hereafter in the lunges Here also mighte be to greate purpose declared the great secretes of these firste mouinges whiche are in the hearte called in greke Systole and Diastole in latine Contractio Dilatatio whiche are compared in this orbicle of diuers learned men to the primum mobile or firste mouer in the greate orbe For these mouinges are the first cause of all other mouinges as of pulses in the arteries and so of all the rest But because those secretes passe the capacitye of the coÌ„mon sorte and also that I should breake my purpose of briefnes I omit them and wil now speake of the lunges or lightes The. iii. Chapiter ☞ Of the lunges and theyr partes and offyces THe lunges also called in Greke Pneumon and in latine Pulmo are set in the same holownesse which are cold and moist of complexion and is deuided into v. lobes or partes iii. or the ryght syde and. ii on the left And ther is also the pannicle Mediastinum being of like composytion wyth Diaphragma And as Diaphragma deuideth the region of the brest and the partes therof from the belly so dothe Mediastinum deuide the lunges and the brest into ii seueral partes after the lengthe And thys deuisyon of the lunges in partes was ordeined that if one part perishe an other may serue the turne And. iii. kindes of vessels we finde in the lunges worthy of note The firste is an arteriall veine mencioned in the firste treatise chapi 8. comminge from the hearte and brancheth into the luÌ„ges bringyng from the heart liuely spirite and nutrimentall bloud vnto them The seconde is a venal arterye wherof I haue spoken in the firste treatise cha 7. conueying from all partes of the lunges into the lefte ventricle of the hearte freshe aer as well to temper and mytigate the greate heate thereof as also to be made there by mixinge wyth moste fyne bloude pure and liuely spirit by the workynge of the hearte to be sente to the great arterye and from him by all other arteries to all and euerye parte of the bodye The thirde is Arteria aspera throughe whome the lunges drawe in and put forthe aer for whose farther description looke in the ende of the firste chapiter of thys treatise And from the firste spondill of the brest whiche if ye begin to number at the vpper end of Nucha is the. viii spondill of the ridge from this spondill I saye commeth two sinewes which geue felyng and mouing to the whole brest for of them are made the muscles and the mouing synewes of that place And note that some of the mouinge synewes and muscles of the brest moue according to the wil whiche for the moste parte come from the. vi and. vii paire of synewes of the brayn and of Nucha and some synewes moue by the natural makinge of the brest Which is knowne by the disease or sicknesse called Apoplexia The coÌ„dition wherof is suche that before the time of the sycknesse the breste moueth but in the houre of sycknesse it can not moue For in the time of sicknesse in this disease the braine is founde stopped from whence these synewes procede so that by the sayde stoppinge of the braine the animall spirites be suffocate and may not distende in the sayde synewes to do their operation in mouynge The. iiii Chapiter ¶ Of the veines of the brest and their beginnynges and procedinges and howe incisyon shoulde be done in the brest and the partes thereof THe veines that are in the aforesaide skin deuidinge the brest nourishynge those partes come from the seconde branche of Vena caua whiche is the lesse of the two greate veynes that haue theyr begynninge in the holownesse of the liuer Whiche braunche commeth into Diaphragm or the midrife froÌ„ thence it goeth endloÌ„g into thâ— forsayde skyn whiche deuideth the brest called Mediastinum And wyth these goe other veines whiche come from the thirde branche of vnknowne veines in the ryghte eare of the hearte But the arteryes whiche come to the forsayde skyn and the brest procede or issue of a braunche that commeth from the greate arterye whiche groweth in the lefte eare of the heart And euerye arterye brancheth forth vnder the veines so that euerye member that is nouryshed by veynes is quickened and kepte by the liuelye spirite of the arteries whiche procede vniuersally vnder the said veines And know that all the veines and arteries which come openly to the nurishinge of the members of the brest and especially in the vtter part procede in their going according to the length of the ribbes and of the bones of the brest ye and so doe also the greate synewes whiche come to the making of the muscles of the brest hauing their beginnyng of Nucha wythin the spondills of the same Wherfore it euydentlye appereth howe and in what maner the apostemes of these places shoulde be cutte and howe cauteries oughte to be done in the same when nede requireth Therefore as muche as maye be they oughte to be done in those places accordinge to the goinge of the rybbes in lengthe and so shall there no synewe be hurte nor errore committed For when incisions and cauteries be thus done accordynge to the lengthe and that in the vtter moste lowest and moste dependente places of suche worke I saye commeth the spediest shortest and fairest ende of â—urations And moste prone apte and redy to digestion mundification consolidation desiccation c. as experience manifesteth THE FOVRTHE PARTE OF Anatomye whiche declareth the forme and shape of the whole sircuite of the wombe namelye from the mouthe of the stomache vnto the hanches and of the spondilles of that region The. i. Chapiter ¶ Of the region of the bellye and the pannycles of the same and the bones of that parte THe third ventricle is the belly called in latine Venter which albeit that we here recite last is the firste pece of worke to be begun in order of diâ—ection of the bodye least otherwise putrefaction hinder the whole worke It beginneth at the lowest ribbes and endeth in the grindes and share and this whole circuit is verye lose and softe First then vpon all the rest is the vtter skin coÌ„mon to all the bodye In the whiche aboute or very nere the middes of the bellye is seene as it were a little rounde pyâ—te or hole whiche is an ornamente not vnsemelye to that parte commonlye called in Englishe the nauell in greke Omphalos in latine Vmbilicus From whiche a certaine holow tying like in forme to a gutte procedeth infestinge it selfe in the holowe syde of the lyuer The offyce whereof was in the mothers wombe to bringe bothe bloude and spirite from the mother to the liuer of the childe and so from the liuer to all the members of the bodye and also to expel after digestion the superfluous iuyce whiche after the birthe is the vrine and
neruus est aut partibus uicinus aut iis counitus That there is no mouyng neyther payne felte but where there is a sinewe eyther nighe the partes greued or conioyned with them Of the Chorde or Tendon The .v. Chapi THe fyfthe are the Chordes or Tendons called in Greke Tenonta in Latyne Tendines that beare the name of symple members Official and spermatike but they are compounde of Lygamentes and toughe synewes and therefore are they stronge and towghe colde and drye of complexion meane betwene harde and softe or as Galen sayth so much harder then the synewe as it is softer then the Ligament sensible flexible And ther are certayne causes to be consydered why the chordes were compounde as I sayde of synewes and ligamentes together The fyrst is that the synewes beyng altogether sensitiue suffice not alone to susteyn the great labour and trauayle that the tendon necessarylie doth suffer wherefore beyng compounde with the insensyble ligament there is made a temperature betwene sensible insensible that so the mouing may neither be paiÌ„ful nor vtterly without feling And by reason of the synewie substance of the chordes they haue motyue vertue accordynge to the appetyte or will of the soule or desyre of the mynde Moreouer I fynde that these chordes or tendons growe out of the fleshy muscles and that for good consyderation great skyll for on these muscles haue the chordes a restyng place after their great trauayle And these fleshie muscles are clothed with a thin skyn or panicle whiche panicle serueth as well to kepe the fleshe of the muscle in due forme as also that the sayd muscles should moue alone accordyng to the wyll without the disturbance of the partes adiacent or next them And I vnderstande that this musculous fleshe hathe within it manye smalle fybers or thredes of a synewie substance wherein there is noted to be wyll and those thredes come to the composition of the tendons And three properties is to bee noted in the will of these aforesayde muscles that is to saye length wherein is conteyned the vertue attractiue bredthe wherein is the vertue expulsyue and ouerth wartues in whiche is the vertue retentyue and at the endes of those muscles these fybers or thredes gather themselues together agayne and make an other muscle and so haue they their generalle procedynges thorow oute all the bodie Iohannes de Vigo aleagyng Auicen numbereth the muscles to be 531. but here I omytte to declare the profe of the sayde number by resiting them particulerlie accordynge to their places trustynge that this is sufficieÌ„t in this briefe treatyce The muscle is called in Latine Musculus a mure that is of a mouse and therefore in Greke also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for as a mouse is biggest in the myddest smallest at bothe endes so is a muscle And it is lykewyse called a lacerte of the lytle beaste named a Lyzarde and in Latyne Lacertus Thus in thys .v. chapiter I haue shewed aswell the nature aud makynge of the muscles as of the choâ—de or tendon The description of the mnscles by order of anatomye do the Grecians calle Miotomen Of the Pannicles The vi Chapiter Of the Arterie or Pulse The .vii Chapiter SEuenthlye the Artery or Pulse called bothe in Greke and Latine Arteria and in olde Englishe the Wosen whose dissection also the grecians call Arteriotomen is a member symple and spermatike sinewye and holow hauinge his beginnyng at the heart and it bryngeth from the same spirite and life vnto all the members of the body and it is of complexioÌ„ cold and dry And euery artery hath two coates excepte onlye Arteria Venosa called in Englyshe the veÌ„nalle artery because he hathe but one coate as hathe the veyn whose office only is being implanted in the lunges to conuey freshe ayer alwayes to the heart That the great heate of the hearte caused by hys continualle motion maye therby be refrigerate cooled mitigated by entring that least ventricle therof euen as the arteriallâ— veyne called Vena arteriosa which comming as some affirme from the bothome of the hearte on the ryghte syde beareth bloude and spirite from the hart to the lunges to quycken and nourish them And hereis to be noted a notable error or ouersyght in 〈◊〉 booke of Anatomye whereas this arterialle veyne is acounted all one wyth Arteria magna â–ª and allo the offyces bothe of the venalle arterye and the arterialle veyne are applied to the venalle arterye only All the other arteries haue eche of them two coates that the spirit of life in them conteyned maye the better and more certainlye be preserued from hurte outewardlye and also that the sayd liuelye spiryte maye be the better reteyned wythin that it passe not oute before hys tyme tyll all the extreme partes haue it minystred vnto them Where as if it were preuented before it came at them there woulde folowe mortyfication of the members for the arteriall spiryte is more subtyll and pearceth soner vnto the quickenynge of the members then doothe the venalle or nutrimentalle bloude Therefore one coate would not suffyce to carye it to those extreme partes but that it woulde be preuented and wasted by the way before it come to theÌ„ Wherof woulde folowe the incommodities before resited Of the Veyne The .viii. Chapiter EIghtlye the veine named in Latin Vena 〈◊〉 as some wyll because bloude commeth therby to all partes of the body in Greeke Phlebion and the dyssectyon of them Phlebotome is a symple member as is the artery colde and drye of complexion and Spermatyke but as the arterye hathe hys beginnynge from the hearte so hathe the veyne his beginnynge from the lyuer and it bryngeth from thence nutrityue bloude vnto all the members of the bodye to nourishe them wyth And I vnderstande as well by experyence as by that whiche I reade that there is no more difference betwene the veyne and the arterye but that one hauynge two coates and commynge from the hearte is the vessell of vitall and spirituall bloude and the other hauynge but one coate commynge from the lyuer is the vessell of nutritiue bloud And thys is generally in all veines except only the arteriall veynâ— whych as in the seuenth Chapiter I sayd procedeth immediatlye from the hearte And amonge all the veines there are two moste pryncipalle from whyche the braunches of all the reast procede that is to saye Vena porta and Vena Coele whiche some calle Vena Caua â—r Magna and these two haue their beginnings in the lyuer I fynde â—n Regiâ—ine sanitatis salerni the number of veines in mannes bodye to be three hundreth thre score and fyue wyth these woordes Ex tricentenis decies 〈…〉 But I thyncke thys number to be mente of â—â—tayâ—e notable veynes whyche by order of Anatomye maye be made open to the senses and not
is necessarye to breake the aer and to make diuers voyces And sometime it happeneth that it excedeth his due forme by diuers affectes by the whyche also it varyeth by names as when it excedeth in lengthe it is of that forme called Columella and when in roundnesse like a grape it is called Vuea or Vuula Upon these pipes are ordeined diuers synewes greate small open and priuye whiche come from the syxte and seuenth payre of synewes of the braine and they are medled with the muscles of the necke and throte with the thyrde and fourthe paire of synewes of Nucha Upon the righte side and vpon the lefte side of the pype of the longes called Arteria aspera are certeine greate and manifest black veines called Guidegi Iugulares and vnder them are ii arteryes of whose cuttinge and persynge the bloude runneth from the hearte and lunges from whence they come Wherby the lunges are diseased and hurte and theyr naturall poure hindered and let and also it bryngeth diseases to the hearte whervpon often times sodaine death foloweth And therefore all the incisions that be made in the throte oughte to be done after the lengthe wherefore it is necessarye that we eschue the veines of the throte and especiallye those that be greate and those that â—e called Iugulares or Guidegi For vnder euerye veine of the throte is hid an arterye in the which there procedeth spirite of life and natural heat immediatlye from the heart and the lunges And therefore it openly apeareth that all cuttings of thys place are dreadfull and perillous Understande that the throte is fastened to the furcle of the brest in the place called Iugulum or Pixis Gulae â–ª whyche is the boxe or holownesse of the throte and the necke is fastened wyth the hynder parte of the seuenthe spondill whych is the fyrste spondill of the brest and also it is fastened with the spade bone of the shoulder that it maye moue the better and the more mightilye when nede requireth That the shape and forme thereof maye also be sene the fayrer and the better And betwene the shoulders behynde at the nether ende of the necke are ventoses vsed for diuers diseases of the heade and the partes therof both wyth scarification and wythoute scarification as in good authors ye shal rede as the experte Chirurgien knoweth by experience THE SECONDE PARTE OF the Anatomy treatinge of the forme and shape of the shoulder and the adiutory of the arme the hande and the fyngers The .i. Chapiter ☞ Of the shoulder and the chanâ—ll bone AFter the neck and the throte as wel on the righte side as on the lefte is ordeined a shoulder called Humerus in greke Omos and of some BrachioÌ„ Wherin there are .iii. bones knyt that by the meanes of that forme and shape the makinge therof may be the more noble and fayre and also the more profytable to mouynge and workynge The firste of these bones is the broade bone of the shoulder whyche manye learned men calle Scoptulum opertum and the Grecians Oâ—oplatan i. humerum latuni and we vulgarlye Spatulam whose forme and fashion in the hynder ende or parte towarde the necke is broade lyke a bakers pele And in hys lengthe he hathe an edge that stretcheth to the heade of thys bone towarde the shoulder passynge endlynge to the broade ende whiche is towarde the necke In whiche brode ende is knit a gristle whiche spreadeth a longe besyde the spondilles of the brest vnto the seuenth spondill of the necke And on the other ende towarde the shoulder this bone waxeth greate in the ende whereof is a holownesse whiche is called the boxe of the shoulder bone Wherein the rounde heade of the adiutorye turneth as it accordeth to necessitye in the workinge of thys member Thys bone was made in this manner that the bones of the brest and of the necke shoulde be the stronger and surer in the shoulder and that the adiutorye shoulde not be dislocate or put oute of ioynte for euerye lyghte cause And by this it manifestlye appeareth that the bone of the adiutory can not be dislocated backwarde In the former parte of the shoulder is ordained a bone called Clauis or Iugulum in greke Cleis and in English the furcule or canel bone which is tyed with the broade bone beinge the seconde of the .iii. bones of the shoulder and it is there sette that this member maye abide the better in hys strengthe and to beare vp that place that it goe not oute forwarde by anye small or lyghte occasion And thys bone is lesse then the broad bone of the shoulder in his knitting that the shape of that place maye be the fairer and the more formable and also that it shoulde not let the mouynge of the adiutorye And so it plainlye appeareth by reason of the beinge lesse of thys bone in that parte that the roundnesse of the adiutorye maye be dislocate forwarde And after these bones there are insensible ligamentes whyche binde and knit those bones together And there is a certeine lygature in the middle of the aforesayde boxe or holownesse entering the round end of the adiutory whych knytteth the said round end with the aforesayde boxe Of the breakinge and ouer stretchinge of whyche succedeth a continuall departinge so that therby the restoringe of the dislocation is letted or hindered In so much that other whyle when the bone is reduced and broughte agayne to hys situation and being after the restoringe therof it will leape or springe oute agayne And vnder the shoulder betwene the arme and the bodye is the place emunctory wheras the hearte dothe sende forthe in the time of Pestilence or other venemous feuers suche thynges as are vnto hym noious and contrarye as experience proueth of the filthye Apostemes that there come forthe at suche tymes in that place The .ii. Chapiter Of the bone adiutorium then of the elbow the arme the hand wyth the number figure and offyces of the bones and other partes in these conteyned THe thirde bone of the shoulder is the adiutory which is rounde wythout and holow within called Brachion .i. humerus â–ª and commonlye Aditorium os Thys bone is greate thyn and in hys holownesse full of marowe of whiche marowe he receiueth necessary moystnesse And his vpper ende is rounde goinge into the bore of the shoulder bone where it is knytte and turneth aboute holdeÌ„ betwene his ligatuues wyth the other two bones in that place as it is a boue sayde The other ende of the adiutorye is fastened wyth the ii cubite bones or fociles whereas he hathe .ii. knottes in forme like pullyes whiche enter into the holowe cuppes and cauities of the two Focilles per Enarthrosin whose names are beneth wrytten wherof the vpper focil or cubite bone is the lesse and stretcheth from the thumbe vnto the ioynte of the elbowe But the
it behoueth the Chirurgien to haue respecte howe he maketh incisions as in opening of apostemes or otherwise in these places For whye for as muche as all the muscles synewes tendones arteryes and veines of this place namely from the shoulders to the endes of the fingers goe and procede after the lengthe it requireth that the incisions and cauteries of those places shoulde be done alwaies accordinge to the procedynge of the aforsaide members in lengthe And it semeth that the veine Cephalica whyche is in the bought of the arme and sheweth hym selfe in the vpper focile goinge for the betwene the thumbe and the forefinger serueth to the head and the partes therof And likewise the veine that is in the lower parte of the bought of the arme called Basilica whose branche as I saide before appeareth betwene the litle finger and the ringe finger and there is named Saluatella serueth to the liuer and the splene because it procedeth from a parte of the veine that nurisheth the lower members And also the coÌ„mon veine whych apeareth in the midest of the bought of the arme semeth to serue both to the vpper and the nether partes and that because he groweth bothe of the shoulder veine called Humeralis and of the arme hole veyne called Axillaris as it euidently appereth And note that all the veines here specified procede of that parte of Vena concaua that ascendeth vp to the hart putting forthe one greate braunche into the holownesse of the same And after so ascendinge is yet deuided on eche syde into .ii. branches of the whiche one branche spredeth to all the rybbes to Pleura Diaphragma nourishing them The other goeth to the fore parte of the brest and so to the place of the furcle where it is againe triplye deuided Wherof one braunche ascendynge by the necke vp to the heade is deuyded into all partes of the same The seconde goeth to the shoulder and the thirde to the arme hole Of whyche two doe procede all the deuisyons whose names and places of section are here declared wherby it appeareth what coligance and vnity these veines haue with the heade the hart and the liuer THE THIRDE PARTE OF Anatomy which sheweth the shape forme of the furcules and of the ribbes of the brest and the chine bone of that part vnto the mouthe of the stomache The .i. Chapiter ¶ Of the brest and the .xii. turninge ioyntes of that region wyth the rybbes and other bones and partes as Pleura c. VNder the throte in the foreparte therof are ordeined the .ii. bones called Claues Furculae and of some Iugula in english the canell bones which he round wythout and holowe wythin And they are fastened at the one end in the shoulder as I haue shewed in the. ii chapiter At the other end they are fastened together with the vppermoste parte of the brest at the pit of the throte At which pit beginneth the region of the brest holdinge in the forepart of Pectorale called of Galen Sternon whych is constytute but of iii. bones althoughe some number them vii as you se Lanfranke doth accordinge to the. vii longe ribbes of eche side ioyning to them whiche are in dede fastened to those ribbes eche of them to other with a gristelly substance that extendeth it self with a sceâ—lder flexible poynt beneathe those bones like the poynt of a sworde ouer the mouthe of the stomach and therfore is called of dyuers authors in greke Xiphocides and in latin Scutiformis or Ensiformis Whiche by his bowing geueth roume to the stomache and yet by his gristlye hardnesse defendeth it from hurt And in that place or nighe to the same beneth is the mouth of the stomache And this lengthe with the knittinges together of gristlye substances and the makinge of these bones wyth the ribbes in the ridges is proprelye called the brest in Greke Thorax and in Latine Pectus And of rybâ—es there are on eche side .xii. called Costae whyche are fastened wyth xii of the spondils whiche are proprelye the sponâ—ils of the brest and called therefore Metaphreni Vertebrae as the nexte of the spondilles downe warde whiche be .v. in number are called Lumborum Vertebrae the spondilles of the reines And those xii ribbes are bowinge in the maner of halfe a compasse of the which there are vii called Costae Verae which beinge fastened at the hynder endes wyth the spondilles of the backe are byggest in the myddest whose former endes are fastened wyth the gristles of the. iii. bones of Sternon v. of those xii rybbes are shorte and reche not to Sternon as doe the other vii but are only fastened in the spondilles behynde therfore called Costae Spuriae in English fals ribbes or backwarde rybbes because when the formoste endes of them be bowed downe they bow vpward againe For they haue no fastening at the fore endes as haue the. vii greate ribbes whyche are fastened as I sayde ere while wyth the bones of the brest and take their knittinges of them note that alonge the syde vnder or within these ribbes is a pannycle or skyn called Pleura wherin is engendered the inflaÌ„mation called Pleuritis and in Englyshe the pleurisye The. ii Chapiter ¶ Of the hearte ANd wythin those bones that is to saye the bones of the brest the rybbes and the spondilles of the same wythin the holownesse that is made of them I saye is the heart named in Greeke Cardia and in Latyne Cor confyrmed and sette Whiche because he is the pryncipall member of all other members and the beginning of life is thus sette in the myddest of the breaste as â—orde and kinge to all the rest of whome he is obeyed and serued as a prince of hys subiectes And the hearte hathe bloude in hys owne substance wheras all other members haue it but in arteries and veines and in the hearte is the nutrityue bloude made liuelye spirite and caried forth in the arteries whiche in the hearte haue theyr beginnynge as I sayd sufficiently in the firste treatise And the heart is couered with a stronge pannicle called of the latines Capsula cordis and of the Grecians Pericardion And from the hearte procedeth the greate arterie whiche is called in latine Arteria magna from whome brauncheth and procedeth all the other arteries that are in anye member of the bodye by whiche meanes the spirite of life is caried to all the members of the same as it is sufficientlye saide in the firste treatise and the. vii chapiter And the hearte is an offyciall member spermatike and of a lacertous substance The greate ende wherof in his being leaneth and inclineth moste vnto the ryghte syde and the small ende leaneth moste vnto the lefte syde And in the hearte haue the venall arterye and the arteriall veine their begynninges of whose processes and offices I speake immediatlye
Phlebotomye belongeth to sanguine men euen so to cholericke men belongeth the purgynge of choler in the bodye And those apostemes that are made of aduste humores nede onlye repercussyon before the vlceration therof and after the vlceration laye no colde thynges in the vlcerate But laye aboute it a defensiue of â—ole Armeniake to defende the ambulation and corrosion Of the Anthrax and Carbunculus ANthrax Carbunculus because one is made of diuers humores and the other of grosse bloude as is aforesayde doe require after Phlebotomye and purgations emplasters and meates and drinckes comfortynge the harte because of their malice especially the Anthrax which is common wyth all other venemous Apostemes Geue therfore to the patient a colde and streighte diete as Pomgranates Aples Peares Quinces and wyne of Pomgranates with .x. partes of coulde water and let him absteine from all kindes of Fleshe if it maye be If not permit hym the Fleshe of Chickens dressed wyth Agresta or wyne of Pomgranates Unto suche also maye Theriacamaior be profitablye geuen But if they haue Stuporem called also Sâ—câ—pen and commonlye swoundynge let them be raised with the greate sowndes of trompetes and timpanies Calling them verye loudlye by their proper names And laye vpon the harte a coulde emplaster made ex Rosarum rubrarum Sandali citrint ana Vncia Vna Fâ—rinae Hordeaceâ— Vnciis duabus Caphurae drachmis duabus Tempered together cum aqua Rosacea Velsucco pomorum Agrestium But if the sore be in the former parte aboute the maÌ„milles or the breste let the same emplaster be layde betwene the shoulder blades But some peraduenture may meâ—uaile at the geuing of Theriacamaior because it is whotte but althoughe it bâ—sâ—me not the breuitye of this worke to dispute of euerye thinge yet because there hathe bene and yet nowe is amonges the auncientes diuers opinions and because some haue doe approue it and some not Thou shalt vnderstand although triacle he whotte yet by hys nobility and moste profitable composition there resulteth a moste worthye spiryte and frendly to man hys coÌ„plexion And therfore we haue found it valiente againste venim bothe whotte and colde and againste venimes that are contrarye to man his nature of the whole kinde It is founde also to moue the bellye and to staye the fluxe and therfore I surelye saye that as euery thinge emonge thinges engendering a common complexion whiche is called Complexio elementalis hathe morouer a proper hid nature whiche is of the whole kynde â–ª of hathe Theriaca beside and aboue the elementary complexion in that doinge and sufferinge of thinges enteringe together hys composition a hidde property against all kindes of venim to man his bodye contrarye And therfore it profiteth agaynste euerye venemous a posteme for the example and profite wherof I saye farther that there came to me in the Citye of Milaine a yonge man broughte by an Apothecarye hys frende hauynge Anthracem in the partes of the face whose malyce was so excedinglye encreased that the whole heade face and necke was incrediblye inflated and the sycke man was euen nowe in the signes of deathe For he hadde no pulse and also he swounded In so muche that I willed the Apothecarye to leade him home to hys house for he is a deade man And the Apothecarye sayd is ther then none other remedye wyth hym Then I a little bethinkynge my selfe saide Truelye if thou haddest of the best Triacle and gauest it him in great quantity perhaps he mighte yet liue but I beleue it not otherwise then verye doubtfullye The apothecarye then ledde hym to hys house scante able to goe and gaue to him of approued Triacle aboute ii drachmes and laide him in a bedde coueringe hym and immediatlye he felle into a swette whiche begane aboute the head and diseased place And wythin a while he swette ouer all and lo hys pulse returned and he was comforted And when hys swette was dryed vp the apothecarye of hys owne motion gaue to hym the same day one drachme more of the same Triacle and so was he healed sauynge that there remained on hym a certaine bladerye Ulcer whiche after was easilye cured And surelye I neuer sawe any other man escape after swoundinge tremblinge of the harte and whiche was the greatest maruelle wythoute pulse But I haue sene an infynite sorte that speaking and fealinge as it weare no grefe weare by me iudged to dye and haue died to the greate meruail of their frendes at the Prognostication And thus muche haue I sayde to thee of Triacle â–ª that thou mayste perchance throughe these woordes deliuer some man from deathe And I beseche the omnipotente God whose name be praysed for euer to graunte me synfulle man throughe his mercy that this my litle boke may be to his honour and the profite of his creatures But now to oure purpose After the comfortinge of the harte and euacuation of the matter the Carbuncle and Anthrax shall be ryped wyth their proper maturatiues wherof I wyl make mention in the ende of thys worke By the whyche remedyes all other furiouse apostâ—mes maye be cured namelye by comfortinge the harte and the member And after vlceration procede wyth the curations that shalle be geuen thee in the Chapiter of vlcers Of colde Apostemes Chapi .xv. COlde apostemes are healed wyth the purging of the bodye to the whych Trocisâ—us de Turbâ—tâ— is a specialle medicyne Whiche wâ—s of oure master as we wyll shewe in the antidotarye after the body is purged make resolution or maturation if râ—soâ—ution can not be madeâ— And in the antidotary thou shalte reade resolutiâ—â—s and maturatines for these apostemes Scrophules Glandules and Nodes And also mundificatiues for the apostemes called Botia ¶ The thirde parte of thys woorke conteineth three Chapiters namelye of Vlcers the Cancer and the Fistula Of Vlcers in generalle Chapi .i. VLcus and Vulnus doe manifestly dyffer â–ª for Vulnus is a wounde or a cutte newly made and an vlcer is a sore corrupte or oulde Althoughe in Phisicke it bee sometimes founde that an olde sore is of some named Vulnus but there Vulnus is taken for Plaga and not properly An Ulcer also differeth from the Cancer and Fistula eueÌ„ as Genus aspecie For euery Fistula is an Ulcer and so is euerye vlcered Cancer but not contrariwise and hereby shall the error of Rogerius Rolandus be manifested who saye that euerye wounde remaining vncured ii or .iii. monethes is not then Vulnus but is called Cancer or Fistula For all sores commyng of vlceratyng Pustules or of the coldnesse of the aer or of anye corruptyon or properlye speakinge by the incision of an aposteme and also all filthye and putrefied sores are vlcers And yet are they properlye neither Fistules nor Cancers For the Cancer and Fistula haue theyr proper differences where in they varye from vlcers as it shall appeare In Ulcers therfore there is some virulencye with
therfore iudge the same to haue a certeyne lykenes with the heauenly nature And as the world hath two notable lyghtes to gouerne the same namely the Sonne and the Moone so hath the body of man planred lykewyse in the hyghest place twoo lyghtes called eyes whiche are the lyghtes of the body as the Sonne and the Moone are the lyghtes of the worlde And it is also wrytten of some doctors that the brayne hath .vii. concauites being instrumentes of the wyttes which answere vnto the .vii. spheres of the planetes And to be briefe it is a worlde â—o beholde and a wonderful wonder to thynke that as great merueyles maye bee seene wrought by God in nature in this litle worlde man his body as ther is to be considered in any thyng in the vnyuersall great worlde aboue or benethe at any tyme. Secondly it is called a common weale for as muche as there is therin conseyned as it were a ryghteous regiment betwene a prynce and this subiectes as for example Let vs call the harte of maÌ„ a king the brayne and the lyuer the chiefe gouernours vnder hym the stomache and the guttes with other aperteinyng to nutrymente the officers of his courte and all the members vniuersally his subiectes And then let vs see if any man can deuyse any necessary instrument of a common weale nedefull for the wealth of the same from the hyghest to the lowest that the lyke shall not be founde in the body of man as it is so well knowne to all those that trauel in the knowledge of Anatomie that I nede not here muche therof to wryte Can it be perceyued that the hande or the fote or any part of them or such lyke which we may lyken to the labourers or as some call them vyle meÌ„bers of a common weale at any tyme to resiste or rebel against the harte their soueraigne lorde or any other officer vnder hym their superiors no truly The body of man is a common weale without rebellion the kyng so louyng his subiectes and the subiectes so louyng their kyng that the one is euer redy to mynister vnto the other all thynges nedefull as if the harte by any occasion susteyne damage as we may see in the disease called Sincope or swoundyng At suche a tyme I saye the face the handes and the fete are founde colde and without felynge strengthe or lyfe and what proueth it but that as louynge and obedient subiectes they thynke nothyng theyr own wherof the harte hath nede whiche is their lorde and gouernor yea they vtterly depryue theÌ„ selues of altogether to serue and please theyr lord Immediatly as the swoundyng ceaseth the bloude resorteth to the face she handes and the feete are warme agayne as it were benefites done rendered agayne with thankes and ioye And is not suche a lorde and kyng worthye of good subiectes that for the helpe of one of the leaste of them wyl spend all that he hath so long as lyte endureth as if a meÌ„ber be hurte wherby any veyne or artery is cutte the bloud or spirite will issue in suche wyse that it wyll not cease commyng thyther so longe as any is lette if it be not in tyme preuented Oh kynd and gentyll gouernour oh wel wyllyng and obedient subiectes Thirdly the body of man is called in greeke Anthropos in latin by interpretation Arbor euersa as we myght saye in Englysh a tree turned vpside downe For as a tree hath his roote in the earth growyng with his body and branches from the earth vp towardes the heauens so contrariwyse man hath his roote whiche is the head vpwarde towardes the heauens all other partes descendyng downwards to the earth which standeth by good reason that for this cause man of al otherthinges vnder heauen should be most excellent by the vse of reason receiued of the soule and of the same immortalitie most like vnto god Consideryng therfore that the body of man is so precious it shoulde seme that the science that serueth to kepe the same in healthe or to restore health beyng loste to the same should be a thyng of no smal value but rather of great regarde Therfore as I iudge they erre not that esteme the medicinall arte next vnto diuinitie for as muche as diuynitie is the meane wherby the soule is saued chirurgery the meane to saue the body whiche is next in value vnto the soule Wherfore as they which lytle esteme that arte wherof the office is so precious seme very vnwyse and to wante vtterly the vse of reason so is it a great enormitie for any to enterpryse to vse that arte not able to coÌ„prehende the knowledge of the same For the which cause that I myght partly helpe younge studentes as I am one my selfe to the ataynyng of some perfectioÌ„ I haue here gathered a lytle worke conteynyng three shorte treatyses of the Anatomy or dissection of the partes of man his body Wherin I wyl not he so curious as to take vpon me the precise numberyng of euery smal and difficulte parte nor to be exquisite in the dyuersitie of names but only shewyng suche number and names briefly as serue moste to the commodities of the chyrurgiens intelection with an order of conducible notes howe to vse our handy worke of medicine called in greke Chirurgia vpon the body of man or any parte therof whether it be â—ncisions cauterizations bloudlettyng called phlebotomy or ventosing called also cuppyng or boxyng scarification or openyng of apostemes on what parte of the body so euer it be that none error be committed in the same For of the contrary as of the vncunnyng doynges of any of these commeth dyuers dangers as the depriuation and losse both of members and lyfe And as it may euidently apeare for that cause was the cutting out of dead bodies first put in vse and the large volumes wrytten therof by auncient authors declare their intent to be chiefly for that thing So that as Guido affirmeth Anatomy is .ij. wayes to be learned The first and beste by cuttyng of dead bodyes The seconde by doctrine wrytten in bookes Of this later maner we shall by the grace of God in this short treatyse saye a lytle as occasion serueth and as the smalnes of the volume wyll geue me leaue Beyng therto somwhat encouraged by the example of good maister Uâ—carie late sargeante chyrurgien to the queâ—nes highnes Who was the firste that euer wrote a treatyse of Anatomie in Englyshe to the profite of his brethren chirurgiens and the helpe of younge studentes as farre as I can learne Wherin I haue omytted narracion by tables or payntyng out of pyctures thinkyng it more profitable for learners to exercyse the cuttyng out of bodyes them selues then to beholde the grauyng or paynting of others For Galen sayeth in his seconde boke of the vse of partes that whosoeuer wyll be a dyligent beholder of the workes of nature It behoueth hym not to beleue only bokes of Anatomie but rather his owne
and the hele are planted in them And they are called the .ii. focils of the legges that is to say the greater focill and the lesse The biggest is that which is vppermoste on the shin called in greke Perone and in latine Sura Focile maius And the least is that which they commoÌ„ly call the splint bone in the calfe of the legge called in Greke Cneme and in latine Tibia Focile minus And in the lower endes these ii bones haue .ii. additioÌ„s called Malleoli whyche are the ancle bones vnto whyche is knytte nexte forwarde vnder them a bone called in greke Astragalos and in latine Talus Nerte vnto these behynde is ioyned the hele bone called of the Grecians Pternan of the latines Os Calcis or Calcaneum Then nexte before is the insteppe bone called of hys forme the shiplike bone therefore in greke Scaphoeides and in latine Nauiforme Then followe the .iiii. bones called Rasseta pedis and with theÌ„ together Tarsus Of the which one in the innersyde of the fote is called in greke Cyboeides in latine Cubiforme and in Englyshe the cube bone or the dye bone because it is euerye waye square lyke a cube or dye and the other .iii. are called Chalcoidea Unto this Rasseta are immediatlye ioyned the .v. bones of the plante of the foote called in Greke Pedion in latine Pecten or Planta pedis whiche answereth nighlye to that parte of the hande called Metacarpium Immediatlye vnto theese endlonge ioyne the bones of the two toes as in the hande of the fingers called therfore Digiti pedis whych are .xiiii. in number for in euery toe of the foote are .iii. bones saue onlye in the greate toe in the whiche is but .ii. bones because that toe nedeth no greate mouynge neither is it necessarye to hys forme and shape And thus it apeareth that in the legge and foote from the hyp to the toes are conteined .xxxi. bones The .iii. Chapiter ⧠Of the synewes veynes arteryes and muscles of the whâ—le leg of theyr beginninges procedynges formes and offyces and howe incisyon or other lyke handye worke ought there to be done wyth also the veynes of section for Phlebotomye FRom the holes of the .v. spondilles of the reynes and from the holes of the last bone of the ridge as Galen saythe in the .xiii and .xvi. boke of the vse of partes Come synewes whyche procede by the hynder parte of the hanches or hippes after the lengthe therof and these synewes geue vnto these places feling mouyng wilful stirring They are there also medled with flesh making muscles wherby not only those meÌ„bers are seuerallye moued but also such formes fashioÌ„s as they haue are thereby so institute and made For from the endes of the muscles thus made procede chordes whiche moue the nether and the vpper end and especially the knee the shin the legges And there appere vnder the knees or hammes .ii great chordes the which moue draw the legge bothe in and oute and all these synewes muscles bondes and tendones of the thigh and legge procede longwise After the lengthe of those meÌ„bers there come also braÌ„ches from the sayd sinewes which come from the holes of the spondilles of the reines into the greate and small muscles of the legges From the nether endes wherof come the mouynges of the fete and the meÌ„bers therof as the hele and the toes c. And from the sydes of the knee and also from the bone called Patella genu in the calfe of the legge procedeth a certen knitlynge together of synewes and muscles which are noble and delicate Of the woundinge and prickinge of whyche procedeth greate payne accidens and disease vnto the rootes of them in suche maner that oftentimes the chirurgien can by no wisedome cunnyng brynge remedy to the patient or saue hym froÌ„ death wherfor the wounds of those places are dangerons and dredfull and many times vncurable as some authores haue wrytten And from the greate holowe veyne called Vena Coele or Vena Caua whyche hathe hys begynninge in the liuer as as it was aforesayde and from the greate arterye whyche commeth from the ryghte eare of the hearte as it was also sayde From this veine and arterye I saye commeth branches of veines and arteries downe to the gryndes or shares from whence they procede branchinge downe with the synewes and muscles of the thighes legges and feete and procede still after the lengthe as doe the synewes and muscles euen vnto the endes of the toes geuing nourishmeÌ„t and life vnto those meÌ„bers And of these together is made and wouen the vttermoste sensible skyn of those partes And therfore it manifestlye appeareth how the openinges of apostemes oughte to be done in these places That is to say in the thyghes the legges and the feete that the cuttinges and cauterizations ought to be done according to the length of the spondilles and of the bodye And from the greate branches of Vena concaua that come into eche thighe there are certain branches procedinge the which are veines necessary to Phlebotomy for diuers causes as in phisike also in chirurgery it is to be red wherof the first appeareth in the hamme called Vena popletica The second in the inside of the ancle called Saphena and of some Malleolaris The third in the outsyde of the ancle called Ischiatica The fourth is betwene the litle toe and the next adiacent called Renalis And this semeth sufficient in respect of the rest of the worke to be spoken of the veines of the legges and fete namely suche as serue to Phlebotomye THE SIXTE PARTE VVHICH brieflie in one Chapiter sheweth the names as well in Latine as in Englishe of all the exterior or outwarde partes of man his body from the heade to the feete FIrste the crowne or vpper parte of the heade where the heare groweth or turneth euerye waye is called in latine Vertex the fore parte wherof is called Sinciput and the hinder parte Câ—ciput Then the face whiche is called in Latine Facies the vpper parte wherof whyche we call in Englishe the forhead is called in Latine Frons the browes of the eyes are called Supercilia the eye lyddes Palpebrae the corners of the eyes Anguli Oculorum and the eyes Oculi The nose is called in latine Nasus the cheekes Genae the nosethrilles Nares the lippes Labra the mouthe Os the tunge Lingua and the rouffe of the mouthe Palatum the iawes are called Maxillae as the vpper iawe Maxilla superior and the nather iawe Maxilla inferior Dentes the teethe and the chynne Mentum The partes aboue the eyes and eares whiche we call in Englysh the temples are called in latine Tempora the eares are called Aures the heare Capilli and Barba the bearde The parte of the necke behynde reachinge from the nodle to the nether spondill
vse thy creatures to the helpe of my christen brethren and neighboures in that arte that I throughe thy prouidence haue from my youthe vp bene trained and instituted vnto that not onlye I for the prosperous successe of mine arte but my poore pacientes also and all other together maye praise and honor thy holy and blessed name which liuest and reignest one God in Trinitye and Trinitye in vnitye world wythout end Amen Another O Lorde God euerlasting and almighty chirurgien who only art the Lord that healest Israell that is thine elect And hast created medicin out of the earth of no wise man to be abhorred so that bitter water was made swete by the vertue of a tree that men mighte learne therby to knowe that thou haste geuen vertue to all thinges and hast geuen wisdome and knowledge vnto men froÌ„ time to time that thou maist be honored in thy wonderous workes For Salomon spake of all rotes and trees euen from the Cedar that groweth in Libanon vnto the Hisope that springeth out of the wall Ye he spake also of beastes foules wormes and of fishes I reade also O Lorde that by a little meale the bitternesse of Colocinthis was cured in the potage pot of the prophets children And by a plaster of figges kinge Ezechias was healed of his sicknesse sore I also remember that by the gaule of a fyshe the blindnesse was taken from olde Tobies eyes Innumerable O Lorde are the testimonies of scripture beside dailye experience whiche prouoketh and stirreth me to laud and praise thy moste glorious name I beseche thee therfore oh moste mercifull Lord that I maye so vse and all my patientes so receiue thy creatures that thou so graciously haste ordeined for medicine that health may be obteined and thy name for the same euerlastingly honored Graunt this oh lorde holy and euerliuyng god for the merites of thy dere sonne our only sauiour and mercye seate thy holy wisdome Jesus Christ in whom is all vertue to cure all thynges worlde without ende Amen A praier to be vsed of the good Chirurgien before he conclude to take in hande the curation of any harde and difficulte thing at any mans importunate sute and requeste O Almightie lorde God heauenly father who by thy diuine prouidence forseest and disposest all thinges to thy glory and the profite of thy churche Thou seest all thinges before they come to passe and thinges that yet are not are with thee as though they were but man thou hast inclosed within metes boundes of knowyng thinges after they are chanced so that we only iudge of thinges present as for thynges to come we can not before hande certenly decerne them Not withstanding for so much as thou hast mercifully decreed through our lorde Jesus Christe that all thinges turne to the beste to those thy chosen chyldren who rightly loue and feare thee Thy strengthe supplieth our weakenes thy wysdome our folye thy knowledge our ignorance And causest vs neuerthelesse to fele by faithe in our soules that whiche our carnall senses can in no wyse taste My prayer therfore oh mercifull lorde is that of thy gracious goodnes and merciful benignitie thou wilt so forsee and prouide for me most vnworthy and wretched sinner yet thy seruant through Christe that I neuer take vpon me to cure either this or any other thing vnles thy godly will be that I may through thy grace so ende the same that not only I may thereby attayne an honest fame and the partie greued ioye gladnes and health But chiefly that we both and all other good people the same consideryng may remember thee with thankes lande honor and prayse for thyne abundant mercie grace and vertue to our lyues ende Graunt this O Lorde God eternall and omnipotent for the sake of thy euerlasting word thy dere sonne our only sauiour and mediatour by whome thou workest all in all thynges who lyueth and reigneth with thee and the holy ghost one God in Trinitie and Tinitie in vnitie worlde without ende Amen ¶ Nowe that after my symple skill I haue formed praiers mete for Chirurgiens I thinke it mete to shew also an example howe to prayse God for the good successe of the chirurgiens busines as foloweth O Eternall father almyghtie God maker of al things howe great glorious are all thy woÌ„derous workes thy louyng kyndnes and mercies to mankynde excedyng them all for thy benefites bestowed on mankynde are infinite and incomparable Among whiche thy creatures and workes of thy handes I moste poore vnworthy man and wretched sinner haue endlesse cause to acknowledge thy grace and mercies If oh lord I should once imagin to gratifie thy goodnes beholde what hath mortal man to geue vnto God or what hath man that is not Gods neyther hast thou O God any nede of man or ought that man hath But not withstandyng thy sonne our sauiour by diuyne prouidence hath satisfied for vs thy wyll and apeased thy wrath iustly bente on vs for our manifold sinnes And through the holy ghoste thy spirite of truthe who leadeth vs vnto all truthe we are informed that thou askeste of vs from henceforthe no more but a lyuely sacrifice of thankes geuyng and prayse of thy holy name Wherfore not withstaÌ„ding mine vnworthines through Christe I am boldened fully hopyng that of thy great mercye thou wilt fatherly accepte the same moste hartily to thanke thee with all my harte and soule for the good successe that thou haste geuen to the exercise of my handes to brynge euen wonderfull thinges to passe Wherfore O Lorde holy and iust all possible thankes honour glory and prayse be geuen vnto thee Beseching thee for Jesus Christes sake to geue me grace that I neuer forgette or put out of mynde for any thynge whyle I lyue to remember styll to offer thee this sacrifice so that I receyue not this thy great graces vnthankefully vnto my lyues ende and after this lyfe that I may with the holy patriarkes prophetes Apostles Euangelistes Martyrs Confessors Angels and Archangels synge with incessant voyce before thy throne holy holy holy Lorde God of Sabaoth for euer and euer Amen Finally see that ye ascribe al honor vnto the holy Trinitie and seke not in any wyse your owne prayse and vayne glorie least ye therein displease GOD and iustely prouoke hym to withdrawe his grace frome you whose instrumentes ye are whyle ye dooe well as is the hammer in the hande of the woorke manne For as sayeth the prophete Esaie Cap. 10. Num gloriabitur securis aduersus eum qui â—asecat aut serra magnificabitur aduersus eum qui se tractat Quod perinde esset ac si uirga sese eleuaret coÌ„tra euÌ„ qui ipsam fert et baculus sese extolleret quasi lignum non esset That is Shall the axe boste it selfe against him that heweth therwith or shall the sawe bragge against him that haÌ„dleth it Which were euen lyke as if the rodde did exalte it selfe against hym