power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
most part is thin and often makes toward the extremties of the body and is often full of malignity 't is conveniently expelled by sweat CHAP. XVII Of intermitting Fevers in general AFter continued Fevers intermitting are to be explained Intermitting Fevers But although the Ancients did extend the name of intermitting Fevers more largely and attributed the same to all Fevers which admit of some change of heat and are sometimes exasperated sometimes remitted and so to continued periodicks yet afterwards use brought it to pass that those Fevers only were called intermittent which sometimes cease and come to that apurexy or want of fire The proximate cause of an intermitting Fever is a putred vapour their proximate cause elevated from the putrefaction of excrementitious humours not continually as in continued Fevers but by certain intervalls sent to the heart and heating the same contrary to nature But how it comes to pass The fire place of Intermitting Fevers that the putred vapour is not continually sent to the heart but at certain times is very obscure For the explanation whereof since the knowledge of the place wherein putrefaction ariseth doth not a little conduce and whence the putred vapours are communicated to the heart which Galen calls the Furnace and Chimney in his 2. of the differences of Fevers cap. the last and in his 15. of the method of curing cap. the fourth that therefore is first to be explained But since 't is beyond the bounds of our Breviary of Institutions to reckon up the various and different opinions of Physicians concerning it we will here set down that opinion which we think truest The Chimney or Furnace and place wherein the matter the cause of intermitting Fevers is generated are the Mesaraick veins wherein the matter which sufficeth to irritate each single Paroxism is generated during the time of its interval And that many things which happen about intermitting Fevers do prove namely Loathing Vomitting Dolor of the heart Extension and pain of the Midriffe Intumescence about the Ventricle Bitterness about the mouth Belching and such like for in the beginning of intermitting Fevers pure choller is often ejected by vomit in great abundance which out of the more remote veins could not be evacuated in that manner and about the cava of the Liver Fernelius says he hath found the quantity of a pound by weight after the death of a Patient This choler being cast out the Fever is often cured which is a sign that it is the cause of the Fever and that it is collected in those first ways or passages Which Fomentations also used to the Hypocondries at the beginning of a Paroxysm shews by the mitigation of the trembling and shaking This matter is gather'd together in the Mesaraick veins a long time before it brings forth a Fever but when it begins to putrefie grow hot and be changed its heat being diffused over the whole body it exciteth a Fever which when it is dispersed the fevourish heat and Paroxism ceaseth and the Fever leaveth so long as till new matter which in like manner putrifieth in its due time is generated But although the matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers be generated in the Mesaraick veins and first passages the cause of intermitting Fevers conteined in the vâ—na cava Yet the whole doth not reside and continue included in them but is sent to the vena cava and arteries both during the fit and out of the same Nor is it here necessary to seek for occult and blind passages through which the putred vapours should be sent to the heart during the Paroxism since there are manifest passages enough for the branches of the Gate-vein are inserted into the substance of the Liver and the mouths of these have communion with the vena cava and the arteries going from the heart are joyned in the stomack guts spleen and other parts to the Mesaraick veins Yet 't is probable that the fevourish matter may be communicated to the veins not principally and only in the Paroxism but moreover some part thereof by that passage which is from the Meseraick veins to the Liver continually may be carried to them whence both by Galen 1. de cris cap. 7. and other Physicians a Fever is called a passion of a venemous nature And that is first manifest from the urines which shew evident notes of crudity and concoction in Intermittents Hence also it comes to pass that urines during the Paroxisms are laudable and like to theirs who are well since that the peccant humor is then protruded by nature out of the veins towards the circumference of the body and so the blood in the veins is become purer which again in the intervals of fits is polluted by the vitious humour proceeding from the chimney of the Fever The same is manifest out of those things which happen at the beginning of a fit and at that time which the Greeks call Episemasian for then spontaneous lassitudes stretching compression of pulses and other things happen which indicate that the matter which is to stir the Fever begins to be moved and as it were to swell in those common vessels veins and arteries That vitious humour accumulated partly in the Mesaraick veins partly in the vena cava when in time it putrifieth nature stimulated and irritated oftentimes strives several ways first by vomit and stool afterwards by sweats and urine sensibly to evacuate the same as also through the pores of the skin and by insensible transpiration it may discuss the same being resolved into vapours and steam For since that peccant humour is not exactly mingled with the blood but confusedly nature may easily seperate the same from the good blood and may shake it off each single fit which being discussed since putred vapours cannot any more be communicated to the heart the Fever also ceaseth and apurexie ensueth But because that as long as the Fever continueth some seeds and sparks are left in the granary and chimney Causes of the return of fits and seeing that there is imbecillity in the part 't is necessary that the humour flowing to it although it be good should be defiled with that pollution and excrement which was left as it were with leaven and through the debility of the part be corrupted and so new matter of a future Paroxism be generated And these fits continue and so often return until that those seeds that putrefaction and those sparks are fully taken away from thence and the weakness of that part restored Yet it seems probable that the whole matter which is the cause of a Fever doth not putrifie together in the first Paroxism but that part which is apt to putrefaction in the other fits the rest until the whole be putrified and consumed By these things it is manifest both where the matter that is the cause of putred Fevers is generated Cause of 〈◊〉 how it causeth a fit by what ways it is evacuated and
here you are to be admonished Whether mens manners are according to their temperature that those things which are spoken of signes of the moral actions by Physitians are not of acquired manners and such as are compleated by education discipline and custome but are to be understood of the native and congenite manners which Galen calls Hormas and when Physitians tell us that manners follow the constitution of the body that is to be taken of the native and ingenite manners not such as are acquired CHAP. V. Of the signs of the constitution of the Liver IF the Liver be temperate Signs of a temperate Liver the habit of the whole body is in the middle betwixt being too fat and too lean the colour of the body is rosie and for the most part the rest of the signs appear which are found in a temperate body the Urine is excellent If the Liver be too hot Of a hot yellow Choller abounds and in middle age black or chollerick and adust blood the Veins are broad and ample the whole body more hot the Belly and Hypocondries rough and hairy and those which have such a constitution of Liver are carried away by pleasures especially by meat and drink they are offended with hot meats and drinks and hot air but cold air and cold meat and drink help them their Panch is dry they are thirsty unless the coldness and moisture of the stomach hinder it and they are very obnoxious to het diseases In a cold Liver all things are contrary the veins are strait Of a cold the blood colder and hence the whole body colder except the heat of the Heart hinder it the belly smooth The signs of a dry Liver Of a dry are little blood and thick hard veins and the habit of the whole body thin or lean The signs of a moist Liver Of a moist are abundance of blood and that thin and watrish and the whole body more moist The signs of a hot and dry are amplitude and hardness of veins Of a hot and dry and hotter blood thicker and dryer the Hypocondris are exceeding rough and the whole body hotter and dryer But if the Liver be hot and moist Hot and moist more store of blood is generated and that of an indifferent consistence the veins are great and broad and soft and the habit of the whole body moister and softer the Hypocondries hairy enough and if either quality do much exceed those who have such a constitution fall into many diseases which proceed from putrefaction If the Liver be more cold and moist Cold and moist crude and pituitous blood is generated the veins are narrow and the whole body if the heart hinder it not is colder and moister and the Hypocondries are void of hair Moreover the signs of a cold and dry Liver are little blood and so the nutrition not so happy Cold and dry less store of hair and the whole body is colder and dryer unless perchance the heart do correct the frigidity of the Liver CHAP. VI. Of the signs of the temperature of the Testicles THose whose Testicles are in good temper are fruitful those whose Stones are too hot are lecherous Signs of temperate Testicles Hot. and apt for Venus betimes and fruitful also and beget boyes and they also have hair in their privy parts betimes and have beards also very young Those who have cold Stones are not apt for Venus Cold. nor fruitful and if they do generate they rather procreate Females then Males and their genital parts are more bald and have lesse hair and they slowly or never put forth a beard Those who have moist abound with much seed Moist but watry and have broad beards Those who have dry ones generate little seed Dry. and that indifferent thick and are apt to have little beards Those who have hot and dry Testicles generate thick seed and are fruitful and are timely stirr'd up to Venus Hot and dry and yet are easily hurt by Venue they beget Males unless the sluggish nature of the woman hinder it hair comes betimes in the genitalls and plentifully and in all the parts neer upwards in the parts nigh the Navel downwards to the middle of the Thighs Those who have heat and moisture Hot and moist do more abound with seed they affect Venus moderately and can easily brook it if the constitution of the rest of the body agree nay sometimes they are offended by retaining of the seed they generate as well Males as Females and are no so rough about the Genitals Those whose Testicles are cold and moist begin to use Venus late Cold and moist neither are they prone to Venus and they are also unfruitful or if they generate fruitful seed 't is more fit to procreate Females then Males and the seed is thin and watry Lastly Cold and dry those that have cold and dry Stones Generate thick seed and but little and are more hurt after Coition then cold and moist ones CHAP. VII Of the signs of the constitution of the stomach A Temperate Stomach shews it selfe moderate in all things Signs of a temperate Stomach it desires so much as it can concoct and concoct it well and neither corrupts soft meats which are easie to be digested noâ— leaves hard meats unconcocted and crude nor is it easily hurt by meat that overwhelms it But a hot Stomach concocts better then it desires Of a hot it digesteth meat hard and difficult to be concocted happily bur on the other side it corrupts soft meats and such as are easie to be digested and brings forth a nitrous crudity 't is delighted with hot meats and drink and that so powerfully that it is not hurt by the moderate use of cold things but is preserved from the farthest decay which will be preserved by heat Thirst is greater then the desire of meat A colder Stomach more greedily desires then it can concoct Cold. and principally cold meats and such as are hard to be digested are not easily well concocted by it but easily grow sower in it and a little after eating pleantifully a sense of heaviness is perceived about the Stomach and floating and loathing and sometimes vomit A moist Stomach doth not easily thirst Scoist it is not easily hurt by much drinking ' tis-delighted with moist food and easily brooks hunger A dryer Stomach is more thirsty Dry yet unless the thirst arise from some part neer thereunto it is hurt by too much drink it desires dry meat From these signs of the simple constitutions of the Stomach may easily be collected the signs of the mixt construtions CHAP. VIII Of the signs of the constitution of the Lungs THose who have hot Lungs do much dilate their brests in breathing they are thirsty Signs of hot Lungs and the thirst is not allayed unless it be in long time and with cold things Cold Lungs are much
making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ— imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâ—gs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent â—ace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâ—st by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the â—ungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâ—st place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
qualities and afford better juice Either the parts of living Creatures are taken as food or those things which are taken from them yet are not the parts of living Creatures and amongst the latter the first is Milk which is of a cold and moist or rather of a temperate and moist nature and yeilds nourishment the best by much if it be rightly concocted in the stomach and be good in its self There are three parts of milk Parts of milk the butirous the serous and the caseous the butirous is of an oylely and hot substance the serous is watry yet having some mixture with saltnesse but the caseous is cold and try and indeed Cowes milk is the fattest and thickest and contains more butter then the milk of other Animals and therefore nourisheth more and is most agreeable to us and hath more of the caseous part then Ewes milk Gotes milk is in the middest betwixt these Sound Animals only generates good milk but sick generate vitious Dry Herbs also cause the milk to be thick but green and such as are full of juice makes better wherefore the milk at the latter end of the Spring is best for by how much the thinner it be and more serous by so much it is the easier concocted and sooner passeth through the belly Best milk Antter and obstructs lesse but it nourisheth least the best milk therefore is that which is of a good smell and sweet to the tast of a middle consistence neither too thick nor to thin nor serous nor caseous overmuch of a white colour which yeilds good aliment and that plentifully and constantly enough especially for lean bodies as being that which is elaboured by so many concoctions and is become familiar to our nature that t is easily truly concocted as in unwholsome bodies t is casily corrupted in a cold stomach it easily growes sowre in a hot it is turned into an adust smell and choler and causeth pain in the head wherefore it is hurtfull to those that are sick of putred Feavers and to such as have paines in the head as also to those which are troubled with diseases of the eyes or are obnoxious to breed gravell those that are obstructed in the Liver and inflamed in the Hypocondries 5. Apho. 64. but the worst corruption thereof is when it is coagulated which may be prevented if any Salt Sugar ot Honey be added to it It is most conveniently taken on an empty stomach nor are other meats to be eaten presently after especially the use of Wine after milk is unwholsome As for the parts of milk Butter is used in our Countries instead of food and sawce t is hot and moist and almost of the same nature with Oyle yet it nourisheth more and is a sawce for many things t is used more advantageously then Oyle t is pleasant to the tast t is easily concocted and nourisheth much yet it agreeth not with those that have a moist and slippery stomach yet t is far better to be taken before other meats then after nor is it so agreeable to hot natures t is most conveniently eaten with bread Sowre milk is colder and agreeth not with colder stomachs Sowre Milk but with hotter especially in the Summer and in very hot weather Cheese is hardly concocted and yeilds thick nourishment Cheese and therefore stops the belly opens the Pores and affords matter fit for the generation of stones but that which is old affords ill nourishment the new yeilds better the new and salt is as yet cold and moist and of a flatulent nature the worst is the oldest that which is of a middle age which is neither hard nor soft and is moderatly sweat and fat is the best but whatsoever it be t is alwaies to be eaten after other meats and sparingly but since there is great differences of Cheeses according to the nature of living Creatures and of place and pasture That of the Ewe is the best t is easier concocted then others and affords better nourishment Cowes milk is next to this in goodnesse the Goates is worst of all yet that Cheese is better when the buterous and caseous parts are not separated but are made altogether into Cheese but those Cheeses are worse which are made of the caseous part only of the milk The serous part of the milk nourisheth least Whey and is instead of Medicine rather then aliment yet t is most fitly used for the evacuation of serous and adust humours it consisteth of two parts the one salt and participating of acrimony and is altogether hot which is the lesser part the other is watry and is the greater part for which it is called cold and moist whey Eggs but especially of Hens are food with us Eggs. an Egg consists of two parts the Yolk and the White those are moderatly hot and moist and of the best nourishment these cold and dry which afford also much nourishment and that lasting enough but hard of concoction The newest Eggs are the best and nourish most and soonest and yeild good aliment but the stalest are the worst and the corruption of Eggs the worst And they do not so well agree with those whose Liver or stomachs are filled with vitious humours and in Cholerick and hot stomachs they are easily corrupted and turned into choler As for the dressing of them they are best when they are soft and to be supt beeing boyled in seething water but those which are roasted in ashes are not so good those that are boyled till they are hard although they afford more solid nourishment yet they are worse but the worst of all are those which are fryed in a Frying-pan especially in Oyle Honey is of a hot and dry nature Honey in the second degree yet that which is whitest is not so hot and is more commodious for those that are sound but all honey is medicinall aliment convenient for old men and those of cold natures but because it easily turnes into choler t is not fit for hot natures nor for the Liver but t is good for the Lungs otherwise it hath a cleansing faculty Sugar and resists putrifaction Sugar although it be not taken from living Creatures but is made out of Reeds hath a great agreement with honey yet t is lesse hot and dry then honey and therefore t is profitably mingled both with hot and cold things yet in those that are very hot it easily turnes into choler otherwise it hath an abstersive faculty without sharpnesse Aliments which are taken from the parts of Animals are many Food from the parts of Animals Feet which both according to the kinds of living Creatures and according to their parts do vary The feet of Animals of what kind soever are cold and dry they have little flesh and scarce any blood they yeild a cold juice dull and glutinous by reason whereof the broath of boyled feet is congealed The Heart is of a hard and dry nature
the Kidnies Cooling the Reines Mallowes Lettice Purslan Pellitory Barley the foure great cold Seeds Poppy Lettice Fleawort Quinces Pepons Stone-berries Violets Flowers of Water-lillies Camphire Santalls Sorrell Iuice of Lymons Melons Currants Things Heating the Womb Heating the Womb. Mug-wort Mother-wort Bettony Dittany and Origanum Penny-royall alamints Marjerom Sage Time Bawme Summer or Winter Savory Rue Rosemary Bay-leaves Flowers of Camomil Cumminseed Anni-seed Fennel-seed Carrot seed Parsley Smallage Roots of Birthwort Red Madder of Eringo Fennel Parsley Sparagus Burnet Angelica Valerian Master-wort the meate and liquor of the Indian Nut Bay-beerries Iuniper-Berries Cloves Nutmegs Mace Sweet garden flag Cinamon Worm-seed Saffron Galingale Mirrh Castor Things cooling the Wombe Water-lillies Violets Roses Cooling the Womb. Quinces and the Sirrup thereof Purslane Lettice Garden-Endine Hot simples belonging to the joynts the Gout and diseases of the sinews Marjerom one Berry Herbe Lovage Bettony Groundpine Rosemary Sage Bay-leaves Lavender Staechados Mugwort and most of the chephalicks Castor earth Wormes CHAP. V. Of extenuating and preparing of humours OVt of this forme of humours are sought digerent Of cleansing and preparing digestive or preparing things so called all which since they hinder nature in acting take away and change the qualities which resist the action of native heat namely they coole too much those things that are hot and heate too much those things that are two cold they moisten dry things and dry up moist things they attenuate what is thick and incrassate what is thin Namely yellow choler is to bee corrected with cooling Cholers moistning and thickning things Phleagme is to be prepared with heating drying and attenuating things melancholy humors are to bee corrected with things moderately heating moistning and attenuating black Choler is to be prepared with things that are very moistning attenuating And those things are to be used which are fitted to every part according as the humour resides in this or that part cold cephalicks prepare and digest choler in the head cold Thoracicks in the Breast cold Cardiaacks in the heart things cooling the Ventricle in the stomack cold Hepaticks in the Liver Hot Cephalicks prepare Flegme in the head Phlegme hot Thoracicks in the Breast hot things appropriated to the Ventricle prepare flegme in the stomack hot Hepaticks in the Liver things heating the Reines in the Reines hot things appropriated to the Womb in the Womb. These things prepare Melancholy Melancholly and black choller and black Choler Fumitory Buglosse Burrage Spleen-wort Bawme a kind of bind weed growing about flax Venus haire common Germander ground-pine Hops Barkes of Citrons Fennell Rosemary juice of Apples Ceterach Capers Epithymum Violets Butchers Broome the flowres and seed of Tamariske of Basil Ashen Keyes CHAP. VI. Of Emollients Relaxing Rarfying c. EMollients are those things which power our that which is concreate Emollients such are those things which neither are very hot nor exceeding dry many hot in the second degree and something moist and moreover having a clammy or emplastick force such as are the Leaves and Roots of Mallowes and Marsh Mallowes the Roots of white Lillies Orach English Mercury the Seed of Mallowes Sesami a white graine growing in India Flax Fenugreeke Marsh mallowes Fat Figs Simple Oiles the Fat of Hens Sowes Fat Calves Kidds Sheeps Fat and such like almost all Marrowes fresh Butter Wax Pitch Rosin Bdellium Amoniack Storax melted Ladanum Galbanum To these are opposed hardning and binding things Things hardning Loosening which are cold and moist Sengreen or life everlasting purslan Fleawort Ducks-meat Night-shade Things loosening are compared to those things which bind which joyning together humors contrary to nature become hard and are especially those which when certaine matter or a vapour or Wind fills the space of the parts and extends them rarifies them and attenuates and discusses an unsavory spirit and matter such are those things that are moderately hot moisten more largely and are of a thinner substance that they easily penetrate and are not hindred by thicknesse as Lillies Oile of Camomil Flaxseed Fenugreek Fat 's Butter Greazy wool and such like Condensing things Condenseing are of a more watry nature and contract more weakly and moreover they close the thin and externall Pores they contract and condense but they cannot contract the whole part on every side and powerfully such are cold water Purslan Sengreen Fleawort Mouse-eare Ducks meate Thistles green Houseleek the greater and the lesser Stiptick things are cold and astringent Binding and Stopping condensing and of a thick substance for being applyed externally by their thicknesse they stop the pores and by their frigidity and siccity they contract the part and close them into one another of that kind are those which are otherwise called binding or astringent the Barks of Pomegranates Frankinsence Mirobolanes the Roots of Tormentill Rhubarbe Torrified Plantine Horse-taile little double Dazies Blood-wort or Wall-wort the Floures of Pomegranates Flowers of Roses Sorrell seeds as of Plantine Roses Purslan Ciprus-nuts Mirtles Quinces Pares Medlars Mulberries not ripe Ceruises or swallow Pares the fruit of a Cornell or Dogg Tree Oake Apples Kernels of Grapes Cups of Acorns the red juice of Wax or Hony in the Hony-Combs also such juice of Wild Hony Acacia Mastick Vermillion Spode which is soot arising in the rising of Brasse Pearles Coral Bolearmenack Irish flat Allum Lapis Haematites or Bloodstone Iron To condensing things are opposed rarifying things Rarifying and to astringent things opening things rarifying things are those which open the Pores of the Skin and render the passages wider that Vapours may be blowne or breathed out the better such medicines are hot but moderately of thin parts and not drying as Marsh-mallowes English Mercury Dill Flowers of Camomill of Melilot of Elders seed of Fenugreek Flax dry Figs old Oile Butter Opening things are those as dilate the Orifices of the Vessels whence they may be called in generall aperient Opening the mouths of Vessels yet those are principally called aperient which penetrate deeper and attenuate the thick humors and are hot in the second degree endued with somewhat a thicker substance and are not easily dissipated untill they have performed their operation A hemating and to this purpose bitter things are very usefull next to these are attenuating and cutting which divide dissolve and make lesse those attenuate the thick these the viscide and glutinous humours and are moreover of a thinner substance and hot for the most part in the third degree also sharpe and such as appeare biting and hot to the smell or taste or to them both and have a nitrous and salt savour or they are sharpe and bitter such are the five opening Rootes Opening so called that is of smallage Fennell Sparagus Parsley and Butchers broome Grasse Cichory Eringo Rootes Gentian Ferne wild or Garden madder Century the greater Asarabecca Capers of Tamarisk of Ashes Fumetary Wormewood Agrimony Venus
infusion or decoction but when you would bind and corrobarate t is best in the substance there is also an extract prepared hereof but such a one which scarce purgeth stronger then when it is taken in the substance t is given in the substance t is given in the substance to two drachms in infusion to halfe an ounce Turpentine moves not only the belly Turpentine but the bowells and especially cleanseth the reines t is given with the powder of Rhubarbe or Licorish and Sugar made into a Bolus or with the yolke of an egg and some convenient water therewith wrought in a Morter and reduced into a milky liquor t is given from halfe an Ounce to six drachms Aloes is hot in the second degree Aloes and dry in the third exceeding bitter it opens the mouths of the veines and therefore is hurtfull to such as are apt to a Flux of blood or such as are with child and Hecticks and no way safe for those that are hot and dry extenuated t is most conveniently taken prepared and extracted and Rosated as they call it by reason of the bitternesse of it it is not easily given in drinke but in pills most properly it is given from halfe a drachm to three drachms Fleabane Fleawort or Flea-wort the seed of it is cold and dry in the second degree t is given in infusion rather then in the substance from a drachm to three drachms Stronger Purgers of Choler SCammony is hot and dry in the third degree Scamony it primarily drawes choler next Phlegmaticks humours and unlesse it be well corrected it frets the guts by its Acrimony causeth gripings opens the Orifices of the vessells and causeth a Flux of blood it hurts the stomack Liver and Heart inflames the Spirits and stirs up feavers and therefore we seldome use it alone and least that it should offend fat things are to be added Tragacanth Bdellium Oyle of sweet Almonds seed of Fleabane Cinamon Spike Galangale Fennell seed Quinces Mastick the juice of Violets and Roses t is commonly corrected by boyling it in the substance of a Quince and so prepared t is called Diagrydium there is also prepared of it an extract or Rosin it is scarcely fit to be given to those that are weake although it be corrected the dose of Dyagridium is given from five to fifteen graines some give a scruple Asarabecca purges choller by the Paunch Asarabecca yet it rather stirs up vomit it attenuates opens obstructions and provokes sweats and therefore is profitable for Hydropick and Icterick persons and such as are troubled with the Spleen and Quartan Agues t is given in the substance from halfe a Drachme to two Scruples or a Drachme in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce The milder purgers of Phlegme MYrobolans Mirobolanes Chebula Emblica Bellirick Chebulae which principally are good for the Braine and Liver according to some evacuate also black choller emblick which are appointed for the heart Spleen and Liver as also Bellirick are cold in the first and dry in the second degree and bind and therfore are not safely given in obstructions nor when Phleagme tenaciously cleaves to the guts but in fluctuations and in a loosenesse and when there is need of astriction and corroborating they are prepared according as we have shewed before of the Citron Myrobalams there is also the same Dose to be given Agarick purges onely thin and aqueous Phlegme Agarick but not viscide and principally evacuates the excrements of the Braine and Lungs opens obstructions of the bowells yet is not so commodious for the stomack and therefore the third part of Cloves Nutmegs Galingale Sal gemmae Ginger are to be added t is given in the substance to two Drachmes in in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce Mechoacan also purges Phlegme Mecoacan but principally serous and aqueous humors and therefore is excellent in Dropsies t is corrected with the third part of Cinamon Anniseed Mastick t is given from a drachme to two drachmes in the substance in infusion to halfe an ounce The stronger Purger of Phlegme TVrbith is hot in the third Turbith and dry in the second degree and drawes out thick and viscide Phlegme even from the remotest parts t is hurtfull to the stomack and causeth loathing and Vomit and is not to be given to children old men nor Women with child and when t is exhibited it is to be corrected with Ginger Mastick Pepper Cinamon Fennel Galingale nor must you eat fish after you have used it the Dose is from 2. scruples to 4. scruples in the substance in infusion or decoction from 2. Drachmes to 3. Drachms to 6. Drachms The seed of wild Saffron Seeed of Carthamus purgeth Fleagme and Water by Vomit and Stoole and is very good for the breast and such as have Asthmaes but it is an enemy to the stomack and therefore it is used with the third part of Cinamon Galingale Mastick or Anniseed t is given in decoction from three Drachmes to six Drachmes Coloquintida Coloquintida which is hot and dry in the third degree drawes out Flegme from the most profound and more remote parts Turbith cannot evacuate but is a most vehement medicine and offends the stomack and Guts when there is a Feaver and moreover it useth to be sod being bound up in a skin t is seldome used alone but instead thereof Troches made thereof which they call Alhandals are wont to be used t is corrected with Cinamon Tragacanth Mastick Bdellium and other Cordiacks Hepaticks and Stomaticks t is given to 15. graines or a Scruple Hermodactiles purge thick Phlegme especially from the joynts Hermodactiles and therefore is good for the Gout t is corrected with Cinamon Ginger Mints t is given in the substance from 2. scruples to a Drachme and halfe in infusion or decoction to 3. Drachmes Euphorbium is hot and drying the fourth degree Euphorbium it drawes away thick and tough Phlegme but more powerfully aqueous humours it is a violent medicine and t is reckoned by some rather among poysons then purgers t is corrected by cordials and stomaticks Oyle of sweet Almonds Saffron Mastick by the sowernesse of a Lynion or Cytron the highest Dose of it is 10. Graines Opopanax heates in the third Opopanax and dries in the second it drawes away thick and viscide Phlegme from the more remote parts and joynts t is corrected with the third part of Ginger Spike Cinamon or Mastick t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Sagapenum is hot in the third Sagapenum and dry in the second degree and purges clammy and thick humours from the Bowels Braine and more remote parts especially of old men hurts the stomack and Liver it is corrected as opopanax the Dose is from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme The milder Purgers of Melancholy and black humours INdian myrobolans are of the same nature with the rest of them
a continued Quartane and debilitates nature exceedingly it lasteth till the fourtieth day oftentimes and beyond it Most part of the cure is the same with that of a continued Quartane Cure and because the humour the cause of the Fever is contained in the vena cava and there mixed with the blood in the beginning those things that open the first passages being first exhibited a vein is to be opened afterwards phlegm is to be concocted and evacuated Yet you should heat and attenuate more sparingly then in intermittent Fevers but to moisten more and adde those things which may allay the heat of the putrifying humours such as are in other cases convenient against choller The humour being prepared purging is to be used and a purge should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be gentle but if nature order no Crisis stronger may afterwards be given Diureticks and Sudorifiques may also be given after concoction but such as are not so hot and those given in intermittent Fevers and when the strength is much debilitated confortatives are to be exhibited prepared of Burrage Bugloss Balm flowers of Rosemary Gilliflowers Confection of Alkerms and such like Such Diet is to be appointed as in intermittent Quartanes Diet. yet the diet should be thinner and cool more then in intermittent Fevers since that the heat is greater and the height neerer the use of the smaller sort of wine although it may be allowed yet it must be taken more sparingly then in intermittents and if the heat be greater wholly abstain from wine CHAP. XVI Of Symptomatical Fevers BEsides these continued primary Fevers which have hitherto been explained Symptomatical Fevers there are yet other continued Fevers called Symptomatical and accidental which happen upon some other disease which hath gone before and which follows as a Symptome the disease and is taken away at the cure of the disease and so these Fevers follow other diseases which being taken away they cease Whence the Ancients also as Galen teacheth 4. Aphor. 73. said those only were fevourish which were sick without an inflammation or other distemper but those that did febricitate by reason of an inflammation of the side lungs or any other part they did not call them fevourish but Pleuretick Peripneumoniack Hepatick or other such like names But there is not only one sort of these Fevers Differences yet the principal and most usual is that which follows an inflamation of some internal part neer the heart or which hath consent with the heart when from blood powred into the inflamed part and putrifying vapours are communicated to the heart and heat it which in a Pleurisie Peripneumony and Angina happens as we are commonly taught But although it cannot be denied but that from the inflamation of these and other such like parts Symptomatical Fevers may arise and that the Fevers ensuing the inflammations in accidental wounds do prove it yet if we diligently consider it all those Fevers which are commonly called Symptomatical are not such but primary For first putrefaction is kindled in the vena cava whence a continued primary Fever is stirred up Fevers accompanied but because nature is burthened with the weight of those peccant humours she useth to force them as much as it could out of those greater vessels and from a publique and Kingly seat as it were into lesser veins and smaller parts of the body the blood with those vitious humours being diffused into those lesser parts causeth inflammation And it is manifest by this because a Fever for the most part precedes inflammation it doth not follow it and oftentimes the matter passeth from one part to another whence changes of diseases are made Hence these Fevers are properly called by Platerus Comitatae rather then Symptomatical and such Febres Gomitatae are not only those which have an inflammation of any part accompanied with them but also those to which other evils are annexed namely a Diarrhea a Dysentery Spots Measles the small Pox wandring pains the Gout of the joynts or running Gout Catarrhs For all these evils do arise when nature being oppressed with the weight of its burthen of peccant humours it protrudes some part of them out of the vessels A Fever of this kind is also accompanied which is an Erysipelas Erysipelas or Rose called by the Germans Rose for this Fever doth not proceed from an inflammation of an external part but this evil accompanies the Fever for when the thinner and hotter blood burneth in the vessels by what means soever putrifies and is corrupted and acquires a vitious quality which principally is caused by anger and fear nature being stimulated protrudes the same to some external part of the body whence this evil invadeth with a trembling and quaking and whilest the matter striving to go outwards ceaseth on the Glandules under the Arm-pits and about the groin some of the humour that is stirred up sticks there and pain and swellings are there perceived till at length it manifests it self in the leg or some other external part which may be known by the heat pain and rosie colour But we do not assent unto Platerus in that he says that all those Fevers are simple and pure continued and are without any putrefaction The Urines that we may pass by other things do manifestly shew putrefaction which hath the same tokens of crudity and concoction as in other putred Fevers and nature sometimes critically sometimes Symptomatically expells the matter offensive to it for it doth not only expel by insensible transpiration and by a moist steam which useth to be in Ephemeraes and Synochaes which are without putrefaction Some of these Fevers whether they arise from an inflammation of the parts or whether they have that as a companion Differences of Fevers are called Phlegmonides which principally proceed from blood but those which arise from Erysipelas or inflamation are called Erusipolatodes and inflame fires Phlegmonides Typhodes Lipyriae To these belong the Fever that leaves fire as it were behind it which burneth so exceedingly that all the interals are as it were burnt but the external parts grow cold and that during the whole course of the disease and this Fever ariseth from an Erisipelas or inflamation of any internal part but principally of the stomack and from blood and Spirits meeting in the part inflamed The second kind of Symptomatical Fevers which is called Lenta proceeds not from any inflamation of the bowels Febrelentae but from some obstruction and hidden putrefaction that is from matter without the vessels spread over the substance of any of the interals or at least impacted and putrifying in the capillar veins dispersed neer the substance of the interals and hath its rise from the substance of the interal decaying whence there is so great quantity as that when the matter is gotten into larger and wider vessels
vapours cannot be transmitted to the heart and so a Febris Lenta is stirred up which therefore is unequal and keeps no certain order This Fever is the gentlest of all and molesteth not the sick with any grievous Symptome so that the sick oftentimes thinks himself well In the mean while the strength decayes that the sick can scarce go forward and the body is no ways refreshed by aliment but wasteth by degrees whence sometimes this Fever is accounted with an Hectick and therefore when there is any suspition of this Fever in the first place we must diligently search the Hypocondries and Hypogastries to try whether any tumor be to be discerned in any of them some signs of putrefaction also will appear in the urine and discover themselves in the Pulse This Fever is more durable and goes beyond the terms of other Fevers and often endeth not in fourty days nor is it gone until the humour fastened to the interal be consumed The third sort of Symptomatical Fevers is Fevers from putrefaction of interals that which ariseth from the putrefaction of any interal from whence putred vapours through the veins inserted might be sent to the heart heat that and might stir up a continued Fever whereby the body by degrees might be extenuated and wither And this Fever is sometimes more violent sometimes more mild according as the putrefaction is more or less This often happens in putrefaction of the lungs in such as are Phthisical so 't is found that the Caul or Kell Mesentery Womb and other parts are corrupted and thence a Fever kindled In like manner from Fistulaes penetrating into the internal parts a Febris lenta being stirred up it is observed that some do consume and waste The fourth kind of Symptomatical Fevers is when either from corrupt milk From corrupt milk Putrified blood Worms which often happens in Infants or from blood putrifying somewhere without the vessels or from worms putred vapours are communicated to the heart that is heated and a Fever irritated To these may be referred that Fever which ariseth from crudity which is familiar amongst little children from their eating of sweet things which hath with it a tumor and inflammation of the Hypocondries which the Germans call Das Herngespam from the abundance of crude humours collected in the stomack and neighbouring parts which begin to putrefie and are turned into wind Diagnâ—stick signs Symptomatical Fevers properly so called are known by this that they come after diseases of private parts and the first sort of these Fevers is known from hence because it follows an inflammation of some certain part as on the contrary Fevers called Comitatae first appear and invade with rigor and trembling to which afterwards a Fever happens But those Lentae or slow Fevers are known by their slow heat wherewith notes of putrefaction in the urine and pulse appear the sick are weak scarce able to go the body wasteth by little and little and the Fever is lengthened for the most part beyond fourty days they are tormented by the use of purging But when the cause of these Fevers is hidden 't is very hardly to be distinguished and therefore the Hypocondries and other internal parts are to be observed with great diligence and we are to enquire whether any tumor or pain be to be found there But those which arise from the putrefaction of any part are more easily known nor indeed can the corruption of the part be hidden unless it be ignoble So that Fever which proceeds from corrupt milk or blood is easily known by its signs as also that which ariseth from crudity is manifest from their loathing things blowing up and swelling of the Hypocondries Although these Fevers in respect of themselves for the most part are not dangerous because they are mild The Prognostick yet in regard of their causes on which they depend we ought to doubt whether they are dangerous or not as also whether they are long or short for those which follow an inflammation of any part are short since that the inflammation it self cannot be long but the danger of them depends on the inflammation The Febres Lentae are for the most part long and often continue more then fourty days And although not by their violence yet by their duration they debilitate the strength they are cured also with difficulty because their cause pertinaciously inheres in some interal Those Fevers are very dangerous and seldom curable which come from the corruption and putrefaction of any part because the part can seldom be cured But those Fevers which proceed from corrupted mill and blood worms or crudity are often acute and dangerous and bring with them grievous Symptomes as Epilepsies Convulsions yet they last not long neither are they hard to be cured but the cause being taken away they cease The way of cure ought to be aimed at by striking at the cause whereon it depends The Cure If therefore a Symptomatical Fever depend on an inflammation of any part the cure is to be directed to the inflammation it self which being cured the Fever ceaseth And therefore most remedies which are convenient to asswage inflammations are here useful Yet in regard of the part affected the way of cure sometimes differs the part affected is diligently to be weighed Whereof it shall be spoken in the cure of particular affects The Febres Lentae since they proceed from extraordinary obstructions of the bowels require opening attenuating and deterging medicines And such are to be chosen as are appropriated to each part and such as strengthen the tone of the interals which for the most part is debilitated yet by intervalls gentle purgation may be used Neither are Diureticks to be omitted in their season Externally also if the part affected will bear it Emollients and Discutients are to be applied If the Symptomatical Fever proceed from the corruption and putrefaction of any part that cure is to be instituted which agreeth to Ulcers and Fistulaes of the internal parts If it be occasioned by corrupt milk or blood Worms or crude and corrupt meats we are to endeavour that those causes be taken away conveniently either by vomit or cleansing and evacuating medicines and together to resist putrefaction and fevourish heat In the cure of accompanied Fevers we are to look no less to the Fever then that conjunct disease or companion and the metion of nature is not to be impeded The cure of accompanied Fevers least the peccant humour retained in the body should cause more danger and therefore although it be not profitable to hinder an inflammation when 't is beginning Yet the humour that is the cause or that evil is also to be evacuated which is most conveniently done for the most part by breathing of a vein which together affords evacuation and revulsion Yet it shall be profitable also to empty the firft passages since that oftentimes the matter is gather'd together in them and since the matter for the
it for they say that this filth being left in the body doth lie still like unto leven until stirred so that the whole blood boyls like new wine and so whatsoever is in it of impurity is seperated and sent to the out-side of the body and they therefore say so because they observed that almost all men at some time are troubled with the Pox or Measles and those which have had them once or twice for the most part are free from them ever after Others are against this opinion and say that it proceeds from some occult celestial cause whose impression children being more infirm are apter to take then those that are strong and in years neither do they think it probable that Infants are nourished in the womb with unclean blood or that this impurity can lie hidden so long in mans body since 't is known that not only Infants but youths nay such as are well in years and old men also some times fall sick of the small Pox which formerly have been sick of Fevers and troubled with scabs in whom in case any impurity had been in the blood it ought to have been then taken away But in regard both opinions contain difficulties in them and both seem to be held up with probable arguments let us joyn them together for if the Pox and Measles are epidemical and infectious 't is not to be denied but that they then arise from a certain peculiar malignant disposition of ayr Then Infants as being more tender sooner are infected although it cannot be denied that from an external cause an infirmity lying hidden within may be brought forth into action yet if the power of the malignity be greater those of ripe years may somtimes be afflicted But if the Pox or Measles come forth scattered here and there 't is probable that they proceed from the impurity of the womb whereby a vitious disposition of the body is contracted by the party in the infancy especially if there be no fault in the Ayr for although an infant in the womb be nourished with the purest blood of the mother yet when it becomes bigger and wanteth more nourishment it cannot be but that it must draw some of the depraved humours which are cumulated in the womb with it Whence it is known that Infants have been born sick of the small Pox or had them come forth presently after they come into the world Yet 't is not impossible but that from ill Diet the same vitiousness may be contracted as from the menstruous blood in the womb and that may happen to those that have had the small Pox twice or thrice although it may likewise happen by reason of the first pollution and defilement of which some reliques were left The small Pox and Measles alwaies come forth with a Fever Whether any and what Fever may be joyned with the Small Pox and Measles for they are stirred up by a certain crisis and that ebullition not only happens to the subcutanial veins but also to the greater whence heat is communicated to the heart and a Fever is kindled and that Fever is made a putred Synocha as may appear by the equal heat and the matter contained in the Pox and that which is gentle often vanisheth within a few days neither is it regarded by Infants nor the standers by but that which is more vehement if the disease be to determine with safety will abate when the Pox comes forth somtimes these Fevers become pestilential and then many Infants are extinguished And thus the small Pox and Measles are generated from internal causes yet external causes likewise do often concur as humours corrupting in this manner or lying hidden have force of moving The first is Ayr by reason of the influence of Stars or causes otherwise so disposed as that they may corrupt the humours in this manner Moreover contagion when a certain sickly effluvium or steam from bodies diseased of the small Pox or Measles is communicated to another body and causeth the same disease therein But of Poxes and pushes there is certain differences as hath been said in substance quantity and quality According to substance some consist of this some of that humour according to quantity some are big and many others small and few according to quality some are white others red yellow livid violet colour c. Some come out suddenly others slowly some are presently healed and vanish others continue long some afflict only the external parts of the body some the internal also But when the Pox or Measles are coming Diagnostick signs there is present pain in the head eyes and throat an itching of the nostrils sneezing terror in sleep fits like epileptical ones pain on the back burning and pricking in the skin difficulty of breathing a dry cough trembling of the feet yawning retching palpation of the heart which actions so hurt proceeds from the ebullition of the blood and fuliginous vapours sent from the heart and dispersed over all the body Their Urine is often like unto theirs who are in health the peccant matter being thrust out to the extremities of the body yet somtimes 't is troubled by reason of the great ebullition of humours the hemorrhodes of the Nose are frequent tears use to fall from the eyes of their own accord or the eyes shew as if they were ready to weep somtimes vomiting happens the face and eyes are red the skin rough the voice hoarse and lastly a Fever by the ebullition of humours is kindled If these signs therefore for the most part are present and are encreased on the third or fourth day and certain red spots appear in the skin 't is a sign that the Pox or Measles are at hand and this suspition is increased if the Pox reign thereabouts A little afterwards those specks are exalted like grains of Mellet and afterwards changed into pustules full of quitture and are become Pox or are extended abroad and small tubercles are made and the Measles are produced The nature of humours is principally known by the colour Signs of Causes and of the part affected for if the pox proceed from a cholerick humour mixt with blood they are more red and do itch more from Flegm they are whiter from melancholy blacker somtimes likewise they are of violet colour green lead colour and with greater corruption of humours If they possess not only the skin but also the internal parts the Fever is greater thence comes great difficulty of breathing straitness of the breast a greater cough pain in the stomack and guts most vehement Small Pox and Measles are numbred amongst acute diseases Prognosticks and are terminated within fourteen days they come forth commonly about the fourth day they increase till the seventh the height is manifest the eleventh and from thence to the fourteenth is the declination but the drying of them continueth till the twentieth day somtimes The Fever adjoyned the magnitude of symptomes the manner of the