already answered part by part The Action verily of the Spleen is more noble then to receive superfluous Humors out of the stomach And through what Passages should it do that For the Office of the Veins is to carry back the blood in the parts out of the Arteries to the Trunk according to the Doctrine of the Circulation which Riolanus does here vainly oppose And Ligatures in living Anatomies do shew the same Franciscus Ulmus Carolus Piso and Aemilius Parisanus will needs have it that the Spleen makes Arterial blood for the left Ventricle of the Heart as the Liver doth for the right Ventricle Which Opinion is coufuted because 1. There is no way by which the blood here made can go into the left Ventricle of the Heart for it cannot go by the Aorta because of the Valves there placed at the mouth thereof 2. There would â—â— a mixture of perfect and imperfect Juyce if by the same way and at the same time the Heart should receive and return blood 3. Many Creatures live without a Spleen which generate Vital Spirits nevertheless Mr. De la Chambre in his Treatise of Digestion supposes that the Spleen makes Spirits for the use of the Belly But there is Spirit enough to nourish and vivifie the inferior Parts supplied from the Aorta But if he understand some qualification of the spirituous blood accommodated to the use of the belly he deserves to be excused Helmont a late Writer hath destined the Spleen for more noble Actions He gives it out to be the seat of his Archeus which being the immediate Organ of the sensitive Soul determines the Actions of the â—iâ—â—l Soul residing in the stomach He calls it the Seat 1. Of the Understanding wherein the Conceptions thereof are formed because it is of all the Bowels the fullest of Blood and enriched with very many Arteries and the Brain does only keep the Conceptions sent to it from the Spleen 2. Of Sleep and Dreaming 3. Of Venery because Pollutions are in the digâ—â— and there about the stomach the first motions of lust are perceived For they are said to proceed out of the Loins in which the Spleen is the principal Vital Member Finally persons troubled with the Quartan Ague are not subject to lust because their Spleen is diseased 4. Of sundry Diseases which are accounted to be Diseases of the Brain and Chest as the Tissick Pleurisie Apoplexy Falling-sickness Night-mare Swimming of the Head c. But 1. All these Conceits bottom upon a false Foundation 2. No sound Anatomist will grant that the stomach and not the brain is the seat of the Soul 3. The Spleen is full of blood for other uses that it may prepare acid blood for the fermentation of the whole blood and the Chylus 4. There are Living-Creatures that both sleep and are addicted to Venery without any Spleen or though they have a Spleen when the same is diseased 5. Nocturnal Pollutions spring from an hot Constirution of the Spermatick Vessels and wheyish sharp Blood as the Dissection of the said Parts does declare 6. That is rather to be affirmed touching the Kidneys in the Loins as shall hereafter appear 7. Other Parts in the Belly are diseased besides the Spleen in such as have Quartan Agues Yet it cannot be denied but that the Spleen does assist in some measure by administring acid blood 8. The Spleen is but the remote seat of the foresaid Diseases by reason of Vapors raised from thence but proper Diseases which spring not from Sympathy do primarily depend upon the Brain The last and truest Opinion is that of Walaeus my quondam most worthy Master founded upon ocular Inspection and most certain reason He finding in live Anatomies no motion of Humors through the Ramus splenicus of Vena portoe to the Spleen did certainly conclude that it was unlikely that either Melancholy or Chyle is carried out of the Liver into the Spleen by the Ramus splenicus and that therefore the Spleen receives no melancholick Excrement from the Liver not that any blood is made in the Spleen of Melancholy or Chylus But contrariwise he observed alwaies that all the blood was carried both swiftly and strongly enough perpetually out of the Spleen into the Liver as also the blood which comes out of the Haemorrhoidal Vein the Vas breve and other Veins which are joyned to the Ramus splenicus And that there is no motion of Humors to the Spleen unless by the Ramus splenicus of the Arteria Coeliaca And therefore the Spleen does not receive any matter to change and alter from any place save the Arteria Coeliaca And he conceives that it is most likely that the blood being further to be perfected is dissolved by the Heat of the Heart and that when it is forced from the Heart through the Coeliacal dâ—â—eries into the Spleen the whole mass of blood is not retained by the Spleen but as the Gall-bladder contains only Choler so the Spleen holds only the acid or sharp part of the Blood which you may call Melancholy just as we see the acid Spirit separated from things that are distilled And that the said acid Humor is perfected by the Spleen by means of which the Spleen appears black and acid And that this sharp humor is afterwards mingled with Blood in the Veins and with Chyle in the Stomach and makes them thin And that therefore the Spleen being obstructed gross Humors are multiplied in the Body not because thick Humors are not drawn by the Spleen which naturally are never found there but because the Spleen cannot communicate that attenuating acid Humor to the Blood or Chyle And that as much of this acid Humor as is unfit for Digestion is voided with the Serum by Urin for such acid Liquors as Vinegar Spirit of Sulphur c. are easily mingled with Water and the said acid Humor by Distillation may again be separated from the Urin. In as much therefore as the Spleen draws the sharp part of the blood out of the Heart and â—â—â—â—ds it prepared to the Mesentery that the rest thereof being to be wrought by the Liver may become more pure and clear the Opinion of the Ancients may be allowed which held the Spleen to be the seat of Laughter For the cheerfuller and livelier Animals or live Wights have great spleens the more lascivious have great livers the gentler have little galbladders the fearfuller have great hearts and the loudest have large lungs c. Whence that Verse had its Original Cor ardet pulmo loquitur fel commovet iras Splen ridere facit coget amare secur Heart fears Lungs speak the Gall moves ' anger fel Spleen makes us laugh Liver doth Love compel The Spleen therefore perpares blood to accommodate the Bowels of the lower Belly and of the whole Body after the manner aforesaid And the excrementitious part of the blood which cannot be separated by the Spleen if it be thin and watery it is
that it will bear wounds for a season Paraeus tells of one wounded in the Heart who ran two hundred paces Jacotius tells of an Hart that carried an old arrow fixed in its Heart which is confirmed by Thomas à Vega and Alexandrius Galen saw an Hare wounded in the Heart run a darts cast after the wound received Of a Student at Ingolstade Sennertus and Iohnstonus tells us who had both the ventricles of his Heart peirced through with a weapon and Nicholas Mullerus of a Souldier who lived fifteen daies after he had received a wound in his Heart of which he hung up a Table at Groeningen He recounts many like examples seen by himself and Tulpius tells us of one that lived two daies being wounded in the right ventricle Glandorpius tells us after Sanctorius that the Heart of a Rabbit was pierced with a sharp Instrument and yet it lived many months after Wee must therefore note 1. That the Heart can endure Diseases but because it lies far from the way of medicines it cannot hold out so well as other parts 2. That as Galen tells us if the wounds do pierce into the belly thereof the party or Creature wounded dies of necessity but if they be in the Substance thereof it may live a day and a night but then Inflammation arising death follows 3 That the right Ventricle does more easily bear an hurt because upon the left depends the life of the whol Body 4. Both Ventricles may endure a small time after they are hurt if the Vessels that continue the motion of the blood be undamnified The Heart is one in Number Theophrastus writes that in Paphlagonia Partridges have two Hearts an example whereof Galen relates in a man in his anatomical administrations It is situate in the middle of the body not considering the leggs as it is in brutes in which the Heart is in the middle for moveableness and Securities sake and in the middle of the Chest likewise where it is on all sides compassed with the Lungs Now the Heart in respect of its basis is exactly in the middle that nourshing blood and spirit might more commodiously be distributed into the whole body Howbeit the Motion thereof is more discernable in the left side 1 Because in its left Ventricle the vital spirit is contained and from thence arises the Arteria magna hence the common people imagin that a Mans Heart resides in his left Side but Practitioners applie Cordials to the left side 2 Because the point of the Heart enclines towards the left side under the left nipple that it may give way to the Diaphragma now to the right hand it could not decline by reason of the Vena cava which ascends there through the middest of the Chest Sometimes the upper part of the Heart enclines to the left side and such persons are left handed if we beleive Massa those whose Heart is exactly in the middle use both hands alike As to its Magnitude In a man proportionably the Heart is greater then in other Creatures as also the brain and Liver According to the common Course of Nature it equalls six fingers breadths in length and four in breadth Otherwise the greatness of the Heart differs according to the Difference of the Age and Temperament For persons cold of Constitution and fearfull have great Hearts but such as are more hot and confident have little Hearts Of which see Donatus Hence Aristotle saies of fearfull Creatures as the Hare Deer Mouse Hyena Ass Weazel c. that they have a great Heart considering the proportion of their bodies The Philosiphers of AEgypt in ancient times as appears by Herodotus in his Euterpe have dreamed these things of the greatnes of the Heart That the Heart of such Persons as are not wasted by any violent disease does every yeer grow two drams heavier till they become fifty yeers old so that a man of fifty yeers Age his Heart weighs an hundred drams but from the fiftyeth year to the hundredth by a retrograde or back motion it looses every yeer two drams till it vanish away and the party die It s Figure is conick because it ends in a point It s upper part by reason of the full vessels therein is broad and round although not exactly and is called the Root and Head and Basis of the Heart the lower part being sharper is called conus mucro vertex cuspis and apex Cordis the cone point top of the Heart Hippocrates calls it the end and taile On the foreside the Heart is more bossie on the hinder side more flat In the contractions the whole Heart is longer as some hold but broader and more drawn together according to others in its Dilatations or Widenings it is greatest and of a globous figure of which I shall speak more exactly hereafter It s Connexion is to the Mediastinum and the Midriff by the Pericardium but to other parts by its Vessels they are joyned to the Basis the point being free and hanging dangling like a bell in the Steeple that it may the more easily be drawn back to its Basis or moved to the Sides It s Substance is first membranous like a Bladder in the Child in the Womb afterward from the mothers blood there grows flesh or a solid thick and compacted parenchyma 1. That it might endure the perpetuity of the Motion for a fence and that it might more forcibly drive the blood to places far distant in the whole Body 2 Least the subtile and lightfull Spirits contained even in the moveable blood should exhale together with the inbred heat In the right side the wall is less thick because it sends blood only to the Lungs which have their venal blood not so subtile The strength of the left side is greater by reason of stronger motion to drive on the blood to supply the necessity of the whole body In the point the flesh is thicker and harder not so much because it ought not to be moved as Riolanus conceives as because it is free contracting the whole Heart in a brief manner and destiture of Vessels and Ears In its Basis it is not so much softer as thinner whose Vessels and Ears do recompence what it wants of firmness Now this flesh hath all kinds of Fibres so mingled one with another and so compact that they cannot be easily discerned partly for strength partly for motion For all these Fibres being stretched in the Systole of the Heart they draw together the Ventricles and the inner sides to help the Protrysion or thrusting forward of the blood This substance is cloathed with a Coat hardly separable for the greater firmness to which it grows in respect of the matter not of the efficient Cause There is Fat about the Pasis of the Heart but hardly about the Cone or sharpe End thereof because it is moistned by the liquor of the Heart-bag 1. To anoint the Veins about the Heart 2. And to moisten the
Heart that it may not be dryed by motion 3. To heat the water in the Heart-bag as the fat of the Kidneys doth according to the conjecture of John Daniel Horstius Somtimes it is quite hid with the said fat which Spegelius Riolanus Jessenius observed in a prince of Lunaeburg so that the by-standers are apt to be deluded and think there is no Heart It was nevertheless rightly said by Aristotle Galen and Avicenna that fat called Pimele could not grow about any hot part as the Heart the Liver the Arteries the Veins c. For this kind of Fat is easily melted by heat but in the mean while to steaâ— Adeps or Tallow which differs much from Pimele or Greasie fat in substance consistency and place as I have demonstrated in my Vindiciae Anatomicae from Pollux Suidas Erotianus and others may grow about such parts because it is not easily melted Which makes a sputtering when it is put to the flame of a Candle because of a watry substance mingled therewith according to the Observation of Jasolinus which hinders it from suddain congealing so that it is no wonder that it is not melted by the heat of the Heart Now this same Tallow is bred about the Heart either because the Heart being of a very hard substance is nourished with thick blood of which suet is bred or because Excrementitious dregs are bred of the Nutriment of the Heart or because the blood is much stirred as by the great Agitation of Milk better is extracted which is the opinion of Achillinus As for Vessels The Heart hath a Vein which is termed Coronaria the Crown-vein because it incircles the Heart and is somtimes double It arises from the Cava without the right Ventricle about whose Basis it Expatiates in a large tract from the right Eare and with a wide Channel it compasses about externally to the left Ear which it doth not enter but turns aside into the Parenchyma of the Heart Hence it spreads its branches downwards through the surface of the Heart but the greatest store through the left side thereof because the flesh is there thicker A smal valve is fastned in its original which grants entrance to the blood into the right Ventricle but will not suffer it to go out The III. TABLE The FIGURE Explained This TABLE shews the Situation of the Heart in the Body and the going out of certain Vessels therefrom A. The Heart in its natural Situation enclosed in the Heart-bag BB. The Lungs CC. The Nervous part of the Midriff DDD The flesby portion thereof E. A portion of the Vena Cava above the Heart going upwards F. Part of the said Vein peircing the Midriff G. The great Artery arising out of the Heart HH Its branches to med Carotides the Drowsie-Arteries I. The point of the Heart enclining to the left side of the Body KK The Nerves of the sixt Conjugation from which the recurrent Nerves do spring which distribute five branches to the Heart-bag the Heart L. The left Ear of the Heart M. The right Ear. N. The Vessels of the Heart-bag O. The Cartilago Scutiformis Sheild-fashioned Gristle P. The first pare of the Muscles of the Larynx in their proper place Q. The Situation of Os Hyoides R. The Aspera Arteria or Wezand S. The Axillary Artery about the Original whereof the Right-hand Recurrent Nerve begins page 98 As for its Use Some have perswaded themselves that it serves to nourish the external part because it is lesser then ordinary creeps about the external surface only and the Heart is nourished with Arterial blood Others will have it to nourish the whole Heart Licetus assignes its Office to strain the blood to the left Ventricle of the Heart which I wonder at Because 1. It is exceeding smal 2. It creeps about the External parts 3. It arises externally from the Vena Cava and not from the right Ventricle of the Heart Botallus seems to have acknowledged the same way whose opinion examined by Walaeus Others as Riolanus make it serve not so much for Nutrition as to repaire the fat but first it reaches farther then the fat 2. No branches thereof are to be seen in the fat 3. The fat may be generated from Vapors of the Heart without any Veins The true Use of the Coronary Vein is to bring back the blood of the other Veins when it returnes from nourishing the heart into the right Ventricle again which the Situation of the Valves doth hint unto us and the unfitness of this blood to nourish the solid substance or Parenclyma of the heart It hath two Coronary Arteries from the great one at the same place in its original before it passes out of the Pericardium furnished with a Valve which prohibits the regress of the Blood Through these because they are moved and Pulse blood is carryed to nourish the heart and Ears and here is made a peculiar kind of Circulation as Harvy teaches out of the left Ventricle into the Arteries out of them into the Coronary Veins out of which it slides into the right Ventricle being to be forced again through the Lungs into the left Ventricle Now some men perswade themselves and especially Hogelandius that the Blood which remains after Nutrition doth not all pass back through the Veins but that some particles thereof sweat through the Parenchyma into the Ventricles and cause Fermentation in the Generation of Arterial blood But 1. The Fermentation if there be any may be made by the reliques contained in the Cavities 2. The coronary Vessels do not reach unto the Ventricles 3. T is hard when the body is in health for the blood to sweat through so hard and compact a flesh unless the blood be very wheyish and the body of a thin Texture 4. Why doth not the blood sweat through the Skin which in some parts is very thin 5. No particle remains in the flesh save what is ordained for the nourishment thereof Nerves it hath likewise obscure ones from the sixt conjugation inserted into three places One being terminated into the heart it self Another into its Ears A third among its greater Vessels to cause sense and not motion according to Piccolhomineus because the Nerve being cut asunder the heart moves nevertheless The heart hath not many Nerves but a great Contexture of Fibres like to the Nerves which Aristotle perhaps reckoning for Nerves said the heart was the Original of the Nerves But that may be Materially true not formally Yet I have seen in the heart of a Sow the branches of the Nerves with intangled twigs towards the Cone or Point carryed from the Septum to the Wall of the Belly Yet that is false which Fallopius tells us that a great Squadron of Nerves is spread up and down the Basis of the heart resembling a Net For the motion of the heart is no Animal motion but a natural motion because the heart is no Muscle For the heart is moved without our will and
the Heart is perpetually to move 1. That it might preserve the Blood and all parts of the Body from putrefaction 2. That it may help the heat and Elaboration of the Blood 3. That it might kindle and stir up the vital Light 4. That it might send fitting nourishment to all parts This motion of the Heart is termed PULSUS the PULSE which is continual without ceasing raised by the influent Blood and the Pulsifick or Pulsative faculty there resident It consists of a Systole Diastole â—…systole Which must be diligently â—…ned by all their causes according as Ocâ—… Inspection of living Bodies and reason shall Dictate Systole being the proper and natural motion of the heart is a contraction and drawing of the heart into a narrow compass that the blood may by that means be forced out of the right Ventricle through the Vena Arterialis into the Lungs and out of the left Ventricle through the Aorta into the whole Body Diastole being an accidental motion is the widning of the heart that Blood may be drawn in through the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle and through the Arteria venosa into the left Peri-systole is a certain rest and stop going between both motions when the Blood is about to enter into or go out of the Ventricles so smal in healthy persons that it cannot be discerned being very manifest in such as are at the point of death It is only one between the Systole and Diastole or between the Diastole and Systole This is the natural state of the heart Besides these motions two others are Observed 1. A certain Undation or waving towards one side according to the carriage of the right Ventricle as if it did gently wreath it self as we see in an horse when he is drinking of which Harvey speaks 2. A trembling motion of the Heart when it is cut in sunder The former depends upon the Situation of the right Ventricle The latter is preternatural to the heart not arising from other particles or smal Bodies sent in by the Coronaria which is then cut in sunder but from the remainders of the vital Spirits We are taught by the testimony of our Eyes that in every Diastole blood is plentifully received in and in every Systole plentyfully expelled both into the Vena Arteriosa and the Aorta This appears I say to our Eye-sight 1. By Ligatures or bindings in live Anatomies If the Cava and the Aorta with the Vessels of the Lungs shall be bound or pressed down with the Finger or any other Instrument on either side we shall manifestly perceive that the part of the Cava which is inserted into the Heart is made empty that in the Diastole of the Ear it is filled and thereby the Heart and that the other part of the Ascendent and Descendent Vein on this side the Ligature doth swel In like manner the Arteria Venosa being tied near the heart by the Diastole of the left Ear it is made void and empty on this side the Ligature where it looks towards the heart but towards the Lungs it arises and swels The Arterial Vessels of the heart do shew themselves in a contrary fashion For the Vena Arteriosa being tied it swels towards the heart because it is filled by the Systole of the right Ventricle the Arteria Magna being bound swels between the heart and the Ligature being filled by the Systole of the left Ventricle 2. Besides the Ligatures we may gather as much from the vessels being opened or wounded The Vena Arteriosa and the Aorta Arteria being opned by a Lancet at every Systole or Elevation and Contraction of the heart it pours forth plenty of blood as long as the heart continues strong for when it languishes it intermits some Pulses before it voids any Blood Now we observe no such thing when the Cava or Arteria Venosa are opened between the heart and the Ligature The IV. TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE doth in some measure express the Systole of the Heart in a Living-Creature and the Circulation of the Blood FIG I. AA The Lungs drawn back B. The Aorta Artery bound and swelling towards the Heart C. An Orifice made in the swoln part D. The Vena Arteriosa tied in like manner swelling towards the Heart growing yellow where it looks towards the Lungs ee The Ears on both sides FF The Fore-side of the Heart being in the Systole somwhat hard and bent and with its sides extended its point being drawn back to the Basis or broad End gg The Coronary Vessels FIG II. Shews the form of the Heart in its Diastole and the motion of Humors in its vessels aa The Arteria Venosa without binding being ful towards the Lungs empty towards the Heart b. The left Ear which receives blood from the Arteria Venosa C. The Vena Cava tied empty towards the Heart ful towards the Liver d. The right Ear swoln or heaving E. The hinder-side of the Heart as it is in its Diastole flagging ff The hinder part of the Lungs which are bunching or Bossie FIG III. and IV. Represents the Inside of the Earlets or little Ears of the heart The third Figure Represents the left Earlet The fourth shews the Right aaa 3. 4. The Plane Membrane of the Earlet b. 3. The Orifice of Arteria venosa 4. The Orifice of Vena Cava cccc 3. The three-pointed Valves with seven Fibres in 4. the same with five only ddd The larger fleshy Pillars eeee The lesser fleshy Pillars Interwoven one within another with wonderful artifice fff Many-fold Cavities formed between the Pillars page 102 4. The swelling of the Heart and the Flagging thereof being Palpable and visible to the external sense do sufficiently demonstrate when it is made strait in the Systole that of necessity somwhat must be squeezed out as it were forcibly and that when it is widened in the Diastole it must needs be filled with humors 5. The Ventricles in the Diastole appear greater and in the Systole lesser 6. From the largness of the Vessels of the Heart the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa do open into the heart with wider mouths then to suffer only a smal quantity of blood to enter Also the Arterial vein and the Aorta are larger then to send forth nothing or only Spirits The Quantity of Blood which fills the Heart in the Diastole and which goes out by the Systole at every pulsaâ—… not be exactly measured beâ—…ies according to the different state of the heart and the temper of Animals their Age Sex course of Diet and Life c. It is apparent to our Eyes in live Anatomies that much is received and expelled But it moves not in and out in so great quantities in persons that are well in health when the Heart is more quiet and hath the command of it self The Antients supposed that a drop or two was enough at a time and that the blood did freely pass and repass
Heart and the swelling thereof by reason of the Ebullition which afterward falls by reason of the inbred heavyness of the heart as parts puft up with wind do of their own accord settle when the wind is out and the heaving of the Earth caused by repletion and blowing up of wind settles again by the peculiar heavyness of the Earth Caspar Hofman flies to the inaequality of the boyling blood which is like boyling water part whereof ascends and part descends Others do interpret the matter with greater subtilty saying that the blood is changed into an Airie spirit Primerose saies that blood just as Milk Honey and very many things besides doth exceeding swel and rise so as to become nothing but a kind of Spirit or light Air. Leichnerus saith that of one grain of good blood a great quantity of Cordial Balsam is made even as by one grain of Odoriferous Gum cast upon a Cole an whole Chamber is filled with a delitious smel But many difficulties stand in the way of this Opinion 1. No boyling is of it self equal but the Pulse is somtimes equal 2. The Pulse should be greater according as the Boyling is greater But the boyling of the blood is greatest in burning Fevers by reason of the extremity of bubbling heat and the various nature of the Blood yet is the Pulse in such cases very smal and in Putrid Fevers it is evermore little in the beginning according to Galen 3. In live Anatomies if you wound the heart or the Arteries near the heart pure blood leaps out abundantly not frothy nor boyling nor heaving and it continues as it came forth Nor can it in a moment of time either boyl in the Heart or Leave boyling if it did boyl Yea and if in two Vessels you shall receive the veiny blood out of the Cava near the heart and the Arterial blood out of the Aorta near its orignal you shall find no difference neither at the first nor afterwards This Harvey Walaeus and as many as have made trial can witness with me 4. It cannot all be turned into pure spirit by the heart nor ought it so to be Not the former because there is not so much heat in a sound heart nor can the blood taken out of the Arteries set over a great fire be all extenuated as Conringius hath observed Not the latter because the parts for whose nourishment it is ordained are not meerly spiritual 5. Plunging into cold water would asswage the boyling But the Arm being hard bound till it swel and grow red again and then thrust into most cold Water or Snow when you unbind the same you shall perceive how much the Blood returning to the Heart doth cool the same as Harvey hath taught us The most subtile Renatus des Crates and Cornelius Hogelandius and Henricus Regius who tread in his footsteps with equal commendation do after another manner demonstrate the motion of the Heart to proceed from a Drop or two of blood rarified when the Ventricles of the Heart are not distended with blood of necessity two large drops do fall thereinto one out of the Cava into the right Ventricle another out of the venosa Arteria into the left because those two Vessels are alwaies full and their Mouths towards the Heart are open which drops because of their aptness to be dilated and the heat of the Heart and the remainders of blood therein burning presently they are set on fire and dilated by rarefaction by which the Valves through which the drops entred are shut and the Heart is distended But because of the straitness of the Ventricles the blood rarifying more and more cannot there abide therefore at the same moment of time it opens in the right Ventricle the three Valves of the Vena Arteriosa which look from without inwards and being agitated by heat it breaks out through the said Vena Arteriosa and by distending the same and al its branches and driving on the blood makes them beat the Pulse but in the left ventricle it opens the three valves of Arteria magna looking from without inwards and through them breaks into the great Artery which it widens and drives the next blood warmed and exâ—…led by the former pulsations into the rest of the Arteries of the whole body that they might be thereby distended And so they conceive the Diastole is caused And they say the reason of the Systole is because the blood being expelled out of the ventricles of the Heart the Heart is in part evacuated and the blood it self in the Arteries cooled wherefore of necessity the heart and Arteries must flag and sink whereupon way is again made for two drops more to enter that so the Diastole may be repeated I dare not deny a light Rarefaction from a gentle heat such as we observe in the opening of a Vein and I grant that it may be somtimes praeternaturally augmented but that a few drops should be rarified into so great a bulk as to cause the motion of the Heart and that they should be cooled in the Arteries many Arguments besides those before those opposed to the Ebullition of the blood do disswade 1. Living Dissections in which neither when the Heart nor when the Arteries are wounded does the blood come out drop by drop or rarified but pure such as the Ear had forced out 2. The Heart being cut in pieces or pricked is seen to pulse without any rarefaction of blood which is but imaginary 3. In strong Dogs the point of the Heart being cut off Walaeus observed that when by reason of the Efflux of Blood it was not half full it was nevertheless erected but not filled by rarefaction but when it was contracted that portion of blood which remained in the Heart was cast out to the distance of more then four Feet It is in vain to call in the outward Coldness of the Air as an assistant cause for the blood in the Heart doth not grow cold in a moment the heat thereof being yet Vigorous as a boyling pot taken from the fire and uncovered doth not immediately cease to boyl but after some time 4. Jacobus Back doth elegantly devince the same from the structure of the heart and its Vessels For the Musculous flesh of the heart being firme and strong is unapt to rise and fall by the bare Rarefaction of the blood A more vehement action is requisite to move this vast bulk Also the Arteries of the heart should have had a greater Orifice and the rarefied blood being to go forth would require a larger space then then was necessary for its entrance 5. A Confusion would arise in the motions of the Heart and valves as he observes The Diastole of both of them would be performed in the same time and so the valves should be useless both which is repugnant to experience Moreover the valves must be both shut and open in the Systole of the Arterie 6. That it should be cooled in the Arteries neither
are circular as in an artificial Net or Purse squeezed the contents are expelled They are stretched in the Systole and remitted in the Diastole By help of the smaller fibres wherewith the flesh is interwoven a languishing constriction is made but to a stronger those greater fleshy ones concur contained in the Ventricles which Walaeus often observed in live Bodies dissected 3 The Pulse of the Heart the Blood and the extream parts the pulse is from the Heart which ceasing the motion also ceases Now it begins from the vena cava and is continued from the Auricula dextra by and by from the right ventricle into the Vena arteriosa or if the point be cut off externally from the Arteria venosa into the left Earelet thence into the left Venricle out of which the Pulse is felt by a manifest constriction to goe into the Aorta in the Anatomy of living Creatures They drive because 1 The Blood is offensive by its Quantity 2 They are moved being irritated by any external force 3 Blood is continually suppeditated For Blood thrusts and drives on Blood so that even after the Heart has bin taken out of Bodies Walaeus has seen a quick motion of the blood in the veins Which nevertheless did not happen by any proper power which the Blood has to move it self but partly by the driveing of the external parts which remitt or send back that which remains after nutrition as burâ—…ensome and superfluous partly by a spontaneous contraction of the Vessels filled with Blood whose Arteries in living Bodies being bound towards the Heart do swell towards the extream parts they are empty But the Veins too near the smallest branches and the parts from which they bring back the Blood are puffed up but are flat where they look towards the Heart to which they drive the Blood in a word partly by the contraction of the muscles and their driving in the fleshy and outward parts as Harvey observes 4 The Attraction of the Heart and Parts least they be destitute of aliment profitable and sufficient for them which we observe according to Nature in those parts that are nourished but besides nature in wounds Ulcers Tumors c. And this may easily be done because the blood dispersed in all places is immediately fastened to the Heart and Parts which draw it the Pulse of the cava and Arteries assisting the same Chap. VII Of the parts of the Heart in special viz. the Earlets Cavities Septum Vessels and Valves THe parts of the Heart which are specially to be considered are either externally seen as the Earlets or within only as the Ventricles or two Cavities the Septum or partition and the Vessels with the Valves The Earlets or little Ears were so termed not from hearing but because of some resemblance in their shape For from a long Basis they end in a blunt point howbeit the left is more accumulated of an obtuse triangle and they have a Cavity that the Ventricles might be produced before the Heart For that same pulsing Bladder in an Eg is the Earlets because they were necessary in the Child in the Womb though the Heart were not so soon necessary which afterwards grows upon the Bladder Others give another reason because the Earlets observe the same proportion in their pulsing as the Bladder had But this is very hard to distinguish in the first Generation Others take the Bladder for the Heart whose Expansions or Earlets appear red because they are transparent but the Heart is not seen by reason of the plenty of Seed and Pulse intermitted I suspect that both may lie hid under the Vesicula or bladderkie but that the Earlets are presently drawn and moved because of their use Otherwise it would seem inconvenient that the Appendix should be greater then the whole Body Nor is the Heart a bare Parenchyma or affusion of blood It hath Cavities produced doubtless out of the foresaid Bladderkie Now the EARLETS are Processes or Appendixes and according to Hofman nothing but the Substance of the Heart attenuated and widened Which I know not how true it is I should rather say they seem to be the substance of the neighboring Vessels dilated although they are made first of Seed out of the bladder and are the first motion and the last in dying They are situate at the Basis of the Heart before the Orifices of the vessels venal to which they cleave and whereby they are mediately joyned to the heart They are on each â—ide one For two they are in Number answerable to the number of the Hearts Ventricles the right Earlet being greater and the left smaller And both are large in an Embryo or Child in the Womb the former is joyned to the Vena cava with which it seems to be one common body the latter to the Vena arteriosa The Substance of the Earlets is peculiar such as there is none in any other part by reason of their singular use Howbeit they are thin and soft for their more easie contraction and nervous for strengths sake But the left is more hard a little more fleshy and thicker yet the Heart is not so Howbeit they answer in a certain proportion to the Ventricles of the Heart Their external Surface when they are extended and full is even and bossie or bunching but their circumference unequal when they are contracted it is wrinkled and in the left it is more wrinkled then in the right because the inner fabrick is more turning and winding and hath more pits in it for The Earlets being inwardly dissected and spread open do discover unto us 1. a certain flesh-membranous plain stretched out to the extremities of the treble pointed Valves to which the fibres of the Valves are fastned 2. About the whole circumference fleshie Columnes grow out first the great crooked ones out of which Spring many lesser ones with a wonderful and neat contexture somtimes single somtimes wreathed and infolded either with the great ones or with one another 3. Between these Columnes deep Pits are seen more in the left fewer in the right In the middle partition of each Earlet Folius hath found out many little Holes which I have also seen through which he conceives the blood is carried into the left Ventricle when there is need of less matter But seeing they are rarely to be seen nor do they penetrate into the Ventricles yea they are less I am more apt to think they are Pores common to many serving for motion or the nutrition of the Part. Botallus hath found a Passage sufficiently visible near the right Earlet which goes presently right out into the left Ventricle This Walaeus explains to be ment of the oval hole or that passage by him observed which goes obliquely out of one Earlet into the other Such an one I have often seen in Oxen and Goats but it is the coronal Vein nor does it pierce into the left Earlet but descends into the Parenchyma
of the heart The V. TABLE The FIGURES Explained FIG I. Shews the Heart cut in sunder athwart A. The Basis of the Heart B. The Point of the Heart C. The right Earlet D. The left Earlet EE The Shape of the left Ventricle like an half Moon FF The Cavity of the left Ventricle GG The partition between the Ventricles FIG II. Shews the Vena cava with the right Ventricle dissected A. The Orifice of the Coronary Vein B. The Appearance of an Anastomosis between the Vena cava Vena pulmonalis CCC The trebble-pointed Valves with the Fiberkies wherewith they are fastned D. The Ventricle cut long-waies FIG III. A. The right Ventricle of the Heart opened BBB The Sigma-fashion'd Valves visible in the Vena arteriosa FIG IIII. AA The Arteria venosa dissected B. The Print of an Anastomosis between the Arteria venosa and Vena cava CC. The two Mitre-shap'd Valves D. The left Ventricle opened FIG V. A. The great Artery cut asunder near the Heart BBB The Semilunary Valves in the Orifice of the great Artery page 108 Their Motion is manifest to the sense in live Anatomies by reason of the blood rushing in and filling them wherewith they swell in living bodies and by their contracting themselves by means of their fleshy fibres contracted into themselves endeavoring to force the blood out into the Ventricles There are three parts of their motion Systole Diastole and the rest or pause which comes between them which cannot be discerned save in persons ready to die for they are performed so swiftly in sound persons that they seem to be confounded and to be performed all at once as in the discharge of a Gun all seems to be performed in the twinkling of the eye and in swallowing as Harvey informs us The Diastole is caused by the blood received from the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa The Systole is performed when the Earlets being filled do by contracting themselves expel the Blood into the Ventricles The Diastole and Systole of both the Earlets do happen at one and the same time When the right Earlet undergoes its Diastole at the same time the left Ear undergoes the same when the latter is contracted in the Systole the former also expels But the Diastole of the Heart and Earlets happens at different times as also both their Systoles The Systole of the Earlets happens at the same time with the Diastole of the Ventricles and contrarily and the constriction of the Earlets doth alwaies forego the Diastole of the Ventricles both in healthy persons and in such as are at the point of death But the motion of the former is more lasting then the motion of the latter When the left ventricle ceases the left Earlet still continues pulsing which being extinct the remaining motion is in the right ventricle and that ceasing the right Earlet proceeds panting being the last that dies save that when it ceases a certain trembling motion doth as yet continue in the blood which flows in by reason of the driving of the extream parts Their use is I. To be Store-houses to the Heart for they first received the Blood and Air that they may not suddenly rush into the heart whence the heart might be hurt and the Animal faculty suffocated And hence it is that they are placed only at the vessels which pour into the heart and not at the Arteries which void the blood forth II. To safeguard the vessels to which they are joyned III. To be instead of a cooling Fan to the Heart according to Hippocrates IV. According to Walaeus to be in place of a measure by which the vena Cava and Arteriosa do measure the blood into the heart for seeing all the blood was not to go out at every pulse but the greatest part was to stay behind to be further perfected nature joyned the Earlets to the heart as vessels which should give in so much blood to the Heart as was naturally to be cast forth at every pulsation For which cause he thinks it is that the right Earlet is greater then the left because the right Ventricle is more Capacious then the left and like-more is voided therefrom then from the left viz. sooty Exhalations and the Nutriment of the Lungs The CAVITIES of the Heart or its Ventricles Chambers or Caves c. are not three as Aristotle falsely ascribes to greater Beasts for three are not found no not in a Whale but only two as Walaeus and Sylvius have observed in the dissection of a young Whale Nor did Galen at Rome find more in an Elephant And by a very rare chance three were observed by Aemilius Parisanus at Venice in the Heart of a certain Coverlid-maker And Veslingius twice observed the like Also Walaeus saw a third Ventricle in the Heart of an Oxe Caesalpinus observed three in Birds and Fishes and the right Ventricle doth easily appear to be divided into two near the point by a certain thin Partition yet in truth both come into one Licetus understands that same third Ventricle of Aristole to be the Prominency of the right Ventricle turned in beyond the left so that the left Ventricle commonly so called is Aristotles middle Ventricle Conringius doth otherwise excuse Aristotle viz. that the right Ventricle in his account is whence the Cava arises the middle whence the Aorta springs and the left whence the Arteria Venosa or left Earlet arises which being the least of all is in smal Live-Creatures hardly visible But so there should be four Ventricles the Vena Arteriosa being added as at first sight may seem not three only There are therefore only two Cavities found in the Heart of a Live-wight the right and the left having their inner surface uneven and rough especially the left The Heart of a certain Polander cut up by Riolanus was perfectly solid having no Ventricles at all Many Pits are formed in them by the fleshy Fibres in the right more but narrower in the left fewer but deeper that they might contain the blood received in hence in the Constriction of a Living Heart they are lesser in the Dilatation wider The Pits are constituted and fenced by Those fleshy Particles termed Laâ—ertuli Musclekies somtimes round sometimes thin being five or more in the right two only visible in the left but very thick ends Veslingus observes that the larger have Pores which pass through them The use of them is according to some to be Ligaments of the Heart Massa counts them little Muscles Vesalius and Riolanus call them Columnae carneae fleshy Pillars which being contracted do further the Diastole of the Heart Parisanus saies by help of them the Heart contracts it self Walaeus also hath observed in live Dissections that they assist the Contraction or Systole of the Heart especially when it is strong and vehement at what time their swelling begins at their Basis and goes on by little and little unto the point Harvey saies they draw the Cone
or Point of the Heart to the Basis or broad end thereof by their obliquâ— fibres And he is apt to think that heat is carried through all of them A. Benedictus and Ent that they hinder the blood from going into Clotters while it is shaken and agitated by them Baâ—â—â—us that they are instead of Ropes and Bands to hinder least in the Contractions of the Heart the Valves being forced beyond their pitch and overshot should be unable to retain the Blood Slegelius will have it that they are contracted that they may shut the Orifices of the Vessels of the Cava and Vena Arteriosa by their Fibrekies All these Opinions are true and must be joyned together as will manifestly appear to him that shall accurately consider the times of the motions of the Heart Many things are preternaturally found in the ventricles of the Heart Bauhin hath sound bits of far and our most expert Countryman Wormius hath took out of both the ventricles certain Caruncles or smal particles of Flesh whiteish within but of a shining red color without which I also have long since found at Padua and at Hasnia in my Dissections both of Men and Beasts Erastus hath found a Flegmatick concretion like yellow marrow which is found in the boyled bones of Oxen. Vesalius two pounds of Glandulous and blackish flesh Benivenius a Gobbit of flesh like a Medlar Salvius hath observed Worms as also I. D. Horstius at Confluentia May a twibladed Snake like a Whip at London and M A. Severinus much such another at Naples Hollerius found stones with an Impostume in a woman troubled with the stone and Wierus stones as big as Pease Bones are more rarely found in the Hearts of Men. Yet Gemma did once find some and Riolanus twice in the dead body of president Nicolas being eighty years of Age at the beginning of the Aorta and in the Queen Mother of Lewis the thirteen King of France being after her decease opened to be Imbalmed Johannes Trullus sound one in the Heart of Pope Urban the eighth of a triangular Figure representing the letter T. Simon Pauli my Renowned Praedecessor in the Anatomical Theatre took a bone as hard as a stone of a Figure of the Pythagoraean letter Y out of the Heart of a Man of Hasnia forty years of Age the bigness of a Wallnut and the shape not unlike the Heart I conceive they are all bred through the dryness and slow motion of the Humors in aged and sick Persons Yet nature makes use of this defect to provoke and quicken the motion of the blood when it passes slowly as waters flow more easily when a peice of wood is cast in or that all the blood may not clotter as our Women and Butchers stir their blood about with a stick when they intend thereof to make Puddings that it may not go into Clotters The right Ventricle receives blood out of the Vena cava which Vein it receives into it self And therefore it hath not so thick a flesh or wal as the left hath that their might be an even poise seeing it contains more matter and bears a greater weight then the left Nor is there so perfect a Concoction made in this Ventricle as in the left in which there is more heat It is not exactly round but semicircular resembling the Moon encreasing nor does it reach to the End of the Point but it seems to be as it were an Appendix to the left Ventricle which when the left is taken away seems still as it were to represent an whole Heart Yet is it deeper and larger then the left by reason of the store of blood which it was to contain both to nourish the Lungs and to make vital Spirits in the left Ventricle For Its Use is 1. To receive blood out of the vena cava to nourish the Lungs the said blood being poured into the Lungs through the Vena arteriosa Therefore Fishes which have no Lungs and draw no Air in at their Mouths are without this Ventricle having no more then one This right Ventricle therefore does concoct and attenuate the Blood for the Nourishment of the Lungs II. To send the thinner part of the Blood through the Septum or partition into the left Ventricle to make vital Spirits and the thicker part through the Lungs both to nourish them and that it may return to the left ventricle for the Nutriment of the whole Body III. Further to perfect and prepare the blood which runs back as superfluous after the extream parts are nourished and the crude blood which is bred in the Liver The left Ventricle is narrower but more noble having a round Cavity and which reaches unto the point of the Heart It s flesh or wall is three times as thick as that of the right ventricle Also it is harder that the vital Spirits may not exhale and that the motion of the blood might be stronger being to be forced into the farthest parts of the body It s Use is to make vital Spirit and Arterial blood of a twofold matter I. Of blood prepared in the right ventricle and passed through the Septum and the Lungs II. Of Air drawn in by the Mouth and Nostrils prepared in the Lungs and transmitted through the Arteria venosa with the blood into the left ventricle of the Heart to kindle and ventilate the vital flame yea and to nourish the same The latter fishes stand in need of and Leucophlegmatick persons the former such as are seated in a narrow or infected place or are under extream heat for fear of suffocation and extinction of the flame in the Heart The Use therefore of both ventricles is in a manner the same viz. to generate Arterial blood and to perfect the venal and to receive the same running back from all parts of the body through the veins and to expel the perfect blood through the Arteries into the farthest parts of the body that they may be thereby nourished This is proved by the Conformations of the ventricles which in part are like one to the other in the right two vessels a Vein and an Artery carrying out and bringing back and as many in the left In the former are two sorts of Valves the trebble pointed and Mitre-shap'd and the like in the latter The left expels and receives as much as the right save that it is consumed in nourishing the Lungs and the Heart Yet their different Constitution and Magnitude argues some difference Whence 1. There is a different Coction in the one and other as hath been demonstrated above 2. The right works for the Lungs the left for the whole Body 3. The right sends sooty Exhalations and blood to the Lungs the left receives from the Lungs Blood Impraegnated with Aire There is a Septum or Partition between the two Ventricles which is thick like the other Wall of the left ventricle which Columbus once observed to be Gristley hollow on the left side on the
right bunching full of hollownesses and holes which some suppose to be the third ventricle of Aristotle which hollownesses or Caves are more large towards the right side but their utmost ends towards the left side are hardly discernable Helmont describes them to be triangular whose Cone ending in the left ventricle is easily stopped but the Basis of the said triangle in the right ventricle is never stopped save in Death But I have seen them Circular so that they could easily admit a Pease but obtuse towards the left Hand That they are open is the opinion of the Ancients and of many Anatomists which follow them Gassendus saw Payanus at Ajax shew the Septum of the Heart to have through-fares by reason of sundry windings and crooked Conâ—-holes as it were and that by lightly putting in his Probe without any violence which he wreathed gently and turned it upwards and downwards and to the sides And although by a Probe breaking the tender flesh of the Septum we may easily make a way yet we may not doubt of the Eyewitness of Gassendus nor of the Dexterity of Payanus seeing I also of late found the partion of a Sows Heart in many places obliquely perforated with manifest great Pores which were open of themselves without the use of a Probe so as to admit a large Pease but when I put in my Probe it brought me to the left ventricle where a thin Membrane as it were an Anastomosis was placed hindering any regress Riolanus also hath seen it bored through towards the point where it is most thin Walaeus in the Partition of an Oxes Heart did somtimes find a Cavity in the upper part according to the length of the Heart open into the left ventricle about the point of the Heart the length and breadth of a Mans Fore-finger which he conceives to be the third Ventricle mention'd by Aristotle Yet are they not alwaies open in dead bodies because in living bodies they are kept open by the continual agitation of the Heart which ceasing they are not so visible to the Eye-sight even as we see no manifest passages when the sweat breaks out plentifully through the Skin nor when the seed breakes out of the Kernels and Spermatick vessels into the Urinary passage nor the Pores by which the Empyema or out of the blood out of the vena Arteriosa peirces into the Arteria venosa through the substance of the Lungs or the blood in the Liver out of the branches of Porta into the Cava Caelsus is in the right where he saies that nothing is more foolish then to think that look what and how it is in a living Man so it must needs be in one that is dying Yea that is dead Whence many as Columbus Spigelius Hofman Harvey c. have denyed that any thing passes through this Septum or Partition But it is no wonder that they make a doubt of it For I. They are so crooked and winding that a Probe cannot easily pass through them Howbeit these Pores become more conspicuous in the Heart of an Ox long boyled as Bauhinus Riolanus my self with others can witness And you are to observe in opposition to Hofman and Plempius that deny it that in the boyling a moderation must be used and that the Fibres in living Bodies do never stick so close together but that they leave Pores as the Nerves do shew finally that the quickest-sighted Anatomists can see no Membrane in the boyled Hearts of Oxen. II. In dead Bodies all passages fall in and shrink together III. That an extream straitness was requisite in the End because the thinnest part of the Blood is strained as it were in that part And in the mean time because these holes are not in vain therfore The Use of the Septum or Partition of the Heart is that the thinner blood may pass there-through into the lef ventricle for the Generation of vital blood and spirit which is afterwards distributed through the Arteries into the whole Body for to preserve and stir up the life and natural heat But the thicker and greater part of the blood by a natural and ordinary way and not a violent only is communicated to the Arteria venosa through the vena Arteriosa by mediation of the Lungs that in the left ventricle it may be mingled with that which sweats through the Septum The thicker part is ordained to nourish the Lungs and that it may return back to the left ventricle t is tempered with Air. The thinner part passing through the Septum nourishes the same in its passage because the external Coronary vessels do only creep through and in that long and dangerous journey through the Lungs it would vanish away and come to nothing By this way only such as dive deep into the Sea and those that are hanged for a smal while do live a while and come to themselves after the motion of their Lungs is ceased The Motion of the Septum or Partition doth help forward this passage which that it is moved according to the motion of the Ventricles I have these signs and tokens Because 1. It is furnished with Circular Fibres as well as the Walls in a boyled Heart such in a manner as are in the Sphincter Muscle as Harvey testifies which seeing them move the Ventricles they must as well move the Septum 2. A certain Palpitation is felt if you put in your Finger into a living Heart according to the observation of Walaeus 3. In Creatures ready to die when the motion of the left ventricle ceases the Septum follows the motion of the right Ventricle as the same Harvey observes and if the right Ventricle be wounded Riolanus tells us that the motion remains in the Septum in his Observations Yet the same Riolanus in another place being wiser denies that it is moveable unless towards the Basis where it is soft gives way a little and that so it ought to be that the passage may be maintained because when the Ventricles are dilated above the through-far'd Septum and straitned again like Bellows the little holes would be shut up But there is no fear For in the Systole when the point is drawn back to the Basis the Pores are opened in the Septum moved upwards that the blood may at once pass both the Septum and the Lungs Contrarywise in the Diastole because the Heart is distended long waies the pores are drawn back with the Septum and are shut up until the Heart be filled As to the Heart-vessels there are found four remarkeable ones going out of the Heart which Hippocrates calls the Fountanes of Humane Nature Into the right Ventricle are inserted two Veins the Vena Cava and Vena Arteriosa into the left as many Arteries Arteria Venosa and Arteria Magna Before all which are placed within eleven Valves or little dores made of the Tunicles of their Vessels widened and stretched out The Veins which bring in to the Heart viz. the
Cava and Arteria venosa have trebble-pointed valves looking from without inwards the Arteries which carry away viz. the Aorta and the Vena Arteriosa have Sigma-shap'd or Mitre-fashion'd valves open inwards shut outwards The former admit blood into the Heart being open they suffer the blood to flow out being shut they hinder it from returning the same way The trebble-pointed valves do not only wink but they are close shut by the blood distending the Heart and by the constriction of the Heart which straitens the vessels The Sigmoides or Sigma-shap'd are shut by the Relaxation and falling in of the Heart in the Diastole whereby the Fibres being stretched out long-waies they are drawn downwards with the Walls and so shut like the Chains in Draw-bridges The Trebble-pointed or Tricuspides are opened by the impulse of new blood through the Cava and Arteria venosa and the Diastole of the Heart whereby the Fibres being drawn downwards they are opened But the Mitre-shap'd valves are open'd in the Systole by the Constriction of the Heart and the blood urgeing its way out Also they may be praeternaturally shut by the blood expelled and standing seated in the full vessells to which endeavouring to run back they make resistance by reason of their conformation which Artifice of Nature we see every where imitated by the Flood-gates and Locks made upon Rivers But that according to nature they are not shut by the returning of the expulsed blood as some conceive Walaeus proves Because 1. Our senses observe that the blood is carried from the Heart not to the Heart by the Arteries 2. In a rare and languishing Pulse the Artery doth not rise or swel last in the upper part towards the Heart but it swels there first 3. If an Artery be tied two fingers from the Heart and it be so opened betwixt the Ligature and the valves that the blood may freely pass forth yet the valves will divers times straitly be shut and the Heart is orderly moved TABLE VI. The Explication of the FIGURES This first FIGURE shewes the right side of the Heart entire and withall the Earlet cut off and the Vessels which goe out of the Heart but especially the Anastomosis by which Folius will have the Blood to flow from the right into the left Ventricle FIG I. AAA The Heart in its proper posture over the Surface whereof the Vena Coronaria is disseminated BB. The right Earlet of the Heart partly dissected partly intire C. A certain white and circular place between the Earlets in which on one side under a certain little skin like a valve an Anastomosis is found that is a wreathed winding hole through which Folius will have the Blood to pass into the left Ventricle D. The vena cava dissected as far as to the Situation of the Liver E. The Vena Aorta which goes to the Throat and Arms dissected F. The Arteria magna ascending G. The same descending near the Back-bone H. An Arterial Pipe which joines the great Arterie with the Arteria venosa I. The Arteria venesa yssuing out of the right Ventricle of the Heart K. The Vena Arteriosa Nurse of the Lungs yssueing out of the left Ventricle aaaa The Vena coronaria radicated and diffused through the surface of the Heart b. The beginning of this Vena coronaria in the Earlet near the Vena cava cccc A certain portion of the Earlet dissected dd The other part remaining yet intire ee A Probe thrust into the Anastomosis f. A little skin like a Valve placed at the mouth of the Anastomosis gggg The Branches of vena cava spred up and down and rooted in the Liver hhh Ascendent branches of the Arteria Magna FIG II. This other Figure shewes the left Ventricle of the Heart as also the Earlet dissected together with the going out of the Probe demonstrated in the first Figure AA The Heart cut open through the whole left Ventricle BBB An exact Representation of the said Ventricle C. The Egress of the Probe through the Anastomosis from the right into the left Earlet D. A Valve placed at the mouth of the great Artery EE The left Earlet of the Heart dissected being less then the right FF The Arteria Venosa going out of the right Ventricle of the Heart GG The Arteria Magna ascending H. The said Artery descending near the Back-bone I. The Arterial Pipe knitting the Vena Arteriosa to the Magna Arteria K. The Trunk of the great Artery ascending to the Arms and Throat aa A certain part of Vena Coronaria dispersed through the surface of the Heart the smallest part thereof is visible bb The Arteria Coronaria dissected cccc The left Earlet cut open as far as to the Vena Arteriosa dddd Certain Nervous particles in the very Ventricle of the Heart accounted Nerves by Aristotle ee The Probe thrust in through the Anastomosis fff Certain smal holes through which Folius will have the blood to pass while the Anastomosis grows together and there is need of less matter g. A Valve on the side also set before the Anastomosis page 112 And therefore many of the Ancients and later writers are deceived who imagined that the blood did freely pass out of the Heart and back again thereto And that the valves do not naturally close and open appears by a Tumor in the Arteries between the Ligature and the Heart and the emptying of the veins near the Heart The first vessel is the VENA CAVA inserted into the right Ventricle with a very large and gaping Orifice three times greater then the Orifice of the Aorta and therefore it seems rather to arise from the heart then from the Liver especially seeing it sticks so firmly to the right Ventricle that it cannot be separated therefrom Whether it hath any motion is hard to determine Aristotle and Galen seem to have been of that opinion but the Interpreters expound those places to mean an obscure motion But Walaeus hath discovered a manifest motion therein from the Jugulum as far as to the Liver but most evident near the heart and that therefore even in that place the Vena Cava is furnished with fleshy Fibres whereof it is destitute in other places Also Ent hath observed that the vena Cava of a dead Beast being with a mans Finger lightly touched in the Belly near the Thighs of the Beast did express a trembling motion It s Use is to bring in Blood from the Liver and the whole body by its ascending and descending Trunks A Membranous Circle grows to the Orifice thereof to strengthen the heart Which is presently split into three strong Membranous VALVES termed Janitrices Gatewarders looking from without inwards that the blood may indeed enter but not return back into the Cava They are termed TRICUSPIDES trebble-pointed by the Greeks Trichlochines because they are like the Triangular heads of Darts when they are shut and fall close one to another They grow as also the rest
of the valves do to many shreds in the Cava commonly each one to five remarkeable Threds intertwisted with many little ones whereby they are joyned to that fleshy particle before explained which some call the Ligaments of the heart others as Aristotle perhaps the Nerves of the heart The VENA ARTERIALIS or vas Arteriosum the Arterial veins or Arterial vessel Others call it Arteria Pulmonaris the Lungs Artery because it is in truth an Artery both in Substance and Use T was called a Vein first by Herophilus and afterwards by most other Anatomists before the Circulation of the blood was found out from its Office because it sends blood to nourish the Lungs T is termed an Artery I. By reason of its Substance which consists not of a single Coat as a vein doth but of a double one II. Because in a Child in the Womb it performs the Office of an Artery and Pulses as shall be said in the next Chapter As also in a grown person because it carries Nutritive blood to the Lungs which is partly wrought in the right ventricle This vessel passes out of the heart with a smaller Orifice and yet greater then the Lungs stand in need of For Columbus and Arantius observe that two Fingers have been thrust thereinto and it ought to be the greater because it receives blood from the continual pulsation of the right side of the heart Moreover resting upon the Arteria Magna and inclining to the left side it goes to the right and left parts of the Lungs with a double branch a right and a left Which afterward spend themselves into sundry branches in the Lungs It Use is to receive blood out of the right Ventricle and to carry it to the Lungs for their nourishment and according to the observations of latter Authors to pass over the rest of the blood through the Arteria venosa into the left Ventricle of the Heart and to hinder the blood from sliding back again into the heart Three VALVES are placed therein arising from the Coat of the vein it self looking from without inwards and resembling an half Circle or the letter Sigma as it was anciently figured and did resemble the Latine letter C. The ARTERIA VENOSA which others call Vena Pulmonaria is the third Vessel of the heart which is seen in the left Ventricle It is termed an Artery because of its Office For I. It Pulses in a grown person because it is united to the left Ventricle but it moves not by a proper motion of its own because it is neither an Artery nor doth it carry pure Arterial blood II. It is implanted into the left Ventricle T is called a VEIN 1. Because of its Substance 2. Because in a Child in the Womb it performs the office of a vein And it is produced as it were from the Cava to which it is joyned by way of Anastomosis Yea and in a grown person it carries blood also to the heart as doth the Cava It Arises with a round and great Orifice greater then that of the Arteria Magna divided into two parts presently after its egress just in a manner as if it arose with a twofold mouth and it is disseminated into the right and left part of the Lungs The Use I. In its Dilatation to draw Air to the heart not bare and simple Air but mixed with the blood which returns from the Lungs for the Generation of vital spirits and Arterial blood and to nourish and kindle up the vital flame For the Arteria venosa being opened in living Anatomies doth pour blood and not pure air into the heart which for the most part we observe thicker then ordinary in the Carcasses of Men and Beasts because the motion of the left ventricle ceasing the blood received in this vein cannot be driven or drawn to the heart And when the Arteria venosa is cut or opened there appears no air because the air is not pure and simple being mixed throughout with blood And when the Lungs of a living or dead Creature are by Art blown up not a jot of air is perceived to come thence to the heart because the Carriage of blood is wanting and the natural Drawer and Driver is also wanting But that the air such as it is doth come into the heart their Examples do testifie who have been stifled with the sums of Quick-silver Coles Lime c. And otherwise the Lungs and Lung-pipes were made in vain II. In the Contraction of the Heart to thrust out a portion of vital blood into the Lungs together with sooty exhalations which is an old opinion But that in the Systole of the heart blood or sooty steams should be carried this way 1. The Valves hinder which will not suffer any thing to return 2. The Arteria venosa being tied doth swel towards the Lungs and is lank and emptied near the heart 3. Being opened it pours forth blood on this side the band but beyond it being opened it voids neither blood nor sooty exhalations 4. The sooty steams of the right Ventricle do evaporate through the vena Arteriosa turn into water in the Pericardium or Heart-bag breed the hairs in the Arm-pits and exale into the whole habit of the Body through the Aorta 5. The air which goes into the heart and the sooty steams which go out with the blood should be carried the same way in contrary motions which is a thing unusal in the natural course observed in the body For though ever and anon Excrements are driven from and Nutriment is drawn to the same part yet the way is different especially where the afflux is continual as in the Arteria venosa from the Lungs or at least they are performed at different times Therefore III. In the contraction of the heart it drives blood which is superfluous after the nourishment of the Lungs or that which runs back out of the vena Arteriosa into the left Ventricle of the heart Two VALVES only are placed at the Orifice of this vessel which look from without inwards bred out of the Nervous circle which grows out of the substance of the heart which being joyned together do resemble a Bishops Mitre They are greater then the Valves of the Cava have longer threds and each hath seven large ones besides little ones annexed to them which from a broad Basis do commonly end into a sharp point and for strengths sake very many fleshy Explantations Therefore two were sufficient to shut the Orifice close because they are greater then others the Fibres longer and larger the Columnes or Pillars stronger and the Orifice it self is more Ovall-shap'd then that of the rest The ARTERIA MAGNA or great Artery so called because it is the root of all others is another vessel of the left Ventricle from whence it proceeds and arises At the Orifice hereof is placed instead of a Prop not in Men but in certain Beasts as
Harts Oxen Horses c. a certain hard substance which is somtimes Gristly somtimes Boney according to the greatness and Age of the Beasts In man the most noble and strongest Harvey saw a portion of this Artery turned into a round bone near the Heart whence he concludes that the Diastole of the Arteries is caused by the blood alone not by any Pulsifick faculty derived through the Membranes Also Johannes Schroderus writes that the meeting together of the Arteries in the Basis of the Heart was in an heart degenerated into a bone The Use thereof is to communicate the Vital spirit with the Nutritive Arterial blood received from the heart unto all parts of the Body for Nutrition and life which that it may not pass back again into the heart Three Valves are placed like those in the vena Arteriosa exactly shut looking from without inwards which are termed Sigmiodes or Sigma-shap'd Valves Chap. VIII How the Vessels are united in the Heart of a Child in the Womb. THe Vessels in the heart are otherwise disposed when the Child is in the Womb then they are after it is born which though Galen knew and made mention thereof yet the greatest part of Anatomists have either neglected the same or have delivered falsities thereabout by saying that the Unions of the vessels were some of them only made by a Chanel others only by way of Anastomosis But the Conjunctions or UNIONS of the VESSELS of the Heart in a Child in the Womb are twofold One is made by an Anastomosis another by a Chanel By Anastomosis an Union is made of the Vena Cava and the Arteria Venosa under the right Earlet near the Coronaria before the Cava doth absolutely open it self into the right Ventricle The hole is large and of an Oval Figure Now Nature contrived this Union by way of Anastomosis 1. By reason of Vicinity 2. Because of the likeness of substances Before this hole in the Cavity of Arteria venosa is placed a Pendulous thin hard little Membrane larger then the hole It s Use is I. According to the Doctrin of Galen and his Clients that the blood may be carried through this hole out of the Cava into the Arteria venosa not into the right ventricle for vital spirit is not yet bred nor do the Lungs need blood so attenuated to nourish the Lungs because they could not otherwise be nourished in a Child in the Womb because in it the heart hath no motion whereby the blood might be forced out of the right ventricle into the vena Arteriosa And therefore this Arteria venosa is a vein in the Child in the Womb. But that it serves the turn of the Heart and not only to nourish the Lungs divers things Evince observed by the favorers of the Circular Motion For 1. The Heart is moved even in an imperfect Child after the third moneth as Egs and Embryo's do testifie But before the third moneth only a little Bladder of the Earlet pants as in Insects before the Heart is perfectly hollowed But this motion were in vain if the Heart should not receive or expel any thing 2. The blood by the Anastomosis is immediately poured into the left Ear and is necessarily thence conveighed by the Systole of the Heart into the left ventricle 3. All the blood is carried through these Unions doubtless not for the sake of the Lungs alone which might be nourished after the same manner as in grown persons although void of motion the veins in part gaping 4. The Child in the Womb is nourished with Arterial blood which can come from no place but the Heart as shall be demonstrated hereafter Therefore II. The true use is that it might conveigh part of the blood in a Child in the Womb out of the Cava of the Liver into the left ventricle of the Heart which cannot go thither the ordinary way the Lungs neither dilating themselves nor Respireing In which passage the right ventricle also draws somwhat to it self And that the blood may not slide back into the Cava a little Membrane there placed hinders when it fals in and settles A little while after the Birth this Hole grows together and is dried up so that a man would think the place had never been perforated and that by reason of the plenty of blood in a grown person forced out of the Lungs now opened and inlarged directly to the left Earlet which suffers not a smal quantity of blood to flow out of the Anastomosis whereupon being shut it grows together Howbeit in grown persons it remains for a season open Pinaeus observed it thrice Riolanus once and my self more then once Botallus most frequently in Calves Sows Dogs of a large size and therefore he would have it to be alwaies and naturally open that blood might pass this way out of the right to the left Ventricle Caecilius Folius treading in his Foot-steps thinks it is open in all Men to the same end as in a Child in the Womb but contrary to experience For it is then only open when Nature hath shut up other passages as I saw at Padua in that old Man whose Arteria venosa was stopped with Flegm In Water-fowl and other Animals that live in the Water as Ducks Castors Swans Bitturns c. it is alwaies open because they live now and then in the Water without the Use of their Lungs And I have somtimes observed in dead bodies the little Membrane winking and receiving the Probe without any violence but I cannot allow that it is so alwaies And that light opening would be unprofitable For the passage of so much blood Another Union is by a longish Channel viz. that of the vena Arterialis and the Arteria Magna because they are distant one from another The VII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURES In this TABLE are presented the Unions of the Vessels of the Heart in a Child in the Womb also the Heart incompast with the Lungs and the smal twigs of the Wesand or Wind-pipe call'd Aspera Arteria FIG I. A. The Heart B. The Ascendent Trunk of Vena Cava C. The Descendent Trunk thereof D. The Ascendent Trunk of Arteria Magna e. The Axillary Artery f. The Descendent Trunk of the great Artery g. The Earlet of the right Ventricle K. An Anastomosis as it appears in Vena Cava FIG II. A. The little Heart of a Child in the Womb. B. The Trunk of the Arteria Magna springing out of the Heart C. A Portion of the said Artery going down-wards D. The Vena Arteriosa drawn out of the Heart ee The Channel between the Vena Arteriosa and Arteria Magna ff The Rise of the Arteries termed Carotides or drousie Arteries g. The beginning of the Subclavian right Artery FIG III. A. The right Nerve of the sixt Pare going towards the Lungs B. The same Nerve on the left side C. The middle Branch between the two Nerves
arteriosa and the Arteria venosa The Substance in a Child in the Womb is compact and thick so that being cast into Water it sinks which the Lungs of grown persons will not do But after the Birth because it begins to be moved with the Heart by heat and motion the Heart becomes light and soft lax rare and spungy so that the Lungs will be easily raised and fall again and easily receive the Air Which may be seen by the use of a Pare of bellows in dead bodies Helmont hath seen the Lungs hard and stoney in an Asthmatical person and Salmuth observes that little stones have been there generated in shortness of Breath Also touching stones we have the Testimony of Galen Trallianus Aegineta The Lungs are compassed with a thin light Membrane furnisht with many Pores which Pores are sufficiently visible when the Lungs are blown up with a pair of bellows and Job Walaeus hath observed the said Pores in live Anatomies as big as a large Pease This way the Sanies or Corrupt matter of the Chest may Penetrate and come away by Coughing This Membrane is produced from the encompassing Pleura For when the Vessels enter into the Lungs they devest themselves of their Coat which grows out of the Pleura which doth afterwards invest the Lungs The Vessels The Substance of the Lungs is interwoven with three sorts of Vessels which make not a little also for strength Two proceed from the Heart of which before The Vena Arterialis and Arteria Venalis The third is proper viz. The Trachea or Aspera arteria so called of which in the following Chapter If these Vessels be fretted asunder as in persons Phcisical or having the Consumption of the Lungs many times plenty of blood is cast forth or some Cartilaginous substance yea and the Vessels themselves of the Lungs intire which I have seen and Tulpius hath two examples And oftentimes persons in a Consumption die suddenly because the greater Vessels being fretted asunder the Heart is strangled with blood issuing there from These Vessels of the Lungs are great not so much because they wanted much blood for their substance is very smal setting aside the Vessels nor needed they so much blood as is sufficient to nourish the whole body but they are great because the greatest portion of the blood is carryed this way out of the right Ventricle of the Heart into the left by those wide passages for the more subtile blood can find its way through the obscure Pores of the Septum This passage is proved 1. By the greatness of the vessels For the vena arteriosa and the arteria venosa are most large And because the former is a vessel which carries out of the Heart it is furnished with the Mitre-fashion'd valves which hinder the blood from passing out of the Lungs the same way and the latter bringing blood out of the Lungs into the Heart has the treble-pointed valves hindring the blood from returning 2. Great Quantity of Blood is continually sent by the Pulse of the Heart through the vena arteriosa and thence through the arteria venosa unto the left ventricle which is further confirmed by Ocular Inspection 3. By Ligatures in living Anatomies For the Vena arteriosa swels towards the Heart but near the Lungs it is empty the Arteria venosa contrarywise swels towards the Lungs but is empty towards the Heart 4. The left Ventricle of the Heart being wounded or the Arteria aorta great plenty of blood will issue as long as life remains till all the blood in the body be run out And from what other place can it come seeing so much is not contained in the Heart but out of the Lungs through the Arteria venosa which had drawn the Blood out of the Vena arteriosa by the Anastomoses 5. In the Arteria venosa as well of a living as a dead Body so much Blood is found that it hath often hindred me in my publick Dissections 6. By the similitude of the Vessels one with another The Vena arteriosa carrying out of the Heart into the Lungs is just like the Aorta in substance largeness neighbourhood and Valves The Arteria venosa doth in like manner resemble the Vena cava by straitness of Connexion substance of a Vein Earlets and treble-pointed Valves This Circulation through the Lungs is furthered 1. By the widening of the Lungs when Air iâ— drawn in which being every where filled the vessels are distended as when they cease the motion of the Blood is either retarded or quite ceases 2. By the Situation of the vessels of the Lungs The Vena arteriosa is Disseminated in the hinder or Convex part of the Lungs because it is strongly moved by the Pulse of the Heart the Arteria venosa doth cheifly possess the foremore and hollow part that the Blood might more readily slide into the Heart In the Middest of which the Branches of the Wind-pipe are seated that in the blowing out of the Air they might receive sooty Exhalations from the Vena arteriosa and in drawing the Air in they might communicate the same to the Arteria venosa 3. The anastomoses by which the vessels are joyned together both the branches which joyn mouth to mouth though in dead bodies they cannot be discerned by the Eye-sight and the Pores of the Parenchyma which is light and Porous It is to be noted for the answering the objections made against this Circulation 1. That the Lungs are not oppressed or burthened so long as they being sound the Blood perpetually glides through by Peice-meal 2. That the blood doth not drop out through the Pipes of the Wesand because partly they draw in only Air or sooty Exhalations and in no wise Blood of a thicker nature then they unless they be preternaturally fretted in persons that have the Consumption partly because nature never ceases to drive found humors through the passages ordained for them and retains what is necessary which would otherwise go out at the passages of the Body being opened 3. Although the Lungs of Dead bodies are whitish yet the vessels do manifestly transpire through the external Coat The Parenchyma it self is frequently ful in persons strangled with blood in others it is found emptied because in the Pangs of Death it is forcibly excluded 4. In burning Feavers both the Lungs are hot and thereupon the voice is Hoarse and dry and they are oppressed as appeared in the Epidemical Feaver which raged up and down this year by which many were strangled 5. It is no good judging of the healthy state of the Body from the preternatural state thereof Very smal Nervulets from the sixth Pare are spred only through the Membrane thereof which if it be inflamed a pain will be felt and communicated to the side it self and to the Back not through the substance of the Lungs least by Reason of their continual motion they should be pained Hence the Ulcers
and greater branch and each of them again into exterior and interior It is distributed amongst the Muscles of the calf of the Leg. On the back of the Foot being mixed with the branches of the Poplitea it makes that same various texture of Veins which is apparent under the Skin 6. Ischias Major gives a part to the Muscles of the Calf and then spends it self into ten branches bestowing a couple upon each Toe Touching all these it is to be noted 1. That all these branches do send divers tigs outwards to the Skin which are termed Skin-veins 2. That all these branches are diversly disposed in different men as was said in the Arms nor is there alwaies the same carriage of Veins in both the Legs of the same person 3. That there is also no great choyce to be made in opening the Veins of the Feet seeing they are all derived from one Trunk and the Blood ascends from the extream parts and Arteries THE SECOND MANUAL Of the Arteries Answering to the SECOND BOOK Touching the Middle Cavity or Chest CHAP. 1. Of the Arteries in General ARteria an Artery so called from containing and preserving Air or spirit was by the Antients Hippocrates Plato and Aristotle the name of the Wind-pipe which also Hippocrates calls Arteria magna Galen makes a distinction and cals the Wind-pipe Aspera Arteria the rough Artery and those whereof we are now to treat Arteriae leves the smooth Arteries which Hippocrates cals Arterias parvas Aristotle somtimes Venam Aortam otherwhiles simply Aorta Now an Artery properly so called is a common Organ round long hollow like a pipe consisting of a double Coat proceeding from the Heart fit to carry Blood and vital spirits to all parts The Efficient is the proper Artery-making faculty which may be called Artoropoietice The matter whereof it is made is a clammy and cold part of the seed according to Hippocrates And this is the Beginning of its Generation The Beginning of its Dispensation is not the Brain as Pelops Galen's Master would have it but the Heart by the Consent of all Philosophers and Physitians And indeed the Arteries proceed out of the left Chamber or Ventricle of the Heart not the middlemost which Aristotle seigns to himself and would have the Aorta to proceed therefrom And therefore the Arteria magna proceeds from the Heart as also the Venosa Arteria and the Vena Arteriosa but these out of the right Ventricle of which we have spoken already in the second Book Their End or Use is 1. Inasmuch as they are Conduit-pipes they carry the Blood and vital or arterial spirit made in the Heart for Spirit alone without Blood is not contained in the Arteries to all parts of the Body 1. To communicate life or vital faculty that the vital spirit implanted in the parts and their Native heat may be sustained and cherished 2. That animal spirit may be bred in the noble Ventricle of the Marrow 3. For the nourishment of all the parts which are nourished by these only and their Blood and not by the venal Blood or Veins 4. To carry the Excrements of the Body and the Blood therewith mingled either to the outer parts of the body to the Kidnies or the Mesentery or the Womb or the haemorrhoid Veins c. II. Inasmuch as they are moved and pulse perpetually they afford this benefit 1. That the heat of the parts is fanned cooled and tempered and so a symmetrie or due proportion of Heat is preserved which is caused not so much by the Airs being drawn in when the Artery is widened to avoid Vacuum as by the arterial Blood continually flowing in impregnated with Air. 2. That this nourishing arterial Blood may be continually poured into the smallest Arteries and from thence into the parts of the Body For in the first place the Heart by continuall pulsing drives the Blood into the greater Arteries which because they cannot let it return because of the Valves and are too strong to break it must needs be driven to to the very smallest Arteries and the parts of the Body And those parts not being nourished with all that is forced in do send back that which is superfluous into the Veins that so it may be circulated Moreover an Arterie being bound in any part of the Body it is filled towards the Heart otherwise than the Veins contrariwise towards the smallest Arteries and the parts it is emptied Thirdly In Blood-letting the Arm being indifferently hard bound and the pulse remaining the Arm is filled and a Vein being opened below the band Blood plentifully issues which because it cannot come out of the Veins which lying higher are stopped by the Ligature it must needs be brought from the Arteries beneath Fourthly in live-Creatures dissected this Tumor of the Arteries is observed neer their Original and a lankness towards the extream parts of Body into which they go and when they are opened there is a mighty flux of blood on this side the band none beyond it Lastly the same is to be seen by an Aneurisma 3. Least the Blood of the Veins to which they are joyned should be stil and putrifie like standing waters and that the Heart may not be destitute of Blood in its continual expulsion by the driving Arteries it is continually filled again through the Veins This Motion of the Arteries called the Pulse is caused either by the faculty alone whether seated in the Arteries themselves as Praxagoras would have it or flowing from the Heart by the coats of the Arteries as Galen and infinite Physitians after him have taught especially by reason of a little Reed put into the Arteries under which they are not mov'd by reason of the Intercepton of their coat til it be taken away again because as the Heart is contracted and widened so are the Arteries as appears by laying one hand to the region of the Heart and the other to the Wrist and by wounds in the Heart and Arteries or by the Blood either boyling according to Aristotle or rarefied according to Des Cartes or meerly distending as Harvey hath proved or from both the Blood filling and the faculty directing which is my opinion For that the Arteries are moved and distended by the Blood I prove 1. The Heart by its perpetual pulsing expels great store of Blood as I have demostrated in my Chapter of the Heart 2. That the same Blood doth fill and move the Arteries the Artery it self shews being laid bare into which at every pulse you shall feel with your fingers the Blood driven in to flow down with which it is dilated 3. When an Artery is opened Blood leaps out at every pulse as out of the Heart 4. Harvey saw a portion of the descendent Artery with two crural branches a span long taken out of the Body of a Gentleman which was turned into a fistulous hollow bone and nevertheless the Blood which when he was living descended through
which nevertheless the opening of an Arterie may seem usless because 1 Vaporous and hot Blood is as well carried by the inner carotick Arteries unto the Brain from the Basis to the plexus retiformis as wel as by the external ones which are opened 2 The same Blood returnes through the jugular Veins according to the sure Laws of Circulation But seeing it did certainly profit the Patients I conceive it was practised rather by way of preservation then of Cure For the antecedent cause being somewhat evacuated by the outer Arteries the conjunct cause is easily extruded by the jugular Veins More over some external Vein or Arterie may be obstructed so that neither the latter can send nor the former receive unless they be opened Galen ads a third Coat in their inner Surface like a Cobweb for Thinness appearing in great Arteries about the Original Chap. 2. Of the ascendent Trunk of the great Arterie THe distribution of the Arteries which alwaies in a manner accompany the Veins wil be more easy and short because the dessemination of the Veins is already understood from what has bin said before The Arteria magna or crassa the great or thick Artery the mother of the other Arteries comes out of the left Ventricle of the Heart with a gapeing Orifice or vvide mouth where within the Pericardium or Heart-Bag it breeds from it self the Arteria Coronaria compassing the Basis of the Heart sometimes single sometimes double afterward going out of the Heart-bag t is divided into the lesser Trunk ascending and the greater Trunk descending The lesser and upper Trunk resting upon the Wesand does provide for all parts quartered above the Heart and is divided into the Subclavius Ramus dexter which is higher and much the larger and the sinister rising more low and going obliquely to the Arm. Afterward the whole Trunk sustained by the Thymus divides it self into two Carotides or Sleep-arteries unequal which go right upwards The Arteriae subclaviae before they go out of the Chest for then they are termed Axillares when they are out from their lower part do produce the Intercostales superiores to the Intervals of three or four of the upper Ribs from their upper part 1. The Mammariae 2. The Cervicales 3. The Musculae From the Axillaris before it comes to the Arm in the lower part doth arise the Thoracica superior Thoracica inferior and Scapularis in the upper part the Humeraria The remainder goes from the Axillary on each side to the Arm. CHAP. III. Of the Arteria Carotides THe Arteriae Carotides do ascend upwards right to the Head by the sides of the Wesand being knit unto the internal Jugulars for the internal Veins do not accompany the Arteries When they come to the Fauces before they enter the Skul they give branches to the Larynx and the Tongue and then a division is made into the outer and inner branch The outer being the smaller furnishes the Cheeks and Muscles of the Face and then at the root of the Ears 't is divided into two branches the one is sent to the hinder parts of the Ear whence arise two branches entring the lower Jaw to furnish the Lip and the roots of all the lower Teeth the other goes to the Temples the Forehead and the Muscles of the Face The inner at the saddle of Os Sphaenodes under the dura mater makes the Rete mirabile and then passes through the dura mater and sends forth two branches 1. The lesser with the Nerve optick to the Eyes 2. The greater ascending to to the side of the Glandula pituitaria and distributed through the pia maior and the substance of the Brain Chap. 4. Of the Arteries of the whole Hand THe Axillary Arterie is carried along through the Arm descending between the Muscles with a Vein and Nerve of the Arm which they count to be the fourth Under the bending of the Elbow it is divided into two fair branches the upper and the lower The upper goes right on through the middle to the Wrist where Physitions feel the Pulse afterward proceeding under the ring-shap'd Ligament it bestows branches upon the Thumb Fore-finger and Middle-finger The lower running through the Ulna to the Wrist furnishes the Mid-finger Ring-finger and little finger and so it proceeds to the Wrist whence we feel the motion of the Pulse beneath especially in lean persons or such as have a great Pulse But we better perceive the pulsing of the former branch because it is less obscured and hid by Tendons The FIGURE Explained This TABLE presents the distribution of the Arteria Magna or Aorta through the whole Body A. The Beginning of the Arteria magna arising cut of the Heart aa It s Trunk ascending from whence arise CC. The Arteriae Subclaviae and from these dd The Arteriae carotides which afterwards produce ee The Ramus exterior and ff The Ramus interior gg The Arteriae Vertebrales or Cervicales hh The Arteriae Musculae ii The Arteriae Mammariae kk The upper intercostal Arteries ll The Scapularis interna mm. Scapularis externa nn Thoracica superior oo Thoracica inferior pp. The Ramus axillaris Qq It s upper branch dispersed through the Arm to the Wrist Rr. It s inferior branch going also to the Hand These following Characters denote the Arteries which spring from the descendent Trunk B. The Trunk of the Artery descending aaaa The lower Intercostal Arteries bb The Phrenicae Arteriae C. The Arteria Caeliaca d. The right branch thereof e. It s left branch or Arteria Splenica sprinkled with very small twigs through the Spleen f. The Arteria Gastrica dextra g. The Arteria Gastrepiploica h. The Arteria Epiploica kk The Arteria Mesenterica superior ll The emulgent Arteries mm. The Spermatick Arteries nnnn The Arteriae Lumbares oo The Mesenterica inferior pp. The Rami Iliaci Qq. The Arteria Iliaca externa Rr. The Iliaca interna S. The Arteria Sacra tt Arteriae Hypogastricae going to the Arse-gu and the Privities uu The Hypogastricae which go to the Womb. XX. The Umbilical Arteries ZZ The Arteria Epigastricae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteria Cruralis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteria pudenda 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Muscula inferior 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteria Muscula Cruralis external 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Muscula cruralis interna 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Poplitaeus Ramus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Ramus Suralis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Branches spent upon the Foot and its Toâ—s page 319 CHAP. V. Of the descending Trunk of the great Arterie THe Trunk of the Aorta or great Arterie descending is greater because it sends out branches from it self into the middle and lower belly as also into the Thighes In the Chest or middle Bellie two Arteries proceed from the greater Trunk I The Intercostales inferiores which go unto the Intervalls of eight Ribs and the neighbouring Muscles For it seldom happens that the Vein sine
with Blood into the smallest branches of the Vena cava as is easie to observe in the Liver blown up when the Flesh is taken off and it swims in water And that the same happens to the rest of the Chyle mingled with the Blood will be hereafter manifest Out of the little branches of the Vena Cava in the Liver the Blood is in the Judgement of all men poured into the Vena Cava and when in live Anatomies it is tied above the Liver it manifestly swels with blood flowing in Out of the Vena Cava it enters into the right Ventricle of the Heart and either part of the Vena Cava being tied either that which is seared above or that which is below the Heart I have many times observed especially in an Eell that it is quickly emptied towards the Heart which also Harvey hath observed chapter tenth of his Book Out of the right Ventricle of the Heart it enters manifestly enough into the Vena arteriosa and by it into the Lungs But I dare not say that any of the blood passeth out of the right Ventricle of the Heart by the partition wall 〈…〉 the left Ventricle thereof seeing I find open passages elswhere but none in this place Purut Gassendus a General Scholar and of a candid Spirit in his Exercitations upon Fluds Philosophy part 3. chap. 1â— relates how he had seen Payanus shew the Partition wall of the Heart to be transpassable by sundry crooked and turning passages and that they might be found out if putting a Probe gently into one of the pits you shall most leafurely thrust it upwards and downwards and to one side and still seek a further passage till you meet with the end thereof And the truth is I have divers times found it to succeed as he saies but I have withall observed that those waies and turning passages were not at all made by Nature but by the Probe or point of a Penknise while we open a way already made and seek one farther for the Flesh of the Heart is so tender and withall so consistent that with the smallest touch of any thing that can boâ—e it is presently broken and leaves a Cavity so that we may also after this manner find passages through the sides of the Heart That the Blood being entred by the Vena arteriosa into the Lungs doth return through the Arteria Venosa unto the Left Ventricle of the Heart I do hereby collect in that having bound the greater branch of the Arteaia Venosa in a live Anatomy neer the Pericardium or Heart-bag we have seen it grow hard and swell towards the circumference of the Lungs that part being emptiod and falling in which looks towards the Heart and when the Ligature was loosed we saw the Blood move to the left Ventricle of the Heart and this is very easily observed in Rabbies Now this Blood because it can come from no other place must needs come from the Vena arteriosa hither Leonardus Botallus a most learned Man at the end of his Book de Catarrho supposeth he hath found another way by which the Blood may continually goe out of the right into the left Ventricle of the Heart A little above the coronal Artery saith he I found a passage visible enough nèar the right Earlet whichâ— goes immediately and right forth into the left Earlet This passage unless it be the progress of the Vena cava to the Vena arteriosa which we call Foramen ovale or another passage which I have somtimes found in a Sheeps Heart as big as a Wheat straw going with a crooked passage from one Earlet to another unless I say it were one of these I know not what for a passage it was And as for that Ovale foramen Eg-fashion'd-hole it is not every where alike shut up and oftentimes there is a very thin and transparent little Membrane growing in the middle thereof which with the smallest touch of a Probe is easily broken but it is very seldom upon any occasion found open in grown persons And the Blood flowing through the Arteria Venosa out of the Lungs doth fasten the Membrane placed before that hole so that even when it doth not grow to hardly any thing can pass that way But that same oblique passage which I have seen in a Sheeps heart doth many times pierce deep into the substance of the Earlet but is very seldom carried into the other Earlet And I conceive it was given the Earlet for its Nutrition it not being wont to receive branches from the Coronaria Now from such things as seldom happen we cannot conclude any thing touching those things that constantly come to pass for Nature frequently sports her self in the Fabrick of the Heart So in the Septum Intermedium or partition wall of an Oxes Heart in the upper part according to the length of the Heart sometimes I have found a Cavity opening at the left Ventricle about the point which was as long and large as a mans Fore-finger The like whereunto possibly Aristotle saw when in his 3. de partibus Chap. 4. he saith the greater sort of Animals have three Ventricles in their Heart For the greatest Animals that are have but two Ventricles as I observed in the Dissection of a young Whale So that the Blood cannot be thought to go ordinarily any other way then through the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart The Blood being thus caried into the left Ventricle of the Heart goes from thence to the Arteria aorta the middle and smallest Arteries for they being bound in living Anatomies do wonderfully swell towards the Heart and towards the extream parts they fall in and the Ligature being loosed they evidently send the Blood to the remoter parts of the Body The Blood out of the smaller Arteries may enter into the Veins for the Arteries have a way open into the Veins by the common mouths of one opened into another And to the intent we might be sure that Blood may pass by those mouths we have freed the Vein and Artery in the Foot of a dead Dog from such things as are wont to hinder their being seen and we emptied the greater crural Vein and bound it in the flank least any Blood might flow in that way and in the Knee we bound both this Vein and its neighbouring Artery and then with our fingers we forced the Blood in the Iliack Arteries as far as to the Knee and so we emptied the crural Artery but the crural Vein we saw manifestly replenished and seeing into the Vein tied above and beneath nothing could come or a very little out of its branches and yet it was much filled and the Artery quite emptied we did gather that the Blood wherewith the Vein was filled was driven by the little mouths out of the emptied Arteries into the said Vein And that this Opinion is not new Galen himself shews in his
fourth Chapter So that the Blood comes chiefly by pulsion into the right Ventricle of the Heart But is it not also drawn both into the Earlet and the right Ventricle I conceive so for with part of that Blood which they receive they ought to be nourished within now that which must nourish must be drawn to the end the part may receive that Blood which is most useful to it for by pulsion also that which is unprofitable is sent away as Galen excellently according to his wonted manner in other Cases doth infer in his 1 2 and 3. Books de Nâ—â— fac Now this drawing is not only of that blood which is near but also of that which is far off as all parts have that faculty least they should be soon destitute of nourishment But doth not the Heart also draw because it is widened to avoid Vacuum as we are wont to say It is not likely because in its dilatation there can be no fear of Vacuum as shall hereafter more evidently appear As the Blood comes to the right Ventricle of the Heart so also it comes to the left save that we could not observe the impulse of the Blood when the Lungs fall to be so strong out of the Arteria Venosa into the left Earlet as out of the Vena cava yet there is manifestly some But the Impulse into both Earlets and into both the Ventricles happens at one and the same moment of time save in Creatures ready to dye in which we have observed that both Earlets and both Ventricles do not pulse at one and the same time But when the Blood is thus driven into the Ventricles of the Heart the Heart hath no motion evident to the Eye but putting our Finger upon the Heart we perceive somewhat to enter into the Heart and that the Heart becomes fuller which also Harvey hath observed in his 4. Chapter Yea we have observed that the Earlet hath pulsed seventy sometimes an hundred pulses before any motion of the Heart followed So that we see how the Blood is moved into the Heart Let us now see how it is moved into the Arteries The Blood is moved into the Arteries by way of pulsion or driving forâ— an hole being made in the Heart we saw Blood come forth when the Heart contracted it self also the Aorta or Vena Arteriosa being cut off from the Heart we saw Blood poured forth when the Heart did straiten it self the tip of the Heart being cut off and the Heart ser upright we saw the Blood expelled and leaping out of the Heart the Heart being cut a thwart in the middle we saw the Blood expelled in the Systole but we never saw it go out in the Diastole And whereas some say they have seen in live Dissections the Blood come out in the Diastole I conceive they were deceived by taking that to be a Diastole which is indeed the Systole which also that rare Anatomist Columbus observed in his 14. Book de Re Anatomica For in the motion of the Heart we must exactly distinguish betwixt the Constriction Quiet and Dilatation thereof In the Constriction or Systole of the Heart the point of the Heart draws near to the Basis and therefore it becomes a little broader And in his Animals in which the Aorta is inferred not into the Basis of the Heart but a little towards the middle as in Rabbits Eâ—ls and such like the Basis also of the Heart draws towards the point Now the sides of the Heart seated against the right and left Ribs do come one nearer to another so that if you shall cut off the tip of either side so that it may hang in the constriction it will return unto the sound side and as it were into its place But the side of the Heart against the Breast-bone is lifted up and especially towards the Basis and so the whole Heart is bent and stretched on all sides and that part meaâ— the Basis being lift up seems most of all to smite the breast and to make that beating which we feel although the point also may do it which that great Anatomist Riolanus observed in the sixth Book of his Anthropologia Chapter 12. And that I might be the better assured that this motion of the Heart now described is the Constriction thereof I have sometimes cut off the tip of the Heart and sometimes cut it asunder athwart through the middle And I manifestly saw when it made the foresaid motion that the Cavity of the Ventricles became less and my Finger being put into the hole I felt the Ventricles contract themselves to â—y Finger And the self same motion which I have shewed in the Heart makes externally when it contracts it self it shews also inwardly save that there seems to be no motion in the Septum intermedium peradventure least the Septum to straiten the left Ventricle should come nearer the left side of the Heart it should leave the right Ventricle wider This is the â—ension and Constriction of the Heart whereby the Blood is forced out of the Ventricles of the Heart into the Vena Arteriosa and the Aorta And when it is languishing it is made only by the help of those fibres wherewith the flesh of the Heart is furnished but to make a stronger constriction those greater fibres concur which are seen in the Ventricles of the Heart as I have often observed in Dissecting the Ventricles of the Heart in live Anatomies Now those fibres in the Ventricles and in the substance of the Heart it self do manifestly cause the Constriction because they are on all sides distended broadwise and therefore they are abbreviated as to length just as all the musculous parts of our Body do in like manner perform their motion and therefore when we would chew ouâ— meat we feel our temporal Muscle swell and grow hard By reason of this swelling the Cavity of the Ventricles of the Heart is made more sirait And this Turor of the Flesh and greater fibres begins at the Basis and proceeds gradually unto the â—ip In regard of which Motion if Hypocrates in the Beginning of his Book de Corde cal'd the Heart a strong Muscle he did truly after an elegant manner express the manner of its Motion When the Heart by its Constriction hath forced the Blood into the Arteries it returns to its Natural state For the point returns from the Basis as also the Basis from the point in those Animals which have no passage into the Aorta in their basis but the left and right side of the Heart extends it self towards the Ribs and that side which looks towards the Breast-bone falls in especially there where it answers to the Orifice of the Aorta and then the whol Heart rests and is found loose and soft And unless that upper side did settle and fall in the Heart would be dilated in this return hereof to its naturall state as is easie to see and feel
abated by little and little of their pulse yea and sometimes intermitted and afterward the red colour of the bound Arm was changed into black and blew and therefore I presently undid the Ligature being frighted with this Example A certain Country-man being wounded in the inside of his Arm about the Cubit when the Village Chirurgeon could not stop the blood he bound the Arm extream close about the Wound whence followed an exceeding Inflammation of the lower part of his Arm and such a swelling that deep pits were seen in the place of his fingers joynts and within eighteen hours the lower part of his Arm was gangrenaâ—ed and sphacelated which Christianus Regius an expert Chirurgeon did cut off in the presence of my self and Eâ—aldus Screvelius an excellent Physitian Moreover they object if the venal Blood comes out of the Arteries how can the arterial Blood differ so much from the venal But we must know that it differs less from the venal Blood then most men imagine who from the violence wherewith the arterial Blood leaps forth do collect the great plenty of Spirits therein and the great rarity or thinness thereof whereas that Leaping proceeds from the Force wherewith the Heart drives the Blood through the arteries for an Arterie being opened below or beyond the ligature the Blood comes out only dropping And the difference between these two bloods is caused by the greater or less quantity of Heat and Spirits according as the Blood is more or less remote from the Heart the fountain of Heat For the Blood which is near the Heart differs much from that which is far off in the smallest arteries which you can hardly distinguish from that which is in the small veins And the smaller veins have more thin and hot Blood then the great ones which any one may easily try in opening veins of the Arm and Foot Yea and if the Vein be opened with a double Ligature on each side the orifice as I said before the Blood will come out hotter then with a single Ligature Now that the Blood does not go out of the smaller veins into the greater they endeavour to prove by womens monthly purgations which according to their judgment are gathered one whole month together in the Veins about the Womb and if they are carried from the Womb unto the Head they conceive that they do not pass through the Vena cava and the Heart Howbeit the common and true opinion is that about the time of the usual flux the blood begins to be moved to the Womb from which motion of the humors pains of the sides and loines are wont to arise about that time And I know by Experience that about the time of the menstrual Flux if the Pulse of the Heart and arteries can be made greater the Courses will flow the better because the Blood will through the arteries be driven more forcibly into the Womb. It may nevertheless fall out that the Courses may be collected and make an Obstruction in the Womb and that then the Blood may not return into the greater veins that motion being stopped but that is besides nature And when the menstrual blood is carried out of the Womb into the Head the way is not inconvenient through the Vena cava the Heart and the ascending branch of the Arteria Aorta and that they do indeed pass through the Heart those palpitations and light faintings do seem to argue which are wont to attend upon the Courses stopped But should we not conceive it to be a dangerous thing if all the ill humors in our bodies must pass into and through the Heart But we must know that our bodies are so framed as that they may be most convenient for us when we are in Health and not when we are sick Moreover the Humor which putrifies by reason of obstruction and is very bad comes not to the Heart because its way is stopped up Nor is the Heart so weak as to be corrupted by an evil Humor which stayes not long therein for those great Physitians Galen Hollerius Laurentius have observed that the Quittor of such as have an Empyema and other sharp and stinking Humors do critically and without any bad symptomes pass through the left ventricle of the Heart which many times makes for the good of the sick Persons in whom that bad Humor passing through the Heart is often vanquished by the Vigour and Vertue hereof The other Objections which they make do only respect the Causes of this motion or certain Circumstances wherein men are wont more freely to dissent yet let us breifly consider whether or no they have in them any weight wherewith to burthen our Opinion They say that at every contraction of the Heart the blood is not driven out by half ounces nor by drams nor by scruples out of the Heart of a Man for three Causes first because that blood is too spirituous but I have already shewed that it is not so spirituous as men imagine commonly secondly because those little Valves of the Heart do only gape a little and then are close shut again which also doth not agree with experience for an Arteric being cut off from the heart great streams of Blood do issue from the Heart Thirdly that the Arteries are too full then to be able to admit half an ounce a dram or a scruple of Blood But that is too inconsiderately avouched for when the Heart contracts it self all the arteries in the body are enlarged and that on all sides as I have divers times perceived with my hand holding the naked arterie betwixt my fingers And who will now say that all the Arteries of the Body being dilated cannot admit of a Scruple a Dram yea half an Ounce of blood more then they have Also they deny that in the child in the Womb the blood out of the Vena Cava does through the Vessels of the heart united enter into the Arteria Aorta and go from thence out of the umbilical Arteries into the umbilical Vein and return back by it into the Heart because they think this great absurdity will follow that one Vein should carry the mothers blood and withal so much blood as the two umbilical arteries do bring in As if Rivers did not frequently carry as much water in one Channel as many Brooks are able to bring in And here the umbilical Vein when it is but one is much greater then the Arterie There is often but one arterie or there are two veins that the arteries may as much as may be answer to the veins In brute Beasts sayes Fallopius a rare Anatomist there are allwayes two Veins and two Arteries which with the Vrachus or pis-pipe do reach as far as the Navil and the Veins do presently grow into one before they enter into the Abdomen which does reach to the Gates of the Liver as I have observed in all Sheep Goats and Cows whose young ones I have
Membranes Vessels Use The Error of Asclepiades and Paracelsus The Situation of the Piss-bladder It s Magnitude Its Connexion It s Substance Membranes The Crust of the Bladder The expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s Holes It s Neck The Sphincter Muscle Its Vessels It s Use The Spermatick Vessels and their Original Their Magnitude Their Passage Their Use The Stones Their Number Why placed without in Men Their Greatness Their Figure Whether the left Stone be colder then the right The Error of Aristotle Whether Nature alwaies intends to beget Boys Their Coats Common The Cod. Why void of Fat Porper The Substance of the Stones Vessels Muscles The Efficiens cause of the Seed Without the Stones there is no Generation The Sympathy of the Stones with the whole Body The Parastatae Names Their Substance Their Rise Their Use See Fig. III. Tab. XXI Whether a Bull may ingender after he is guel Whether seed is contained in the Bladderkies Whether in the Prostatae See Tab. XXII Let. QQ Whether the Prostatae do make seed The seat of the Gonorrhaea The Prostatae do not help to make seed Its Names Situation Figure Magnitude Why the Yard is void of Fat the first Opinion Laurentius his Error It s Substance The four Parts of the Yard Urethra The Nut of the Yard â— The nervous Bodies Whence the hardness and Erection of the Yard proceeds The Muscles of the Yard Copulation Conception The Genitals in Women quite different from those in men The similitude of the Yard and of the Womb ridiculous The praeparatory Vessels in women How they differ from those in Men. How the Stones of Women differ from those of Men. Why Womens stones are placed within their Bodies Why the womb is placed in the Hypogastrium It s Magnitude The true Figure of the Womb. The Ligaments of the Womb. The upper Ligaments of the Womb. The falling down of the Womb. The Lower It s Substance Its Membranes Its Vessels Why the left Veins of the Womb are joyned to the right Anastomoses in the womb The Largeness of the Uterine Vessels A Child conceived in a womans Stomach The wombs motion Why sweet smelling things do hurt some women See Tab. XXVII The short Neck of the womb Some Cause of Barrenness The Bottom No Cavities or Cells in the womb of a woman Why Horns are said to be in the wombs of women The inner Orifice of the womb Some Causes of Barrenness The Use of the Orifice of the womb When the Mouth of the womb is opened See Tab. XXVII Wrinkles in the Neck of the womb The Orifice of the Bladder See Fig. IV. and V. of Taâ— XXVIII That there is some true sign of Virginity Why Virgins are pained in their first carnal Copulation An Exception What is the token of Virginity The I. Opinion of the Arabians The II. Opinion The III. Opinion The IV. Opinion The V. Opinion strengthned by many Authors The Confutation of such as deny it to be alwaies found in Virgins The VI. Opinion The hole in the middle of the Hymen is of several fashions A Question touching the shedding of blood in the first Copulation Whether Conception may be made without hurting the Hymen Parts of the Privitie See Fig. II. and III. of the XXVIII Tab. See Fig. IV. of Tab. XXVIII See Tab. XXVIII It s Substance Its Muscles Tentigo Its Vessels It s Use See FIG III. and IV. of the Tab. XXVIII The Lips and Venus Hillocks Wherâ—â—n the Child in the Womb differs from a grown person Whether the heat of the Womb only â—e the Efficient cause of the Membranes Sundry opinions concerning the matter of the said Membranes Their Number What the Secondine is and why so called Whence the Liquor proceeds that is in the Amnios What the Cotyledons are What the Navil is and of what parts it consists The Vena umbilicalis It s Insertion It s Use The Knots Arteries Anastomoses of the umbilical Vessels Their Twisting The length of the Rope It s thickness The binding of the Navil The Dignity of the Navil is not much Urachus The Urachus is not hollow in Mankind The Error of Laurentius The middle Venter what it is Hypocrates and Aristotle It s Figure Magnitude Substance It s Use Its Parts Common The Use of the hair under the arm-pits Why there is little Fat in the Chest The proper Parts See Tab. XXV Lib. I. Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast Number of the Dugs Magnitude The difference of the Dugs in men and women Their Shape Their Parts How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense The Dug The Venae Mammariae Why Milk is bred after the child is born Their Arteries The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds But arises from the Stomach the Chyle The said Opinion refuced And the Argument of Martianus and others are answered Their Nerves Their Pipes The use of the Dugs The Efficient cause of Milk Milk may breed in Virgins Men Women not with Child c. See the Figure of the following Chapter Their Number The Error of others Their use It s Situation It s Figure It s Number Magnitude An Head and Tail in the Midriff It s substance It s Membrane It s Holes Vessels Sardonian Laughter Use How the motion of the Diaphragma is performed What the Pleura is and its Original It s Thickness The place of the matter which causes a Pleurisie It s Holes It s substance Vessels The use of the Mediastinum The Pericardium See Tab. 3. of Book 2. It s Original It s Holes Situation It s Connexion It s Surface It s Substance Its Vessels It s Use Whether all Live-Wights have this wherish Liquor in their Heart-bags Why more plentiful in dead Bodies Whence the liquor in the Heart-bag proceeds The first Opinion It s Use Why the Heart â—â— in the middest of the Body A vulgar Error that the Heart is in the left side Why the point of the Heart enclines to the left side Who have the greatest Hearts Connexion Why the Substance of the Heart is so thick It s Coat Whether Fat is found about the Heart The Coronary Vein of the Heart An Error of Fallopius Whether the Heart be a Muscle The Error of Averroes An Hairy Breast what it signifies An Hairy Heart what it signifieâ— Whether the Heart doe perfect the Blood What things are requisite to perfect the Blood In which Ventricle the Blood is perfected What the Pulse is Its Parts The Heart takes in Blood in the Diastole The Quantity of blood in the Heart The form of the Heart in the Systole The shape of the Heart in the Diastole The next Efficient Cause of the motion of the Heart Whether there be a pulsifick Faculty Remote Causes of the motion of the Heart The Earlets of the Heart why so called What pulses first in an Eg. Their Situation Number Substance Their Surface See Tab. IV. of Book II. Their Motion Their use The Ventricles of
is moved That it is only one kinde of blood It is not moved up and down in the Vessels like boiled water But it is moved oâ—e of one part into another Which motion perfectly to understanâ— the motion of the Chylus must be sought into That meat which is first eaten hath the first place in the Stomach The Stomach closely embraces the same It is moistned with the moisture of the Stomach It is cut and minced by an acid humour Which comes from the spleer Afterward it is changed into Cream Tom. seâ— 3. â— sâ—â—nt â—â—tâ—r How soon or late it is concoctèd and distributed All at once or by piecemeal Being digested it is distributed into the Guts and milky Veins See the Figure of the milky Veins pag. 563. Not through the Meseraick veins Alwaies white By one Continued passage of the milky veins Not to the Spleen But to the Liver Gut of the Liver into the Vena Cava Out of the Vena cava into the heart Out of the right Ventricle of the Heart into Vena arteriosa But not through the Sepâ—â—â—â— interâ—…tium or partition of the Heart Oâ—â— of the Vena arteriosa into the Arteria venosa and the left Ventricle of the Heart But not through the foramen ovale And thence into the Heart the Arteria aorta and the rest of small Arteries Out of the Arteries the Blood by commen mouths Known to the Ancients Goes into the Veins As the store of Blood sent into the parts doth shâ—â— The pressing a Vein below the orifice in Blood-letting The Ligature of a vein in living Anatomies Dissection of a Vein in living Creatures The emptying of the Veins appearing in the Skin But the Blood doth not come out of the greater Veins into the lesser Sevulsory Blood-letting doth not argue it Nor the Arms falling away occasioned by a Ligature Nor the Varices But it flows â—â—â— of the smaller vessels into the Vena cava Out of the Vena cava to the Heart again Yea that Blood which hath already past the Heart Because the Meat affords not so much Blood as the Heart passeth through Viz. about half an ounce at every pulse So that the Blood 〈◊〉 circularly Which motion of the Blood was not unknown to the Ancients To Hippocrates in Foëtins Ediâ—â—on pag. 344. pag. 277. pag. 229. To Diogiâ—â—â— Apolloniata To Plato To Aristotle But in this Age found out â—…sh by Paulus Servita Publish'd in Print by William Harvey Now this motion is made through all the Arteries and Veins of the Body Yea of the Head Yea in the Child in the Womb. It goes out of the Arteries into the Veins By Anastomoses And through the Flesh And that motion of the Blood Is continual Quick So that the whole Circuit or round is performed in less than a quarter of an hour Nor do the Fits of Agues argue any other Nor the Exacerbations of Feavers This motion is also vehement Not of like vehemence in the Arteries and Veins Yet the same Quickness in both Yet of greater quickness when the Heart beats One portion of blood doth not allwayes go the same way The Vital Spirits are moved with the Blood The Animal Spirits motion through the Nerves cannot be observed But the motion of the Chylus easily through the milkie Veins What kind of motion that iâ— The Cause of the Bloods motion Is not an iâ—bâ—â—â— power thereof Nor is the blood carried by the Spirits Nor is it voided by reason of rarâ—faction only Put it is drive by the Vena cava into the Earlâ—t Out of it into the Heart Yet is it drawn also The cause of the motion into the left Ventricle is the same Aâ—d happens in both places at one moment The Blood is driven out of the Heart into the Arteries when the Heart is contracted The Cause of the Constriction of the Heart Which is performed by help of the fibres The Heart after its Constriction returns to its Natural state And then it is dilated The Blood is driven out of the greater into the lesser Arteries Yet it is drawn withall Not necessarily by dilatation of the Artery Nor doth Galens experiment shew any other thing Yet Galen hath certain tokens that the dilatation of the Arteries helps their motion De usu puls cap. 5. An sanguis in Art c. 8. But the impulse i here caused only by the Hart. Out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the smaller Veins into the greater It is driven By every Particle of the Vein And drawn So also by Pulsion the Chyle is moved out of the Stomach Through the Guts By the milkie Veins And also drawn Why not through the mesaraick Veins The motion of the blood serves for the utility of the parts And that it may be preserved And to perfect the Blood The blood which is carried to nourish the part is not moved circularly Nor is there any other motion of the Blood whereby the Valves of the Heart are shut Nor in Passionâ— of the Mind Yet there is another praeternatural motion thereof The occasion of this second Letter Answer to the Objections That in Blood letting the Vein does swest at the binding Not through Pain Not by straining the Vein But because the motion of the Blood is stopped Nor doe the Arteries swel because of the Ligature But the Veins swel also with two Ligatures and wherefore Why in blood-letting they unbind the Arm when the blood does not run apace Why much blood may be taken away And more out of the Arm then out of the Hand Why it flows out of a wounded Arterie not bound The Ligature being loosed the blood stops and sometimes it runs and why But is stopped by holding the finger in the Vein below the Orifice Also when the Vein is cut asunder in the middle and wherefore No parts receive Blood by the veins excepting the liver How and why the venal blood differs from the arterial How menstrual Blood is collected about the womb How they are carried out of the Womb into the Head How it comes that the Humors passing through the Heart do not cause great Inconveniences The Objections against circumstances Nothing hinders but that half an ounce of Blood may be forced out of the Heart at every pulse Nothing hinders but that the Blood may be circularly moved in the child in the Womb. A sign that it is so indeed Though there be Anastomoses of the Veins arteries yet Tumors may arise Not by Rarifaction But by constriction of the heart the blood is driven in the Arteries Not in the dilatation though sometimes blood go out therein And being driven by all parts of the Veins it returns to the Heart By this motion the Veins and Arteries may be nourished And the blood ventilitated better
it beats in the Child in the Womb before the Child hath received the Animal faculty And Galen did rightly deny that the heart was a Muscle 1. Because it hath all kind of Fibres 2. Because a Muscle is the Instrument of voluntary motion But if any one shall say the heart is a Muscle subservient to natural motion I shall oppose such an improper manner of speaking And so that of Hippocrates may be true that the heart is a muscle For he defines a Muscle to be flesh made up into an Orbicular shape Others conceive that being long boyled it resembles a Muscle and that then it is not one but divers Muscles by reason of divers motions contracted into themselves Others grant it to be a Muscle of a nature by it self as the Midrifl which is perpetually moved Walaeus most rightly of all others calls it not a Muscle but saies it is contracted in its motion like a Muscle by Fibres interwoven in the flesh and especially in the Ventricles like the temporal Muscle in such as chew their meat The Temperament of the heart in respect of active Qualities is hot yea the hottest of al the parts of the Body How beit with a gentle and light-ful heat not scorching and burning if it be rightly disposed And therefore t is no wonder that in live dissections somtimes we feel so little heat in the heart with our Finger especially when our Skin is thick we hold it but a little while and the external Air is not rightly prepared before hand It communicates the same heat to other parts and renders ths Arterial blood fit to nourish which heat being asswaged in the Veins by reason of the long jorney it must of necessity run back again to the heart that it may be refurnished and restored with the same heat But vain is the opinion of Averroes that the heart is cold because of the cold parts which it contains viz. its Vessels and Valves Unless haply he ment the heart void of Spirit as many will have it Those whose heart is hotter then ordinary have their Breast rough with hair and the parts near their Hypochondria and those men are angryly inclind and daring Seldom is the heat of the heart so great as that it self should thereby become rough with hair such as Pliny and Valerius Maximus tell us was found in Aristomenes a Micenian and in Hermogenesâ— a â—…cian Coelius Rodiginus relates and Benevenius Zâ—… Lusitanus and Murelus avouch that they saw such â—â—â—â—ry heart in certain Famous Theives Now such 〈…〉 are audacious in the highest degree extream 〈…〉 crasty and for the most part wicked Riolaâ—â—â— â—â—us that the matter of these haires is the thiâ—â—â—or things of that wheyish humor which is in the Heart-bag But I am more apt to beleive that it is the plenty of Fuliginous Excrements springing from an hot heart As to the passive Quallities the Heart is moist viz. more moist then the Skin but drier then the Muscles because harder for the parts of the bodie look how much softer they are then the Skin by so much are they moister then it It is a most rare Case for a mans Heart to be so solid dense and compact as that it will not burn such as was the Heart of Germanicus the son of Drusus or cartilaginous such as Riolanus observed in a wicked fellow The primary Use of the Heart 1. According to Harvey Baccius and other of his followers is no other then to be the Instrument of the Soul to force and urge the venal blood received from the Ears into the Arteries by whose assistance it dispenses Nutriment to the whole body and is rather joyned as an Assistant to the Ears that being of greater force it may supply the defect of the Ears But this is a secondary use of the Heart For 1. Nutriment was to be prepar'd filled with vital heat which it has not else where save from the heart 2. Nature might have provided for this passage of the blood by some other member not so laboriously framed 3. The necessity of the Heart would not be so great as it is 4. It is a signe that some farther thing is performed iâ— the Heart in that venal blood does not nourish before it enters the Heart Now the primary action of the Heart is to be II. The Fountain of Heat whence it is spred into the whole body whereby the parts are animated and sustained Swowneing teaches so much and other defects of the Heart in which the heat of the Heart being intercepted the Members of the Body begin to flag and being destitute of heat become stupid And therefore cordials do good in such cases which stir up the languishing and nummed heat of the Heart Also the Dissection of living Creatures does shew that the Heart is hot yea that the heart of a Creature being taken out and newly dead a warm finger or some other warm thing being laid upon it is seen to come to its self again and to stir which the Lord Bacon Constantine Harvey and others have observed in a Dove an Eele a Salmon and a Man It is therefore the Fountain of Heat both in respect of its Substance and of the Blood contained in it I joyn both together For the Heat springs not from the blood alone as Harvey would have it for the Heart in an Egg and a Child in the Womb before it is perfect and hollowed with ventricles is hot and moves and the same heat remains in Hearts taken out of the Body and cut up The blood which flows thither from the Coronary Vessels flowes thither for Nutritions sake and to preserve the Heat Nor are the rest of the sanguine parts therefore judged to be hotter then other parts because they more abound with any heat but because they have Arteries full of arterial blood and depend upon the influence of the heart wherewith the blood is heated So that unless all the blood did pass through the heart the parts would never grow hot and the further the blood goes from the heart by so much the sloer in its motion and the colder it growes That the coldness of the heart makes the parts of the Bodie cold though full of blood the slowness of the Pulse is a sign Nor do the Blood and Heart grow hot only from the motion of the Heart as the followers of Des Cartes wil have it for 1. they grant that the fiery atomes or indivisible particles of fire are excited and put into action by motion though they are only brought into play but not produced by the said motion 2. Many things are moved without waxeing hot as water unless they have an inbred principle of heat 3. Before motion there was heat proceeding from the seminary original which is afterwards preserved by continual motion III. Not so much to make as to perfect the Blood It makes Arterial Blood and perfects the venal or that which is contained in the
Veins For they are out who attribute too much to the heart as if the heart alone did make blood of the Chylus they also are mistaken who maintaine that the heart contributes nothing to blood-makeing I goe in a middle way The Liver challenges the first makeing of the blood of the Chylus as I have formerly demonstrated which because it is not there perfected being to thick and unfit to nourish it is necessary that it should receive its perfection from other parts No part is fit for this work save the heart which is one of the first parts generated in the Womb and through which in a grown person all the blood in the body has its passage That the Lungs and heart-ears should perform their Office no man will beleive The heart perfects two sorts of Blood that of the Liver and that of the Veins That of the Liver is twofold the â—â—â— of the Vena portae the other a cruder sort newly â—…f Chyle The Vein blood iâ— likewise twofold one of the descendent trunk of vena cava and the other of the ascendent trunk of the said vein It receivs the Liver blood through the Cava to which another joyns it self out of the lower and upper Truuk which remaining over and above after the parts are nourished by its long journey is become pauled and sluggish and has lost its heat which is necessary for pulsation and nutrition This perfection which the Blood receivs from the heart is hereby confirmed in that the blood when it comes out of the left Ventricle has not altogether the same Consistence nor Colour which it had when it entred the right Ventricle The diversity consists in Heat and plenty of Spirits wherewith it is furnished when it goes out of the heart and which it wants when it enters thereinto and in Effect or Operation for that which goes out is fit to nourish but that which enters in is most unfit Vital Spirits are added by the inbred faculty of the heart and the sooty vapors are taken away by that most short Concoction being evacuated by the Lungs and Pericardium or heart-bag For what parts does the heart perfect and renew the blood The ancients did beleive that the Heart made blood only to nourish the Lungs But the Vessels of the lungs are greater then is requisite only for their Nutrition and there is continually more blood forced thither by the pulsation of the right Ventricle then could any waies be useful for the Lungs unless they were to be nourished with as much blood as is sufficient for the whole Bodie And that all is not consumed upon the substance of the Lungs the blood which returnes is a witness which runs in great plenty at every pulsation to the left Ventricle through the Arteria venosa which in live anatomies being tied is seen to swell betwixt the ligature and the Lungs For there is no way for it to return into the right Ventricle the passage being stopped by the close shutting of the mitre-fashionned Valves The right Ventricle therefore is busied about blood which is to be sent to nourish the Lungs the left doth perfect the blood which flows back from the Lungs being there impraegnated with air for the Nutrition of the whole Bodie For the arterial blood alone is that which nourishes because it is only fit for nutrition and it alone is forced through the Arteries into the utmost parts of the Bodie To perfect this blood many things concur 1. Heat which is very dull and lasie as well in the crude blood of the Liver as in the returning blood of the whole Body 2. Vital Spirit which by the confession of all men ought to be joyned therewith 3. Light the companion of the Spirits by which the blood receives a more Illustrious color is moved and made fit for Nutrition 4. A certain light and momentary Concoction sweetning the crude parts attenuating the whole substance and drawing forth the latent flame 5. The whole Fabrick of the heart internal and external and the Vessels both receiving and expelling 6. The separation of Excrements though the receptacles of the said Excrements are not very manifest The sooty Vapors of the right Ventricle do evaporate through the Vena Arteriosa The Watry Vapors of both the Ventricles are congealed into the water of the Heart-bag and are spent into the substance of the Hairs under the Arms. The remaining Excrements continue mixed with the Blood and are carryed into the Arteries and the wheyish parts are purged by the emulgent Arteries into the Kidneys and by sweats into the habit of the Body the thicker parts by the Hemorrhoidal Arteries and the Ramus Mesentericus Some parts return with the blood through the Veins into the Heart that by several repeated courses there they may be at last mastered and overcome Whether or no is the Blood equally perfected in the right and left Ventricle Although the heat of both the Ventricles doth seem to be equal because in Mankind they are both made of spiritful seed and as much is afforded to the right Ventricle by the Liver-blood and the returning blood of the Veins as to the left by the Lungs moreover in Live Anatomies we can hardly perceive that the one is hotter then the other Yet that in the left the blood receives greater perfection these signs and tokens do perswade me because 1. It receives the Blood in some measure prepared from the Lungs 2. It ought to perfect it for the whole Body whereas the right perfects it only for the Lungs 3. It hath thicker Walls more compacted fleshy Pillars wherewith the heat is both more easily preserved and reverberated and the blood more strongly driven 4. The blood is therein more frequently clottered by heat and Cartilaginous and boney substances appear being dryed by heat 5. When the left Ventricle is hurt there is greater danger of death then when the right is hurt 6. Many Live-wights want the right Ventricle 7. In dying persons it is sooner dead and void of motion then the right 8. The Cavity thereof is more narrow and therefore it doth more easily preserve and perfect that which is contained therein We cannot exactly define the place It is the whole Cavity endued with the virtue of the Parenchyma because the blood fils the whole in the Diastole and the inbred spirit is every where diffused Nor is there any token of any stay which the whole blood makes in one place more then another nor of any peculiar virtue of any particle The Time It is perfected in a Moment because 1. It is forthwith received and expelled and makes no tarriance 2. From its abidance there the blood would not be perfected but become adust 3. The flame on the Candle snuf lights another Candle in the twinckling of an Eye 4. The Arterial Blood doth continually run to the extremities of the Body and therefore it ought to be continually and suddenly perfected in the Heart IV. A fourth use of
the same way But one drop of blood unaltered is not able to fill the heart nor doth provoke it to pulsation not to speak how the foresaid experiments do shew the plenty that passes to and fro Now the Valves do hinder the free passage and repassage of the blood by the same waies of which the three pointed ones or Tricuspides so called do hinder the blood which enters the heart from passing back the same way and the Mitre-shap'd Valves do hinder the blood which goes out of the heart from returning the same way Later Physitians are divided in their opinions Some suppose that a drop or two is either so rarified as to fill the heart amongst whom is Des Cartes or is turned into spirit as Riolanu's Primrose Leichner and others suppose who measure it by grains whom we shall answer when we come to the Causes Others being Patrons and favourers of the circular motion of the blood as Harvey Walaeus Conringius Slegelius c. do calculate the quantity by ounces drams and scruples To clear up this Question three things are to be considered 1. How much blood is contained in the Diastole of the heart 2. How much is expelled or driven out of the heart in its Systole whether all that enters the Heart in its Diastole is squirted out in the next Systole 3. How many pulsations the heart makes in one hour or how often the heart receives somwhat by its Diastole and expels somwhat by its Systole in the space of an hour 1. In the heart being in its Diastole Harvey hath found above two ounces of blood Also Plempius found near upon two ounces of blood in the left Ventricle of the heart of a man that was hanged Riolanus will hardly allow half an ounce in the left Ventricle of one that was hanged and saies there was more blood in the right Ventricle Hogeland also wil have half an ounce or a dram at least to enter at every opening of the Ear. Now the quantity of all the blood contained in the body doth seldom exceed twenty four pounds or come short of fifteen 2. In the Systole there is expelled either a fourth part or a fist or a sixt or at least an eight or all together that is contained in the heart Harvey supposes half an ounce in a man or three drams or one dram in a Sheep and a Dog he saies a scruple And he proves the same by that suddain effusion of all the blood if the very least Artery be cut and because in the space of one half hour all the blood may be passed through the heart he certainly concludes that in every Systole of the heart much blood is expelled Conringius approves of his Computation Walaeus admits of half an ounce but he supposes only one scruple as doth Slegelius Regius has many times observed half an ounce somtimes two or three drams in the heart of a Dog dissected Hogeland contents himself with a dram I being more sparing suppose half a scruple in the smallest proportion to the quantity which issues in such as â—…ded For there goes not out so much iâ—… free heart â—s in one that is bound and forced 〈…〉 there so much expelled in the following Systole as was drawn in by the Diastole some part sticks in the hollow pits of the heart much states in the Cavity formed by the production of the three pointed Valves and Distinct as it were from the Ventricle finally the heart cannot be so straitly contracted in the Systole as to squeeze out every jot of the Blood therein contained Therefore Conringius doth rightly suspect that abides there the space of one or two Pulses till by little and little it raise it self which I understand of the reliques and part of the Blood not of the whole received by the foregoing Diastole 3. Primrose numbred in one hour 700 pulsations of the Heart Riolanus 2000. Walaeus and Regius 3000 Harvey 2000. in some 4000 6000 8000. Cardan 4000. Plempius 4450. Slegelius 4876. I have told upon mine own wrist about 4400 But the number varies according to the Age Temperament Diet c. of every person So many Systoles therefore and so many Diastoles there will be in one hour as long as the Heart is vigorous for a languishing heart has more Diastoles then Systoles From these three Praemises I have calculated how much blood may in an hour be squirted out of the Heart by its sundry pulsations From 1 scruple 3000 times repeated arise 10l 5 ounces 1 scruple 4000 13l 10 oun 5 dr 1 scr 1 scruple 4450 15l 5 oun 3 dr 1 scr half a scruple 4400 7l 7 oun 5 draÌ„s 1 scr 1 dram 2000 20 l. 10 ounces 2 drams 2000 41 l. 8 ounces half an ounce 2000 83 l. 4 ounces 1 ounce 2000 166 l. 8 ounces Now supposeing all the blood contained in a mans body to be fifteen pounds if that be taken away which goeth into the Nutriment of the parts the defect whereof is suplied by new blood bred in the Liver it will follow 1 That more blood passes through the Heart every hour then can be afforded by the Concoction of the Liver and the Stomach 2 That all the Blood in the Body passeth through the Heart in the space of a quarter of an hour or half an hour or an hour or an hour and an half or two houres at the most For I cannot agree to Riolanus his conceit that the blood is circulated only once or twice in a day because he builds upon a false supposition of drops and that only half the blood is circulated 3 That the parts to be nourished do not need so much blood for their nourishment 4 Because neither the Vessels are broken nor the Arterial blood can run back again because of the valves nor is elsewhere dissipated of necessity it runs back through the Veins into the Heart and the Circulation is performed of which I shall speak more in my book of Veins and Arteries What the form of the Heart is in its Systole and Diastole is known by three tokens 1 By the Anatomy of living Creatures 2 By the Comodity and Convenience of motion and Rest 3. By the carriage of the fibres and the situation of the parts In the Systole 1 The Point of the Heart draws up to the basis or broad end and it becomes broader because it is busied in expelling the blood the length 〈…〉 being changed into breadth because the basis â—â—â— broad â—nd is immoveable in respect of the point which is tied to no Vessels But according to the observation of Walaeus in those living Creatures whose Aorta Arteria does not proceed from the Basis the broad end or basis of the Heaâ—t withdraws it self from the Point Riolanus will have the Pasis of the Heart alwaies to draw towards the Cone or Point thereof because the said Cone is harder then to be drawn or bended backwards But else where he denies that the Basis being strongly fastened to the vessels
reason or occular inspection will permit It is drawn hot out of the Arteries differing little or nothing from that which is contained either in the Heart or near it In the small Arteries there is indeed no Pulse felt but that is to be imputed to the smalness of the vessels and their distance from the Heart which forces the blood Nor ought it because it enters into the Capillary Vessels that it may nourish the parts with hot Blood not with such as is cooled and thickned before it is changed into the secondary humors And what use is there of rarefaction if it presently settle again The Experiments and Reasons which learned men bring to the contrary from an Eele and an hunting dog from the contraction of the members by Cold from palpitations from spirit of wine resembling the Pulse from vehement protrusion c. are easily answered if you consider 1 That a certain motion is restored even in Hearts that are dead by exciteing their heat as in Muscles 2 The Fault is in the Vessels contracted by Colds not in the Blood when they fall in and flag 3 Palpitations arise from plenty of blood as examples testifie suppression of the Courses and the cure by blood-letting 4 In the Heart there is an even motion different from that which raised by spirit of wine or any thing else 5. The protrusion by pure blood is more vehement if the faculty concur and the Fibres of the Heart be united 6. The Heart is in its Perisystole or very near it when in the point cut off no dilatation is observed if it continue still in the Systole the dilatation is not felt till the Diastole follow The pulsifick Faculty implanted in the Heart must needs be joyned with the blood as the cause of its motion either that it may guide the influx and egress of blood and assist the same which would otherwise proceed disorderly as I explain the matter or that it might of it self produce the motion according to the Opinion of the Ancients which cannot be conserved if the perpetual flux of the blood should be stopped That the Heart stands in need of such a faculty I prove 1. Because the Pulse would be alwaies unequal the influx being unequal unless directed by some Faculty 2. When the Heart in Feavers is more vehemently moved then ordinary through the urgency of heat and in dying persons Nature being at the last pinch and using all her might yet is the motion of the heart weak as appears by the Pulse because the inbred Faculty is either lost or weakned Contrariwise though the said Faculty be strong and the influx of the blood cease or be hindred after large bleedings or by reason of Obstruction of the Vessels either in the whole Habit of the Body or the passages thereof or near the Heart the Motion of the Heart fails And therefore both are to be joyned together as primary Causes 3. Any Particles of the Heart being cut off do pulse by reason of the reliques of this Faculty or Spirit remaining 4. The Heart being taken out of the Body or cut in pieces lightly pricked with a pin does presently pulse as Walaeus hath observed 5. It were contrary to the Majesty of the principal Part to be moved by another whether it will or no without any assistance from itself and so to receive a violent Impression Regius hath substituted the influx of Animal Spirits into the fibres of the Heart instead of Animal Spirits and Hogeland the little petite Atomes of the blood moved in the Parenchyma But we must know in the first place 1. That the motion of the Heart is Natural which lasts perpetually yea against our wills and when we are asleep and not Animal 2. That we exclude not the Spirits which are the Souls Servants and Instruments 3. The small Boddikies or indivisible Particles of the Blood have all dropped out in disâ—ected Hearts because the Vena coronaria was cut asunder And that if any reliques of the said Bodikies did remain they could not be excited to motion either by pricking alone or by raising heat unless a Spirit or Faculty be allowed which being extinguished though the pieces of the Heart be laid in never so hot a place they will never pant Among the Remote Causes there is 1 The vital Spirit as well that which is implanted in the Heart as that which comes thither from without with beat sufficiently manifest in live dissections and which warms the whole Bodie And that either not shineing with light as most will have it or shineing That a lightfull heat of the Heart is requisite in this case many things argue 1 The motion of the Elements is simple never circular and light moves it self and the humors with a circular motion 2 The Heart and the Blood are more quickly moved by light then otherwise they could be which in the twinkleing of an eye dazeles all things illuminates all things 3. There is in all particular parts besides the obscure principles of the Elements also a lightfull part propagated from the seed which ought to be preserved by a like flame kindled from the Heart 4 In Hippocrates to dream of pure and brightly shining starrs signifies Health of Bodie 5 No Homor although hot does pant and move it self unless a burning flame as we see in spirit of wine a Candle and other things 6 In Glow-wormes their hinder-part only pants and shines where their Heart is of whose light I have discoursed in my Second Book of the light of Animals Chap 11 and 12. That the vital spirit is really endued with light and that there is an inbred light in the Blood and Heart which helps forward the circular motion of the blood I have demonstrated in my said Treatise Lib. 7. Cap. 5. 23. Hâ—â—mont consents that the animated spirit in the left Ventricle of the Heart inlightned by the former light is the Mover of the Heart After Caimus and other ancient Authors Ent asserts the same thing touching the flame raised out of the Seed in the first bladder of the Heart raised by the heat of the Hen which hatcheth and first of all shineing forth when the Lungs perform their office yet he errs that in the external widening he begs in the Construction more inwardly he tends to the beginning for in the Systole all that illuminats is expelled and then it is vigorated in a narrow heart which is evident in optick tubes and hollow glasses I ad that in the Diastole of the left Ventricle it sets on fire and kindles by the Systole from the Lungs the vital flame 2. The Shape and Conformation of the Heart and Vessels being exceeding well fitted to receive and expell the blood Especially the fibres of the Heart and the fleshy columns These make not so much for the Strength of the Heart alone as for the motion For all the fibres being contracted greater and lesser in the walls and septum which according to Harvey
interjuncture of the little Toe and sometime from one of the toes next the little toe and by and by becoming fleshy and so continuing it is carried athwart over the first joints of the fingers and with a short and broad tendon it is implanted into the first joynt of the Great-toe a little inwards The Use hereof is to secure our walking when we pass through rough wayes full of round flints or over any other small slippery or rowling passage For by help of this muscle the foot does accommodate it self to the figure of the Bodies we tread on and layes hold thereon as it were that it might make its passage more stead-fast The Abductor of the little toe sticking in the outside of the foot broad and vast arising from the same part of the heel is inserted into the outside of the first Interjuncture I have observed a peculiar bender of the little toe long round arising from the head of the Tibia and divided with two tendons about the insertion of the toe Finally a fleshy mass is to be observed in the sole of the foot as well as in the Palm of the hand wherewith our footing is fastened as with a cushion and the tendons of the muscles do lie hidden in a soft Pillow THE FIRST MANUAL Concerning the Veins Answering to the FIRST BOOK OF THE Lower Belly ABove in the Proaem of this Anatomical work I promised four Books and four little Books or Manuals Four Books touching the three Cavities and the Limbs Four Manuals viz. touching the Veins Arteries Nerves and Bones Now every Manual answers to its Book Because from the lower Cavity namely the principal part thereof the Liver arise the Veins from the Heart in the middle Cavity the Arteries from the Marrow in the third Cavity the Nerves and to the Limbs the Bones do answer And even as the Bones joyned together do make a peculiar Fabrick or Skeleton representing the form of the whol Animal so also do the Veins Arteries and Nerves And Gulielmus Fabricius Hildanus a Famous Chyrurgeon hath such a Frame of all the Veins of the Body artificially separated and at Padua by the Instruction of Ad. Spigelius and John Veslingius and John Leonicenus such Frames of the Veins Arteries and Nerves seperated from the body are commonly to be seen at Padua and the like is to be seen here at Hafnia acurately made and explained in four very great Tables in the Custody of the renowned D. D. Henricus Fuiren my Cosin Germane The Veins Arteries and Nerves are Organs or common vessels of the Body through which some spirit with or without Blood is carried from some principal member into sundry parts of the Body Chap. 1. Of a Vein in General AVein is a common Organ round long hollow like a channel or Conduit pipe fit to carry or bring back Blood and Natural Spirit The term Vein was by the Ancients given both to Veins and Arteries but they cal'd the Arteries pulsing Veins and the Veins not pulsing Veins and some called Vein the greater Vein and an Artery the lesser Vein and the Aorta The Efficient of a Vein is the proper vein-making power or faculty The Matter according to Hippocrates is a clammy and cold portion of the Seed And this is the principle of a Veins Original But the Principle of Dispensation from whence the Veins arise is the Liver not to speak of some ancient triflers who would derive the Veins from the Brain and not the Heart as Aristotle would have it For 1. Blood is made in the Liver And therefore 't is like the original and rise of the Veins is there and that the first sanguisication is not made in the Heart is apparent because there are no passages to conveigh the Chylus to the Heart again there are no receptacles for the Excrements of the first concoction placed by the Heart But all these requisites are found in the Liver 2. Blood is carried from the Liver to the Heart but not from the Heart immediately to the Liver For Blood cannot go out of the Heart into the Liver because of the Valves though mediately when it runs back out of the Arteries it may be carried thither 3. Fishes have no right Ventricle in their Hearts in which they would have Blood to be made and out of which they would have the Veins to arise and the Fishes have both Veins and Blood 4. The Vena portae touches not the Heart but the Liver which the Cava also touches which two Veins are the greatest in the whole body But according to Aristotle all Veins ought to be continued with the Heart You wil say the Vena arteriosa does not touch the Liver I answer neither ought if so to do because it hath the substance of an Artery and therefore arises from the Heart But Arteria Venosa is a Vein in substance and use and in the Child in the womb was continued with the Cava 5. In the Child in the womb the Navil-vein with Blood goes into the Liver not into the Heart 6. If the Veins should arise from the Heart they would pulse as the Arteries do for the whole Heart pulses 7. Sanguification is never hurt but when the Liver is hurt as in a Dropsie c. These are the chief reasons for this Opinion but many other reasons of other men against Aristotâ—â— I reject as weak and easily refuted as also many weak reasons of the Peripateticks against this Opinion which we assert which any one may easily answer if he be at least but lightly skilled in Anatomy The End and Vse of a Vein is I. According to the Opinion of the Ancientâ— to carry Blood and Natural Spirit with the Natural faculty from the Liver into all parts of the Body to nourish the same But Nature hath revealed otherwise to their Posterity for neither do the Veins carry any thing from the Liver to nourish the parts with nor is the Venal Blood useful for nutrition But they bring back all the Blood only to the Heart by Circulation either mediately by the â—iver as the Mesaraick Veins or immediately as the Cava and that either from the whole body from the smallest branches to the greatest by the upper and lower branch or from the Liver whether it be there generated or is derived from the Mesaraicks and Arteries And that they bring the Blood to the Heart as to the Centre and that they bring it from the smallest parts as from the Circumference is evidently provided by ocular Inspection Experiments and Reason 1. In Blood-letting the Arm being bound above the Elbow beyond the Ligature the Vein swels not nor if you should open a Vein would the Blood flow out which is to be observed in opposition to the Authority of Scribonius Larguâ— unless very little or if there were some Anastomosis of a Vein with an Artery in some parts above But on this side the Ligature under the Elbow both the Veins of the
Bauhinus Laurentius doth hardly once speak of them The occasion of Aquapendents finding of them was this he observed that if he prest the Veins or by rubbing endeavored to force the Blood downwards its course did seem to be stopped Also in the Arms of persons bound to be let Blood certain knots apper to swell by reason of the Valves and in some persons as Porters and Plough-men they are seen to swel in their Thighs like the Varices And here seems to consist the Cause of the Varices because thick Blood and by its heaviness unapt to move upwards being long retained in the Valves makes a dilatation of the said Valves for without the Valves the Veins would swel uniformly and all of an equal Bigness and not in the manner of Varices And because this Doctrine of the Valves in the Veins is known to few I shall propound the same more exactly according to my manner of handling rare subjects These Valves are most thin little Membranes thicker in the Orifices of of the Veins of the Heart in the inner Cavity of the Veins and certain particles as it were of the coat of the Veins because there the body of the Veins is most thin where thâ—se Membranes do go from it They are seated in the Cavity of the Veins but especially in the Veins of the Limbs viz. of the Arms and Legs after the Kernels of the Arm-pits and and Groyns Beginning presently after the rise of the Branches not in the Rises themselves Now there are two found in the inner orifice of the jugular Vein looking from above downwards the rest look from below upwards as many in the Cephalica the Basilica and in the Veins of the Legs and Thighs TABLE II. The FIGURE Explained This TABLE in Fig. 1. shews the Valves of the Veins in a bound Arm in Fig. 2. and 3. The crural Veins the inside outward with their Valves A. A Branch of the Vena Cephalica BF A part of the Vena Basilica D. The Vena Mediana E. A Branch of Vena Cephalica to which the Mediana was joyned HHHH Represent the knots in the Veins caused by the Valves there placed IK One Crural Vein LM The other Crural vein NNNN The valves of the Veins fil'd with Cotton-wool OOO The said valves of the Veins empty FIG V. Shews the single valves of the Vena Basilica looking upwards FIG VI. In the Crural vein opened double valves are seen page 30â— Now the Valves are so situate that they have their Orifices upwards towards the roots of the Veins and are shut beneath and alwaies look towards the Heart And the workmanship of Nature is remarkable in their situation in that they have their postures looking the same way one following another as knots in the Branches and Stalks of Plants that is to say they are not in a right line one against another or placed on the same side least the whole Blood should flow streight in through the free part of the vessel So the lower Valves do stop what the upper have let slip and if all the doors of the Valves had been disposed in one right line there had been little or no delay made in the regress Moreover they are situate at Distances according to the length of the vessel sometimes two three four or five fingers distance that if the Blood by some default should be compelled to flow backwards and should pass the upper Valves falling on upon the other Valves following it might be stopped and hindered As to their Magnitude they are greater where by reason of the plenty of Blood the Recourse is most vehement and therefore greater inconvenience was to be feared to happen either to the parts which would be too much oppressed or to the Heart least it should be destitute of Blood as we see in the Basilica and in the Crarâ—â— Vein at the Groyns The Number of all the Valves varies as also their distances for there are more Valves in those 1. Who abound with melancholly Blood or contrarily with very cholerick and thin Blood because both those humors do not only easily resist the Driver but when they are driven by their weight and tenuity they easily flow back 2. In great or more fleshy Bodies and consequently having more Veins 3. In such as have the broadest vessels 4. In such who have long and streight Veins for in such as are oblique the crookedness of the vessels gives some stop to the running back of the Blood Moreover the number of Valves in one and the same place doth not exceed two For they are seated at distances somtimes one otherwhiles two at most not aâ— any time three as we find in the Vessels of the Heartt because in the Heart a greater orifice is to be shut and the Ventricle underneath is larger yea and the greateâ— violence of the Blood in the hot Heart did require more stops But in the progress of the Veins their Branching diminishes their Magnitude and the blood is slower in motion Therefore where the Veins are yet pretty big and there is danger from the plenty of Blood there are two doors but otherwise but only one It s Figure likens the Nail on a Mans finger or the horned Moon such as you see in the sigma-shap'd Valves of the Heart It s Substance is exceeding thin but withall very compact lest they should break by a strong incourse of the blood And this is apparent from the Varices where they can contein the blood a very long time The Vse is I. To strengthen the Veins whereas the Arteries are otherwise made strong by the doubleness of their coats II. The chief use according to Aquapendent and most Anatomists following him is to stop the motion of heavy and fluid Blood which runs violently into the Arms and Thighs and Legs because of their downward position but especially in most vehement motion and exercise where through the power of exceeding heat the Blood would rush impetuously into the Limbs and so 1. The inner and more noble parts would be defrauded of their nutriment 2. The Veins of the Limbs would be too much stretched and in danger of breaking and consequently the Arms and Legs would be alwaies swelled But this use is rejected by Harvey because 1. In the Jugulars they look downwards 2. In the emulgent and Mesenterick branches they look towards the Porta and Cavae 3. There are none â—o the Arteries 4. Dogs and Oxen have the same in the division of the crural Veins in whom because of their going downwards there is no such thing as aforesaid to be feared 5. The Blood of its own accord is slowly enough driven out of the greater Veins into the lesser Branches and out of hotter into colder places And therefore according to his principles and the principles of Circulation the use of the Valves is III. Lest the Blood should move out of the great veins into the little ones and so
and Muscles of the Larynx also the Muscles of the Hyoides and the Fauces as also to the Tongue Then descending between the Carotick and Jugularis to the side of the Wesand above the Jugulum it is divided on each side into the exterior and interior branch The Exterior constitutes the recurrent Nerves or vocal Nerves so called because they being wounded the living Creature looses â—â—â— voyce so that if one be cut asunder half the Voyce is losâ— if both the animal becomes dumbe they are also termed reversivi or recursivi running-back for first they descend and they turn afterwards back again as it were about an Axle-tree on each side the right about the Arteria axillaris the left about the descending Trunk of the Artery and afterward they ascend as high as the Muscles of the Larynx to which they give numerous branches which recursion was to be made because thâ— Muscles of the Larynx have their Heads not above but beneath And therefore the Exterior dexter of the sixt pare presently after the division furnishes the Muscles arising from the Breast-bone and Clavicula then the right Recurrent being constituted for the most part of three little twigs bended back and united it descends obliquely under the Jugulum and in its passage shoots out little branches for the Coat of the Lungs the Pleura the Pericardium and the Heart and then makes the right stomachic under the Gullet joyned to the lest and passing through the Septum it goes into the right Ventricle of the Stomach to the lest branch The Exterior Sinister furnishing the Parts in the same manner as the former and constituting the left Recurrent it sends forth the Stomachicus â—sinister which with its fellow compasses the orifice of the Stomach and the remainder goes to the Pylorus and hollow of the Liver The Interior dexter first of all gives a Branch of it self at the roots of the ribs to every intercostal Nerve and then with the great Arterie it passes through the Septum and furnishes the whole lower Belly till it reach as far as to the Os Sacrum And then it goes into three Branches I. Goes to the Call from whence arise other three twigs 1 To the Colon hence after a long Colick comes hoarsness 2 the smallest scarsely visible to the beginning of the Guts 3 To the right side of the Bottom of the Stomach the upper Membrane of the Call the Coat of the Liver and the Gall-Bladder II. The inferior to the right Kidney Hence they assigne the cause of Vomiting in fits of the Stone in the Kidney III. The greatest to the Mesentery Guts and right side of the Bladder The Interior sinister in its side is distributed after the same manner save that in stead of the Liver part thereof goes unto the Spleen But from both the interiors sometimes Branches are sent unto the Womb. This is the distribution of the sixt Pare according to the vulgar computation the Ninth according to my account The II. TABLE The FIGURE Explained This TABLE presents the lower Branchings of the sixt pare of Nerves which our Author calls the Ninth others the wandring or roaming pare aa The comeing of the said Nerves out of the Skull bb The Ramus externus on both sides cc. The Ramus internus on both sides dd A remarkable Branch spred into the Tongue ee A Branch ariseing from the same on each side which goes to the Muscles of the Larynx ff Another twig which goes with the former to the Larynx gg Twigs ariseing from the external Branch and propagated to the Muscles of the Neck hh The conjunction externi Rami singularis with Nerves which arise from the plexus of the Neck ii The recurrent Nerve on each side k. The more internal Branch ariseing near the first Rib of the Chest which bestows the twig thus X marked upon the Trunk of the Wesand and then descending ends into the Pericardium or Heart-bag l. A little Branch arising from the recurrent which descending produceth another twig out of it self and goes into the pericardium and at last is implanted into the external Branch m. The twig arising as was said from the same and diffused into the pericardium nn Two twigs arising from the external Branch the one of which is implanted into the Substance of the Heart and the other tends to the Beginnings of the Vessells o. The aforesaid Branch implanted into the pericardium pppp The Plexus or contexture of both Branches viz. of the right and left about the Gulles near the upper Oriâ—â—â—â— of the Stomach qqqq Twigs spred abroad into the Lungs rrrr Branches propagated into the upper parts especially of the Stomach ffff Four remarkable Branches which descending into the Mesentery are spred abroad â—â— the guâ—â—s tt The right and left Nerve-twig of the Kidneyes u. The Nerv-twig of the Spleen x. The Nerve of the Liver page 327 The tenth and last pare of Nerves arising within the skul in the hind part of the Head out of the Medulla oblongata when in is ready to slide into the Back-bone is as others reckon the seventh pare This is harder then the rest and it springs from divers roots afterwards united and goes out of the Skul at a crooked hole propper to it self And soon after it is with strong membranes joyned not mixed with the precedent pare for safe-gaurd sake And then it is separated again and goes the greatest part of it into the tongue and some small part into the Muscles of Os hyoïdes and the Larynx CHAP. III. Of the Nerves which proceed from the spinal Marrow and first of the Nerves arising from the Neck and so of the Nerves of the whole Arm. ANd so much for those ten pare of Nerves which proceed from the Medulla oblongata within the skul the other pares do now follow which are thirty in number somtimes nine and twenty from the same beginning viz. the Medulla oblongata being passed out of the Skull into the Back-bone where it is termed Medulla spinalis or Dorsalis the Marrow of the Back Now the little Nerves proceed out of the holes of the Back-bone in a continued course bending themselves inward from the uppermost to the lowermost Out of the Marrow while it is in the Neck there arise seven pare of Nerves as some reckon eight pare as others count disseminated into the whole outward Head and the neighbouring Muscles The first and second pare have this peculiar above all the rest that they proceed not from the sides but from the fore and hinder part by reason of the peculiar Articulation of the first and second Vertebra Now the first pare arises between the hinder-part of the Head and the first Vertebra Joh. Leonicenus of Padua a dextrous Anatomist in taking out of the Nerves denied that there was any such pare as this because he could neither see it nor can â—â— come out of the first Vertebra having no hole and sticking closely to the second Vertebra and
to the left Emulgent or Vena cava in the right side through the Mesenterick Arteries to the Guts through the Veins to the â—amâ—s mesentericus through the Caeliack Arteries to the Spleen through the Ramus splenicus of Veâ—a porta forthwith to the Liver through the branches of the Arteria caeliaca which answer to the following Veins to the Stomach and Call through the Gastrick and Epiploick Veins to the Ramus splenicus that the short Arterial and Venal Vessels are branches of the caeliacal Artery and the Vena splenica which when they are come unto the middle space betwixt the Stomach and the Spleen are divided into two branches one of which goes to the Stomach the other to the Spleen by this branch of the Artery the Blood goes to the Spleen and by the branch of the Stomach to the Stomach and by the venal branches to the Trunk of Vas breve from the Stomach and the Spleen it is moved through the emulgent Arteries to the Vena cava by the coronal Artery of the Heart into the Vein out of the coronal vein of the Heart into the Vena cava by the Intercostal Arteries into the Pleura out of the 〈◊〉 by the Veins into the Azygos and thence into Vena cava And this I found by binding the Veins and Arteries 〈◊〉 live Anatomies which did swell in that part which diâ— look towards those parts from which we have shewed the course of Blood to come and the other parts did not only grow empty but quite settle and fall in And I was very careful not to bind an Artery with a Vein for then the Artery swelling towards the Heart would have ra sed the Vein above it and so it would have seemed that the Vein was filled on both sides the Ligature Now in the Head and Neck I saw and that in a live Goose most easily and in an Hen that the jugular being tied did swell from the Head towards the Ligature and was emptied from the Ligature towards the Cava so that it is there also man fest that the Blood returns from the Head through the Veins into the Heart But if it should come to the jugular veins I cannot determine since by reason of the hardness of the Skull I could not accurately dissect the living Brain but that the Beast would first die but credible it is nevertheless that it flows through the carotick and cervical Arteries unto the four Ventricles of the Brain for they have passages open to the said Ventricles For those most learned Men Franciscus Sylvius and Franc. Vander Shagen have told me that the fibrous substance being pul'd away which frequently is found congealed in the Veins and Arteries of dead bodies when it was drawn back in the carotick Artery it discovered a certain motion as far as to the third Ventricle of the Brain and veriâ—y since the blood out of the Ventricles through the jugular veins flows back into the Heart the Ventricles cannot receive it elsewhere then from the Arteries But whether the Arteries do shed it immediately into the Ventricles or into the branches which arise from the Ventricles is not very easily discerned because the Arteries are hardly distinguished from those little branches seeing the Arteries also have only one Coat in the Brain but I am apt to beleive that the Arteries empty their blood into those little branches of the Ventricles rather then into the Ventricles themselves because I have observed those vessels which are inserted into the Ventricles to be greatest near the ventricles as branches are wont to be at their Original And thus it is in grown persons but in the Child in the Womb the Circulation seems to be somewhat otherwise and thus I conceive it is The Blood out of the Mothers Womb does not go into the Umbilical Arteries which according to the Observation of Arantius are not joyned to the Womb but it enters into the Umbilical Vein and from thence into the Liver the Vena cava and right Ventricle of the Heart for the Heart beats in the Child though it be imperfect Out of the right Ventricle it goes into the Vena arteriosa but because the Lungs do not breath and therefore are not opened they cannot receive the blood plentifully noâ— send it to the Arteria venosa and therefore it goes out of the Vena arteriosa by a peculiar passage into the Aorta and likewise by a peculiar passage or hole of the Vena cava getting into the Arteria venosa 't is poured into the left Earlet of the Heart and into the left Ventricle thereof Out of the left Ventricle of the Heart just as that out of the Vena Arteriosa it enters into the Arteria Aorta so that in the Womb-child Nature useth the two Ventricles for one least in the Child in the womb which ought to have much but no intense heat and which must not be dry the Blood being twice boyled should be burnt being destitute of the cooling and Fanning action of the Lungs Out of the Artâ—â—ia Aorta the Blood-goes to the Umbilical Arteries for they being bound the part towards the Child doth pulse and swell the other part towards the Womb is void of pulsation Out of the Umbilical Arteries it goes to the Placenta or Womb-cake where the Arteries are joyned to the Veins by manifest Anastomoses and by those Anastomoses the blood entring into the Vein is again carried through all the forementioned journey These are the Vessels by which the blood flows from the Heart But from the Vessel of the Arteries it goes into the Veins after a double manner first and most usually by Anastomoses by which the Arteries are joyned to the Veins which Anastomoses are sometimes great and in the greater Vessels as about the Spleen in the Bladder in the Womb in the Womb-liver And the most accurate Bâ—slerus observes the like Anastomosis of the Arteria Aorta into the Vena cava of the Belly but I could never yet be so happy as to finde it in the Body of Man or Beast And therefore they are not all in the extream parts of the Body but some in the middle parts and therefore we see in a Cripple whose limbs are cut off the same motion of the blood continued out of the Arteries into the Veins Secondly it seems also possible that Blood may pass out of the Arteries into the Veins through the flesh it self for we see when a Vein is opened till the colour change Inflamations fall because the Blood shed out of the Vessels is drawn out of the Flesh But I conceive the passage of the Blood this way is but seldome and in small quantity So that it is now I conceive clear what the motion of the Blood is and by what waies it is accomplished it follows that we enquire what kind of motion it is and how it is performed I have observed that this Motion of the Blood out of the Heart
cause then that the Veins being straitned by the Blood sliding back or by some other means when the blood cannot by its force make it self way it lifts the Vein up which falls again when that forcible endeavour is abated or the Vein gives a freer passage to the Blood flowing through the same But I do not conceive that the blood which is once carried for examples sake to crural Veins is continually carried the same wayes but that when it is returned to the Heart it is mixt with that blood which comes out of other parts and is so promiscuously distributed to the parts of the Body for so the parts may be the better nourished if they have alwayes new blood out of which they may draw that which may best serve to nourish and strengthen them so Plants do best grow when they are transplanted into new Soils This is the whole Manner of the Bloods motion and also of the motion of the Vital Spirits seeing they are mingled with the Blood I have often endeavoured to search out the motion of the Animal Spirits but I could not eisewhere observe it save in the Muscles which seemed to them to be distended broadwayes and deepwayes and being cut asunder to tremble and pant For the Nerves being bound neither swell nor are they extended and being cut in sunder they shew no other motion save that they contract themselves And it is a very easie matter to bind the Nerves of the sixt pare which freely wander through the Chest But the motion of the Chyle through the milkie Veins is most manifest Now it is not so continual as that of the Blood because there is not alwayes a supply of Chylus And when it wanders out of the Guts through the milkie Veins it goes quicker than the Blood it self and the Veins being bound do swell immediately And therefore they do not long appear in live Anatomies nor are they found in dead Carcasses unless some obstacle do hinder the motion of the Chyle And in that being bound they do not so swell as to grow hard it seems to be a Sign that the motion of the Chyle iâ— not so vehement as that of the Blood peradventure because â—hâ— Chyle is to be moved through a smaller space the â—ike violence of motion was not requisite But it is now time to enquire into the Causes of these motions and first of the motion of the Blood Whatever the Cause is either it must be moved by â—â— inbred vertue of faculty or by some motion which must â—â— referred to carrying drawing or thrusting That the Blood is moved in this manner by its own proper Vertue we cannot observe either from the Blood received in a Basin or shed into the body which that it should be in a moment corrupted is hard to say nor can we see such a spontaneous motion â—â— any inanimate thing And whereas Harvey relates Chap. 4. that when the Earlet was still he observed the motion of the Blood I likewise have observed the same and likewise when the Heart was quiet but withall that motion was imparted to the Blood from the Vena caâ—â— and that in the Heart from the Earlet as we shall see anon That the Blood is here carried by the Spirits cannot by any Argument be proved and they by their lightness should move the Blood upwards which we see here to be moved downwards and sidewayes And therefore it remains that either the blood must be drawn or thrust That the blood is thrust forwards Men of excellent wits do conceive because the Hearts heat immeasurably rarifying the same it requires a greater place and that therefore it dilates and lifts up the Heart and seeing it cannot be contained in the dilated Heart it is poured with such violence into the Vena Anteriosa and the Arteria Aorta that it distends all the Arteries and makes them pulse And they bring this Argument for their Opinion that the Heart of an Eel or any other Animal when it leaves pulsing if it be warmed by Fire held under it it is seen to pulse again But whether may not that pulse happen because the Spirit being by that heat made more lusty can better assist that cause which moves the pulse in the Heart just as when the Guts and Muscles are heated in a live Dissection in which nevertheless there is no ebullition the motion seem to be restored For there is indeed only a certain light Rarifaction proceeding from a certain warmth in the Heart no ebullition or sudden diffusion And truly I have often seen in strong Doâ—s that the Blood doth nâ—â— leap out of the Heart by reason of Rarifaction whâ—â—â— Heart the tip being cut off when through the Efflux of blood it was not half filled being set upright it was nofilled by rarifaction but the Constriction following that portion of blood which was left in the Heart was spirtâ—â— out above four Foot 's distance so that my self and others by me for many were present were bespattered there with whence it is manifest that the blood is driven by the part It is also driven because the blood being so changed is troublesome to the Heart and those parts For if the whole Hearts or the tip thereof living and Dissected or other greater particle be pricked with a Pen-knife or â—â— Pin as often as it is pricked so often it will move it self as by Natural motion though it seem long ago to have lost all motion And that the Blood is driven by the Vena cava into the right Earlet of the Heart I have manifestly seen in the dissection of live Creatures for in all motions of the Heart the first beginning of Motion is sâ— or no because the Cava was knit to the Earlet and the Heart we â—ut-the Heart and the Eaâ—let quite off i◠〈…〉 Dâ—â—s â—â— the Vena 〈…〉 and we observe that 〈…〉 the Vana cava did a very little pulse and at every time did send forth a little Blood And therefore the Vena cava hath certain fleshy fibres for the most part about the Heart which elsewhere you shall not find in the Vena cava but they may be seen very evidently in the Vena cava of a Man an Oâ— a Dog Now the motion of the Vena cava is most evident neer the Heart yet for the most part I have observed it also in live Dogs all along that passage from the Liver and from the Jugulum as far as to the Heart The right Earlet drives that Blood which it receives by a certain tension and constriction into the right Ventricle of the Heart for also in the Earlet the motion or constriction is a little sooner than it is in the Heart And the right Ventricle of the Heart being cut open as far as to the Earlet at every constriction there manifestly appeared somwhat to be droven out of the Earlet into the Heart which also Harvey observes in his
when the heart is dissected But that upper side must needs fall in least the heart being emptied by foregoing constriction should admit a Vaccuum But when out of Vena Cava and the Arteria Venosa new blood is forced into the heart and the Blood contained therein is rarified by heat then the upper side rises and the other sides as we said before remain extended And so the heart is then in its dilatation nor is there any other dilatation of the heart save this to be observed In the Particles of a live heart dissected and taken out of the Bodie there is no other dilatation then a remission or slackening from Constriction Indeed in those particles where constriction is ceased there remains a seeing kind of Palpitation but that is another kind of motion proceeding from the spirit conteined in the flesh and seeking its way out such as may also frequently be seen in the muscles whole or dissected in Creatures dissected presently upon their death So that the Dilatation and Constriction of the heart happens after the same manner as that of other parts the Stomach Gutts Bladder Womb which are distended by what is sent into them which when they have voided they return to their naturall state Now we cannot better observe this motion of the Heart then in those Beasts which have only one ventricle in their Hearts or if they have two when the Animals begin to languish otherwise when the Creatures are strong the motion is hardly discerned because of its Swistness also because the two ventricles present those motions doubled and because the Cone of the right ventricle seeing it is less high then the left when it is drawn back to the Basis it makes an oblique motion But let us return to our business and let us see further how the blood out of the Arteries near the Heart is spread through the Arteries of the whol Body now it is done by a manifest Impulse or driveing or any Artery being bound at the Ligature it swels very much and is stretched to an extream hardness Notwithstanding the Heaviness of the Blood furthers its motion downwards and therefore the Heart seems to have been placed neerer the Head then the Heels It is also likely that the Blood is drawn into all the Arteries to the end that they and their neighbouring parts may be nourished with convenient Blood But that the Arteries should draw by being widened there seems no necessity for the Blood may be driven forward only by impulse and the Arteries may drive the same for an Artery being broke and an Aneurisma made in the Flesh the Aneurisma in the flesh is perceived to pulse after the same manner as the Artery wherein manifestly the flesh doth not draw the blood by dilatation but the blood is driven into the same A miserable example whereof we latlely saw in the most expert Dr. Johannes Elemannus in whom an Artery breaking the Aneurisma possessed a fourth part of his Chest And the like was observed by Riolanus in the 6. Book of his Anshropologia chap. 12. And that indeed the pulse of the arteries is caused by the Impulse of Blood the waving creeping pismire pulses seem to shew and many others which manifestly imitate the motion of the Blood in the artery True it is indeed in that Book of Galen whether blood be contained in the Arteries in the last words it is asserted that an hollow Reed being thrust into the arteries and the artery tied above the Reed the artery doth not pulse beyond the ligature though the blood may be driven through the Reed But I suspect that place is mained and wants somwhat because after the manner there described the operation can very rarely and hardly succeed for a free artery is there prescribed to be opened out of which when it is open every body knows what a world of blood leaps out so that either the Creature will die or through its weakness no arteries at least not those more remote can pulse But suppose the place is perfect and that the operation shall succeed as it is there described it may happen that the Creature quite languishing because of the flux of Blood the pulse might be felt on this side the Reed because the Reed being thrust in rendring the artery more narrow might in part stop the blood so that it might easily fill the artery and lift it up So I have many times seen arreries which shewed either a languishing or no pulse manifestly pulsing when they were compressed not very far from the Heart But Galen observed no pulse beyond the Reed because through the Reed much narrower than the artery the artery received little blood And that such a thing might easily happen I have observed in a Rabbit into the Aorta whereof it being tied on each side we thrust a little Reed but because the ligature being loosed the Beast died we thought it not worth the while to bind the artery above the Reed and we thought we saw some pulse as far as to the Reed but we could perceive none beyond the Reed Moreover we could never make that experiment succeed because it is not easie to find a convenient Artery and when it is found and duly opened the Creature most speedily dies either because of Bloodshed or which may seem strange by Convulsions So that we can see no other but that the Blood being forced may pass through the Arteries and that by it also the Arteries may be distended nor seems it necessary to call any other Cause to make the Arteries pulse seeing the forealleadged Cause may suffice Yet Nature is wont frequently to call more assistances to the performance of her works then do indeed to us seem necessary who cannot alwaies dive into her Secrets So here some tokens are observed by Galen that besides that dilatation they receive from the impulse of the Blood the Arteries do also endeavor their own dilatation That all the Arteries of the body both in sound persons and Creatures and in live Anatomies do pulse in one and the same moment but nothing that is moved to distance can be every where at one moment and therefore not at the same moment make distention every where The Guts when blown up by Anatomists or Pudding-makers are seen to be distended in the parts neer the Blower first before the remoter parts are distended True indeed it is that the Arteries are not empts as the Guts but they are distended being partlyfilled with blood yet seeing that blood which comes out of the Heart must thrust forward that which is next it and that again that which is next it and so forward untill the Arteries be filled and distended every where it doth not seem though the motion be performed out of a wide into a narrow place that it can be performed in one moment just as we see twenty stones which the Boys set in a row the greatest first when the first is beaten down
dissected But if they speak of the Child in a Womans Womb I avouch that sometimes I have not seen the two umbilical Arteries but only one Arterie and one Vein ascending together with the Vrachus to the Navil where the Arterie is again divided into two which afterwards go unto the sides of Os sacrnm And that indeed those Vessels of the Heart are united in a Child in the Womb that the blood may pass that way out of the Vena Cava into the Aorta Waterfowl as the Duck Goose and such like do seem to teach us which because they cannot often breath under the water noâ— dilate their Lungs nor consequently admit the blood that way they have those unions of the vessels of the Heart when they are grown up Which also Harvey notes in his 6. Chapter Also they deny the frequent Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries for if such there were they say tumors would not arise by Fluxion and Congestion of Humors As if Rivers though they have outlets receiving over-great plenty of water may not overflow the neighbouring fields nor can the blood shed out of the Vessels because it congeals easily return into them again Moreover Tumors are many times caused for as much as by reason of Obstruction the bloods passage is stopped and because by heat and pain it is drawn into the flesh Now those Tumors seem rather to favour the Doctrine of the bloods circular motion because they happen through cold bruising and all stoppage of the passages of the Body and because with Aqua vitae or some such medicine the Humors and the Tumors being often made fluid it is by this motion of the blood drawn into the Veins and the Tumor by that means sooner cured then by repulsion revulsion concoction or dissipation Touching the Cause of the Bloods motion difficulties do also present themselves unto us and when we deny that the blood according to the Course of Nature is so suddenly and vehemently rarified in the Heart as to be able to move the Heart the blood of the whole Body and the Arteries themselves those famous men the Ring-leaders of this opinion do suppose that they do hereby prove it In that while we are cold all the Veins of our Body are contracted and can hardly be seen where as afterwards when we grow hot they do so swell that the blood contained in them seems to take up ten times so much space as before it did As for me this truly is my Opinion and thus I perswade my self that seeing they have now divers times so diligently endeavored in Publick to perswade men to embrace this their Opinion of Rarifaction and have diffected and lookt into the Hearts of Living Creatures nor have yet dared to say that they could sensibly perceive any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart I say my Opinion is that they could not indeed and in truth observe any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart and as they would in this place maintain And it will be easie for him that is a little verst in live Dissections to see that there is no such rarifaction And therefore though it might be proved that such a Rarifaction of the blood does sometimes happen praeternaturally yet ought not the cause of the Natural motion of the Heart Blood and Arteries be therefore attributed thereunto Yet in the Example which they propound I do not see what certainty there is that the blood by reason of its Rarifaction does possess ten times more space then before For might not that same Tumor of the external Veins easily arise because whereas before the veins were contracted and straitned through cold they could not receive much blood and therefore they could not swell Which cold and straitning of the vessels being afterwards taken away and the Veins being loosned by heat they might admit much blood which is driven into them by the heart and so appear full and swelling That this is not the least cause of the tumor of the Veins persons that are feauerish seem to teach us who if they thrust their arms into the cold have not their Veins so swelling but if they keep them warm under the cloaths they have them very full and swole which tumor if it came from Rarifaction it ought to be in both cases alike seeing that in them the bloods Rarifaction proceeds from an internal cause Nor do I conceive that it is also void of Question and undoubted that when we are first cold and afterwards grow hot the inner Veins as well as the outer do swell For it is much to be suspected that the inner parts do possess less blood and heat before because by that cold wherewith before they were not hurt if when we are so heated we drink cold drink they are wonderfully weakened Doubtless as the inner veins are oftentimes the treasury of the blood wherein the blood is stored up for future uses so may the external Veins be the like treasury and they appear to be when they so swell as aforesaid These men themselves when they observed that this also was much against their Opinion that we asserted that the blood was manifestly poured out at the constriction of the Heart they avouch that that is not the constriction but the dilatation of the heart which we mean But that we were deluded by a certain appearance because in our constriction there was a constriction only at the Basis but about the tip a true Dilatation which Invention when others saw that it could not hold least they also should seem to desert their cause they invented that there is a constriction indeed in the Cavity of the whole Ventricle but in the pits and passages of the sides especially in Dogs there is a certain kind of Extension and true Dilatation But truly the upper part of the Heart is not seen to be dilated when the lower is contracted save when the Creature is dying and that the waving motion of the Heart is caused by the impulse of the blood Nor can we observe one Dilatation or Constriction of the Pits another of the â—avity of the Ventricles Only a certain progressive motion is observed in a large Heart because the Dilatation or constriction doth evidently begin at the basis and sensibly proceeds to the tip although 't is performed all welnear in a moment And that I might be perfectly assured that the Heart was contracted within likewise on all sides having cut off the tip of each Ventricle â— put my thumb and fore-finger into the living heart of a Dog and a Rabbit and I manifestly felt the sides of the Heart to press my fingers to the middle partition equally in the middle tip and Basis and that the pits in greater Beasts became to Sense not bigger but lesser And soon after the Constriction abating that the sides of the heart above beneath and in the middle were loosned and the pits did feel evidently larger But in
the Heart Aristotles Error Fleshy Pillars in the Ventricles of the Heart Things preternatural found in the Heart A Bone in the Heart The right Ventricle The left Ventricle Manifest Pores in the Septum of the Heart Whether the Blood pass through the partition of the Heart Vessels of the Heart Vena Cava It s treble pointed Valves The Vena Arteriosa why called a Vein Why call'd an Artery It s Original and Progress It s Use The Sigma-fashioned Valves The Arteria venosa why an Arterie Why a vein Whether Air enters into the Heart The Mitre-shap'd Valves The Arteria Magna It s Use Its Valves In the Child in the Womb. The Union of the Vessels of the Heart It s various Uses The use of the little Membrane 'T is shut after the Birth By a Chanel or Pipe Which is dried up It s use The Reason of their Name Their Situation Division Into Lobes Their Figure Their Colour Connexion A certain Cause of long lasting Short-windedness The Substance Membrane The Vessels Why the Lungs â—atâ— so great Vessels See Tab. 4. of Book 2. How Circulation is caused in the Lungs Contrary objections answered Why Ulcers of the Lungs are without pain Whence the motion of the Lungs proceeds Aristotles Error The Opinion of Falcoburgius The motion of the Lungs is proved to arise from the Chest An Observation in live Anatomies It s Use All kind of Air is not a friend to mans Spirit Our heat doth want a Cooler Why Fishes need no Lungs The Lungs of Children in the Womb move not The Wesand Why call'd Trachea or Aspera Arteria Whether any part of our drink doth pass into the Wesand and Lungs It s Situation in Man-kind In a Swan Its Membranes The Voice hurt Why the Wefand is in part Gristly Why in part Ligamental The Use of the Wesand The Larynx It s Situation Number Shape Magnitude How the voice becomes shril or big What the Causes are of a great Voice How the Voice comes to change Its Muscles The Common The Proper The Proper Its Gristles Adams Apple is more bunching out in Men then in Women The Glottis Epiglottis Vessels Kernels Spittle How the Voice is made Sigâ—ing What is properly a Voice The differences of Voices or Speeches Parts of Voice or Speech It s Scituation Its Vessels Connexion When the Gullet is diseased Medicaments are applied to the Back It s Kernels Substance Muscles Whether Swallowing be a Natural or Animal Action Why somtimes solid meats are more easily swallowed then liquid The Neck Why call'd Collum It s Magnitude Its Parts It s Use Why the Head is placed so high It s Figure Greatness Substance Division Calva The Face What creatures have Hair Whether Hair Nails grow of good nutriment The remote matter of Hair Where Hair bâ—eede Why crusted Animals have no hairs Requisites to the Generation of hair Cause of baldness Hairs bred in the womb Use of Hair Why a man hath plenty of hair The Beard adorns Their Form Magnitude Figure The cause of the colour of the hair The cause of grey hairs Why they are soonest grey-hair'd that go with their Heads cover'd Why Men are soonest grey about their temples The Pericraneum Periostium Crassa Meninx The Brain moves The Sickle See Tab. 11. The upper Cavities The third See Tab. II. The lower Cavities See Tab. II. The Use Pia Mater What is properly the Brain The Marrow what How they differ Parts of the Marrow The Head of the Marrow what A new opinion concerning the place where the Animal spirits are made The Magnitude of the Brain Who have most Brains Why the Brain hath windings The winding Clift of the Brain See Tab. 3. The Colour It s temperament Why the substance of the brain is moderately soft There are Veins in the Brain The Use of the Brain Of the brains Motion The Matter of the Animal Spirits A new opinion of the Author touching the use of the Brain and the Marrow The right Dissection of the Head must begin at the lower Part. See the Figure of the Section in the Manual of Nerves The beginning of the Spinal Marrow An Objection The Answer A new Opinion of the Author that the Marrow is the Original of the brain A proof hereof The spinal Marrow divided Another division Another division The Coats of the Marrow A noble Ventricle in the Marrow The cover of the noble Ventricle is from the Brainlet The true place where Animal Spirits are generated according to our Author A Proof The preparation of the Animal Spirits where it is This Marrow the beginning of all Nerves The Brainlet what it is It s Structure See Tab. 4. Fig. 1. The Use Rete mirabile Vesalius his Error Glandula pituitaria It s Seat It s Figure It s Substance It s Use The Brain ful of Excrements Infundibulum The Authors opinion that there is but one Ventricle of the Brain The foremore Ventricle described Corpus Callosum The Conformation of the Ventricles of the Brain Septum lucidum Fornix The third Ventricle The Anus what it is The Nates and Testes Penis Vulva The Plexus Choroidis what Glandula pinealis That the Ventricles of the Brain serve to receive Excrements The order of the parts to be shewn in the new way of Dissection The order of the parts in the old Dissection The order in the middle way of Dissection The Dissection of the right side The Dissection of the left side An excellent Argument for the Circulation of the Blood Why Mens Face is void of Hair Frons why so called It s Skin Muscles The Eyes why called Oculi Their Situation Their Number Their Shape Its Parts The Eye-lids Whether the lower Eye-lid be moved The Membranes The Cilia what The use of the Eye-brow Punctum lachrmyale The use of fat in the Eye The Eye muscles Columbus his Error The first Muscle of the Eye The second The third The fourth The fift The sixt or pulley Muscle A seventh Muscle in Brutes Vessels of the Eye The Nerves The Membranes of the Eyes but three Adnata Tunica It s Use The Seat of the Ophthalmia or Blearey'dness 1. Tunicle of the Eye Cornea 2. Tunicle of the Eye The Pupilla Iris. Ligamentum ciliare The third Coat Aranea Vitrea Humors of the Eyes The watry Humor The watry Humor is no animated part the other Humors are The vitreous of glassie bumor The Chrystalline Names of the parts of the outer Ear. It s Skin It Vessels The Muscles Why few move their Ears The use of the first The use of the second Muscle The use of the third Muscle The use of the fourth The Ear Gristle The Kernels calâ—d Parotides Their Situation The sâ—at of Kings-Evil swellings The External Organ of Hearing The Internal Ear. Tympanum A cause of Deafness A Cause of thickness of Hearing The Cavity of the Drum Muscles of the inner Ear. Why Masticatories help in Diseases of the Ears The Names of the parts of the
and then the Vapors striking against the cover will not be condensed Another Opinion is that Fat is made by an hot Cause because the matter thereof is hot and because Fat easily flames also because all things are made in the body by Coction and Heat But the answer is clear from what hath been said before And we do not mean meer Coldness the Cause of Crudity but a weak Heat Some say that Fat attains its consistency from the compactness of the Membranes for that which is itself compact makes other things so I answer That cold things condense and Condensation proceeds from Cold nor can that which is condensed condense unless it were a first Quality or should take the assistance of Cold for otherwise the thinness of the Membrane would make the fat thin And why does not the density or compactness of the Vessels make the matter contained to be condensed and compact 2. In like manner they object By a thick cover though very hot the Vapor arising from boyling Water when it meets therewith is turned into Water or in a Distillation by an Alembick the Exhalations arising from the subject matter meeting with the thick glass are stopped and by reflection turned into a thickned Substance But the Answer is clear from what hath been said moreover the Vapors which are raised up by boyling if they are by the Vessel so shut in that there is no place to breath out new Vapors continually arising that there may not be a Penetration of Bodies it is necessary that they reassume their former consistency But if they find egress they turn to Water by reason of the cold Air surrounding the glassie Cover And therefore it is that to make the Liquor issue more aboundantly Distillers ever and anon cool the same with cold Water So when the Air abroad is cold hot Vapors within do turn to Water upon the glass Windows which does not happen when the Air is hot abroad 3. They say that there are many cold Parts as the Brain and its coats c. which have no Fat about them I answer those Parts also are dense Nor would Nature have Fat in those Parts for it would be both unprofitable and hurtful And a moderate Heat is there provided for by the thickness of the Skin the Hair and the Skull Fabius Pacius makes the cause to be also Dryness by reason of the Fibers of Fat. To which is repugnant 1 That Fat is not dry but moist 2 â—…le Fibers as the Blood hath Touch-â—…e Anatomical Contradictions of my Fa 〈◊〉 Other late Writers are pleased with a new conceit that Fat is made by a peculiar fat-making form as a bone is made by a bone-making form Who doubtless are mistakens because 1 Fat doth not live 2 It hath no certain Dimension And 3 The blood turns into the marrow of the bones without the help of such a form The Form of Fat as long as it is in the Vessels is not congealed but liquid and melted by reason of the Heat which as yet remains in the Vessels It hath been voided liquid by Urin as Helmoâ—t hath observed and in an healthy Woman by stool in the Observation of Hildanus Folius conceives it is liquid in the Vessels by reason of likeness of Nature but that it is congealed without because of the different Nature of the Fibres But no man can easily observe the dissimilitude of the fibres either within the body or without The Fat of the Belly hath three Veins the external Mammillary descending from above the Vena Epigastrica arising from beneath out of the crural Vein through the Groins and very many Veins coming out of the Loins accompanied with Arteries And through these and the Vessels of the Skin Cupping-glasses and Scarifications draw Humors out of the inner Parts as far as I can conceive It hath a very great aboundance of Kernels which receive Excrements out of the Body into themselves In sickly persons and such as abound with excrementitious Moisture they are more plentiful The Use of Fat is 1 To keep warm like a Garment to cherish Natural Heat by its Clammyness hindring the going forth thereof and by its thickness stopping the Passages least Cold should enter and in Summer they keep out the Heat 2. In a special manner to help the Concoction of the Stomach And therefore the cutting out of the Call breeds Winds and Belchings and to cause good Digestion it is necessary to provide some other covering for the Stomach 3. To daub and moisten hot and dry parts such as is the Heart 4. To facilitate Motion provided it be moderate for abundance of Fat hinders Motion and all other Actions and to keep the Parts from being over dried distended or broken Hence it defends the ends of Gristles the Joyntings of the greater Bones and it is placed on the outside of certain Ligaments also about the Vessels carried to the Skin For this very cause there is store of Fat in the Socket of the Eye least by reason of continual Motion it should become dry and withered as it were And the Vena Coronalis of the Heart is fenced with much Fat to accommodate the great Motion and Heat of the Heart 5. It serves as a Pillow and Bulwark against Blows Bruises and Compressions And therefore it is that Nature hath furnisht the Buttocks and the Hollow of the Hands and Feet with plenty of Fat. 6. In times of Famine it is turned into nourishment for we are nourished with that which is sweet and fat as being familiar to us and our Nature if we will beleive Galen and other Authors Whose Intention Rondeletius interprets to be that the Fat doth only releive famished persons and hold the parts â—â— the Body in play till they attain their proper Nouâ—shment 7. It fills up the empty spaces between the Muscles Vessels and Skin and consequently renders the Body smooth white soft fair and beautiful And therefore persons in a Consumption and decrepit old Women are deformed for want of Fat. CHAP. IV. Of Membranes in General of the fleshy Membrane and the Membrane which is proper to the Muscles UNder the fat in a Man the Membrana carnosa or fleshy Membrane lies which in Apes Dogs and Sheep lies next the Skin Before we treat thereof some things are to be known concerning the Nature of a Membrane in general The Ancients called the Membranes Hymenas and sometimes Chitona's Coats also Meningas and otherwhiles Operimenta and Tegumenta Coverings and with Galen and other Anatomists speaking in a large Sense a Coat and a Membrane are one and the same thing But when they speak in a strickt and proper Sense That is a Membrane which compasses some bulkie Part as the Peritonaeum the Pleura the Periostium the Pericardium and the peculiar Membranes of the Muscles But the term Tunica or Coat in a strickt sense is attributed properly to the Vessels as Veins
found at Naples in a Shee-Fool and in another it was knit to the bottom of the Womb in Venice when I was there and when it comes between the bottome of the Bladder and of the Womb the mouth of the Womb is thought to be compressed and Women thereby made barren In men an Epiplocele is caused when it descends into the Cod. And because it is extended rather unto the left then the right side therefore an Epiplocele of the left side is more frequent Epiplocele is a Rupture in which the Call falls into the God Many times the Guts being left naked the Call lies lurking under the Liver which happens not from strangulation This TABLE expresses to the Life the Situation of the Guts and Call and the Navil Vessels The VII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AA The coverings of the Belly dissected and turned up every way that the inner parts may come into view B. The Cartilago Mucronata or Sword-like Gristle CC. The bunching side of the Liver DD. The stomach EE Part of the Gut Colon seated under the Liver FFFF The upper Membrane of the Call fastned to the bottom of the stomach G. The Navil HH The Navil-Vein II. The two Navil-Arteries K. The Urachus or Piss-pipe L. The Bladder aaa The Gastrepiploick or Belly-Call Vessels sprinkled through the Call and stomach MM. The Guts page 16 seeing in strangled persons t is found in its right place and in persons not strangled we find it drawn back but if we may credit Spigelius it comes from the Guts being puffed up with wind In Hydropical persons I have found it quite putrified C. Stephanus unjustly denies it to hunters Infants if we believe Riolanus are distitute of a Call over their Guts which as they grow is spread out downwards and in declining 〈…〉 it is again diminished â—…t hath two distinct Originals from the Peritonaeum and is as it were a doubled Peritonaeum 1. It arises at the stomach viz. the bottome thereof 2. At the Back and Gut Colon and no beginning cleaves to another Hence it hath two Walls or two Membranes thin and light that they may not be troublesome with their weight which lie one upon another the external or former which is tied to the outer membrane of the stomach at the bottom and to the bunching part of the Spleen The inner and latter which is tied to the Gut Colon and arises from the Peritonaeum under the Midriff just at the Back And between these Walls it hath a remarkeable Cavity in which some very foolishly conceive the Natural spirit is contained Riolanus will have it propagated from a production of the Mesentery because if you separate the Membranes of the Mesentery you may proceed as far as the Gut Colon which he proves in another place out of Hippocrates But in vain seeing the Mesentery it self springs from the Peritonaeum and he confesses the fourth part only of the Call to be Mesenterical The Figure thereof resembles that of a Falconders pouch for the upper Orifice thereof is Orbicular and the lower part of the Call is round after a sort and somtimes unequal The magnitude thereof varies for it passes in some men to the Navil in others it goes further as was said before Naturally it hardly exceeds the weight of half a pound Riolanus observes Howbeit Vesalius saw a Call of five pounds weight The Call hath this property above oother membranes that through the substance thereof very many Veins and Arteries are sprinkled from the Caeliacal and Mesenterical branches and smal Nerves from a double branch of the sixt Pair And by reason of the many Veins there is much Fat in the Call and between the same innumerable Kernels are interposed which suck in and feed upon the dreggy humors Which Fat I have often observed to have been molten in such as have been sick of Consumptive Feavers This Demonstrates the Lower Membrane of the Call Also the Mesentery with the Guts and Kernels adjoyned thereto The VIII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AAA The lower Membrane of the Call on which the Colon is suspended aaa The Vessels of the Call CC. The Ligament of the Gut Colon. DDDD The Mesentery EEE The smaller Kernels of the Mesentery F. The greatest Kernel of the Mesentery situate in the middest thereof called by Asellius Pancreas GGG The Vessels of the Mesentery HH The thin and thick Guts I. The bottom of the Piss-bladder KK The Umbilical Navil-Arteries L. The Piss-pipe or Urachus M. The Navil cut off page â—7 T is a most rare Case to find the Call perfectly fleshy such as I saw cut out of a Body in the Hospital at Zeyden The Use 1. By reason of the plenty of its Fat it helps and cherishes the heat of the stomach namely of the bottom thereof for the upper part of the stomach is cherished by the Liver resting upon it also it cherishes the heat of the Guts as being membranous and blood-less parts And therefore that same Fencer whose Call was taken away by Galen was easily hurt by cold and therefore he alwaies covered his Belly with Wool The Call therefore is as it were a Pillow to the Stomach and furthers Digestion For that is a rare case which Forestus relates of a young man and Riolanus of others who lived well enough after their Calls were taken away Peradventure their Stomachs were some other way strengthened or might be Naturally more strong then ordinary Otherwise ordinarily by defect of the Call Catarrhs Loosnesses Lienteries Consumptions do arise 2. The Membranes afford this Use that they prop up the Branches of a Vein and an Artery which go unto the Stomach Duodenum and Colon Guts so called and to the Spleen also the Fat grows by benefit of the Membranes 3. Walaeus supposes that Branches of Arteries and Veins are attributed in greater quantity unto the Call then is requisite to breed Fat and nourish the Call and that they are there placed being Branches of Venaporta that the greater quantity of Blood might return to the Heart Chap. IX Of the Stomach THe Stomach called Ventriculus that is a little Belly is an Organical part seated in the lower Belly just under the Midriff being the Instrument that makes Chyle Paraeus observes that it hath through a Wound in the Midriff ascended into the Chest and gone downwards by reason of the encrease of the Call But Naturally It is seated in the Epigastrium a place encompassed with no Bones that it might stretch more easily just under the Midriff as it were in the middle of the Body and it rests upon the Back-bone Now its left side which is the greater and rounder in the bottom lies in the left Hypochondrium to give way to the Liver which lies on the right side and that so the Body may be equally as it were poised and ballanced or trimmed as the Watermen speak of their boats Towards the right
was it wholly scirrhous but his Liver hard and round as a ball and full of Flegm like Potters-clay and his Spleen was found so small that it hardly weighed an ounce CHAP. XIV Touching the Liver ANd so much may suffice to have said touching the Organs destined to primary Digestion or Chylification we come now to those which are any waies assisting the second Concoction or Sanguification And the Principal of these is the Liver The Liver is an Organick Part seated in the Lower Belly just under the Diaphragma or Midriff on the right side being the Organ of Blood-making and the beginning of the Veins It hath its Name in Greek from a Word that signifies want or Indigency because it supplies the want of the Parts of the Body the Latins cal it Jecur as if you would say juxta Cor near the Heart 'T is called the Principle or Beginning of the Veins because therein the Roots of two of the greatest Veins appear dispersed viz. of the Cava and Portae as Roots implanted in the Earth The milkie Veins are supposed to arise from the Pancreas Yet Trunks and Branches of them are also to be seen in the Liver Now the Roots of Trees dispersed in the Earth do grow together into a Trunk without the Earth The Vena arteriosa of the Heart is in truth an Artery And the Arteria venosa is a Vein and may owe its Original to the Liver because in a Child in the Womb it is joyned with the cava and opens it self thereinto by an Anastomosis And besides it carries Blood to the Heart but brings none from it if there be any force in this Argument The Liver is commonly but one in Number seldom two And more seldom is the Liver quite wanting as in Matthias Ortelius It is situate in the lowest Belly under the Septum transversum which also Hippocrates and Aristotie acknowledged by the Ribs and for the greater part in the right Hypochondrium a fingers breadth distant there from that the motion thereof might not be hindered Therefore a Swelling in the Liver causes shortness of breath In Birds it lies equally on both sides As also for the most part in Dogs which have a thin and long Spleen In Man it seldom changes its place so as the Liver should be in the left the Spleen in the right side which Gemma and Spererius have observed It rests lightly upon the former and upper part of the Stomach especially on the right side for otherwise some part thereof reaches to the left side also and somtimes the greatest part the Spleen being very small But some conceive that Aristotle was ignorant of the Situation of the Liver because the said Huper de to Diazoma c. which they interpret above the Septum is the Liver seated But the Philosoper is thus to be translated It is placed on the other side or beyond the Septum transversum for Huper with an Accusative signifies beyond but with a Genetive it signifies above And by reason of the Midriff to which it was to give way it hath its upper and outward Figure sufficiently round convex or gibbous even and smooth where also there is an oblong Cavity behind at the Passage of Vena cava And because of the Stomach it hath received a Figure which is hollow on the inner and lower side which is termed its simous or saddle side and it is more uneven then the other having in it two hollownesses One on the right hand for the Gall-bladder another on the left for the Stomach to pass by So that the Liver is on the right side of an ample roundness but on the left it is narrow and sharp The XVI TABLE The Explication of the FIGURES FIG I. Expresses the Liver taken out of the Body and especially the hollow side thereof AAA The Liver in its hollow side cloathed with its Coat and ragged Nap. B. The Vena Portae and its Egress out of the hollow side of the Liver CC. Two Trunks of Vena Cava by the tuberant or bossie part of the Liver D. The going forth of the Navil-Vein from out the Liver EE The Gall-bladder seated in the hollow part of the Liver F. The Gall-passage called Cysticus Felleus G. The other Gall-passage called Hepaticus H. An Artery which comes from the Ramus Caeliacus to the hollow part of the Liver I. A branch of this Artery which enters the Liver KK Another branch of the same Artery which goes unto the Gall-bladder L. A Nerve of the sixt pair which goes unto the Liver M. A smal Lap or Scollup stretched out unto the Call by which the Liver being full of water is somtimes emptied NN. Certain Eminencies of the Liver anciently termed Portae the Gates a. The bottom of the Gall-bladder hanging without the Liver d. The common Channel made up by the passages of Ramus Hepaticus FIG II. Shews the Vessels of the Liver freed from the Parenchyma or Fleshy substance thereof with the Gall-bladder AA A portion of Vena Cava BB. A portion of the Trunk of Vena Porta passing forth of the Liver CC. The Gall-bladder DD. The Navil-Vein ending into a branch of Vena Porta EEEEEEE The branches of Vena Porta dispersed through the whole Parenchyma of the Liver FFFF The branches of Vena Cava especially those which are distributed through the upper parts of the Liver and joyned in sundry places with the branches of Porta GGGG The most remarkable Anastomoses or joyning together of the Mouths of Vena Cava and Porta HHHH The extremities of the said Veins called Capiliary Veins because of their smalness a. The Meatus Cysticus or passage into the Gall-bladder page 33 The Greatness and thickness thereof is remarkable and exceeding great in a man as is his Brain not only for Nutrition as in brutes but for the breeding of Animal Spirits which are often dissipated and they are bred of the Vital Spirit as it is bred of Blood Yet it is greater then ordinary in bodies that are of a cold Complexion and in fearful Persons and great Eaters to augment the Heat of the Heart In persons dead of a Comsumption I have somtimes seen an exceeding great Liver four or five times bigger then ordinary and somtimes again very exceeding little And others have found a very small Liver and somtimes no Liver or the Liver consumed away and a great and strong Spleen performing its Office Rhasis and Abensina gather the greatness of the Liver from the length of a bodies singers It is compassed with a thin Membrane springing from one of the Membranes of the Veins which hath its Original from the Peritonaeum In this there arise little bladders of water from whence the Dropsie come Witness Platerus I have seen of these bladders in a she Goat many in number whiteish which being cut open were found to contain within a single coat or skin wheyish Humor with snotty Flegm and another yellow substance
performed the more unprofitable and thicker part of the Chyle which is made first in the Stomach and finally perfected in the thin Guts is thrown out into the thick Guts and voided at the Fundament but the more laudable and thin part is drawn in by the milky veins spred up and down in the Guts and â—…le altered and from them by means of a power proceeding from the Liver it receives the first Rudiâ—… of Blood and is then called Chymus The greatest question is whether the Liver draws it or it is forced thither It seems to be drawn by the heat of the Liver as Chaf or Straw is drawn by heated Amber and as Blood is drawn into the outward parts by hot Fomentations Which is here visible by Ligatures and live dissections in which the attraction of the Liver is so great that the milky Veins are speedily emptied There is not the same necessity that it should be forced thither as other have thought because the beginning of the Motion or moving principle should either be without the Chylus or within it It cannot be in it 1. Because nothing thrusts or drives but that which is alive 2. The Chyle newly drawn out of the Vessels doth not move it self 3. It is void of Appetite 4. It should alwaies be driven downwards not up to the Liver Nor can it be in any thing without it 1. Because the Meseraick Arteries have enough to do to drive out their own blood and the Veins have work enough to receive it 2. And the milky Veins are exceeding small 3. The proper Fibres of the Veins do serve more for strength then for driving 4. The Stomach indeed and the Guts are contracted but they are not able to expel the chyle for their motion is obscure and though it were evident yet it would not presently follow that it must drive into the Liver 5. Those Bowels being contracted on all sides and shut up as much Chyle is retained as is expelled 6. The Abdomen doth oft-times rest according to our desire and pleasure being apt to be moved by the Muscles but the motion of the Chylus is performed continually and swiftly viz. the due time of distribution being come 7. The dreggy Chyle should be sent unto the Liver without difference as well as the pure It is therefore principally drawn by the Liver howbeit some construction of the Guts is secondarily assistant thereunto This Chymus being attracted in the Roots of the milky veins as in the place where is by the Parenchyma or Substance of the Liver as the Efficient cause with the assistance of the internal heat of the Chyle changed into a new substance of blood Now it gains a Redness like the substance of the Liver not so much from the flesh of the Liver alone which it self ows its color to blood shed about it which it layes away when it is washed or boyled and in some other Creatures we find it of a green color as from its own proper and adventitious Heat as Grapes are red which vanishing away the redness ceases as it happens in blood-letting Nor is that a sufficient cause seeing in healthy bodies it continues afterwards red and therefore we must take in light as another Cause of which there is a great quantity in red colors subsisting even without Heat unless the subject happening to be dissolved it come to be extinguished and exhale Hence it is that boyled blood becomes black and putrid blood is duskie Hence also by how much the more Natural inbred light any man hath the more he shines with bright blood contrariwise in Melancholick persons the same being darkned the blood grows black and dark That light and fire are the cause hereof appears in Oyl of Sulphur by the mixture whereof Liquors become red Now this Heat and Light is partly planted in the liver and the Chyle it self springing thereout by reason of its previous preparation and partly kindled therein either by reason of the nearness of the Heart and bordering parts or by reason of the Arterial blood derived from the Heart and Spleen The more crude Blood being thus made is not distributed to nourish the Liver or the Body which Office is performed by the Hepatick Arteries but by insensible Anastomoses of the flesh and Vessels it is expelled into the Roots of Vena cava where by longer tarriance it is more elaborated and soon after with the returning blood of the Vena porta and the Arteries it is poured out into the Trunk of cava going all straight along through the upper part of the Trunk to the heart that it may there attain its last accomplishment whereby it becomes fit to nourish all the Parts Not any thing returns this way to the Liver the Valves hindering which in the Liver look outwards in the Heart inwards as the whole Fabrick and Ligatures do testifie By these it is that the Cava alwayes swells towards the Liver and is empty towards the Heart Afterwards the Nourishment of all the Parts of the Body being accomplished by the Capillary Arteries because all the blood is not consumed which by continual Pulsations is sent forth nor can that which is superfluous return the same way by reason of the Valves of the Heart seated by the Aorta which lets any thing pass from the Heart but admits nothing back again and because any Artery being tied is full and swels towards the Heart but is empty and lank towards the Veins Therefore it must needs return as it were by a circular motion out of the smallest Vessels back again into the greatest Veins and the Trunk it self of the Cava and thence into the Heart As it passes through the Liver other blood there newly bred is joyned with that of the Vena porta and that which is redundant from the Arteries for the restoring of that which is spent and so the Circulation is again repeated Mean while as hath been said Choler is drawn out of the blood by branches of vessels terminating into the Gal-bladder and Choler-passage But the wheyish part is because of its thinness retained a while that the blood may more easily pass every where and afterwards it is sent away partly to the Kidneys with the wheyish blood which according to Galen is not concocted in the Kidneys but because the Serum is an Excrement of the Liver the Kidneys do only separate the blood from the whey and from thence by the Ureters into the Bladder whence the Urin does afterward partly go into the Skin and passes out by sweat and insensible Transpiration CHAP. XV. Of the Receptacles of Choler viz. the Gall-bladder and Choler-passage ON the right hand and hollow part of the Liver for the Reception of two sorts of Choler thick and thin two Conduits or Passages are engraven The Vesica biliaria or Choler-bladder and the Canalis biliarius or Cholerchannel Galen himself knew as much when he said that from the Liver a twofold cholerick Excrement was
purged the one unmixt and simple the other mixed and thick which I collect contrary to what Hofman asserts out of the fourth Book of the Use of the Parts 12. and 13. and from the fifth Book Chap. the 6. For the Channel poures out thick and dreggy choler but the Bladder such as is more thin and yellow For the larter bordering upon the Vena porta sucks more plentifully out of the Spirituous and Arterial Blood the former being placed at the Roots of the Cava draws a less quantity of Choler and such as is more thick because that blood is thicker The Vesica biliaria or Gall-bladder called also folliculus Fellis is a Vessel long and round fashioned like a Pear hollow furnished with a double Membrane the one whereby it is fastned to the Liver from the Peritonaeum which is also the same wherewith the Liver is covered without Fibres and wherewith that part only is covered which hangs without the Liver The other proper and more thick but strong having all manner of Fibres which a certain Crust encompasses bred of the Excrements of its third Digestion to keep off the sharpness of the Gall. This Gall-bladder is small compared Its Greatness to the Spleen and Kidneys Being two fingers breadths in deepness but the more cholerick any person is the greater is this Gall-bladder observed to be 'T is divided into the Bottom and the Neck The Bottom is round and seated lowermost viz. when the Liver is in its Natural Situation it is died with a yellow color and sometimes black viz. when the Choler being over long kept is burned The Neck being harder then the bottom looks upward grows long and narrow until it end into a very small and narrow passage At the Neck is observed first a certain peculiar hollowness and also certain little Valves or Membranes somtimes two otherwhiles three which hinder the Regress of Choler Regius proves that they are sometimes opened by Spirits through a Nerve inserted into the liver and so let Choler return into the Liver which appears by anger and the sudden boyling of the blood in angry persons by admixtion of burnt Choler Howbeit by pressing or squeezinâ— and blowing we cannot force any Choler back And if the force of the Spirits were so great they might as easily open and shut the valves of the Heart when they are in the Arteries more plentiful then ordinary They pierce indeed by their fineness the valves when they are shut but they carry not the blood with them Choler truly may by some other means be inflamed which is every where among hot blood Finally the valve would be broken by the violence of Spirits and greater danger might follow thereby then if the Gall-bladder were broken an Example whereof Salmuth relates The Gall-bladder hath received very many small Passages furnished with sundry little twigs sowed up and down in the Liver between the Roots of Cava and Porta which afterwards being joyned into one passage do carry pure Choler into the Gall-bladder and the Gall-bladder having disgorged it self into the Gut is daily filled again and so it continues that course Contrary to the Opinion of Arnisoeus that the Bladder is filled with Choler which being hindred by the Chylus from descending by the Porus biliarius into the Guts does drive back again into the Bladder For I have often seen Waloeus demonstrate how that the Bladder being never so little squeezed with a mans hand even when the Guts are full of Chyle Choler is easily squirted into the Guts It hath two very small Veins to nourish it Also it hath very small Arteries from the Coeliaca to nourish and preserve Heat It is not therefote nourished with Choler as Joubertus conceives It hath a little diminutive Nerve scarce visible from a little Branch of the sixt pare which crawls up and down the Coat of the Liver It s use is to receive yellow excrementitious Choler pure and thin not the Excrement mingled with the Blood as the Kidneys do and to retain it some while and then to expel it Now touching the use of this Choler Learned men are of sundry minds Some with Aristotle will allow it no use only it was a thing could not be avoided and is drawn away that the Blood may not be defiled which Opinion Conringius maintains Others attribute more to Choler and make it useful to the whole Body 1. In that it 〈…〉 â—iver according to Italy-Abbas and â—…sina and by that means comforts â—…e second Digestion and helps the Natural Heat of the Liver like fire under a kettle Yea it heats the whole Body if we will credit Nemesius especially the Stomach to further its Digestion If that be true we must understand it of a moderate quantity thereof otherwise an over great Heat of Choler would burn the Stomach 2. Ofkin to these is the Opinion of Helmont that it is the balsom of the Liver and the whole Blood brought from the Liver to the Mesentery and that therefore the Gall precedes in the work of Sanguification and the Liver follows also he sayes it hath the constitution of a necessary Bowel But how should it come into the Liver since Anatomy doth teach that this humor is brought out of the Liver but not carried back thither For the way is too long through the Mesentery where by reason of its acrimony it makes hast out or the edge thereof is blunted And of what â—hall it be bred if it go before the Concoction of Blood There are few Veins and Arteries dispersed there abouts but store of Choler is collected That the Action of the Liver goes before that of the Gall Children in the Womb do shew in whom the Liver is full of blood before the Bladder swell with Gall or be so much as lightly colored therewith 3. Their Opinion is not much unlike who conceive that Choler preserves the neighbouring Parts and the Liver it self from corruption which Zerbus would therefore prove because when the Gall-bladder is removed from the Liver the substance thereof where the Gall-bladder lay does presently dissolve and melt 4. A greater number of Authors will have it to serve to expel the Excrements of the Belly by strengthening the Guts with its Heat or provoking them to Expulsion by its Acrimony For although the Choler-passage be implanted into the beginning of the Gut Jejunum or into the Duodenum yet it hath an easie passage to the Colon and Ileum That it passes through the Jejunum is manifest from its yellow color and the quick passage of the Chyle there through Howbeit it ought to be moderate in quantity otherwise the Belly is dried and made costive or too much loosned 5. I add that it makes the Dung liquid and apt to pass to which intent Painters use it to temper their colors The other Receptacle of Choler is the Canalis or Porus biliarius the Choler-passage which is found even in those Animals which have no
eaten the night before at Supper and bran hath been seen in the Excrements of a child that only lived with sucking 4. Nurses perceive as soon as ever they have eaten and drunken the going down of the Milk and the swelling fulness of their Dugs Yea and our Nurses are extraordinary careful not to eat while they give their children suck for otherwise the children should suck undigested Milk 5. Castellus pleads their Scituation over the Stomach not near the Liver or Womb excepting in beasts 6. The Milk is colder then the Blood and leaves more Excrement in her that gives suck then blood does in the Embryo or child in the womb Howbeit we find many difficulties in this new Opinion and those of no small moment 1. There are no manifest passages from the Stomach to the Dugs which if any man can find I shall willingly acknowledg my self convinced Martianus indeed Castellus Vestingus and Horstius do talk of invisible passages like the milkie Veins which cannot be discerned in a dead body or at least they conceive the Pores of the flesh may suffice to admit a passage for milkie Vapors But the Pores seem too narrow for thick Chyle to pass through which in the Mesentery did require large milkie Veins which any body may discern A subtile Spirit and thin Vapors with smoakie steams do pass through the Pores and not the Chylus nor blood according to Nature for if so then there were no use of Vessels Nor is the Infant satisfied only with Vapors I willingly acknowledg that Nature endeavors the translation of Humors from one part to another by unknown wayes but she does it compelled and besides her customary Course whereas the breeding of Milk is a constant and ordinary thing 2. The Dugs being heated by any other cause whatsoever do not breed Milk but the action is hindred by the said Heat 3. Nurses confess that after they have drunk the Milk does manifestly descend out of their backs and from about their Channel-bones and puts them to some little pain For there the Chest-arteries are seated and not the Stomach 4. A tender Infant should be ill nourished with undigested meat having been vsed to be nourished with blood before 5. Out of the Nipples of Children newly come out of the Womb before the use of meat a wheyish matter drops like Milk before they have eaten any meat 6. What shall we say to that Aphorism of Hypocrates If a Woman want her Courses neither any shivering o Feaver following thereupon and she loath her Meat Make account that she is with Child 7. Cows when they eat grass after hay or hay after grass before the fifteenth day there is no perfect change either in the Constitution or colour of their Milk or Butter according to the Observation of Walaeus yet they perfectly change their Chyle the first day but their Blood more slowly Also our Nurses observe that after they have slept and their Meat is digested their Dugs make Milk which does not so happen if they want sleep 8. Hogeland proves by Famines and Seiges that when all the Nutriment of the Nurse is turned into perfect blood yet nevertheless Milk is bred in the Dugs Wherefore until some diligent hand shall have found evident wayes and passages for the Answering of the contrary Arguments You are to Note 1. That we admit of the Chyle as the remote matter of Milk but not as the immediate matter thereof 2. That the Blood being plentifully evacuated by the Milk is bred again by plentiful meat and drink and therefore the plenty of Milk ceases when there is little drink taken in as all Nurses do testifie Morcover such as are of a Sanguin complexion afford most Milk whereas those that are of a tender constitution grow lean by giving Suck 3. That all the blood which is poured out of the Arteries into the Dugs is not turned into Milk but only the more wheyish part a great deal running back by the Veins into the Heart 4. That Women which give suck have their Courses because the Vessels of the Womb are then more enlarged then in the first moneths of their going with Child and ever and anon they flow sparingly from Nurses and leave off by fits Also Women that give suck seldom conceive unless they be of a Plethorick habit of body that is to say full of good blood Our Women when they would wean a Boy if their Dugs swell they do by certain Medicines keep back the Milk by straitning the Vessels that the matter thereof may not enter nor be drawn that way 6. That the Breast and Dug-Arteries are large and are more and more widened by continual sucking 7. That the Milk doth drink in the faculty of Meats and Purgatives even by mediation of the Blood which conserves the color and faculty of the meats though sundry digestions have preceded though vapors alone be raised and the substance ascend not 8. That many things are performed in the body according to the singular constitution of particular persons yea and many things which rarely happen which is to be understood of the Milk which was in the Dugs of that Man at Cous and of other things thence voided Nerves are carried from the Nerves of the Chest especially the fift for to cause sense and they end in the Nipple Besides these Vessels the Dugs have also white Pipes according to the observation of later Anatomists springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part which growing narrower do alwayes meet together wherein Milk being made is preserved for use Whether or no they are nothing but widened Arteries becoming white because of the change of the milk and the bordering kernels which I am willing to believe I leave to acuter Eyes and Wits to determine They treasure up the Milk when there is occasion of omitting to give the Infant suck and when that use is over they grow as small as the most Capillary Veins Their Use is 1. General in Women and Men to be safeguards to the Heart hence Nature hath given Men of cold Complexions larger Dugs then ordinary and Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced according to Hypocrates Nor doth the pectoral Muscle hinder which performs the same Office which is Riolanus his Objection for the more noble parts require great fencing even by the smallest thing as the Eyes from the Eye-brows the Heart from the water in the Heart-bag or Pericardium c. II. In women their use is to breed Milk to nourish the young Infant For the Child was nourisht by blood in the Womb and milk is the same blood only whitened so that Nature seems to have put a trick upon living Creatures by obtruding upon them the gentler appearance of white milk in place of red blood as Plato hath it Which is the Cause that the People of Savoy and Daulphine did anciently prohibit their Preists the use of milk as well as of Blood Now the Efficient Cause of
voluntary which is discerned in progression apprehension that is to say in going and handleing It s motion ceases in a strong Apoplexy only transpiration does then remain but in a light Apoplexy we see the Diaphragma also moved with the Chest muscles CHAP. IV. Of the Pleura Mediastinum and Thymus THe PLEURA or Rib-coate which the Greeks call Chitòn hupezocòs or absolutely bumèn is a membrane which on the inside cloathes the cavity of the Chest hard and white but in some pleuretick persons according to Hippocrates black and blew whence it is that Practitioners conceive that this is affected in the Pleurisie which notwithstanding is demonstrated to happen secondarily by Manelphus Cletus Platerus Zacchius Vitaglianus Benedictus It is somewhat thicker and stronger then the Peritoneum Ariseing from the Coats which cover the intercostal nerves which proceed out of the Backbone by means of which it is continued with the Coats of the Brain And therefore it is thicker in the Back to whose vertebra's it cleavs as it were inseperably Hofmannus will have it arise from the Breast-bone rather than the vertebra's of the Back wherein he is out as I have proved in my Animadversions upon Hofman and in my Anatomical Colledge In diseases of the Chest it becomes many times ten-fold thicker though others say it is so attenuated in pleuritick persons that it can hardly be descerned Fallopius saw it of a thick callous substance in a Dropsie of the Lungs and Platerus saw it in like manner swoln by a Scirrhous Tumor It is every where double that the Vessels may be carryed within the folding thereof The outer part which looks towards the Chest is harder and thicker the inner part being fastned to the Ribs is thinner Between these the matter of the Pleurisie is often collected and not only between the Pleura and Muscles Galen makes it to be single and will allow it to be double only about the Mediastinum Riolanus explains that same Duplicature to mean its thickness which cannot be shewed without tearing The contrary whereto is manifest in the swoln sides of such as have the Pleurisie It hath its inner surface smooth least it should by its roughness hurt the Lungs its outer more rough that it might be the stronglyer fastned Somtimes it is found furnished with a little fat as there is also now and then in the Peritonaeum near the Vertebra's of the back where the Vessels are greater then ordinary The Ribs also have their Periosteum or Membrane so called which some call the third coat of the Pleura and others Membrana Circumossalis the bone-about Membrane It hath very many Holes the lowermore of which I have reckoned up in the History of the Diaphragma the upper are there where it affords passage to the Vena Cava the Arteria aorta the Wezand or Aspera arteria the Gullet and the Nerves of the sixt Pare As for its VESSELS It hath Veins from the solitary Vein or Vena fine Pari and the upper Intercostal or Rib-between Vein Arteries from the Intercostal or Rib-between Artery and from the great Artery Nerves twelve in number proceeding from the foreside of the Vertebra's of the Chest And therefore wounds in this part are attended with most grievous pains It s USE is 1. According to Galen to plaster over the whole Cavity of the Chest and to render it smooth and even that the Lungs migt not be hurt in their motion 2. To cloath the Chest and its parts on the inside even as the Peritonaeum affords coats to the parts of the lower Belly and to constitute the Partition Membrane Or MEDIASTINUM Which is an of-spring of the Pleura being a doubl◠Membrane separating the Cavity of the Chest and the Lungs into two parts For after that the Pleura having taken its Original about the Back hath ascended by the sides to the Brest-bone taking its course again towards the Back-bone it is carried right out from the middle of the Brest to the Back Being fastned on each hand to the sides of the Brest-bone this Membrane is not obscurely double as is the Pleura but visibly being constituted of the Pleura doubled and there seems at first sight to be as great a space between both under the Brest-bone as the breadth of the Breast-bone comes to But this is only in appearance and not really so for that same Cavity under the Breast-bone is then only caused when the Breast-bone is in dissection pluckt from the Mediastinum for before the Membranes of the Mediastinum are most closely united one to another Which it is strange that no Anatomist did observe before Ad Falcoburgius After him I have often made the Experiment in grown persons and Children new born in Land-beasts and large Sea-fishes nor could I shew any Cavity betwixt the Mediastinum and Breast-bone no not to the most expert Spectators but I found the Membranes of the former sticking close by certain Fibres to the latter which we forcibly separated with a Penknife Which that it might be more apparent the inwards of the Belly and the Midriff being taken away I made it visible to the Eyes of all that were present These things are to be understood of the lesser Cavity to satisfie Riolanus who is my Adversary in this point between the Membranes of the Mediastinum and the sternum For the greater wherein the evermoveing Heart is seated no man in his right wits will ever deny In this greater Cavity or in this Duplicature◠if a wound inflicted on the foreside shall penetrate lightly so that the Heart settling beneath remain unhurt it is sufficiently void of Peril and safe enough which one unskillfull in Anatomy would pronounce deadly But towards the Vertebrae the Cavity grows narrow by little and little and the Membranes meet together But in the middle the Cavity is wider and in the fore part of the said Cavity the Heart and Vena Cava are placed in the latter part the Gullet with the Stomach Nerves If in this Cavity humors praeternaturally assemble and putrifie they may safely be let out by boreing an hole in the Breast-bone if we believe Columbus and Hofmannus which Nicolaus Fontanus doth notwithstanding deny It is of a thinner and softer substance then the Pleura and about the Vessels t is frequently full of fat like the Call For Vessels it hath Veins and Arteries from the Dug-vessels and the solitary Vein or Vena sine Pari applied inwardly to the breast-bone which being taken away they become visible Also it hath its own proper Vein called Mediastana which is somtimes one and large other whiles double and smal Also the Phrenick and Stomachick Nerves are carryed through this Duplicature and afford branches to the Mediastinum The use of the Mediastinum is I. To divide the Chest into two parts that one Division of the Lungs being hurt by a wound or otherwise the other might perform its office II. To
hang the Heart and Heart-bag dangling in so free a posture as to strike against no part of the Chest III. To sustaine the Vessels running through the same as also the Midriff in Mankind least it should by the weight of the Bowels be drawn too much downwards The II. TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE represents the Brest-bone cut off and lifted up also the Mediastinum and the Lungs with the Midriff FIG I. AAA The inner surface of the Brest-bone and the Gristles interwoven therein BB. The Dug-Veins and Arteries descending beneath the Brest-bone C. The Glandulous Body called Thymus DDDD The sides of the Mediastinum pluckâ— asunder EE The distance between the two Membranes of the Mediastinum which is caused by its forcible separation from the Brest-bone F. The Protuberancy of the Mediastinum where the Heart is seated GG The Lungs HH The Midriff I. Cartilago Ensiformis the Sword-like Gristle FIG II. A. The left Nerve of the Midriff B. The right Nerve thereof C. The upper Membrane of the Midriff a little separated D. The naked substance of the Midriff E. The Hole for the Gullet to descend through F. The hole or the Vena Cava GGG The Membranous part or Centre of the Midriff HHH The Portions or Appendices thereof between which the great Artery descends FIG III. Represents that same Glandulous Body seated by the Larynx AAA The Glandules or Kernels which naturally breed upon the Larynx B. A portion of the jugular Vein out of which two smal twigs proceeding do spread themselves through the substance of the Glandules or Kernels page 94 Blood-conveighing Vessels do pass through this Thymus or Sweet-bread howbeit in the substance thereof being dissected we cannot manifestly disscerne any The use therefore of the Thymus is 1. To underprop those great Vessels which ascend that way as the Vena Cava Arteria magna and their branches passing along to the Arms and Shoulder-blades 2. Also for safeguard as is usual and that the Vessels may not be hurt by touching upon the bones 3. That it may be as it were a cover and fence for the Heart for I have seen it as a Bulwork to the Heart which the Heart of a Child in the Womb stands in need of because as yet it stirs not And therefore it hath a large Thymus as a Sturgeon also hath and other Creatures which live in the Water by reason of the external cold Chap. V. Of the Heart-bag and the Humor contained therein THe Pericardium which some term the Coat Case Box Chamber Cover of the Heart or Heart-bag c. is a Membrane compassing the whole Heart whose Figure it therefore Emulates as also its Magnitude But it is so far distant from the Heart as is necessary for the Hearts motion and the reception of the Liquor contained in this Bag. Columbus assures us that a Scholar of his had no Pericardium It arises at the Basis from the Coates which compass the Vessels of the Heart which proceed from the Pleura for this Coat is not between the Basis of the Heart and the Pericardium where for their sakes It hath five Holes viz. for the ingate and outgate of the Vena Cava and for the letting out of the other three Vessels It s Situation is more to the left side then the right and more to the fore then the hinder part of the Body It is knit circularly to the Mediastinum with very many Fibres and to the neighbouring parts but especially the Nervous circle of the Midriff it cleaves exceeding close which is a thing peculiar to Mankind For herein a Man differs from Dogs and Apes and in all other Creatures likewise the difference holes It s External Surface is Fibrous the Internal slippery and both void of fat It s Substance is thick and hard and so much harder then the Lungs as it is softer then a bone Its Vessels It hath smal Veins below from the Phrenick Vessels above from the Axillary It hath no Arteries that can well be seen peradventure because it is so near the Heart Yet doubtless it hath some although hard to be discerned It hath very smal Nerves from the left Recurrent and the little twigs of the Septum It s Use is I. To be a firme tabernacle for the Heart that in its motion it might not strike against the hard parts of the Body II. To contain a wheyish or Watry Humor like Urin to see to though neither sharpe nor Salt transparently clear in some like water wherein flesh hath been washt Guil. Toletus in Burgensis calls it a flegmatick Humor of an unpleasing tast And because of this Liquor Galen resembles the Heart to a Bladder This Humor is found in all Animals naturally constituted both living and dead yea and in the Child in the Womb as appears by the dissection of bodies both living and dead But in some more in others less in persons that are in a Consumption it is very little and inclining to yellowness In persons Pleuritick it is now and then of a quittorish nature according to the Observation of Salmuth In dead bodies t is more plentyful Because then very many Spirits are in the cooled parts of the body condensed into water In Women Children and aged persons t is more plentyful by reason of the debility of their heat If it happen to be in two great a quantity Palpitation of Heart and a suffocating death follows therefrom if it be quite consumed a Consumption of the body happens But that it may be bread a fresh when it is spent we see clearly in those whose Heart-bag being wounded the said Liquor hath run out for in Johannes Saviolus his Heart-bag being wounded with a Dagger water issued at every Pulse of his Heart out of the wound yet was he happily cured by the Renowned Veslingus Whence this water should have its original the opinions of learned men are different I. The first Opinion is of those who will have it to be sent out of the Vessels of the Heart seeing Blood-letting cures the Panting of the Heart proceeding from the Super abundance of this Liquor And they conceive that this waterish Liquor is forced out by the fervent heat of the Heart as in a stick of wood when it burns the sap runs out Of kin to this is the Opinion of Nicolas Massa which will have it to proceed from the strainings of the blood which come from the Liver to the Ear of the Heart And Hofman is much of his mind who maintaines that it is part of that wheyish moisture which ascends to the Heart with the blood but because the motion thereof is perpetual there would no smal danger arise from so large an Afflux of Humors I let pass how that the stronger persons whose blood is moved most swiftly have less quantity of this Water then those that are weaker II. Others and among them Hippocrates seems to make one
can be drawn towards the Point And therefore other whom he and Slegelius do follow conceive that it is extended long-waies that its walls being contracted it may expel the Blood But then the Orifices of the Vessels being drawn downwards in the lengthening of the Heart would be shut and a contrary motion would happen besides that living Anatomies do shew that the heart becomes shorter in its Systole Nor can it appear longer but shorter if either the point draws to the Basis or the Basis to the point Both forms serve for expulsion of the blood for whether you press a bladder ful of water longwaies or broadwaies you will squeeze out the water as soon one way as another 2. The inner walls are on each side drawn up to themselves towards the Ribs because they are contracted and straitned as we find by putting our Finger in But the outer parts being swelled seem to be made broader by reason of the contraction of all the parts blown up in the distension It differs therefore from Galens Systole which Leichnerus will have to be drawn likewise into it self the Longitude of the Heart being changed into Latitude For indeed and in truth the Diastole is when the heart is made wider either long-waies or broad-waies to the intent that it may be filled unless the inner parts be straitned 3. The foreside of the heart is lift up towards the Breast-bone especially obout the Basis For the Broad end or Basis of the heart smites the Breast where the Pulse is felt because that part is raised and nearest the Breast-bone in the Systole the Heart is vigorated and mettlesome not in the Diastole and then the Arteries are dilated and filled whereas the heart is emptied in the Systole and at the same time the Pulse is felt in the Wrist and the Breast at one and the same time But the Pulse is most of all discerned in the left side of the Breast because there is the Orisice of the Arteria Aorta 4. The whole heart becomes every where tight and hard 5. It is more contracted and straiter then within and less in bulke which we judg by our sight and feeling 6. It appears white especially in the more imperfect sort of Animals by reason of the voidance of blood in its Systole In the Perisystole when the heart is loose and soft before the Diastole follows and the heart is in its properstate 1. The point withdraws it self from the Basis and the Basis from the point in some persons 2. The lateral parts internal and external do extend themselves towards the Ribs 3. The foreside falls in the hinder part is depressed especially above at the Orifice of the Aorta according to the accurate Observation of Walaeus The other Perisystole which goes before the Systole is hardly by any notes discernable from the Diastole In the Diastole which Backius tells us begins in the middle way to Dilatation and ends in the middle way to contraction 1. The upper side is lifted up and swolne by blood flowing in on either hand by the Venal Vessels the swelling proceeding by little little to the point But it doth not then smite the Breast as Laurentius and Rosellus would have it because the Arteries undergo the Systole and the heart ceases from expulsion for which cause it is not Vigorated 2. It is more flagging and softer because it suffers in its reception of blood 3. The fides remain more lank and extended and the Cavities remain wider and therefore when a man puts his Finger into a living heart he feels no constriction 4. It is red because of the thinness of the walls and the Blood received in which is Transparent 5. The Cone departing from the Basis in the Perisystole renders the heart more long that it may be more capacious to receive the blood That it is drawn back towards the Cone as many write our Eye-sight will not allow us to believe nor can it or ought it so to be It cannot because the Fibres are relaxed and not bent nor ought it because it must be enlarged to receive which you may in vain expect the Ventricles being straitned and revelled Nor do I assent to Des Cartes and Regius men of most subtile wits that in the Diastole the point draws near to the Basis in the Systole it departs therefrom for they confound the Perisystole or quiet posture of the heart in which the heart is soft loose and void of blood before the Diastole is performed after the Systole is ended Moreover Walaeus believes that those men were deceived who in a wounded living heart pretend to have seen blood expelled in the Diastole because they took that to be the Dilatation which was indeed and in truth the contraction The blood which goes out of the wound goes out in the Diastole not driven by the Pulse but because the way lies open downwards it gently slides out drop by drop The Efficient Cause of the motion of the heart is either immediate or remote The Immediate is twofold the Blood and the Pulsifick faculty Pulsifick or Pulsative faculty The Blood either remains in the same quantity as it flowed in or it is changed in quantity by boiling working and rarifying 1. Pure blood and sincere flowing in through the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa and remaining such only becoming more perfect and vital raises the heart into a Tumor like water in a Bladder or Skin-bottle which being for the greatest part distended because the plenty of blood is burthensome it raises its self to expel the same by gathering together its Fibres and this motion happens to the heart in this case as the motions of other Members viz the stomach Guts Bladder Womb which are extended by the reception of Chylus Whey Wine Blood c. which being expelled they fall again and like the Muscles which are stretched being swoln with Animal Spirits By this Blood the Heart is continually moved as a Mill-wheele is by the perpetual falling down of the Water which ceasing the Wheel stands still There is plenty of blood enough to distend it no◠so much furnished from the Liver as from the 〈◊〉 and descendent branches of the Cava running back from the remotest Veinulets or smallest branches of the Veins and it is continually forced along with Celerity and Vehemency according to the Demonstrations and Doctrine of Harvey and Walaeus I shall justifie what I now say with only one experiment If the Vessels which bring into the heart be tied and so stopt the Hearts motion ceases and there remains nothing but a Wavering and a Palpitation but the Ligature being loosned it recovers its motion Aristotle makes the Cause to be Blood which is not pure nor in so great quantity as to be able of it self to distend the Heart but boyling and working which boyling of the blood many have followed though explained after a different manner Caesar Cremoninus makes the cause to be the resistency of the
D. The Off-spring thereof which is carried to the Pericardium EE The two greater Branches of Aspera Arteria which on the back-sides are Membranous FF The hinder part of the Lungs G. The proper Membrane of the Lungs HH A remaining portion of the Pericardium or Heart-bag I. The Heart in its proper place FIG IV. A. The Aspera Arteria or Wesand cut off under thâ— Larynx B. It s right Branch divided first into two C. The left Branch of the Arteria Aspera distributed in like manner into greater and lesser Branches ddd The Extremities of the Branches page 115 by the Arteria venosa where it is divided into two as if it had three parts the least whereof notwithstanding is the Channel In Infants of three or four years old it is stil to be seen but without any through-passage in grown persons t is by little and little attenuated and dried being distitute of all Nutriment because no Humors pass any longer through the same until through absence of Life and Nourishment it Putrifies and Consumes quite away The use thereof is I. According to the Mind of Galen that the vital Spirit being received from the Navil-Arteries into the Arteria Magna may from hence be carried through that Channel into the vena Arteriosa and so straight into the Lungs to maintain Life But 1. It serves not the Lungs alone 2. The Navil-Arteries do bring out of the Arteria Magna but carry nothing thereinto 3. The Pipe is greater then to serve only to carry Spirits 4. The Lungs of a Child in the Womb being red are not nourished only with Spirits II. According to Petrejus and Hofmannus to bring Arterial blood to nourish the Lungs Who had said well if they had not omitted the good of the whole body III. According to late Writers that the blood which slides out of the upper Trunk of Cava into the right ventricle may pass through this Pipe the greatest part thereof indeed to the Aorta that so with the rest it may nourish and enliven the whole body of the Embryo but the least portion of all goes up to the Lungs by the ordinary way Both the ventricles in the Child perform one and the same thing and part the blood which is to be carried because the more perfect blood is supplied by the Mother and therefore the Walls are a like thick And the two ventricles in the Child which doth not respire perform the same which in imperfect Animals void of Lungs is accomplished by one ventricle This Pipe therefore assists the Anastomosis in transporting the blood of the Heart because either of the waies would otherwise be two narrow For I have observed in a Girle new Borne by me publickly dissected that the Pipe was wanting because the Anastomosis was larger then ordinary and there is reason for it The Lungs must be nourished and the whole body must be nourished Which can never be effected unless the Arterial Blood be distributed out of the Aorta It comes not from the Mother through the Iliack Arteries because they are not joyned to the Arteries of the Womb besides their motion is contrary as the binding of the Navil Arteries doth shew For the Navil-Arteries derived from the Child do swel towards the Heart thereof and towards the Placenta or Womb-cake they are empty for the Arterial blood in the Child after it is nourished runs back through the Iliack veins to the Placenta as a part of the Child which must be nourished out of which it passes again into the Navil-veins and is mixed with that other blood which comes out of the veins of the Womb and runs joyntly back again to the Liver and Heart of the Child that the Circulation may be repeated Now it flows conveniently out of this vena Arteriosa through the Pipe or Channel into the Aorta by reason of its Situation downwards and its crooked insertion into the Aorta Therefore seeing the Arterial blood is not carried frâ—â— the Mother upwards to the Heart neither can the Lungs be nourished thereby Chap. IX Touching the Lungs THe Lungs called iâ— Latin Pulmones in Greek Pneumoeâ—'s or Pleumones have their name from Respiration or drawing in and blowing out the Air because they are given to Animals living in their Air and breathing but not to fishes which have neither Neck nor Voice They are seated in the Cavity of the Breast or Chest which they fil when they are distended They are divided into the right and left part by means of the Mediastinum that one part being hurt the other may yet perform the Office Each of these parts is divided into two Lobes Laps or Scollups about the fourth Vertebra of the Chest of which the upper is shorter then the lower seldom is one part divided into three Lobes as in Brutes because a man goes bolt upright Brutes looking downwards nor by reason of the shortness of the Chest could any thing lie between the Heart and the Liver except the Midrif Yet oftentimes Piccolhomineus Riolanus and my self have after Hippocrates and Russus Ephesius observed three Now the Lungs embrace the Heart with their Scollups as with certain Fingers Their shape resembles that of an Ox-hoofe On the outside towards the Cavity of the Chest the Lungs are Bossie or bunching out on the inside they are hollow where they embrace the Heart Their Colour in the Child is red like that of the Liver by reason of the nourishment is receives from its Mother in grown persons t is yellowish Pale somtime Ash-color'd in such as have died of a long sickness blackish In some persons healthy enough I have seen them Party colored like Marble In that part where it is knit unto the Chest by Fibres t is red as in a Child in the Womb. T is Knit in the Fore-part to the Brest-bone by the Mediastinum behind to the Vertebra's somtimes the Lungs at the sides grow to the Pleura by certain Fibrous bands whence arises a lasting shortness of Breath Now this Connexion doth frequently deceive Physitians nor knowing or discerning Penetrating wounds of the Chest Nicolas Massa conceives this Connexion profitable to the Heart least it should be oppressed with the bulk of the Lungs or the facility or breathing should be hindred and Riolanus saies he evermore found this aâ—â—esion I have cheifly observed it about the lower Ribs near the Diaphragma least they should press and bear upon it Others say the Lungs are bound to Fibres that in the wounds of the Chest they might follow the motion of the Chest though with a weaker motion Hippocrates in his second Book de Morbis calls it the Lungs slipt down to the side and this comes to pass either from ones Birth or after a Pleurisie or by reason of Tenacious and clammy flegm interposing it self oâ— from some external cause as negligent Curing of a wounded or suppurated Chest Also the Lungs cleave to the Heart by the Vena
I. According to Plato Galen and Abensinae to be a soft Pillow and Cushion under the Heart II. According to others who follow Columbus to prepare and wellnigh generate the vital Spirits which are afterwards to receive their perfection in the heart whiles in them the blood is as it were Circulated first boyling with the heat of the Heart and afterwards settled by the coldness of the air III. It hath more proper uses when it is Dilated and when it is contracted When the Lungs are Dilated they receive in the Air like a pair of Bellows through the Branches of the Wind-pipe I. To prepare Aire for the Heart for the convenient nourishment of the lightful Spirit For every quality of the Aire is not a friend to our Spirit as is seen in such as are kild with the smoak of Charcole and the steam of newly whited Walls Helmont conceives that the Air is united to the spirit of the Heart and that it receives a fermentation in the Heart which accompanying the same they do both dispose the Blood to a total transpiration of it self which is the reason why in the extremity of cold weather and at Sea we eat more heartily because the thinness of the Air disposes the blood to insensible transpiration Backius is somwhat of the same mind who conceives that by the moist and thin body of the Air the blood is made apt to run so as that it may be diffused into the smallest passages of the Body Others ascribe both these effects to the abundance of Serosity in the Blood Therefore Hippocrates saies that water is hungry and we see that such as are given to drink are enclined to sweat much as also Scorbutick persons II. To fan and cool the heat For we see that the heat of our Bodies stands in need of somwhat that is cold without which it is extinguished as is apparent in such as stay long in very hot Baths as the flame of a Candle in a close place wanting Air goes out And therefore the Lungs are called the Fan and cooler of the Heart and the Fishes in the Water and other Animals that have but on Ventricle in their Hearts are without Lungs because they do not want such a cooling As also Infants in the Womb being fanned by their Mother and the wide Anastomoses have their Lungs without motion Hence it is that having seen only the Lungs you may judg how hot any Creature is for Nature makes the Lungs the larger by how much the Heart is hotter Therefore the Lungs are not absolutely necessary to Life but serve to accommodate the Heart For instead of Lungs a boy of Amsterdam four years old had a little Bladder ful of a Membranous wind as Nicolas Fontanus a Physitian of that Citty doth testifie which being guarded with very smal Veins had its original from the Aspera Arteria or Wesand it self whose office it is to cool the Heart Who nevertheless died of a Consumption because haply his Heart was not furnished with a sufficient quantity of Air. When the Lungs are contracted in Expiration they do again afford us a twofold use I. Sooty Excrements do pass away through the same being carried out of the Heart with the blood through the Vena Arteriosa II. To make an articulate voice in Men and an inarticulate sound in Beasts by affording Air to frame the voice And therefore Creatures that have no Lungs are mute according to Aristotle Chap. X. Of the Lung-Pipe or Wesand THe Pipe or Channel of the Lungs is by the Ancients called Arteria because it contains Air Galen and others call it Trachea arteria or the rough Artery because of its unevenness and to difference it from the smooth Arteries Lactantius terms it Spiritualis Fistula the Spirit or Air-Pipe because the Air is breathed in and out thereby Now it is a Pipe or Channel entring into the lower part of the Lungs with many branches which are by Hippocrates termed Syringae and Aortae whose head is termed Larynx of which in the following Chapter the rest of its Body is termed Bronchus because it is moistened with drink For that some part of the drink doth pass even into the Wind-pipe and Lungs Hippocrates doth rightly prove by an Hog new kild in whose Lungs matter is found just so colored as the the drink was which he drunk immediately before he was killed And that some drink may be carried through the Wind-pipe may be proved out of Julius Jasolinus an Anatomist of Naples who seeking in the body of a Noble person the Cause of his death found his Pericardium or Heart-bag so distended with Humor that it being squeezed some of the said Humor came out at his mouth As to its Situation in Man-kind it rests upon the Gullet for it goes down from the mouth straight along to the Lungs and at the fourth Vertebra of the Chest it is divided into two branches each of which goes into the Lungs of its respective side they are again subdivided into two other branches and these again into others till at last they end into very smal twigs in the surface of the Lungs But the branches thereof which are greater then the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs entring into the Lungs do go through the middle thereof between the Vena Arteriosa which is hindermore and the Arteria venosa which is before it with which it is joyned by obscure Anastomoses or conjunctions of Mouths hardly discernable by our Eye-sight In Bruits t is Situate much after the same manner Yet we must note that it is different in a Swan and after a manner altogether singular For being longer it insinuates it self by a crooked winding into a case of the Breast-bone and soon after from the bottom of the case it returns upwards and having mounted the Channel-bones it bends it self towards the Chest But before it reaches the Lungs t is propped by a certain boney Pipe broad above narrow beneath which in a Duck is round then it is divided into two branches which swel in the middle but grow smaller where they tend to the Lungs till they enter into them 'T is cloathed with a double Membrane one External another Internal The External is a thin one arising from the Pleura and sticks close to the intermediate Lingaments of the Gristles and Ushers along the recurrent Nerves The Internal being furnished with straight Fibres is thicker and more solid most of all in the Larynx least of all in the branches of the Lungs indifferently in the middle Pipe to the end it may not easily be hurt by Acrimonious drinks or other Liquors voided by Coughing or falling down from the Head It arises from the Coat which compasses the Palate and therefore is continued with the Mouth It is smeared with a fat Humor to hinder its being dried up by motions loud cryings drawing in of hot Air going out of sharp sooty Exhalations c.
Vapors thick and earthy yet somwhat glewish and clammy It s therefore false which some affirm that the Hairs and Nails are nourished and generated of good and laudable nutriment For they grow even in persons consumed and pined away and being cut they grow again in all ages of a mans life and the oftner they are cut the sooner they grow again Yea in dead men as on thieves upon the Gibbet c. they grow See Paraeus at the end of his Book who had an embalmed body in his house twenty four years together the Hairs and Nails whereof grew again as often as they cut them They are therefore bred of sooty Steams and Vapors of the third Concoction or of the fleshy substance it self by whatsoever heat resolved into vapors The remote Matter is nothing seminal out of which the hair sprouts as a flower nor any fat substance enclining to the Nature of the Seed or Blood but a superfluous moisture especially that which is contained in the Kernels And therefore where there are Kernels in those places there are commonly Hairs as at the Ears in the Arm-pits in the Groins c. And if somtimes there are Kernels without Hairs this want of hair springs from a too great quantity of humors For the Matter in which or the Place where hairs are bred ought not to be too moist nor too dry as we see nothing grow in a wet fuliginous Soyle nor in ground over dry and parched And therefore the Skin because it is a temperate part as the place of Generation of hairs but if it be too moist or too dry as in some persons it is the hair does not shoot forth and therefore crusted Animals as Crabs Lobsters Oysters c. have no hairs The Skin therefore on which hairs must be bred ought to be moderately dry least the hair should fall from its root but it must not be immoderately but laxe and rare least otherwise the hair should not make its way through And therefore hairs may grow all over the skin because it is every where porous and every Pore hath the root of an hair fastned therein excepting the palmes of the hands and the soles of the feet which parts because of their continual motion and wearing have no hairs and because they were to be of an exquisite sense And for this cause there grows no hair upon a Scar because it hath no Pores Hairs also do somtimes grow on the inner Membranes of the Body in the Heart as was said before in the Womb in the Urinary passages Witness Hypocrates Galen Schenkius Hair was found in the stomach by â—â—eer and lately in Norway bairs were voided by vomit from the Stomach whether bred there or taken in At the Danish Hellespont red hairs were lately taken out of the musculous flesh of an Ox leg The Efficient Cause of hair is not the Soul nor any vegetative hair-making faculty but moderate heat drying up those fuliginous vapors and thrusting them forth into the pores of the Skin These three things already explained are the chief Requisites for the Generation of Hair viz. The Matter the Place convenient and Heat From whence by the Rule of Contraries the Cause of Baldness may be gathered viz. 1. When Matter is wanting 2. When the Skin is Originally too dry and afterwards grows drier and is not moistened by any neighbouring part Now the fore-part of the Head is here to be understood which is commonly the only bald place for no man according to Aristotle becomes bald on the hinder-part of his Head For either Fat or other moisture in the hinder-part and the Temples keep them from baldness fat in the fore-part the Skin becomes dry and hard like a shell and therefore is bald 3. By reason of too much or too little heat For weak heat does not sufficiently dry the matter as in cold and moist persons and such as are in years And therefore the humor growing over hot by carnal Copulation is the cause of baldness and for this cause Boys and Eunuchs do not become bald 4. Also four Husbandmen near Bruxells became bald by poyson as Franciscus de Paz the King of Spains Physitian observed and wrote thereof â—o Nicholas Fontanus And Hamelmannus in his Annals tells of an Horse of the Count of Oldenburg which by poyson was made bald hither because this poyson had some specifical contrariety to the Hairs or because the Spirits being extinguished and the vigor of the Body quelled the roots of the hairs could not be retained in the Skin Such a poyson is the fat of a certain Whale in the Island of Feroe newly taken out by which Copper-vessels are also broken The Hairs are commonly divided into such as are bred in the womb and such as grow afterwards Those bred in the Womb are threefold those of the Head of the Eye-lids and the Eye-brows The Hairs which grow afterwards are such as spring up when a man comes to a just age that is in a boy when he begins to breed Sperm and in a Maid when her Courses break forth for then the Skin grows open Also these are threefold for 1. Hairs breed on the Share seldom in the Womb and the Heart 2. In the Arm-pits also in the Nostrils and Ears 3. On the Chins of men but not of women for in women their Courses spend the matter of hair which should make a beard and therefore somtimes when their Courses are poxt women have hairs growing on their Chins It was a rare case for a young woman of thirty years of age one of the Arch-dutches of Austria's Women to have ever since she was a Girl before her courses brake forth a long beard with mustachios like a man And I saw such a like Girl not long since in the Low-countries who was also hairy all her Body over Lately Helena Marswin in Fionia had a Girl with a long beard of a reddish yellow colour The End or Use of Hairs I. Is to cover the Parts II. To adorn them And this is chiefly seen in the Hairs of the Head and Face For 1. The Hairs of the Head do shield the Brain from external injuries of cold and heat c. So in Aethiopia by a peculiar thrumming of their hairs they are defended from the heat And as a man hath the greatest Brain of all Creatures so hath he thereon most plenty of hairs 2. They moderately heat as otherwise in the Head there is no Fat to keep it warm but rather a bony substance and that far distant from the Heart Now the hairs according to the advice of the Physitian are to be let grow or to be cut off in this or that person but they must not be shaven off because thereby Defluxions are caused So also the beard does cherish and moderately warm the Chin. In persons that are recovering out of sickness the hair must not be cut off for fear of a relapse touching
But I shall term it the noble Ventricle of the Marrow This is most solid most pure most subtile but least of all for it containes a matter of geater force and faculty then the rest as Galen saies And because after a straight even progress it is widened on each side and sharpened afterwards into a point because of this shape t is called Calamus Scriptorius the Writing Pen or Quil Now from the Cerebellum or Brainlet which is joyned to this Marrow another and middle half of this Ventricle is constituted as it were a cover so that all this Cavity is between the brainlet and Medulla oblongata or production of the Marrow but the cheif Cavity is the lowermost which is in the Marrow The Use of this Ventricle I hold to be this viz. that it should be the place where Animal spirits are Generated and Elaborated For this Ventricle is 1. The most pure and subtile 2. It hath a Cavity sufficient for that purpose 3. It is seated in such a place that it can poure forth Animal spirits into all the Nerves round about it And therefore Herophilus did rightly judg that this was the most principal Ventricle Nor can I devise how it came to pass that certain learned Men could not see these weighty Arguments who have written without cause that I assigned the Generation of Animal Spirits to the Calamus Scriptorius without any reasons moving me thereto Now must we think with Spigelius that this Ventricle did only result by consequence out of the round particles of the Brain touching one another without any design of Nature for Nature doth nothing to no end no not when she seems most of all to do so Others conceive that the Animal Spirit is bred in the fore Ventricles of the Brain But they are full of Excrements whose receptacles they rather are as appears by the Glandula Pituitaria unto them and in that they are often found filled with Flegm and abundance of water Others in the Rete Mirabile others in the Plexus Choroides But in these we hold the Animal Spirit is prepared but not Generated For nature is wont to provide intertwinings of Vessels for the preparation of any matter and seeing these Vessels are so smal how can it be generated in them especially seeing so many Excrements of the brain flow through the Ventricles Others will have them to be wrought in the substance of the brain Others in the lengthened body of the spinal Marrow But the Generation of so subtile a Spirit did require some Cavity which is also allowed to the Generation of the vital Spirits For which cause some have been induced to allot the making of the natural spirit to be in the right Vencle of the Heart because there is no Cavity in the Liver I am therefore of opinion that the Animal Spirit is prepared in the Rete Mirable and yet more in the Plexus Choroides and that is generated and wrought up in this Cavity of the Medulla Elongata or in the noble Ventricle and afterward as much of it as not derived into the spinal Marrow and the Nerves of the brain is preserved and retained in the whole brain as in a Store-house The Use of the lengthened and spinal Marrow is to be the original of all the Nerves For from that part thereof within the Skull those Nerves arise which are commonly attributed to the Brain being usually reckoned to be seven pair But from the longest part thereof which is in the Back-bone Anatomists do reckon thirty pair of Nerves to arise viz. as many as there are holes in the Vertebrae Mean while we must not so understand the matter as though only so many branches or Cords did thence arise For every Nerve arise with many little strings or Fibres which going out at the hole of any Vertebra are there joyned together by the Membranes as if the Nerve came out of one branch Chap. V. Of the Cerebellum Brainlet Or Petty-Brain THe Brainlet being as it were a little and private kind of Brain is a certain smaller portion placed under the Brain in the lower and after-part of the Occiput or Minder-Head In Brutes it takes up commonly the whole Region of the Occiput It hath the same Substance Consistency Colour Motion c. with the Brain In the Turnings and Windings it differs from the Brain The brain hath sundry Circumvolutions with out any Method or Order the Brainlet hath circular and ordinate ones stretched one over another like Plates They are differenced partly by interposed Vessels partly by the pia mater which being separated the several Circles may be taken out after another The inner Substance is various whiteish and Ash-coloured which distributed certain Vessels as it were The Vessels interposed betwixt the several plates are carried through the pia mater like nets which according to the accurate Observation of Francis Sylvins arising from the Branches of the Arteria cervicalis do at last end into the fourth Ventricle It is constituted chiefly of two lateral parts on each side making a Globe as it were It hath two Processes or Excrescences termed Vermiformis or Worm-like because they are variously orbiculated and consist of many transverse portions coupled with a thin Membrane Their Extremity being thin and convex is as big as a small â—aâ—e And they are situate at the seat of the noble Cavity one before the other behind About the hinder-part of the Trunk of the Spinal Marrow in the Circumference of the noble Ventricle out of the same brainlet there proceed two other globous processes somtimes two of each side somtimes three Those are greatest which are seated by the Vermiformis the rest are smaller Varolius calls it the bridg of the brainlet The Use of all the Processes is to hinder the noble Ventricle from being obstructed by pressure of the brainlet Laurentius saies they help the motion of the Ventricles like a Valve because the Vermiformis being shortned opens the way which goes from the third to the fourth Ventricle when it is extended it shuts the Chink least the Spirits should go back into the upper Cavities Riolanus dissents but little from him for he will have it to open and shut the entrance of the fourth Ventricle But it is not moved of it self because as the brain so is it void of any proper motion unless you assign it to the Vessels or pia Mater which are very small or at least to the neighbouring Animal Spirits Now I believe the use of the bridg is to combine and keep in compass the Circles of the brain and as a bulwark to defend the noble Ventricle And therfore it would more properly be called a Sconce or Fence then a bridg The Use of the brainlet is the same with that of the brain But Galen would have it to be the Original of the hard Nerves which is false For no Nerves have their Original from it Chap. VI. Of the
Arm swel and being opened they void as much Blood as you wil yea all that is in the body Likewise if with your finger you press the Vein below the Orifice the blood stops if you take away your finger it runs again whence we gather that the blood runs from the outmost small Veins of the body upwards unto the great Veins and the Heart and not from the upper and greater Veins into the lower smaller and more remote 2. Without Blood-letting the Veins being pressed with the finger shew as much for if in an Arm either hot or whose Veins naturally swell you force the blood downwards with your finger towards the fingers there follows no blood in the upper part of the Vein but it appears empty Contrariwise if you force the blood from the Fingers-ward upwards you shall presently see the Veins full more blood following that which you forced up 3. If you shall plunge your Arms and Legs into cold Water or Snow being first bound when you unbind the same you shal perceive your Heart offended and made cold by the cold blood ascending thereunto and it will be warmed if you put your Legs or Arms as aforesaid into hot water Nor is it any other way by which cordiall Epithems applied to the Wrists and Privities do good 4. In persons that are hanged their Heads and Faces become red the Veins being distended because the recourse of the Blood into the Heart iâ— hindred as in opening of the Veins of the Head the upper parts in the Head swell the other parts towards the Heart being empty But the Halter being loosed from the dead body the swelling and redness of the Face does fall by little and little unless the Blood which is forced into the smallest Veins cannot run back again because of the coldness of the parts 5. In Dissections of Live-Animals the matter is most evident For in what part of the body soever you bind a Vein it appears lank and empty on that side of the Ligature next the Heart and on the other side it swels where it is furthest from the Heart and neerest the extream parts of the Body 6. In a living Anatomy if you lift up a Vein and open it being tied beyond the Ligature plenty of Blood flows out on this side nothing at all which you shall find true in the crural and jugular Veins of any Creature whatsoever though you cut the Veins quite in sunder as I have often experimented with the great Walaeus and Harvey was not ignorant thereof 7 The Valves of the Veins do conspire to this end which are so contrived that they stand all wide open towards the Heart and afford an easie passage from the smallest Veins to the greatest and from thence to the Heart But from the Heart and great Veins being shut they suffer nothing to go back no not Water driven by force or a Probe unless being hurt they gape 8. The Liver sends only to the Heart the Heart only to the Lungs and all the Arteries as hath been already demonstrated concerning the Heart Seeing therefore the Blood by continual pulsation is sent in so great quantity in all parts and yet cannot be repaired by Diet nor can return back to the Heart by reason of the Miter-fashioned Valves of the Aorta nor abide stil in the Arteries which are continually driving the same nor finally is there so much spent by the parts to be nourished it follows that what remains over and above is brought back again to the heart and enters the Veins by Circulation Whereof although some dark Footsteps are extant in the writings of the Ancients as I have proved in my Book de Luce Animalium and Walaeus and Riolanus do afterward declare the same at large yet it hath been more â—â—â—erly manifested in this Age of ours to that most ingenious Venetian Paul Sarpias Fulgentius as relates from his papers and soon after to Harvey an Englishman to whom the commendations and praise of first publishing the same to the World and proving iâ— by many Arguments and Experiments are justly due finally to Walaeus and others approving the same The Primary End therefore of the Veins is to carry and recarry Blood unto the Heart the secondary ends may be these following II. A little to prepare the said Blood as do the Rami Lactei or to finish and perfect the same as a small portion of Vena Cavae between the Liver and the Heart III. To perserve the Blood as the proper place preserves that which is placed therein as much as may be in a speedy passage and to retain it within its bounds For extravenated Blood or Blood out of its natural place viz. Veins and Arteries curdles and putrefies Also in the Veins themselves when they are ill affected and the course of the Blood is stopped somtimes the Blood is found congealed witness Fernelius somtimes a fatty substance is found instead of Blood as in the Nerves which Bontius saw among the Indians IV. Some would have the red veins to make Blood and the milkie veins to make Chyle but they are quite mistaken The Form of the Veins is taken from sundry Accidents It s Figure is that of a Conduit pipe It s Magnitude varies For the Veins are great in the Livet as in their Original in the Lungs because they are hot soft and in perpepetual motion and theresote they need much nourishment because much of their substance spends but especially because all the Blood in the Body passes this way out of the right into the left Venrricle of the Heart as hath been proved already In the Heart by reason of its heat and because it is to furnish the whole Body with Arterial Blood received in and sent out by continual pulsings Also the emulgent Veins are great by reason of plenty of blood and serosities which is brought back from the Kidnies to the Vena Cava But where the substance of a part is lasting and is not easily dissipated by reason of the smal quantity of Heat the Veins are lesser as in the Brain where the Veins do not alwaies easily appear and in the Bones where they never manifestly appear though the Animal be great In all parts towards the ends they are very small and are divided into Capillary Veins sprinkled into commonly confounded with the flesh that the superfluous Blood may be better received into them which is one way by which the Arterial Blood is mediately passed through the porous flesh to the Veins which way also Blood made of Chyle in the Liver is infused into the little branches of the Venae Cava The other is by the Arteries immediately For The Connexion is such with the Arteries that every Vein is for the most part attended with an Artery over which it lies and which it touches Galeâ— tels us a a Vein is seldom found without Arteries but no Artery is ever found without a Vein But there is in the Body a
that renowned man allows in case of necessity the Jejunum being obstructed it may so be done And so much may suffice touching the History so the Venae Lacteae to which there is hardly any thing remainning to be added unless the cause of their sudden disappearing which is sufficiently controverted which is not to be imputed to the spiritual disposition of the Chylus which suddenly vanishes away as Asellius did at first beleive because the Chylus being drawn out of the Veins does keep its colour a very long time not vanishing away but becoming waterish But to that which did afterward seem probable to Asellius viz. the strong drawing of the Liver in so great Anxiety of the Ainmal all this may be attributed by which the spirits being consumed they need new Blood and Chyle speedily to be digested And hence a reason may be rendred why the Venae lacteae in a man hang'd at Amsterdam cut up by Dr. Tulpiuâ— remained visible many daies after such as have bin divers times sâ—en by Veslingius at Padua and Folius at Venice For by reason of the pains broke off by choaking there could be no drawing of the Liver For whereas in a Girle ten months old Veslingus found these Veins swelling I ascribe that to a like weakness of the Liver or the thickness of the milkie humor I also saw at Hafnia the last yeer the milkey veins in Sueno Olai of Vardberg who was immediately choak'd with a peice of neats-tongue having before eaten and drank plentifully visible in the Mesentery because respiration being hindred by the bit of tongue and his heart being suffocated there was no necessity for the Liver to draw any Chylus But P. Laurembergius as a man ignorant of this Anatomy does vainly imagine with himselfe that these veins do disappear because of the recourse of the Chylus to the Guts the Valves being loose and flaggie for 1 Do all you can you shall never bring the Chylus back in dead bodies into the Guts 2 If a vein be tied in the middle so that a passage is left open on both sides both towards the Liver and the Guts where it looks to the Liver it is emptie but it swells exceedingly towards the Guts and if it be left in that posture for some daies together the Chyle will not slip back into the Guts CHAP. IV. Of the Haemorrhoid Veins THe Haemorrhoidal Veins are those which are in the Fundament or Intestinum rectum and are also extrinsecally visible which in some men at set times do open of their own accord and void forth dreggie Blood which evacuation does much conduce to Health These Veins are not of one kind as the Ancients and many later writers have Imagined But some are termed internal which arise from the Vena portae others external from the Cava with which the haemorrhoidal Arteries are associated through which the Humors to be evacuated are carryed The Ancients knew only the Internal ones as being commended in melancholick and spleenetick diseases and they may be opened about the fundament or leeches may be applied to them whereas otherwise no branches of the Vena portae which lies concealed within do go out to the skin which can be opened The internal and external Haemorrhoid Veins differ one from another I In their Original For the Internal arises as was said before From the Vena portae and descends along the end of the Colon under the right gut the end whereof or Fundament it circularly embraces with certain smal twigs It arises sometimes from the Ramus splenicus from whence is the Vas breve But seldome which Casserius once observed from the Spleen it self Veslingus observed it twice or thrice and therefore Robert Flud is out who condemns the opening of the Haemorrhoid Veins because they void not from the Spleen but rather from the Mesenterie to the great dammage of the Guts and Stomach But the external Haemorrhoides arise from the Hypogastriâ—k branch of the Cava II By their Insertion For the internal is inserted into the substance of the Intestinum rectum which is membranous and required thick Blood made in the Spleen and communicated by the Arteria Coeliaca or Splenica The external are inserted into the Musculous Substance of the Fundament which required purer Blood elaborated in the Heart and brought hither by the branches of the Arteries III In Number the Internal is one in number the external is threefold IV In the Quality of the Blood contained The Blood of the inner is thick and black the Blood of the outer is thinner and redder V In their Use The internal empty the Vena portâ— successively but first the Spleenick Arteries and help the Obstructions of the Spleen the external empty the Vena Cava the Liver by accident but primarily the great Arterie and the Heart yea their evacuation cures diseases springing from Blood of the Head Chest c. Which Hippocrates hints in his Aphorismes and therefore the internal are said to cure the Cacochymia or badness of Humors the external the Pleâ—horia or fullness of good Blood VI In the plentiful profusion of Blood The flux of the internal ones is not so plentiful that of the external is sometimes so large that men die by the extremity thereof or fal into greivous diseases VII In the Evacuation of the external ones there is no Paine nor Gripeing of the Eelly and some times also no paine in the Fundament but in the flux of the inner Haemorrhoides there is greivous paine VIII The Internal do alone descend unaccompanyed with the Arteries howbeit either the Arteries are hidden or they depend of Arteries in the upper-more The external descend with the Arteries to the Muscles of the Fundament manifestly and therefore the external are more properly called Vasa Haemorrhoidalia to include the Arteries with the Veins Chap. V. Of the ascending Trunk of Vena Cava especially of the Vena sine pari VEna Cava called also Vena magna and maxima the great vein and the greatest vein by the Ancients because of its exceeding largness and by Aurelianus Venae crassa the thick Vein is the largest Vein in our whole Body and the Mother of all other Veins which do not proceed from the Vena Portae coming out of the bunching or convex side of the Liver and therefore by Hippocrates termed the Liver vein haveing spread many Veins through the upper part of the Liver which about the top are collected into one Trunk it is presently divided into the upper or ascendent and the lower and descendent Trunks The Ascendent Trunk peirces the Midrif is spread about through the Chest Neck Head and Arms. Now it is carried undivided as far as to the Jugulum Mean while four branches arise there from 1 Phreniâ—â—s or the Midrif vein on each side one whence also branches are sent to the Pericardium and Mediastinum That Quittor in such as have the Empyema is carried by this Vein to the Kidnies
the the Cavity thereof into his Legs did move the Arteries beneath by its impulse The same hath been observed by others in the Arteria Aorta 5. In an Aneurisma the flesh is manifestly seen to pulse as formerly the Artery being sound was wont to do by the afflux of Blood 6. The waving Worm-creeping pulse do argue the same in the judgment of Walaeus 7. Harvey gives us another rare experiment made with the Guts of a Dog Wolf or other Creature dried blown up and filled with Water For if we smite one end with our Finger and lay our fingers to the other end we may cleerly perceive every stroak and the difference of the motion Howbeit I conceive the faculty ought to be joyned hereto communicated to the Coats from the Heart by help whereof they are contracted and widned because 1. Otherwise the Flux of the Blood would be inordinate and the pulse alwaies unequal 2. All the Arteries are dilated or contracted in one moment but the Blood alone fils the Arteries successively and moves them part after part Indeed Gloves being blown into all the fingers are puffed up at once which Harvey objects and in a Basin the blow and motion are at once in both ends but corporeal blood is of another Nature which cannot be moved like species or Winds 3. The Faculties or Irradiation of vital light may run through all parts in the twinkling of an Eve like the Light of the Sun See more of this in the Chapter of the Heart 4. Hence within Galen his Reed the Artery is obscurely moved because the swift motion of the Blood ceases when the Faculty is hindred Howbeit Harvey and Walaeus argue differently about this difficult Experiment Now all the Arteries are widened when the Heart is contracted and contracted when the Heart is widened which is certain from the dissection of an Artery and the Heart and from Ligatures nor was it so long ago unknown to Erasistratus and reason confirmes the same because when the Heart expels then are the the Arteries filled with its Blood Yet have they not contrary pulses as we find by laying our hand to the wrist and the Region of the Heart at one and the same time for the pulse of the Heart is perceived by us in its Systole but that of the Arteries in the Diastole when they are filled because the two motions are at one and the same time The smallest capillary Arteries are not perceived to pulse because there is not so much force in them and therefore we can hardly discern them from the Veins also they have thin Coats so that the Blood is seen through them as through the Veins The Form is apparent from the Accidents howbeit the form of an Arterie is the Substancial Soul as it is of the whole Body besides It s Situation is deep allwaies under the Veins that they might be more safe and that not only in the external but the internal parts also if you except the Belly a little below the Kidneies For after that the Vena Cava and the Aorta descending from the Diaphragma have passed the Region of the Kidneies the Cava hides it self under the Aorta through all that region til they pass out of the Abdomen for then the Arterie does again side it selfe under the Cava The Cause whereof Plempius conceives to be this that otherwise there would have bin danger least the bending of the Body often happening in that place the Vena cava having but a single Coat would have resisted the said motion It s Magnitude is sufficiently great but the descending part of the Arterle is greater the ascendent lesser because the Number of the internal parts is greater then of the external The Number of the Arteries is fewer then of the Veins because the passage of the Blood is quick through the Arteries slow through the Veins and therefore there are many receptacles provided for that Blood which is collected by certain pulses Yet there are more Arteries then we think or can be discerned by us because the capillary Arteries are exceeding like to Veins Their Shape is like a Pipe or Channel smooth round and long As to their Passages Some Arteries are terminated into the Guts by which expulsion of Excrements is caused some have their mouths terminated into the Skin through which the external air is attracted in Transpiration which is performed also by the Veins and sooty steams expelled Platerus denies that they are inserted into the Bones but Spigelius observed at Padua in a great corruption of the Oâ— Tibiae that the substance of the Bone was bored through by an Arterie which perhaps Aristotle had likewise seen because he sayes that Arteries end into a solid Substance They are compassed like the Veins sometimes with a membrane thick and common from the Neighbouring parts when they are without the Bâ—wels and the Muscles and such Arteries as have a membranâ— joyned to them with Nerves in it do feel whence Galen said the Pulse was inflamed also that an Arterie did feel and was pained which one at Padua found in his inner parts who dying with a mighty pain in his Loyns Stones like a Mans Nailes were found in his Lumbal Arteries But other Arteries are without Sense The Substance of the Arteries is membranous so that they may be distended and compressed more then the Veins Fallopius thought their Substance to be gristly because he observed that it did degenerate into a boney nature which also Vestingus saw as well as Harvey in the great Arterie above the Valves near the Heart of an old Man But that many things are changed into a boney substance which were not grisley Columbus teaches in the septum Cordis Now an Arterie consists of two peculiar Coats The Exterior is thin soft rare as the Coat of a Vein is The interior is compact hard and very thick viz. five times thicker then the Coat of the Veins And therefore Herophilus said that the Arteries were six times thicker then the Veins for this Cause that they might be strong in their perpetual motion and that their thin Blood should not soon vanish and fly away being spirituous and vaporous And therefore in the opening of an Arterie the incision must be made deep with a broad and sharp Lancet because of the deep Situation of the Arterie and thickness of the Skin The opening of an Arterie is allowed of by these ancients Oribasius Aegineta Aetius Actuarius Aurelianus Abensina With good success Galen practised it in a disease of the Eyes proceeding from hot Blood ful of vapors and in pains of the Hips Panarolus at Rome uses the same kind of remedie in a Phrenzie and Alpinus writes that it is frequent in Aegipt which Paraeus did likewise exercise in France M. Aurelius Severinus at Naples and Paulus Moth with us excellent Physitians and Surgeons do happily open them to the great good of their Patients especially in diseases of the Head in
To God our Creator be Praise Honour and Glory who hath form'd and fashion'd us so wonderfully FINIS TWO EPISTLES OF Johannes Walaeus Concerning the Motion of the Chyle And the BLOOD To Thomas Bartholinus The Son of CASPAR BARTHOLINUS THE FIRST EPISTLE Concerning the Motion of the Chyle and Blood TO Thomas Bartholinus the Son of Caspar THe chief men in Church and Commonwealth have in all Ages contended about Primacy but learned Men have in no Age more ambitiously striven who should seem most learned then at this present time And to attain their desire very many are not afraid to assist themselves by Calumnies and other worse Arts. No man can publish in Print or communicate to his Friend any writing which some account excellent but he presently meets with a Detractor who will prick cut and tear him most cruelly Now for a man to seek nothing else by his Cares and Labours but Envy and Vexation of Mind is extream madnesse These Causes have I confess hindred me from satisfying your frequent Request and besides because I am not willing to determine of those things which long experience of years cannot either prove or sufficiently limit Howbeit you continue your Request and I am much ashamed alwaies to deny you Also a certain learned Man hath imposed a necessity upon me in a manner to discover to others my opinion concerning the Motion of the Blood For certain Theses having been disputed concerning the Motion of the Blood my self being President of the Dispute though the Defendant truly professeth in his said Theses that they are his own yet he hath undertaken to tax and blame them as if they were mine And although that young man need not be ashamed of those Theses yet I would not have another mans Theses though disputed when I was President to be accounted mine Neither can he be ignorant of the Reason who is acquainted with my Liberty in Disputing or the Custome of our University Now therefore take my Opinion of the Motion of the Blood as follows That some hot blood which leaps out of the great Arteries being opened is thinner more rare and of a more bright colour than that which flows out of the Veins when they are opened yet I will not therefore say that the Arterial Blood differs formally from the Venal Blood for the Arterial Blood may differ as aforesaid from the Venal because it comes reaking hot as it were from the fire and abounds with greater store of Spirits as we see boyling Milk differs from it self being cooled for the same reason for that Blood which is in the smaller Arteries and so farther from the Heart is observed to differ less from the venal Blood And when we have taken Blood out of the greater Arteries yea out of the Heart it self of a living Creature and from the same Creature have taken some out of the Veins and have let then both grow cold and congeal we could never observe any difference betwixt them So that we can see no other but that the Arterial Blood is of the same kinde with the Venal Some few will have that the venal Blood is of two kinds one which is contained in the Vena cava another in the Vena porta But we cannot see any difference of these Bloods either when they are included in their vessels or when they are let out and that Reason doth teach as much we shall see anon Besides these we may likewise conceive another sort of Blood which being made of Chyle in the Liver hath not received any further perfection in the Heart And we are little concerned to know the Nature thereof because we see it continues such but a very little while So that we are to enquire into the motion of only one sort of Blood Now the Blood may be moved either in that part of the Vein or Artery wherein it is contained or out of that part into another In one part of a Vein or Artery the Blood is not discerned to move up and down like boyling water neither when it is received into a Vessel nor when let out of a living and hot Body nor yet in the Artery it self if it being on either hand tied shall be opened in the upper part betwixt the two Ligatures Yeâ— when we have many times cut off the point of a living Heart and set it upright we have found the Blood to be hot but never to boyl But that the Blood is moved from one part of an Artery or Vein into another is a thing very manifest For Blood is contained in the Veins of the furthest parts of the Body which seeing it is not bred there it must needs come from some other place And it is evident enough that in living Creatures the Blood flows out of the Vena Cava into the Heart and out of the Heart into the Aorta But that this same whole Motion of the Blood may be by us the better understood I conceive our best way will be to begin at the very Fouâ—tain and Original thereof I have often seen solid Meat in Dogs hold the same order in the Stomach just as it was eaten by the Beasts unless the Stomach being distended with too much Drink did make the Meat to float and so to change its order and situation The Meat which the Stomach receives although it be but two ounces it evidently imbraces the same round about just as we see folded purses contract themselves about a Bullet or round Ball within them also the upper and lower Orifice are both shut which by making an hole near the same and putting in your little finger it is easie to try But the lower Orifice notwithstanding when we finde it perfectly shut seems rather to be fallen together than straitly closed that upon the smallest pressure it may let the Chylus pass by Also many times when the Stomach and its Orifices are weak they fail in their natural closeness and upon searching are found looser The meat retained in the Stomach as thoroughly moistened with the Liquor of our food Drink and Spittle and it quickly becomes porous and Spungie because as is most likely the said Liquor hath drawn out and suckt into it self some of the substance of the Meat A while after it is cut and torn as it were into very small particles both that of thin and that of gross Substance yea in Dogs the very shells themselves of Eggs which doth questionless proceed from some acid sharp humour that hath in it a dissolving power So we finde by experience that the Stomach burthened with the quantity or grossness of meat doth find it self eased by taking a little Vinegar Juice of Citrons Oyl of Sulphur or Vitriol Nor let any man assign the Cause thereof to Spittle or Choler belching back into the Stomach when he shall see Bread steeped some hours in hot Spittle or the Gall of an Ox by them not dissolved moreover in
5. chap. de Usu pulsus The Conjunctions of the mouths of the Veins and Arteries are not visible to our Eyes and if you shall justly refuse to believe them as not credible enough you may be brought by other reasons dellvered by the Ancients to believe there are such things and not a â—â—lâ— by this plain token that in case a Man shall take any of those Creatures in whom the Veins and Arteries are manifest as an Ox an Hog an Ass an Horse a Sheep a Bear a Libard an Apeâ— or a Man himself and open many large Arteries in the said Creature he may draw all the Blood in its Body out through the said Arteries I have divers times experimented the same and finding alwaies that the Veins are emptied with the Arteries I did perswade my self that the Opinion was true concerning the common mouths of the Veins and Arteries and of the common passage of the Blood from one to another Yea it is a received and common opinion that the Arterial blood doth naturally enter into the smallest Veins to the end that the part might be nourished with arterial and venal Blood And that indeed and in truth the Blood doth naturally pass in living Creatures out of the Arteries into the Veins by those little mouths these signs do cleenly witness He that in living Dissections shall consider that Quantity of Blood which by the Arteries is conveighed to the parts and Veins can hardly perswade himself to think that it is all consumed in nourishing the parts especially if he shall consider that the Arterial Blood is thick enough and not a fourth part thinner than the Venal blood as I have often obsâ—â—â—ed when I have suffred both of them to grow cold and 〈…〉 whence we may justly conclude with Harvey that the Blood which is communicated from the Arteries to the Veins and Parts does a great part of it return back again to the large Veins Moreover when we open a vein in a bound Arm if you press that part of the swelling Vein with your Thumb which is neer the orifice betwixt it and the Hand or if you make such a ligature as the former betwixt the Hand and the Orifice you shall see that no blood will come forth whence it seems to follow that the blood comes from the Hand which flows from the orifice And seeing some pounds of Blood are drawn away by such a Blood-letting and so much cannot be contained in the lower part of the Veins of the Arm it must needs come thither from the Arteries which are not stopped by that Ligature above the orifice as their Pulse remaining entire doth testifie But that we might see the same with our Eyes we have divers times in great living Dogs freed the large Vein and Artery in the groyn from such things as did hinder their sight which may be easily done if they lie not beneath the Muscles and we bound the said vein with a thred and we observed that part of the Vein which looked towards the Vena cava to empty and fall in and the other part towards the Foot exceedingly to swel so that in regard of its fullness it seemed harder than the Artery it self but the ligature being loosed the Blood presently moved upwards and the fullness and hardness of the Vein was very much abated And the Artery being bound that part thereof did wonderfully swell which was nearest Aorta and the other part more remote did fall in through emptiness nor did the Vein then bound evidently swell And this we did many times and the effect was still the same And that we might have no scruple remaining and might observe withall what was done within in the Vein we did lift up the Vein and Artery being thus made bare and under them we firmly bound the Thigh it self that the Blood might not move upwards or downwards by any other Vein â—ave that which we had lift up Theâ— the Vein being held up and also shut with a Thred as is expressed in this Figure we opened it above and below the Thred with a small orifice Now immediately from that part of the Vein which was farthest from the Heart the Blood flew out violently plentifully and in a full stream but that part of the Vein which was on the other side of the thred towards the Heart did only drop out a few drops whence it seemed to us to be a cleer case that the Blood did not come downwards from the greater Vessels but upwards out of the smaller Vessels into the greater Especially when having made another Ligature upon the same Vein further from the Heart betwixt the foresaid Orifice and the Foot of the Beast we saw no blood at all come from that Orifice whence before it issued with such violence For we conceived those drops which sell from the Orifice neer the Heart might proceed from Blood which possibly was in the Vein when it was opened or which it might continually receive from some small Branch of the crural Vein situate above the thred but this cause will anon appear more evidently It is easie to make this experiment without any opening of a Vein in such persons as have the Veins of their Arms very Conspicuous In whom if you stop the Vein near the Hand with one Finger and with your other hand force the blood upwards and the whole Vein wil appear empty â— which wil soon after be filled when you take away your lower Finger but not if you take only your upper as Harvey also observed in the 13. Chapter of his Book For the upper Blood goes into the greater Veins and the Valve hinders it from descending which will hardly let anything pass by unless the vein be so far widened that a great space remain between it and the Valves Seeing therefore the Blood comes out of the Hands and Feet and they do not breed new Blood so as to supply the whole Body therewith we doubt not but that the Blood in those parts continually and naturally goes into the Veins and out of the lesser Veins into the greater TABLE I. The Explication of the FIGURE A. The right Leg of the Dog B. The left Leg of the Dog CD The Ligature made under the Vein and Artery which fast binds the Thigh expressed in the right Thigh least the confusion of the lines might disturb the Spectator in the left Thigh E. The Crural Artery F. The Crural Vein G. The String wherewith the Vein is tied and born up H. The Needle through which the thred goes I. The upper part of the Vein which flags upon the binding K. The lower part of the Vein swelling after the Ligature L. The drops of Blood which fall leisurely from the orifice in the upper part of the Vein M. The stream of Blood continually spinning â—â—â— of the 〈…〉 part of the Vein 〈…〉 page 362 Nor do I fear that the Arterial Blood cannot be contained in the single coat of
a Vein which I see contained in the smallest little Arteries and in an Aneurisma where the Artery hath but one coat And whereas the Arteries neer the Heart have a double Coat that might be so contrived least by violence of the Blood issuing out of the Heart the Artery might be loosned as we see it loosened by a strong palpitation of the Heart But doth not the Blood flow as out of the Arteries so out of the greatest Veins into the lesser This that kind of Blood-letting seems to argue which is ordained for Revulsion sake for the Vein of the Arm being opened in a Pleurisie that Blood seems to be revelled or drawn back which flowed out of the Vena cava into the Azygos and out of the Azygos into the Pleura But there is no token that the blood is so revelled for the Basilica Vein being opened the blood may be drawn out of the Arteries of the Arm the Arteries of the Arm draw out of the axillary Artery the Axillaris out of the Aorta by whose intercostal branches it had flowed into the Thigh and not by the twigs of Azygos as we shall see by and by And doubtless except in the Pleurisie the blood should be revelled through the Arteries there were no reason to be given why we should for Revulâ—ions sake rather open the Vein of the side affected then that on the right side alwaies since the Azygos arises from the right side of the Vena cava and that a Vein to be opened for Derivation is to be opened on that side through which the blood flows into the part affected But what shal we say Doth not the Arm after a sort grow lean and fall away and so other parts when it is bound as in those who have it hollowed in a Fistula because the Vein being bound the blood cannot descend as it ought unto the lower parts of the Arm There is no necessity that it should be so For all that may happen because the Artery is bound And really this is an Argument that it is so in that many times that Arm in which there is an Issue is perceived to pulse less and more faintly than the other the influx of the blood and spirits being in some measure hindred by the the binding of the Issue Yet some part may peradventure fall away by binding of a Vein alone because Nature cannot plentifully infuse new blood through the Artery seeing it cannot freely go back by the Veins And though the Veins and Arteries do then contain store of Blood yet is it peradventure not very fit to nourish the parts as they should be but this wil better appear hereafter It is nevertheless manifest that in such as have the Varices so called the blood descends from the Vena cava to the greater and out of the greater into the lesser Veins For that is easie to see in a Varix of the Thigh and Foot and in the Haemorrhoids But that motion of Blood may happen besides Nature because the Veins being weakned do not send the Blood upwards but gather the same and because the humors by that weight do resist the Natural motion upwards and descend and therefore being collected in great Quantity in the lower Veins new Blood still coming out of the Arteries they cause their dilatation and consequently a Varix Thus artificial Fountains about those places from which they ascend are most frequently observed to make clefts being at last drawn asunder and torn by the Heaviness of the Water which ought nevertheless according to the Nature of Fountains to ascend upwards And it is altogether most likely that Varices are caused after this manner because humors in such as have Varices do not inlarge the Vein when they are violently moved in exercise but when they have rested after exercise because the humors can resist a smaller motion and descend by their own weight So that these are not tokens that the Blood goes out of the greater Veins into the lesser but they argue rather that the Blood goes out of the Arteries into the Veins and out of the lesser Veins into the greater and the Vena cava it self We said before that the Blood goes out of the Vena cava into the right ventricle of the Heart But what Doth that very self same Blood which a little before had come out of the Vena cava into the Heart and out of the Heart was shed into the Arteries and from thence had returned into the Veins doth that enter again into the Heart or doth that alone which being newly bred in the Liver doth the first time enter into the Vena cava and hath never yet past through the Heart Truly both For that may easily be done seeing both are alike near to the Heart and it ought to be done seeing that which is returned out of the Arteries into the Cava is more plentifull than that which is all of it consumed in the nourishment of the Vena cava and that is not carried to the lesser Veins Doubtless it is a sign that this is so in that a Vein being tied neaâ— the Heart is not only a little but very much emptied and sends all the Blood it hath and not only some to the Heart Also the Heart seems to shed more Blood into the Arteria aorta then the Liver can supply it withall at least not in some daies fasting For I have divers times experimented that in many persons the Heart pulses above three thousand times in an hour And the Heart as long as it hath any vigour left expels somwhat at every pulsation for the Arteria aorta being bound near the Heart between the Heart and the Ligature I opened the said Artery and I saw some Blood come out at every pulse till the Heart grew quite to languish for then somwhat came away after three or four pulses only because so little was thrust from the Heart that it could not be moved upwards till some quantity of it was collected nor pass out at the upper orifice of the Artery Also I cut off the tip of an Heart and setting the same upright I observed though the Ventricles were not full at every pulse somwhat was shed forth which also Harvey notes in his 2. Chapter Yea and when the Heart is cut through the middle there ceased not to come somwhat out till either the Beast died or the Blood congealed so in the upper part as to make a kind of small Skin so that the Blood could flow no more that way And certainly somwhat must needs come out of the Heart at every pulse because there in the Heart is alwaies made more strait as shall afterward appear Now how much comes from the Heart at every pulse we cannot determine this I can witness that out of the Heart of a Rabbit there hath come at every pulse half a dram of blood and out of the Heart of a great Water-spaniel
all the rest do not fall in one moment And therefore we may suspect that the Diastole of the Arteries is caused by the impulse of blood and by their own proper dilatation and that both these causes contribute to the bloods motion Hence also it appears that this same impulse of the Blood is made only by the Heart nor does one part of the Arteries drive it into another for that part which drives by constriction that cannot in the same moment be dilated but all the Arteries are dilated in a moment And thus the blood is moved through the Arteries and out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the lesser Veins into the greater and the Vena cava it self the blood is moved also by Impulse For any Vein being bound in living Creatures it falls in and growes lank towards the Heart and it is filled in that part which is more remote from the Heart And this same Pulsion to the Heart seems to happen from any part of a Vein for a Vein bound or compressed in a living Arm it is not only sttretched in the part remoter from the Heart but also in the rest there of nearer the Heart it falls in and is emptied which nearer part if you also tie that also will be distended beyond the Ligature and will swell Now this Pulsion is caused by the Fibres whereof the Veins are constituted We conceive nevertheless that the veins do also draw least they should receive the blood without choice and that they may draw to themselves that which is most useful howbeit they seem to receive the blood more by Pulsion then by traction or drawing because the veins being bound are wonderfully distended In the Vena cava there is a certain Store-house of Blood wherein blood is treasured up for future Uses when it is more plentiful then that all of it need be sent unto the Heart And all these are Causes of the Natural motion of the blood To which the causes of the motion of the Chyle are not unlike for the Stomach contracting it self by its Fibres squeezes out as much Chyle as is digested And by that pressure it seems also to open the Pylorus for there seems not to be any spontaneous motion in the Pylorus such as is in the Stomach or the Guts The Chyle staies not long in the Guts but is presently driven out by the constriction of the transverse Fibres and while many fibres and which mutually follow one another do act the Chyle is pressed nor can it all slip downwards whereupon some of the pressed chyle slips into the milkie Veins yet least that the Chylus should slip too soon to the Fundament it is stopped by the constriction of the lower transverse Fibre and being thus shut and compressed above and beneath it is pressed through the wrinkled Coat of the Gut as it were through a strainer into the milkie Veins Now this same constriction of the transverse Fibres happens in all the thin or small Guts and in all the thick or round Guts in a certain order and at certain distances of time That the Chyle is moved through the milkie Veins into the Veins of the Portae into the Liver and somtimes also into the Vena cava by pulse a Ligature does shew It is also likely that Chyle is drawn out of the Guts and milkie Veins for it is moved more swiftly out of them then the Guts or Venae lacteae do seem to drive or force the same The Chylus in the Ramus mesentericus Vena partae and Vena cava being mingled with the blood is moved by the same cause which there as we have said does move the blood Now the Chylus is carried by peculiar Veins rather then by the Mesaraicks which contain blood because the Mesaraicks being to admit blood were to have their mouths opened into the Guts through which the blood would easily have slipt into the Guts Nor could the drawing Faculty prevent that inconveniency which is here much obscurer and much weaker then the expulsive Faculty As this Motion of the Chylus so also the circular motion of the blood hath its uses and conveniences of which the principal seem to be these That by the continual passage therof through the Heart the blood is also continually heated and whiles som blood goes through seldomer other blood oftner there is found in the Veins blood of all Qualities which while it is carryed into all parts and Nature unlocks and offers all the treasure to them they may be the better heated and receive that Nourishment which may be most convenient to feed and strengthen them But this motion does also contribute much to the preservation of the blood in its integrity free from corruption or putrefaction for Vitium capiunt ni moveantur aquae Unstirred waters easily corrupt which is also most true of the blood as we may daily see when the Vessels are obstructed It contributes also to the perfection of the Blood whilest by continual motion it is rarified and attenuated But it makes chiefly towards it perfection in that the blood is somtimes attenuated grows hot and is rarisied in the Heart and somtimes again it is condensed and congeales as it were in the Habit of the Body For no part in the Body is horter then the Heart and none less hot then the Habit of the Body And therefore there happens a certain Circulation as it were not unlike to that whereby the Chymists make their Spirits most subtile and perfect For the blood which is attenuated by heat after it is condensed by cold is able to persist in that thinness nor does it return to its old thickness from which degree of thinness in tract of time it attains to a greater by means of heat in which being again condensed by cold it comes to continue and so at last it becomes most fit for the making of vital Spirits For this end the blood is moved circularly but hath it not therefore elsewhere another motion Out of the smallest Arteries the blood is carried right out into the flesh that it may constitute the nameless humor the Ros Gluten and Cambium nor does it return hither from whence it came least the blood flowing through the least should hinder these humors from being gleued and assimilated to the parts It flows also somtimes chiefly because it is driven out of the Arteries into the flesh and frequently also the chief moving cause is attraction for the bones cannot without attraction receive the thicker part of the humor for their nourishment and leave the remaining thinner part thereof unfit to nourish them in the Vessels TABLE III. The FIGURE Explained AAAA The vulgar mesaraick Vein and Arteries derived from the Gate-vein called Porta BBBB The milkie Veins discovered by Asellius C. The Glandule or Kernel in the Centre of the Mesentery which Asellius calls the Pancreas or Sweetbread to which all the Branches
tear them or from the Centre of the Body into the outmost parts but rather from the extremities to the Centre And therefore they do the same thing in the Veins which the Sigma and Mitershap'd Valves do in the Heart But in the Orifice of the Jugular Vein internal they perform the same Office least in the bowing back of the Head the Blood should return into the Brain and like a Flood oppress the same disturb the Animal Functions and breed a sanguine Apoplexy Chap. 3. Of the Division of the Veins of the Body and of the Vena Portae and the Venae Lacteae ALL the Veins of the whole Body are referred unto two as their Mothers viz. the Vena Portae and the Vena Cava to which is joyned a third kind of vessels found out by Asellius viz the Milky Veins of which we shal speak by and by The Venâ— Portae its Original and Root is the Vena Umbilicalis of which I spake in the first Book the first of all the Veins arising from the Seed Now it is termed Vena Portae or Quae ad Portas est the Gate-vein and Vein at the Gates and Vena ostiaria the Door-vein because through the roots thereof or as others wil have it its branches viz. the Mesaraick Veins the Chyle being suâ—t out of the Stomach and Guts was anciently thought to be carried as it were by Gates into the Liver The Arabians cal'd it Vena Lactea because they thought it drew the Chyle white like Milk This is the greatest Vein in the Body next the Cava and is commonly said to arise out of the hollow part of the Liver And it is not so compact as the Cava but more loose and soft It is divided into the Trunk and Branches The Branches are upper and lower and some call the former Roots others the latter They call the former Roots because this Vein is said to have its original out of the Liver the latter because as Roots suck matter out of the Earth and carry it into the Trunk of the Tree even so also the Venae Mesâ—raicae which are the lower branches of Portae do suck Chyle like Roots according to the Ancients but according to out late opinion blood out of the Mesentery and carry it to the Liver by the Trunk and upper Branches and therefore the Meseraick Veins are termed the Livers Hands We may therefore call them all both branches and roots in a different respect The upper Branches four or five of them are spred up and down the hollow part of the Liver which afterwards beneath and without the Liver grow into one Trunk Touching these and their Anastomoses see above in the Chap. of the Liver Book the 1. The Trunk before it is divided into lower Branches sends two small Veins to the Gall-bladder which are termed Cysticae gemellae another Vein to the Stomach which is therefore cal'd Gastrica dextra Afterward the Trunk inclining to the left hand it is divided into two remarkable lower Branches the one higher and lesser going towards the left side the other lower and larger on the right side The former is called Splenicus because it goes into the Spleen before it is divided it spreads from it self two upper Branches to the Stomach the Gastrica minor and Gastrica major the largest of all the Stomach Veins which afterwards constitutes the the Coronaria Then it sends lower branches to the Call and one to the Pancreas These being thus constituted the Truncus Splenicus is divided into the upper and lower Branch The â—o mer produces the Vas breve and other little branches carried into the Spleen The latter produces two Veins for the Call and Stomach which are termed Epiplois sinistra and Gastroepiplois sinistra Finally the rest of its small branches are spent up and down in the Spleen The Ramus dexter of the Vena portae before it is divided produces two Veins 1. To the right side of the Stomach and Call 2. To the Guts viz. the middle of Duodenum and the beginning of the Jejunum whence certain capillary twigs go through the Pancreas and Call upwards Afterwards an whole large Branch goes into the Mesentery and being carried between the two coats thereof it is distributed into three notable Branches called Rami mesenterici the Mesenteric branches The right-hand mesenteric branch is two-fold which spends it self into fourteen nameless branches and these again into innumerable Off-springs of Veins termed the Mesaraick Veins in the Guts Iejunum Ileon and Caecum and part of Colon. whos 's TABLE III The FIGURE Explained This TABLE shews the Branchings of the Vena portae within and without the Liver AAA The Trunk of the Vena portâ— going out of the Liver bbbbb Its branchings in the Liver C. The Umbilical or Navil-vein D. The Venae Cystica â— The Implantation of the Coronary Vein of the Stomach FF The right Branch of the Venae portae G. The left splenick Branch therof h. The Rise of the Coronaria of the Stomach which after it hath bestowed many branches upon the Stomach it self being turned back towards the Pylorus it is implanted into the Trunk of the Venae portae it self where the letter â— stands iii Little branches of the Vena splenica distributed through the Pancreas kkkk The manifold ingress of the said Venâ— splenica into the Spleen L. The Vas breve so called m. The Gastroepiploica sinistra which runs out upon the bottom of the Stomach and affords many branches both to to the Stomach it self and to the Call n. The Vena Epiploica sinistra ooo Little branches disseminated through the bottom of the Stomach ppp Branches which run out through the Call q. Another Epiploica superior to the precedent for it runs before it through the lower part of the Call which comes neerest the Loyns R. The Rise of the internal Haemorrhoidal Vein which SSS Diffuses Branches through the Mesentery and at last where this mark stands it sends forth the Haemorrhoid Veins so called V. The Gastro-epiploica dextra from which many branches arise that are disseminated through the Call and Stomach page 307 Harvey to refute the milkie veins and withall to maintain his Circulation in the Mesentery does suppose that as the Navil-veins draw in alimentary juyce from the Liquors of the Egg and carry it to nourish and increase the Chickâ—… even so the Mesaraick Veins do suck Chyle out of the Guts and carry it into the Liver even in a grown person But then they should carry Chyle and Blood together and so divers juyces would be jumbled together such as were digested with those that are indigested And what need is there to confound Vessels that Nature hath distinguished And every one knows that the use of the Navil-vessels is different in a Child in the womb and grown person 2. According to the same Antients to prepare the said Chyle in some measure and to give it the
half an ounce yet I conceive more comes out when a live Creature is Diffected than when it is in health And if a man would determine by conjecture from what we have seen how much may come out of the Heart of a Man in health at every pulse I shall not be against them who say that out of the Heart of a Man at every pulse half an ounce of Blood is shed into the Arteria aorta Butlet us suppose it is but a scruple seeing the Heart makes above three thousand pulses in one hour there must above ten pound of blood pass every hour through the Heart which is more than we eat and more than the Liver can supply the Heart withall So that must needs be that the Blood which hath once past the Heart must flow thither again and from it return again into the Arteries So that there is a circular motion of the Blood from the Vena cava into the Heart from the Heart into the Arteries from the Arteries into the Veins out of which it returns again into the Heart and thence into the Arteries Truly I cannot sufficiently wonder that in so many Ages past this motion of the Blood hath been unknown seeing I find sundry and those no small intimations thereof in the ancient Writers In the Volume of the Works of Hippocrates The Author of the first Book de Victus ratione attributes three circular motions to our Heat and Humors whereby they are moved inward and outward from divers parts Hippocrates in the middle of his Book de Ossium Natura The Veins under which he comprehends the Arteries being spred saith he through the Body do cause a fluxion and motion sending many branches from one And this one whence it hath its original and where it ends I cannot find For it keeps in a circular course so that you can find no beginning and it will appear plainly to him that examins the place that he understands this Circle to be chiefly in the distribution of the Humors As also in the End of his Book de Naâ—ura humana The great Veins do mutually afford nourishment one to another the internal to the external and then again to the internal And more plainly the Author of the Book de alimenâ—â— There is one beginning of all that nourish and one end of all and the same is the beginning and the End and therefore a little after he subjoyns these words The Aliment 〈◊〉 into the Hair and Nails and from the inner parts into the outer Surface from the external parts the nourishment comes from the outer surface to the most inward parts there is one conflux one conspiration and one consent of all And Diogenes Apolloniâ—â—a seems not to have differed from this Opinion in Aristotle his 3 de Historia Animalium chap. 2. The must thick Blood is sucks by the fleshy parts and that which redounds into these places viz. the greater 〈◊〉 becomes thin hot and froâ—â—hy TABLE â— The FIGURE Explained AAAA The Abdomen or Paâ—ch of a Dog opened BB. The Midriff CCCC The Call turned inside â—â—â— towards the Chest that the inner parts there of might be more visible DDD Three lobes or laps of the Liver turned a little to the right hand â—EE Certain little portions of the Pancreas which is cut off that the following Vessels might come into sight F. The left Kidney covered with its Coat G. The upper hollow part of the Spleen together with the adjacent Fat H. The middle part of the Spleen about which Vessels are inserted I. The lowest part of the Spleen KKKK The Gâ—â—s moved downwards that the following Vessels might be visible LLLL The Mesentery MM. The splenick Artery N. Part of the Vena splenica annexed to the Trunk of Vena porta which falls in upon the Ligature OOO A portion of the Vena splenica and three branches arising therefrom which are implanted into the spleen and do very much swell upon the Ligature PP The left Mesenterick Artery Q. A portion of the Vena Mesenterica sinistra next to the Trunk of Vena porta falling in as empty upon the Ligature R. The lower part of the Vena Mesenterica sinistra ready to be divided into branches swelling by means of the Ligature SSS The Mesaraick Veins therefore more full and swollen because the Mesenterick Vein is tied TTTT The rest of the Mesaraicks not so swollen because their Trunk is not 〈◊〉 page 364 Yea and those things which Plato in his Timaeus delivers concerning the Blood are more sutable to this Opinion than the common Aristotle himself may easily be drawn to this Opinion For thus saith he in his Book de Somno chap. 3. Every iâ—ability of Sense is not sleep but that only which is caused by the vâ—poration of Meats for that which is rarified must needs after a sort be lifted up and afterward return and flow back like an Euripus for the Heat of every Animal must needs naturally move upwards and when it is come aloft it soon after circulates and discends again It is to be feared that those Writers which followed the former did not sufficiently study the motion of the blood yea that they obâ—cured the same because what the former attributed to their Veins that is to say the Veins and Arteries these later attributed to the Veins in opposition to and as distinct from the Arteries And seeing Galen a most excellent Physitian was not able to reform all things perfectly and the later Greeks Arabians and Latines have too close followed or transcribed him hence I suppose it is that this motion of the blood hath remain'd concealed till this present Age. Wherein that incomparable Paulus Servita the Venetian did acurately observe the Fabrick of the Valves in the Veins which Observation of his that great Anatomist Fabritius ab Aquapendente afterwards published and out of that constitution of the Valves and other Experiments he collected this motion of the Blood and asserted the same in an excellent Treat se which I understand is preserved to this very day amongst the Venetians The most learned William Harvey being taught by the foresaid Paulus Servita did more accurately search into this motion of the Blood augmented the same with Inventions of his own proved it strongly and publish'd it to the World in his own name Such hath been the Invention and such the Fate of this motion of the Blood And let us now further enquire whether through all the Veins and Arteries the Blood hath this Motion or whether in some others it hath some other motion Concerning which thing that I might be more certainly informed I contemplated the motion of the Blood in many Veins and Arteries of liveing Creatures and I have found besides what hath been already said of the Veins and Arteries of the Arms and Legs that the blood is moved through the Spermarick Arteries to the Stones through the Veins from the Stones
the Septum or partition wall it self no motion is felt save that the Spirits seeking egress make a kind of Palpitation when in Creatures at the last gaspe the motion of the right Ventricle ceases the Septum follows the motion of the right Ventricle Now they would have it nevertheless that naturally the blood is poured out in the widening of the heart and not in the Constriction or straitning thereof because in the wounded Heart of Living Creatures the blood is seen to come out when the Heart is dilated And this is sometimes true but that which they thence collect our very Senses teach us to be untrue For either the Dog or other creature is placed with its Head and breast elevated and the belly low and so the wound is inflicted into the Heart in which case seeing the blood which enters through the Vena cava and Arteria venosa into the Heart is higher then any wound of the Heart it as soon as it is entred which is at the beginning of the Dilatation flows out not because of the Pulse but of its own heaviness and therefore it is not by any force made to flie out to some distance as it happens in the Pulse of the Arteries But if as it ought to be the dog be laid on his back his head and belly resting on the same plane and the wounded Heart be raised with a mans fingers as long as there is any strength in the Heart it sooner by Constriction casts out the blood it hath received at a distance then the whole Heart is filled or widened But when the strength of the heart decayes and that it seldom straitens it self or not at all because the Earlets are more strong and do still continue pulsing even when the Heart quite gives over the blood being driven by the Earlets enters the heart is there collected and when more is come in then the Heart can contain it goe out at the wound not with violence as it must do to cause Pulsation but with a gentle motion drop after drop So that our Sense can perceive no strong motion of the blood save in the Hearts Constriction Now they will have the blood to return through the Veins into the Heart only because the blood being forcibly driven to the Parts as water poured into an horn does regurgitate or abound back upwards and so is carried back unto the Heart But I have already shewed tokens that the blood is either drawn or driven by all the parts of the Veins besides which I have also these following in that the Heart being taken out of the body the motion of the blood and that swift enough is still seen in the Veins And if a Vein yea a milkie one be tied in two places that same Ligature being only loosned which is nearest the Heart while the parts are yet hot the Chvle will still be moved to the Liver the blood unto the Heart which could neither by any step be driven from the Heart through the Arteries nor from the Guts through the Venae lacteae nor would it by its own fluidity more rather upwards then downwards But let us answer the remaining objections They suppose if the blood should be moved so swiftly that the Veins and Arteries could not conveniently be nourished But a dog can quench his thirst drinking at the River Nilus and running as he drinks but here the parts stay at the brook side and whatever they have drawn from the blood they treasure up in their own substance least it should be washed away by the running by of the humor Also they conceit this Motion is not useful for the blood Seeing it may sufficiently be conserved since it abounds with native heat by respiration and transpiration Yet most certain it is that the blood is yet more ventilated if it be speedily moved and its smallest Particles also agitated with this motion So the water of a lake or standing pool though it be gently moved and fanned on the Surface yet is it corrupted when in the mean while Rivers that are totally and in all parts agitated are found to continue most uncorrupt and wholsom These are the things most excellent Bartholine which I thought fit to joyn to the former that I might satisfie those who cannot receive a new opinion wherin they observe any difficulty or obscurity who many times have neither mind nor time to enquire exactly into the bowels thereof But in my Judgment we ought not to deny things manifest although we cannot resolve such as are difficult But I never was disposed to contend and quarrel with any man about words There are very many excellent things about which time may be spent which many times also is not sufficient for our necessary occasions Also from a Scoffer that seeks after her Knowledge does hide her self away but to him that is studious of the truth she comes to meet and presents her self to his view Farewel most Learned Bartholine From the University of Leyden in Holland the Kalends of December 1640. FINIS The Subject of Anatomy Why Anatomy treats chiefly of the Body of Man The Dissection of other Animals is useful to an Anatomist and why The division of the whol Body of Man â— What a Part is What is the proper acceptation of the worâ— Part. What is ment by the Action of a Part. What by the â—â—â— Which Part of the Body is first generated Why the Vessels were to be made before the Bowels Division of the Parts In respect of their End The principal Parts The Beginning or principle of Radication The Original of Dispensation Parts subservient or ministring In respect of their Matter A similar part what it is and how manifold How many sorts of Flesh there are The Number of the Similar Parts What a Spermatical Part is What a Sanguine Part. What a dissimilar part is Organical parts conâ—… a vision â—â— This whole Work divided into four Books and four Petty Books or Manuals The division of the Body according to the Regions The Reason of the Order Why Dissection is begun in the lower Belly What the lower Belly is The Parts of the lower Belly and their Names All the Parts which aâ—e to be examined in this Book The Scarf-skin What it is Whether the Scarf-skin be made of seed Or of Blood Or of the Excrement of concoction Laurentius and Archangelus confuted The true matter of the Scarf-skin The Efficient Cause thereof Vse The color of the Scarf-skin It s number It s Connexion What the Skin is Piccolhomine â—s refuted Galens Opinion touching the matter of the skin Aristotles Opinion The Opinion of others The true matter of the skin AScar what it is The efficient cause of the skin The Action of the skin It s Vse It s Connexion Its Vessels What fat is The difference between Pinguedo and Adeps Fat is not a part of the Body what parts have Fat and what not It is not made of Chyle