of the stomack and concocting faculty The smalness of the Coeliack Branches being altogether as I thought unable for so great an effect And rightly I thought it for the Vena porta within the Liver is altogether an Artery For as the Arteries issue their Blood from out their Trunk into their Branches but the Veins return it from their Branches into the Trunk So the Vena porta from its Trunk distributeth Blood to its furthest Branches that are within the Liver which Blood it hath gathered into its Trunk from the Branches it hath without the Concavity of the same And as the Coats of the Arteries are thicker than those of the Veins so the Vena porta hath a thicker skin within the Liver than it hath in its Vessels without the same Neither believe that I depart from ocular inspection when I say that the Coat of the Vena porta is thicker within the Liver for I broke in pieces at leisure all the substance of the Liver of the Beast which I anatomiz'd and laid open the form of the uncloath'd Vena porta The Tunicle whereof without the Liver retain'd the thinness of a Vein but within the Liver did altogether appear to be an Artery So that it did undoubtedly appear which before I did suspect That some of the Vessels of the Blood as the Aorta deserve onely the name of Arteries Others admit onely the name of Veins as the Vena cava And to conclude some are appointed by Nature for both duties such as we have found the Vena porta to be But when I doubted whither so great a current of Blood flowed and believing it had its course unto the Vena cava I tyed I will not say with the Antients the Trunk but the branch thereof where it entreth the gibbosity of the Liver as far from the Liver as I could and then the Blood rushing to the bandage the branch greatly rising betwixt the Ligature and Liver shewed the manifest commerce betwixt the Vena porta and the Vena cava and how appositly the Learnedst English Physician Will Harvey held the motion of the whole Blood to be Circular CHAP. III. That the Blood floweth out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart through the Lungs into the Left Ventricle THis one thing did remain to perfect so great a Circulation to know fully the Passage of the Blood from the Veins through the Heart into the Arteries The evident diversity of Cavities and Turnings for the carrying of the Blood both in Children in the womb and more adult persons did vex my troubled mind Indeed in persons of firm age that oval perforation or rather communication which is sprinkled with Botalus the Inventor's name or if you will that Synanastomosis useth not to remain It is that by which in the Child in the womb the Blood directly from the Vena cava filleth the right Ventricle of the Heart also by the Venal Artery entreth immediately the left Ventricle Neither doth that little Ductus remain Pervious but degenerateth into a Ligament by which the Aorta of the Child in the womb receiveth the Blood through the Arterial vein the shortest way from the right Ventricle without any turning into the left Then at last that the commerce of the Heart with the Entrances of the Vena cava might be discovered with the famousest Anatomists I considered the structure of the substance of this Noble-intrail and in the first place the three doors of the three-corner'd Valves situate betwixt the joyning of the Vena cava to the right Ventricle of the Heart offered themselves to view I was willing to take notice of their office which was to give easy entrance to the Blood into the Heart but stopt its return into the Vena cava The impervious solidity of the Septi or Partition of the Heart which lyeth betwixt the Ventricles denied it altogether a passage Therefore I inferr'd the Blood issueth out of the right Ventricle into the Arterial vein And indeed in that place the three Sigmatoidal or S-like Valves give place to it rushing forwards but withstand its return Nevertheless having burst asunder the partition I viewed the left Ventricle It differed from the right in that it was of a more oblong and narrower hollowness Into two Entrances of it two Canales were inserted on this side that which they name the Arteria Venosa on the other side the Aorta was placed at the boundings of both were placed Valves This the Aorta or great Artery had as in the Arteria Venosa three sigmatoidal Valves to give way to the Blood thrust out and to stop its return That the Arteria Venosa had two Miter-like Valves that kept Centry to give Entrance to the Blood into the Heart and to stop its flight from thence By reason of this fabrick and fashion of the Heart and the offices of its Instruments I could not any more approve their denying the flowing of the Blood from the Heart into the Lungs by the Arterial Vein and again its return from the Lungs into the Heart by the Venal Artery And lest some perverse people should charge me onely with suppositions behold I produce an Experiment I bound with a Ligature both the Vessels as near the Lungs as was possible and then the Arterial Vein in its body was dilated betwixt the Heart and Ligature beyond the same Ligature towards its furthest Branches in the Lungs it became flaccid But the Ductresses of the Venal Artery altogether in a contrary effect did swell and fall But seeing indeed our speech is fallen on the two Veins of the Lungs the Anatomists have with unfit tearms in my judgement named them For what mattereth it if with the subtil des Cartes I call that onely an Artery through which the right Ventricle disburthens it self into the Lungs seeing both the thickness of its Coat the figure of its Valves and the office of its Pipe receiving Blood from the Heart do altogether assimulate it to the rest of the bodies of Arteries And why I pray you entitle they that an Arterial Vein through which the Lungs disgorge their purple streams into the Heart seeing the testimony of its Coats Valves and Office assert it a Vein Notwithstanding name them as they will 't is all one to me so they be known But a demonstrative truth in this matter should not have sacrificed it self to Hippocrates his opinion CHAP. IV. The Circulation of the Blood in the Child in the Womb. THat which we have already shewn concerning the Circulation of the Blood I would have thee Reader to understand it chiefly of grown persons Not to deny its Circulation in Children in the womb but that in them the Circular motion differeth a little in its passages By the Hypogastrick Arteries the Blood is carried into the womb of the Woman with Child the Umbilical Vein carrieth that part of it which is best concoct into the Liver of the Embryon but that which is more serous and unconcoct returneth by
the Maternal Veins unto the Heart as its Pot whilst the thicker groweth together into the Placenta or Lump as into the wombs Liver The Vena cava thrusteth the Blood receiv'd into the Embryons Liver from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it joyns with it and so into the left Ventricle thereof by the then open Oval-passages The Blood going out of the right Ventricle into the Arterial Vein partly by an interjected little Pipe as it were by a sloping Canale it floweth freely into the Aorta Partly a good quantity possessing the Lungs oppresseth them with so great weight in respect of want of breathing for the hard passage from the furthest branches of the Arterial Vein into the Venal Artery that the Lungs of the Child in the womb if it did not breath sometimes representing both the colour and density of the Liver would never swim above water Certes Respiration stirreth up the Blood in the Venal Artery The Bronchia Canales of the Wind-pipe by their breathing dilatation pressing together their fellows on the one part the Arterial Vein and on the other part the Venal Artery to press out the contained Blood so far as the Valves will suffer The Blood of the left Ventricle immediately penetrateth into the Aorta and from thence rushing to the furthest parts of the body returneth by the Veins to the Heart as hath been shewn in Adult persons And because the Umbilick Vein emitteth more Blood than the nourishment of the Child requireth the Providence of Nature hath branched out a pair of Branches the Consorts of the Umbilick Vein either of them from the Iliack or which I have most frequently observ'd from the Hypogastriack Arteries even unto the Placenta They refound the Blood that is more than nourisheth the Child into the Liver of the womb whether this be requir'd by the celerity of the motion or whether the impure mass of the Mothers blood requires a better digestion by the mixture of a warmer But lest I should seem to have found out this reflux by vain Arguments put I pray thee a straw into the Umbilick Vessels that belong to the Placenta or Lump then blow thou and the Vein alone will carry the wind into the Child But on the contrary if thou blow by the Reed into the Child the Arteries will carry the wind into the Lump the Veins remaining altogether flaccid At last the Umbilical Vein by degrees becoming unprofitable degenerateth into a Ligament by the same chance the Canale of the Arterial Vein going into the Aorta evanisheth and the Botalian perforation is filled but the Umbilick Arteries nevertheless remain I have many times observ'd it in cutting up of Adult persons viz. the wind blown into the Hypograstriack and Iliack Arteries did not onely shew the Umbilicals near the Navil by the small tumor it did raise but entring their infinite Branches on every side by them its empty tumor declar'd the many branchings of the Artery in that place CHAP. V. That the Arterious Blood is partly by Synanastomosies poured out of the Arteries into the Veins partly being extravasated by the Anastomosies of the Arteries returneth again into the Veins HAving demonstrated the Circulation of the Blood to and out of the Heart 't is fitting that according to the example of those that are well deservers of the Anatomick Commonwealth we search out with an inquest resembling the former its passages from the Arteries into the Veins Many are of opinion that the furthest points of the Arteries are inserted into as small parts of the Veins but the smalness of the points of the minute Vessels not to be discerned by any eyes though arm'd with Spectacles doth not confirm doth not confute this opinion They aver also that wind blown into the roots of the Vena porta within the Liver doth enter the conjoyn'd Branches of the Vena cava and that it doth insinuate it self from the Trunk of the Arterial Vein into the Lungs and furthest Branches of the Venal Artery I have many times tryed it in the Liver but the Experiment ever failed I doubt whether more by defect of breath in me or errour in them In the Lungs indeed I have found that the common passage of the Synanastomosies of the same Pipes were open One day it was my business to view the Arterial Vein being made bare of all its Cloathing I did observe it not with a few knots of Embracements to stick fast to the Venal Artery Putting a Reed into it in that place where 't is insert into the Heart I blew presently the spreading breath did raise the bloodless Canals and being roll'd to the ends of the Capillar Veins was received into the hollowness of the Venal Artery which is indeed an evident token of their Synanastomosie But though it held in the Lungs yet nevertheless I will not conclude it holds so in the Liver or Muscles Indeed I will confess that by the intermediate openings of the Synanastomosies that the Blood may be turned out of one Vessel into another seeing the individible coherence of the Veins with the Arteries in some places proves this and their not easy separation without tearing of both But I believe he admitteth absurdly this Synanastomosis where the Veins have no coherence with the Arteries yea rather I would believe that a part of the Blood by the Anastomosies without the inclosures of the Arteries doth abound to be strain'd in the flesh that that of it which is more exactly concoct may turn to nourishment in the simular parts But that which is not well digested may return into the Veins which perchance in all places without have entrances to their most inward places For if the perpetual Flux of the Blood within the Vessels casteth forth no Blood without the Vessels whence proceeds the increase of the bodies bulk And if the substance of the parts of the body be in perpetual motion from whence I pray you will proceed the restorement of the tabid leanness of withered bodies There is indeed some seedy substance in the Blood fit for the restoring of the decayings of the parts viz. That which being more concoct useth to unite it self into a fibrous thickness And indeed the Blood drawn from the Limbs into hot water doth spread its serosity and colour in the water when in the bottome of the bason there remaineth a fleshy thickness of membranous dregs compos'd of white fibers and therefore more fit for the solidity of the body to wit that which either remained after the satisfying of the parts or was melted by the washing vigour may be of the following Blood or was transvasated by the short passages of the Synanastomosies and did hasten to be recocted in the Pot of the Heart And lest any should confound the Offices of Synanastomosies and Anastomosies by reason of the likeness of the words I call Synanastomosies the intermediate opennesses of the Arteries cohering to Veins for the carrying of the Blood out of one Vessel into
unbowel the hungry Beast Then it clearly appeared which I told those that did urge me unseasonably for the Stomack with the guts were so miserably empty that not any shew of the Lacteal veins in any place yea not in the Mesentery did remain to be perceived by the eyes of any of the beholders Immediately their haughty austerity did reproach my busy censure and did deny any faith to things not appearing I when I did see the most I might say all of them to give no credit to me by a contemptible gesture for all I could argue Well said I to my self at last you have learned to use your eyes But 't is just that these same eyes whose loathing winks I obeyed with willing service be punished in you hereafter with a stedfast beholding as with an unavoydable scourge and iterated inspection of the intrails I had foretold truly to those that rashly hastned the unseasonable dissection that the Pipes of the Lacteal veins were most slender and onely remarkable by the whiteness of the Liquor they convey which juice whether it follow the upsucking Diastoles of the Heart or which is more likely it rusheth forward by the incitement of some impulsive cause afterwards to be enquired of it maketh a very little stay in its passing In vain is the Chanel sought when the fulness of the Fountain faileth Neither is Chyle procreated by fasting neither is meat presently after the eating thereof converted into that nourishing substance Therefore not being hindred by any mans command I brought the insnared Dog under my diet and when I had refreshed his long fasting with abundance of meat again about the fourth hour after his fulness we addrest our selves to the examining of his Entrails Our chief purpose was not to observe the Lacteal veins which we beheld with infinite flowing rillets streaming in all places through the Mesentery but with all our endeavours to pry into the Thorax The Heart there untouched did unfold its Systoles the rest of the Lifes Instruments which are near to the Heart did each accomplish its own duty Neither as yet being resolved to offer violence to any I turned back the Lungs being lifted by the stedfast hand of a servant from the right side towards the cavity of the left that I might view all the secret-rooms of the back I beheld the branches of the Vena cava all were livid no branch of the ascending Arteries was discovered near the Milkie holes I had lately found out I followed the sprules of the Sixtpars whereof these were stopt by the opposition of the Diaphragm other swallowed up of the lower belly At last turning my sight to the highest sides of the Vertebers of the Back I know not what whitishness like to a pipe of Chyle staid mine eyes it creeping forward a little with crooked turnings close to the back-bone by the shape of it I doubted whether it was a Nerve or that Vessel which I with all care had enquired after Therefore tying a ligature a little below the Clavicles I immediatly perceived that it emptied it self and became flaccid above the Ligature and below a tumor not onely remaining but rather increasing by reason of the Flux of the matter my doubt was then satisfied But because Mistakes in this kind produce as erroneous consequences I durst not yet pass a peremptory sentence by mine eyes which were witnesses of so evident a matter I enquire also into the left side there also a brother-conduit to the right side did stray up and down who likewise being bound up as the other by the same event confessed himself to be a ducture of the same kind I hastned therefore to divide these Vessels so conspicuous through the middle of the Pleura from the rest of their fellow-parts of the breast with my sharp Knife The unexhausted neighbour-head of the untoucht Heart did overflow my work with a bloody inundation But the Heart immediatly being pulled out was both punished for its troubling the work and removed all obstacles of its further continuance After the Blood was spung'd away from both the Ligatures and the Pleura being removed I discovered the Milkie-Canals to the Throat From the third Verteber of the Back where they had forsaken the society of their upholder the back-bone adhering to the Oesophagus under which they windingly did creep hither and thither did they proceed to the Clavicles themselves firmly leaning on the Thymum in a fourfold or more numerous stream they enter the Subclavian Veins I beheld these Veins with most covetous eyes being immediately split asunder when behold again through these little holes found out about the Jugulars the Ligatures being untyed on both sides a Milkie rivolet did pour forth abundantly Chyle into the Vena cava But then the Spectators contempt repenting at the miracle by their encouragement it was imposed on me to search out whether any continued Conduit of the Chyle did go to the Head or was derived to the Fore-limbs But when I had cut off the head and dis-membred the limbs no Milk did follow no not by pressing the Inferiour belly Now from that abundance of Chyle which emptied it self into the Vena Cava I argue that the Chyle neither runneth to the Head or Fore-limbs but altogether floweth into the Subclaval Branches CHAP. IV. The double way of the Lacteal Veins is cleared from the fourth Verteber of the Back to the Center of the Diaphragm MY hope did grow by fortunate events and my toyl was forgiven to my prosperous labour The discovered Door imboldned me to search the Gallery I return to the Ligatures and having bound them near the outstanding sides of the third Verteber of the Back now I certainly follow downward the swelling Milkie-Veins About the fourth Verteber which is the seat of the Heart they were hid under the gullet I then did disingage this gullet being tyed with all the rest of the vital parts making my amputation near the Clavicles Yea the Aorta also which I had spared thinking it would not shadow it cutting gently the branches which are interlaced amongst the ribs upon that account that it was an hindrance was commanded to depart the Cavity of the Thorax and having removed all impediments of the remaining engagements you might behold openly without doubting eyes the whole course of the Milkie-streams along the highest platform of the Back-bone The fourth Verteber did uphold their joyning together the rest of the space to the tenth Verteber upheld them parted in two and divided with winding turnings like to Rivers They did flow with like fulness not seldome with traverse trenches as it were for mutual help obliquely tyed together At length in a common Chanel and again in divided streams by little and little growing into embossed billows do swell up at the Center of the Diaphragm not a slender token of the near fountain from whence the Chyle through the breast floweth into the Subclavian veins Therefore when I went about to separate the Diaphragm
NEW Anatomical Experiments OF JOHN PECQUET of DEIP By which the hitherto unknown Receptacle of the Chyle and the Transmission from thence to the Subclavial Veins by the now discovered Lacteal Chanels of the Thorax is plainly made appear in Brutes As also an Anatomical Dissertation of the Motion of Blood and Chyle Together with the further Description of the same Lacteal Chanels newly discovered in the Body of Man as well as Brutes Being an Anatomical Historie Publickly propos'd by Thomas Bartoline Dr. and Reg. Professor both in Physick and Anatomy To Michael Lysere Answering London Printed by T. W. for Octavian Pulleyn and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the Rose in St. Paul's Church-yard 1653. TO THE READER NOT to insist upon that general way of Commendation the universal and ready reception this late and true discovery of our Author Pecquet hath had may clearly appear in this That no Man in all that Croud of Anatomists of whom some are onely ambitious of being Contradictory as more desiring Controversy than Evidence of the Truth not any but hath rather confess'd its Verity than that they would in the least seem ignorant of being able to trace those Vessels so difficult to be found that the Inventor himself durst out of justness to his good fortune call it Chance How this may yet be made clearer let those that have seen what hath followed be but indifferent Judges So many able Physicians Congratulating his Discovery and as willing to appear Admirers as Justifiers of this Truth One an approved Doctor both of Physick and Philosophy undertakes to make out the benefit and use of this Discovery from hence concluding those grand Absurdities that the Masters in Physick and Chirurgery have so many ages laboured under to be onely cleared and made out by this so admired Experiment Another undertakes with admiration of himself to make it his own without taking notice of our Author in hope to produce at least upon some a Confession how much they owe to him for this Discovery A Third an approved Master both in Physick and Chirurgery after in his opinion the finishing of all that could concern the body of Anatomy is as I may so say compell'd to set Pen to Paper and by the discovery of that in Humane which our Author hath done in Brutes to heap up to himself a Fame as lasting as the Subject I mean Man can be From hence it was I was so willing to get this so great and new a Master-piece of Anatomy made publick in our own Language my Observation being this That there was no Theater nay scarce any private house of such as called themselves but pretenders to Anatomy in which the disquisition after this Truth was not laboriously prosecuted and having been very well satisfied in the Roughness at least if not Crabbidness of the stile for a Publick Good I could do no less than to adde what lay in my power to help those weaker persons whose Hands are better than their Latine to a Verity so demonstrable so desired I undertake to teach none Translation being onely my Design and if any thing may be thought fit to make it perfect I will not be wanting in the least so far as I am able to contribute I confess it were to be wished that some among us of those most accurate Observers of Natures most secret Passages would be pleased to offer something out of their many Observations to the compleating of so beneficial a Truth as this no Nation I am confident having taken more industrious Trouble or greater Charge in Discoveries and Prosecutions of Anatomical Experiments than this our own Witness that great Master of Circulation and Generation Dr. Harvey The new Anatomick Experiments of the Learned John Pecquet of Diep CHAP. I. Both Asellius who was the first discoverer of the Milkie Veins in the Mesentery and the rest of the Anatomists were ignorant of the place of their meeting The Receptacle of the Chyle above the Loyns and the passage from it not to the Liver but to the true source of blood the Heart is discovered THE enrichment of the Anatomical Common-wealth by the Milkie Veins was the finding not feigning of the famous Asellius But that he believes with the Antients that the Liver is the source of blood and that the Milkie Veins have their confluence to it This is O Reader if thou canst behold with thy eyes his errour Nevertheless beware in the least thou stain not the fame of so gallant a man 'T is not a Little thou owest him who first search'd out the unknown turnings of the Chyle and by whose favour thou needs not to walk in darkness Asellius opened it 't is enough The discovery is not to be despised though never so mean The Besieged discover by the lightest repercuss of a Drum the Ambushes of the Enemies Mines And Star-gazers gather their Wonders by Shadows This was the cause except I mistake my self of Asellius his error That beholding all the Milkie Veins to meet together in that Glandule placed in the middle of the Mesentery which he cals the Pancreas and from it to be stretched upward and downward he verily believed that those branches which were sometimes double sometimes more and not seeing them concentrate in any place ascended to the very fissure or cleft of the Liver Neither since that time have any of those that I know who in the Anatomick Theatre exercised themselves often and with great praise in living Brutes endeavoured to trace into any other parts the Milkie liquor of those veins which even they themselves did discover And indeed the learned Wallaeus in his Epistles to Th. Bartoline saith By these Milkie Veins the Chyle goeth upward but by what means it doth so is a matter more intricat This seems to me to be most likely which I have taken notice of in great and lean Hounds That some of the Milkie Veins with one and a continued passage have entred into the Mesenterick-Branch some into the very Vena porta some into the hollowness of the Liver and a very small number sometimes into the Vena cava near the Emulgents So conclude the most skilful Physicians Harvey Vesling Conringe Bartoline and many other Neither doth Riolane himself think better which is marvelous in respect of the mans excellent quickness and sharpness of wit whereby he hath gone before all others in Anatomical dissection hear his Opinion of this matter in the XVIII Chapter of his Encheirid This one diversity of distribution saith he troubleth many For in a living full and opened Beast those Milkie Veins are seen spread indeed in the Mesentery and some of them proceed to the Pancreas some to the Liver others are derived to the trunck of the Vena Cava but none of them go to the Spleen neither do they after the manner of the Vena porta run together in one stem I by the leave of so great men would say that not any of them by
a particular inquest have searched the Lurkings of these Lacteal Veins within the Thorax But I believe this is rather to be attributed to their misfortune than negligence because none of them knew that the Chyle was not derived to the Liver nor to the Vena porta nor to the Vena cava near the Emulgents as the received errour held forth but which in dissection may be seen to any man more clear than the light From the Guts to a certain RECEPTACLE of that bigness which will full up the interstitium between the Lumbar Muscles at least in Beasts Now this receptacle above the Vertebers of the Loyns receives the Liquor of the Milkie veins spread in the Mesentery and rendreth it again by those Milkie Veins which being hid within the breast in a continued passage run to the Subclavial venal branches till within the ascending stem of the Vena cava about the External Jugulars being mixt with the blood and running in one and the same Chanel it throws its self headlong into the Whirlpool of the Heart there to receive its purple dye preparation for alimentary substance As might be evinced by that noble Testimony the Prince of the Peripateticks hath asserted That the Heart is the Original of the Veins and Forge of the Blood CHAP. II. The Chyle being found on the Confines of the Heart and Vena cava is discovered to be convey'd thither by the Subclavian Branches And the Insertion thereof is plainly perceived at the concourse of the Axillar and Jugular Veins BEware O Reader and think not that thou owest to me the Originations of these Milkie Veins or the Original of this my design No it was the gift of Fortune sporting with me altogether ignorant But to use good words and such as become a Christian It was the great gift of Providence which is God revealing it to me imprudent And lest by any Claim the duty of thankfulness should be intermitted It seems good to me for the praise of him that is Strong and Zealous to set down plainly the whole Historie of my happiness if indeed it be as pleasant for thee to hear as me to rehearse it After I had some years ago by Cutting up of Dead Bodies acquir'd a dumb I may say and cold Knowledge I resolved to squeez forth true knowledge from the Harmonie yea of twenty Living Creatures And because these differ from the former almost onely in Motion which hath its chief seat in the Heart It was my purpose having uncloathed and cut out the Heart to contemplate it more manifestly Therefore having cloven asunder the Thorax of a Great Hound I begun my view of the contained parts without delay I pluckt out the Heart having cut asunder those Vessels wherewith it was tied to the rest of the body The abundance of blood which immediately flow'd did at present stop my prying fight that being spent I did wonder to see flowing in the Pipe of the Vena cava at its connection to the right Ventricle a milkie liquor casting it self out by intermission The remaining drops of the blood had stain'd its colour so that I suspected by the first view of it that it was Pus discharged from some apostumation lurking may be within the breast But when the Heart being altogether pluck'd from its place and placed on the Table had almost with equal vehemency contracted it self into ninety Systoles and in as many Diastoles dilated it self and with a little palpitation had breathed forth its last spirits I was ashamed of my former thought nor could longer think that so great a disease could be neighbour to so grand a vigour Therefore having perfected my design and perused all the remaining contained parts which offered themselves fair and sound as also the whole Thorax I did open the Vena cava from the Diaphragm unto the Throat Immediately there appeared a little stream of that Liquor I doubted of not stained with any mixture of blood From the Subclavian Branches unto the Pericardium within the Vein there setled down a very white Liquor most like the Chyle spread abroad in the Mesentery so that they being compared together both their colour smell tast and consistence shew there was no difference betwixt them The motion of the embowelled Beast ceasing that also did stop its flowing neither did the rest suffer me to know whence or from what place that Milkie stream had its rise Nevertheless inflamed with the desire of the concealed Mysterie I prest the Thymus I bound the neck and I disquieted all the limbs of the foreparts if any where perchance the residue of that whitish substance would distil out of its winding vessels But from thence onely came some drops of blood and not the least Milkie substance appeared in the Vena cava Therefore that which onely remained to shew my industry I go about to demonstrate what part of this matter the Milkie Veins of the Mesentery might have by pressing them with the weight of my finger They yield to my persute for out of the Subclaval-branches such abundance of the juice I had observed did flow that I both knew the Milkie Veins to be the source thereof and did esteem it a great madness to hold this to differ from the Chyle Lest any thing nevertheless should be left unattempted seeing from the upper parts of those Branches the matter did rush down I cleft the Veins of the neck and all other the fore-parts and pressing the capacity of the belly immediately where it swelleth below and turning my sight to those opened Chanels near the Claviculars behold to the accomplishment of my wishes the Chyle did flow abundantly in the upper parts of the Subclavicular-branches on both sides I noted also small Valves covering those minute perforations or rather insertions places most manifest to the beholders viz. little holes gaping with as little Valves a little below the Cataracts or meeting together of the Jugular and Axillar Veins But there also I did observe the little Valves of the Jugular Veins altogether to stop the easy ascent of the Chyle which would otherwise fall into the deep pool of the Heart But indeed I could not demonstrate by what way by what passages the Chylus was conveyed thither by reason of the emptied Mesentery of the Beast long ago dead the Milkie Veins altogether vanishing with the outpressed liquor CHAP. III. The double way of the Milkie Veins discovered within the Breast from the discharge of the Chyle into the Subclavian Veins down to the fourth Verteber of the back beyond which insertion there is no Twig of the Milkie-Veins stretched to the upper parts I Had immediately in the place of the dead dog another which unexpectedly was offered to me by accident but his leanness seemed to foretell the emptiness of his Lacteal veins through his long hunger Therfore I went about to cram this hunger-starv'd Dog when at the desire of those whom the newness of the matter had invited to the spectacle I did
Experiments Neither would I have passed by if Death too soon had not envied James Duval a most skilful Doctor of the same faculty in Paris who ingenuously was long ago a Herald of this discovered verity as the love to the same made him a most diligent spectator of my Experiments I will not speak more of these men lest by the unpolished rudeness of my speech I prejudice them I would likewise produce more but the faith of the Witnesses is suspected where a few and so famous do not suffice Neither is the mind of him that judgeth free of unbelief if he will have beyond the Laws appointment the number multiplied of the Witnesses The Exposition of the Figures The First Figure sheweth the Milkie Vessels found within the Breast together with the Receptacle of the Chyle by themselves distinct from the cut-up Beast A. The Ascendent Trunk of the Vena cava opened all along upwards BB. The meeting together of the Jugular and Axillar Veins where the springing out of the Chyle into the Vena cava or the little entrances of the Lacteal Conduits are marked with points CC. The Valves of the Jugulars stopping the ascent of the Chyle running into the Vena cava DD. The distributions of the Milkie Conduits at their springings into the Veins EE The divers meetings of the Lacteal Vessels at the appointment of sporting Nature F. The Bottle or Billow which oft hath appeared within the breast on the left side near the uncut Diaphragm G. The Chanel on the right side swelling greater HH The portion of the Diaphragm which remaineth I. The RECEPTACLE of the Chyle LLL The stems of the Mesenterick Lacteal Veins the greater Tunicles of these near the Receptacle signifieth there are Valves placed there to hinder the reflux of the Chyle MMM Divers Valves within the breast giving passage to the Chyle to the Vena cava but stopping its return to the Receptacle The Second Figure demonstrateth an open Dog with the Vessels expressed in the First Figure as each one in his proper place is situate in the Beast 1. The Ascendent Trunk of the Vena cava 2. The part of the Aorta remaining betwixt the Kidneys sticking to the Receptacle of the Chyle 3 3. The Kidneys 4 4. The cut-up Diaphragm 5 5. The Muscles of the Loyns called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 AN Anatomical Dissertation Concerning the CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD AND MOTION OF THE CHYLE By JOHN PECQUET Printed in the Year 1653. An Anatomical Dissertation concerning the Circulation of the Blood and Motion of the Chyle The sum of the Dissertation The Circular motion of the Blood through the whole body of the Living Creature is demonstrated the cause of that motion is shewn the opinion of Attraction is refuted by Water-works the pressing of the Chyle out of the Guts into the Milkie Veins is set forth and the Straining-office of the Liver is asserted THE prosperous success of the discovered paths in which the Chyle is carried by the former Experiments is an incouragement stirring up the bold endeavour of a confident mind to make inquest wither it rusheth But because the commerce which the Lacteals have with the Ascendent Vena cava shew the Chyle is tributary to the Blood 'T is most fitting that the Superiours motion be considered in the most honourable place before the Vassals course come in view Here then we will first conclude That the Blood rushing into the Arteries by the impulse of the Systoles and returning again by the crooked small passages of the Veins even into the bosome of the Diastoles is circulated in the whole body as is proved by the tests of Experience and so returned into the Vena cava as also by the reflowing motion of the Vena porta Next we will reason concerning the beginning of this motion chiefly against those who attribute the return of the Blood shed out of the Arteries into the Veins and so into the Ventricles of the Heart unto the attracting Diastole and the Mysteries of Pneumatical or Wind-works whereby they advance Attraction are discovered So that by the touchstone of Experience it shall be cleared That the Water followeth the Clack in a Pumppipe not onely by the weight of the air which compresseth the Globe of Earth-water but likewise by the Elatere of the Air that is by its Spontaneous dilatation or extending it self of its own accord As also that the same Air in an Aeolipilas or Wind-gun that is thrust hard together and that in Bellows are heaped up and that in Flesh doth protuberate in Cupping-glasses Afterwards we will demonstrate a threefold incitement of the same motion in the Blood For good Reader the Systole doth not onely stir up the Blood There is also a natural quality in the greater Vessels according to the measure of their capacity Adde to this at least the Elastick or extended burthen of the adjacent weight either of the pressure in Respiration or of the Muscular Contraction Lastly having by the same Arguments held forth the motion of the stream of the Chyle we will demonstrate with all clearness possible the Transcolatory or straining use of the Liver appointing with Aristotle the Gall for the Excrements of the Blood CHAP. I. The motion of the Blood from the Heart by the Arteries to the Extremities of the Body and from the Extremities by the Veins again to the Heart is asserted by Experiments THat I might try whether the Blood flowed by the Arteries I tyed strait with a thread the Artery sometime of the fore-foot sometime of the hind-foot sometime the Carotidals lest any thing should escape me in a living Dog The Artery in a short time beyond the Ligature viz. towards the Extremities of the Body falling and rising on this side I mean betwixt it and the Heart by reason of the obstructed stream doth teach that the Blood is carried from the Heart by the Arteries unto the Extremities of the Body But lest Reader thou shouldst accuse my inference of Lightness the Artery being cloven beyond the Ligature yea to take away thy cavelling being quite cut off did scarcely stain the wound with Blood when being opened on this side the Ligature it burst forth in a spring of Blood Having examined the Arteries I resolved to view the course of the Blood in the Vena cava This being freed from its Teguments I bound it in the same place still reserving its Fellow-Artery free But with a success directly contrary to the other for on this side the band towards the Heart it fell and rose beyond the Ligature towards the Extremities of the Body Then being wounded in that place that was flaccid it emitted no Blood but being opened where it was dilated it threw forth more Blood than the whole capacity of the skin of the thigh and leg should contain Therefore say I as the Blood from the Heart is spread abroad by the Arteries so being returned by the branches of the Veins into the Vena cava 't is
again gathered into the Ventricles of the Heart it self But lest any should doubt that the Blood which springeth out of the Veins hath not flowed into them from their Fellow-Arteries I opened the Crural vein where it most appeared the Blood swiftly sprung from it then I tyed it's Fellow-Artery and which is wonderful the force being abated the Blood of the Vein distilled by drops first and at last quire stopped But the freedome of the loosed Artery renewed its stream and the Blood issuing out of the Vein with former vigour shew what commerce the Arteries have with the Veins Neither Reader let it trouble thee that sometimes though seldome Blood springeth from the Vein on this side the bandage where the Veins are then most fallen Believe me not affirming but as one that hath tryed that the dispersed twigs do disburthen themselves of this Blood so discharged into the Vena cava One day as I have said I was at work and wounded on both sides the Ligature of the tyed Vein behold not onely beyond but on this side the Ligature I wondred to see unceasable springing of the Blood I then did separate the Vena cava from her coverings upwards even to the division of the Iliack Branches and I bound all the Branches of the Veins I met with in my passage straitly the Blood stopp'd Then indeed on this side the Ligature the Blood evanish'd and was exhaust from that place up to the Valve that lurketh in the Groin its Clack stopping altogether the descent of the Blood which pressed it shew clearly that the Blood had no power to descend by the Veins Then concluded I If the Blood be onely spread by the Arteries a member the Artery being tyed may be amputed without bloodshed Sooner then I had said it I tyed the Crural Artery leaving the Veins loose and at the ham a little below the bandage I cut off his leg some drops of Blood indeed did flow from it viz. such as the last Valves of the cut-asunder Veins did not contain and with which the twigs of the Arteries dispersed up and down the skin for the nourishment thereof were filled But when the Cut-veins are emptied of that Blood which is beneath the Valves and the small Branches of the Cutaneous Arteries are stopp'd partly by the congealing occurse of Cold repressing the Heat partly by the contraction of the grieved parts through the wound the flowing of the Blood did altogether cease neither did any more Blood spring from any of the dispersed Vessels spread over the whole amputation till way was made for the Arterial Blood by untying the Crural Artery I tried the same in the Axillar in the Jugular but because 't is more troublesome in a Dog by reason of his short neck in a Goose the Experiment did easily succed And lest you should deny that in a man which is demonstrable in a brute pray you look upon your Arm if leanness perchance suffer the full Veins to appear there if you rub downward with your finger it then swelleth most you will wonder to see the knotting of the Shut-Valves and from them downward to the pressure of the finger the Canal of the Vein empty Look to a Chirurgion ebrathing a Vein he binding straitly a Ligature about the brawn of the Arm stoppeth the flowing of the Blood from the hand to the heart He looseth a little the Blood-band being to hard tyed that the Artery being freed from the straitness of the compressed Muscle of the Arm may refresh the choked Veins with a fresh stream of Blood Neither imagine thou that I have but once made Trial of the Circulation of the Blood in the greater Vessels of the Veins and Arteries Indeed having tried this every where yea in the smallest Branches of both as my sight would serve I found it every where the same This was shewn by Ligatures in the hands and feet This both the breathing and Valves of each Vein yea those in the finger did demonstrate CHAP. II. The Vena porta doth discharge it self by the Liver into the Vena cava of the Blood it receives from the Coeliack Artery and hence the Gallant Harvey's Opinion is confirm'd HAving manifested the Circulation of the Blood from the Heart by the Arteries unto the Extremities of the body and from thence by the Veins hither again I resolved to know how this holds in the Vena prrta Having tyed the Branches of the Coeliack Arteries where the Blood enters the Mesentery they fell and rose after no different manner from the rest viz. swelling from the Trunk to the bandage and becoming flaccid betwixt the Ligature and Intestines I oft-times tyed the Meseraick-port-veins yet nevertheless they filled betwixt the Intestines and Ligatures and did altogether fall betwixt the Ligature and Liver yea being opened on both sides the Ligature the Blood issued out I tried the Veins of the Spleen with the same success also that Vein which is called Vas breve betwixt the Stomack and Ligature in the middle thereof full but betwixt it and the Spleen it seemed to wain notwithstanding being opened on both sides the Blood followed From these I inferr except you please to admit frequent Synanastomosies betwixt the Branches of the Port-vein and their Fellow-Arteries that the Blood is either stopp'd by none or at least very small Valves within the Branches of that Vein The opinion of Riolan presently came into my mind viz. That the Blood of the Vein-port doth not at all pass into the Vena cava And the Authority of so famous a man had altogether stopp'd my further search if my eyes which I appointed strict Judges of the game had not withstood it reproaching my laziness that fail'd in the midst of the course Therefore being more troubled I had my recourse to the Trunk of the Vena porta and I bound with a Ligature the Mesenterick branch three fingers broad from the Liver At the same distance I bound the Splenetick the knot indeed was strait but easy to be loosed Scarce had I left off binding when behold the Pipe betwixt the Ligature and Liver which before rose Turgid was now a bloodless Chanel and became flaccid on the other side the Pipes of both the Branches were filled with an indifferent stream of Blood flowing from the Intestins and Mesentery yea from the Stomack and Spleen also I fill'd again the emptied trunk of the Vena porta by untying one of the Ligatures which being presently again tyed next the Liver it was emptied The Experiment being frequently reiterated it was evident that the Blood flow'd abundantly and swiftly out of the Vena porta into the Windings of the Liver And perceiving that through the Concavity of the Liver the Vena porta did divide it self in many Branchings for the conveyance of Blood after the manner of Arteries Whether say I doth not the Vena porta it self instead of an Artery thrust out into the Liver an abundance of fervid Blood for the cherishing
same moment from the depress'd Angle of the overturned Syphon by which it is poured into it Then it will be clear how incongruous the succession of continual flowing of the Syphon is with the motion of the Blood And indeed the Blood while the Expression of the Systoles thrusteth it in the wide-open Arteries at the same moment by their Extremities penetrateth into the Veins But then onely it breaketh out of the Veins into the Heart when the Systole ceasing leaveth to the Diastole it s own part by intercourse to be acted And even from this 't is clear that the Blood no waies imitateth the liquor in a Syphon But because we do hardly depart from those things that please us I demand that if the Chanels of Blood play the part of a Syphon and for that the Law of Conterposure requireth an equal fulness necessarily on both sides how comes it to pass that in a dead Body Death doth altogether empty the Arteries whilst the Veins remain turgid Yea the Experiments of Circulation will voyce against the Syphon The Jugular Vein representeth the emissary of a standing Syphon from its sublime Angle into the Heart When I had tyed this Vein in the Neck notwithstanding by the Ascendent Arteries Blood was sent upwards yea and above the Ligature it extended above measure the Jugular Vein The straitned Pipe of the Crural Vein taught the same viz. it becoming flaccid from the Ligature towards the Heart cleared that it issued the Blood thitherward But shall I believe that any foolishly will attribute the ascent of this into the Heart unto the heaviness of the rushing heaps of Blood into the Aorta But neither that Artery it self which watereth the Leg when 't is tyed if it be to be attributed to the weight of the Blood as the motion in an inverse Syphon can be evacuate under the Ligature against Experience For the so little remains of Blood there will not be able to thrust upwards the whole weight of Blood which weighteth in the Vena cava But when I said the exhaust Arteries of dead Bodies do not thou believe 't is to be attributed unto the evanishing subtilty of Arterial Blood For this also hath its own density neither less perchance than that grossness which is included not onely in the Vena cava but Porta also Easy experience will supply my admonition The wounds of a Living Beast at the same time emptying the Vena cava together with the Aorta and if thou please the Vena porta it self Let the Blood drawn out of each place settle in its own platter Let none of them be dissolv'd into a vapor and except that which was drawn from the Branches of the Arteries blushed with a more clear purple with a moyst vain trial shouldst thou search after a difference Thou mayst in a dying Creature stop the Arterial Blood if thou tye the Artery in the Leg and I my self many times having tried this I beheld the Artery towards the Heart to be tumid with Blood that did not at all evanish Therefore seeing neither the course of a Syphon agreeth to the Circular motion of the Blood neither the weight thereof seems to serve for that purpose yea many times 't is impediment thereto as 't is clear in Limbs hanging more negligently Laziness making the vigour of the Blood more stupid we are to have our recourse to the vertue of an external incitement the innate one failing CHAP. VII The impulse of the Systole alone is not enough for the Circular motion of the Blood In a Diastole there is no Attraction THE impulsion of a Systole Attraction of a Diastole the rough contraction of the Vessels and endeavour of the adjacent parts upon every occasion seem all extrinsecally to affect the Blood Let us discover by an exact Examination which of these and how much each of them conferreth to the motion of the Blood Of the Impulse of the Systole The Systole thrusteth the Blood that part of it so promoted driveth before it the former part but that which last leaves the Heart whilst the Arteries are emptying in dying Creatures albeit no following part doth drive it nevertheless hastneth into the Veins And while we tye the Crural Artery in a living Beast beyond the Ligature we see it to issue out that Blood which is inclos'd towards the Extremities becoming by little and little flaccid without incitement of Blood following which is stopt by the thread Let us try the same in the Vein which watereth the Leg by staying the continued flowing of the Blood with a Ligature then swelling from the Thread towards the Extreme parts the Blood nevertheless hasting towards the Heart will demonstrate that the course of the Blood by the Arteries towards the Extremities is not to be attributed alone to the impulse of the Systole urgent neither its return thence by the Veins to the Heart Of the Diastole's Attraction We are therefore to observe the office of the Diastole 'T is the duty of it to receive the Blood but whether as some think it draweth it by Attraction or such it and so assisteth the impulse of the Systole is to be enquir'd after Diastole immediately followeth the Systole Therefore when the Systole endeth the Canals of the urging Veins swelling the heap of the Blood prepared for eruption beateth at the gates of the Heart and doth ingurgitate its Ventricles the Diastole onely offering the duties of obedience so that it undoubtedly appeareth how superfluous it is to appoint an Attractive or rather if you will a sucking vertue which in the business of fluid things I ever tolerated with tingling ears And indeed whatsoever our Adversaries argue and whatsoever Engins they apply in assistance of Attraction Experience which is clearly more eloquent doth both throw it down and refute it It pleaseth me to fight with the fame Engins that being vanquish'd by their own Arms at last they may confess those examples they bring of the Air in the Bellows of the water in the Aeolipilaes or Pump or Reed And to conclude of the Flesh in Cupping Glasses succeeds by no allurement of succing but onely by the violence of External Impulsion That I may be more able with a more happy success to unfold this hitherto unfolded Mysterie 't is to be suppos'd that the Globe of Earth and Water is compress'd not onely by the weight of the Air but likewise by the vertue of Elateries innate in it But because indeed that is not easily suppos'd which yet is in doubt suffer thy self I pray thee Reader to be perswaded with me by the same Arguments and clearness of Experiments CHAP. VIII 'T is shewn by Experiments that there is not onely a Weight in the Air but likewise a rarefactive Elatery I would treat of the Air 's ponderosity yea in its proper as they say place except it were an Argument known to all For who doth not see the Air of its own accord to descend into the Chinks and Ditches yea
sometimes thou suckedst after the same manner Children plunder the Winehogsheads by stealth dipping therein their Drinking Reeds yea by the same way fill the Syihons with Liquor viz. by the weight and endeavour of the outward Air stirring up the flowing of the Liquors according to the dilatation of the Throat or Mouth Thus having demolish'd the chief Engins whereby our Adversaries establish their Attraction I am resolv'd to spend no more time in superfluous matters CHAP. X. The true Causes of the Blood 's Motion are discovered HAving demonstrated what a light incitement the weight of innate gravity is to the Motion of the Blood and having observ'd by evident Experiments that the Hearts Systole sufficeth not alone for this effect and having altogether cut off the helps of the Diastolick Attraction it remaineth that we consider the Construction of the Vessels and that we ponder their Compression from the Agitation of the neighbouring parts 'T is certain that the Vessels are straitned by Spontaneous Contraction or by Violent I call that Spontaneous whereby of themselves they leave their swelling fulness I call that Violent which an External Cause produceth I demonstrate the Spontaneous after this manner Of the Spontaneous Contraction of the Vessels I believe no man doubteth that the Blood is urg'd out of the Ventricles of the Heart and floweth into the Arteries by a certain force or compression of the Systolick Motion And if at that time the force of its flowing were not hindred by any stops the Blood was able to return even to the Heart by the endeavour onely of Compression But remember Reader that the Blood thrust into the Arteries by reason of its Continuity so thrust with it the Venose Blood so that notwithstanding nothing flows again from the Veins into the Heart till the action of the Systoles be quite ended and the Diastoles begun And for this that not onely the Arteries but the Veins also in the last moment of the Systoles are turn'd with abundance of two sorts of Blood viz. with the old and with the new comed The Tunicles of the Vessels being then more stretched by reason of the stay of the Blood during the Systoles continuance doth stir up the innate Elatery according to the measure of its natural capacity that immediatly so soon as the Triglochinon Valve had finished his duty by the succeeding Diastole should quickly discover his power that lay at wait and should compell the compress'd Blood to rush into the open and empty bosomes of the relaxed Heart Hence appears what the Spontaneous Contraction of the Vessels is The Violent followeth Of the Violent Contraction of the Vessels This is rais'd up either by the sharpness of the more piercing humour so the sharper Bile doth straiten the Intestine Membranes into wrinkles or pricking and solution of Continuity from whatsoever Cause So when sometimes I opened the Duodenum according to its length making incision that I might observe the Liquor flowing out of the Pancreatical Vessel of Virsungus into this Gut the Gut did so wrinkle it self that it contracted the incision to the middle and closing up the little entrance of Virsungus his Canale did altogether stop the running watrish humour which flowed from thence And the same judgement which belongeth to the Guts is to be given of the other Vessels and Membranes of the Body The Contraction of Vessels after this manner may be brought to pass by the help of Ligatures viz. the pricking of Pain being Companions to the straitnesses of the Ligatures do solicitate all the neighbouring parts to the help of the diseased and whilst they concurr to the spending of their obsequious Blood where the Valve doth permit the Vessels become wrinkled Hence the Blood in the Veins hastneth from the Ligature to the Heart but that in the Arteries hastneth to the Extreme Parts the Valves admitting it whereof some indeed forbid regress by another way towards the stoppages Of the Compression of the Vessels But so far as belongeth to the Compressary Coarctation of the Vessels I say the same is perfected both by the pressure of breath'd Air into the Lungs and by the endeavour of the Muscles adjacent to the Pipes whilst they are stirr'd So a more vehement motion maketh the Pulse beat swiftlier and produceth a more frequent blowing so the quaking tumult of the leaping parts in a dying Creature proceeding from the Cold falling on them doth empty the Arteries the Veins remaining full Therefore I say the Blood is Circulated by a three-fold incitement viz. by the Impulsion of the Systoles by the Contraction of the Vessels whether Violent or Voluntary and by the Endeavour of the Adjacent Parts by the Compression of their Vessels These three are so disposed towards one another that some of them evermore recompenseth the defect of the other though slowly by the perseverance of his duty While the Heart doth beat it doth out of it self thrust the Blood into the Veins and Arteries The Contraction of its own Tunicle doth empty the tyed Artery beyond the Ligature The Contraction of the Vicine Parts gives assistance to this effect The Tumor of the tyed Vein beyond the Ligature that is betwixt it and the Extreme Parts is intended by the Continual motion of Blood which the Arteries being free of a Ligature issue out On this side the Ligature that is towards the Heart the Evacuation is perfected by the Contraction of the Tunicle and pressure of the Vicine Parts And so the Blood is press'd out of the Heart into the Arteries it is tunned partly out of the Arteries into the Veins by the Synanastomosies partly 't is poured out into the Flesh and from thence gather'd into the Veins it returneth again into the Heart in a Circle so necessary for the Life that being never so little hindred either Faintness or Swouning and not seldom also Death followes thereon OF THE MOTION OF THE CHYLE CHAP. XI It is demonstrated that the Chyle is also thrust into the Lacteal Veins and is driven towards the Heart and that it is not sucked THE Motion of the Blood being perfected it may easily also be shewn whither the Chyle is roled All know that the Chyle is express'd from the Aliments that fall into the Intestines from the Stomack which concocteth them and that they go through the Tunicles of the Intestins by the little Pores opened by Nature into the Pipes of the Lacteal Veins But whether the Pervious Intestins imitate a Sive or a Sponge their double Coat which is proper to them doth not denote any one of them but them both Nature hath woven their outmost coat with the threds of most small Fibers artificially like a stâ—aining Sieve unto which by her providence with a wonderful anointing she hath glewed on the inside a wrinkling or spongeous if you will lining of a most soft substance that both the sharpness of the Aliments may pass unhurting them and that that juice which is most subtil may be strain'd out
unto the Heart the Forge of Blood partly being separate from the Chyle do flow into the Reins plac'd on both sides either by the Trunk of the Emulgent Arteries sticking firmly to the Receptacle of the Chyle which perchance for this use is thence from without pervious within and fit like a strainer to transcolate the serosity Or if you had rather they have diverted by the adjacent Ministry of the Atrabilar Cases or by the Ministry of the Peritoneum whose doubling is very subject to carry the Liquors in respect of the neighbourhood of the Parts Truly there appears no fitter way to me for the carrying out of those things which oft-times leave the Stomack not onely without Concoction but oft-times not being so much as hot therein So whiles the Air is most hot immoderate drinking of cold water openeth the Belly The same force is in Asses Milk and Mineral Waters The Tunicles of Grapes of Berries and all the slughes of Fruits Seeds or Pulses though never so long boyling in the heat of the Stomack nevertheless they are even then thrown out Crude How much more shall they rush out of the stomach before they be concocted who are of an apertive and laxative quality And hence it is that Medicins being drunk and avoyded by the siege both tast and smell sometimes with the colour remaining Your Object again That the Chyle rusheth into the Lacteal Veins even when the spirit of the Lungs is spent and the force of breathing altogether extinct So that opening the Breast of a Living Creature and the Pulmons becoming flaccid nevertheless the Lacteal Veins tyed in the Mesentery will swell for a little time Truly 't is a weighty Argument against our opinion For answering of which I wish you to take notice of that that I have oft tryed That the Lacteals tyed in the Mesentery then onely swell when the Living Creature the Breast being unhurt vehemently doth yet move the whole entrals of the lower Belly together with the Muscles of all the body For when the Breast being opened the motion of the Animal is extinguish'd the Lacteals leave off altogether to swell except may be the Spongeous Membranes of the Guts in respect of the Colder Air or pricks of grief drawing themselves together they express a little of the residue of that Chyle they before had gathered into the Lacteals I conclude Therefore Respiration doth thrust the Chyle into the Lacteals the other two viz. Contraction and Compression assisting it This by the endeavour of the Vicine parts stirreth up the Chyle contain'd both in the Guts and likewise in the Lacteals But the other is such an Enemy to the fulness of the Canals that it suffers not after death any footstep to remain either of Lacteals in the Breast or Mesentery neither of the Receptacle on the Backs Vertebers And these are the things I had to publish concerning the Motion of Blood and Chyle and of the incitement thereto It remaineth Reader I should take away the Complaint thou hast in behalf of the Liver from which I took away the office of making the Blood CHAP. XII Of the Transcolatory use of the Liver AFter I have taken from the Liver that usurped Glory of Blood-making which undeservedly it retain'd for so many ages 't is just I should assign to it that duty for which it was made and plac'd in the Forge as they call it of the first Region and that I should disclose the true office thereof Besides that office which it dischargeth as is said before instead of a Pistill beating the parts plac'd under it in the Lower Belly by the motion of Respiration The Liver also doth by that great stream of Blood it receives from the Vena porta administer Heat to the Stomack to help the Concoction of the Meat And moreover doth strain the Blood through his most fit Parenchyma Substance And as the Reins purgeth the Blood of its Serum and the Melt of its Acidity so the Liver doth deliver it of the fellowship of the Bile that is mixt therewith For if no sourse of Chylous matter doth come unto it neither therefore doth the Liver impurplush any Aliment into Blood And onely the Trunk of the Vena porta which likewise doth not from any place receive Chyle as hath been shewn doth fill it with the Blood wherewith it swelleth Neither doth any man wisely if I be any whit wise repute Bile the Excrement of the second Concoction neither should he esteem it separable by any other Instrument And indeed you shall not find any where in any kind of Living Creatures the Blood without the mixture of Bile The yellowish and salt Serum will testifie so much Except perchance in some Creatures to whom meek Mistris Nature hath concocted a sweeter Blood As in others in which she hath infus'd Blood without Acidity whom she hath endued either with no Melt at all or at least with a very little one The continual Heat which cherisheth the Heart and warmeth the mass of Blood dissolves all the subtilest parts of the Serosity into Vapours and again Concocting the rest which by its frequent frying and pressing of the sweet from the salt I call the remaining Progeny it would altogether turn it to Bile Except the providence of Nature for the purging of the bitter Excrement or rather of Salt thickned by too much Concoction had endued the Body with a fit Emunctory And as Fullers use to colour their hands with those Liquors they die with so that Bilous Intral the Liver according to the divers tinctures of Bile either is yellowish red or of a languishing ash-colour sometimes blackish green or brown though the Blood be exactly red Hence in the Child in the Womb in which there is never any Chyle bred about the beginning of its forming the Liver hath its Saffron-colour'd Cystis full of Bile though other waies the Blood be of a purple die Which is an evident Argument that the Bile is not the Excrement of the Second as they call it Concoction but an Excrement of the Blood which Blood is onely transmitted into the Liver of the Child in the Wombe Neither may be the fervid Blood in the Mother and strain'd by the Uterin Liver the Lump in the Matrix should in such purity erre in the Veins of the Embryon except it should leave the greatest part of it in the Liver into the which it first floweth by the Coeunt Pipes of the Umbilick Veins And this as I believe is the Chief Office of the Liver in Living Creatures THE OBJECTIONS Answered WIll you so indeed say you exhaust the whole Blood of its Bile by the diverting Coeliack Branch Before Reader I answer what I think I will interrogate thy knowledge by vicissitude in this place Prethee tell me by what Engin the Blood which at the same time enters the Iliack Arteries that it enters the Emulgent doth issue its serosity into the Reins For that without doubt the wisdome of Nature appointed