And you must observe that when we say the body or any part of it is hot wee understand more hot than is fit for one of that kinde which is tempered to justice as when we say a man hath a hot liver wee meane his liver is hotter than a man justly tempered should have for all other tempers whether of the whole body or any of the parts thereof are to be referred to this and in the cure of diseases we must looke upon it as the marke and labour to preserve it by the use of convenient things as much as lies in our power Wherefore because it is very necessary to know the distinction of temperaments I have thought good in this place briefly to handle the temperaments of the parts of the body ages seasons of the yeare humors and medicines Therefore the temperaments of the parts of our body are of this nature not onely by the judgement of the touch of a mans hand which is justly tempered who is often deceived by flowing heate which spread from the heart into all the body imparts a certaine kinde of heate to all the parts but also by the rule of their reason composure and sustance as A Bone is the most drie and cold A Gristle lesse than it A Ligament lesse than a Gristle A Tendon is so much drier and colder than the membrane by how much it in the same temper exceedes a Veine and Arterie Then follow the harder veines for the softer are in a middle temper of drinesse and moisture like as the skinne although all both soft and hard are of a cold temper Wherefore all these parts of their owne nature are cold and without bloud although the veines and arteries waxe hot by reason of the heate of the bloud they containe which notwithstanding also borroweth that heat from the heart as a part most hot and softer than the skinne the liver next followeth the heart in the order of the hotter parts which is far softer than the skinne it selfe for if according to Galens opinion the heart is somewhat lesse hard than the skinne and that is farre harder than the liver as appeares by touching them it must necessarily follow that the liver much exceedes the skinne in softnesse I understand the skinne simple and separated from the flesh lying under it to which it firmely cleaves The flesh is more moist and hot than the skinne by reason of the bloud dispersed in it The spinall marrow is colder and moister than the skinne but the braine so much exceeds it in moisture as it is exceeded by the fat The lungs are not so moist as the fat and the spleene and kidnies are of the like nature and neverthelesse they are all moister than the skinne According to the diversities of ages the temperaments both of the whole body and all its parts undergoe great mutations for the bones are farre harder in old men than in children because our life is as it were a certaine progresse to drinesse which when it comes to the height consequently causeth death Wherefore in this place we must speake of the Temperaments of ages when first we shall have defined what an age is Therefore an age is defined a space of life in which the constitution of the bodie of its selfe and owne accord undergoeth manifest changes the whole course of life hath foure such ages The first is childhood which extends from the birth to the eighteenth yeare of age and hath a hot and moist temper because it is next to the hot and moist beginnings of life seed and bloud Youth followeth this which is prolonged from the eighteenth to the twentie fift yeare and is temperate and in the midst of all excesses Mans estate succeedeth youth which they deny to extend beyond the thirtie fift yeare of age in its proper temper it is hot and drie whereby it commeth to passe that then the heate is felt more acride and biting which in childhood seemed milde because the progresse of the life to drinesse hath much wasted the native humiditie Then succedes old age ever devided into two parts the first whereof extends from the thirtie fift to the fortie ninth yeare those of this age are called old men but we commonly call them middle aged men The latter is as it were devided by Galen into three degrees the first whereof are those who having their strength sound and firme undergoe civill affaires and businesses which things those which are in the second degree of old age cannot doe because of the debilitie of their now decaying strength but those which are in the last degree are afflicted with most extreme weakenesse and miserie and are as much deprived of their sences and understanding as of the strength of their bodies whereof arose this Proverbe Old men twice children Those old men of the first ranke are pleasant and courteous and those we say are beginning to grow old or in their greene old-age those of the second sort delight in nothing but the boord and bed but old decreepit men of the last order thinke of nothing else than their graves and monuments Their firme and solid parts are of a cold and drie temperature by reason of the decay of the radicall moisture which the inbred heate causeth in the continuance of so many years Which thing may happen in a short space by the vehement flame of the same natural heate turned by feavours into a fiery heate But if any to prove old men moist will object that they cough up and spit much I will answer him as an old Doctor once said That a pitcher filled with water may powre forth much moisture yet no man will deny but that such a vessell of its owne terrene nature and matter is most drie so old men may plainely be affirmed to be moist by reason of their defect of heate and aboundance of excrements But this description of ages is not to be taken so strictly as alwayes to be measured by the spaces and distances of yeares for there are many which by their owne misdemeanour seeme elder at fortie than others doe at fiftie Lastly the famous Philosopher Pythagoras devided man life into foure ages and by a certaine proportion compared the whole course thereof to the foure seasons of the yeare as childhood to the Spring in which all things grow and sprout out by reason of plenty and aboundance of moisture And youth to the Summer because of the vigour and strength which men enjoy at that age And mans estate or constant age to Autumne for that then after all the dangers of the forepassed life the gifts of discretion and wit acquire a seasonablenesse or ripenesse like as the fruits of the earth enjoy at that season And lastly he compares old age to the sterile and fruitlesse Winter which can ease and consolate its tediousnesse by no other meanes than the use of fruits gathered and stored up before which then are of a
in which it is terminated Others have a Tendon indeede But some of these move with the bone some not as the muscles of the eyes and besides some of these have broad and membranous tendons as the muscles of the eyes and Epigastrium except the right muscles in others they are thicke and round as in the benders of the fingers in others they are lesse round but more broad than thicke such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles and Soleus of the legge others have short Tendons as the muscles which turne downe the hand othersome long as those of the plames of the hands and soles of the feet besides others produce Tendons from the end of their belly which Tendons are manifest others from the midst as the Temporall muscles Besides also others diffuse many tendons from their belly as in the hands the benders of the fingers and the extenders of the feet Othersome put forth but one which sometimes is devided into many as those which bend the third articulation of the foot otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon as the three muscles of the Calfe of the leg and those which bend the cubit and leg All tendons have their originall when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle are by litle and litle drawne and meet together untill at last carried to the joynt they are there fastened for the fit bending and extension thereof From the contrariety of their Actions for some parts have contrary muscles benders and extenders Other parts have none for the Cods and fundament have onely lifters up From their function for some are made for direct motions as those which extend the fingers and toes others for oblique as the Supinators of the hand and the Pronators others performe both as the pectorall muscle which moves the Arme obliquely upward and downeward as the upper and lower fibers are contracted and also out right if all the fibers be contracted together which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles because that by understanding them the prognosticke will be more certaine and also the application of remedies to each part and if any occasion be either to make incision or suture we may be more certaine whether the part affected be more or lesse nervous CHAP. IX Of the parts of a Muscle HAving declared the nature and differences of a muscle we must note that some of the parts thereof are compound or universall others simple or particular The compound are the head Belly and taile The simple are ligaments a nerve flesh a veine artery and coate For the compound parts by the head we understand the beginning and originall of a muscle which is one while ligamentous and nervous otherwhiles also fleshy By the belly that portion which is absolutely fleshy But by the taile we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve partly of a ligament promiscuously comming forth from the belly of the muscle For asmuch as belongs to the simple which are sixe in number three are called proper and three common The proper are a Ligament from a bone a nerve proceeding from the Braine or spinall marrow and flesh compact by the concretion of blood The Common are a veine from the Liver or trunke arising from thence an artery proceeding from the Heart a Coate produced by the nervous ligamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle But for the simple use of all such parts the nerve is as it were the principall part of a muscle which gives it sense and motion the Ligament gives strength the flesh containes the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the muscle and strengthens it filling up all the void spaces and also it preserves the native humidity of these parts and cherisheth the heat implanted in them and to conclude defends it from all externall injuries for like a fan it opposeth it selfe against the heat of the Sunne and is as a garment against the cold and as a cushion in all falls and bruises and as a buckler or defence against wounding weapons The veine nourishes the muscle the arterie gives it life the coat preserves the harmony of all the parts thereof lest they should be any wayes disioyned or corrupted by purulent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the muscles as we see it happens in a Gangrene where the corruption hath invaded this membrane by the breaking out of the more acride matter or filth CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a muscle HAving gone thus farre it remaines that we more particularly inquire into each part of a muscle that if it be possible nothing may be wanting to this discourse Wherefore a Ligament properly so called is a simple part of mans body next of a bone and gristle the most terrestriall dry hard cold white taking its originall immediatly or by the interposition of some Medium from the BOnes or Gristles from whence also the Muscles have their beginning wherby it comes to passe that a ligament is void of sense unlesse it receive a nerve from some other place For so the Ligaments which compose strengthen the Tongue and yeard are partakers of sense and it inserts it self into the bone and gristle that so it may bind them together and strengthen and beautifie the whole joynt or connexion for these three be the principal uses of a Ligament then diffusing it self into the membranes and muscles to strengthen those parts A nerve to speake properly is also a simple parte of our body bred and nourished by a grosse and Phlegmaticke humor such as the braine the originall of all the nerves and also the Spinall marrow endewed with the faculty of feeling and oftentimes also of moving For there be divers parts of the body which have nerves yet are destitute of all voluntary motion having the sense onely of feeling as the membranes veines arteries guts and all the entrailes A nerve is covered with a double cover from the two membranes of the braine and besides also with a third proceeding from the ligaments which fasten the hinder part of the head to the Vertebra's or else from the Pericranium Wee understand no other things by the fibers of a nerve or of a Ligament than long and slender threds white solid cold strong more or lesse according to the quantity of the substance which is partly nervous and sensible partly Ligamentous and insensible You must imagine the same of the fleshy fibers in their kind but of these threds some are straight for attraction others oblique for retention of that which is convenient for the creature and lastly some transverse for the expulsion of which is unprofitable But when these transverse threds are extended in length they are lessened in bredth but when they are directly contracted they are shortened in length But when they
are extended all together as it were with an unanimous consent the whole member is wrinkled as contracted into it selfe as on the contrary it is extended when they are relaxed Some of these are bestowed upon the animall parts to performe voluntary motions others upon the vitall to performe the agitation of the Heart and Arteries others upon the naturall for attraction retention and expulsion Yet we must observe that the attraction of no simular part is performed by the helpe of the foresaid fibers or threds but rather by the heat implanted in them or by the shunning of Emptinesse or the familiarity of the substance The flesh also is a simple and soft part composed of the purer portion of the blood insinuating it selfe into the spaces betweene the fibers so to invest them for the uses formerly mentioned This is as it were a certaine wall and Bulwarke against the injuries of heat and cold against all falls and bruises as it were a certaine soft pillow or cushion yeelding to any violent impression There be three sorts of flesh one more ruddy as the musculous flesh of perfect creatures and such as have blood for the flesh of all tender and young things having blood as Calves and also of all sorts of fish is whitish by reason of the too much humidity of the blood The second kinde is more pallid even in perfect creatures having blood such is the flesh of the heart stomacke weasond guts bladder wombe The third is belonging to the entrails or the proper substance of each entrail as that which remaines of the Liver the veines arteries and coate being taken away of the bladder of the Gall braine kidneys milt Some adde a fourth sort of flesh which is spongy and that they say is proper to the tongue alone A veine is the vessel pipe or channel of the blood or bloody matter it hath a spermaticke substance consists of one coate composed of 3 sorts of fibers An Artery is also the receptacle of blood but that spirituous and yellowish consisting in like manner of a spermaticke substance But it hath two coats with three sorts of fibers the utmost whereof is most thin consisting of right fibers and some oblique But the inner is five times more thicke and dense than the utmost interwoven with transverse fibers and it doth not onely conteine blood and spirit but also a serous humor which wee may beleeve because there bee two emulgent Arteryes aswell as veines But the inner coat of an Artery is therefore more thick because it may containe blood which is more hot subtle and spirituous for the spirit seeing it is naturally more thin and light and in perpetuall motion would quickly flye away unlesse it were held in a stronger hold There is other reason for a veine as that which containes blood grosse ponderous and slow of motion Wherefore if it had acquired a dense and grosse coate it could scarse bee distributed to the neighbouring parts God the maker of the universe foreseeing this made the coats of the vessels contrary to the consistance of the bodyes contained in them The Anastomosis of the veines and Arteryes that is to say the application of the mouthes of the one to the other is very remarkeable by benefit of which they mutually communicate and draw the matters contained in them and so also transfuse them by insensible passages although that anastomosis is apparent in the veine and artery that meet together at the Ioint and bending of the Arme which I haue sometimes shewed in the Physicke schooles at such time as I there dissected Anatomyes But the action or function of a muscle is either to move or confirme the parte according to our will into which it is implanted which it doth when it drawes it selfe towards its originall that is to say it 's head But wee define the head by the insertion of the nerve which wee understand by the manner of the working of the Muscle CHAP. XI Of the Muscles of the Epigastrium or lower belly NOw seeing that wee haue taught what a muscle is and what the differences thereof are and what simple and compound parts it hath and what the use action and manner of action in each part is it remaines that wee come to the particular explication of each Muscle begining with those of the lower belly as those which we first meet withall in dissection These are 8 in number 4 oblique 2 on each side two right or direct one on the right another on the left side and in like manner 2 transverse All these are alike in force magnitude and action so mutually composed that the oblique descendant of one side is conjoined with the other oblique descendant on the other side and so of the rest We may adde to this number the 2 little Supplying or Assisting muscles which are of a Pyramidal forme and arise from the share-bone above the insertion of the right muscles Of the oblique muscles of each side the one ascends the other descends whereupon it comes to passe that they are called the Oblique descendant and Ascendant Muscles Those oblique which wee first meet with are the descendant whose substance is partly sanguine partly spermaticke for they are fleshy nervous ligamentous veinous arterious and membranous Yet the fle shy portion is predominant in them out of which respect Hippocrates is wont to expresse the muscles by the name of fleshes their greatnes is indifferent betweene the large and the small muscles their figure 3 square They are composed of the fore-mentioned parts they are two in number their site is oblique taking their beginning from the touching of the great saw Muscle and from the sixt and seventh true ribbes or rather from the spaces between the sixe lower ribbes and rather on the forepart of the muscles than of the ribbes themselues from whence shunning the Veriebra's of the loines the fleshy parts of them are terminated in the externall and upper eminency of the Haunch-bone and the Membranous end in the lower eminency of the share-bone and the White-line Yet Columbus dissenting from this common description of the oblique Muscles thinks that they are onely terminated in the White line and not in the share-bone For saith he wherefore should they be inserted into the share-bone which is not moved But because it would bee an infinite labour and trouble to set downe at large the severall opinions of all Authors of Anatomy I haue thought it sufficient for me to touch them lightly by the way Their connexion is with the oblique ascendant lying vnder them and with the direct or right Their temperament is twofold the one hot and moist by reason of the belly and the fleshy portion of them the other cold dry in respect of their ligamentous and tendinous portion Their action is to draw the parts into which they are inserted towards their originall or els to unite them firmely Yet each of these
little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so neere as to touch the Diaphragma this Lobe is not seene yet it is alwayes found in Dogges The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the weazon with your mouth or a paire of bellowes They are compounded of a coate comming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa comming from the right ventricle of the heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the throat and lastly its owne flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick blood poured out like foame about the divisions of the fore-said vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unlesse you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobes of the Lungs stretched forth into the right left side doe almost involve all the heart that so they may defend it against the hardnes of the bones which are about it they are tyed to the heart cheifly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed But oft times presently from the first and naturall conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certaine thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherwaies they are tyed toe the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of aire which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the aire that it hurt not the heart by its coldnes The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or windpipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voice and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throtle is the chiefe instrument of the voice for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throtle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Pallate of the mouth as in the upper part of a lute or such like instrument by the help of the Gargareon or uvula as a certaine quill to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx Ribs the Diaphragma and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed downe whence proceeds a suppression of the vocall matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is that seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the chest for when it is straitened the Lungs are straitened and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is that by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring Aire at such times as they have much or suddaine necessity as in running a race And lastly that in Pleurisies and other purnient abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that meanes the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to coole and temper the rageing heat of the Heart For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the coole aire and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapour Therefore the Chest performes two contrary motions for whilest it is dilated it drawes in the encompassing aire and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapour of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a paire of Smithes bellowes CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart THe Pericardium is as it were the house of the Heart which ariseing at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the vertebra's situate there or els the vessels of the heart yeilding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retaines the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the heart to performe its proper motions Wherefore the bignes of the Pericardium exceeds that of the heart It consists of a double coate one proper of which wee have spoken another common coming from the pleura and also of veines arteries and nerves the vessels partly comming from the mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt conjugation It is onely one placed about the heart and annexed to it at the Basis thereof by its membranes to the originall of the Lungs and the vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every membrane is The use thereof is to cover the heart and preserve it in its native humidity by a certaine naturall moysture contained in it unles you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condenfation and concretion of the spirits Although this seemes not very likely because it growes and is heaped up in so great quantity in liveing bodyes that it hinders the motion of the heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose harts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the stomack or Liver and this humour may be generated of vapours which on every side exhale into the pericardium from the blood boileing in the ventricules of the heart where kept in by the density thereof they turne into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck Nature would have the pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the heart might bee kept in better state for if the Pericardium had beene bony it would have made the heart like iron by the continuall attrition on the contrary if it had beene soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XXX Of the Heart THe Heart the chiefe mansion of the Soule the organe of the vitall faculty the beginning of life the fountaine of the vitall
the entrance of the hollow veine into the heart the lesse at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is to break the violence of the matters and besides to bee stayes or props to the Arteria venosa and great Arterye which could not sustaine so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tendernesse of substance Of the ventricles of the Heart THe ventricles are in number two on each side one distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where pearcing through The right of these ventricles is the bigger and incompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow veine and for distributing of it partly by the vena arteriosa into the Lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yeild matter for the generation of the vitall spirits Therefore because it was needfull there should be so great a quantity of this blood it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to bee received in the right ventricle was more thicke it was not so needfull that the flesh to containe it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vitall spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for feare of wasting and lest they should vanish into aire and also lesse roome that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right ventricle of the heart is made for the preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vitall spirits as the lungs are made for the mitification or quallifying of the Aire Which works were necessary if the Physicall Axiome bee true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious lungs with more subtle blood the substance of the heart grosse and dense with the veinous blood as it flowes from the Liver that is grosse And it hath its Cororall veines from the Hollow veine that it might thence drawe as much as should be sufficient But the left ventricle is for the perfecting of the vitall spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart THere be foure Orifices of the heart two in the right as many in the left ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the veine or the blood carried by the hollow veine to the heart the lesser opens a passage to the vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carryed in it for the nourishment of the lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vitall spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egresse and regresse to the Arteria venosa or to the aire and fuliginous vapours And because it was convenient that the matters should bee admitted into their proper ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put cleaven valves that is to say sixe in the right ventricle that there might bee three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give These valves differ many wayes first in action for some of them carry in matter to the heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back againe Secondly they differ in site for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figures for those which carry in have a pyramidall figure but those which hinder the comming back againe are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certaine fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholy membranous Fiftly they differ in number for therebe only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibite the comming back are sixe in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrary wise are shut in the systole that they may containe all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow backe into the Heart But you shall observe that nature hath placed onely two valves at the Orifice of the Arteria Venosa because it was needfull that this Orifice should bee alwayes open either wholy or certainely a third parte thereof that the Aire might continually be drawne into the heart by this orifice in inspiration and sent forth by exspiration in the contraction of the heart Whereby we may gather this that there is but one third part of that Aire we draw into the heart in breathing sent forth againe in the forme of vapour in exspiration because nature would have but one third part of the orifice to ly open for its passage out Therefore the exspiration or breathing out and the systole of the heart and arteryes is shorter than the inspiration so that we may truely say that the inspiration or drawing the breath in is equally so long as the exspiration is together with the rest which is in the middest between the two motions CHAP. XII Of the Distribution of the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa HAving hitherto shewed the originall of each of the vessels of the Heart we must now speake of their distribution The Vena arteriosa or the arterious veine and the arteria venosa or the veinous arterie each proceeding out of his proper ventricle that is the right and left are divided into two large branches one of which goes to the right and the other to the left hand the one lying crosse wayes over the other the veine alwaies riding over the arterye as you may understand better by the sight of your eyes than by reading of bookes These branches at their
pierce the wombe so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veines diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it commeth to passe that the seed it selfe boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not onely through occasion of the place but also of the bloud and vitall spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into the bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the raine falling into a river or channell full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new formes or concretions of the three principall entrals that is to say of the liver heart and braine All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embrion or the rude forme of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members on the fourth day after that the veine of the navell is formed it sucketh grosser bloud that is of a more fuller nutriment out of the Cotylidons And this bloud because it is more grosse easily congeales curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bignesse above all the other parts therfore it is called parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of bloud brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunke of the hollow veine called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto haires into also the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one goeth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the meane season the Arteries of the navell suck spirituous bloud out of the eminences or Cotylidons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more servent and spirituous bloud the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshy sound and thicke substance as it behooveth that vessell to bee which is the fountaine from whence the heate floweth and hath a continuall motion In this the vertue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow veine is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or roote of an artery which presently doth divide it selfe into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vitall heat CHAP. X. Of the third bubble or bladder wherein the head and the braine is formed THe farre greater portion of the seede goeth into this third bubble that is to say yeelding matter for the conformation of the braine and all the head For a greater quantity of seede ought to goe unto the conformation of the head and braine because these parts are not sanguine or bloudy as the heart and liver but in a manner without bloud bonie marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veines arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skinne are called spermaticke parts because they obtaine their first conformation almost of seede onely although that afterwards they are nourished with bloud as the other fleshy and musculous parts are But yet the bloud when it is come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by vertue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head forme and fashion themselves unto the forme of the braine when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones The head as the seate of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and governe all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soule or life which is the rectresse or governesse is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principall entrals as proppes and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also shee hath framed the bones The first bones that appeare to bee formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Illium connexed or united by spondils that are betweene them then all the other members are framed proportioned by their concavities hollownesses which generally are seaven that is to say two of the eares two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the head one of the fundament and another of the yard or conduit of the bladder and furthermore in women one of the necke of the wombe without the which they can never bee made mothers or beare children When all these are finished nature that shee might polish her excellent worke in all sorts hath covered all the body and every member thereof with skinne Into this excellent work or Microcosmos so perfected God the author of nature and all things infuseth or ingrafteth a soule or life which St. Augustine proveth by this sentence of Moses If any man smite a woman with child so that there by she be delivered before her naturall time and the child bee dead being first formed in the wombe let him die the death but if the child hath not as yet obtained the full proportion and conformation of his body and members let him recompence it with mony Therefore it is not to bee thought that the life is derived propagated or taken from Adam or our parents as it were an haereditary thing distributed unto all mankinde by their parents but we must believe it to be immediately created of God even at the very instant time when the child is absolutely perfected in the lineaments of his body and so given unto it by him So therefore the rude lumpes of flesh called molae that engender in womens wombes and monsters of the like breeding and confused bignesse although by reason of a certaine quaking and shivering motion they seeme to have life yet they cannot bee supposed to bee endued with a life or a reasonable soule but they have their motion nutriment and increase wholly of the naturall and infixed faculty of the wombe and of the generative or procreative spirit that is engraffed naturally in the seed But even as the infant in the wombe obtaineth not perfect conformation before the thirtieth day so likewise it doth not move before the sixtieth day at which time it is most commonly not perceived by women by reason of the smallnesse of
consequetur a qua Convulsio a convulsione cita mors Quorum symptomatum metu Galenus non ante transversa vulnera suere audebat quod tamen minus erat periculosum quà m masculorum apoucuroses denudasset Adde quòd forcipes quibus post sectionem iterum carnem dilacerat cum retracta versus originem vasa se posse extrahere somniat non minorem adferant dolorem quà m ignita ferramenta admota Quod si quis laniatum expertus incolumis evaserit is Deo optimo maximo cuius Beneficentia crudelitate ista carnificina liberatus est maximas gratias habere semper agere debet which is thus Ill then and too arrogantly a certaine indiscreet and rash person would blame and condemne the cauterizing of vessells after the amputation of a rotten and corrupted member much praised and commended and alwayes approved by the Ancients desiring to shew and teach us without reason judgement and experience a new way to tye the vessells against the opinion of the Ancient Physitions taking no heede nor being well advised that there happens farre greater perills and accidents through this new way of tying the vessells which he will have to be made with a needle piercing deepely the sound part than by the burning and ustion of the sayd vessells for if the needle shall pricke any nervous part yea the nerve it selfe when he shall by this new and accustomed way absurdly constraine the veine by binding it there must necessarily follow a new inflammation from an inflammationâ— convulsion from a convulsion death for feare of which accidents Galen never durst stitch transversall veines which notwithstanding were lesse dangerous before he had discovered the Aponeuroses of the muscles Moreover the pincers with which after the section 〈…〉 is againe dilacerated while he thinkes to draw the vessells out which are drwne in toward their originall bring no lesse paine than the cautering irons doe And if any one having experimented this new manner of cruelty have escaped danger he ought to render thankes to almighty God forever thâ—ougâ— whose goodnesse he hath beene freed from such tyrannie feeling rather his executioner than his methodicall-Chirurgion O what sweete words are heere for one who is sayd to be a wise and learned Doctor he remembers not that his white beard admonisheth him not to speake any thing unworthy of his age and that he ought to put off and drive out of him all envie and â—ancor conceived against his neighbour So now I will proove by authority reason and experience that the sayd Veines and Arteryes ought to be tyed Authorities AS for Authorities I will come to that of that worthy man Hippocrates who wils and commands the cure of Fistula's in the fundament by ligature as well to consume the callosity as to avoyd hemorragie Galen in his method speaking of a fluxe of blood made by an outward cause of whom see heere the words It is saith he most sure to tye the foote of the vessell which I understand to be that which is most neere to the Liver or the heart Avicen commands to tye the veine and the Arterie after it is discovered towards his originall Guido of Cauliac speaking of the wounds of the Veines and Arteries injoyneth the Chirurgion to make the ligature in the vessell Master Hollier speaking of a fluxe of blood commands expressely to tye the vessells Calmetheus in the chapter of the wounds in the Veines and Arteries tells a most sure way to stay a fluxe of blood by ligature of the vessell Celsus from whom the sayd Physition hath snatched the most part of his booke chargeth expressely to tye the vessells in a fluxe of blood happening to wounds as a remedy most easie and most sure Vesalius in his Chirurgery willeth that the vessells be tyed in a fluxe of blood Iohn de Vigo treating of a hemorragie in bleeding wounds commands to tye the Veine and the Artery Tagaultius treating of the meanes to stay a fluxe of blood commands to pinch the Veine or Artery with a Crow or Parrots bill then to tye it with a very strong thred Peter of Argillata of Bullongne discoursing of a fluxe of blood and the meanes to stoppe it giveth a fourth way expressely which is made by ligature of the vessells Iohn Andreas a Cruce a Venetian makes mention of a method to stay a fluxe of blood by the ligature of the vessells D'Alechamp commands to tye the Veines and Arteries See then my little good man the authorities which command you to tye the vessells As for the reasons I will debate of them The hemorragie say you is not so much to be feared in the section of the Call as that of the Varices and the incision of the temporall Arteries as after the amputation of a member Now you your selfe command that in cutting the Variâ—es the fluxe of blood be stopped by the ligature of the vessells You command the same speaking of the stitch with the amputation and section of the Call changed by the outward ayre see heere your owne words After that must bee considered concerning the Call for if there be any part corrupted putrified withered or blackish First having tyed for feare of a fluxe of blood you doe not bid afterward to have it cauterized but to say the truth you have your eyes shut and all your senses dulled when you would speake against so sure a method and that it is not but through anger and an ill will For there is nothing which hath more power to drive reason from her seate than choler and anger Moreover when one comes to cauterize the dismembred parts oftentimes when the escar comes to fall off there happens a new flux of blood As I have seene divers times not having yet beene inspired by God with so sure a meanes then when I used the heate of fire Which if you have not found or understood this method in the bookes of the Ancients you ought not thus to tread it under your feete and speake unluckely of one who all his life hath preferred the profit of the Common-wealth before his owne particular Is it not more than reasonable to bee founded upon the saying of Hippocrates upon whose authority you serve your selfe which is thus That what the medicament cureth not the iron doth and what the iron doth not amend the fire exterminateth It is a thing which savours not of a Christian to fall to burning at the first dash without staying for any more gentle remedies As you your selfe write speaking of the conditions required in a Chirurgion to cure well which passage you borrow from some other place for that which may bee done gently without fire is much more commended than otherwise Is it not a thing which all schooles hold as a Maxime that we must alwaies begin with most easie remedies which if they be not sufficient we must then come to extreame following the doctrine of Hippocrates Galen commands in
Generative which serves for the generation and forming of the Issue in the wombe the Growing or increasing facultie which flourisheth from the time the Issue is formed untill the perfect growth of the solid parts into their full dimensions of Length height and bredth The nourishing facultie which as servant to both the other repaires and repayes the continuall effluxe and waste of the three-fold substance for Nutrition is nothing else but a replenishing or repairing whatsoever is wasted or emptied This nourishing facultie endures from that time the Infant is formed in the wombe untill the end of life It is a matter of great consequence in Phisicke to know the 4 other faculties which as servants attend upon the nourishing faculty which are the Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive faculty The Attractive drawes that juice which is fit to nourish the body that I say which by application may be assimulated to the part This is that faculty which in such as are hungry drawes downe the meat scarse chawed and the drinke scarse tasted into the gnawing and empty stromacke The Rententive faculty is that which retaines the nourishment once attracted untill it be fully laboured and perfectly concocted And by that meanes it yeelds no small assistance to the Digestive faculty For the naturall heat cannot performe the office of concoction unlesse the meat be embraced by the part and make some stay therein For otherwise the meate carryed into the stomacke never acquires the forme of Chylus unlesse it stay detained in the wrincles thereof as in a rough passage untill the full time of Chylification The Digestive faculty assimulates the nourishment being attracted and detained into the substance of that part whose Faculty it is by the force of the inbred heate proper disposition or temper of the part So the stomacke plainely changes all things which are eat and drunke into Chylus the Liver turnes the Chylus into blood But the Bones Nerves convert the red and liquid blood which is brought down unto them by the capillary or small veins into a white solid substance Such concoction is far more laborious in a Bone and nerve than in the Musculous flesh For the blood being not much different from its nature by a light change and concretion turnes into flesh But this Concoction will never satisfie the desire of Nature and the parts unlesse the nourishment purged from its excrements put away the filth and drosse which must never enter into the substance of the part Wherefore there do not onely two sorts of excrements remaine of the first and second Concoction the one thicke the other thin as we have said before but also from the third Concoction which is performed in every part The one of which we conceive onely by reason being that which vanisheth into Aire by insensible Transpiration The other is knowne sometimes by sweats sometimes by a thicke fatty substance stayning the shirt sometimes by the generation of haire and nailes whose matter is from fuliginous and earthly excrements of the third Concoction Wherfore the fourth Faculty was necessary which might yeeld no small helpe to nourishment it is called the Expulsive appointed to expell those superfluous excrements which by no action of heate can obtaine the forme of the part Such faculties serving for nutrition are in some parts two-fold as some common the benesit of which redounds to the whole body as in the ventricle liver veines Others onely attending the service of those parts in which they remaine and in some parts all these 4. aswell common as proper are abiding and resident as in those parts we now mentioned some with the 4. proper have onely two cōmon as the Gall Spleene Kidneies and Bladder Others are content onely with the proper as the simular and Musculous parts who if they want any of these 4. faculties their health is decayed either by want of nourishment an ulcer or otherwise The like unnatural affects happen by the deficiency of just and laudable nourishment But if it happen those faculties do rightly performe their duty the nourishment is changed into the proper substance of the part and is truly assimulated as by these degrees First it must flow to the part then be joyned to it then agglutinated and lastly as we have said assimulated Now we must speake of the Actions which arise from the faculties CHAP. IX Of the Actions AN Action or Function is an active motion proceeding from a faculty for as the facultie depends on the Temperament so the Action on the faculty and the Act or worke depends upon the Action by a certaine order of consequence But although that the words Actions and Act or worke are often confounded yet there is this difference betweene them as that the Action signifies the motion used in the performance of any thing but the Act or worke the thing already done and performed for example Nutrition and the Generating of flesh are naturall Actions but the parts nourished and a hollow ulcer filled with flesh are the workes of that motion or action Wherfore the Act ariseth from the Action as the Action ariseth from the faculty the integrity or perfection of the instruments concurring in both For as if the facultie be either defective or hurt no Action will be well performed so unlesse the Instruments keepe their native and due conformitie which is their perfect health the operator of the Action proper to the instrument none of those things which ought to be will be well performed Therefore for the performance of blamelesse and perfect actions it is fit a due conformity of the Instrument concurre with the faculty But Actions are two-fold for they are either Naturall or Voluntary They are termed Naturall because they are performed not by our will but by their owne accord and against our will As are that continuall motion of the Heart the beating of the Arteryes the expulsion of the Excrements and such other like which are done in us by the Law of Nature whether we will or no. These Actions flow either from the Liver and veines or from the Heart and Arteries Wherfore we may comprehend them under the names of Naturall and Vitall Actions For we must attribute his Action to each faculty lest we may seeme to constitute an idle faculty and no way profitable for use The unvoluntary vitall actions are the dilation contraction of the Heart and Arteryes the which we comprehend under the sole name of the Pulse by that they draw in and by this they expell or drive forth The unvoluntary vitall actions be Generation Growth and Nutrition which proceed from the Generative Growing and Nourishing facultie Generation is nothing else than a certaine producing or acquiring of matter and an introducing of a substantiall forme into that matter this is performed by the assistance of 2. faculties of the Altering which doth diversly prepare and dispose the seed and menstruous blood to
entrance of the lungs are divided into two other large branches and each of them goe to his peculiar Lobe of the lungs and these againe runne almost into infinite other branches dispersed in three places over the Lungs These vessels have acquired their names by reason of that transmutation of consistence whereby the composure of a veine degenerates into an arterye and that of an arterye into a veine for the commodity of life For this is a miracle of prudent nature to change the coats of the vessels of the lungs producing a veine which in its body should imitate an arterye and an arterye which should represent a veine For if the vena arteriosae should have retained its proper consistence the arterious blood which is carried by it from the heart to nourish the lungs might by reason of its subtility penetrate through and flow away by reason of the rarity of the veinous texture and so nature should never have attained her conceived end that is to nourish the Lungs by reason of the continuall motion of their contraction and dilatation For nourishment cannot be assimulated to the part unlesse it be put and cleave to it Wherefor it was fit that nature should make the body of this veine solid that it might be immoveable unshaken and stubborne in respect of a veine which by its softnesse would have been too obsequious and yeilding to the agitation of the Lungs that so it might have nourishment which might be diffused into all parts thereof and which might neither bee drawne by its Diastole nor driven back into the heart by its systole But the arterye hath the consistence of a veine that by that veinous softnesse according to the necessity of nature it might be the more readily contracted and dilated to bring the Aire in and carry the vapours forth of the heart Here wee meet with a difficulty which is by what way the blood is carried out of the right into the left ventricle of the heart Galen thinkes that there be certaine holes in the partition made for that purpose and verily there are such but they are not perforated Wherefore Columbus hath found out a new way which is that the blood is carried to the lungs by the vena arteriosa and there attenuated and carried from thence together with the aire by the Arteria venosa to the left ventricle of the heart this he writes truely very probablely Botallus in his treatise De Catarrho hath found out a third way to wit a veine which he calls Arteriarum nutrix that is The nurse of the Arteryes which creepes a litle above the Coronall to the right eare of the Heart and then goes into the left eare thereof But yet I am very much afraid that this veine observed by Botallus is that vessell observed by Fallopius whereby the Vena arterialis is joined to the Aorta by which all the vitall blood is carryed for the forming and nourishment of the lungs whilest the infant is yet in the wombe Of which also Galen makes mention but it had laine hid from his time to this day but that Fallopius raised up the memory of it againe CHAP. XIII The distribution of the ascendent Hollow veine THe Hollow veine riseing out of the gibbous part of the Liver and resembling according to Galen the body of a tree is divided into two notable branches but not of a like bignes For the greater by the hind part of the Liver upon the back bone and by the way receives certaine other branches from the substance of the Liver which entred not into the great trunck with the rest You may often see this descendent branch even to the backe bone upon which it lyes in this its descent covered with the substance of the liver so that it may seeme that branch proceeds not from that common trunck together with the ascendant although indeed it alwayes doth But the lesser branch ascends to the upper parts and is distributed after this manner following For first ariseing into the midriffe it bestowes two small veines upon it on each side one which from that part are called Phrenicae But from thence when it arrives at the right Eare of the Heart it makes the Coronales the Coronall or Crowne veines which compasse the basis of the heart in manner of a Crowne Thirdly entring somewhat more deeply into its right Eare in its greater part it produces the vena arteriosa Fourthly lifted up above the heart on the right side it produces the veine Azygos or sine pari that is without a fellow which descending to the fourth rib reckoning from above downewards nourisheth the intercostall muscles and also the membranes of the 8 lower ribs on both sides sending a branch into each of the muscles at the lower part of the rib which may bee sufficient for their nourishment Besides also oftentimes especially in little men this veine Azygos nourishes all the spaces between all the ribs by the like branches which it sends in the same manner to the foure upper ribs Moreover also this Azygos sometimes though but seldome is found double that is on each side one Here you must chiefly observe that this veine after it hath nourished the spaces between the lower ribs in its remainder descends under the Diaphragma and is joined on the left side to the Emulgent vein by which it is manifest how an Abscesse may be critically evacuated by the urine in a pleurisye But this same Azygos is more depressed on the right side and meets with the Venae lumbares but especially with one of them which goes downe to the thigh whereby Fallopius gathers that it is very convenient in the beginnings of Pleurisyes to open the vena poplitis the veine of the Ham. Fifthly above the Azygos when it is wanting there it sends forth the branch called Intercostalis to the other spaces between the upper ribs although this is sometimes seene to come from the Axillares which Sylvius calls the subclaviae Sixtly it brings forth the Mammariae so called because in their greater part they run to the dugs between the fourth and fifth ribs for the uses formerly mentioned men and women have on each side one of these comming from the Subclaviae They are sometimes found to proceed by a certaine common orifice from the hollow veine before it be divided into the Subclavian branches but it is rather in beasts than in men these veines descending by the sides of the sternon yeild nourishment to the 2 inner muscles of the chest to the 7 intercostall muscles of the true ribs to the sternon it selfe and to its ligaments and gristles as also to the Mediastinum and the upper part of the right muscles and the adjacent parts Seaventhly it produces the Cervicalis which on both sides through the holes of the productions of the Vertebra's of the necke ascends to the head sending many
small branches into the spinall marrow through the holes by which the nerves passe and also into the membranes ligaments gristles bones and neighbouring muscles Eightly the Musculosa or musculous which also ariseing out of the Subclavis is devided into two other branches the one whereof goeth upon the brest to the paps nourishing the foremost muscles wherefore in a bastard pleurisie Cupping glasses may be fitly applied in this place The other branch descends to the upper muscles of the chest but specially to that which is called Latissimus The tenth is the Axillaris The eleventh the Humeralis of which wee will treat in their place The twelfth and last is the Iugularis properly so called which is twofold the internall and externall The internall being the lesser doth presently on both sides from this very beginning ascend by the sides of the Aspera Arteria or weazon even to the mouth and skull yeilding nourishment to the parts by which it passes as to the next membranes and nerves But when it comes to the basis of the Cranium it is divided into two branches the greater whereof going back along the basis of the Cranium to the hind part thereof sending abranch to the long muscle scituate upon the oesophagus it enters the Cranium with the small Carotides through the hole of the nerves of the sixth conjugation where they become one common vessell The lesser sending a slippe to the organe of hearing by the hole called Cacum or the blind also enters the Cranium and is spent in the thicker meninx nere to the hole of the third and fourth conjugation of nerves The externall Iugular veine being greater and fairer most commonly simple yet sometimes double either presently at his beginning or a little after ascends superficially on both sides of the neck between the broad muscle or fleshy pannicle being there easie to be discerned and other muscles scituate at the sides of the neck into which as also into the skin it sends certaine branches for nourishment The Figure of the hollow veine whole and freed from the rest of the body A The trunke of the hollow veine the lower AA At this place of the Liver is seated the left part of the veine and distributeth branches to the left side B Sheweth how the trunke of the hollow veine in the chest to give way to the heart is curved or bowed to the right hand Betwix A. and B. that part of the hollow veine which is betwixt the gibbous side of the Liver and the Midriffe C. the left midriffe veine called Phrenica sinistra from which surcles doe run in a man unto the pursse of the heart for the midriffe and it doe grow together D The orifice of the hollow veine which groweth unto the heart E the crown-veine called coronaria which like a crowne compasseth the basis of the heart and sprinkleth his surcles on the outside therof as far as to the cone or point F F The trunke of the veine Azygos or non parill descending along the right side of the racke-bones unto the loynes GG the lower intercostall veines to the branches of the veine Azygos which go unto the distances betwixt the ribs afford surcles unto the muscles which lye upon the ribs the racke-bones the membranes of the chest H the division of the hollow vein into two subclavian trunks neare the Iugulum under the brest-bone ll the subclavian branch tending on either side unto the arme called by some Axillaris K the upper intercostall veine which commonly sendeth three slips unto the distances of the upper ribs unto which the first intercostall veine sent no branches LL the descending mammary veine this descendeth under the brest-bone unto the right muscles of the Abdomen affoordeth surcles to the distances of the griftles of the true ribs to the Mediastinum the muscles that lye upon the breast and the skin of the Abdomen M the coniunction of the mammary with the Epigastricke vein ascending about the navill under the right muscles N the veine of the necke called Ceruicalis ascending toward the Scull which alloweth surcles to those muscles that lye upon the neck O the veine called Muscula which is propagated with many surcles into the muscles that occupy the lower parts of the necke and the upper parts of the chest P Thoraeica superior the upper chest veine which goeth to the muscles lying uppon the chest to the skinne of that place and to the dugges Q the double Scapularis distributed into the hollow part of the shoulderblade and the neighbour muscles so also betwixt P and R sometimes small veines doe reach unto the glandules that are in the arme-holes R Thoracica inferior running downward along the sides of the chest and especially distributed into the muscle of the arme called Latissimus S the inner Iugular veine which entreth into the Scull after it hath bestowed some surcles uppon the rough artery T the externall Iugular veine V. the division of this veine under the root of the eare X. a branch of the externall Iugular which goeth into the inside of the mouth and is diversly divided into the parts therein contained Y. the exterior branch distributed near the Fauces into the muscles of the chops and the whole skinne of the head Z. a portion of the branch y reaching unto the face a ae the veine of the fore-head a. a portion of it creeping through the temples ae * a propagation that goeth unto the skin of the Nowle or Occiput a a. the veine called Cephalica or the externall veine of the arme which others call Humeraria b. Muscula superior a propagation of the Cephalica veine which goeth unto the backward muscles of the necke Betwixt b. and d. on the backeside jssueth a branch from the Cephalica which passeth unto the outside of the blade and a portion thereof runneth betwixt the flesh and the skin d. d a veine from the Cephalica which attaineth unto the top of the shoulder and is consumed into the muscle that elevateth or lifteth up the arme and into his skin e e. a small veine from the Cephalica dispersed through the skin and the muscles of the arme f. the division of the Cephalica into three parts g. the first branch runneth deep unto the muscles which arise out of the externall Protuberation of the arme h. the second branch which goeth to make the median veine i. i. the third branch running obliquely above the wand and the outside of the arme k. from this branch certaine circles are divided into the skin the chiefe whereof is marked with k. l. the third branch at the wrist which is joyned at l with the branch of the Basilica marked with x. m. the Basilica which on the right hand is called Hepatica on the left hand Lienaris n. o. a branch of the Basilica going to the heads of the muscles of the cubit at n and to the muscles themselves at o. p a notable branch of the
fourth is that it serves for a wall or bulwarke to the entrailes which lye and rest upon it on the inside And because we have fallen into mention of Ligaments it will not be amisse to insert in this place that which ought to be knowne of them First therefore we will declare what a Ligament is then explaine the divers acceptions thereof and lastly prosecute their differences Therefore a Ligament is nothing else than a simple part of mans body next to a bone and Gristle the most terrestriall and which most usually arises from the one or other of them either mediatly or immediatly and in the like manner ends in the one of them or in a Muscle or in some other part whereby it comes to passe that a Ligament is without blood dry hard and cold and without sense like the parts from whence it arises although it resemble a Nerve in whitenesse and consistence but that it is somewhat harder A Ligament is taken either generally or more particularly in generall for every part of the body which tyes one part to another in which sense the skin may be called a Ligament because in containes all the inner parts in one union So the Peritonaum comprehending all the naturall parts and binding them to the backe-bone so the membrane inuesting the Ribbs that is the Pleura containing all the vitall parts thus the membranes of the braine the nerves veines arteryes muscles membranes and lastly all such parts of the body which bind together and conteine other may be called Ligaments because they binde one part to another as the nerves annexe the whole body to the braine the Arteries fasten it to the heart and the veines to the liver But to conclude the name of a Ligament more particularly taken signifies that part of the body which we have described a little before The differences of Ligaments are many for some are membranous and thin others broad othersome thicke and around some hard some soft some great some little some wholy gristlely others of a middle consistence betweene a bone and a gristle according to the nature of the motion of the parts which they binde together in quicknesse vehemency and slownesse We will shew the other differences of Ligaments as they shall present themselves in dissection CHAP. XVII Of the Muscles of the Necke THe Muscles of the necke as well proper as common are in number twenty or else twenty two that is ten or eleven on each side of which seven only move the head or the first vertebra with the head the other 3 or 4 the necke it self Of the 7 which move the head with the head the first Vertebra some extend erect it others bend and decline it others move it obliquely but all of them together in a successive motion move it circularly and the like judgement may be of the Muscles of the Necke The fourth Figure of the Muscles This Figure sheweth the cavities of the middle and lower bellies the bowels being taken out but most part of the bones and muscles remaining AB The first musclebending the necke called Longus C C The second bender of the necke called Scalenus D D D D The outward intercost all muscles E E E E The inner intercostall muscles F F F The second muscle of the chest called serratus maior G The first muscle of the shoulder-blade called sâ—rratus minor separated from his originall H The first muscle of the arme called Pectoralis separated from his originall I The second muscle of the arme called Deltoides K The bone of the arme without flesh L The first muscle of the cubite called Biceps M The second muscle of the cubit called Brachiaus N The clavicle or coller-bone bent backward O The first muscle of the chest called subclavius P The upper processe of the shoulder-blade Q The first muscle of the head called obliquus inferior R The second muscle of the head called Complexus S The fourth muscle of the shoulder blade called Levator TV The two bellies of the fourth muscle of the bone Hyois X X a a The fist muscle of the backe whose originall is at a a. Y Y b b c c The sixt muscle of the thigh called Psoae whose originall is at c c and tendon at b b. Z Z The seaventh muscle of the thigh d the holy bone o o o the holes of the holy bone out of which the nerves doe issue e A portion of the fist muscle of the thigh arising from the share-bone f the share-bone bared k the ninth muscle of the thigh or the first circumactor The fifth Figure of the muscles in which some muscles of the head Chest arme and shoulder-blade are described I The processe of the shoulder-blade called the top of the shoulder O The fourth muscle of the arme or the greater round muscle to which Fallopius his right muscle is adjoyned which some call the lesser round muscle Q Q The sixt muscle of the arme or the upper blade-rider X The second muscle of the shoulder-blade or the Levator or heaver Z the second muscle of the chest or the greater Saw muscle Y the fifth muscle of the chest or muscle called Sacrolumbus αβ His place wherein he cleaveth fast to the longest muscle of the backe γγ the Tendons of the muscle obliquely inserted into the ribs ΔΔ the first paire of the muscles of the head or the Splinters Ch. 8. 9 their length whose beginning at 8 and insertion at 9. 10 11. the sides of this muscle 12 that distance where they depart one from the other 13 the two muscles called Complexi neare their insertion Φ the second muscle of the backe or the Longest muscle Ω the fourth muscle of the backe or the Semi-spinatus δ the shoulder-blade bare p A part of the transverse muscle of the Abdomen The sixth Figure of the muscles shewing some of the muscles of the Head Backe Chest Shoulder-blade and Arme. A D the second paire of the muscles of the head or the two Complexi the first part is at A D. B C. the second part E F the third part rising up under G and inserted at F. G the fourth part of this muscle or the right muscle of the head according to Fallopius which Vesalius made the 4. part of the 2. G G Betwixt the ribs the externall Intercostall muscles L the originall of the 2. muscle of the backe M His tendons at the racke-bone of the necke The upper O the fourth muscle of the arme or the greater round muscle O O the lower the 6 muscle of the chest or the Sacrolumbus hanging from his originall Q the sixt muscle of the arme or the upper Bladerider inverted V the third ligament of the joynt of the arme X the fourth muscle of the shoulder-blade or the heaver Z the second muscle of the Chest or the greater Saw-muscle 〈◊〉 the 3. muscle of the necke called Transuersalis Ï€ the 4. muscle of the necke called Spinatus
be increased or diminished according to the greatnesse of the tumor The second taken from the nature of the humor also changes our counsell for a Phlegmon must be otherwise cured than an Erysypelas and an Oëdema than a Scyrrhus and a simple tumor otherwise than a compound And also you must cure after another manner a tumor comming of an humor not naturall than that which is of a naturall humor and otherwise that which is made by congestion than that which is made by defluxion The third Indication is taken from the part in which the tumor resides by the nature of the part wee understand its temperature conformation site faculty and function The temperature indicates that some medicines are convenient for the fleshy parts as those which are more moist others for the nervous as more drie for you must apply some things to the eye and others to the throate one sort of things to these parts which by reason of their raritie are easily subject to defluxion another to those parts which by their density are not obnoxious to it But we must have good regard to the site of the part as if it have any connexion with the great vessels and if it be fit to powre forth the matter and humor when it is suppurated Galen by the name of faculty understands the use and sense of the part This hath a manifold indication in curing for some parts are principall as the Braine Heart and Liuer for their vertue is communicated to the whole body by the nerves arteries and veines Others truly are not principall but yet so necessary that none can live without them as the Stomacke Some are endued with a most quicke sence as the eye the membranes nerves and tendons wherefore they cannor endure acrid and biting medicines Having called to minde these indications the indication will be perfected by these three following intentions as if we consider the humor flowing downe or which is ready to flow the conjunct matter that is the humor impact in the part the correction of accidents yet so that we alwayes have care of that which is most urgent and of the cause Therefore first repercussives must be applied for the antecedent matter strong or weake having regard to the tumor as it is then onely excepting sixe conditions of Tumors the first is if the matter of the Tumor be venenate the second if it be a criticall abscesse the third if the defluxion be neare the noble parts the fourth if the matter be grosse tough and viscide the fifth when the matter lies farre in that is flowes by the veines which lies more deepe the sixth when it lies in the Gandules But if the whole body be plethoricke a convenient diet purging and Phlebotomie must be appointed frictions and bathes must be used Ill humors are amended by diet and purging If the weakenesse of the part receiving draw on a defluxion it must be strengthened If the part be inferiour in its site let the patient be so seated or layed that the part receiving as much as may be may be the higher If paine be the cause of defluxion we must asswage it by things mitigating it If the thinnesse or lightnesse of the humor cause defluxion it must be inspissate by meats and medicines But for the matter conteined in the part because it is against nature it requires to be evacuate by resolving things as Cataplasmes ointments somentations cupping glasses or by evacuation as by scarifying or by suppurating things as by ripening and opening the Impostume Lasty for the conjunct accidents as the Feaver paine and such like they must be mitigated by asswaging mollifying and malaxing medicines as I shall shew more at large hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the foure principall and generall Tumors and of other Impostumes which may be reduced to them THe principall and cheife Tumors which the abundance of humors generate are foure A Phlegmon Erysipelas Oâ—dema and Scyrrhus innumerable others may be reduced to these distinguished by divers names according to the various condition of the efficient cause and parts receiving Wherfore a Phygethlum Phyma Fellon Carbuncle inflammation of the eyes Squincy Bubo lastly all sorts of hot and moist tumors may be reduced to a Phlegmon The Herpes â—iliaris the eating Herpes Ringwormes and Tetters and all impostumes brought forth by choler are contained under an Erysipelas Atheromata Steâ—tomata Meldâ—â—rides the Testudo or Talpa Ganglion Knots Kings-evill Wens watery Ruptures the Ascites and Leucophlegmatia may be reduced to an Oëdema as also all flaruleâ—â— tumors which the abundance of corrupt Phlegme produces In the kindred of the Scyrrhus are reckoned a Cancer Leprosie Warts Cornâ— a Thymus a Varix Morphew black and white and other Impostumes arising from a melancholy humor Now wee will treate of these Tumors in particular beginning with a Phlegmon CHAP. VII Of a Phlegmon APhlegmon is a generall name for all Impostumes which the abundance of inflamed bloud produces That is called a true Phlegmon which is made of laudable bloud offending onely in quantity But a bastard Phlegmon or a Phlegmonous Impostume hath some other and proper name as a Carbuncle Fellon Gangrene Sphacel and the like maligne Pustules So when there is a confluâ—e of diverse humor into one tumor divers kinds of phlegmonous Impostumes called by diverse names according to the more abundant humor arise as if a small portion of phlegme shall be mixed with a greater quantity of bloud it shall be called as Oëdematous Phlegmon but if on the contrary the quantity of phlegme be the greater it shall be named a phlegmonous Oëdema and so of the rest alwayes naming the tumor from that which is most predominant in it Therefore we must observe that all differences of such tumors arise from that either because the bloud causing it offends onely in quantity which if it doe it causes that tumor which is properly called a Phlegmon if in quality it makes a Phlegmonous tumor because the matter thereof is much departed from the goodnesse of bloud But bloud is said to offend in quantity either by admixture of some other matter as Phlegme Choler or melancholy from whence proceedes Oëdematous Erysipelâ—s and Scyrrhous Phlegmons or by corruption of its proper substance from whence Carbuncles and all kindes of Gangrens or by concretion and when nature is disappointed of its attempted and hoped for suppuration either by default of the aire or patient or by the error of the Physition and hence oft times happen Atheroma's Steatoma's and Melicerides Although these things be set downe by the ancients of the simple and simular matter of the true Phlegmon yet you must know that in truth there is no impostume whose matter exquisitely shewes the nature of one and that simple humor without all admixture of any other matter for all humors are mixed together with the bloud yet from the plenty of bloud prodominating they are called
name of the villaine the author of this fact so that hee was taken and fastened to the wheele and having his limbes broken lost his wretched life for the life of the innocent wounded man who dyed the fourth day after he was hurt The like hurt befell a certaine Germane who laye at the house of one Perots in the streete of Nuts hebeing franticke in the night cut his throate with a sword I being called in the morning by his friends who went to see him drest him just after the same manner as I dressed the Englishman Wherefore he presently recovering his speech which before could not utter one sillable freed from suspition of the caime and prison the servant who lying in the same chamber with him was upon suspition committed to prison and confessing the thing as it was done living foure dayes after the wound being nourished with broathes put into his fundament like clysters and with the gratefull vapour of comfortable things as bread newly drawne out of the Oven and soked in strong wine Having thus by the Art of Chirurgery made the dumbe speake for the space of foure dayes CHAP. XXX Of the Wounds of the Chest SOme wounds of the Chest are on the fore side some behinde somepenetiatc more deepe others enter not into the capacity thereof other some peirce even to the parts contained therein as the Mediastinum Lungs heart midriffe hollow veine and ascendent artery Other some pasle quite through the body whereby it happens that some are deadly some not You shall thus know that the wound penetrates into the capacity of the Chest if that when the patients mouth and nose be shut the breath or winde breakes through the wound with noyse so that it may dissipate or blow out a lighted candle being held necre it If the patient can scarse either draw or put forth his breath which also is a signe that there is some blood fallen downe upon the Diaphragma By these signes you may know that the heart is wounded If agreat quantity of blood gush out if a trembling possesse all the members of the body if the pulse bee little and faint if the colour become pale if a cold sweate and frequent sowning assayle him and the extreame parts become cold then death 's at hand Yet when I was at Turin I saw a certaine Gentleman who fighting a Duell with another received a wound under his left brest which pierced into the substance of his heart yet for all that he strucke some blowes afterwards and followed his flying Enemie some two hundred paces untill hee fell downe dead upon the ground having opened his body I found a wound in the substance of the heart so large as would containe ones finger there was onely much blood poured forth upon the midriffe These are the signes that the Lungs are wounded for the blood comes soamie or frothy out of the wounds the patient is troubled with a cough hee is also troubled with a great difficulty of breathing and a paine in his side which hee formerly had not he lyes most at ease when he lyes upon the wound and sometimes it comes so to passe that lying so he speakes more freely and easily but turned on the contrary side he presently cannot speake When the Diphragma or midriffe is wounded the party affected is troubled with a weight or heavinesse in that place hee is taken with a Delirium or raving by reason of the sympathy of the Nerves of the sixth conjugation which are spread over the midriffe difficulty of breathing a cough and sharpe paine trouble the patient the Guts are drawne upwards so that it sometimes happens by the vehemency of breathing that the stomacke and gutts are drawne through the wound in to the capacity of the Chest which thing I observed in two The on of these was a Maison who was thrust though the midst of the midriffe where it is Nervous and dyed the third day following I opening his lower belly and no finding his stomacke thought it a monstrous thing but at length searching diligently I found it was drawne into the Chest though the wound which was scarce an inch broade But the stomacke was full of winde but little humidity in it The other was called captaine Francis d' Alon a Native of Xantoigne who before Roshell was shot with a musket bullet entring by the breast-bone neere to the sword-like Gristle and passing through the fleshy part of the midriffe went out at the space betweene the fifth and sixth bastard ribbes The wound was healed up on the out side yet for all that there remained a weakenesse of the stomacke whereupon a paine of the guttes like to the colicke tooke him especially in the Evening and on the night for which cause he durst not sup but very sparingly But on the eighth month after the paine raging more violently in his belly than it was accustomed hee dyed though for the mitigating of the vehemency thereof Simon Malmedy and Anthony du Val both learned Physitions omitted no kinde of remedy The body of the diseased was opened by the skilfull Chirurgion Iames Guillemeau who found a great portion of the collicke gut swelled with much wind gotten into the Chest through the wound of the Diaphragma for all it was so small that you could scarse put your little finger in thereat But now let us returne from whence we digressed We understand that there is blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest by the difficulty of breathing the vehemency of the encreasing feaver the stinking of the breath the casting up of blood at the mouth and other symptomes which usually happen to these who have putrified and clotted blood poured out of the vessells into the belly infecting with the filthy vapour of the corrupt substance the partato which it shall come But also unlesse the patient cannot lye upon his backe he is troubled with a desire to vomite and covets now and then to rise whence hee often falls into a swoond the vitall faculty which fusteines the body being broken and debilitated both by reason of the wound and concreate or clotted blood for so putting on the quality of poyson it greatly dissipates and dissolves the strength of the heart It is a signe the spinall marrow is hurt when a convulsion or Palsie that is a suddaine losse of sense and motion in the parts thereunder an unvoluntary excretion of the Vrine and other excrements or a totall suppression of them seazes upon the Patient When the hollow veine and great Artery are wounded the patient will dye in a short time by reason of the suddaine and aboundant effusion of the blood and spirits which intercepts the motion of the lungs and heart whence the party dyes sufforaced CHAP. XXX Of the cure of the Wounds of the Chest WE have read in Iohn de Vigo that it is disputed amongst Chirurgions concerning the consolidation of wounds of
then must you place the member in an indifferent posture upon a pillow stuffed with oaten huskes or chaffe Stagges haire or wheate branne It must not be stirred after the first dressing unlesse great necessity urge for foure dayes in winter but somewhat sooner in summer For the ligatures wherewith the vessells are bound they must not be loosed or otherwise taken away before the mouthes of the vessells are covered with their glue or flesh lest by too much haste you cause a new flux of blood This agglutination will be performed by applying refrigerating astringent and emplasticke medicines such as this following powder â„ž boli arm farin hord picis res gypsi an â„¥ iiij Aloës nucum cup. cort granat an â„¥ j. incorporentur omnia simul fiat pulvis subtilis herewith let the whole ulcer be strewed over for three or foure dayes space which being ended let onely the seates of the vessells be poudred therewith and that for eight or ten dayes so that wee neede no further doubt of the agglutination of the vessells In the meane space let the digestive be applyed to the rest of the Vlcer untill it bee come to suppuration for then you shall give over your digestive and betake you to detersive and mundificative medicines As â„ž terebinth ven lotae in aqua vitae â„¥ vj. mellis ros colati â„¥ iiij succi planâ—ag Apij centaur minoris an â„¥ ij bulliant omnia simul usque ad consumptionem succorum auferantur abigne addendo farinae fab hord an â„¥ j. theriac Gal. â„¥ ss aloes myrrhae aristoloch an â„¥ iij. croci ℈ j. fiat mundificativum But seeing the case stands so that the Patients imagine they have their members yet entire and yet doe complaine thereof which I imagine to come to passe for that the cut nerves retire themselves towards their originall and thereby cause a paine like to convulsions for as Galen writes in his booke De motu musculorum That contraction is the true and proper action of a nerve and muscle and againe extension is not so much an action as a motion now wee must indeavour to give remedy to this symptome Which may be done by annointing the spine of the backe and all the affected part with the following Liniment which is very powerfull against Convulsions the Palsie numnesse and all cold affects of the nervous bodies â„ž salviae chamaepytheos majoranae rorismar menth rutae lavendulae an m. j. flor chamâ—mel melilot summit aneth hyperici an p. ij baccarum lauri juniperi an â„¥ ij pyrethriÊ’ij mastic assae odorat an â„¥ iss terebinth venet lb. j. olei lumbr. aneth catell an â„¥ vj. olei terebinth â„¥ iij. axung hum â„¥ ij crociÊ’j vini albi â—doriferi lib. j. cerae quantum sufficit contundenda contundantur pulverisanda pulverisentur deinde macerentur omnia in vino per noctem postea coquantur cum oleis axungia praedictis in vase duplici fiat linimentum secundum artem in fine adde aquae vitae â„¥ iiij Besides in dressing these wounds the Chirurgion must use diligence to procure the falling away of the ends or scalls of the bones which the saw and the appulse of the aire never before comming hereto have tainted which may be done by applying to their ends actuall cauteries that is hot irons in using of which you must have a speciall care that you touch not the sensible parts with fire neither must the bones themselves bee forcibly pluckt off but gently mooved by little and little so that you shall thinke you and the patient have exceedingly well performed your parts if they fall away at the thirtyeth day after the Amputation All these things being performed you shall hinder the growth of proud flesh with the cathaereticks such as are burnt vitrioll the pouder of Mercurie and other things amongst which is Alome burnt and poudered which is excellent in these kind of wounds whether by its selfe or mixed with others You shall use these and such like even unto the perfect agglutination and cicatrization of the wound and you may of your selfe devise other things such as these as occasion shall offer its selfe CHAP. XXIIII What just occasion moved the Author to devise this new forme of remedy to stanch the blood after the amputation of a member and to forsake the common way used almost by all Chirurgions which is by application of actuall cauteries VErily I confesse I formerly have used to stanch the bleeding of members after amputation after another manner than that I have a little before mentioned Whereof I am ashamed and agreived But what should I doe I had observed my maisters whose method I entended to follow alwaies to doe the like who thought themselves singularly well appointed to stanch a flux of blood when they were furnished with various store of hot Irons and causticke medicines which they would use to the dismembred part now one then another as they themselves thought meete Which thing cannot be spoken or but thought upon without great horror much lesse acted For this kinde of remedy could not but bring great and tormenting paine to the patient seeing such fresh wounds made in the quicke and sound flesh are endewed with exquisite sense Neither can any causticke be applyed to nervous bodies but that this horrid impression of the fire will be presently communicated to the inward parts whence horrid symptomes ensue and oft times death it selfe And verily of such as were burnt the third part scarse ever recovered and that with much adoe for that combust wounds difficultly come to cicatrization for by this burning are caused cruell paines whence a Feaver Convulsion and oft times other accidents worse than these Adde hereunto that when the eschar fell away oft times a new haemorrhagye ensued for stanching whereof they were forced to use other causticke and burning Instruments Neither did these good men know any other course so by this repetition there was great losse and waste made of the fleshy and nervous substance of the part Through which occasion the bones were laid bare whence many were out of hope of cicatrization being forced for the remainder of their wretched life to carry about an ulcer upon that part which was dismembred which also tooke away the oportunitie of fitting or putting too of an artificiall legge or arme in stead of that which was taken off Wherefore I must earnestly entreate all Chirurgions that leaving this old and too too cruell way of healing they would embrace this new which I thinke was taught mee by the speciall favour of the sacred Deitie for I learnt it not of my maisters nor of any other neither have I at any time found it used by any Onely I have read in Galen that there was no speedier remedy for stanching of blood than to bind the vessels through which it flowed towards their rootes to wit the Liver and Heart This precept of Galen of binding
Antidotes inwardly and applyed them outwardly for the most part escaped and recovered their health for that kind of Pestilence tooke its originall of the primitive and solitary default of the Aire and not of the corruption of the humours The like event was noted in the hoarsenesse that we spake of before that is to say that the patients waxed worse and worse by purging and phlebotomie but yet I doe not disallow either of those remedies if there be great fulnesse in the body especially in the beginning and if the matter have a cruell violence whereof may bee feared the breaking in unto some noble part For wee know that it is confirmed by Hypocrates that what disease soever is caused by repletion must be cured by evacuation and that in diseases that are very sharpe if the matter do swell it ought to be remedied the same day for delay in such diseases is dangerous but such diseases are not caused orinflicted upon mans body by reason or occasion of the pestilence but of the diseased bodies and diseases themselves commixed together with the Pestilence therefore then peradventure it is lawfull to purge strongly and to let a good quantity of bloud lâ—st that the pestilent venome should take hold of the matter that is prepared and so infect it with a contagion whereby the Pestilence taketh new and farregreater strength especially as Celsus admonisheth us where he saith that By how much the sooner those sudden invasions doe happen by so much the sooner remedies must be used yea or rather rashly applyed therefore if the veines swell the face waxe fiery red if the arteries of the temples beat strongly if the patient can very hardly breathe by reason of a weight in his stomacke if his spittle be bloudy then ought he to bee let bloud without delay for the causes before mentioned It seems best to open the liver veino on the left arme whereby the heart and the spleene may be better discharged of their abundant matter yet bloud-letting is not good at all times for it is not expedient when the body beginneth to waxe stiffe by reason of the comming of a Feaver for then by drawing backe the heat and spirits inwardly the outward parts being destitute of bloud waxe stiffe and cold therefore bloud cannot bee letten then without great losse of the strength and perturbation of the humours And it is to be noted that when those plethoricke causes are present there is one Indication of bloud-letting in a simple pestilent Feaver and another in that which hath a Bubo idest a Botch or a Carbuncle joined ther with For in one or both of these being joyned with a vehement strong burning Feaver bloud must be letten by opening the veine that is nearest into the tumour or swelling against nature keeping the straightness of the fibres that this being open the bloud might be drawn more directly from the part affected for all and every retraction of putrefied bloud unto the noble parts is to be avoyded because it is noysome and hurful to nature and to the patient Therefore for example sake admit the patient be plethoricke by repletion which is called Advasa idest unto the vessels and Advires idest unto the strength and there withall he hath a tumour that is pestilent in the parts belonging unto his head or necke the bloud must bee let out of the cephalick or median veine or out of one of their branches dispersed in the arme on the grieved side But if through occasion of fatte or any other such like cause those veines doe not appeare in the arme there bee some that give counsell in such a case to open the veine that is betweene the fore-finger and the thumbe the hand being put into warme water whereby that veine may swell and be filled with bloud gathered thither by meanes of the heate If the tumour be under the arme-hole or about those places the liver veine or the median must be opened which runneth alongst the hand if it be in the groine the veine of the hamme or Saphena or any other veine above the foote that appeareth well but alwaies on the grieved side And phlebotomie must bee performed before the third day for this disease is of the kind or nature of sharpe diseases because that within foure and twenty houres it runneth past helpe In letting of bloud you must have consideration of the strength You may perceive that the patient is ready to swoune when that his forehead waxeth moyst with a small sweate suddenly arising by the aking or paine at the stomacke with an appetite to vomit and desire to goe to stoole gaping blacknesse of the lippes and sudden alteration of the face unto palenesse and lastly most certaincly by a small and slow pulse and then you must lay your finger on the veine and stop it untill the patient come to himselfe againe either by nature or else restored by art that is to say by giving unto him bread dipped in wine or any other such like thing then if you have not taken bloud enough you must let it goe againe and bleed so much as the greatnesse of the disease or the strength of the patient will permit or require which being done some one of the Antidotes that are prescribed before will be very profitable to be drunk which may repaire the strength and infringe the force of the malignity CHAP. XXV Of purging medicines in a pestilent disease IFyou call to minde the proper indications purging shall seeme necessary in this kinde of disease and that must bee prescribed as the present case and necessity requireth rightly considering that the disease is sudden and doth require medicines that may with all speede drive out of the body the hurtfull humour wherein the noy some quality doth lurke and is hidden which medicines are diverse by reason of the diversity of the kinde of the humour and the condition or temperature of the patient For this purpose sixe graines of Scammonie beaten into powder or else tenne graines are commonly ministred to the patient with one dram of Treacle Also pils may be made in this forme Take of Treacle and Mithridate of each one dram of Sulphur vivum finely powdred halfe a dram of Diagridium foure graines make thereof Pils Or Take three drams of Aloes of Myrrhe and Saffron of each one dram of white Hellebore and Asarabacca of each foure scruples make thereof a masse with old Treacle and let the patient take foure scruples thereof for a dose three houres before meate Ruffus his pils may be profitably given to those that are weake The ancient Physicians have greatly commended Agarick for this disease because it doth draw the noysome humours out of all the members and the vertues thereof are like unto those of Treacle for it is thought to strengthen the heart and to draw out the malignity by purging To those that are strong the weight of two drams may be given and to those
growne unto its full ripenesse and bignesse but if presently after the beginning there bee great inflammation with sharpe paine as it often happeneth especially when the abscesses be of the kinde of Carbuncles wee must abstaine from those remedies that are hot and attractive and also from those that are very emplasticke and clammy because they doe altogether close the pores of the skin or because they resolve the thinner part of the collected matter which if it might remain would bring the other sooner to suppuration or else because they may perchance draw more quantity of the hot matter than the part can beare whereof commeth rather corruption than maturation and last of all because they encrease the feaver and pain which inferreth danger of a convulsion or mortall Gangrene Therefore in such a case it is best to use cold and temperate locall medicines as the leaves of Henbane and Sorrell roasted under the coales Galens pultis and such like There are many that for feare of death have with their owne hands pulled away the Bubo with a paire of Smithes Pincers others have digged the flesh round about it and so gotten it wholly out And to conclude others have become so mad that they have thrust an hot iron into it with their owne hand that the venome might have a passage forth of all which I doe not allow one for such abscesses doe not come from without as the bitings of virulent beasts but from within and moreover because pain is by these means encreased and the humour is made more maligne and fierce Therefore I think it sufficient to use medicines that relaxe open the pores of the skinne and digest portion of the venome by transpiration as are these that follow Take the roots of Marsh-mallowes and Lillies of each sixe ounces of Chamomill and Melilote flowers of each halfe a handfull of Linseeds halfe an ounce of the leaves of Rue halfe a handfull boyle them and straine them dip sponges in the straining and therewith let the tumour bee fomented a long time Or Take the crum of hot bread and sprinkle it with Treacle-water or with aqua vitae and Cowes milk or Goates milke and the yolks of three egges put them all one stupes or flaxe and apply them warme unto the place Or Take of soure Rie leaven foure ounces of Basilicon two ounces three yolkes of egges oyle of Lillies two ounces Treacle one dram let it be received on stupes and applyed in like manner Or Take of Diachylon and Basilicon of each two ounces oyle of Lillies one ounce and an halfe let them be melted and mixed together and let it be applyed as is abovesaid When you see feele and know according to reason that the Bubo is come to perfect suppuration it must be opened with an incision knife or an actuall or potentiall Cautery but it is best to be done with a potentiall Cautery unlesse that happely there be great inflammation because it doth draw the venome from beneath unto the superficiall parts and maketh a larger orifice for the matter that is contained therein neither must it be looked for that nature should open it of her selfe for then it were danger that lest while nature doth worke slowly a venemous vapour should bee stirred up which striking the heart by the arteries the braine by the nerves and the liver by the veines should cause a new increase of the venemous infection For feare whereof there be some that will not expect the perfect maturation and suppuration but as it were in the midst of the crudity and maturity will make an orifice for it to passe forth at yet if it be done before the tumour be at his perfect maturity paine a Feaver and all accidents are stirred up and enraged whereof commeth a maligne ulcer that often degenerats into a Gangrene For the most part about the tenth or eleventh day the work of suppuration seemeth perfected and finished but it may be sooner or later by reason of the application of medicines the condition of the matter and state of the part when the matter commeth forth you must yet use suppurative and mollifying medicines to maturate the remains thereof in the mean while cleansing the ulcer by putting mundificatives into it as we shall declare in the cure of Carbuncles But if the tumour seeme to sinke in or hide it selfe again it must be revoked and procured to come forth againe by applying of Cupping-glasses with scarification and with sharpe medicines yea and with Cauteries both actuall and potentiall When the Cauteries are applyed it shall be very good to apply a vesicatory a little below it that there may be some passage open for the venome while the Eschar is in falling away For so they that are troubled with the French Pocks so long as they have open and flowing ulcers so long are they voyd of any paine that is worth the speaking of which ulcers being closed and cicatrized they doe presently complain of great paine If you suspect that the Bubo is more maligne by reason that it is of a greene or blacke and inflamed colour as are those that come of a melancholy humour by adustion turned into a grosse and rebellious melancholy humour so that by the more copious influxe thereof into the part there is danger of a gangrene and mortification then the places about the abscesse must bee armed with repercussives but not the abscesse it selfe and this may be the forme of the repercussives Take of the juice of house-leeke Purslaine Sorrell Night-shade of each two ounces of Vinegar one ounce the whites of three egges of oyle of Roses and water-Lillies of each two ounces and a halfe stirre them together and apply it about the Bubo and renew it often or boyle a Pomgranate in vinegar beat it with Unguentum Rosatum or Populeon newly made and apply it as is aforesaid If these things doe not stop the influxe of other humours the abscesse it selfe and the places about it must bee scarified round about if the part will permit it that the part exonerated of portion of the venome may not stand in danger of the extinction of the proper and naturall heat by the greater quantity and malignity of the humours that flow unto it In scarrifying you must have care of the great vessels for feare of an irrepugnable fluxe of bloud which in this case is very hard to bee stayed or resisted both because the part it selfe is greatly inflamed and the humour very fierce for the expulsion whereof nature carefull for the preservation of the part and all the body besides seemeth to labour and worke But yet you must suffer so much of the bloud humour to flow out as the patient is able to abide without the losse of his strength Moreover you may spend forth the superfluous portion of the malignity with relaxing mollifying and resolving fomentations as Take the roots of Marsh-Mallowes Lillies and Elicampaine of each one
more great because it is in perpetuall motion both fleeping and waking and is dilated and comprest to let in the aire to the heart and cast fuliginous vapours out by the unnaturall heate is made inflammation then the expulsive vertue is constrained to cast out by cough whatsoever is obnoxious unto it for the Lungs cannot be purged but by coughing by coughing the wound is dilated and growes greater from whence the blood issues out in great aboundance which blood is drawne from the heart by the veine arteriall to give them nourishment and to the heart by the vena cava his meate was barly broth stewed prunes sometimes panado his drinke was Ptisan He could not lye but upon his backe which shewed he had a great quantity of blood spilt within the capacity of the Thorax and being spread or spilled along the spondills doth not so much presse the Lungs as it doth being laid on the sides or sitting What shall I say more but that the said Lord Martigues since the time hee was hurt hath not reposed one houre onely and hath alwayes cast out bloody urines and stooles These things then Messieres considered one can make no other prognosticke but that he will dye in a few dayes which is to my great greefe Having ended my discourse I drest him as I was wont having discovered his wounds the Physitions and other assistants presently knew the truth of what I had said The said Physitions having felt his pulse and knowne his forces to be almost spent and abolished concluded with mee that in a few dayes he would dye and at the same instant went all toward the Lord of Savoy where they all said that the said Lord Martigues would dye in a short time he answered it were possible if hee were well drest he might escape Then they all with one voyce said hee had beene very well drest and sollicited with all things necessary for the curing of his wounds and could not be better and that it was impossible to cure him and that his wound was mortall of necessity The Monsieur de Savoy shewed himselfe to bee very much discontented and wept and asked them againe if for certaine they all held him deplored and remedilesse they all answered yes Then a certaine Spanish impostor offered himselfe who promised on his life that he would cure him and if he failed to cure him they should cut him in an hundred peeces but he would not have any Physitions Chirurgions or Apothecaries with him And at the same instant the sayd Lord of Savoy told the Physitions and Chirurgions they should not in any wise goe any more to see the sayd Lord of Martigues Also he sent a Gentleman to me to forbid me upon paine of life not to touch any more the said Lord of Martigues which I promised not to doe wherefore I was very glad seeing he should not dye in my hands and commanded the said impostor to dresse the said Lord of Martigues And that he should have no other Physitions nor Chirurgions but him he came presently to the said Lord of Martigues who told him Senor Cavallero el senor Dugue me ha mandado que viniesse a curar vostra herida yo os juro á Dios que antes de acho dias yo os haga subir a Cavallo con la lansa en puno contalque no ago que yo qúos togue Comereis y bibereis todas comidas que fueren de vostro gusto y yo hare la dieta pro V. m. y desto os de veu aseguirar sobre de mi yo he sanado mun hos que tenian magores heridas que la Vostra That is to say Lord Cavalleere Monsieur the Duke of Savoy hath commanded me to come dresse thy wound I sweare to thee by God that before eight dayes I will make thee mount on horsebacke with thy Lance in thy hand provided that no man may touch thee but my selfe thou shalt eate and drinke any thing thou hast a minde to I will performe thy diet for thee and of this thou maist be assured upon my promise I have cured divers who have had greater wounds than thine and the Lord replyed God give you the grace to doe it He demanded of the sayd Lord a shirt and tore it in little ragges which hee put a crosse muttering and murmuring certaine words over the wound and having drest him permitted him to eate and drinke what he would telling him hee would observe a dyet for him which he did eating but six prunes and sixe bits of bread at a meale and drinking but beere Notwithstanding two dayes after the sayd Lord of Martigues dyed and my Spaniard seeing of him in the agony eclipst himselfe and got away without bidding farewell to any body and I beleeve if he had beene taken he had bin hang'd for his false promises which he had made to Monsieur the Duke of Savoy and to divers other gentlemen He dyed about tenne of the clocke in the morning and after dinner the sayd Lord of Savoy sent Physitions and Chirurgions and his Apothecary with a great quantity of Drogues to embalme him they came accompanied with divers gentlemen and Captaines of the Army The Emperors Chirurgion came neere to me and prayed me kindly to open the body which I refused telling him I was not worthy to carry his plaster boxe after him he prayed me againe which then I did for his sake if it so liked him I would yet againe have excused my selfe that seeing he was not willing to embalme him that he would give this charge to another Chirurgion of the company he made me yet answere that he would it should be I and if I would not doe it I might hereafter repent it knowing this his affection for feare he should not doe me any displeasure I tooke the rasor and presented it to all in particular telling them I was not well practised to doe such operations which they all refused The body being placed upon a table truely I purposed to shew them that I was an Anatomist declaring to them diverse things which should be heere too long to recite I began to tell all the company that I was sure the bullet had broken two ribs and that it had past through the Lungs and that they should finde the wound much enlarged because they are in perpetuall motion sleeping or waking and by this motion the wound was the more dilacerated Also that there was great quantity of blood spilt in the capacity of the brest and upon the midriffe and splinters of the broken ribbes which were beaten in at the entrance of the bullet and the issuing forth of it had carried out Indeed all which I had told them was found true in the dead body One of the Physitions asked me which way the blood might passe to be cast out by Vrine being contained in the Thorax I answeared him that there was a manifest conduit which is the Vena Aâ—ygos who having nourisht the ribbes the rest
is nothing but to laugh Ioy recreates and quickens all the faculties stirres up the spirits helpes concoction makes the body to bee better likeing and fattens it the heate bloud and spirits flowing thither and the nourishing dew or moisture watering and refreshing all the members from whence it is that of all the Passions of the minde this onely is profitable so that it exceed not measure for immoderate and unaccustomed joy carries so violently the bloud and spirits from the heart into the habit of the body that sodaine and unlookt for death ensues by a speedy decay of the strength the lasting fountaine of the vitall humour being exhausted Which thing principally happens to those who are lesse heartie as women and old-men Anger causeth the same effusion of heate in us but farre speedier than joy therefore the spirits and humors are so inflamed by it that it often causes putrid feavers especially if the body abound with any ill humor Sorrow or griefe dries the body by a way quite contrary to that of anger because by this the heart is so straitened the heate being almost extinct that the accustomed generation of spirits cannot be performed and if any be generated they cannot freely passe into the members with the bloud wherefore the vitall facultie is weakened the lively colour of the face withers and decaies and the body wastes away with a lingering consumption Feare in like sort drawes in and calls backe the spirits and not by little and little as in sorrow but sodainely and violently hereupon the face growes sodainely pale the extreame parts cold all the body trembles or shakes the belly in some is loosed the voice as it were staies in the jawes the heart beate with a violent pulsation because it is almost opprest by the heate strangled by the plentie of bloud and spirits abondantly rushing thither The haire also stands upright because the heate and bloud are retired to the inner parts and the utmost parts are more cold and drie than stone by reason whereof the utmost skinne and the pores in which the rootes of the haires are fastened are drawne together Shame is a certaine affection mixed as it were of Anger and Feare therefore if in that conflict of as it were contending passions Feare prevaile over Anger the face waxeth pale the bloud flying backe to the heart and these or these Symptomes rise according to the vehemency of the contracted and abated heat But if on the contrary Anger get the dominion over Feare the bloud runnes violently to the face the eyes looke red and sometimes they even some at the mouth There is another kinde of shame which the Latines call Verecundia wee Shamefastnesse in which there is a certaine fluxe and refluxe of the heate and bloud first recoiling to the heart then presently rebounding from thence againe But that motion is so gentle that the heart thereby suffers no oppression nor defect of spirits wherefore no accidents worthy to be spoken of arise from hence this affect is familiar to young maid es and boyes who if they blush for a fault committed unawares or through carelesnesse it is thought an argument of a vertuous and good disposition But an agony which is a mixt passion of a strong feare and vehement anger involves the heart in the danger of both motions wherefore by this passion the vitall facultie is brought into very great danger To these sixe Passions of the minde all other may be revoked as Hatred and Discord to Anger Mirth and Boasting to Ioy Terrors Frights and Swoundings to Feare Envy Despaire and Mourning to Sorrow By these it is evident how much the passions of the minde can prevaile to alter and overthow the state of the body and that by no other meanes than that by the compression and dilatation of the heart they diffuse and contract the spirits bloud and heate from whence happens the dissipation or oppressions of these spirits The signes of these Symptomes quickly shew themselves in the face the heart by reason of the thinnesse of the skinne in that part as it were painting forth the notes of its affections And certainely the face is a part so fit to disclose all the affections of the inward parts that by it you may manifestly know an old man from a young a woman from a man a temperate person from an untemperate an Ethiopian from an Indian a Frenchman from a Spaniard a sad man from a merry a sound from a sicke a living from a dead Wherefore many affirme that the manners and those things which we keepe secret and hid in our hearts may be understood by the face and countenance Now wee have declared what commoditie and discommoditie may redound to man from these forementioned passions and have shewed that anger is profitable to none unlesse by chance to some dull by reason of idlenesse or opprest with some cold clammy and phlegmaticke humor and feare convenient for none unlesse peradventure for such as are brought into manifest and extreme danger of their life by some extraordinary sweat immoderate bleeding or the like unbridled evacuation Wherefore it behoves a wise Chirurgion to have a care lest he inconsiderately put any Patient committed to his charge into any of these passions unlesse there bee some necessitie thereof by reason of any of the forementioned occasions CHAP. XIX Of things against Nature and first of the Cause of a Disease HAving intreated of things naturall and not naturall now it remaines wee speake of things which are called against nature because that they are such as are apt to weaken and corrupt the state of our body And they bee three in number The cause of a disease a Disease and a Symptome The cause of a disease is an affect against nature which causes the disease Which is divided into Internall and Externall The Externall originall or primitive comes from some other place and outwardly into the body such be meates of ill nourishment and such weapons and hostilely wound the body The Internall have their essence and seate in the body and are subdivided into antecedent and conjunct That is called an antecedent cause which as yet doth not actually make a disease but goes neare to cause one so humors copiously flowing or ready to flow into any part are the antecedent causes of diseases The conjunct cause is that which actually causes the disease and is so immediately joined in affinitie to the disease that the disease being present it is present and being absent it is absent Againe of all such causes some are borne together with us as the over-great quantitie and maligne qualitie of both the seedes and the menstruous bloud from diseased Parents are causes of many diseases and specially of those which are called Hereditary Other happen to us after wee bee borne by our diet and manner of life a stroke fall or such other like Those which bee bred with
them alwayes in these places where the great divisions of vessels are made as in the middle ventricule of the braine in the upper part of the Chest in the Mesentery and other lik places Although othersome be seated in such places as nature thinkes needfull to generate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature as the almonds at the roots of the tongue the kernells in the dugs the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the wombe or where nature hath decreed to make emunctoryes for the principall parts as behind the eares under the armeholes and in the groines The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their composition but also with those whose division they keep and preserve They are of a cold temper wherefore Phisitions say the blood recrudescere i to become raw againe in the dugs when it takes upon it the forme of milke But of these some have action as the almonds which poure our spattle usefull for the whole mouth the dugs milke the Testicles seed others use onely as those which are made to preserve vnderprop and fill vp the divisions of the vessels Besides this we have spoken of glandules in generall we must know that the Pancreas is a glanduleus and flesh-like body as that which hath every where the shape and resemblance of flesh It is situate at the flat end of the liver under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion and under the gate-veine to serve as a bulwarke both to it and the divisions thereof whilst it fills up the emptie spaces betweene the vessels themselves and so hinders that they be not pluckt asunder nor hurt by any violent motion as a fall or the like CHAP. XVIII Of the Liver HAving gone thus farre order of dissection now requires that we should treate of the distribution of the gate veine but because it cannot well be understood unlesse all the nature of the liver from whence it arises be well knowne therefore putting it off to a more fit place we will now speake of the Liver Wherefore the liver according to Galens opinion lib. de form fatus is the first of all the parts of the body which is finished in conformation it is the shoppe and Author of the bloud and the originall of the veines the substance of it is like the concrete mudde of the bloud the quantitie of it is diverse not onely in bodies of different but also of the same species as in men amongst themselves of whom one will bee gluttonous and fearefull another bold and temperate or sober for hee shall have a greater liver than this because it must receive and concoct a greater quantitie of Chylus yet the liver is great in all men because they have need of a great quantitie of bloud for the repairing of so many spirits the substantificke moisture which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contemplation But there may bee a a twofold reason given why such as are fearefull have a larger liver The first is because in those the vitall facultie in which the heate of courage and anger resides which is in the heart is weake and therefore the defect of it must be supplied by the strength of the naturall facultie For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part by the increase and accession of another The other reason is because cold men have a great appetite for by Galens opinion In arte parva coldnesse increases the appetite by which it comes to passe that they have a greater quantitie of Chylus by which plenty the liver is nourished and growes larger Some beasts as Dogges and swine have the liver divided into five or more Lobes but a man hath but one Lobe or two or three at the most and these not so much distinguished as which chearish the upper and hollow region of the ventricle with embracing to helpe forward the worke of concoction Therefore the liver is almost content with one Lobe although it is alwayes rent with a small division that the umbilicall veine pearcing into the roots and substance of it may have a free passage but also oftentimes there is as it were a certaine small lobe of the liver laid under that umbilicall veine as a cushion The figure of the liver is gibbous rising up and smooth towards the Midriffe towards the stomacke is the simous or hollow side of it somewhat unequall and rough by reason of the distance of the Lobes the originall of the hollow veine and the site of the bladder of the Gall. The composition of the liver is of veines nerves arteryes the coate and proper substance thereof which we call the grosse and concreet blood or Parenchyma Veines and arteryes come to it from the navell but nerves immediatly from these which are diffused over the stomack according to Hippocrates yet they penetrate not very deep into its substance for it seemes not to stand in neede of such exact sense but they are distributed upon the coate and surface there of because this part made for distribution over the whole body keepes to it selfe no acrid or maligne humor for the perception of which it should neede a nerve although the coate investing it sends many nervous fibers into its substance as is apparent by the taking away of the coate from a boiled liver we must thinke the same of the other entrals The coate of the liver is from the Peritonaeum waxing small from the umbilicall veine when it divides it selfe for the generation of the gate and hollow veines as is observed by Galen lib. de format Fatus The liver is onely one situate in the greater part on the right side but with the lesser part on the left quite contrary to the stomacke It s chiefe connexion is with the stomacke and guts by the veines and membranes of the Peritonaeum by the howllow veine and artery with the heart by the nerve with the braine and by the same ligatu res with all the parts of the whole body It is of a hot and moist temper and such as have it more hot have large veines and hot bloud but such as have it cold have small veines and a discoloured hew The Action of the Liver is the conversion of the Chylus into bloud the worke of the second concoction For although the Chylus entring into the meseraicke veines receive some resemblance of bloud yet it acquires not the forme and perfection of bloud before it be elaborate and fully concoct in the liver It is bound and tied with three strong ligaments two on the sides in the midst of the bastard ribs to beare up its sides and the third more high and strong descending from the breast-blade to sustaine its proper part which with its weight would presse the lower orifice of the stomacke and
so cause a falling or drawing downe of the sternon and coller bone And thus much may suffice for is proper ligaments for we before mentioned its common the veines arteries nerves and coate of the Peritonaeum by which it is knit to the loines and other naturall parts But wee must note that besides these three proper ligaments the liver is also bound with others to the bastard ribs os Sylvius observes in his Anatomicall observations and Hollerius in his Practife Cap. de Pleuritide CHAP. XIX Of the bladder of the Gall. NOw wee must come to the bladder of the Gall which is of a nervous substance and of the bignesse of a small peare it is of figure round with the bottome more large but the sides and mouth more narrow and straite It is composed of a double coate one proper consisting of three sorts of fibers the other from the peritonaeum It hath a veine from the Porta or gate veine and an artery from that which is diffused into the liver and a nerve from the sixt conjugation It is but one and that hid on the right side under the greater lobe of the liver it is knit with the touching of its own body and of the passages and channels made for the performance of its actions with the liver and in like manner with the Duodenum and not seldome with the stomack also by another passage to conclude to all the parts by its veines nerves atteries and common coate It is of a cold temper as every nervous part is The action of it is to separate from the liver the cholericke humor and that excrementitious but yet naturall by the helpe of the right fibers for the purifying of the bloud and by the oblique fibers so long to keepe it being drawne untill it begin to become troublesome in quantitie qualitie or its whole substance and then by the transverse fibers to put it downe into the Duodenum to provoke the expulsiue facultie of the guts I know Fallopius denies the texture of so many fibers to be the minister of such action to the gall But Vesalius seemes sufficiently to have answered him The bladder of the gall hath divers channels for comming with a narrow necke even to the beginning of the gate veine it is divided into two passages the one whereof suffering no division is carried into the Duodenum vnlesse that in some it send another branch into the bottome of the stomack as is observed by Galen which men have a miserable and wretched life being subject to cholericke vomitings especially when their stomackes are empty with great paines of their stomacke and head as is also observed by Galen Cap. 74. Artis Med. The other comming out of the body of the liver devides it selfe into two or three passages againe entering the substance of the liver is divided with infinite branches accompanying so many branches of the gate veine through the substance of the liver that so the blood unlesse it be most elaborate and pure may not rise into the hollow veine all which things Dissection doth manifestly teach The sixth Figure of the bladder of the Gall. M. The Pylorus joyned to the Duedenum N. the Duodenū joyned to the Pylorus P. shewes the bottome of the bladder of the gall QQ the holes of the bladder of gall dispersed through the liver betwixt the rootes of the hollow and gate veines R. the roote of the gate veine in the liver S. the root of the hollow veine in the liver a. the concourse or meeting of the passages of choller into one branch b. the necke of the bladder into which the passage is inserted c. the passage of the gall into the Duodenum d. the Duodenum opened to manifest the insertion of the porus biliaris e. anarterie going to the hollow part of the liver and the bladder of the gall f. a small nerve belonging to the liver and the bladder of gall from the ribbe branch of the sixth paire gg the cysticke twins from the gate veine CHAP. XX. Of the Spleene or Milt BVt because we cannot well shew the distribution of the gate veine unlesse the spleene be first taken away and removed from its seate therefore before we go any further I have thought good to treate of the spleene Therefore the spleene is of a soft rare and spongious substance whereby it might more easily receive and drinke up the dreggs of the bloud from the liver and of a flesh more blacke than the liver For it resembles the colour of its muddy bloud from which it is generated It is of an indifferent greatnesse but bigger in some than in othersome according to the diverse temper and complexion of men It hath as it were a triangular figure gibbous on that part it stickes to the ribbes and midriffe but hollow on that part next the stomacke It is composed of a coate the proper flesh a veine artery and nerve The membrane comes from the peritonaeum the proper flesh from the foeces or dregges of bloud or rather of the naturall melancholy humor with which it is nourished The fourth branch of the venaporta or gate veine lends it a veine the first branch of the great descendant artery presently after the first entrance without the Midriffe lends it an arterie But it receives a nerve from the left costall from the sixt conjugation on the inner part by the rootes of the ribs we may manifestly see this nerve not only dispersing it selfe through the coate of the liver but also penetrating with its vessels the proper flesh thereof after the selfesame manner as we see it is in the heart and lungs It is one in number situate on the left side betweene the stomacke and the bastard ribs or rather the midriffe which descends to their rootes For it oft times cleaves to the midriffe on its gibbous part by a coate from the peritonaeum as also on the hollow part to the stomacke both by certaine veines which sends it into the ventricle as also by the kall It hath connexion either primarily or secundarily with all the parts of the body by these its vessels It is of a cold and drie temper the action and use of it is to separate the melancholicke humor which being feculent and drossie may be attenuated by the force of many arteries dispersed through its substance For by their continuall motion and native heate which they carrie in full force with them from the heart that grosse bloud puts off its grossenesse which the spleene sends away by passages fit for that purpose retaining the subtler portion for its nourishment The passages by which it purges it selfe from the grossenesse of the melancholy bloud are a veine ascending from it into the stomacke to stirre up the appetite by its sourenesse and strengthen the substance thereof by its astriction and also another veine which sometimes from the spleene branch sometimes from the
assaults by somewhat yeelding to their impression no otherwise than soft things opposed against cannon shot Wee will prosecute the other differences of gristles in their place as occasion shall be offered and required CHAP. II. Of the containing and contained parts of the Chest THe containing parts of the chest are both the skinnes the fleshie pannicle the fat the breasts the common coate of the muscles the muscles of that place the forementioned bones the coate investing the ribbes and the Diaphragma or midriffe The parts contained are the Mediastinum the Pericardium or purse of the heart the heart the lungs their vessels Of the containing parts some are common to all the body or the most part thereof as both the skins the fleshie pannicle and fat Of which being we have spoken in our first Booke there is no neede now further to insist upon Others are proper to the chest as its muscles of which we will speake in their place the brests the forementioned bones the membrane investigating the ribs and the Diaphragma or midriffe Wee will treate of all these in order after we have first shewed you the way how you may separate the skinne from the rest of the chest Putting your knife downe even to the perfect division of the skinne you must draw a straite line from the upper part of the lower belley even to the chinne then draw another straight line overtwhart at the collar bones even to the shoulder-blades and in the places beneath the collar-bones if you desire to shunne prolixitie you may at once separate both the skinnes the fleshie pannicle the fat and common coate of the muscles because these parts were shewed and spoken of in the dissection of the lower belley Yet you must reserve the brests in dissecting of the bodies of women wherefore from the upper parts of the breasts as artificially as you can separate onely the skin from the parts lying under it that so you may shew the Pannicle which there becommeth fleshie and musculous and is so spred over the necke and parts of the face even to the rootes of the haires CHAP. III. Of the Breasts or Dugges THe Breasts as wee said when we spoke of the nature of glandules are of a glandulous substance white rare or spongious in maides and women that doe not give sucke they are more solid and not so large Wherefore the bignesse of the Dugges is different although of a sufficient magnitude in all Their figure is round somewhat long and in some sort Pyramidall Their composure is of the skinne the fleshie pannicle glandules fat nerves veines and arteries descending to them from the Axillaris under the Sternon betwixt the fourth and fifth and sometimes the sixth of the true ribbes And there they are divided into infinite rivelets by the interposition of the glandules and fat by which fit matter may be brought to be changed into milke by the facultie of the dugges Wee will speake no more of the nature of glandules or kernels as having treated of them before onely we will add this that some of the glandules have nerves as those of the brests which they receive from the parts lying under them that is from the intercostall by which it comes to passe that they have most exquisit sense Others want a nerve as those which serve onely for division of the vessels and which have no action but onely use They be two in number on each side one seated at the sides of the Sternon upon the fourth fifth and sixth true ribs Wherefore they have connexion with the mentioned parts with their body but by their vessels with all other parts but especially with the wombe by the reliques of the mamillary veines and arteryes which descend downe at the sides of the brest-blade in which place these veines insinuating themselves through the substance of the muscles are a litle above the navill conjoined with the Epigastricks whose originall is in some sort opposite to the Hypogastrickes which send forth branches to the wombe By the meeting of these it is more likely that this commerce should arise than from other and those almost capillary branches which are sometimes seene to descend to the wombe from the Epigastrick They are of a cold and moist temper wherefore they say that the blood by being converted into milke becomes raw flegmaticke and white by the force of the proper flesh of the dugs Their action is to prepare nourishment for the new borne babe to warme the heart from whence they have received heat and to adorne the brest By this you may know that some Glandules have action others use and some both At the top of the dugs there are certaine hillockes or eminencies called tears or nipples by sucking of which the child is nourished through certaine small and crooked passages which though they appeare manifest to the sight whilest you presse out the milke by pressing the dug yet when the milke is pressed out they doe not appeare nor so much as admit the point of a needle by reason of the crooked wayes made by nature in those passages for this use that the milke being perfectly made should not flow out of its owne accord against the nurses will For so the seed is retained and kept for a certaine time in the Prostats CHAP. IIII. Of the Clavitles or Coller bones and Ribs IF we should handle these parts after the common order we should now treat of the Muscles of the Chest which move the arme and serve for respiration and which first offer themselves to our sight But for that they cannot be fitly shewed unlesse wee hurt the muscles of the shoulder blade and necke therefore I thinke it better to deferre the explanation of these muscles untill such time as I have shewed the rest of the contained and containing parts not onely of the chest but also of the head that having finished these we may come to a full demonstration of all the rest of the muscles beginning with those of the head which wee first meet with and so prosequuting the rest even to the muscles of the feet as they shall seeme to offer themselves more fitly to dissection that so as much as lyes in us we may shunne confusion Wherefore returned to our proposed taske after the foresaid muscles come the Collar bones the sternon and ribs But that these parts may be the more easily understood wee must first know what a bone is and whence the differences thereof are drawne Therefore a bone is a part of our body most terrestriall cold dry hard wanting all manifest sense if the teeth be excepted I said manifest sense that you may understand that the parts have a double sense of touching the one manifest such as resides in the flesh skin membranes nerves Teeth and certaine other parts the other obscure yet which may suffice to discerne the helping and hurting tactile qualityes such sense the
spirits so consequently the continuall nourisher of the vitall heate the first living and last dying which because it must have a naturall motion of it self was made of a dense solide and more compact substance than any other part of the body The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the hollow veine into the receptacles thereof and the breath or aire from the lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which passe through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vitall spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholericke blood to the Lungs by the vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to containe the Aire and blood drawne thither by the forementioned vessels untill they be sufficiently claborate by the heart All these fibers doe their parts by contracting themselues towards their originall as the right from the point of the heart towards the basis whereby it comes to passe that by this contraction of the fibers the heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the transverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which lookes towards the vertebra's which chiefly appeares in the point thereof It is of an indifferent bignes but yet in some bigger in some lesse according to the diverse temper of Cold or hot men as wee noted in the liver The figure thereof is Pyramidall that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other Entrailes For the blood being there a litle more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turnes into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to a cicatrize It hath the Coronall veines and arteryes which it receives either on the right side from the hollow veine or on the left from the basis at the entranc of the Artery Aorta You cannot by your Eye discerne that the Heart hath any other Nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura Yet I have plainely enough observed others in certaine beasts which have great Hearts as swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the Heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this Entraile where otherwise it doth not concrete unlesse by cold or a remisse heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone scituate most commonly upon the fourth Vertebra of the Chest which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some thinke that it inclines some-what to the left side because we there feele the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the arteryes it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that Region is the most safe and armed and besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composeing it with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith this right ventricle was made for the necessity of the lungs Secondly to generate the vitall spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body But this spirit is nothing els than a certaine middle substance between aire and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the vitall as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or valves the vessels and their mouthes their distribution into the lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Eares of the heart which because they are doubtfull whether they may be reckoned amongst the externall or internall parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Eares are of a soft and nervous substance compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softnesse they might the more easily follow the motions of the heart and so breake the violence of the matters entring the heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the heart and as it were overwhelme and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and aire and then by litle and litle draw it forth for the use or necessity of the heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawne into the heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptinesse I will answere that that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the heart which continually drawes these matters to it no otherwise than a fire drawes the adjacent Aire and the flame of a candle the tallow which is about the weake for nourishments sake Whilest the heart is dilated it drawes the aire whilest it is drawne togeather or contracted it expells it This motion of the heart is absolutely naturall as the motion of the Lungs is animall Some adde a third cause of the attraction of the heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole body These eares differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left because it was made to receive a greater aboundance of matter They are two in number on each side one scituate at the Basis of the heart The greater at
the diversitie of their composition Wherefore hence forward concerning the substance temper and other circumstances of such parts as we shall omit you may have recourse to those things which we have written in the Demonstration of the simple and simular parts of which these organicall are composed as if any should aske of what temper the Larinx is you shall answere of a colde dry and hot and moist because it consists both of a gristlely and fleshly substance Hee which reckons up all the parts of the mouth must not omit that gristlely and membranous body which arises from the roots of the tongue which that it might be more quicke for motion that is whereby it might be more easily erected and depressed for those things which are more soft doe continually slide away but those which are too hard cannot be bended it was convenient it should be neither too hard nor too soft that it might be erected whilest we breath but depressed when wee swallow It is a principall instrument of the voyce for it cannot be well articulated unlesse the way were straite Therefore it straitens that way and the passage of the gristles of the throttle but specially the Arytenoides it is alwayes moist by a certaine native and inbred humiditie wherfore if it happen to be dried by a fever or any other like accident the speach is taken away It is bound on both sides by the common membrane of the mouth to the sides of the Arytenoides even to the backe part thereof that so like a cover it may open and shut the orifice of the throtle that none of the meat and drinke in swallowing may fall into the weazon in such aboundance as may hinder the egresse and regresse of the aire For we must not thinke that this body doth so closely shut the orifice of the throttle but that some small quantitie of moisture alwayes runnes downe by the inner sides as the walles thereof to moisten the lungs other-wise Eclegma's should be of no use in the diseases of the Chest And because that this litle body is partaker of voluntarie motion therefore according to the opinion of some there are foure muscles bestowed upon it two which may open it and two that shut it on each side one The opening muscles descend from the roote of the bone Hyoides and in their insertion growing into one they are terminated in the roote of this body that is the Epiglottis in the backe part thereof The shutting muscles in those creatures where they are found arise on the inside betweene the coate gristle thereof Truly I could never observe and finde these foure muscles in a man though I have diligently and earnestly sought for them but I have alwayes observed them in beasts Therefore some have boldly affirmed that this litle body in swallowing lyes not upon the orifice of the Throttle unlesse when it is pressed downe by the heavines of such things as are to be swallowed but that at all other times by reason of the continuall breathing it stands upright the Throttle being open There remaine as yet to be considered two small bosomes or cavities or rather fissures which nature hath hollowed in the very throttle under the Epiglottis on each side one that if by chance any of the meat or drink should fal or slip aside in the Larinx it might be there stayed reteined Beside that the Aire too violently entring should be in some sort broken by these clifts or chinkes no otherwise than the blood and spirit entring into the heart through the Auricula or Eares thereof CHAP. XVI Of the Necke and the parts thereof FIrst we will define what the neck is then prosequute the parts therof aswel proper as common especially those of which we have not as yet treated For it were superfluous to speake any more of the skin the fleshy pannicle the veines arteries nerves gullet weazon muscles ascending descending to the parts into which they are inserted alongst the necke wherefore you must not expect that we should say any thing of the neck more than to describe the Vertebrae or rack bones being the proper parts therof the ligaments aswell those proper to the neck as those which it hath in common with the head lastly the muscles aswel those it hath in common with the head chest as those of its own Therfore the neck is nothing elss then a part of the head which is conteined between the nowle bone the first vertebrae of the back First in the neck the Vertebra's must be considered we must shew what they have proper peculiar what common amongst themselves that we may the more easily shew the originall and insertion of the muscles growing out of them ending in them The neck consists of seven Vertebrae or Rack-bones in which you must consider their proper body and than the holes by which the spinall marrow passes thirdly the Apophyses or processes of the Vertebrae fourthly the holes through which the nerves are disseminated into other parts from the spinal marrow besides the perforations of the transverse productions by which the veines arteries which we cal Cervicales ascend alongst the necke lastly the connexion of these same vertebrae or Rack-bones For the first by the body of the vertebrae we understand the forepart therof upon which the gullet lyes For the hole that is not alwaies the largest in those vertebrae which are nighest the head but it is alwayes encompassed with the body of the vertebrae besides with three sorts of processes except in the first Rack-bone that is right transverse oblique By right we understand these extuberancies in the Racke-bones of the necke which are hollowed directly in the upper part of them rise up crested on each side to susteine and receive the basis of the Rack-bone which is set upon it By the oblique processes wee understand the bunchings outby which these Rack-bones are mutually knit together by Ginglymos these are seated between the righr transverse processes By the transverse we understand the protuberations next the body which devide the Vertebra or Rackbone in a straight line These processes are perforated that they may give to the before described veines arteries which entring the Spinall marrow by the holes of the nerves nourish the Racke-bones parts belonging to them Besides you must note that the perforations of the Rack-bones of the neck by which the nerves proceed from the spinall marrow to the ourward parts are under the transverse processe that is growing or made by the upper lower vertebra contrary to all the other which are in the rest of the Rack-bones For the connexiō of the Rack-bones you must know that all the Vertebrae of the spine have six connexions two in their own bodies and 4 in their oblique processes By the two first connexions they are so mutually articulated in their owne bodies
spine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 From I to K the Necke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 From K to L the Rackebones of the Chest From L to M the rackebones of the Loynes From M to N the Holy-bone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 N the Rumpe bone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 O 1 3. the brest-bone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 P 1 3. the Sword-like gristle of the brest 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Char. 1 2 3 as farre as to 12. in all three Tables shew the twelve ribs of the Chest 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Q 1 the clavicles or coller bones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 R 1 2 3 the shoulder-blade 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 λ 1 2 3 the upper processe of the shoulder-blade or the top of the shoulder called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 μ 1 3 The lower processe of the shoulder-blade called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 S 1 2 the bone of the arme called Humerus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 T V 1 2 3 the Cubit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 X 1 2 3 the wand or the upper bone of the Cubit called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Y 1 2 3 the ell or lower bone of the Cubit called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 y 3 the processe of the Cubit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ξ 13 the processe like a bodkin or probe called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ZZ 1 2 3 the wrest 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ΓΓ 1 3 the after-wrest 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ΔΔΔ 1 the fingers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 θ 1 2 3 the bones joyned to the sides of the Holy bone on each side distinguished as it were into three parts 0 1 2 3 the first part called the Hanch-bone Os Ilium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 α 1 2 3 the second part the bone of the Coxendix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1 2 3 the third part the share-bone Os pubis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 σ 1 2 3 a gristle going betweene the conjunction of the share-bones Λ 1 2 3 the thigh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 τ 1 2 3 the greater outward processe of the thigh called Rotator 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ν 1 2 3 his lesser and inner processe 〈◊〉 1 2 3 the whirle bone of the knee Patella Rotutula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ΠΣ 1 2 3 the leg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 φ 1 2 3 the inner greater bone of the leg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ψ 1 2 3 the utter and smaller bone of the leg called the Brace-bone Fibula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 φ 1 2 3 the processe of the Leg or the inner anckle called Malleolus internus Χ 1 2 the processe of the brace of the out-ward ankle both of them are called in greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 φ 1 2 3 the bone called the cockal Talus balista Os 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 2 the Heele Calx 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b 1 3 the bone called Os Naviculare 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cc 1 2 3 the wrest of the foot called Tarsus consisting of foure bones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 d e f 1 2 3 three inner bones of the wrest of the foot called by some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 g 1 2 3 the utter bone of the wrest of the foot like a Dye 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hh 1 2 3 the after wrest of the foote called Pedium by some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ii 1 2 3 the toes of the foote k 1 2 3 the seed bones of the foote called oscicula sesamina 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This figure sheweth the Sceleton of the bones gristles of a woman that it may appeare all her bones are in proportion lesser than the bones of a man But in this figure onely those parts are marked with letters wherein a woman differeth from a man in her bones and gristles A The sagittall suture descending into the nose dividing the fore head bone which is sometimes found in women very rarely in men but alwayes in Infants BB the Chest somewhat depressed before because of the Paps CC the coller bones not so much crooked as in men nor intorted so much upward D the brest-bone perforated sometimes with a hole much like the forme of a heart through which veines do run outward from the mammary veines unto the paps E the gristles of the ribs which in women are somewhat bony because of the weight of the Dugs F a part of the backe reflected or bent backward above the loynes GG the compasse of the hanch-bones running more outward for the wombe to rest upon when a woman is with child HH the lower processes of the share-bones bearing outward that the cavity marked with K might be the larger I the anterior commissure or conjunction of the share-bones filled up with a thicke gristle that in the birth they might better yeeld somewhat for Natures necessity K A great and large cavity circumscribed by the bones of the coxendix and the Holy-bone L The Rumpe or Coccyx curved backeward to give way in the time of the birth M the thigh bones by reason of the largenesse of the foresaid cavity have a greater distance betwixt them above whence also it is that womens thighes are thicker than mens For the bones of the face there are six within or about the Orbe of the Eye that is on each side three two bones of the Nose two lesser Iaw bones and two bigger which are alwayes in beasts seene distinguished by a manifest difference but it is so rare in men that I have not found it as yet therefore these onely are distinguished by manifest difference two which conteine all the upper teeth the two inner of the palate the two of the lower Iaw in children And last of all the Os Cristae whence the middle gristle or partition of the nose arise The two and thirty teeth are equally distributed in the upper and lower Iawes and of these there be eight shearers foure fanges or Dog-teeth and twenty Grinders And there is another bone at the roote of the tongue called Os Hyoides alwayes composed of three bones sometimes of foure Now follow the bones of the Spine or Back-bone which are just foure and thirty that is seven of the necke twelve of the Chest five of the loines fix of the holy-bone and foure of the rumpe Besides there are two bones of the throate or Collar bones The Ribbes are twenty foure that is fourteene true and ten bastard ribs The bones of the Sternon or Breast-bone most frequently three other whiles seven as sometimes in young bodyes Hence comming to the Armes there are reckoned 62 beginning with the shoulder-blade as there are two shoulder-blades two Arme bones foure bones of the Cubite that is two Ell-bones and two Wands sixteene of the Wrest eight of the Afterwrest and thirty of the fingers into this number also come the Sesamoidea or seedbones of which some are internall these alwayes twelve at the least although somtimes there may
not obscurely be gathered by the writings of Galen But beware you be not deceived by the forementioned signes For sometimes in large Aneurismaes you can perceive no pulsation neither can you force the blood into the Artery by the pressure of your fingers either because the quantity of such blood is greater than which can be contayned in the ancient receptacles of the Artery or because it is condensate and concrete into Clods whereupon wanting the benefit of ventilation from the heart it presently putrifies Thence ensue great paine a Gangren and mortification of the part and lastly the death of the Creature The End of the Seventh Booke OF PARTICULAR TVMORS AGAINST NATVRE THE EIGHT BOOKE The Preface BEcause the Cure of diseases must be varied according to the variety of the temper not onely of the body in generall but also of each part thereof the strength figure forme site and sence thereof being taken into consideration I thinke it worth my paines having already spoken of Tumors in Generall if I shall treate of them in particular which affect each part of the body beginning with those which assayle the head Therefore the Tumor either affects the whole head or else onely some particle thereof as the Eyes Eares Nose Gumms and the like Let the Hydrocephalos and Physocephalos be examples of those tumors which possesse the whole head CHAP. I. Of an Hydrocephalos or watry tumor which commonly affects the heads of Infants THe Greekes call this disease Hydrocephalos as it were a Dropsie of the Head by a waterish humor being a disease almost peculiar to Infants newly borne It hath for an externall cause the violent compression of the head by the hand of the Midwife or otherwise at the birth or by a fall contusion and the like For hence comes a breaking of a veine or Artery and an effusion of the blood under the skinne Which by corruption becomming whayish lastly degenerateth into a certen waterish humor It hath also an inward cause which is the abundance of serous and acride blood which by its tenuity and heat sweats through the Pores of the vessells sometimes betweene the Musculous skinne of the head and the Pericranium sometimes betweene the Pericranium and the skull and sometimes betweene the skull and the membrane called Dura mater and otherwhiles in the ventricles of the braine The signes of it contained in the space betweene the Musculous skinne and the Pericranium are a manifest tumor without paine soft and much yeeelding to the pressure of the fingers The Signes when it remayneth betweene the Pericranium and the skull are for the most part like the forenamed unlesse it be that the Tumor is a little harder and not so yeelding to the finger by reason of the parts betweene it and the finger And also there is somewhat more sence of paine But when it is in the space betweene the skull and Dura mater or in the ventricles of the Braine or the whole substance thereof there is dullnesse of the sences as of the sight and hearing the tumor doth not yeeld to the touch unlesse you use strong impression for then it sincketh somewhat downe especially in infants newly borne who have their sculls almost as soft as waxe and the junctures of their Sutures laxe both by nature as also by accident by reason of the humor conteined therein moistening and relaxing all the adjacent parts the humor conteined here lifts up the Scull somewhat more high especially at the meetings of the Sutures which you may thus know because the Tumor being pressed the humor flyes backe into the secret passages of the braine To conclude the paine is more vehement the whole head more swollen the forehead stands somewhat further out the eye is fixt and immoveable and also weepes by reason of the serous humor sweating out of the braine Vesalius writes that hee saw a girle of two yeares old whose head was thicker than any mans head by this kinde of Tumor and the Scull not bonie but membranous as it useth to be in abortive birthes and that there was nine pound of water ran out of it Aâ—ucrasis tells that he saw a child whose head grew every day bigger by reason of the watery moisture conteined therein till at length the tumor became so great that his necke could not beare it neither standing nor sitting so that hee died in a short time I have observed and had in cure foure children troubled with this disease one of which being dissected after it died had a braine no bigger than a Tennis Ball. But of a Tumor and humor conteined within under the Cranium or Scull I have seene none recover but they are easily healed of an externall Tumor Therefore whether the humor lye under the Pericranium or under the musculous skin of the head it must first be assailed with resolving medicines but if it cannot be thus overcome you must make an incision taking heede of the Temporall Muscle and thence presse out all the humor whether it resemble the washing of flesh newly killed or blackish blood or congealed or knotted blood as when the tumor bath beene caused by contusion then the wound must be filled with dry lint and covered with double boulsters and lastly bound with a fitting ligature CHAP. II. Of a Polypus being an eating disease in the Nose THe Polypus is a Tumor of the Nose against nature commonly arising from the Os Ethmâ—ides of spungye bone It is so called because it resembles the fect of a Sea Polypus in figure and the flesh thereof in consistence This Tumor stops the Nose intercepting and hindering the liberty of speaking and blowing the Nose Celsus saith the Polypus is a caruncle or Excrescence one while white another while reddish which adheres to the bone of the Nose and sometimes fills the Nosthrils hanging towards the lipps sometimes it descends backe through that hole by which the spirit descends from the Nose to the throtle it growes so that it may he seene behinde the Vvula and often strangles a man by stopping his breath There are five kinds thereof the first is a soft membrane long and thin like the relaxed and depressed Vvula hanging from the middle gristle of the nose being filled with a Phlegmaticke and viscide humor This in exspiration hangs out of the Nose but is drawne in and hid by inspiration it makes one snaffle in their speech and snort in their sleepe The second hath hard flesh bred of Melancholy blood without adustion which obstructing the nosthrils intercepts the respiration made by that part The third is flesh hanging from the Gristle round and soft being the off-spring of Phlegmaticke blood The fourth is an hard Tumor like flesh which when it is touched yeelds a sound like a stone it is generated of Melancholike blood dryed being somewhat of the nature of a Scirrhus confirmed and without paine The fifth is as it were composed of many cancrous ulcers
either Or serving the principall as The Weason Lungs gullet Stomacke Gutts Bladder Or neither The Eares Nose Feete Hands and other of the same kinde From their proper essence from whence they are called Simple wounds When there is no complication of any other disease or symptome besides Or compound When there is a complication of some one or more diseases which unlesse they be taken away wee must not hope for to cure the wound From their quantity according to which they are called Great Long Broad Deepe Indifferent Little Short Narrow Super ficiarie From their figure according to which they are named Straight Oblique Cornered CHAP. II. Of the causes of Wounds ALL things which may outwardly assayle the body with force and violence may be counted the causes of wounds which are called greene and properly bloody These things are either animate or inanimate The animate as the bitings and prickings of beasts The Inanimate as the stroake of an arrow sword clubb gunne stone a dagger and all such like things From the variety of such like causes they have divers names for those which are made by sharpe and pricking things are called punctures those caused by cutting things are called wounds or gashes and those which are made by heavy and obtuse things are named Contusions or wounds with Contusions CHAP. III. Of the signes of Wounds WOunds are first knowne by sight and by the signes drawne from thence The Chirurgion ought first and chiefely to consider what wounds are cureable and what not what wounds will scarce admit of cure and what may be easily cured for it is not the part of a prudent Chirurgion to promise cure in a deadly or dangerous and difficult wound Least he may seeme to have killed him whom not the unsufficiencie of the Art but the greatnesse of the wound hath slaine But when the wound is dangerous but yet without despaire of recovery it belongs to him to admonish the Patients friends which are by of the present danger and doubtfull state of the wound that if Art shall be overcome by the greatnesse thereof hee shall not be thought ignorant of the Art neither to have deceived them But as this is the part and duty of a good and prudent Chirurgion so it is the tricke of a cheating and jugling knave to enlarge small wounds that so he may seeme to have done a great cure when it is nothing so But it is agreeable to reason that the Chirurgion professing the disease easie to be cured will thinke himselfe in credit bound by such promises and his duty and therefore seeke all meanes for the quicke recovery of the patient leâ—t that which was of its owne nature small may by his negligence become great Therefore it is expedient he should know what wounds are to be accounted great This as Galen saith is three wayes to be knowne The first is by the magnitude and principallity of the part affected for thus the wounds of the Braine Heart and of the greater vessells though small of themselves yet are thought great Then from the greatnesse of the solution of continuity for which cause wounds may be judged great in which much of the substance of the part is lost in every dimension though the part be one of these which are accounted servile Then from the malignitie through which occasion the wounds of the joynts are accounted great because for the most part they are ill conditioned CHAP. IIII. Of Prognostickes to be made in VVounds THose Wounds are thought dangerous wherein any large Nerve Veine or Artery are hurt From the first there is feare of convulsion but from the other large effusion of the veinous or arterious blood whence the powers are debilitated also these are judged evill which are upon the arme pitts groines leskes joynts and betweene the fingers and likewise those which hurt the head or taile of a Muscle They are least dangerous of all other which wound onely the fleshy substance But they are deadly which are inflicted upon the Bladder Braine Heart Liver Lungs Stomacke and small guts But if any Bone Gristle Nerve or portion of the cheeke or prepuce shall be cut away they cannot bee restored Contused wounds are more difficult to cure than those which are onely from a simple solution of continuity for before you must thinke to heale them up you must suppurate and clense them which cannot be done in a short time Wounds which are round and circular are so much the worse for there can be no unity unlesse by an angle that is a meeting together of two lines which can have no place in round wounds because a circular figure consists of one oblique line Besides wounds are by so much thought the greater by how much their extremes and lipps are the further dis-joyned which happens to round Wounds Contrary to these are cornered wounds or such as are made alongst the fibers as such as may bee easily healed Wounds may be more easily healed in young men than in old because in them nature is more vigorous and there is a greater plenty of fruitefull or good blood by which the losse of the flesh may be the better and more readily restored which is slowlier done in an old body by reason their blood is smaller in quantity and more dry and the strength of nature more languide Wounds received in the Spring are not altogether so difficult to heale as those taken in Winter or Summer For all excesse of heate and cold is hurtfull to them it is ill for a convulsion to happen upon a Wound for it is a signe that some Nervous body is hurt the braine suffering together therewith as that which is the originall of the Nerves A Tumor comming upon great Wounds is good for it shewes the force of nature is able to expell that which is harmefull and to ease the wounded part The organicall parts wholly cut off cannot againe be united because a vitall part once severed and plucked from the trunke of the body cannot any more receive influence from the heart as from a roote without which there can bee no life The loosed continuity of the Nerves Veines Arteries and also the bones is sometimes restored not truely and as they say according to the first intention but by the second that is by reposition of the like but not of the same substance The first intention takes place in the fleshie parts by converting the Alimentary bloud into the proper substance of the wounded part But the second in the spermatique parts in which the lost substance may be repaired by interposition of some heterogeneous body which nature diligent for its owne preservation substitutes in place of that which is lost for thus the body which restores and agglutinats is no bone but a Callus whose originall matter is from an humor somewhat grosser than that from whence the bones have their originall and beginning This humor when it
alimentary juice to the braine wanting marrow that is blood to nourish it as we have formerly shewed in our Anatomie But from hence proceeds the effluxe of blood running betweene the scull and membraines or else betweene the membraines and braine the blood congealing there causeth vehement paine and the eyes become blinde vomitting is caused the mouth of the stomacke suffering together with the braine by reason of the Nerves of the sixt conjugation which runne from the braine thither and from thence are spread over all the capacitie of the ventricle whence becomming a partaker of the offence it contracts it selfe and is presently as it were overturned whence first these things that are conteined therein are expelled and then such as may flow or come thither from the neighbouring and communne parts as the Liver and Gall from all which choler by reason of its naturall levity and velocity is first expelled and that in greatest plenty and this is the true reason of that vomiting which is caused and usually followes upon fractures of the scull and concussions of the Braine Within a short while after inflammation seizes upon the membranes and braine it selfe which is caused by corrupt and putrid blood proceeding from the vessels broken by by the violence of the blow and so spread over the substance of the braine Such inflammation communicated to the heart and whole body by the continuation of the parts causes a feaver But a feaver by altering the braine causes Doting to which if stupidity succeed the Patient is in very ill case according to that of Hippocrates Stupidity and doting are ill in a wound or blow upon the head But if to these evills a sphacell and corruption of the braine ensue together with a 〈◊〉 difficulty of breathing by reason of the disturbance of the Animall facâ—… which from the braine imparts the power of moving to the muscles of the Chest the instruments of respiration then death must necessarily follow A great part of these accidents appeared in King Henry of happy memory a little before he dyed He having set in order the affaires of France and entred into amitie with the neighbouring Princes desirous to honour the marriages of his daughter and sister with the famous and noble exercise of Tilting and hee himselfe running in the Tilt-yard with a blunt lance received so great a stroake upon his brest that with the violence of the blow the visour of his helmet flew up and the trunchion of the broken Lance hit him above the left eye-brow and the musculous skinne of the fore-head was torne even to the lesser corner of the left eye many splinters of the same trunchion being strucke into the substance of the fore mentioned eye the bones being not touched or broken but the braine was so moved and shaken that he dyed the eleaventh day after the hurt His scull being opened after his death there was a great deale of blood found betweene the Dura and Pia Mater poured forth in the part opposite to the blow at the middle of the suture of the hinde part of the head and there appeared signes by the native colour turned yellow that the substance of the braine was corrupted as much as one might cover with ones thumbe Which things caused the death of the most Christian King and not onely the wounding of the eye as many have falsly thought For wee have seene many others who have not dyed of farre more greevous wounds in the eye The history of the Lord Saint Iohns is of late memory he in the Tilt-yarde made for that time before the Duke of Guises house was wounded with a splinter of a broken Lance of a fingers length and thicknesse through the visour of his Helmet it entring into the Orbe under the eye and peircing some three fingers bredth deepe into the head by my helpe and Gods favour hee recovered Valeranus and Duretus the Kings Physitions and Iames the Kings Chirurgion assisting me What shall I say of that great and very memorable wound of Prancis of Loraine the Duke of Guise He in the sight of the Citty of Bologne had his head so thrust thorough with a Lance that the point entring under his right eye by his nose came out at his necke betweene his eare and the vertebrae the head or Iron being broken and left in by the violence of the stroke which stuck there so firmely that it could not be drawn or plucked forth without a paire of Smiths pincers But although the strength violence of the blow was so great that it could not be without a fracture of the bones a tearing and breaking of the Nerves Veines Arteries and other parts yet the generous Prince by the favour of God recovered By which you may learne that many die of small wounds and other recover of great yea very large and desperate ones The cause of which events is chiefly and primarily to be attributed to God the author and preserver of mankinde but secondarily to the variety and condition of temperaments And thus much of the commotion or conclussion of the braine whereby it happens that although all the bone remaines perfectly whole yet some veines broken within by the stroake may cast forth some bloud upon the membranes of the braine which being there concreate may cause great paine by reason whereof it blindes the eyes if so be that the place can be found against which the paine is and when the skinne is opened the bone looke pale it must presently be cut out as Celsus hath written Now it remaines that we tell you how to make your prognostickes in all the forementioned fractures of the scull CHAP. X. Of Prognostickes to be made in fractures of the scull VVEE must not neglect any wounds in the head no not these which cut or bruise but onely the hairy scalpe but certainely much lesse these which are accompanied by a fracture in the scull for oft times all horride symptomes follow upon them and consequently death it selfe especially in bodies full of ill humors or of an ill habite such as are these which are affected with the Lues venerea leprosie dropsie Pthisicke and consumption for in these simple wounds are hardly or never cured for union in the cure of wounds but this is not performed unlesse by strength of nature and sufficient store of laudible blood but those which are sicke of hecticke feavers and consumptions want store of blood and those bodies which are repleate with ill humors and of an ill habite have no affluxe or plenty of laudible blood but all of them want the strength of nature the reason is almost the same in those also which are lately recovered of some disease Those wounds which are brused are more difficult to cure than those which are cut When the scul is broken than the continuity of the flesh lying over it must necessarily be hurt broken unlesse it be in a Resoâ—itus
take heed of the over light chiefely untill such time as the most feared and maligne symptomes are past For a too great light dissipates the spirits encreases paine strengthens the feaver and symptomes Hippocrates wholy forbids wine therefore the patient in steed thereof must drinke Barly water faire water boyled and tempered with Iulep of Roses syrupe of Violets vinegar and the like water wherein bread crummes have beene steeped water and sugar with a little juyce of Lemons or pomecitron added thereto and such like as the abilitye and taste of the patient shall require Let him continue such drinkes until he be free from maligne symptomes which usually happen within foureteene dayes His meat shall be pappe ptisan shunning Almond milkes for Almonds are sayd to fill the head with vapours and cause paine stued damaske Prunes Raisons and Currance seasoned with sugar and a little cinamon which hath a wonderful power to comfort the stomack and revive and exhilarate the spirits Chickens Pidgeons Veale Kid Leverets birds of the fields Pheasons blacke-birds Turtles Partridges Thrushes Larkes and such like meates of good digestion boiled with lettuce purslaine sorrell borage buglosse succory endive and the like are thought very convenient in this case If he desire at any time to feed on these meates roasted he may only dipping them in verjuice in the acide juices of Oranges Citrons Lemons or Pomegranets sometimes in one and sometimes in another according to his taste and ability If any have a desire to eate fish he must make choyce of Troutes Gudgions Pikes and the like which live in running and cleare waters and not in muddy hee shall eschew all cold sallets and pulse because they flye up and trouble the head it will be convenient after meate to use common drige powder or Aniseed Fennell-seed or Coriander comfits also conserve of Roses or Marmilate of Quinces to shut up the orifice of the Ventricle lest the head should bee offended with vapoures arising from thence Children must eate often but sparingly for children cannot fast so long as those which are elder because their naturall heate is more strong wherefore they stand in neede of more nourishment so also in winter all sorts of people require more plentifull nourishment for that then their stomackes are more hot than in Summer When the foureteenth day is past if neither a feaver nor any thing else forbid hee may drinke wine moderately and by little and little encrease his dyet but that respectively to each ones nature strength and custome He shall shunne as much as in him lyes sleepe on the day time unlesse it happen that a Phlegmon seaze upon the braine or Meninges For in this case it will bee expedient to sleepe on the day time especially from morning till noone for in this season of the day as also in the spring blood is predominant in the body according to the opinion of Hippocrates For it is so vulgarly knowne that it need not be spoken that the blood when wee are awake is carryed into the habite and surface of the body but on the contrary by sleepe it is called into the noble parts the Heart and Liver Wherefore if that the blood by the force of the Sunne casting his beames upon the earth at his rising is carryed into the habite of the body should againe bee more and more diffused by the strength and motion of watching the inflammation in the braine and Meninges would be much encreased Wherefore it will bee better especially then to stay by sleepe the violence of the blood running into the habite of the body when it shall seeme to rage and more violently to affect that way Watching must in like manner be moderate for too much depraves the temper of the braine and of the habit of the whole body it causes crudities paines and heavinesse of the head and makes the wounds dry and maligne But if the patient cannot sleepe by reason of the vehemencie of the inflammation of the braine and Meninges Galen wishes to wash besmeare and annoint the head nose temples and eares with refrigerating and humecting things for these stupifie and make drowsie the Braine and membranes thereof being more hot than they ought to be Wherefore for this purpose let the temples bee anointed with Vnguentum populeon or Vnguentum Rosatum with a little rose vinegar or oxycrate Let a spunge moistened in the decoction of white or blacke poppie seed of the rinds of the rootes of Mandrages of the seedes of Henbane lettuce purslaine plantaine night-shade and the like He may also have a broath or barly creame into which you may put an emulsion made of the seedes of white poppye or let him have a potion made with â„¥ j. or â„¥ iss of the syrupe of poppie with â„¥ ij of lettuce water Let the patient use these things 4 houres after meate to procure sleepe For sleepe doth much helpe concoction it repaires the effluxe of the triple substance caused by watching aswageth paine refresheth the weary mitigates anger and sorrow restores the depraved reason so that for these respects it is absolutely necessary that the patient take his naturall rest If the patient shall bee plethoricke let the plenitude be lessened by blood-letting purging and a slender diet according to the discretion of the Phisition who shall oversee the cure But we must take heed of strong purgations in these kindes of wounds especially at the beginning lest the feaver inflammation paine and other such like symptomes be increased by stirring up the humors Phlebotomie according to Galens opinion must not onely be made respectively to the plenty of blood but also agreeable to the greatnesse of the present disease or that which is to come to divert and draw backe that humor which flowes downe by a way contrary to that which is impact in the part and which must be there evacuated or drawne to the next Wherefore for example if the right side of the head be wounded the Cephalicke veine of the right arme shall be opened unlesse a great Plethora or plenitude cause us to open the Basilica or Median yet if neither of them can be fitly opened the Basilica may bee opened although the body is not plethoricke The like course must be observed in wounds of the left side of the head for that is farre better by reason of the straightnesse of the fibers than to draw blood on the opposite side in performance whereof you must have diligent care of the strength of the patient still feeling his pulse unlesse a Physition be present to whose judgement you must then commit all that businesse For the pulse is in Galens opinion the certainest shewer of the strength Wherefore we must consider the changes and inequalities thereof for as soone as we finde it to become lesser and more slow when the fore-head beginnes to sweate a little when he feeles a paine at his heart when he is taken
agglutination and consolidation of the gristly part and therefore next to a bone most dry with dry medicines But those who have their eares quite cut off can doe nothing but hide the deformity of their misse-hap with a cap stuffed with Cotton on that side CHAP. XXIX Of the Wounds of the necke and throate THe Wounds of the necke and throate are somewhiles simple as those which onely use the continuity of the muscles other whiles compound such as those which have conjoyned with them a fracture of the bones as of the Vertebrae or hurt of the internall and externall jugular Veines or sleepy Arteries sometimes the Trachea Arteria or Weazon and the oesophagus or gullet are wounded sometimes wholy cut off whence present death casues Wherefore let not the Chirurgion meddle with such wounds unlesse he first foretell the danger of death or the losse of some motion to those that are present For it often happens that some notable nerve or tendon is violated by a wound in the necke whence a palsie ensues and that absolutely incureable if the wound shall penetrate to the spinall marrow also hurt therewith Wounds of the gullet and Weazon are difficultly cured because they are in perpetuall motion and chiesely of the latter by reason it is grisly and without blood The wounds of the gullet are knowne by spitting of blood by the breaking forth of meate and drinke by the wound but if the gullet be quite cut asunder the patient cannot swallow at all For the cut parts are both contracted in themselves the one upwards and the other downewards But we know the weazon is hurt by casting up blood at the mouth with a continuall cough and by the comming forth of the breath or winde by the Wound The Wounds of the jugular Veines and sleepy Arteryes if they be great are usually deadly because they cannot bee straitely bound up for you cannot binde the throate hard without danger of choaking or strangling the patient But for defect of a straite ligature in this case the fluxe of blood prooves deadly If the recurrent Nerve of either side be cut it makes the voyce hoarse if cut on both sides it takes away the use of speech by hurting these instruments which impart motion to the muscles of the Larinx For the cure if the wound be small not associated with the hurt of any notable vessell nor of the Weazon and gullet it is speedily and easily cured and if there shall be neede you shall use a suture then you shall put therein a sufficient quantity of Venice Turpentine mixed with bole-Armenicke or else some of my Balsame of which this is the receipt â„ž Terebinth venetae lb ss gum elemi â„¥ iiij olei hypericon is â„¥ iij. boli armeni sang draconis an â„¥ j. aqua vita â„¥ ij an.Ê’j. I have done wonders with this Balsame in the agglutination of simple wounds wherein no strange body hath beene Now when you have put it in lay upon it a plaister of Diacalcitheas dissolved in oyle of Roses and vinegar as that which hath power to represse the flowing downe of humors and hinder inflammation or in steede thereof you may apply Emp. de Gratia Dei or Emp. de Ianua But if the jugular veines and sleepy Arteries bee cut let the bleeding bee stayed as we have shewed in a chapter treating thereof When the Weazon or Gullet are wounded the Chirurgion shall sow them up as neatly as hee can and the patient shall not endeavour to swallow any hard thing but be content to bee fed with gellyes and brothes When a gargarisme is needfull this following is very good R. hordei M. j. florum rosar p. j. passul mund jujubarum an â„¥ ss glycyrhizae â„¥ j. bulliant omnia simul addendomellis ros Iulep ros an â„¥ ij fiat gargarisma ut artis est With which being warme the Patient shall moysten his mouth and throate for it will mittigate the harshnesse of the part aswage paine cleanse and agglutinate and make him breathe more freely But that the Chirurgion may not despaire of or leave any thing unattempted in such like wounds I have thought good to demonstrate by some examples how wonderfull the workes of nature are if they be assisted by Art A certaine servant of Monsieur de Champaigne a gentleman of Anjou was wounded in the throat with a sword whereby one of the jugular veines was cut together with his Weazon Hee bled much and could not speake and these symptomes remained untill such time as the wound was sowed up and covered with medicines But if the medicines at any time were more liquid hee as it were sucked them by the wound and spaces betweene the stitches and presently put forth at his mouth that which he had sucked or drawne in Wherefore more exactly confidering with my selfe the greatnesse of the Wound the spermaticke and therefore dry and bloodlesse nature unapt to agglutination of the affected part but cheefely of the Weazon jugular veine as also for that the rough Artery is obnoxions to these motions which the gullet performes in swallowing by reason of the inner coate which is continued to the coate of the gullet by which meanes these parts mutually serve each other with a reciprocall motion even as the ropes which runne to the wheele of a pulley further more weighing that the Artery was necessary for the breathing and tempering the heate of the heart as the jugular veines served for the nourishment of the upper parts and lastly weighing with my selfe the great quantity of blood he had lost which is as it were the treasure of nature I told those which were present that death was neere and certainely at hand And yet beyond expectation rather by divine favour than our Art he recevered his health Equally admirable is this history following Two Englishmen walked out of the Citty of Paris for their recreation to the wood of Vincenne but one of them lying in waite to rob the other of his money and a massie chaine of gold which hee wore set upon him at unawares cut his throate and robbed him and so left him amongst the Vines which were in the way supposing he had kill'd him having with his dagger cut the Weason and gullet This murderer came backe to the citty the other halfe dead crawled with much adoe to a certaine Peasants house and being dressed with such medicines as were present and at hand he was brought to the Citty and by his acquaintance committed to my cure to be cured I at the first as diligently as I could sowed up the Weason which was cut quite a-sunder and put the lips of the wound as close together as I could I could not get hold of the gullet because it was fallen downe into the stomacke then I bound up the wound with medicines pledgets and fit ligatures After he was thus drest he begun to speake and tell the
why wounds of the Chest doe every day heape up and poure forth so great a quantity of matter seemes to be their vicinity to the heart which being the fountaine of blood there is a perpetuall effluxe ther eof from thence to the part affected For this is natures care in preserving the affected parts that continually and aboundantly without measure or meane it sends all its supplyes that is blood and spirits to the ayde Ad hereto that the affected parts by paine heate and continuall motion of the Lungs and midriffe draw and allure much blood to themselves Such like blood defiled by the malignity and filth of the wound is speedily corrupted whence it is that from the perpetuall affluxe of blood there is a continuall effluxe of matter or filth which at the last brings a man to a consumption because the ulcerated partlike a ravenous wolfe consumes more blood by the paine heate and motion than can be ministred thereto by the heart Yet if there bee any hope to cure and heale the Fistula it shall bee performed after the use of diet phlebotomie and according to the prescript of the Physition by a vulnerary potion which you shall finde described when we treate of the Caries or rottennesse of the bones Wherefore you shall make frequent injections therewith into the Fistula adding and mixing with it syruput de rosts ficcis and mel rosarum Neither doc I if the putrefaction bee great feare to mixe therewith Aegyptiacum But you must have a care to remember and observe the quantity of the injected liquor that you may know whether it all come forth againe after it hath performed its detergent office For if any thereof remaine behinde in the corners and crooked passages it hurts the part as corrupted with the contagion thereof The for me of a Syring fit to make injection when a great quantity of liquor is to be injected into any part After the injected liquor is come forth a pipe of gold silver or lead shall bee put into the fistulous ulcer and it must have many holes in it that so the filth may passe forth at them it must be fast tyed with strings that it may not fall into the capacity of the Chest A great spunge steeped in aqua vita and wrung forth againe shall bee layd hot to the end or orifice thereof both to hinder the entrance of theayre into the Fistulous ulcer as also to draw forth the filth thereof by its gentle heate the which thing the Patient shall much further if often times both day and night hee hold his breath stopping his mouth and nose and lying upon the diseased side that so the Sanies may bee the more forcibly evacuated neither must wee leave putting in the pipe before that this fistulous ulcer shall bee almost dry that is whole as when it yeelds little or no matter at all then it must be cicatrized But if the orifice of this fistulous ulcer being in the upper part hinder the healing thereof then by a chirurgicall Section a passage shall be made in the bottome as we sayd before in an Empyema The delineation of the pipes with their strings and spunges The reader must note that the pipes which are fit for this use neede not have so many holes as these here exprest but onely two or three in their ends for the flesh growing and getting into the rest make them that they cannot be plucked forth without much paine A wound made in the Lungs admits cure unlesse it bee very large if it bee without inflammation if it bee on the skirts of the Lungs and not on their upper parts if the patient containe himselfe from coughing much and contentious speaking and great breathing for the wound is enlarged by coughing and thence also arises inflammation the Pus and Sanies whereof whilst the lungs againe endeavour to expell by coughing by which meanes they are onely able to expell that which is hurtfull and troublesome to them the ulcer is dilated the inflammation augmented the Patient wastes away and the disease becomes incureable There have beene many Eclegma's described by Physitions for to clense the ulcer which when the patient useth he shall lye on his backe to keepe them long in his mouth so to relaxe the muscles of the Larinx for thus the medicine will fall by little and little alongst the coates of the Weazon for if it should fall downe in great quantity it would be in danger to cause coughing Cowes Asses or Goates milke with a little honey least they should corrupt in the stomacke are very fit remedies for this purpose but womans milke exceedes the rest But Sugar of Roses is to be preferred before all other medicines in the opinion of Avicen for that it hath a detergent and also an astrictive and strengthening faculty than which nothing is more to bee desired in curing of ulcers When you shall thinke it time to agglutinate the clensed ulcer you must command the patient to use emplasticke austere and asttringent medicines such as are Terra sigillata bolus armenus hypocystis plantaine knot-grasse Sumach acacia and the like which the patient shall use in hisbrothes and Eclegma's mixing therewith honey of roses which serving for a vehicle to the rest may carry away the impacted filth which hinders agglutination But seeing an hecticke feaver easily follows upon these kindes of wounds and also upon the affects of the Chest and lungs it will not be amisse to set downe somewhat concerning the cure thereof that so the Chirurgion may know to administer some helpe to his patient whilst a Physition is sent for to overcome this disease with more powerfull and certaine remedies CHAP. XXXII Of the differences causes signes and cure of an Hecticke feaver A Hecticke feaver is so called either for that it is stubborne and hard to eure and loose as things which have contracted a habite for Hexis in Greeke signifies a habite or else for that it seazes upon the solide parts of our bodies called by the Greekes Hexeis both which the Latine word Habitus doth signifie There are three kindes or rather degreees of this feaver The first is when the hecticke heate consumes the humidity of the solide parts The second is when it feeds upon the fleshy substance The third and uncureable is when it destroyes the solide parts themselves For thus the flame of a lampe first wastes the oyle then the proper moysture of the weeke Which being done there is no hope of lighting it againe what store of oyle soever you poure upon it This feaver very seldome breeds of its selfe but commonly followes after some other Wherefore the causes of a hecticke feaver are sharpe and burning feavers not well cured especially if their heate were not repressed with cooling epithemes applyed to the heart and Hypochondria If cold water was not fitly drunke If may also succeede a Diary feaver which hath bin caused and
from tale Linnen ragges dipped herein may be applyed to the temples of the forehead and often renewed otherwise by their heate drynesse and hardnesse they will cause watching in steed of sleepe Neither must you in the meane time binde the head too hard lest by intercepting and hindring the pulsation of the temporall Artery you encrease the paine of the head You shall make a fire in the patients chamber of oderifferous woods as Iuniper Bay-tree the prunings or cuttings of Vines Rosemary and Orris rootes For the same purpose you may sprinkle the floore with sweete water if the patient be able to undergoe such cost As â„ž majoranae menthae radic cyperi calami aromat salviae lavendulae faenicul thymi staechad flor chamam melilot satureiae baccarum lauri juniperi an M. iij. pulv caryophyll nucis Moschat an â„¥ j. aquae rosar vitae an lib. ij vini albi boni odorifici lb. x. bulliant omnia in balneo Mariae ad usum dictum You may also make perfumes to burne in his chamber as thus â„ž carbonis salicis â„¥ viij ladani puri â„¥ ij thuris masculi ligni baccarum Iuniperi an â„¥ j. xyloaloes benjoini styracis calamit an â„¥ ss Nucis moschatae santal citrin an Ê’iij caryophill styracis liquidae an Ê’ij an.Ê’j. gummi tragacanth aqua rosar soluti quod sit satis Make hereof perfumes in what fashion you please For the rottennesse and corruption of bones we will treate thereof hereafter in its due place CHAP. XII Certaine memorable Histories HEre I thinke good for the benefit of young practitioners to illustrate by examples the formerly prescribed Methode of curing wounds made by Gunshot The famous and most valiant Count of Mansfelt Governour of the Dutchy of Luxembourge Knight of the order of Burgundy comming to the ayde of the French King was at the battell of Moncontour where in the conflict he received so great a wound at the joynt of the left arme with a Pistoll bullet that the bones were shivered and broken in so many peeces as if they had bin layd upon an Anvill and struck with an hammer hence proceeded many maligne symptomes as cruel tormenting paine inflammation a feaver an oedematous and flatulent tumor of the whole arme even to the fingers end and a certaine inclination to a Gangraene which to resist Nicolas Lambert Richard Hubert the Kings Chirurgions had made many and deepe scarifications But when I came to visite and dresse him by the Kings appointment and had observed the great stinch and putrifaction I wished that they would use lotions of Aegyptiacum made somewhat stronger than ordinary dissolved in venegar aqua vitae and do other things more largely spoken of in the chapter of a Gangreene For the patient had also a Diarrhaea or fluxe whereby he evacuated the purulent and stinking filth which flowed from his wound Which how it might come to passe wee will show at large when we come to treate of the suppression of the Vrine For this seemed very absurd to many because that if this purulent humor flowed out of the arme into the belly it must needs flow backe into the veines bee mixed with the blood and by its pernitious and contagious passage through the heart and liver cause exceeding ill symptomes and lastly death Indeed he often swounded by the ascent of the filthy vapours raised from the ulcers to the noble parts which to resist I wished him to take a spoonefull of aqua vitae with some Treacle dissolved therein I endeavoured to represse the oedematous and flatulent Tumor possessing all the arme with stoups dipped in oxycrate to which was put a little salt and aqua vitae these stoups I stayed held to the part with double clothes sowed as strait as I could Such a compression held the broken bones in their places pressed their Sanies from the ulcers and forced backe the humors flowing to the part into the center of the body If at any time I omitted this compression the tumor was so encreased that I was in a great deale of feare least the native heate of the part should bee suffocated Neither could I otherwise binde up the arme by reason of the excessive paine which molested the patient upon the least stirring of the Arme. There were also many Abscesses about his elbow and over all his arme bessdes For the letting forth of whose matter I was forced to make new incisions which he endured very stoutly At length I cured him with using a vulnerary potion and by cleansing the ulcers and correcting the putrifaction with Aegyptiacum dissolved in wine or honey of roses and so poured into the ulcers and repressing the growth of proud flesh with the pouder of burnt Alome drying it after the detersion with liniments Now this I can truely affirme and professe that during the time of the cure I tooke out above threescore splinters of bones and those necessarily amongst which there was one of the length of ones finger yet by Gods assistance at length he became sound in all things but that hee could not put forth or draw in his arme Not long after by the Kings command I went to see Charles Philip of Croy Lord of Auret the Duke of Aschos brother not farre from Mounis a City of Henalt He kept his bed seaven monthes by reason of a wound made by a Bullet the space of three fingers above his knee When I came to him hee was afflicted with these symptomes intollerable paine a continuall feaver cold sweats watchings excoriation of the hippes by reason of his long lying upon them his appetite dejected with much thirst He oft sunke downe as if he had the falling sicknesse had a desire to vomit and a continuall trembing or shaking so that he could not put one hand to his mouth without the assistance of the other he swounded frequently by reason of the vapours ascending to the noble parts For the thighbone was broken long wayes and sidewayes with many splinters of bones whereof some were plucked out and others remained sticking fast in He besides also had an ulcer in his groine which reached to the midst of his thigh and many other sinuous ulcers about his knee All the muscles of his thigh and legge were swolne with a flegmaticke cold and flatulent humor so that almost all the native heate of those parts seemed extinct All which things being considered I had scarse any hope to recover him so that I repented my comming thither Yet at length putting some confidence in his strength and prime of youth I began to have better hopes Therefore with his good liking first of all I make two incisions so to let forth the matter which lying about the bone did humect the substance of the muscles This had happy successe and drew out a great quantity of matter then I with a syring injected much Aegyptiacum dissolved in wine and a little aqua
to fall to your worke CHAP. XV. Of the generall cure of a Gangreene THe Indications of curing Gangreenes are to be drawne from their differences for the cure must bee diversely instituted according to the essence and magnitude For some Gangreenes possesse the whole member others onely some portion thereof some are deepe othersome superficiall onely Also you must have regard to the temper of the body For soft and delicate bodyes as of children women Eunuches and idle persons require much milder medicines than those who by nature and custome or vocation of life are more strong and hardy such as husbandmen labourers marriners huntsmen potters and men of the like nature who live sparingly and hardly Neither must you have respect to the body in generall but also to the parts affected for the fleshy and musculous parts are different from the solide as the Nerves and joynts or more solide as the Vertebrae Now the hot and moyst parts as the Privities mouth wombe and fundament are easilyer and sooner taken hold of by putrifaction wherefore we must use more speedy meanes to helpe them Wherefore if the Gangreene be cheefely occasioned from an internall cause he must have a dyet prescribed for the decent and fitting use of the sixe things not naturall If the body be plethoricke or full of ill humors you must purge or let blood by the advice of a Physition Against the ascending up of vapours to the noble parts the heart must cheefely be strengthened with Treacle dissolved in Sorrell or Carduus water with a bole of Mithridate the conserves of Roses Buglosse and with Opiates made for the present purpose according to Art this following Apozeme shall be outwardly applyed to the region of the heart â„ž aquae rosar nenuphar an â„¥ iiij aceti scillitici â„¥ j. corallorum santalorum alborum rubrorum rosar rub inpulver radactarum spodij an â„¥ j. mithrid theriacae an Ê’ijss trochiscorum de Caphura Ê’ij crociÊ’j ex omnibus in pollinem redactis fiat epithema Which may be applyed upon the region of the heart with a scarlet clot or spunge These are usually such as happen in the cure of every Gangreene CHAP. XVI Of the particular cure of a Gangreene THe cure of a Gangreene caused by the too plentifull and violent defluxion of humors suffocating the native heate by reason of great Plegmons is performed by evacuating and drying up the humors which putrifie by delay and collection in the part For this purpose scarifications and incisions great indifferent small deepe and superficiary according to the condition of the Gangreene are much commended that so the burdened part may enjoy the benefit of perspiration and the contained humors of difflation or evacuation of their footy excrements Let incisions be made when the affect is great deepe in and neere to mortification But scarifications may be used when the part first begins to putrefie for the greatnesse of the remedy must answere in proportion to that of the disease Wherefore if it penetrate to the bones it will bee fit to cut the skin and flesh with many and deepe incisions with an incision knife made for that purpose yet take heede of cutting the larger nerves and vessels unlesse they be wholy putrified for if they be not yet putrified you shall make your incisions in the spaces betweene them if the Gangreene be lesse we must rest satisfied with onely scarifying it When the scarifications and incisions are made we must suffer much blood to flow forth that so the conjunct matter may bee evacuated Then must we apply and put upon it such medicines as may by heating drying resolving clensing and opening amend and correct the putrefaction and by peircing to the bottome may have power to overcome the virulencie already impact in the part For this purpose Lotions made of the lye of the Ashes of fig-tree or Oake wherein Lupines have bin throughly boyled are good Or you may with lesse trouble make a medicine with salt water wherein you may dissolve Aloes and Aegyptiacum adding in the conclusion a little Aqua vitae for aqua vitae and calcined vitrioll are singular medicines for a Gangreene Or â„ž acet opimi lb. j. mel ros â„¥ iiij syrup acetosi â„¥ iij. salis com â„¥ v. bulliant simul adde aq vitae lb. s Let the part be frequently washed with this medicine for it hath much force to represse Gangreenes After your Lotion lay Aegyptiacum for a Liniment and put it into the incisions for there is no medicine more powerfull against putrefaction for by causing an Eschar it separates the putride flesh from the sound But we must not in this kinde of affect expect that the putride flesh may of it selfe fall from the sound but rather cut off with your incision knife or sissers whatsoever thereof you can then put to it Egyptiacum as oft as neede shall require The knowledge hereof may be acquired from the colour smell and sensiblenesse of the flesh its selfe The description of the Egyptiacum whose wondrous effects I have often tryed in these causes is this â„ž floris aris aluminis roch mellis com an â„¥ iij. aceti acerrimi â„¥ v. salis com â„¥ j. vitrioli rom â„¥ ss sublimatipul Ê’ij bulliant omnia simul ad ignem fiat unguent If the force of the putrefaction in the part be not so great a weaker Aegyptiacum may serve When you have put in the Aegyptiacum then presently lay the following Cataplasme thereupon For it hinders putrefaction resolves cleanses dryes up the virulent sanies and by the dry subtlety of the parts penetrates into the member strengthens it and asswages the paine â„ž farin fabar hor dei orobi lent lupin an lb. s sal com mellis rosat an â„¥ iiij succi absinth marrub an â„¥ iiss aloes mastiches myrrhae aqua vit an â„¥ ij oxymelitis simpl quantum sufficit fiat Cataplasma molle secundum artem Somewhat higher than the part affected apply this following astringent or defensitive to hinder the flowing down of the humors into the part and the rising up of the vapours from the putride part into the whole body â„ž oleirosati myrtill an â„¥ 4. succi plantag solani sempervivi an â„¥ ij album ovorum 5. boli armeni teâ—rae sigillata subtiliter pulverâ—satorum an â„¥ j. oxycrati quantum sufficit misce ad usum dictum But these medicines must be often renewed If the greefe be so stubborne that it will not yeeld to the described remedies wee must come to stronger to wit Cauteries after whose application Galen bids to put upon it the juice of a Leeke with salt beaten and dissolved therewith for that this medicine hath a peircing and drying faculty and consequently to hinder putrifaction But if you prevaile nothing with Cauteries then must you come to the last remedy and refuge that is the amputation of the part For according to Hippocrates to extreame diseases
reason is because it heales the biting of a viper not onely applyed outwardly but also helpeth such as are bitten being drunke in wine yea and will not suffer those that have lately drunke thereof to bee bitten at all Wilde time hath the like effect though these oft-times agree with the poyson in quality as in heate yet doe they helpe in discussing and resolving it yet as much as wee may wee must labour to have evacuation and alteration together It is most convenient if the part affected will permit to apply large cupping-glasles with much flame and hornes also sucking is good the mouth being first washed in wine wherein some treacle is dissolved and with oile lest any thing should adhere thereto for it will hinder it if so be the mouth bee no where ulcerated It is good also to apply horse-leaches some wish to apply to the wound the fundaments of hens or turkies that lay egges for that such are opener behinde first putting salt upon them that they may gape the wider shutting their beaks and opening them now then lest they should be stifled and ever and anon to substitute others in stead of such as die or are suffocated for thus it is thought the poyson is drawne forth and passeth into the bird by the fundament There bee others which had rather apply to the wound live birds cut asunder in the midst and so laid to hot for that they ghesse these resist poyson by a naturall discord But certainely it is by their heate whereby they doe not onely digest toads aspes vipers scorpions and other venemous things but also weare asunder and soften sand stones and most dry and stony seeds in their gizzards wherefore we must think them very good to draw out the poyson and dissipate it But nothing is so forcible to disperse and retund the venome as the impression of cauteries especially actuall for a hot iron workes more effectually and speedily and causeth an ulcer which will remaine open a longer time Wherefore to cause the speedier falling away of the eschar you shall scarifie it to the quick and then plentifully annoint the place For thus the poyson will the sooner passe forth But this must bee done before the poyson enters far into the body for otherwise Cauteries will not only do no good but further torment the patient and weaken him to no purpose Let drawing plasters be laid to the wound neighbouring parts made of Galbanum turpentine blacke pitch and other gummy and resinous things After the falling away of the Eschar basilicon shall bee applyed quickned with a litle Precipitate for it is very effectuall in these cases for that it draweth forth the virulent sanies out of the bottome of the wound neither doth it suffer the wound to bee closed speedily To which purpose they put in a piece of of a spunge or a roote of Gentian or Hermondactyll or some acride medicine as agyptiacum or Precipitate mixed with the powder of Alâ—me or a caustick beaten to powder But you must alwaies observe this that with your ointments you must alwaies mixe some Treacle or Mithridate or the juice of hypericon or the like which have power to attract and disperse the poyson and cleanse the ulcer yet if too vehement heat shall cause such paine as is likely to bring a gangrene by the dissipation of the spirits then neglecting the cure of the proper disease for a time wee must labour to correct the symptome But in this case you must observe this rule that you let no bloud give no purging medicine nor glyster nor vomit nor use no bath nor other thing that may procure sweat untill three daies be past after the bite or sting In the meane space let the patient shun all manner of labour but chiefely venery lest by causing an agitation of the humours the poyson get sooner to the heart Therefore then it is time to use universall evacuations when as you shall suspect that the poyson is diffused over the veines and whole inner part of the bodie besides Before you shall give nothing unlesse medicines of Treacle or Mithridate and the like things which have a faculty to resist poyson and strengthen the whole body by their benigne and vital vapour although their substance goe no further than the stomack Thus pills when they are swallowed though they goe no further than the stomacke yet doe they draw matter out of the joints and head and strong glysters though they passe no further than the guts yet by their quality diffused further with the vapour they draw from the most distant parts yet you must giue an Antidote not onely more powerfull than the poyson in quality but also greater in quantitie that so it may the more easily overcome and expell the poyson Wherefore you must give it twice in a day and continue it so long untill you shall know that the strength of the poyson is weakned and overcome by the remission and decay of the maligne symptomes Yet in the meane while you must not neglect distemper caused in the part by the poyson but must rather correct it by the application of remedies contrary to the distemper as by cold things if great heat afflict the affected part and whole bodie by hot things on the contrary if it seeme as cold as a stone which oft-times happens And let thus much suffice for the generall cure of poysons now will we come to their particular cure CHAP. XI Why dogges sooner become mad than other creatures and what bee the signes thereof DOgges become mad sooner than other creatures because naturally they enjoy that temper and condition of humours which hath an easie inclination to that kinde of disease and as it were a certaine disposition because they feed upon carrion and corrupt putride and stinking things and lap water of the like condition besides the trouble and vexation of losing their masters makes them to runne every way painfully searching and smelling to every thing and neglecting their meat A heating of the bloud ensues upon this paines and by this heate it is turned into a melancholy whence they become madde But yet dogges doe not alway become mad by meanes of heat but also by occasion of cold that is by contrary causes for they fall into this disease not onely in the dog-daies but also in the depth of winter For dogges abound with melancholike humouts to wit cold and drie But such humours as in the summer through excesse of heate so in the depth of winter by constipation and the suppression of fuliginous excrements they easilie turn into melancholie Hence followes a very burning and continuall feaver which causeth or bringeth with it a madnesse Adde hereto that in the depth of winter the heate which is contained within is redoubled and in like manner as the scorching heate in summer it breeds and turnes the humours into melancholie Also dogges become madde by contagion as such as are
poyson forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might presse forth the blood and poyson lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body I dissolved old treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistened cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few dayes I throughly recovered by this onely medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerfull drawers as a squill rosted in hot embers garlicke and leeks beaten and applyed barly floure tempered with vinegar hony and goats dung and so applyed like a pultis Some thinke it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little hony Galen writes that the poyson inflicted by the bite of a viper may bee drawne forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous THE Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by his biting hee causeth blood to droppe out of all the passages of the wounded bodie hee is of a small bodie of the bignesse of a viper with else burning with a certaine fierie brightnesse and a most beautifull skinne The backe of him as Avicen writes is spotted with manie blacke and white spots his necke little and his taile verie small the part which he bites forthwith growes blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrarie thereto in its whole substance Then followes a paine of the stomacke and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous qualitie of the poison These paines are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive facultie of all the parts of the bellie being weakened and the veines which are spred through the guts not being able to retaine the blood conteined in them For the blood is seen to flow out as in streams from the nose mouth eares fundament privities corners of the eies rootes of the naile and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficultie of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadlie convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarifie and burne the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfullie drawing Antidores The figure of the serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIII Of the Serpent called Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruell malignitie of its poyson It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curles or twines up the taile in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash-colour a broad head small necke bigge bellie writhen taile and as he goes hee runs aside like a crabbe But his skin is variegated and spotted with severall colours like to Tapistrie By the crueltie of his causticke and putrefying venome hee burnes the part which he hath bit with most bitter paine he causeth the shedding of the haires and as Aëtius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefyed affected parts waxe white and the bodie all over becomes of the colour of that scurfe which is termed Alphos so that by the wickednesse of this putrefactive poison not onely the spirits are resolved but also the whole bodie consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putride tumours arising from a hot and humide or suffocating constitution of the aire Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The Figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basiliske far exceeds all kinds of Serpents in the curstness of its poyson Therefore it is affirmed by Nicander that into what place soever he comes other venemous creatures do forthwith flie thence for that none of them can so much as endure his hissing for he is thought to kill all things even with this not with his biting and touch only besides if any of them hasten to get anie meate or drinke and perceive that the Basiliske is not farre from thence he flies back and neglects the getting of nourishment necessarie for life Galen writes that the Basilisk is a yellowish serpent with a sharpe head and three risings distinguished with white spots and rising up in forme of a crowne by reason whereof hee is stiled the King of Serpents Certainely the violence of his poyson in killing men is so great that he is therefore thought to kill men and other creatures by his sight onely Solinus affirmes that the body of a dead Basiliske hath wondrous faculties Wherefore the inhabitants of Pergamum in ancient times gave a mightie price for one to hang upon the joistes of the temple of Apollo so to drive away the Spiders and Birds lest they should there weave their webs or the other build their nests in that sacred place Verily no ravenous creature will touch their carkasse but if constrained by hunger they doe touch it then they forthwith fall downe dead in the same place and this happens not onely by eating their body but also by devouring the bodies of such beasts as are killed by their bitings They kill the trees and shrubs by which they passe not onely by their touch but even with their breath Amongst the westerne Aethiopians is the fountaine Nigris neer which there is a serpent called Catablepas small in bodie and slow having a great head which it scarce can carrie but that it lies alwaies upon the ground otherwise it would kill abundance of people for it forthwith kills all that see the eyes thereof the Basiliske hath the same force he is bred in the province of Cyrene of the length of some twelve fingers with a white spot in his head resembling a crowne he chaseth away all serpents with his hisse Weasels are the destruction of such monsters thus it pleased nature that nothing should be without its equall they assaile them in their dennes being easily knowne by the barrennesse or consumption of the soile These kill them also by their sent and they die and the fight of nature is ended thus nature to the magnanimous Lion lest there should be nothing which he might fear hath opposed the weake creature the Cocke by whose crowing onely he is terrefied and put to flight Erasistratus writes that a golden yellownesse affects the bitten part of such as are hurt by a Basiliske but a blacknesse and tumour possesseth the rest of the body all the flesh of the muscles within a while after falling away piece-meale An antidote against this must be made of a dramme of Castoreum dissolved in wine and drunken or else in
paine by sucking forth the venome But his tongue forthwith swelled so bigge that he could not speak his mind besides his whole arme even to his shoulder was in like sort much swelled his paine was so vehement that it made him swoune twice in my presence his face was wan and livid like to a dead body and though I despaired of his recovery yet not suffering him to bee quite forsaken I washed his mouth with treacle dissolved in white wine and gave him some thereof to drinke adding thereto some aqua vitae I opened his swolne arme with many and deepe scarifications especially in the place where he was hurt I suffered the bloud which was wholly serous and sanious to flow more plentifully I washed the wounds with treacle and mithridate dissolved in aqua vitae and then I put him exceeding warme in bed procuring sweat and making him to lie awake lest sleep should draw the poyson inwards to the entrailes I by these meanes so farre prevailed that on the day after hee was freed from all his maligne symptomes Therefore I judged it onely remained for a perfect cure that the wound should be long kept open and washed with treacle neither was I deceived for within a few dayes he was perfectly recovered CHAP. XXIV Of the bitings of Toads THough Toads want teeth yet with their hard rough gums they so straitly presse or pinch the part which they shall take hold on that they will force their poison thereinto and so over the whole body by the pores of the pressed part Moreover they cast forth their venome by urine spittle and vomit upon herbes but chiefly upon Strawberries the which they are reported greatly to affect Hence many suddenly and ignorantly catch their deaths I heard from a man of very good credit that there were two merchants not farre from the Citie Tholouse who whilest dinner was providing walked into the garden that belonged to the Inne where they gathered some sage leaves and unwashed as they were put them into their wine They had not as yet dined when being taken with a sudden Vertigo the whole Inne seemed to run round then losing their sight they fell into a sowne intermixed now and then with convulsions But they stammered with their lippes and tongues becomming blacke a froward and horrid look with continuall vomiting and a cold sweat the forerunner of death which presently seazed upon them their bodies becomming exceedingly much swolne But the Justices of the place suspecting that they were poysoned made the Inne-keeper and the Guests to be apprehended being examined they all constantly with one voice answered that the dead parties ate of the same meat and drinke which the rest did but onely that they put sage into their wine A Physician was asked the question whether sage might be poysoned he answered it might but to come to the purpose that it must appeare whether any venemous creature had poysoned the plant with her spittle or venemous sanies This which was lightly pronounced and only by conjecture was by the eye found to bee true For at the roote thereof there was found a hole in the ground full of Toads who got out by putting in of warme water made it credible that the plant was poysoned by their spittle and urine whereby you may understand how unwisely they doe who devoure herbes and fruits newly gathered without washing Also we must take heed lest falling asleep in the fields wee lye not neere the holes which toads or other venemous beasts of the like nature have made their habitation For thence a venemous or deadly aire may be drawn into the lungs For the same cause wee must abstaine from eating of frogs in the moneth of May because then they engender with toads Oxen in feeding sometimes lick up small toads together with the grasse which presently will breed their great harme for thereupon the oxen swell so big that they often burst withall Neither is the venome of toads deadly only being taken inwardly but even sprinkled upon the skin unless they forthwith wipe the place wash it with urine water salt Such as are poisoned by a toad turn yellow swell over all their bodies are taken with an Asthmaticke difficultie of breathing a Vertigo convulsion sowning and lastly by death it selfe These so horrid symptoms are judged inherent in the poyson of toads not only by reason of the elementary qualities therof coldness moisture which are chiefly predominant therein but much rather by the occult property which is apt to putrefie the humors of that body whereto it shall happen Therfore it wil be convenient to procure vomit especially if the poison be taken by the mouth to give gly sters to weaken the strength of the poison by hot and attenuating Antidotes as treacle mithridate dissolved in good wine but in conclusion to digest it by bathes stoves and much and great exercise Rondeletius in his book de Piscibus affirmes the same â—…ings of the cursed venome of toads as we have formerly delivered yet that they seldome bite but that they cast forth either their urine the which they gather in a great quantity in a large bladder or else their venemous spittle or breath against such as they meete withall or assaile besides the herbs which are tainted by their poisonous breath but much more such as are sprinkled with their spittle or urine are sufficient to kill such as eate them The Antidotes are juice of betonie plantaine mugwurt as also the bloud of Tortoises made with flower into pils and forthwith dissolved in wine and drunken Pliny writes that the hearts and spleens of toads resist poison The vulgar opinion is false who thinke that the toad-stone is found in their heads which is good against poyson CHAP. XXV Of the stinging of a Scorpion AScorpion is a small creature with a round bodie in forme of an egge with many feet and a long taile consisting of many joints the last wherof is thicker and a little longer than the rest at the very end thereof is a sting in some two hollow and replete with cold poyson the which by the sting it casts into the obvious body it hath five legs on each side forked with strong clawes not unlike to a Crab or Lobster but the two foremost are bigger than the rest they are of a blackish or sootie colour they goe aside aside and oft-times fasten themselves with their mouthes and feet so fast to men that they can scarce be plucked therehence There be some who have wings like the wings of Locusts wasting the corn all green things with their biting and burning Such are unknown in France These flee over divers Countries like winged Ants. This is likely to be true by that which Mathiolus writes that the husbandmen in Castile in Spain in digging the earth oft-times finde a swarm of Scorpions which betake themselves thither against winter Pliny writes that
resembleth silver in the colour and is in perpetuall motion as if it had a spirit or living soule There is a great controversie amongst authors concerning it For most of them affirme it hot amongst whom is Galen Halyabas Rhases Aristotle Constantine Isack Platearius Nicholas Massa they maintain their opinion by an argument drawn from things helping and hurting besides from this that it is of such subtle parts that it penetrates dissolves and performeth all the actions of heate upon dense and hard mettals to wit it attenuateth incideth dryeth causeth salivation by the mouth purgeth by the stoole moveth urine and sweat over all the body neither doth it stirre up the thinner humours onely but in like sort the grosse tough and viscous as those which have the Lues Venerea find by experience using it either in ointments or plasters Others affirme it very cold and moyst for that put into emplasters and so applyed it asswageth paine by stupefaction hindring the acrimony of pustles and cholerick inflammations But by its humidity it softeneth scirrhous tumours dissolveth and dissipateth knots and tophous knobs besides it causeth the breath of such as are anointed therewith to stinke by no other reason than that it putrefies the obvious humours by its great humidity Avicens experiment confirmes this opinion who affirmeth that the bloud of an Ape that drunke Quicksilver was found concrete about the heart the carcasse being opened Mathiolus moved by these reasons writes that Quicksilver killeth men by the excessive cold and humide quality if taken in any large quantity because it congeales the bloud and vitall spirits and at length the very substance of the heart as may bee understood by the history of a cetaine Apothecary set downe by Conciliator who for to quench his feaverish heat in stead of water drunke off a glasse of Quicksilver for that came first to his hands hee dyed within a few houres after but first hee evacuated a good quantity of the Quicksilver by stoole the residue was found in his stomack being opened and that to the weight of one pound besides the bloud was found concrete about his heart Others use another argument to prove it cold and that is drawne from the composition thereof because it consists of lead and other cold mettals But this argument is very weak For unquencht Lime is made of flints and stony matter which is cold yet neverthelesse it exceeds in heat Paracelsus affirmeth that quicksilver is hot in the interior substance but cold in the exterior that is cold as it comes forth of the mine But that coldnesse to bee lost as it is prepared by art and heat onely to appeare and bee left therein so that it may serve in stead of a tincture in the transmutation of mettals And verily it is taken for a rule amongst Chymists that all metals are outwardly cold by reason of the watery substance that is predominant in them but that inwardly they are very hot which then appeares when as the coldnesse together with the moysture is segregated for by calcination they become caustick Moreover many account quicksilver poyson yet experience denyes it For Marianus Sanctus Baralitanus tels that hee saw a woman who for certaine causes and affects would at severall times drink one pound and an halfe of quicksilver which came from her againe by stoole without any harme Moreover he affirmeth that hee hath knowne sundry who in a desperate Cholick which they commonly call miserere mei have beene freed from imminent death by drinking three pounds of quicksilver with water only For by the weight it opens and unfolds the twined or bound up gut and thrusts forth the hard and stopping excrements he addeth that others have found this medicine effectuall against the cholick drunke in the quantity of three ounces Antonius Musa writes that hee usually giveth quicksilver to children ready to dye of the wormes Avicen confirmeth this averring that many have drunke quicksilver without any harme wherefore hee mixeth it in his ointments against scaules and scabs in children whence came that common medicine amongst the countrey people to kill lice by anointing the head with quicksilver mixed with butter or axungia Mathiolus affirmeth that many think it the last and chiefest remedy to give to women in travaile that cannot bee delivered I protest to satisfie my selfe concerning this matter I gave to a whelpe a pound of quicksilver which being drunke downe it voyded without any harme by the belly Whereby you may understand that it is wholly without any venemous quality Verily it is the onely and true Antidote of the Lues Venerea and also a very fit medicine for maligne ulcers as that which more powerfully impugnes their malignity than any other medicines that worke onely by their first qualities Besides against that contumacious scabbe which is vulgarly called Malum sancti manis there is not any more speedy or certaine remedy Moreover Guido writes that if a plate of lead bee besmeared or rubbed therewith and then for some space laid upon an ulcer and conveniently fastned that it will soften the callous hardnesse of the lips thereof and bring it to cicatrization which thing I my selfe have oftimes found true by experience Certainely before Guido Galen much commended quicksilver against maligne ulcers cancers Neither doth Galen affirm that lead is poysonous which many affirm poysonous because it consists of much quicksilver but hee onely saith thus much that water too long kept in leaden pipes cisternes by reason of the drossinesse that it useth to gather in lead causeth bloudy fluxes which also is familiar to brasse and copper Otherwise many could not without danger beare in their bodies leaden bullets during the space of so many yeares as usually they doe It is declared by Theodoricke Herey in the following histories how powerfull quicksilver is to resolve and asswage paines and inflammations Not long since saith hee a certaine Doctor of Physick his boy was troubled with parotides with great swelling heat pain beating to him by the common consent of the Physicians there present I applyed an anodine medicine whose force was so great that the tumor manifestly subsided at the first dressing and the paine was much asswaged At the second dressing all the symptomes were more mitigated At the third dressing I wondring at the so great effects of an Anodine Cataplasme observed that there was quicksilver mixed therewith and this happened through the negligence of the Apothecarie who mixed the simple Anodine medicine prescribed by us in a mortar wherein but a while before he had mixed an oyntment whereinto quicksilver entred whose reliques and some part thereof yet remained therein This which once by chance succeeded well I afterwards wittingly and willingly used to a certaine Gentlewoman troubled with the like disease possessing all the region behind the eares much of the throate and a great part of the cheeke when as nature helped by common
she fearlesly and harmelesly takes all manner of fruits herbs sheaves of corn apples peares oranges and pulse And herein they have proceeded so farre that they feign they will love Virgins entised by their beauty so that stayed in the contemplation of them and allured by their entisements they by this meanes are often taken by hunters In this opinion is Lewes Vartoman who denies that Unicornes are wild or fierce for he saith that he saw two which were sent out of Aethiopia to the Sultan who kept them shut up in Pennes in Mecha a city of Arabia foelix renowned by the Sepulcher of Mahomet Thevet travailing thither tels that he diligently enquired of the inhabitants what their opinion was of such a beast yet could he never heare any tidings thereof Whence it is easie to discerne that such beasts have neither beene in our nor in Vartomans times The so great variety of dissenting opinions easily induceth me to beleeve that this word Unicorne is not the proper name of any beast in the world and that it is a thing onely feigned by Painters and Writers of naturall things to delight the readers and beholders For as there is but one right way but many by-waies and windings so the speech of truth is but one and that alwaies simple and like it selfe but that of a lye is divers and which may easily refell it selfe by the repugnancie and incongruity of opinions if one should say nothing What therefore will some say of what creatures are these hornes which we see wholly different from others if they be not of Unicorns Thevet thinks them nothing else than Elephants bones turned and made into the fashion that wee see them for thus in the Eastern countreies some crafty merchants and cunning companions turne hollow and being softened draw to what length they please the teeth of the fish Roharde which lives in the â—ed and Aethiopian Sea and being so handled they sell them for Unicornes horne Verily that which is termed Unicornes horne being burnt sends forth a smell like to Ivory Now Cardanus affirmes that the teeth and bones of Elephants made soft by art may bee drawne forth and brought into what forme you please like as Oxe bones are For what is there in the world which the thirsting desire of gold will not make men to adulterate and counterfeit But it is time that we come to the third scope Grant there be Unicornes must it therefore follow that their hornes must be of such efficacy against poysons If we judge by events and the experience of things I can protest thus much that I have often made tryall thereof yet could I never find any good successe in the use thereof against poisons in such as I have had in cure If the matter must bee tryed by witnesses and authorities a great part of the Physicians of better note have long since bid it adieu and have detracted from the divine and admirable vertues for which it formerly was so much desired And this they have done moved thereto by many just but two especiall reasons The first is of Rondeletius who in this case affirmes that horns are endued with no taste nor smell and therefore have no effect in physicke unlesse it bee to dry Neither saith hee am I ignorant that such as have them much predicate their worth so to make the greater benefit and gaine by them as of the shavings or scrapings of Unicornes horne which they sell for the weight in gold as that which is singular good against poysons and wormes which things I thinke Harts-horne and Ivory doe no lesse effectually performe which is the cause why for the same disease and with the like successe I prescribe Ivory to such as are poor and Unicornes horn to the rich as that they so much desire This is the opinion of Rondeletius who without any difference was wont for Unicornes horne to prescribe not onely Harts-horn or Ivory but also the bones of Horses and Dogges and the stones of Myrabalanes Another reason is that whatsoever resists poyson is cordiall that is fit to strengthen the heart which is chiefly assailed by poysons but nothing is convenient to strengthen the heart unlesse it bee by laudible blood or spirit which two are onely familiar to the heart as being the work-house of the arterious blood and vitall spirits For all things are preserved by their like as they are destroyed by their contraries for all things that generate generate things like themselves But Unicornes horne as it conteines no smell so neither hath it any aëry parts but is wholly earthy and dry neither can it bee converted into blood by the digestive faculty for as it is without juice so is it without flesh For as it cannot bee turned into Chylus so neither is it fit to become Chymus that is juice or blood Therefore it is joyned to the heart by no similitude nor familiarity Furthermore there is not a word in Hippocrates and Galen concerning the Unicornes horne who notwithstanding have in so many places commended Harts-horne Therefore D. Chapelaine the chiefe Physitian of King Charles the ninth often used to say that hee would very willingly take away that custome of dipping a piece of Unicorns horn in the Kings cup but that he knew that opinion to be so deeply ingrafted in the minds of men that he feared that it would scarce be impugned by reason Besides he said if such a superstitious medicine do no good so certainely it doth no harme unlesse it be to their estates that buy it with gold or else by accident because Princes whilst they rely more than is fitting upon the magnified vertues of this horne neglect to arme themselves against poysâ—â—s by other more convenient meanes so that Death oft-times takes them at unawares When as upon a time I enquired of Lewes Duret the Kings Physitian and Professor by reason of the great opinion that all learned men justly had of his learning and judgement what he thought of this horne He answered that he attributed no faculties thereto for the confirmation whereof he rendred the second reason I have formerly given but more largely and elegantly neither feared he to affirme it aloud in plain words to his auditory of learned men comming from all parts to hear him But if at any time orecome by the fault of the times place he prescrib'd this horn that he did it for no other entent than to help faintings or sownings that happen by the abundance of serous humors floating in the orifice of the ventricle which makes men ill disposed because this mixed with other things endued with the like faculty hath power to drinke up the waterish humidity by its earthy drinesse But some will reply that neither the Lemnian nor Armenian earth have any juice in them neither any smell nor aëry spirit It is granted neither truely are such things truely and properly called cordiall but onely by event and accident for that
the multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moone decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humours that were collected and gathered together before the full of the Moone through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weake and feeble because of the imbecility of the native heate which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the wainings of the Moone are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstruall fluxes chiefly or most commonly at that time In a grosse and cloudy Aire the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious than in a thin and subtle Aire whether that thinnesse of the Aire proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North wind cold Therfore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the Citie the Aire is darke and grosse the pestilent infection is lesse fierce and contagious than it is in Province for the subtlety of the Aire stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortall and pernicious wheresoever it bee because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortresse or castle of life but commonly not befoâ—… signes and tokens of it appeare on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physitian to helpe to preserve him from so great danger before the signes thereof be evident to bee seene and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it commeth to passe that so many dye thereof And moreover because at the first suspicion of this so dire and cruell a disease the imagination and minde whose force in the diversly stirring up of the humours is great and almost incredible is so troubled with feare of imminent death and dispaire of health that together with the perturbed humours all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh downe This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sicke and the bearers which are not fearefull but very confident although they doe all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldome dye thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent feaver comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humours or aptnesse to putrefie but it never thence hath its first originall for that comes alwaies from the defiled aire therefore a pestilent feaver is thus bred in us The pestilent Aire drawne by inspiration into the lungs and by transpiration into the utmost mouthes of the veines and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humours already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certaine kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humours like unquencht lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putride vapour which carryed to the principall parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vitall spirits and hence proceeds a certaine feaverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a maligne quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venome and besides causeth divers symptomes according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and humours wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing nature defending manifest in which if nature prevaile it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stoole or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin But on the contrary if the malignity prevaile and nature be too weake and yeeld and that first he be troubled with often panting or palpitation of the heart then presently after with frequent faintings the patient then at length will dye For this is a great signe of the Plague or a pestilent Feaver if presently at the first with no labour nor any evacuation worth the speaking of their strength faile them and they become exceeding faint You may find the other signes mentioned in our preceding discourse CHAP. XIX Into what place the Patient ought to betake himselfe so soone as he finds himselfe infected WEE have said that the perpetuall and first originall of the pestilence commeth of the Aire therefore so soone as one is blasted with the pestiferous Aire after he hath taken some preservative against the malignity thereof hee must withdraw himselfe into some wholesome Aire that is cleane and pure from any venemous iufection or contagion for there is great hope of health by the alteration of the Aire for we doe most frequently and abundantly draw in the Aire of all things so that we cannot want it for a minute of time therefore of the Aire that is drawne in dependeth the correction amendment or increase of the Poyson or malignity that is received as the Aire is pure sincere or corrupted There bee some that doe think it good to shut the patient in a close Chamber shutting the windowes to prohibite the entrance of the Aire as much as they are able But I thinke it more convenient that those windowes should bee open from whence that wind bloweth that is directly contrary unto that which brought in the venemous Aire For although there be no other cause yet if the Aire bee not moved or agitated but shut up in a close place it will soone bee corrupted Therefore in a close and quiet place that is not subject to the entrance of the Aire I would wish the patient to make wind or to procure Aire with a thick and great cloth dipped or macerated in water and vinegar mixed together and tyed to a long Staffe that by tossing it up and downe the close chamber the wind or aire thereof may coole and recreate the patient The patient must every day bee carried into a fresh chamber and the beds and the linnen cloaths must be changed there must alwaies be a cleare and bright fire in the patients chamber and especially in the night whereby the aire may be made more pure cleane and voyd of nightly vapours and of the filthy and pestilent breath proceeding from the patient or his excrements In the meane time lest if it be in hot weather the patient should be weakened or made more faint by reason
may be tempered by conjunction commistion confusion with the mans seed and so reduced or brought unto a certaine equality for generation or conception cannot follow without the concourse of two feeds well and perfectly wrought in the very same moment of time nor without a laudible dispoâ—… the wombe both in temperature and complexion if in this mixture of â—… mans seed in quality and quantity exceed the womans it will be a man chilâ—… a woman childe although that in either of the kindes there is both the mans and womans seed as you may see by the daily experience of those men who by their first wives have had boyes onely and by their second wives had girles onely the like you may see in certaine women who by their first husbands have had males onely and by their second husbands females onely Moreover one and the same 〈◊〉 is not alwaies like affected to get a man or a woman childe for by reason of his age temperature and diet hee doth sometimes yeeld forth seed endued with a masculine vertue and sometimes with a feminine or weake vertue so that it is no marvaile if men get sometimes men and sometimes women children CHAP. II. Of what quality the seed is whereof the male and whereof the female is engendered MAle children are engendered of a more hot and dry seed and women of a more cold and moist for there is much lesse strength in cold than in heat and likewise in moisture than in drynesse and that is the cause why it will be longer before a girle is formed in the womb than a boy In the seed lyeth both the procreative and the formative power as for example In the power of the Melon seed are situate the stalkes branches leaves flowers fruite the forme colour smell taste seed and all The like reason is of other seeds so Apple grafts engrafted in the stock of a Pearetree beare Apples and we doe alwaies finde and see by experience that the tree by vertue of grafting that is grafted doth convert it selfe into the nature of the Sions wherewith it is grafted But although the childe that is borne doth resemble or is very like unto the father or the mother as his or her seed exceedeth in the mixture yet for the most part it happeneth that the children are more like unto the father than the mother because that in the time of copulation the minde of the woman is more fixed on her husband than the minde of the husband on or towards his wife for in the time of copulation or conception the formes or the likenesses of those things that are conceived or kept in minde are transported and impressed in the childe or issue for so they affirme that there was a certain Queene of the Aethiopians who brought forth a white child the reason was as she confessed that at the time of copulation with her King she thought on a marvellous white thing with a very strong imagination Therefore Hesiod advertiseth all married people not to give them selves to carnall copulation when they return from burialls but when they come from feasts and plaies lest that their sad heavie and pensive cogitations should bee so transfused and engrafted in the issue that they should contaminate or infect the pleasant joyfulnesse of his life with sad pensive and passionate thoughts Sometimes it happeneth although very seldome the childe is neither like the father nor the mother but in favour resembleth his Grandfather or any other of his kindred by reason that in the inward parts of the parents the engrafted power and nature of the grandfather lieth hidden which when it hath lurked there long not working any effect at length breakes forth by means of some hidden occasion wherein nature resembleth the Painter making the lively portraiture of a thing which as far as the subject matter will permit doth forme the issue like unto the parents in every habit so that often times the diseases of the parents are transferred or participated unto the children as it were by a certaine hereditary title for those that are crooke-backt get crooke-backt children those that are lame lame those that are leprous leprous those that have the stone children having the stone those that have the ptisicke children having the ptisick and those that have the gout children having the gout for the seed followes the power nature temperature and comnlexion of him that engendereth it Therefore of those that are in health and sound â—…thy and sound and of those that are weake and diseased weake and diseased children are begotten unlesse happely the seed of one of â—…ents that is sound doth correct or amend the diseased impression of the oâ—…t is diseased or else the temperate and sound wombe as it were by the genâ—… pleasant breath thereof CHAP. III. What is the cause why the Females of all brute beasts being great with young doe neither desire nor admit the males untill they have brought forth their Young THe cause hereof is that forasmuch as they are moved by sense only they apply themselves unto the thing that is present very little or nothing at all perceiving things that are past and to come Therfore after they have conceived they are unmindfull of the pleasure that is past and doe abhor copulation for the sense or feeling of lust is given unto them by nature onely for the preservation of their kinde and not for voluptuousnesse or delectation But the males raging swelling and as it were stimulated by the provocations of the heat or fervency of their lust do then runne unto them follow and desire copulation because a certaine strong odour or smell commeth into the aire from their secret or genitall parts which pierceth into their nostrills and unto their braine and so inferreth an imagination desire and heat Contrariwise the sense and feeling of venereous actions seemeth to be given by nature to women not onely for the propagation of issue and for the conservation of mankinde but also to mitigate and asswage the miseries of mans life as it were by the entisements of that pleasure also the great store of hot blood that is about the heart wherewith men abound maketh greatly to this purpose which by impulsion of imagination which ruleth the humours being driven by the proper passages downe from the heart and entralls into the genitall parts doth stirre up in them a new lust The males of brute beasts being provoked or moved by the stimulations of lust rage and are almost burst with a Tentigo or extension of the genitall parts and sometimes waxe mad but after that they have satisfied their lust with the female of their kinde they presently become gentle and leave off such fiercenesse CHAP. IIII. What things are to be observed as necessary unto generation in the time of copulation WHen the husband commeth into his wives chamber hee must entertaine her with all kinde of dalliance wanton behaviour and
that it may not be distended and broken by the abundant flowing of vaporous spirits as it doth oft times happen another thing is that you set it in a vessell filled with cold water least it should be broken by being over hot you may easily perceive all this by the ensuing figure A Fornace or Reverberation furnished with his Retort and Receiver A. Shewes the Fornace B. The Retort C. The Receiver D. The vessell filled with cold water CHAP. XVII A table or Catalogue of medicines and instruments serving for the cure of Diseases MEdicines and medicinallmeates fit for the cure of diseases are taken from living Creatures plants and mineralls From living creatures are taken Hornes Hooves Haires Feathers Shells Sculles Scailes Sweates Skinnes Fatts Flesh Blood Entrailes Vrine Smells whether they be stincking or sweete as also poysons whole creatures themselves as Foxes Whelpes Hedgehogs Frogs Wormes Crabs Cray-fishes Scorpions Horseleaches Swallowes Dungs Bones Extreame parts Hearts Liver Lungs Braine Wombe Secundine Testicles Pizle Bladder Sperme Taile Coats of the Ventricle Expirations Bristles Silke Webbes Teares Spittle Honey Waxe Egges Milke Butter Cheese Marrow Rennet From Plants that is Trees shrubs and hearbes are taken Roots Mosse Pith. Siâ—ns Buds Stalkes Leaves Floures Cups Fibers or hairy threds Eares Seeds Barke Wood. Meale Iuices Teares Oyles Gums Rosins Rottennesses Masse or spissament Manna which falling downe like dew upon plants presently concreates Whole plants as Mallowes Onions c. Mettalls or mineralls are taken either from the water or earth and are either kinds of earth stones or mettalls c. The kinds of earth are Bole Armenicke Terra sigillata Fullers earth Chaulke Okar Plaister Lime Now the kinds of stone are Flints Lapis judaicus Lapis Lyncis The Pumice Lap. Haematites Amiantus Galactites Spunge stones Diamonds Saphire Chrysolite Topace Loadstone The Pyrites or fire-stone Alablaster Marble Cristall and many other precious stones The kinds of Salts as well naturall as artficiare Common salt Sal nitrum Sal Alkali Sal Ammoniacum Salt of Vrine Salt of tartar and generally all salts that may be made of any kind of plants Those that are commonly called mineralls are Marchasite Antimony Muscovy Glasse Tutty Arsnicke Orpiment Lazure or blew Rose agar Brimstone Quicke silver White Coprose Chalcitis Psory Roman Vitrioll Colcothar vitrioll or greene Coprose Alumen scissile Common Alome Alumen rotundum Round Alome Alumen liquidum Alumen plumosum Boraxe or Burrace Bitumen Naphtha Cinnabaris or Vermillion Litharge of Gold Litharge of Silver Chrysocolla Scandaracha Red Lead White Lead and divers other Now the Mettals themselves are Gold Silver Iron Lead Tinne Brasse Copper Steele Lattin and such as arise from these as the scailes verdegreace rust c. Now from the waters as the Sea Rivers Lakes and Fountaines and the mud of these waters are taken divers medicines as white and red Corrall Pearles and infinite other things which nature the handmayd of the great Architect of this world hath produced for the cure of diseases so that into what part soever you turne your eyes whether to the surface of the earth or the bowels thereof a great multitude of remedies present themselves to your view The choyse of all which is taken from their substance or quantity quality action place season smell taste site figure and weight other circumstances as Sylvius hath aboundantly shewed in his booke written upon this subject Of these simples are made diverse compositions as Collyria Caputpurgia Eclegmata Dentifrices Dentiscalpia Apophlegmatismi Gargarismes Pills Boles Potions Emplaisters Vnguents Cerates Liniments Embrocations Fomentations Epithemes Attractives Resolvers Suppuratives Emollients Mundificatives Incarnatives Cicatrisers Putrifiers Corrosives Agglutinatives Anodynes Apozemes Iuleps Syrupes Powders Tablets Opiates Conserves Preserves Confections Rowles Vomits Sternutatoryes Sudorifickes Glysters Pessaries Suppositoryes Fumigations Trochisces Frontalls Cappes Stomichers Bagges Bathes Halfe-bathes Virgins-milke Fuci Pications Depilatoryes Vesicatoryes Potentiall canteriâ—s Nose-gayes Fannes Cannopyes or extended cloathes to make winde Artificiall fountaines to distill or droppe downe liquors Now these that are thought to be nourishing medicines are Restauratiues Cullisses Expressions Gellyes Ptisans Barly-creames Ponadoes Almond-milkes Marchpaines Wafers Hydro sacchar Hydromel and such other drinkes Mucilages Oxymel Oxycrate Rose Vinegar Hydraelium Metheglin Cider Drinke of Servisses Ale Beere Vinegar Verjuice Oyle Steeled water Water brewed with bread crummes Hippocras Perry and such like Waters and distilled oyles and divers other Chymicall extractions As the waters and oyles of hot dry and aromaticke things drawne in a copper Alembecke with a cooler with ten times as much water in weight as of hearbes now the hearbes must be dry that the distillation may the better succeede Waters are extracted cut of flowers put in a Retort by the heate of the Sunne or of dung or of an heape of pressed out Grapes or by Balneo if there bee a receiver put and closely lured thereto All kindes of salt of things calcined dissolved in water and twise or thrise filtred that so they may become more pure and fit to yeeld oyle Other distillations are made either in Cellars by the coldnesse or moysture of the place the things being layd either upon a marble or else hangd up in a bagge and thus is made oyle of Tartar and of salts and other things of An aluminous nature Bones must bee distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels All woods rootes barkes shells of fishes and seedes or graines as of corne broome beanes and other things whose juice cannot be got out by expression must bee distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels in a Reverberatory fornace Mettalls calcined and having acquired the nature of salt ought to bee dissolved and filtted and then evaporated till they bee dry then let them bee dissolved in distilled vinegar and then evaporated and dryed againe for so they will easily distill in a Cellar upon a Marble or in a bagge Or else by putting them into a glassie retort and setting it in sand and so giving fire thereto by degrees untill all the watery humidity be distilled then change the receiver and lute another close to the Retort then encrease the fire above and below and thus there will flow forth an oyle very red coloured Thus are all metalline things distilled as Alomes salts c. Gummes axungiae and generally all rosins are distilled by retort set in an earthen vessell filled with Ashes upon a fornace now the fire must be encreased by little and little according to the different condition of the distilled matters The vessels and Instruments serving for distillations are commonly these Bottomes of Alembeckes The heads of them from whence the liquors droppe Refrigeratories Vessels for sublimation For Reverberation For distilling by descent Crucibiles and other such Vessells for Calcination Haire strainers Bagges Earthen platters Vessells for circulation as Pellicanes Earthen Basons for filtring Fornaces The secret fornaces of Philosophers The Philosophers egge Cucurbites Retorts Bolt heads Vrinalls Receivers Vessells so fitted together
by reason that the putrefying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his backe and he hath an often desire to vomit but if hee escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the Lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting hee is vexed with a greevous shortnesse of breath and with a paine in his sides We may perceive the Heart to be wounded by the aboundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse palenesse of the face cold sweate with often swounding coldnesse of the extreame parts and suddaine death When the midriffe which the Latines call Diaphragma is wounded the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortnesse of winde a cough and fit of greevous paine and drawing of the entralls upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appeare we may certainely pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth sodainely by a wound of the hollow Veine or the great Arterie by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindred The marrow of the backebone being pierced the patient is assaulted with a Palsie or convulsion very suddainely and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood commeth out at the wound and pricking paine disperseth it selfe even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the Lower end of the brest bone called Sternon the blood that falleth from thence downe into the intestines doth oftentimes inferre most maligne accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomacke is wounded the meate and drink come out at the wound there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth sweating and coldnesse of the extreame parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the milt or spleene is wounded blacke and grosse blood cometh out at the wound the patient will be very thirsty with paine on the left side and the blood breakes forth into the belly and there putrifying causeth most maligne and greevous accidents and often times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained the excrements come out at the wound whereat also often times the guts breake forth with great violence When the reines or Kidnyes are wounded the patient will have great paine in making his Vrine and the blood commeth out together therewith the paine commeth downe even unto the groine yard and testicles When the bladder and Vreters are wounded the paine goeth even unto the entralls the parts all about and belonging to the groine are distended the Vrine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth often times out at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities and all other accidents appeare like as when the bladder is wounded When the sinewes are pricked or cut halfe asunder there is great paine in the affected place and there followeth a suddaine inflammation fluxe abscesse feaver convulsion and oftentimes a gangreene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unlesse it be speedily prevented Having declared the signes and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set downe other signes of certaine kindes of death that are not common or naturall whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgement of the discreete Physition or Chirurgion Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkennesse or negligence lyes upon her infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgement be required whether the infant dyed through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or suddaine diseases that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof You shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signes following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nosethrills now being dead be moystned or bedewed with a certaine foame if his face be not pale but of a Violet or purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swolne and puffed up as it were with a certaine vaporous foame and all the other entralls found it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corpes of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slaine by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signes finde out the certainety hereof For every body that is blasted or striken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birdes or fowles of the ayre nor dogges will not once touch it much lesse prey or feede on it the part that was stricken often times sound and without any wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skinne to be bruised broken or shivered in peeces But if the lightening hath pierced into the body which making a wound therein according to the judgement of Pliny the wounded part is farre colder than all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thinne and fiery ayre before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heate that was in the part is soone dispersed wasted and consumed Lightening doth alwayes leave some impression or signe of some fire either by ustion or blacknesse for no lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are striken with lightening fall on the contrary side onely man falleth on the affected side if hee be not turned with violence toward the coast or region from whence the lightening came If a man bee striken with lightening while he is asleepe hee will be found with eyes open contrarywise if hee be striken while hee is awake his eyes will be closed as Plinie writeth Philip Commines writeth that those bodyes that are stricken with lightning are not subject to corruption as others are Therefore in ancient time it was their custome neither to burne nor bury them for the brimstone which the lightning bringeth with it was unto them in stead of salt for that by the drynesse and fiery heate thereof it did preserve them from putrefaction Also it may be enquired in judgement Whether any that is dead and wounded received these wounds alive
wrapped them in Cotton cloathes glewed together with a certaine gumme then their kinsemen placed them thus ordered in a wooden Coffinne carved like to a man This was the sacred and accustomed rite of embalming and burying dead bodyes amongst the Aegyptians which were of the richer sort Our Countrie-men the French stirred up with the like desire embalme the bodyes of their Kings and Nobles with spices and sweete oyntments Which custome they may seeme piously and christianly to have taken from the Old and New Testament and the ancient and laudible custome of the Iewes for you may reade in the New Testament that Ioseph bought a fine linnen cloath and Nicodemus brought a mixture of myrrhe and Aloes about 100. pound weight that they might embalme and bury the body of Iesus Christ our Saviour for a signe and argument of the renovation and future integrity which they hoped for by the resurrection of the dead Which thing the Iewes had received by tradition from their ancestors For Ioseph in the old Testament commaunded his Physitions they should embalme the dead body of his father with spices But the body which is to be embalmed with spices for very long continuance must first of all be embowelled keeping the heart apart that it may bee embalmed and kept as the kinsfolkes shall thinke fit Also the braine the scull being divided with a saw shall be taken out Then shall you make deepe incisions alongst the armes thighes legges backe loynes and buttockes especially where the greater Veines and Arteries runne first that by this meanes the blood may be pressed forth which otherwise would putrifie and give occasion and beginning to putrefaction to the rest of the body and then that there may be space to put in the aromaticke powders the whole body shall be washed over with a spunge dipped in Aqua vitae and strong vinegar wherein shall be boyled wormewood aloes coloquintida common salt and Alume Then these incisions and all the passages and open places of the body and the three bellyes shall be stuffed with the following spices grossely powdered R. pul rosar chamaem melil balsami menthae aneâ—hi salviae lavend rorismar majoran thymi absinthij cyperi calami aromat gentianae ireos florent assae odoratae caryophyll nucis moschat cinamoni styracis calamitae benjoini myrrhae aloes santal omnium quod sufficit Let the incisions be sowed up and the open spaces that nothing fall out then forth with let the whole body be anointed with Turpentine dissolved with oyle of roses and Chamomile adding if you shall thinke it fit some Chymicall oyles of spices and then let it be againe strewed over with the forementioned powder then wrap it in a linnen cloath and then in ceare-cloathes Lastly let it be put in a Coffin of Lead sure soudred and filled up with dry sweete hearbes But if there be no plenty of the forementioned spices as it usuall happens in beseiged townes the Chirurgion shall be contented with the powder of quenched lime common ashes made of Oake wood For thus the body being over and above washed in strong vinegar or Lie shall be kept a long time if so be that a great and dissolving heate doe not beare sway or if it be not put in a hot and moyst place And this condition of time and place is the cause why the dead bodyes of Princes and Kings though embalmed with Art and cost within the space of sixe or seaven dayes in which they are kept to bee shewed to the people after their embalming doe cast forth so greevous a sent that none can endure it so that they are forced to be put in a leaden Coffinne For the ayre which encompasseth them groweth so hot by reason of the multitude of people flowing to the spectacle and the burning of lights night and day that the small portion of the native heate which remaineth being dissipated they easily putrefie especially when as they are not first moystened macerated in the liquor of aromaticke things as the Aegyptians anciently used to doe steeping them in brine for 70 dayes as I formerly told you out of Herodotus I put in minde hereby use that so the embalming may become the more dureable to steepe the bodyes being embowelled and pricked all over with sharpe bodkinnes that so the liquor hindring putrefaction may penetrate the deeper into them in a woodden tubbe filled with strong vinegar of the decoction of aromaticke and bitter things as Aloes Rue Wormewood and Coloquintida and there keepe them for twenty dayes pouring thereinto eleven or twelve pinâ—s of Aqua vitae Then taking it forth and setting it on the feete I keepe it in a cleare and dry place I have at home the body of one that was hanged which I begged of the Shriffe embalmed after this manner which remaines sound for more than 25 yeeres so that you may tell all the muscles of the right side which I have cut up even to their heads and plucked them from those that are next them for distinctions sake that so I may view them with my eyes and handle them with my hands as often as I please that by renuing my memory I may worke more certainely and surely when as I have any more curious operation to be performed the left side remaines whole and the Lungs Heart Diaphragma stomacke spleene kidneyes beard haires yea and the nailes which being pared I have often observed to grow againe to their former bignesse And let this be the bound of this our immense labour and by Gods favour our rest to whom Almighty all powerfull immortall and invisible be ascribed all honour and glory for ever and ever Amen Labor improbus omnia vincit The end of the Treatise of reports and embalming the dead THE APOLOGIE AND TREATISE CONTAINING THE VOYAGES MADE INTO DIVERS PLACES BY AMBROSE PARE of Laval in Maine Counsellor and cheefe Chirurgion to the King THE TVVENTI NINTH BOOKE TRuely I had not put my hand to the penne to write on such a thing were it not that some have impudently injured taxed and more through particular hatred disgraced me than for zeale or love they beare to the publicke good which was concerning my manner of tying the Veines and Arteries writing thus as followeth Malè igitur nimiùm arrogdnter inconsultus temerarius quidam vasorum ustionem post emortui membri resectionem a veteribus omnibus plurimùm commendatam semper probatam damnare ausus est novum quendam deligandi vasa modum contra veteres omnes medicos sine ratione experientia judicio docere cupiens nec animadvertit majora multo pericula ex ipsa vasorum deligatione quam acu partemsanam profunde transfigendo administrari vult imminere quà m ex ipsa ustione Nam si acu nervosam aliquam partem vel nervum ipsum pupugerit dum ita novo inusitato modo venam absurde conatur constringere nova inflammatio necessariò
Martigues where I prayd him that he would take order that I might remaine neare him to dresse him which he agreed to most willingly and had as much desire I should remaine with him as I my selfe Soone after the Commissioners who had charge to elect the prisoners entred into the Castle the seaventeenth day of Iuly one thousand five hundred fifty three where they made Messieurs the Duke of Boüillon the Marquesse of Villars the Baron of Culan Monsieur du Pont commissary of the Artillery and Monsieur de Martigues and I to be taken through the request that he made to them and all other Gentlemen which they could perceive were able to pay any ransome and the most part of the Souldiers and the cheefe of the Companies having such and so many prisoners as they would Afterward the Spanish Souldiers entred by the Breach without any resistance for ours esteemed they would hold their faith and composition that they should have their lives saved They entred in with a great fury to kill pillage and rifle all they retained some hoping to have ransome they tyed their stones with Arquebuse cords which was cast over a Pike which two held upon their shoulders then pulled the said cord with a great violence and derision as if they would ring a Bell telling them that they must put themselves to the ransome and tell of what houses they were and if they saw they could have no profit made them cruelly dye betweene their hands or presently after their genitall parts would have â—alne into a Gangreene and totall mortification but they kild them all with their Daggers and cut their throats See now their great cruelty and persidiousnesse let him trust to it that will Now to returne to my purpose being lead from the Castle to the Citty with Monsieur de Martigues there was a Gentleman of the Duke of Savoyes who asked mee if Monsieur de Martigues wound was curable I answered not who presently went and told the Duke of Savoy now I thought he would send Physitions and Chirurgions to visit and dresse my said Monsieur de Martigues in the meane time I thought with my selfe whether I ought to make it nice and not to acknowledge my selfe a Chirurgion for feare least they should retaine mee to dresse their wounded and in the end they would know I was the Kings Chirurgion and that they would make me pay a great ransome On the other side I feared if I should not make my selfe knowne to bee a Chirurgion and to have carefully dressed Monsieur de Martigues they would cut my throate so that I tooke a resolution to make it appeare to them he would not dye for want of good dressing and looking to Soone after see their arrives divers gentlemen accompanied with the Physition and Chirurgion to the Emperour and those of the said Duke of Savoy with sixe other Chirurgions following the Army to see the hurt of the said Lord of Martigues and to know of mee how I had dressed him and with what medicines The Emperours Physition bid me declare the essence of the wound and how I had drest it Now all the assistance had a very attentive eare to know if the wound were mortall or not I began to make a discourse that Monsieur de Martigues looking over the wall to perceive them that did undermine it received a shot from an Arquebuse quite through the body presently I was called to dresse him I saw hee cast blood out of his mouth and his wounds Moreover he had a great difficultie of breathing and cast out winde by the said wounds with a whistling in so much that it would blow out a Candle and he said he had a most sharpe pricking paine at the entrance of the Bullet I doe beleeve and thinke it might bee some little peeces of bones which prickt the Lungs When they made their Systole and Diastole I put my finger into him where I found the entrance of the Bullet to have broken the fourth Rib in the middle and scales of bones which the said Bullet had thrust in and the outgoing of it had likewise broken the fift Rib with peeces of bones which had beene driven from within outward I drew out some but not all because they were very deepe and adherent I put in each wound a Tent having the head very large tyed with a thread least by the inspiration it might bee drawne into the capacity of the Thorax which hath beene knowne by experience to the detriment of the poore wounded for being fallen in it cannot be taken out which is the cause that engenders putrifaction a thing contrary to nature The said Tents were annointed with a medicine compos'd of yolks of Egges Venice Turpentine with a little oyle of Roses My intention for putting the Tents was to stay the flux of blood and to hinder that the outward ayre did not enter into the breast which might have cooled the Lungs and by consequent the heart The said Tents were also put to the end that issue might bee given for the blood that was spilt within the Thorax I put upon the wound great Emplasters of Diacalcitheos in which I had relented oyle of Roses and Vinigar to the avoyding of inflammation then I put great stupes of Oxycrate and bound him up but not hard to the end he might have easie respiration that done I drew from him five porrengers of blood from the Basilicke veine of the right arme to the end to make revulsion of the blood which runs from the wounds into the Thorax having first taken indication from the wounded part and cheefely his forces considering his youth and his sanguine temper Hee presently after went to stoole and by his urine and seege cast great quantity of blood And as for the paine which he said he felt at the entrance of the Bullet which was as if he had beene pricked with a bodkin that was because the Lungs by their motion beate against the splinters of the broken Rib. Now the Lungs are covered with a coate comming from the membrane called Pleura interweaved with nerves of the sixt conjugation from the braine which was cause of the extreame paine he felt likewise he he had a great difficultie of breathing which proceeded from the blood which was spilt in the capacitie of the Thorax and upon the Diaphragme the principall instrument of respiration and from the dilaceration of the muscles which are betweene each Rib which helpe also to make the expiration and the inspiration and likewise because the Lungs were torne and wounded by the Bullet which hath caused him ever since to spit blacke and putrid blood in coughing The Feaver seazed him soone after he was hurt with faintings and swoonings It seemed to mee that the said feaver proceeded from the putredinous vapours arising from the blood which is out of his proper vessells which hath fallen downe and will yet flow downe The wound of the Lungs is growne great and will grow
forme and use 1703. Suppression of urine see Urine Surgery what 3. the operations thereof 4. Surgeons what necessary for them 3. their office 4. the choice of such as shall have care of those sick of the plague 830. they must be carefull in making reports 1121 how long in some cases they must suspend their judgements I. 122. they must have a care lest they bring Magistrates into an error 1128. how to report or make certificates in divers cases 1129 Sutures of the skull their number c. 161 wanting in some ib. why not to be trepaned 162. 167. Sutures in wounds their sorts and maner how to be performed 326. 327. Sweating sicknesse 821 Sweet bread 108. Sweet waters 1083 Swine assist their fellowes 67 Symptomes their denfition and division 42 Sympathy and Antipathy of living creatures 73 Symphysis a kinde of articulation 243 Synarcosis Synarthrosis Synchondrosis Syneurosis 243 Synochus putrida its cause and cure 261 T. TAlparia what 272 Tarentula's poysonous bite cure 49 Tarsus what 181 Tastes what their differences 1034. their several denominations natures 1035. Tasting what 22. Teeth their number division use 179 wherein they differ from other bones ib. pain of them how helped 401. their affects 657. how to draw them 659. to cleanse theÌ„ 660. how to supply their defect 872. to help the pain in breeding them 959 Temporall muscle 188. what ensues the cutting thereof 369 Temperament what the division therof 7 ad pondus ib. ad justitiam 8. of a bone ligament gristle tendon veine artery 9. of ages ib. of humours 11. Temper of the foure seasons of the yeare 10 native temper how changed 18 Temperatures in particular as of the southerne northern c. people 19. 20 Tensores musculi 230. Tentigo 130 Tertian agues or feavers their causes c. 265. their cure 266 Testicles their substance 119. in women 126. their wounds 399 Testudo what 272 Tettars their kinds and causes 264. their cure 265. 1081. occasioned by the Lues venerea 754. their cure ib. Thanacth a strange beast 1021 Thenar musculus 222. 238. Thigh the nerves thereof 226. its proper parts 227. and wounds thereof 399. Thigh-bone the appendices and processes thereof 228. 229. the fracture and cure 577. nigh to the joint 580. its dislocation 623. 720. see Hip. Things naturall 5. not naturall 29. why so called ib. against nature 41 Thorax the chest and parts thereof 135 Thoracica arteria 153 Throat how to get out bones and such like things that sticke therein 655 Throttle and the parts thereof 194 Throwes and their cause 903 Thymus what 156. Tibia 231 Tibiaeus anticus musculus 237. posticus 238. Tinea what 638 Toad his bite and cure 796 Tongue its quantity c. 192. its wounds its cure 385. its impediment contraction and the cure 661. to supply its defects 873. Tonsillae 293. their inflammations and their cure 293. 294 Tooth-ache the causes signes c. 656. Tophi or knots at the joints in some that have the gout how caused 717. in the Lues venerea how helped 746 Torpedo his craft stupefying force 794 Touching how performed 22 Toucha a strange bird 1016 Trapezius musculus 208 Transverfarius musculus 205 Transverse muscles of the Epigastrium 99 Treacle how usefull in the gout 706. how it dulls the force of simple poysons 783 Trepan when to be applied 342. their description 365. where to be applyed 369 Trepaning why used 364. how performed ib. a caution in performance thereof 366 Triangulus musculus 207 Triton 1001. Trochanter 229 Trusses their forme and use 306. 307. Tumors their differences 249. their generall causes signes 250. generall cure 252. which hardest to be cured ib. the four principall 253. flatulent watrish their signs and cure 269. 270. of the gums 292. of the almonds of the throat 293. of the navell 303. of the groine and cods 304. of the knees 314 Turtles 62 Tympanites sâ—â— Dropsie V. VAlves of the heart their action site c. 146. Varicous bodies 120 Varices what their causes signes and cure 483. Vâ—… breve seu venosum 113 Vsa ejaculatoria 121. Vasti musculi 232 Veine what 97. Gate veine its distribution 112. descendent hollow veine its distribution ascendent hollow veine its distribution 116 they are more than arteries 155. those of the eies 184. which to bee opened in the inflammation of the eies 186. the cephalick 210. median ib. distribution of the subclavian vein ib. of the axilary 211. of the crurall 224 Venae porta 112. cava 216. arteriosa 147. phreâ—icae coronales azygos intercostalis mammariae cervicalis musculosa 148. axillaris humeralis jugularis interna externa 149. recta pupis 152. cephalica humeraria mediana 210. salvatella plenica 211. sapheia vel saphena ischiadica 224. muscula poplitea suralis ischiadica major 225 Venery its discommodities in wounds of the head 359 Venemous bites and stings how to be cured 783 Venome of a mad dog outwardly applied causeth madnesse 787 Ventoses their form and use 694. 695 Ventricle see stomacke Ventricles of the brain 166 Verdegreace its poysonous quality and cure 810 Vertebrae their processes 196. of the neck ib. of the holy-hone 198. how different from those of the loins 205. Tenth of the back how the middle of the spine 206 their dislocation See Spine Vertigo its causes signes 639. the cure 640 Vessels for distillation 1094. 1096. 1097 c. Vesicatories why better than cauteries in cure of a pestilent bubo 854. whereof made 1046. their description and use 1067. Viper see Adder Virginity the signes thereof 1128 Vitall parts which 84. their division ibid. Vitreus humor 184 Viver or as some terme it the Weaver a fish his poysonous pricke the cure 801 â—cers conjoined with tumors how cured 265. inâ—… at bodies not easily cured 417. their nature â—…uses c. 466. 467. signes prognosticks 468 their generall cure 470. signes of a distempered one the cure 471. a painefull one the cure 472. with proud flesh in them ib. putrid and breeding wormes 473. a sordid one ibib a maligne virulent and eating one 474. advertisements concerning the time of dressing ulcers 475. how to bind them up 476. such as run are good in time of the plague 828. Ulcers in particular first of the eyes 476. of the nose 477. of the mouth 478. of the eares 479. of the winde-pipe weazon stomack guts 480. of the kidneis bladder 481. of the wombe 482. that happen upon the fracture of the leg rump and heele 586 how to prevent them 587. they must be seldome drest when the callus is breeding 589 Umbilicall vessels how many what 892 Unction to bee used in the Lues venerea 731. their use 732. cautions in their use ib. and the inconveniences following the immoderat use 734 Ungula or the web on the eye the causes prognostickes and cure 647 Unguentum adstringens 1056 nutritum ib. aureum ib.
Number Site Their substance Magnitudeand figure Composition The Coaâ— Erythrâ—is The Epididymis or Darteâ— The Cremaster muscles Temper Action Their substance Here the Author speakes otherwise then Galen Action Their quantity figure and composure Their temper and number Vasa ejaculatoria the ejaculatory or leading vessels Their number and action This Caruncle must be observed and distinguished from a Hypersarcosis or fleshy excrescence The Prostatae Their quantity and figurâ— Number and site An anatomicall axiome Their use Roud in method med ad morbos The substance magnitude figure and composure of the vreters Number and site Connexion Temper and use The substance Figure Composition Temper use or action Their sphincter of the bladder The necke of the bladder The connexion and use thereof The substance quantity and figure of the yarde Composure The ligaments The muscles Their Action The Nut. The Praeputium or foreskin In what the sperematicke vessels in weomen differ from those in men Why they are larger but shorter then mens In what their testicles differ from mens Lib. 14. de usu part Site Connexion Temper Their ejaculatory vessels Why they have more intricate windings Their fite Wherein the privy parts in weomen differ from those in men The substance and magnitude of the wombe Figure The hornes of the wombe Composure The veines and Arteryes Nerves The Coats No cels in the wombe The site The temper and action The Cotyledones Columbus justly reproved The orifice of the wombe The proper orifice of the wombe is not alwayes exactly shut in women with child The necke of the wombe It s magnitude Composition Number and site Temper No Hymen From whence the blood proceeds that breaks forth in some virgins in the first coition Alae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cleitoris tentige Their substance magnitude figure and composure Their number He shewes by three severall reasons that there is no Allantoides Their temper and use What the navell is Their Navell is the Center of the body The figure and composure Lib. de format fatus in uterâ— There is onely one veine in a childs navill but no Vrachus The conteining parts of the Chest Why nature hath made the Chest partly bony partly griâ—tâ—ely The number of the bones of the Sternon Cartilago scutiformis the brest-blade What a Gristle is The differences thereof Their two fold use The division of the chest into its parts Their substance Magnitude Figure Composure Which glandules have nerves and which have none Their Connexion How the brests and wombe communicate each with other Their temper * Recrudescere Their action and use The Nipples What a Bone is A double sense Lib. 1. de Locis affectis Why the bones have such small veine Whence the difference of bones may be taken The Clavicles or collar bones Lib. 13. da 〈◊〉 part Cap. 11. The Ribs Their consistance What the membrane investing the Ribs is It s originall Whether as there is a two-fold pleurisie so also a double Pleura The Magnitude and figure The substance and magnitude The figure The use What the midreffe is It s substance composition c. Connexion Quantity Action Why the Diaphragma was called Phrenes Their substance quantity The Lobes thereof Figure Composition The sticking of the lungs to the Ribs Their nourishment Why the lungs are light The use of Respiration or breathing Whence it hath its matter Number and connexion Vse From whence the matter of the watery humor conteined in the Pericardium The Consistence What the heart is and of what substance The three sorts of fibers of the Hearâ— The magnitude Figure Composition The proper vessels The Nerves Number and site Connexion Temper and action What the vitall spirit is The Auriculae Cordis or eares of the heart Their magnitude and numbers Their 〈◊〉 The partitiâ—… betweene the ventricules of the Heart Why the right ventricule is more capacious and lesse compact Why the right ventricle is more capaciout and lesse compact The action of the right ventricle The action of the left ventricle The uses of the foure orifices of the Heart The valves How they differ Action Site Figure Substance Number Motion Why there be onely two valves at the Arteria venosa The Artery alwayes lyes under the veine A twofold reason why the veine was made Arterious or like are Artery Why the Artery was made like a veine By what way blood may passe out of the right into the left ventricle The veine called the nurse of the Arteries Fallop initio obser Arteriarum Gal. lib. 15 de â—su part cap. 6. Gal. lib. de form saetut The greater descondent branch of the hollow veine The upper branch of the hollow veine is the lesse Venae phrenicae Coronales Vena Arteriosa Vena Azygos or sine part This Azygos sometimes two How the matter of a pleurisie may be evacuated by vrine Interrestalis Mammaria Cervicalis Musculosa In what place cupping glasses may be fitly applyed in a bastard Pleurisie Axillaris Humeralis Iugularis interna et externa Into what parts the Iugularis interna goes Into what parts the Iugularis externa goes Where the external Iugular veine may be fitly opened in inflammations of the parts of the mouth Vena recta Vena pupis Three paire of nerves of the sixt conjugation Ramus Costalis Recurrens An anatomical Axiome Why nature would have the vocall nerves recurrent Ramus stomachicus The left branch of the ascendant artery is lesse then the right The distribution of the left subclavian artery into the 1 Intercostalis 2 Mammaria 3. Cervicalis 4 Musculosa 5 Humoraria duplex 6 Theracica duplex The distribution of the right subclavian Artery The Carotides or sleepy arteries Their division The distribution of the internall branch of the sleepy arteries To what parts the externall branch of the sleepy artery arrives What the Thymus is The use The magnitude The substance Composure Why the back part of the weazon is ligamentous Why the fore-part is gristlely The number and site The division of the weazon through the Lobes of the Lungs The temper and action The substance Attractive force thereof The composure The magnitude The figure Site Temper and action Why we cannot sup and blow at one time What the head is Why seated in the highest place The figure The division thereof The â—…ining parts of the head The parts conteined What the haire is The use thereof What the hairy scalpe is It s connexion * Our Author with Fallopius and Laurentius confoundes the pericranium and periâ—stium but Vesalius Bauhinus and Bartheolinus distinguish them making the pericranium thin and soft and the periostium most thin and nervous and of most exquisite sense Why the wounds thereof must not be neglected The Pericranium and periostium of the same nature Whence all the membranes proceed Why when any membranous part is hurt in any part of the body the head is affected by consent The use of the Pericranium Their use and number Some sculls want Sutures Cels lib.
and sowing the Veines and Arteries in the new wounds when as I thought it might be drawne to these which are made by the amputation of members I attempted it in many yet so that at first in my budding practise thereof I alwayes had my cauteries and hot Irons in a readinesse that if any thing happened otherwise then I expected in this my new worke I might fetch succour from the ancient practice untill at length confirmed by the happy experience of almost an infinite number of particulars I bid eternally adieu to all hot Irons and cauteries which were commonly used in this worke And I thinke it fit that Chirurgions doe the like For antiquity and custome in such things as are performed by Art ought not to have any sway authority or place contrary to reason as they oft times have in civill affaires wherefore let no man say unto us that the Ancients have alway done thus CHAP. XXV The practice of the former precepts is declared together with a memorable history of a certaine soldier whose arme was taken off at the Elbow I Thinke it fit to confirme by an example the prescribed method of curing a Gangreene and Mortification Whilest I was Chirurgion to the Marshall of Montejan at Turin a certaine common souldier received a wound on his wrest with a musket bullet by which the bones and tendons being much broken and the nervous bodyes cruelly torue there followed a Gangreen at length a mortification even to the Elbow besides also an inflammation seazed upon the middle part of his Chest and there was as it were a certaine disposition to a Gangreene whereby it followed that he was painefully and dangerously troubled with belchings hickettings watchings unquietnesse and frequent swoundings which occasioned many Chirurgions to leave him as desperate But it so it fell out that I orecome by his friends intreaty undertooke the cure of this wretched person destitute of all humane helpe Wherefore knowing the mortification by its signes I cut off the arme by the elbow as speedily as I could making first the ligature where of I made mention I say I tooke it off not with a saw but onely with an incision knife cutting in sunder the ligaments which held the bones together because the sphacell was not passed the joynt of the Elbow Neither ought this section to be accounted strange which is made in a joynt for Hippocrates much commends it and saith that it is easily healed and that there is nothing to be feared therein besides swounding by reason of the paine caused by cutting the common tendons and ligaments But such incision being made the former Ligature could not hinder but much blood must flow from thence by reason of the large vessels that run that way Wherefore I let the blood to flow plentifully so to disburden the part and so afterwards to free it from the danger and feare of inflammation and a Gangreene then presently I stanched the blood with an hot Iron for as yet I knew no other course Then gently loosing the Ligature I scarifie that part of the brawn of the Arme which was Gangreenated with many and deepe incisions shunning and not touching the inner part by reason of the multitude of the large vessels and Nerves which runne that way then I presently applyed a cautery to some of the incisions both to stanch the bleeding and draw forth the virulent sanies which remained in the part And then I assailed and overcame the spreading putrefaction by putting and applying the formerly prescribed medicines I used all sorts of restrictive medicines to stay the inflammation of the Chest I also applyed Epithema's to the region of the heart and gave him cordiall potions and boles neither did I desist from using them untill such time as his belching hicketting and swoundings had left him Whilest I more attentively intended these things another mischeife assailes my patient to wit Convulsions and that not through any fault of him or me but by the naughtinesse of the place wherein hee lay which was in a Barne every where full of chinkes and open on every side and then also it was in the midst of winter raging with frost and snow and all sorts of cold neyther had he any fire or other thing necessary for preservation of life to lessen these injuries of the Aire and place Now his joints were contracted his teeth set and his mouth and face were drawne awry when as I pittying his case made him to bee carried into the neighbouring Stable which smoaked withmuch horse dung and bringing in fire in two chafendishes I presently annointed his necke and all the spine of his backe shunning the parts of the Chest with liniments formerly described for convulsions then straight way I wrapped him in a warme linnen cloth and buried him even to the necke in hot dung putting a little fresh straw about him when hee had stayed there some three dayes having at length a gentle scowring or flux of his belly and plentifull sweate hee begun by little and little to open his mouth and teeth which before were set and close shut Having got by this meanes some opportunitie better to doe my businesse I opened his mouth as much as I pleased by putting this following Instrument betweene his Teeth A Dilater made for to open the mouth and Teeth by the meanes of a screw in the end thereof Now drawing out the Instrument I kept his mouth open by putting in a willow sticke on each side thereof that so I might the more easily feede him with meats soone made as with Cowes milke and reare egges untill hee had recovered power to eate the convulsion having left him Hee by this meanes freed from the Convulsion I then againe begun the cure of his arme and with an actuall cautery seare the end of the bone so to dry up the perpetuall affluxe of corrupt matter It is not altogether unworthy of your knowledge that hee said how that hee was wondrously delighted by the application of such actuall cauteries a certaine tickling running the whole length of the arme by reason of the gentle diffusion of the heate by applying the causticke which same thing I have observed in many others especially in such as lay upon the like occasion in the Hospitall of Paris After this cauterizing there fell away many and large scalles of the bone the freer appulse of the aire than was fit making much thereto besides when there was place for fomentation with the decoction of red Rose leaves Wormewood Sage Bay leaves flowers of Chamomile Melilote Dill I so comforted the part that I also at the same time by the same meanes drew and tooke away the virulent Sanies which firmely adhered to the flesh and bones Lastly it came to passe that by Gods assistance these meanes I used and my carefull diligence he at length recovered Wherefore I would admonish the young Chirurgion that hee never account any so desperate as to