the same way But one drop of blood unaltered is not able to fill the heart nor doth provoke it to pulsation not to speak how the foresaid experiments do shew the plenty that passes to and fro Now the Valves do hinder the free passage and repassage of the blood by the same waies of which the three pointed ones or Tricuspides so called do hinder the blood which enters the heart from passing back the same way and the Mitre-shap'd Valves do hinder the blood which goes out of the heart from returning the same way Later Physitians are divided in their opinions Some suppose that a drop or two is either so rarified as to fill the heart amongst whom is Des Cartes or is turned into spirit as Riolanu's Primrose Leichner and others suppose who measure it by grains whom we shall answer when we come to the Causes Others being Patrons and favourers of the circular motion of the blood as Harvey Walaeus Conringius Slegelius c. do calculate the quantity by ounces drams and scruples To clear up this Question three things are to be considered 1. How much blood is contained in the Diastole of the heart 2. How much is expelled or driven out of the heart in its Systole whether all that enters the Heart in its Diastole is squirted out in the next Systole 3. How many pulsations the heart makes in one hour or how often the heart receives somwhat by its Diastole and expels somwhat by its Systole in the space of an hour 1. In the heart being in its Diastole Harvey hath found above two ounces of blood Also Plempius found near upon two ounces of blood in the left Ventricle of the heart of a man that was hanged Riolanus will hardly allow half an ounce in the left Ventricle of one that was hanged and saies there was more blood in the right Ventricle Hogeland also wil have half an ounce or a dram at least to enter at every opening of the Ear. Now the quantity of all the blood contained in the body doth seldom exceed twenty four pounds or come short of fifteen 2. In the Systole there is expelled either a fourth part or a fist or a sixt or at least an eight or all together that is contained in the heart Harvey supposes half an ounce in a man or three drams or one dram in a Sheep and a Dog he saies a scruple And he proves the same by that suddain effusion of all the blood if the very least Artery be cut and because in the space of one half hour all the blood may be passed through the heart he certainly concludes that in every Systole of the heart much blood is expelled Conringius approves of his Computation Walaeus admits of half an ounce but he supposes only one scruple as doth Slegelius Regius has many times observed half an ounce somtimes two or three drams in the heart of a Dog dissected Hogeland contents himself with a dram I being more sparing suppose half a scruple in the smallest proportion to the quantity which issues in such as â—…ded For there goes not out so much iâ—… free heart â—s in one that is bound and forced 〈…〉 there so much expelled in the following Systole as was drawn in by the Diastole some part sticks in the hollow pits of the heart much states in the Cavity formed by the production of the three pointed Valves and Distinct as it were from the Ventricle finally the heart cannot be so straitly contracted in the Systole as to squeeze out every jot of the Blood therein contained Therefore Conringius doth rightly suspect that abides there the space of one or two Pulses till by little and little it raise it self which I understand of the reliques and part of the Blood not of the whole received by the foregoing Diastole 3. Primrose numbred in one hour 700 pulsations of the Heart Riolanus 2000. Walaeus and Regius 3000 Harvey 2000. in some 4000 6000 8000. Cardan 4000. Plempius 4450. Slegelius 4876. I have told upon mine own wrist about 4400 But the number varies according to the Age Temperament Diet c. of every person So many Systoles therefore and so many Diastoles there will be in one hour as long as the Heart is vigorous for a languishing heart has more Diastoles then Systoles From these three Praemises I have calculated how much blood may in an hour be squirted out of the Heart by its sundry pulsations From 1 scruple 3000 times repeated arise 10l 5 ounces 1 scruple 4000 13l 10 oun 5 dr 1 scr 1 scruple 4450 15l 5 oun 3 dr 1 scr half a scruple 4400 7l 7 oun 5 draÌ„s 1 scr 1 dram 2000 20 l. 10 ounces 2 drams 2000 41 l. 8 ounces half an ounce 2000 83 l. 4 ounces 1 ounce 2000 166 l. 8 ounces Now supposeing all the blood contained in a mans body to be fifteen pounds if that be taken away which goeth into the Nutriment of the parts the defect whereof is suplied by new blood bred in the Liver it will follow 1 That more blood passes through the Heart every hour then can be afforded by the Concoction of the Liver and the Stomach 2 That all the Blood in the Body passeth through the Heart in the space of a quarter of an hour or half an hour or an hour or an hour and an half or two houres at the most For I cannot agree to Riolanus his conceit that the blood is circulated only once or twice in a day because he builds upon a false supposition of drops and that only half the blood is circulated 3 That the parts to be nourished do not need so much blood for their nourishment 4 Because neither the Vessels are broken nor the Arterial blood can run back again because of the valves nor is elsewhere dissipated of necessity it runs back through the Veins into the Heart and the Circulation is performed of which I shall speak more in my book of Veins and Arteries What the form of the Heart is in its Systole and Diastole is known by three tokens 1 By the Anatomy of living Creatures 2 By the Comodity and Convenience of motion and Rest 3. By the carriage of the fibres and the situation of the parts In the Systole 1 The Point of the Heart draws up to the basis or broad end and it becomes broader because it is busied in expelling the blood the length 〈…〉 being changed into breadth because the basis â—â—â— broad â—nd is immoveable in respect of the point which is tied to no Vessels But according to the observation of Walaeus in those living Creatures whose Aorta Arteria does not proceed from the Basis the broad end or basis of the Heaâ—t withdraws it self from the Point Riolanus will have the Pasis of the Heart alwaies to draw towards the Cone or Point thereof because the said Cone is harder then to be drawn or bended backwards But else where he denies that the Basis being strongly fastened to the vessels
abated by little and little of their pulse yea and sometimes intermitted and afterward the red colour of the bound Arm was changed into black and blew and therefore I presently undid the Ligature being frighted with this Example A certain Country-man being wounded in the inside of his Arm about the Cubit when the Village Chirurgeon could not stop the blood he bound the Arm extream close about the Wound whence followed an exceeding Inflammation of the lower part of his Arm and such a swelling that deep pits were seen in the place of his fingers joynts and within eighteen hours the lower part of his Arm was gangrenaâ—ed and sphacelated which Christianus Regius an expert Chirurgeon did cut off in the presence of my self and Eâ—aldus Screvelius an excellent Physitian Moreover they object if the venal Blood comes out of the Arteries how can the arterial Blood differ so much from the venal But we must know that it differs less from the venal Blood then most men imagine who from the violence wherewith the arterial Blood leaps forth do collect the great plenty of Spirits therein and the great rarity or thinness thereof whereas that Leaping proceeds from the Force wherewith the Heart drives the Blood through the arteries for an Arterie being opened below or beyond the ligature the Blood comes out only dropping And the difference between these two bloods is caused by the greater or less quantity of Heat and Spirits according as the Blood is more or less remote from the Heart the fountain of Heat For the Blood which is near the Heart differs much from that which is far off in the smallest arteries which you can hardly distinguish from that which is in the small veins And the smaller veins have more thin and hot Blood then the great ones which any one may easily try in opening veins of the Arm and Foot Yea and if the Vein be opened with a double Ligature on each side the orifice as I said before the Blood will come out hotter then with a single Ligature Now that the Blood does not go out of the smaller veins into the greater they endeavour to prove by womens monthly purgations which according to their judgment are gathered one whole month together in the Veins about the Womb and if they are carried from the Womb unto the Head they conceive that they do not pass through the Vena cava and the Heart Howbeit the common and true opinion is that about the time of the usual flux the blood begins to be moved to the Womb from which motion of the humors pains of the sides and loines are wont to arise about that time And I know by Experience that about the time of the menstrual Flux if the Pulse of the Heart and arteries can be made greater the Courses will flow the better because the Blood will through the arteries be driven more forcibly into the Womb. It may nevertheless fall out that the Courses may be collected and make an Obstruction in the Womb and that then the Blood may not return into the greater veins that motion being stopped but that is besides nature And when the menstrual blood is carried out of the Womb into the Head the way is not inconvenient through the Vena cava the Heart and the ascending branch of the Arteria Aorta and that they do indeed pass through the Heart those palpitations and light faintings do seem to argue which are wont to attend upon the Courses stopped But should we not conceive it to be a dangerous thing if all the ill humors in our bodies must pass into and through the Heart But we must know that our bodies are so framed as that they may be most convenient for us when we are in Health and not when we are sick Moreover the Humor which putrifies by reason of obstruction and is very bad comes not to the Heart because its way is stopped up Nor is the Heart so weak as to be corrupted by an evil Humor which stayes not long therein for those great Physitians Galen Hollerius Laurentius have observed that the Quittor of such as have an Empyema and other sharp and stinking Humors do critically and without any bad symptomes pass through the left ventricle of the Heart which many times makes for the good of the sick Persons in whom that bad Humor passing through the Heart is often vanquished by the Vigour and Vertue hereof The other Objections which they make do only respect the Causes of this motion or certain Circumstances wherein men are wont more freely to dissent yet let us breifly consider whether or no they have in them any weight wherewith to burthen our Opinion They say that at every contraction of the Heart the blood is not driven out by half ounces nor by drams nor by scruples out of the Heart of a Man for three Causes first because that blood is too spirituous but I have already shewed that it is not so spirituous as men imagine commonly secondly because those little Valves of the Heart do only gape a little and then are close shut again which also doth not agree with experience for an Arteric being cut off from the heart great streams of Blood do issue from the Heart Thirdly that the Arteries are too full then to be able to admit half an ounce a dram or a scruple of Blood But that is too inconsiderately avouched for when the Heart contracts it self all the arteries in the body are enlarged and that on all sides as I have divers times perceived with my hand holding the naked arterie betwixt my fingers And who will now say that all the Arteries of the Body being dilated cannot admit of a Scruple a Dram yea half an Ounce of blood more then they have Also they deny that in the child in the Womb the blood out of the Vena Cava does through the Vessels of the heart united enter into the Arteria Aorta and go from thence out of the umbilical Arteries into the umbilical Vein and return back by it into the Heart because they think this great absurdity will follow that one Vein should carry the mothers blood and withal so much blood as the two umbilical arteries do bring in As if Rivers did not frequently carry as much water in one Channel as many Brooks are able to bring in And here the umbilical Vein when it is but one is much greater then the Arterie There is often but one arterie or there are two veins that the arteries may as much as may be answer to the veins In brute Beasts sayes Fallopius a rare Anatomist there are allwayes two Veins and two Arteries which with the Vrachus or pis-pipe do reach as far as the Navil and the Veins do presently grow into one before they enter into the Abdomen which does reach to the Gates of the Liver as I have observed in all Sheep Goats and Cows whose young ones I have
will have it to proceed from our drink some portion whereof they conceive peirces like Dew out of the Asperia Arteria into the Arteria Venosa III. Some conceive it proceeds from a Watry matter in the Seed as the inbred Air of the Ears is thought to proceed from a windy matter in the said seed IV. Of kin hereunto is the opinion of Jasolinus who will have it to be a select most perfect and Elaborate portion of the serons Humor sent thither by Nature it self haply in the first formation of the Child through the Veins and Arteries besides another part of the drink of which Hippocrates speaks and he has experiments touching the same V. Some say it proceeds from the watry Excrements of the third digestion VI. Others from the spittle slipping out of the Kernels of the Tongue into the Wezand and from thence into the Arteries and Heart VII Others from the fat of the Heart by agitation turned into water VIII Others from the thicker part of the Air which we draw in being changed into water IX And lastly some think which I conceive to be most likely that it proceeds from moist Vapors and Exhalations forced out of the Humors of the Heart by the motion and Heat theerof and thrust forth into the Heart-bag and there congealed into water in regard of the compactness of the said Heart-bag It s Use is I. To moisten and cool the Heart and to facilitate the motion thereof And therefore those in whom it is consumed have their Hearts roasted As it happened to Casimire the Marques of Brandenburg And to that young man of Rome mentioned by Panarolus Hofmannus being of a contrary mind will needs have it to be as a Spur and Incitement of Heat as Smiths are wont to dip their wisps of Straw in Water that they may burn the longer And as Wood is sprinkled with Water to make it burn more lustily But those bundles of Straw are preserved by the water because their substance being made more moist and Tenacious is not so soon consumed But the heat of the Heart is preserved by its radical moisture and by the blood continually flowing in nor doth it need any Incitement from the Water for if so then the Heart would be more hot and lusty in old persons who have most water in their Heart-bags II. It serves to make fat by congelation III. That the Heart by swimming therein may be less ponderous and may not strike against any part An HUMOR likewise is commonly found in the Cavity of the Chest resembling blood and water mingled together wherewith the parts of the Chest are smeared that they may not be overheated nor overdryed Hence the side of our Saviour being opened blood and water flowed out which by the suddan flux and mixture of blood and the Authorities of the Ancients I have at large proved in my Dispute of the side of Christ against Laurentius Arias Montanus Bertinus Nancelius Poza Tremellius Beza Tirinus Grotius and others who would have it to proceed from his Pericardium or Heart-bag also against Collius Tarnovius Brentius Laurenbergius among the late writers and Cyprianus Prudentius Brigitta Vida Sannazarius Vigerius c. who would fetch it from the Vessels of the Heart being wounded Now the Objection of P. Laurenbergius is not worth a button who saies there was not enough of the said Liquor in the Cavity of the Chest because 1. The natural quantity might suffice seeing the Evangelists do not record that it come away in a great quantity 2. It might be augmented in that last conflict for life notwithstanding the great perfection of his Body which being for our Redemption made liable to temporary passions underwent death it self 3. I have at Padua somtimes observed so great a quantity of Water in this part that it hung down like a great purse the Midriff being depressed by its weight Jasolinus in wound of the Chest the inner parts being unhurt did somtimes collect every day five measures of water called Heminae for thirty daies together which the Membranes being inflamed was dried up and diminished but when the Inflammation was cured it returned in its former Quantity In a Boy at Paris who died of the small pox I being present store of water was found in this part but of a green colour of which else-where Chap. VI. Of the Heart in General THe Heart is called in Latine COR à currendo from running because of its motion some peradventure will derive it from the Greek name Kêr which they derive from céo which signifies to burn the Greeks term it cardia we the Heart quasi bieròn a sacred thing It is the principall part of a living Creature which none is found to want according to Aristotle and by the hurting whereof the Creaure does for the most part immediately die because it is the fountain of Life and labors the vital Spirits which having made it distributes by the Arteries arising from it self into the whol body Yet may you find examples in Schenkius of those that have had no Hearts See also Gellius book the 16. Chap. 15. Galen relates that beasts sacrificed have lowed at the Altar after their Hearts were taken out and the Lord Verulam tells of a man who spake three or four words of a prayer when his Heart was pluckt out of his Body and in the hand of the Executioner Plinie tells us the entrails were twice found without any Heart when Caesar sacrificed and Julius Obsequens saies the same The Lives of such persons were maintained by the remainders of arterial Blood And Spigelius suspects that among the Bowells the Heart was rather hid and unfound then wanting who saw so much fat in an Ostrich that a man might easily have bin deceived so as to think the Fowl had no Heart Peradventure those Hearts of the sacrifices were stole away by the Devil A Live-wight dies not with every hurt of the Heart For the Heart undergoes all kind of diseases 1. Putrefaction witness Galen in a pestilential and a putrid Fever 2. The Consumption according to Plinie to be dried like a roasted warden according to Jordanus to be wholly consumed by immoderate Heat as Tileseus averr's 3. Inflammation in which Case it cannot live a natural day as Saxonius found by experience in a certain Reader 4. Filthy hollow Ulcers have bin found therein by Fernelius Trincavellius Riverius 5. Divers kinds of Tumors Columbus saw an hard Tumor in the left ventricle of a Cardinal as big as an Egg. Benevenius saw a swelling of black flesh Massa Hollerius Bauhinus and Joubertus have other like Stories I lately found in the Parenchyma of an Oxes Heart on the left side a swelling as big as a Pigeons Egg in a double Coat full of Whey and Flegm On the out side Gesner saw an Excrescence of Flesh in the Basis the quantity of an ounce and six drams Bavius makes mention of the Membrane eaten and fretted away round about Also Histories shew
a Vein which I see contained in the smallest little Arteries and in an Aneurisma where the Artery hath but one coat And whereas the Arteries neer the Heart have a double Coat that might be so contrived least by violence of the Blood issuing out of the Heart the Artery might be loosned as we see it loosened by a strong palpitation of the Heart But doth not the Blood flow as out of the Arteries so out of the greatest Veins into the lesser This that kind of Blood-letting seems to argue which is ordained for Revulsion sake for the Vein of the Arm being opened in a Pleurisie that Blood seems to be revelled or drawn back which flowed out of the Vena cava into the Azygos and out of the Azygos into the Pleura But there is no token that the blood is so revelled for the Basilica Vein being opened the blood may be drawn out of the Arteries of the Arm the Arteries of the Arm draw out of the axillary Artery the Axillaris out of the Aorta by whose intercostal branches it had flowed into the Thigh and not by the twigs of Azygos as we shall see by and by And doubtless except in the Pleurisie the blood should be revelled through the Arteries there were no reason to be given why we should for Revulâ—ions sake rather open the Vein of the side affected then that on the right side alwaies since the Azygos arises from the right side of the Vena cava and that a Vein to be opened for Derivation is to be opened on that side through which the blood flows into the part affected But what shal we say Doth not the Arm after a sort grow lean and fall away and so other parts when it is bound as in those who have it hollowed in a Fistula because the Vein being bound the blood cannot descend as it ought unto the lower parts of the Arm There is no necessity that it should be so For all that may happen because the Artery is bound And really this is an Argument that it is so in that many times that Arm in which there is an Issue is perceived to pulse less and more faintly than the other the influx of the blood and spirits being in some measure hindred by the the binding of the Issue Yet some part may peradventure fall away by binding of a Vein alone because Nature cannot plentifully infuse new blood through the Artery seeing it cannot freely go back by the Veins And though the Veins and Arteries do then contain store of Blood yet is it peradventure not very fit to nourish the parts as they should be but this wil better appear hereafter It is nevertheless manifest that in such as have the Varices so called the blood descends from the Vena cava to the greater and out of the greater into the lesser Veins For that is easie to see in a Varix of the Thigh and Foot and in the Haemorrhoids But that motion of Blood may happen besides Nature because the Veins being weakned do not send the Blood upwards but gather the same and because the humors by that weight do resist the Natural motion upwards and descend and therefore being collected in great Quantity in the lower Veins new Blood still coming out of the Arteries they cause their dilatation and consequently a Varix Thus artificial Fountains about those places from which they ascend are most frequently observed to make clefts being at last drawn asunder and torn by the Heaviness of the Water which ought nevertheless according to the Nature of Fountains to ascend upwards And it is altogether most likely that Varices are caused after this manner because humors in such as have Varices do not inlarge the Vein when they are violently moved in exercise but when they have rested after exercise because the humors can resist a smaller motion and descend by their own weight So that these are not tokens that the Blood goes out of the greater Veins into the lesser but they argue rather that the Blood goes out of the Arteries into the Veins and out of the lesser Veins into the greater and the Vena cava it self We said before that the Blood goes out of the Vena cava into the right ventricle of the Heart But what Doth that very self same Blood which a little before had come out of the Vena cava into the Heart and out of the Heart was shed into the Arteries and from thence had returned into the Veins doth that enter again into the Heart or doth that alone which being newly bred in the Liver doth the first time enter into the Vena cava and hath never yet past through the Heart Truly both For that may easily be done seeing both are alike near to the Heart and it ought to be done seeing that which is returned out of the Arteries into the Cava is more plentifull than that which is all of it consumed in the nourishment of the Vena cava and that is not carried to the lesser Veins Doubtless it is a sign that this is so in that a Vein being tied neaâ— the Heart is not only a little but very much emptied and sends all the Blood it hath and not only some to the Heart Also the Heart seems to shed more Blood into the Arteria aorta then the Liver can supply it withall at least not in some daies fasting For I have divers times experimented that in many persons the Heart pulses above three thousand times in an hour And the Heart as long as it hath any vigour left expels somwhat at every pulsation for the Arteria aorta being bound near the Heart between the Heart and the Ligature I opened the said Artery and I saw some Blood come out at every pulse till the Heart grew quite to languish for then somwhat came away after three or four pulses only because so little was thrust from the Heart that it could not be moved upwards till some quantity of it was collected nor pass out at the upper orifice of the Artery Also I cut off the tip of an Heart and setting the same upright I observed though the Ventricles were not full at every pulse somwhat was shed forth which also Harvey notes in his 2. Chapter Yea and when the Heart is cut through the middle there ceased not to come somwhat out till either the Beast died or the Blood congealed so in the upper part as to make a kind of small Skin so that the Blood could flow no more that way And certainly somwhat must needs come out of the Heart at every pulse because there in the Heart is alwaies made more strait as shall afterward appear Now how much comes from the Heart at every pulse we cannot determine this I can witness that out of the Heart of a Rabbit there hath come at every pulse half a dram of blood and out of the Heart of a great Water-spaniel
half an ounce yet I conceive more comes out when a live Creature is Diffected than when it is in health And if a man would determine by conjecture from what we have seen how much may come out of the Heart of a Man in health at every pulse I shall not be against them who say that out of the Heart of a Man at every pulse half an ounce of Blood is shed into the Arteria aorta Butlet us suppose it is but a scruple seeing the Heart makes above three thousand pulses in one hour there must above ten pound of blood pass every hour through the Heart which is more than we eat and more than the Liver can supply the Heart withall So that must needs be that the Blood which hath once past the Heart must flow thither again and from it return again into the Arteries So that there is a circular motion of the Blood from the Vena cava into the Heart from the Heart into the Arteries from the Arteries into the Veins out of which it returns again into the Heart and thence into the Arteries Truly I cannot sufficiently wonder that in so many Ages past this motion of the Blood hath been unknown seeing I find sundry and those no small intimations thereof in the ancient Writers In the Volume of the Works of Hippocrates The Author of the first Book de Victus ratione attributes three circular motions to our Heat and Humors whereby they are moved inward and outward from divers parts Hippocrates in the middle of his Book de Ossium Natura The Veins under which he comprehends the Arteries being spred saith he through the Body do cause a fluxion and motion sending many branches from one And this one whence it hath its original and where it ends I cannot find For it keeps in a circular course so that you can find no beginning and it will appear plainly to him that examins the place that he understands this Circle to be chiefly in the distribution of the Humors As also in the End of his Book de Naâ—ura humana The great Veins do mutually afford nourishment one to another the internal to the external and then again to the internal And more plainly the Author of the Book de alimenâ—â— There is one beginning of all that nourish and one end of all and the same is the beginning and the End and therefore a little after he subjoyns these words The Aliment 〈◊〉 into the Hair and Nails and from the inner parts into the outer Surface from the external parts the nourishment comes from the outer surface to the most inward parts there is one conflux one conspiration and one consent of all And Diogenes Apolloniâ—â—a seems not to have differed from this Opinion in Aristotle his 3 de Historia Animalium chap. 2. The must thick Blood is sucks by the fleshy parts and that which redounds into these places viz. the greater 〈◊〉 becomes thin hot and froâ—â—hy TABLE â— The FIGURE Explained AAAA The Abdomen or Paâ—ch of a Dog opened BB. The Midriff CCCC The Call turned inside â—â—â— towards the Chest that the inner parts there of might be more visible DDD Three lobes or laps of the Liver turned a little to the right hand â—EE Certain little portions of the Pancreas which is cut off that the following Vessels might come into sight F. The left Kidney covered with its Coat G. The upper hollow part of the Spleen together with the adjacent Fat H. The middle part of the Spleen about which Vessels are inserted I. The lowest part of the Spleen KKKK The Gâ—â—s moved downwards that the following Vessels might be visible LLLL The Mesentery MM. The splenick Artery N. Part of the Vena splenica annexed to the Trunk of Vena porta which falls in upon the Ligature OOO A portion of the Vena splenica and three branches arising therefrom which are implanted into the spleen and do very much swell upon the Ligature PP The left Mesenterick Artery Q. A portion of the Vena Mesenterica sinistra next to the Trunk of Vena porta falling in as empty upon the Ligature R. The lower part of the Vena Mesenterica sinistra ready to be divided into branches swelling by means of the Ligature SSS The Mesaraick Veins therefore more full and swollen because the Mesenterick Vein is tied TTTT The rest of the Mesaraicks not so swollen because their Trunk is not 〈◊〉 page 364 Yea and those things which Plato in his Timaeus delivers concerning the Blood are more sutable to this Opinion than the common Aristotle himself may easily be drawn to this Opinion For thus saith he in his Book de Somno chap. 3. Every iâ—ability of Sense is not sleep but that only which is caused by the vâ—poration of Meats for that which is rarified must needs after a sort be lifted up and afterward return and flow back like an Euripus for the Heat of every Animal must needs naturally move upwards and when it is come aloft it soon after circulates and discends again It is to be feared that those Writers which followed the former did not sufficiently study the motion of the blood yea that they obâ—cured the same because what the former attributed to their Veins that is to say the Veins and Arteries these later attributed to the Veins in opposition to and as distinct from the Arteries And seeing Galen a most excellent Physitian was not able to reform all things perfectly and the later Greeks Arabians and Latines have too close followed or transcribed him hence I suppose it is that this motion of the blood hath remain'd concealed till this present Age. Wherein that incomparable Paulus Servita the Venetian did acurately observe the Fabrick of the Valves in the Veins which Observation of his that great Anatomist Fabritius ab Aquapendente afterwards published and out of that constitution of the Valves and other Experiments he collected this motion of the Blood and asserted the same in an excellent Treat se which I understand is preserved to this very day amongst the Venetians The most learned William Harvey being taught by the foresaid Paulus Servita did more accurately search into this motion of the Blood augmented the same with Inventions of his own proved it strongly and publish'd it to the World in his own name Such hath been the Invention and such the Fate of this motion of the Blood And let us now further enquire whether through all the Veins and Arteries the Blood hath this Motion or whether in some others it hath some other motion Concerning which thing that I might be more certainly informed I contemplated the motion of the Blood in many Veins and Arteries of liveing Creatures and I have found besides what hath been already said of the Veins and Arteries of the Arms and Legs that the blood is moved through the Spermarick Arteries to the Stones through the Veins from the Stones
is moved That it is only one kinde of blood It is not moved up and down in the Vessels like boiled water But it is moved oâ—e of one part into another Which motion perfectly to understanâ— the motion of the Chylus must be sought into That meat which is first eaten hath the first place in the Stomach The Stomach closely embraces the same It is moistned with the moisture of the Stomach It is cut and minced by an acid humour Which comes from the spleer Afterward it is changed into Cream Tom. seâ— 3. â— sâ—â—nt â—â—tâ—r How soon or late it is concoctèd and distributed All at once or by piecemeal Being digested it is distributed into the Guts and milky Veins See the Figure of the milky Veins pag. 563. Not through the Meseraick veins Alwaies white By one Continued passage of the milky veins Not to the Spleen But to the Liver Gut of the Liver into the Vena Cava Out of the Vena cava into the heart Out of the right Ventricle of the Heart into Vena arteriosa But not through the Sepâ—â—â—â— interâ—…tium or partition of the Heart Oâ—â— of the Vena arteriosa into the Arteria venosa and the left Ventricle of the Heart But not through the foramen ovale And thence into the Heart the Arteria aorta and the rest of small Arteries Out of the Arteries the Blood by commen mouths Known to the Ancients Goes into the Veins As the store of Blood sent into the parts doth shâ—â— The pressing a Vein below the orifice in Blood-letting The Ligature of a vein in living Anatomies Dissection of a Vein in living Creatures The emptying of the Veins appearing in the Skin But the Blood doth not come out of the greater Veins into the lesser Sevulsory Blood-letting doth not argue it Nor the Arms falling away occasioned by a Ligature Nor the Varices But it flows â—â—â— of the smaller vessels into the Vena cava Out of the Vena cava to the Heart again Yea that Blood which hath already past the Heart Because the Meat affords not so much Blood as the Heart passeth through Viz. about half an ounce at every pulse So that the Blood 〈◊〉 circularly Which motion of the Blood was not unknown to the Ancients To Hippocrates in Foëtins Ediâ—â—on pag. 344. pag. 277. pag. 229. To Diogiâ—â—â— Apolloniata To Plato To Aristotle But in this Age found out â—…sh by Paulus Servita Publish'd in Print by William Harvey Now this motion is made through all the Arteries and Veins of the Body Yea of the Head Yea in the Child in the Womb. It goes out of the Arteries into the Veins By Anastomoses And through the Flesh And that motion of the Blood Is continual Quick So that the whole Circuit or round is performed in less than a quarter of an hour Nor do the Fits of Agues argue any other Nor the Exacerbations of Feavers This motion is also vehement Not of like vehemence in the Arteries and Veins Yet the same Quickness in both Yet of greater quickness when the Heart beats One portion of blood doth not allwayes go the same way The Vital Spirits are moved with the Blood The Animal Spirits motion through the Nerves cannot be observed But the motion of the Chylus easily through the milkie Veins What kind of motion that iâ— The Cause of the Bloods motion Is not an iâ—bâ—â—â— power thereof Nor is the blood carried by the Spirits Nor is it voided by reason of rarâ—faction only Put it is drive by the Vena cava into the Earlâ—t Out of it into the Heart Yet is it drawn also The cause of the motion into the left Ventricle is the same Aâ—d happens in both places at one moment The Blood is driven out of the Heart into the Arteries when the Heart is contracted The Cause of the Constriction of the Heart Which is performed by help of the fibres The Heart after its Constriction returns to its Natural state And then it is dilated The Blood is driven out of the greater into the lesser Arteries Yet it is drawn withall Not necessarily by dilatation of the Artery Nor doth Galens experiment shew any other thing Yet Galen hath certain tokens that the dilatation of the Arteries helps their motion De usu puls cap. 5. An sanguis in Art c. 8. But the impulse i here caused only by the Hart. Out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the smaller Veins into the greater It is driven By every Particle of the Vein And drawn So also by Pulsion the Chyle is moved out of the Stomach Through the Guts By the milkie Veins And also drawn Why not through the mesaraick Veins The motion of the blood serves for the utility of the parts And that it may be preserved And to perfect the Blood The blood which is carried to nourish the part is not moved circularly Nor is there any other motion of the Blood whereby the Valves of the Heart are shut Nor in Passionâ— of the Mind Yet there is another praeternatural motion thereof The occasion of this second Letter Answer to the Objections That in Blood letting the Vein does swest at the binding Not through Pain Not by straining the Vein But because the motion of the Blood is stopped Nor doe the Arteries swel because of the Ligature But the Veins swel also with two Ligatures and wherefore Why in blood-letting they unbind the Arm when the blood does not run apace Why much blood may be taken away And more out of the Arm then out of the Hand Why it flows out of a wounded Arterie not bound The Ligature being loosed the blood stops and sometimes it runs and why But is stopped by holding the finger in the Vein below the Orifice Also when the Vein is cut asunder in the middle and wherefore No parts receive Blood by the veins excepting the liver How and why the venal blood differs from the arterial How menstrual Blood is collected about the womb How they are carried out of the Womb into the Head How it comes that the Humors passing through the Heart do not cause great Inconveniences The Objections against circumstances Nothing hinders but that half an ounce of Blood may be forced out of the Heart at every pulse Nothing hinders but that the Blood may be circularly moved in the child in the Womb. A sign that it is so indeed Though there be Anastomoses of the Veins arteries yet Tumors may arise Not by Rarifaction But by constriction of the heart the blood is driven in the Arteries Not in the dilatation though sometimes blood go out therein And being driven by all parts of the Veins it returns to the Heart By this motion the Veins and Arteries may be nourished And the blood ventilitated better
that it will bear wounds for a season Paraeus tells of one wounded in the Heart who ran two hundred paces Jacotius tells of an Hart that carried an old arrow fixed in its Heart which is confirmed by Thomas à Vega and Alexandrius Galen saw an Hare wounded in the Heart run a darts cast after the wound received Of a Student at Ingolstade Sennertus and Iohnstonus tells us who had both the ventricles of his Heart peirced through with a weapon and Nicholas Mullerus of a Souldier who lived fifteen daies after he had received a wound in his Heart of which he hung up a Table at Groeningen He recounts many like examples seen by himself and Tulpius tells us of one that lived two daies being wounded in the right ventricle Glandorpius tells us after Sanctorius that the Heart of a Rabbit was pierced with a sharp Instrument and yet it lived many months after Wee must therefore note 1. That the Heart can endure Diseases but because it lies far from the way of medicines it cannot hold out so well as other parts 2. That as Galen tells us if the wounds do pierce into the belly thereof the party or Creature wounded dies of necessity but if they be in the Substance thereof it may live a day and a night but then Inflammation arising death follows 3 That the right Ventricle does more easily bear an hurt because upon the left depends the life of the whol Body 4. Both Ventricles may endure a small time after they are hurt if the Vessels that continue the motion of the blood be undamnified The Heart is one in Number Theophrastus writes that in Paphlagonia Partridges have two Hearts an example whereof Galen relates in a man in his anatomical administrations It is situate in the middle of the body not considering the leggs as it is in brutes in which the Heart is in the middle for moveableness and Securities sake and in the middle of the Chest likewise where it is on all sides compassed with the Lungs Now the Heart in respect of its basis is exactly in the middle that nourshing blood and spirit might more commodiously be distributed into the whole body Howbeit the Motion thereof is more discernable in the left side 1 Because in its left Ventricle the vital spirit is contained and from thence arises the Arteria magna hence the common people imagin that a Mans Heart resides in his left Side but Practitioners applie Cordials to the left side 2 Because the point of the Heart enclines towards the left side under the left nipple that it may give way to the Diaphragma now to the right hand it could not decline by reason of the Vena cava which ascends there through the middest of the Chest Sometimes the upper part of the Heart enclines to the left side and such persons are left handed if we beleive Massa those whose Heart is exactly in the middle use both hands alike As to its Magnitude In a man proportionably the Heart is greater then in other Creatures as also the brain and Liver According to the common Course of Nature it equalls six fingers breadths in length and four in breadth Otherwise the greatness of the Heart differs according to the Difference of the Age and Temperament For persons cold of Constitution and fearfull have great Hearts but such as are more hot and confident have little Hearts Of which see Donatus Hence Aristotle saies of fearfull Creatures as the Hare Deer Mouse Hyena Ass Weazel c. that they have a great Heart considering the proportion of their bodies The Philosiphers of AEgypt in ancient times as appears by Herodotus in his Euterpe have dreamed these things of the greatnes of the Heart That the Heart of such Persons as are not wasted by any violent disease does every yeer grow two drams heavier till they become fifty yeers old so that a man of fifty yeers Age his Heart weighs an hundred drams but from the fiftyeth year to the hundredth by a retrograde or back motion it looses every yeer two drams till it vanish away and the party die It s Figure is conick because it ends in a point It s upper part by reason of the full vessels therein is broad and round although not exactly and is called the Root and Head and Basis of the Heart the lower part being sharper is called conus mucro vertex cuspis and apex Cordis the cone point top of the Heart Hippocrates calls it the end and taile On the foreside the Heart is more bossie on the hinder side more flat In the contractions the whole Heart is longer as some hold but broader and more drawn together according to others in its Dilatations or Widenings it is greatest and of a globous figure of which I shall speak more exactly hereafter It s Connexion is to the Mediastinum and the Midriff by the Pericardium but to other parts by its Vessels they are joyned to the Basis the point being free and hanging dangling like a bell in the Steeple that it may the more easily be drawn back to its Basis or moved to the Sides It s Substance is first membranous like a Bladder in the Child in the Womb afterward from the mothers blood there grows flesh or a solid thick and compacted parenchyma 1. That it might endure the perpetuity of the Motion for a fence and that it might more forcibly drive the blood to places far distant in the whole Body 2 Least the subtile and lightfull Spirits contained even in the moveable blood should exhale together with the inbred heat In the right side the wall is less thick because it sends blood only to the Lungs which have their venal blood not so subtile The strength of the left side is greater by reason of stronger motion to drive on the blood to supply the necessity of the whole body In the point the flesh is thicker and harder not so much because it ought not to be moved as Riolanus conceives as because it is free contracting the whole Heart in a brief manner and destiture of Vessels and Ears In its Basis it is not so much softer as thinner whose Vessels and Ears do recompence what it wants of firmness Now this flesh hath all kinds of Fibres so mingled one with another and so compact that they cannot be easily discerned partly for strength partly for motion For all these Fibres being stretched in the Systole of the Heart they draw together the Ventricles and the inner sides to help the Protrysion or thrusting forward of the blood This substance is cloathed with a Coat hardly separable for the greater firmness to which it grows in respect of the matter not of the efficient Cause There is Fat about the Pasis of the Heart but hardly about the Cone or sharpe End thereof because it is moistned by the liquor of the Heart-bag 1. To anoint the Veins about the Heart 2. And to moisten the