Scythiās cure of the Scyatica which the Scythians did vse to open to helpe the Scyatica or hip-gowr The Iugular veynes he describeth in the fourth Booke de Morbis In his Booke de Natura ossium hee commandeth to open the veynes of the hams and ankles in pains of the Loynes and Testicles In the first Section of the 6. Book Epidemiωn in fits of the stone or inflāmations of the Kidneyes hee openeth the Ham veynes The shoulder veyne he describeth in his Booke de ossium Natura calling it sanguiflua or the blood-flowing veine In his Booke de victus ratione in morbis acutis in the Plurisie he openeth the Basilica or Liuer veine which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the inner or internall veine Now the common Originall and vse of the veines he declareth in his Booke de Alimento as also of the arteries 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the radication or roote of the veynes is the Liuer of the Arteries the Heart out of these blood spirits and heate are distributed into the whole body Of the Nerues you shall reade many things yet dispersedly but for their cōmon Originall which all men were ignorant of he pointed it out manifestlie All Hippo. discouered the Original of the Nerues men almost do hold that the softest nerues or nerues of sense doe arise from the brain the hard such as serue for motion from the Cerebellum or little braine but now it is resolued especially since Varolius his curious search by a new manner of anatomizing the head that all the Nerues euen the Opticks themselues doe arise from this Cerebellum or backeward Varolius commendation braine which me thinkes Hippocrates insinuateth in his Booke De ossium Natura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The originall of the Nerues is from the Occipitium or hinder part of the head euen to the racke bones the hippes the priuities the thighes the armes the legges and the feete Of Glandules or Kernels hee wrote an entire Booke and so much of the similar parts Of the Organicall parts also he wrote much and that excellently Of the Heart a Golden booke wherein he so excelleth that I thinke neither Galen nor Vesalius haue gone beyond Hippocrates Golden book of the Heart him for exact description but in it there are many things obscure which needes an Interpreter if the world were so happy The history of the infant the Principles of generation the conceyuing forming norishment life motion and birth hath he most excellentlie described in his bookes De Natura pueri De septimestri and De octimestri partu We conclude therefore that Hippocrates wrote very diuinely of Anatomy but withall so obscurely as his workes euen to this age seeme to be sealed from the greatest wits I think therefore An exhortation to take paines in Hippocrates that he shall merit most of Physicke who hauing all his furniture about him shall labour to make manifest to the world those diuine Oracles which hitherto we haue rather admired then vnderstoode What Galen hath written of Anatomie and how vniustly he is accused by the later writers especially by Vesalius CHAP. XI ALmost all the Grecians Arabians and Latines do very much extoll Galen as after Hippocrates the second Father of Physicke forasmuch as he hath The prayse of Galen in such sort amplified and adorned the whole Art by his deep and diuine writings that vnder him it may seeme to be as it were borne anew For indeede howbeit there were extant before many excellent Monuments Records yet were they so confused and shuffled out of order that it seemed a new worke to gather together those thinges that were dispersed to illustrate that which was hard and difficile rude and vnpolisht to distinguish and order that which was confused beside many things which he obserued in his owne particular experience For other parts of Physick I will say nothing but for Anatomy I will confidently auouch that Galen hath so beautified and accomplished it that he hath not onely dispersed the blacke clowds of ignorance which hung ouer the former ages but also giuen great light splendor to the insuing posterity For whereas there are three meanes which leade vs as it were by the hand to the perfect and exact knowledge of Anatomy namely Dissection of the Three things acomplishing an Anatomist parts their actions and their vses he hath so accurately described them all as he hath gotten the prize from all men not onely before him but euen after him also The manner of Dissection he hath manifested in his Bookes de Anatomicis administrationibus de Dissectione musculorum neruorum The actions of the seuerall parts he hath elegantly described to the life in his Booke de naturalibus facultatibus de placitis Hippocratis Platonis But aboue all are those seuenteene golden bookes of the Vse of parts which are truly called Diuine labours and hymnes sung in praise of the Creator So that the benefites we all and those before vs haue receyued by Galen are indeede very great and yet the more the pitty almost all the new Writers do continually carpe and barke at him yea teare and rend him whether it be by right or wrong wounding and lancing his credite vpon euery slight occasion one by way of cauill another ambitiously seeking to make himselfe esteemed by Galens disgrace and few with any desire that truth should take place But as flouds beating against the rockes by how much they rush with greater violence by so much they are more broken and driuen backe into the maine so such are their bootlesse and ridiculous endeauors who enterprize by the disgrace of another especially of their Maisters and Teachers to gaine reputation vnto themselues But let vs see wherein these Nouices do blame Galen First they say hee hath giuen vs onely the Anatomy of bruite beasts and not of Man hauing neuer dissected a mans body The slanderof the new Writers against Galen Againe they vrge that he was ignorant of many things which at this day are generally commonly knowne Thirdly they say he deliuers many things repugnant and contrary to himself Lastly that he hath written all things confusedly without Method or order For say they what Method can ther be obserued in his books of the vse of Parts which you cal diuine First he treats of the hand then of the legges and feete and last of all of the lower belly and the naturall parts How sillie these calumniations are and how miserably these The confutation of the first slander men are by their owne ignorance deceiued let all men heare and iudge For to begin with the first I say and affirme that Galen did not onely cut vp the bodies of Apes but manie times also the carkasses of men My witnesse shall be the author himselfe In his thirteenth booke de vsu partium I am determined saith he
already declared doth sufficiently witnes But as Hippocrates Erasistratus when he was wiser Herophilus Galen and most Anatomists do agree from the braine from which also the spinall marrow draweth his original From the brain I say which is manifested as wel by sense in the dissection therof where we see many riuers of nerues in the braine to which those of the body are continuated as also because their substances are marrowy alike and cloathed each of them with two membranes Moreouer the affects or diseases of the head doe manifestly proue that all Sense and motion doe flow from the Brayne So in the Apoplexy which is caused by an obstruction of the passages of the Brayne the Animall Faculty is instantly intercepted albeit the heart be altogether indempnified So in the Epilepsie or Falling sicknes where the marrow of the brayne from whence the nerues do yssue is affected the whole body is drawn into Convulsion which is nothing so when the heart is affected But we sayde before that a beginning is double one of Generation another of Dispensation An original double In respect of their Generation their beginning is Seede of which as of their immediate matter they are framed In respect of their Dispensation their beginning is in the brayne together I meane with the After-brayne which is the originall à quo from which Those Pipes if so you list to call them which receiue Sense and Motion are distributed into the body as the part standeth in need of the one or the other or both Againe the Nerues are sayde to be of two sorts some proceeding from the brayne The differences of nerues some from the spinall marrow and of these againe some from the beginning of the Spinall marrow that is being yet contayned in the scull others in the Spinall marrow which is in the Rack-bones of the Chine Againe of these some belong to the marrow of the Necke some of the Chest some of the Loynes and some of the Os sacrum or Holy-bone to which also we may adioyne the nerues of the Ioynts Bauhine in this place interposeth his owne opinion which is that all Nerues doe yssue Bauhines opinion of the originall of nerues 8. seueral opinions quoted by him from the marrow of the brayne oblongated or lengthned out some whilest it remayneth yet in the Scull and some after But withall hee maketh mention of diuers opinions both of the Ancient and late Writers concerning the originall of the Nerues which discourse of his we will here transcribe but contract it as briefly as we can Hee reckoneth therefore eight opinions for the ninth we thinke not worthy to be remembred The first is of Hippocrates in his booke de natura ossium in the very beginning where Hippocrates he sayth that the original of the nerues is from the Nowle vnto the Spine the Hippe the Share the Thighes the Armes the Legs and the Foote The second is Aristotles who in many places deliuereth that they arise from the heart because in it there are aboundance of nerues for which hee mistooke the fibres and because Aristotle from thence motions doe arise and vnder his Ensigne Alexander Auicen and the whole schoole of the Peripateticks doe merrit or band themselues This opinion of Aristotle Auerhoes and Aponensis with some others doe maintayne indeede but with a distinction affirming that they issue from the hart mediante cerebro by the mediation of the brayne or that they arise from the heart and are multiplyed and propagated in the brain The third is that of Praxagoras who thought that the Nerues were nothing else but Praxagoras extenuated Arteries The fourth of Erasistratus who thought they yssued from the Dura meninx but in his Erasistratus age he changed his mind as Galen witnesseth of him The fift is Galens who determineth that the Nerues and the Spinal marrow doe proceede Galen from the brayne The sixt is that of Vesalius who saith that some Nerues issue out of the Scull others Vessalius out of the Racks of the Spine those that proceede out of the Scull doe arise from the basis of the forepart of the braine or from the beginning of the Spinal Marrow before it enter into the spondelles The rest from the Spinall marrow remayning within the Racke-bones The seauenth is Falopius his opinion in his obseruations where hee sayeth that some Falopius Nerues as those that are soft doe arise from the brayne or the marrow within the Scul others from the Spinall marrow The eight is Varolius opinion who sayth that all Nerues doe take their original from the Spinall marrow which proceedeth from the brayne and the After-brayne and with Varolius him doe Platerus Archangelus and Laurentius vpon the matter consent as also doeth Bauhine as you haue heard before The Nerues therefore which yssue from the Marrow of the Brayne contayned yet within the Scull are commonly accounted 7 paires according to Galen some make nine coniugations which are called Nerui cerebri The Nerues of the Brayne which may be expressed in this disticke Optica prima oculos mouit altera tertia gustat Quartaque quinta audit vaga sexta septima linguae est The Opticks first Eye Mouers next the third and fourth doe Tast The fift doth Heare the sixt doth gad the Tongue claymes seuenth and last To which also we may adde the organs of Smelling Other Nerues do arise from the same marrow after it is falne through the great hole of the Nowle-bone and runneth thorough the holes bored in the racke-bones of the spine where it is properly called Spinalis medulla the Spinal Marrow And these are thirty paires or Coniugations that is to say seuen of the Neck of the Chest or backe twelue fiue of 30. pair of the spinall marow the Loines and six of the Holy-bone from which the nerues of the ioynts do arise For the hand receiueth sometimes fiue some sixe propagations from the fift sixt and seuenth paires of the necke and from the first and second paires of the Chest the foot receiueth foure Nerues from the three lower paires of the Loines and from the foure sometimes the fiue vppermost of the Holy-bone which are called nerues of the spinall marrow These nerues do yssue on either side after the same manner for no nerue is produced without his companion and therefore the Grecians called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Neruorum paria or Coniugia paires or Coniugations of nerues All these Coniugations as they do arise alike one from the right hand the other from the left so are they also distributed after one and the same manner except onely the sixt paire of the Braine whose right nerue is not diuided as is the left as we shall heare afterward And thus much shall haue bene sufficient to haue said in generall concerning the nature differences vse and originall of the nerues Now we descend vnto their particular Historie beginning with
action of the similar parts is common not proper Galen maketh foure orders of organs or instruments the first is such as are most simple which consist onely of similars as Foure orders of Organs the muscles The second are those that are composed of the first as fingers The third are such as are made of the second as the hand The fourth are such as are made of the third In a perfect Organ there are 4. kinds of parts as the arme Againe in euery perfect organ we may obserue foure kindes of parts The first is of those by which the action is originally performed where these are there is also the faculty and therefore they are said to bee the principall parts of the organ such is the Christalline humor in the eye for it onely is altered by colours and receiueth the images of visible things The second kind is of those without which the action is not performed and these doe not respect the action primarily and of themselues but the necessity of the Perse. action such are in the eye the opticke nerue the glassie humour and the albuginious which is like the white of an egge The third kinde is of those by which the action is better performed and these respect the perfection of the action and therefore are called Helpers such are in the eye the coates and the muskles which moue and turne the eyes with a wonderfull volubility The last kinde is of those parts which doe conserue or preserue the action these are the causes that all the rest do worke safely they respect the action not as it is an action simply but as it is to continue and indure such in the eyes are the browes lids and orbe of the eye and this is the nature of dissimilar and organicall parts But that we might not passe ouer anything wee will adde this one for a complement that Another diulsion of dissimilar parts of dissimilar parts some are such by the first institution of nature as the hands and the feet from which if you take all the similar parts you shall reduce them into nothing others are dissimilar secondarily because of the implications and textures of veines arteries and sinewes in them as the Heart the Braine and the Liuer for if you take from the Braine the common similar parts yet there will remaine the proper substance of the Braine The other differencies of the parts are vnfoulded CHAP. XXI THere are also other differences of parts not so necessary for a Chirurgion to know which notwithstanding because we would leaue nothing behinde vs we will briefly declare Galen in his Booke de arteparua maketh foure differences Galen maketh 4. differences of parts of parts some parts are principall as the Brayne the Heart the Liuer and the Testicles Some doe arise from these principal and minister vnto them as nerues veines arteries and seede vessels some neither gouerne others nor are gouerned of others but haue only in-bred faculties as bones gristles ligaments membranes Finally some parts haue vertues both in-bred and influent as the organs of sence and motion The Arabians gather the diuisions of parts from the substance the Temper How the Arabians distinguish he parts those things which follow the temper and those things which are accidentarie or happen to the part whence some parts are fleshy some spermaticall some hot others cold some moyst others dry some soft others hard some mooueable others immooueable finally some sensible others insensible Those which haue sence haue it either sharpe and quicke or stupid and dull A part is saide to haue exquisite sence three wayes either because of the perfection of the sense so the skin which couereth the palme of the hand and especially the fingers endes hath an exact perception of the tractable or touchable qualities or because it is more easily and sooner violated and offended by the internal and externall qualities which strike the sence so the eye is saide to be of very acute and quicke sence or because it hath a determinate or particular sence which no where else is to bee found so the mouth of the stomacke is of most exquisite sence that it might apprehend and feele the exhaustion or emptines and the suction or appetite of the other parts so also the parts of generation in both sexes haue in them a strange and strong desire and longing after their proper satisfaction The Anatomists commonly do diuide the whole body into the Head the Chest the lower belly and the ioynts The Egyptians into the head the necke the chest the hands The Egyptians diuision of the bodie Diocles. Fernelius his excellent diuision of the bodie the feet Diocles into the head the chest the belly and the bladder Fernelius in the second Book of his Method diuideth the body into publicke and priuate Regions and truely as I thinke very commodiously for a practising Physitian or Chirurgion The publick Region is threefold One and properly the first reacheth from the Gullet into the middle part of the Liuer in which are the stomacke the Meseraicke veynes the hollow part of the Liuer the Spleene and the Pancreas or sweete bread between them The second runneth from the midst of the Liuer into the small and hairy veines of the particular partes comprehending the gibbous or bounding part of the Liuer all the hollow veine the great arterie that accompanieth it and whatsoeuer portion of them is betweene the arme-holes the Groine The third Region comprehendeth the Muscles Membranes Bones and in a word all the Moles or mountenance of the body There are also many priuate Regions which haue their proper superfluities and peculiar passages for their expurgation And thus me thinkes I haue run through the nature of Man the Excellency Profite Necessitie and Method of Anatomy who haue written therof as well in olde times as of later yeares and among our selues the definitions diuisions of Anatomy the Subiect or proper Obiect of the same the nature of a Part with the differences and distributions of the same it remaineth now that we vntie such knots as might in this entrance intangle vs and so hinder our progresse to that wished end which we set before vs. A Dilucidation or Exposition of the Controuersies concerning the Subiect of ANATOMY The Praeface AS in the knowledge of Diuine Mysteries Implicit Fayth is the highway to perdition so in humane learning nothing giues a greater checke to the progresse of an Art then to beleeue it is already perfected and consummated by those which went before vs and therfore to rest our selues in their determinations For if the ancient Philosophers and Artists had contented thēselues to walke onely in the Tracke of their predecessours and had limited their Noble wits within other mens bounds the Father had neuer brought foorth the Daughter neuer had Time broght Truth to light which vpon the fall of Adam was chained in the deepe Abysse There is as of the World
in the Spleene Moreouer we are perswaded saith he heereunto both by the structure of the Spleene it selfe and by the Symptomes or accidents which follow those that are splenetick For the structure Hippocrates in his first Booke de morbis mulerum saith that the Spleene is rare and spongy as it were another tongue Beside there are innumerable foulds of Arteries therein Hippocrates now these foulds are no where ordained but for a new elaboration and therefore in the Braine is the wonderfull or admirable web formed in the testicles mazy vessels in the Liuer millions of veines wherefore it followeth that Nature hath ordained the spleene for the preparing and attenuating of vitall bloode Add heereto that all the Symptomes of spleniticke persons as a liuid or leaden colour vnsauoury sweate aboundance of lice puffings or swellings of the feete palpitiations of the heart are demonstratiue signes of a languishing or decayed heate and impure spirits The probability of these arguments hath made many to stagger in their resolution concerning this point and yet notwithstanding if they be called to the touchstone wee imagine they will proue no current Coine For how may it be that the vitall spirit prepared in Vlmus opiniō confuted the webs of the Spleene should be conueyed by the great Artery vnto the left Ventricle of the heart when at his orifice there are three Values or Membranes shut without and open within which hinder the ingresse of any thing into the heart And this Hippocrates in his Booke De corde plainly auoucheth whose words because they are sweeter then Nectar Hippocrates and brighter then the midday Sun we will willingly transcribe At the mouths or ingate of the Arteries there are three round Membranes disposed in their top like a halfe circle and they that prie into these secrets of Nature do much wonder howe these orifices and ends of the great Arteries do close themselues for if the heart be taken out and one of those Membranes be lift vp and another couched downe neyther water nor winde can passe into the heart and these Membranes are more exactly disposed in the mouthes of the left ventricle and that for very good reason Thus farre Hippocrates From whence I gather if nothing can passe through the Artery into the heart how shall the bloode attenuated in the Arteries of the Spleene passe thereinto as Vlmus conceiteth But I know what the answere will bee that those Membranes are not ordained altogether to hinder the passage too and fro but that nothing should passe or repasse together or at once after a tumultuous manner But this is idly to decline the force of the argument for the blood that is brought into the heart for the generation of vitall spirits must both be aboundant and at once aboundantly exhibited vnto it which these semicircular Membranes will not admit But concerning this question wee shall haue occasion to dispute heereafter when we entreate of the preparation of the vitall spirit for this time therefore thus much shall suffice Notwithstanding whereas he obiecteth that the large and manifold Arteries which are Obiection Answer 4. vses of the Arteries of the Spleene in the Spleene were not ordained in vaine but for a further elaboration of blood I answer that the vse of the Arteries of the Spleen is fourefold The first that by their pulsation they might purge and attenuate the foeculent and drossie blood the second to solicit or cal this blood out of the Veines into the substance of the Spleene the third to ventilate or breath the naturall heate of the Spleene defiled and almost extinguished by so impure a commixtion least it should faint and decay and finally to impart vnto the Spleen the vitall faculty And so wee see how these notable Arteries are not without especiall Reasons ordayned Answere to the argument of the Symptomes As for the Symptoms which follow Splenitick Patients they happen from the impurity of the blood not yet cleansed from this foeculent excrement and are rather effects of a Perfect Creatures may liue without their Spleenes fault in sanguification then of the store house of the spirits Moreouer if the Spleen had beene ordained for the preparation of the vitall spirit it should haue been found in all perfect creatures because that spirit is of absolute necessity for the maintenance of life Yet Laurentius saith that a few yeares before he wrote his Anatomy hee cut vppe at Paris in A History out of Laurentius France the body of a young man corpulent and full of flesh wherein he found no spleen at all the splenicke braunch was there and that very large ending into a small glandulous or kernelly body and the two haemorrohidal veines which purged the foeculencie of the bloud Pliny in the 11. Book of his Naturall history writeth that the Spleen is a great hinderance Pliny to good foot-man-shippe or swift running and therefore some doe vse to seare it yea and they say that a creature may liue though it bee taken out of the side Againe those creatures which haue lesse of this drossie slime haue no spleenes and yet it is not to bee denyed but they ingender vitall spirites Hereof Aristotle is a witnesse in the 15. Chapter of his Aristotle Creatures that lay egges haue smal spleenes second booke de historia Animalium where hee sayeth that the Spleene is in all creatures which haue blood but in many of those which lay egges it is so small that it cannot almost be perceiued as appeareth in Pigeons Kites Hawkes and Owles These thinges being so let vs now lay downe our opinion concerning the vse of the Concerning the vse of the spleene agreeing with the trueth spleen We will therefore with Galen that the spleene is ordayned for the expurgation of foeculent blood and therefore Nature hath placed it opposite to the Liuer that the thicke and muddy part of the iuice being drunk vp and exhausted the blood might be made pure This melancholy iuyce by a wonderfull prouidence and vnknowne familiarity the Spleene inuiteth vnto it selfe yet not pure and vnmingled as the bladder draweth choler but allayed with much benigne iuyce and laudable blood because as wee sayed before where the draught is made through large orificies there the iuyce is neuer sincere but mixed with some other humour This bloud thus drawne and brought by the Splenicke braunch the aboundance of Arteries doe attenuate mitigate and concoct making it like vnto the Spleene which is nourished Galen with the purer part thereof This Galen witnesseth where he sayth That the Spleen draweth thicker blood then the Liuer but is nourished with thinner and the impurer part sometime belcheth backe into the bottome of the Stomacke sometime falleth into the Hemorrhoidall veines and this is the true and vniforme opinion of Galen and the most Physitians concerning Confirmed by reasons The first the vse of the Spleene which it shall not bee amisse to proue also
cauity and is not the seede led along by the leading vesselles to the smal bladders and Prostatae and there kept in readines for effusion without any cauity The seed itselfe is houen with aboundance of spirits which maketh it to passe orgasmo that is with a kinde of impetuous violence If it be obiected that seede is thicker then arteriall blood which yet hath need of a conspicuous canell or pipe to passe Obiection in as are the arteries I answere that the arteriall bloud is a plentifull streame ordayned Solution to water the whole body with a continuall and aboundant influxion which could not bee without very patent and open passages so Nature formed the arterial veine large and ample that it might be sufficient to nourish the Lungs a rare body and in continuall motion But the seede falleth by degrees and insinuateth it selfe rather then floweth into the spermaticke vessels and is first prepared in their circumuolutions and after is deriued through small pores and hayrie passages into the substance of the Testicles and is thence driuen into the eiaculatorie vessels which are indeed porous as an Indian Reede but haue no sensible cauity at all There is not therefore required any such rectitude and amplitude in the vessels or substances conteyning the seed as Aristotle dreamt of either for the concoction or eiaculation and auoyding thereof But let vs presse Aristotle a little farther although the Testicles doe hang in their due place yet doe those men become lesse apt for generation who haue their Testicles bruised Arguments against Aristotle or worne and wasted or refrigerated so that euen thence it is manifest that their chiefe vse is not to streatch or dilate the vessels besides many creatures haue their Testicles within tyed to their backs and yet are as fruitfull as any other as some Tuppes or Rammes called Riggall Tuppes and all female creatures who are very prolifique though their Testicles hang not at all Furthermore if the Testicles were made as waights to keepe the passages open then in the time of coition or generation and eiaculation of seede the Testicles should descend downeward that the passages might bee made more patent and open but we finde the quite contrary to be true that in coition the Testicles are contracted drawn vpward not let lower downward Aristotles nice conceited vse therefore is but supposititious and not the true vse of Nature Auerrhois being not able to auoyde the strength of Auerhois forsaketh Aristotle these reasons departeth from Aristotles opinion to whome he was so much addicted and yeeldeth that the Testicles haue power to procreate seede The second vse ascribed to the Testicles by Aristotle is for the tension and strengthning Confutation of the 2. vse of the heart to which we answere that they bee of small waight neither doe they hang at the heart vnlesse it be by arteries and those not right but oblique and yet those adhearing and tyed to the neighbour partes so as the Testicles cannot by them streatch or bend the heart againe if this were a vse truely assigned then their hearts and vigor should be strongest whose Testicles are more relaxed and hung lower but women finde these much more impotent and account them lazie loyned fellowes adde hereto that if the heart needed any tension it might better haue beene tentered and with shorter stringes to the spine of the back also the Liuer is very neare and a waighty body and tyed to the heart by the hollow vein therfore certainly stratcheth it more then the smal bodies of the Testicles placed so farre off and so slenderly depending vpon it and that by strings fastned to the backe by the way moreouer the vessels which leade to the Testicles are diuersly contorted and if they weere streatched out woulde reach vnto a mans feete almost againe all creatures whose Testicles are hidde within should be faynt and crauen-hearted Finally if this were true the heart which is a most noble part should haue his strength not of himselfe but by dependencie from elsewhere which were a great absurditie in reason Wherfore we think this opinion of Aristotles to bee but a quaint deuice worthy of the wit but not of the iudgement of so great a Phylosopher As for the last vse assigned by Aristotle which is the erection of the yarde that may be Confutation of the last vse consuted by that we haue sayd before to be the true cause of erection and that is partly Natural to wit an aboundance of winde and spirits filling the hollow Nerues and partly Animall from an appetite mouing the muscles which are appoynted to make this erection We will therefore bid adue vnto Aristotle his faigned conceite and to them also who deny Obiection vnto the Testicles the power of procreating seede for whereas they obiect that there are many creatures which haue no Testicles and yet doe abound with seede prolifique or fitte Solution for generation wee answere that such Creatures are imperfect and their generation not perfect but lame To conclude that a new gelt Horse or Bull can copulate and ingender seemeth hard to be beleeued because of the extreame payne that must necessarily follow the violation How a new gelt horse may get a soale of parts of so exquisite sence but if it do so come to passe then is it by that seede that is already laboured by the ingenit power of the Testicles before they were separated and reserued for present vse in the Parastatae and Prostatae and not by any seed concocted after the taking away of the Testicles QVEST. III. The opinion of Phisitians concerning the true vse of the Testicles THere are some not vnlearned Physitians who will not allow to the Testicles The opinion of some Physitians any power of procreating seede but reserue that onely for the preparing vessels and the Epididymis because there appeare no passages by which the seed should passe from the bunching implications of the vesselles into the Testicles Their reasons againe the Epididymis and the preparing and leading vessels may be separated without rending from the Testicle adde hereto that the Epididymis is often full of What vse they assigne to the testicles white seede which is rarely found in the Testicle itselfe They therefore say that the Testicles were made to sucke away the serous humour and excrement of the seed and to conteyne it for which reason their substance is glandulous Now Hippocrates assigneth this vse to Glandules to receiue the excrements of the parts and therefore the Braine the Heart and the Liuer haue their seuerall Emunctories But Answere to them for my owne part I see no reason why the excrement of the seede should rather passe into the substance of the Testicles then the seed itselfe which is so houen and barmed as it were with spirits besides the body of the Testicles is rare and spongy hath many small pipes inserted into them
the lower part vnder the heade where it is articulated vvith the Tarsus or wrest it buncheth out into a processe fig. 2 Ï€ wherevnto is inserted the tendon of the seuenth muscle of the foote and at the same place there are two Seedebones greater then the rest and crusted ouer with a gristle The second bone of the Afterwrest which sustaineth the foretoe is the longest vnlesse it be the fift which sustaineth the little toe for the length of this last is encreased by a notable The Bones of the Toes processe figure 2 Ï whereby it was articulated to the wrest because it was to bee lengthned into the outside of the foote to make a place of implantation for the tendon of the eight muscle of the foote These bones of the Afterwrest aboue and belowe haue Appendices crusted ouer with gristles their substance also and their cauity which conteyneth their marrow is answerable to the substance and cauity of the bones of the Afterwrest of the Hand Moreouer they are thrilled with small holes by which little veines and arteries as in other bones do passe in to nourish and cherish them After the bones of the Afterwrest doe follow the bones of the toes which make the third part of the foote and are in number fourteene fig. 1 ◠Ε. fig. 2 Λ Ε for euerie one of them consisteth of three bones as it is in the fingers of the hand excepting the great toe fig. 1 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and indeed their substance structure and situation is litle different from the haÌ„d sauing that the first ioynts haue a deeper sinus because the deeper heads of the bones of the pedium or Afterwrest are inserted into them And although the heads of the bones of the foot are large yet is not their sinus so large as in the hands that so in extention the toes might be more lifted vp and yeeld something to the ground vpon which we stande The great toe is formed of two bones fig. 1 Φ χ that the foreside of the cauity of the Afterwrest might more firmely rest vpon the earth All these Bones aboue and below haue Appendices and are crusted ouer with strong gristles to make the ioynt more glib which is articulated by Ginglymos alwayes excepting the last bones of the toes which are not articulated to any other bone but haue nayles cleaning vnto them Note also that the knuckles of the toes are shorter then those of the hands gibbous aboue and hollowe belowe the better to admit the Tendons of the muscles which bend the second and thirde ioynts Againe the first bones are greater then the second and the second greater then the third and the middle bone in foure toes seemeth to be square In like manner the bones of the great toe are thicker then the bones of the thumbe the rest of the bones of the toes are lesser then the bones of the fingers Finally the bones of the toes are also full of marrow CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Seed-bones and the Nayles THE Seed bones t. 25. f. 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are of the same number and position with the Seede-bones in the hands that is to say twelue and they are so much lesse and lesse conspicuous in the toes then they are in the fingers as the fingers are greater then the toes notwithstanding as the great toe hath greater bones theÌ„ the thumb so also are his seedbones larger Wherefore at the first ioynt of the great toe nere the head of the bone of the Afterwrest which is articulated to that ioynt there are two notable seede-bones which lye vnder the neruous part of the muscle which bendeth the first bone of the great toe and of these the inner is bigger almost by halfe then the other yea as big as half a great pease when the husk is off and not much vnlike it This bone the Arabians call Albadara and they say how foolishly let the Diuines speake that of this bone as it were of seed a man receyueth the new body wherewith he riseth at the resurrection that which lieth vnder the second ioynt of the great toe and is much lesse then the former leaneth vppon the tendon of the muscle which bendeth the second bone of the great toe CoÌ„cerning the rest of the seedbones they are disposed as is said in the history of the hand To this place wee thought good to refer two small bones found in the Ham neere the 2 Seed bones in the Hand thigh-bone and growing to the heads of the two first muscles which mooue the Foote These bones saith Vesalius are found in Harts in Dogs and Hares and such like dry creatures yea in old men also Their surface is slippery and regardeth the vpper part of the lower heads of the thigh to which bones this is peculiar that they do not leane vppon the tendons of the muscles as other seed-bones do but vpon their originals like as doth the bony part which in old men is fastned to the Cube-bone which bony part we meet withall in the tendon of the seauenth muscle of the foote there reflected Furthermore as we said before that to the outside of the ioynt whereat the bones of the Afterwrest which sustaineth the little finger is fastned to the wrest there is a small bone annexed so also in the foot at the outside of the articulation of that bone of the Afterwrest of the foote which supporteth the little toe ta 25. f. 1 2 μ where the fifte bone of the Afterwrest is articulated to the Cube-bone there is also found a small bone at the insertion of the tendon of the eight muscle of the foot These seed-bones although they seem to haue the same vse that they haue in the hands Their vse yet moreouer in the foot they are the cause why wheÌ„ we stand or walk whether the place be rough or smooth the foot applies it selfe more equally vnto the earth as also to keepe the toes when we stand or walke from being luxed by stones or any other eminent thing we shold light vpon Finally the extremities or ends of the toes as it is in the Fingers are couered and defended with nayles fastned to the skin on the outside of which we will add a few words The Nayles are called by the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their root 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the bottome or white moone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the filme that groweth to the root 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are The Nailes diuers opinions concerning the matter of the Nailes some thinke it is a glutinous moysture parched and dryed by the heate and driuen vnto the extreame parts and therefore saith Hippocrates are the nailes exceeding fast and thight beecause their matter is baked together Secondly Empedocles conceiued that the nails were made of nerues by congealation and therefore Foesius in his notes vpon Hippocrates cals the nailes Neruorum clausulas summas the terminations of the nerues giuen by Nature to make vp