs Now the Lungs do not dilate themselves by any proper power or faculty of their own being destitute of instruments to perform such an action nor do they attract the Air by any magnetick property in inspiration But the Muscles of the Thorax being so framed that though contraction be the only and proper action of a Muscle yet the Thorax is dilated by certain of them as it is contracted by others whilst it is dilated there is greater space given for expanding the Lungs and then the Air by its proper elastick virtue does of its own accord issue in at the Trachea and insinuates it self into all its Bronchia and into the Vesiculae and puffs them all up namely to the end that its nitrous particles may every where meet with the Bloud as it glides through all the parts of the Lungs And when the Breast receding from that dilatation is contracted the Lungs being partly compressed thereby and partly by the muscular Fibres of the Vesiculae and of the inner coat of the Trachea and Bronchia expell the Air out again The Muscles that assist the dilatation of the Breast are those that lift up the Ribs and draw them backwards which shall be described Book 4. Chap. 15. And besides these there is another internal Muscle namely the Midriff that contributes towards it as was shewed Chap. 3. of this Book where we treated of it And as for the straitning or concidence of the Thorax that it is not only a motion of restitution or a cessation of the foresaid Muscles from their action as evident seeing sometimes expiration is performed more laboriously and violently than inspiration as in coughing hollooing or the like And therefore Nature has provided peculiar and proper Muscles for that purpose described in the same Chapter of the fourth Book and these are assisted partly by some Muscles of the Abdomen and partly by the muscular Fibres of the Vesiculae Trachea and Bronchia as abovesaid There hath been great controversie among Philosophers whether respiration be an Animal or Natural motion That it is natural is thought to be proved both in that it is performed as well when we are asleep as awake and also that though it be continued through a Man's whole life yet we are never wearied with it as we are with animal and voluntary motions On the other side some prove it to be animal first because it is performed by such Instruments as serve for animal motion namely Muscles and secondly because at our pleasure we can make it quicker or slower stronger or weaker or alter it how we please Others thinking the arguments on either side convincing take both in and suppose it a kind of mixt action partly natural and partly spontaneous But I think there is no necessity from the arguments alledged to grant this motion to be natural or any more than animal or spontaneous For as to the first argument that the motion is as well performed when we sleep as when we are awake and therefore it cannot be voluntary if this were allowed to be of force we must also grant walking and talking to be natural motions because many perform them both when they are asleep And as to the second from our not being wearied by it in answer to it we may distinguish of animal actions into such as are done by instinct and are free and into such as serve the affections of the mind the former proceed always and without impediment even when we think not thereon but may notwithstanding be directed and moderated when we do think of them and such is respiration the latter is not performed continually as to run leap write c. In the former there is a plentifull and continual influx of animal spirits into the Muscles of custom or course whence there follows no weariness though they be continual In the latter seeing by the determination that is made in the Brain the spirits now flow in and anon cease sometimes in greater plenty and sometimes in less from this mutation and unaccustomedness does the weariness proceed Respiration is so necessary to the continuance of life that after once the Foetus comes into the open Air and begins to breath it can hardly live two minutes without it But upon what account it becomes so necessary is not agreed among learned Men each party exhibiting such reasons of it as may best suit with their hypotheses Hence some and those the most think that respiration serves for the cooling and ventilating of the Bloud that acquires a great heat in the right Ventricle of the Heart and also for the carrying out fuliginous streams therefrom Others that it serves for the better mixture of the particles of the Bloud as it passes through the Lungs as also to further its circulation Others that the Air is inspired for the greater subtilization of the Bloud and inkindling of the vital spirits or to continue the metaphor vital flame More opinions there are but this last is if not the truest
Dr. Willis calls these Fibres Canales or Striae whence the Corpus callosum might as well be called Striatum For nutrition and confection of Animal spirits it receives Bloud by Arteries derived from the Carotides and Cervical whose Capillaries are dispersed through its substance and what is superfluous to the said uses is partly imbibed by the Veins of the Meninges and partly deposited in the Sinus's by the Arteries themselves to be carried to the internal branches of the Jugulars and thereby to the Heart The Arteries inosculate one with another i. e. the right Carotides with the left as well as with the Veins And it is from the Pulse of the Arteries altogether that the beating or Systole and Diastole as it were of the Brain proceedeth A Man of all other living Creatures hath the biggest Brain for it weigheth four or five pound in some and is as big again as an Oxe's Brain The outer surface is full of windings like those of the Guts which are severally invested with the Pia mater as also tied together by it The whole Brain is much of the same shape with the Head viz. roundish but with bunchings out towards the Forehead Of its Action we shall speak in the 9th Chapter CHAP. V. Of the parts of the Brain properly so called viz. Cortex Corpus callosum Septum lucidum Fornix three Sinus Infundibulum Glandula pituitaria Plexus choroides Rete mirabile Nates Testes Anus and Glandula pinealis THE Brain taken in a large signification hath three parts Cerebrum that which properly is called the Brain the Cerebellum or little Brain and that part of the Spinalis medulla which is within the Skull Now there are several methods of dissecting the Brain some beginning behind as Dr. Willis some on the right side as Sylvius and some at the Crown which is the old way and this we shall follow beginning with the Cerebrum properly so called which lieth uppermost The Brain differeth from the Cerebellum first in substance for it is softer secondly in colour for it is whiter thirdly in bigness for it is three times as big The upper part of the Brain is divided into two parts by the Falx above-described to wit into the right and left But this partition descendeth no deeper into the Brain than the thickness of the ash-coloured part of it which is called its Cortex For if this be removed that which lieth under it being of a whiter substance is a continued body commonly called Corpus callosum whose substance we described above in the foregoing Chapter out of Malpighius Dr. Willis says it is wholly medullar whence some divide the Brain properly so called into Cortex and Medulla The inferiour part of the Corpus callosum maketh a partition which is called Septum lucidum It is loose and wrinkled but if it be spread out and held to the light it appeareth clear It cleaveth above to the Corpus callosum but below to the Fornix Some will have it to be a reduplication of the Pia mater others a portion of the Brain Under the Corpus callosum the Fornix or Vault is seated of the like substance In the upper part it is arched but in the lower part convex in figure it is triangular It holdeth up the weight of this upper part of the Brain from bearing down on the subjacent parts There are several Sinus or Cavities in the Brain that are continued indeed to one another yet because at the first view they seem separate are considered by Anatomists as distinct and they commonly reckon four of them three of which are seated in the Cerebrum of which in this Chapter and the fourth is common to the Cerebellum and Medulla oblongata of which in the next The Brain being taken away as far as the Corpus callosum there appear two of the said Sinus which are called the superiour lateral or anteriour and which are divided into the right and left by the Septum lucidum just now described They are something of the shape of Half-moons or Horse-shoes and being invested with a very thin Membrane they descend forwards by a pretty large duct to the Processus mammillares And backwards they descend to the basis of the Brain in which place branches of the Carotides enter their Membrane and make in it the Plexus choroides together with some twigs of Veins interwoven with them The Membrane wherein this Plexus is formed has very many small Glandules which separate a pituitous matter or flegm from the Vessels into the Sinus Along which it has been supposed to flow to the Processus mammillares and from them to destill through the Os cribriforme into the Nose But Dr. Lower denies any such office of the Os cribriforme affirming that the holes in it are only for the transit of the Nerves and Membranes going forth from the Processus and that these fill them so close that nothing can flow through them And says that flux of Rheum through the Nose upon the Vvula and into the Mouth c. in Catarrhs falls not from the Head but is separated from the Arteries in the Glands of the respective parts as into the Nose through the Glands of its investing Membrane c. And as to the serous matter that is infused into these Sinus in the Brain he says it is all absorbed again by the Vessels opening into them and returns by the Jugular veins to the Heart The third Ventricle is nothing else but the meeting of the former two towards the hinder part In it there are two passages the first in the fore-part which marcheth streight-ways down to the Infundibulum The second passeth under the Testes and Nates to the fourth Ventricle and is called Foramen ani or Vulva The Infundibulum or Funnel is a certain Cavity under this third Ventricle passing down from about the middle of it say some but Doctor Wharton says out of the fourth It is framed of the Pia mater which being wide at its beginning and becoming narrower towards its end representeth a Funnel It endeth in the Glandula pituitaria which is placed in the cavity of the Sella equina and upon the wedge-like Bone through which it has been thought to destil upon the Palate the flegm poured upon it by the Infundibulum But Dr. Lower denies this appealing to the structure of the parts and his often experiments upon Calves heads In which he says the wedge-like Bone lying under the Glandula pituitaria is sometimes perforated in divers places at least by one large duct which being divided into two does on each side open into the Jugular veins so that if Milk or Ink be injected through those ducts by a Syringe it presently passeth through on each side into the said Veins and nothing of tincture will appear about the Palate Nostrils Mouth Fauces or Larynx So that in a Calf the humour that
proceeds from the Brain returns all again into the Veins And the same thing he says he has lately tried in a Man's Skull wherein though the wedge-like Bone be never perforated yet Nature has framed other ducts whereby all the Serum may be again derived out of the Ventricles of the Brain into the Bloud for there are two Vessels seated on each side the Sella Turcica to be described Book 6. Chap. 6. which with gaping Mouths as it were receive all the water destilled out of the Glandula pituitaria and deposite it on each side into the Jugular veins without the Skull whose ducts will easily appear if water or milk be squirted forcibly out of a Syringe into either Jugular vein near the Skull for the liquor will by and by break out near the Glandula pituitaria which makes it evident that whatever Serum is separated into the ventricles of the Brain and issues out of them through the Infundibulum destils not upon the Palate but is poured again into the Bloud and mixed with it So that according to this opinion the Rheum that issues so plentifully sometimes into the Mouth and Fauces c. falls not from the Brain but as was noted above is separated from the Arteries immediately by the Glands of the respective parts About this Glandule all over the sides of the aforesaid Cavity there is a membranous Plexus framed of innumerable twigs of Arteries which spring from the largest branch of the Carotides that passeth by a proper hole in the bones of the Temples into the capacity of the Cranium it is called Rete intrabile representing a Net spread abroad About the hindermost passage of the third Ventricle which leadeth to the fourth Ventricle certain round bodies appear being small protuberances or portions of the Medulla oblongata As first and uppermost there are the two ends of the roots of the said Medulla which are called Corpora striata being of such a like substance as the Corpus callosum before described The rest lying under these have their denomination from those things which they resemble The first is Glandula pinealis or Penis because it representeth the Pine-nut or a Man's Yard It is seated in the beginning of that Pipe by which the third and fourth Ventricles are united It s basis is downwards and its apex or end looks upwards It is of a substance harder than the Brain of a pale colour and covered with a thin Membrane This Gland des Cartes thinks to be the primary seat of the Soul and that all animal operations draw their origine from it But Bartholin has sufficiently confuted that opinion for it seems to be but of the same use as other Glands and particularly the Glandula pituitaria placed near it viz. to separate the Lympha from the Arterial bloud which Lympha is resorbed by the Veins or it may be by Vasa lymphatica as was shewn above from Dr. Lower Near to this on both the sides of this third Ventricle four round bodies appear The two upper are lesser and are called Testes the two greater are lower and are called Nates The Chink betwixt the Nates is called Anus The use of these Ventricles is first for the more easie passage of the Bloud for it were not convenient for the sanguiferous vessels to be carried through the soft substance of the Brain lest being compressed by the weight of it the passage of the Bloud should have been hindred Whereas now it has no such lett seeing the Vessels are interwoven in the Membranes that invest these Sinus and make the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile abovementioned Another use is for the reception of the serous excrement of the Bloud separated from it by the glandulous Membrane of the Plexus choroides and Glandula pituitaria which according to the old doctrine was discharged out of them by the sieve-like Bone at the top of the Nostrils and through the wedge-like Bone upon the Vvula Fauces c. but according to the new is absorbed again by the Veins and descends by the Jugulars to the Heart CHAP. VI. Of the Cerebellum and the fourth Ventricle THE second part of the Brain is called Cerebellum or the little Brain It is seated in the hinder and lower part of the Head or Skull and is separated from the Cerebrum by the two Membranes wherewith it is wrapped namely the Dura and Pia mater It differeth not much from the Brain properly so called saving that it is harder It does not run in such windings as the Brain but its substance is made up of Lamellae or Plates that lie one upon another and are each kept apart from other by the Pia mater that invests each one singly and is much interwoven with Arteries Within it is very white but outwardly more dusky or greyish It is framed of four parts whereof two are lateral the right and the left these are spherical Two are in the middle to wit the foremost and hindermost these are round and are framed of sundry orbicular portions which because they are like unto the Worms that are in rotten Timber are called Processus vermiformes or worm-like processes The one is in the fore-part of the fourth Ventricle the other in the hinder part The use of the Cerebellum seems to be the same as of the Brain Only Dr. Willis not content with this general opinion distinguishes their uses writing that in the Brain are elaborated those spirits that perform voluntary motion and in the Cerebellum those that assist natural as that of the Heart c. But against this new hypothesis of his lie many objections as first that Fowl have no Cerebellum and yet their Heart c. moves Secondly The motion of the Heart c. called natural depends at least partly on the Animal spirits brought by the par vagum which arise out of the Medulla oblongata and therefore one cannot easily conceive how they should receive spirits from the Cerebellum or if they did why thirdly not only the natural motion of the Heart should be performed by the said pair of Nerves but voluntary motions also as those of the Larynx c. Between the lower part of the Cerebellum and the Crura or roots of the Medulla oblongata is the fourth Ventricle formed This is commonly called the noble Ventricle from an opinion that the Animal spirits are elaborated unto perfection herein as they were prepared in the three other But as we have assigned other uses to the other in the foregoing Chapter so we cannot grant any such office to this as shall be further shewed in the eighth Chapter It s lower part that runs in betwixt the forked roots of the Medulla oblongata from its shape ending in a point is called Calamus scriptorius or a Writing pen. CHAP. VII Of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis NOW followeth the third part of the Brain called Medulla oblongata within
the parts What a similar part is The number of simple parts Of a tendon The differences of simple parts What a dissimilar part is Things to be observed in an organical part The degrees of an organical part The differences of parts taken from their end The circumscription of the Abdomen The regions of it 1. Cuticula or skarf-skin Its uses 2. The true skin It s colour It s action Its uses 3. Fat Its uses 4 Membrana carnosa Its uses Of the parts contained in the lower belly The caul It s substance It s connexion or origine Its vessels 1. Arteries 2. Veins 3. Nerves 4. Vasa adiposa 5. Venae lacteae Its glands It s fat Its uses An observation Another It s origine descent The names of it It s structure Vessels Glandules The use of it It s denomination Number Situation Connexion Substance Orifices Its veins Its arteries Its nerves The causes of hunger It s action Chylus It s figure Their name Figure Connexion Substance Their length Coats Veins Arteries The nerves The division of the Guts The thin 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum â— Ileum The thick Guts 1. Cacum 2. Colon. It s valve 3. Rectum It s denomination Substance Parts Veins Arteries Nerves Lympheducts Glandules Fat Division Diseases Their name Rise Receptaculum chyli Ductus chyliferuâ— thoracicus The difference between the Venae lacteae and the ordinary mesaraical Veins Their Valves Why the Ancients did not find these out It s situation Lobes Ligaments It s Membrane Substance Veins Arteries Nerves Lympheducts The bilary Vessels Whether the Liver sanguifie The action of the Liver It s name Origine Branchings in the Liver Its branches without the Liver Vena spleâ—ica Vena mesenterica It s use It s name It s rise It s desceâ—ding truâ—k It s use It s name and description It s bigness It s câ—nnexion Its membranes The fibres of the proper membrane The parts of it How the choler is brought into it Its valves Its vessels Of the stones in it Porus bilarius Their use It s substance Situation Figure Bigness Vessels Office It s substance Number Membrane Colour Bigness Figure Situation Connexion Vessels 1. Veins 2. Arteries 3. Nerves 4. Vasa Lymphatica Vse Their denomination Number Places Figure Connexion Bigness Membranes 1. Common 2. Proper Substance Emulgents 1. Arteries 2. Veins The Pelvis Their action Glandulae renales Their Situation Figure and Substance Magnitude Membrane Cavity Vessels Vse Their origine Number Substance Coats and Vessels Why the insertion is oblique Vse It s name Seat Membranes Fibres Crust Perforation Parts Figure Cavity Vessels Vse Observations The parts of the genitals in man Vasa praeparantia Arteries Veins Their name Substance Number Situation Figure and magnitude Vessels Coats Muscles Epididymidae Vse Vasa deferentia Vesiculae seminales â—rostatae Their use Perinaeum Why these parts in men are hairy It s name Description Magnitude Parts Why it hath no fat The nervous bodies The Urethra Muscles Glans Praeputium Fraenum The Vessels Veins and Arteries Nerves Vse Spermatick arteries Veins Their use Their Situation Figure Greatness Tunicle Substance Tubae Fallopianae Their substance Width Length Vse It s name Situation Connexion Ligaments Substance Membranes Bigness Figure Cavity Arteries Veins Nerves Lympheducts Vse The neck of the Womb. Iâ—s namâ— Description Hymen Carunculae myrtiformes Fissura Mons veneris Nymphae Their substance Vse Clitoris It s substance Glans Muscles Vessels It s substance Shape and situation Number Origine Vessels Acetabula Chorion * De generat Animal Exercit 9. de generat Ovi It s liquor Amnios It s liquor Allantoides It s liquor The navel-string It s situation Vessels Vein It s use Arteries Their use How the vessels pass through the membranes Urachus It s use Funiculus Its knots How to tie the navel-string and cut it off Of the nutrition of the Foetus First by apposition 2. By the umbilical vein * De generat Animal exercit 51. * Exercit. 57. 3. By the Mouth * Anat. corp hum p. 367. The posture of the Foetus in the Womb. At its birth The term of going with child The reason of the birth The Breast It s limitation Figure Parts The common containing parts 1. Cuticula 2. Cutis 3. Pinguedo 4. The membrana carnosa The proper containing parts of the breast The paps 1. Of Men. 2. Of Women Their bigness Glands Papilla It s bigness Vse Areola Their vessels Veins Arteries Nerves Lympheducts 〈…〉 Venae lacteae The use of the Mammae How milk is made Why it flows to the breasts at some times only Pleura It s substance Parts Figure Holes Rise Veins Arteries Nerves Of the Mediastinum It s rise Substance Length Veins Arteries Nerves Lympheducts use Thymus Its vessels Vse The Diaphragm It s figure and situation Substance Holes Vessels Vse It s denomination Origine Holes Connexion Vessels It s liquor Their uses It s situation Substance Fibres Figure Bigness Coat Vessels Arteries Veins Nerves The motion of the Heart The Pulse Systole and Diastole The circulation of the bloud How chyle is turned into bloud The colour of the bloud Whether the body be nourish'd by bloud Auriculae Their motion Vse The ventricles Septum Vena cava Venae phrenicae Venae coronariae Vena sine pari Intercostales superiores Venae subclaviae Branches arising from them 1. Mammariae 2. Mediastina 3. Cervicalis 4. Muscula inferior 5. Muscula superior 6. Jugulares Vena arteriosa Its valves Branchings in the Lungs Arteria venosa It s valveâ— Its valves The division of the Aorta The branches of the trunk ascending 1. Subclavia 2. Intercostalis superior 3. Mammaria 4. Cervicalis 5. Muscula Carotides The branches of the trunk descending 1. Intercostalis inferior 2. Phrenica 3. Coeliaca Its branches Gastrica dextra Cysticae gemellae Epiplois dextra Intestinalis Gastroepiplois dextra Hepaticae Splenica Gastrica major Coronaria stomachica Gastrica sinistra Epiplo's postica Epiplois sinistra Vas breve arteriosum Gastroepiplois sinistra 4. Mesenterica superior 5. Emulgentes 6. Spermaticae 7. Mesenterica inferior 8 Lumbares Rami iliaci Their branches 1. Muscula inferior 2. Hypogastrica 3. Umbilicalis 4. Epigastrica 5. Pudenda The wind-pipe Its parts 1. Larynx 2. Bronchus Its vessels Division The Lungs Their substance Investing membrane Division Connexion Vessels 1. Trachea 2. Arteries and Veins 3. Lympheducts 4. Nerves How respiration is performed Muscles ministring to respiration What kind of motion respiration is The use of it It s name Parts containing Contained 1. Larynx It s figure Bigness Vessels Substance Cartilages Muscles 2. Pharynx 3. Tonsillae Their duct Vse It s seat Figure Bigness Parts It s name Definition Figure Life Matter Colour Why hair turns white Their use The Pericranium It s connexion Periosteum Their vessels The Meninges Dura mater Its holes Vessels Falx Sinus Pia mater The Plexus of its vessels It s substance Vessels Bigness Figure It s difference from the Cerebellum