Mothers bloud why should her Menses be stopt all or most of the while she is with Child To which I answer that 't is for the same reason that Nurses that give suck commonly want them also for as in Nurses the chyle passes in a great proportion to the Breasts whereby the bloud being defrauded of its due and wonted share does not encrease to that degree as to need to be lessened by the flowing of the Menses so in Women with Child there is so great a quantity of the Succus nutritius which is only chyle a little refined and impregnated with vital spirit that passes to the Placenta by the Hypogastrick and Spermatick arteries for the nourishment of the Foetus that unless the Mother be very sanguine her Menses intermit after the first or second month I shall conclude therefore that the Foetus is nourished three several ways but only by one humour first by apposition of it whiles it is yet an imperfect Embryo and has not the Umbilical vessels formed but after these are perfected it then receives the same nutritious juice by the Umbilical vein the more spirituous and thin part whereof it transmutes into bloud and sends forth the grosser part by the Umbilical artery into the Amnios which the Foetus sucks in at its Mouth and undergoing a new concoction in its Stomach is received out of the Intestins by the Venae lacteae as is done after the birth CHAP. XXXIV What parts of a Foetus in the Womb differ from those of an adult person HAving delivered the history of the Foetus we will only further shew in what parts a Foetus in the Womb differs from an adult person And this we cannot do more exactly than in the manner that Diemerbroeck has reckon'd them whom therefore we shall here translate with little alteration This diversity he saith consists in the difference of magnitude figure situation number use colour cavity hardness motion excrements and strength of the parts Now this diversity is conspicuous either in the whole Body or in the several Ventricles or in the Limbs There is considerable in the whole Body 1. The littleness of all the parts 2. The reddish colour of the whole 3. The softness of the Bones whereof many are as yet gristly and flexible and that by so much the more by how much the Foetus is further from maturity In the Head there are several differences As 1. The Head in respect to the proportion of the rest of the Body is bigger and the shape of the Face less neat 2. The bones of the Skull are softer and the Crown is not covered with bone but onely with a Membrane 3. The bone of the Forehead is divided as also of the under Jaw and the Os cuneiforme is divided into four 4. The bone of the Occiput or hinder part of the Head is distinguisht into three four or five bones 5. The Brain is softer and more fluid and the Nerves very soft 6. The bones that serve the sense of Hearing are wonderfully hard and big 7. The Teeth lie hid in the little holes of the Jaw-bone There is no less diversity in the Thoraxâ— For 1. The Dugs swell and out of them in Infants new born whether Male or Female a serous Milk issues forth sometimes of its own accord sometimes with a light pressure yet there are no Glandules very conspicuous but there is some fashion of a Nipple 2. The Vertâ—brae of the Back want their spinous processes and are each one made of three distinct Bones whose mutual concourse form that hole whereby the spinal marrow descends 3. The Heart is remarkably big and its Auriculae large 4. There are two unions of the greater Vessels that are not conspicuous in adult persons viz. 1. The Foramen ovale by which there is a passage open out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaris just as each of them are opening the first into the right Ventricle and the latter into the left Ventricle of the Heart And this Foramen just as it opens into the Vena pulmonaris has a Valve that hinders any thing from returning out of the said Vein into the Foramen 2. The Canalis arteriosus which two fingers breadth from the basis of the Heart joins the Arteria pulmonaris to the Aorta It has a pretty large Cavity and ascends a little obliquely from the said Artery to the Aorta into which it conveys the bloud that was driven into the pulmonary Artery out of the right Ventricle of the Heart so that it never comes in the left Ventricle even as that bloud that is sent out of the left Ventricle into the Aorta never came in the right except a little that is returned from the nutrition of the Lungs but passed immediately into it out of the Vena cava by the Foramen ovale So that the bloud passes not through both the Ventricles as it does after the Foetus is born for then it must have had its course through the Lungs which it cannot have because they are now very dense and lie idle and unmoved Yea they are so dense and heavy that if one throw them into water they will sink whereas if the Foetus be but born and take only half a dozen breaths they become so spongy and light that they will swim Which by the way may be of good use to discover whether those Infants that are killed by Whores and which they commonly affirm were still-born were really so or no. For if they were still-born the Lungs will sink but if alive so as to breath never so little a while they will swim 5. The Gland Thymus is notably large and consists as it were of three Glands In the lower Belly there are these differences 1. The Umbilical vessels go out of the Abdomen 2. The Stomach is narrower yet not empty but pretty full of a whitish liquor 3. The Caul is hardly discernible being almost like a Spiders web 4. The Guts are seven times longer or more than the Body 5. In the small Guts the excrements are pituitous and yellow but in the thick somewhat hard and blackish sometimes greenish the Caecum is larger than usual and often filled with Faeâ—es 6. The Liver is very large filling not only the right Hypochondre but extends it self into the left side and covers all the upper part of the Stomach It has a passage now more than in the adult called Canalis venosus which arising out of the Sinus of the Porâ—a carries the greatest part of what is brought by the Umbilical vein directly and in a full stream into the Cava above the Liver but assoon as the Infant is born and nothing comes any longer by the said Vein this Canalis presently closes as the Vein it self turns to a Ligament as also do the Vrachus and the two Umbilical arteries 7. The Spleen is small 8. The Gall-bladder is full of yellow or green choler 9. The Sweet-bread is very large and white 10.
substance of the parts and that in a greater quantity than suffices for their nourishment as was just now shewn what is superfluous must needs enter the mouths of the Capillary veins from which it goes forward to the larger and so to the Heart But seeing this way of transfusing the Blood through the substance of the parts answers not to that hasty circulation of the Bloud we above demonstrated it is necessary also to admit of the former way namely anastomoses in which the Veins are continued to the Arteries and that not only in their larger branches as that notable one of the Splenick artery with the Splenick vein but also in their smaller twigs in the extreme parts And secondly as to the space of time in which the whole mass of Bloud may ordinarily circulate through the Heart it is probably much shorter than many have imagined For supposing that the Heart makes two thousand pulses an hour which is the least number any speak of and some have told twice as many and that at every pulse there is expelled an ounce of Bloud which we may well suppose seeing the Ventricles are wide enough to contain two ounces and that it is probable both that they are filled near full in the Diastole and that they are near if not quite emptied by the strong constriction of the Heart in the Systole seeing the whole mass usually exceeds not four and twenty pound it will be circulated six or seven times over through the Heart in the space of an hour And by so much the oftener by how much the Bloud comes short of the supposed quantity or the pulse either naturally or by a Fever or violent motion is rendred more frequent By which quick motion the Bloud it self is kept from coagulation and putrefaction and the parts are cherished with vital heat which heat of the parts is much according to the slowness or rapidness of the circulation so when we sit still and the pulse is slow or rare we grow cold but when upon running or any violent exercise the pulse becomes more frequent and quick we become hot CHAP. VII How Bloud is made of Chyle of its Colour and whether the Body be nourished by it ACcording to Dr. Harvey's observations there appears in an Embryo a punctum saliens or red beating speck which is Bloud before any the least lineament of the Heart So that whatever instrument of sanguification the Heart may appear to be afterwards it contributes nothing to the elaborating of the first Bloud but it seems rather to be made for the Bloud 's sake to transmit it to all the parts of the Embryo or Foetus than the Bloud to be made by it But it must be confest that things proceed in the grown Foetus far otherwise than they do in the first formation For the parts of an Embryo are nourished and encreased before it have a stomach to concoct any thing and yet in a perfect Foetus none can deny that the Stomach does concoct and prepare nourishment for it so it moves before the Brain is formed so perfectly as to be able to elaborate Animal spirits and yet after it is perfected every one knows that the Brain does elaborate such spirits as being sent into all the parts of the Body by the Nerves enable them to move In like manner though there be Bloud in the Embryo before the Heart be formed yet after it is perfected nothing will hinder but it may at least contribute something to sanguification We will suppose then that as all the other parts are formed by the Vis plastica or generative faculty of the first vegetative and then animal Soul seated in the Ovum but assoon as they are perfected and the Foetus excluded are nourished by the Bloud so the Bloud it self being at first made in like manner assoon as the Veins Heart and Arteries are compleated so as it can circulate by them may not improperly be said to be nourished by the Chyle the Heart assisting the assimilation of the one into the other And this is done in this manner The Chyle ascending by the Ductus thoracicus as was described Book 1. Chap. 10. and flowing into the Subclavian vein together with the returning venal Bloud is poured into the right ventricle of the Heart in its Diastole or Relaxation then by its Systole or Contraction it is driven out from thence into the Lungs from whence it ascends again into the left ventricle of the Heart out of which it is expelled through the Aorta and passing along with the Bloud through the Arteries of the whole Body returns again with it by the Veins to the Heart For it undergoes many circulations before it can be assimilated to the Bloud Which is evident both because it is the Chyle but little alter'd that is separated in the Placenta uteri for the nourishment of the Foetus and in the Breasts for the Infant to suck in the form of Milk and also from hence that if one be let bloud four or five hours or later after a full meal there will a great quantity of the milky Chyle it self swim a top the coagulated Bloud But every time the new infused Chyle passes through the Heart with the Bloud the particles of the one are more intimately mixed with those of the other in its Ventricles and the vital spirit and other active principles of the bloud work upon the Chyle which being full of salt sulphur and spirit assoon as its Compages is loosened by its fermentation with the Bloud in the ventricles of the Heart especially but also in the Arteries these principles having obtained the liberty of motion do readily associate themselves and are assimilated with such parts of the Bloud as are of a like and suitable nature Now whether this alteration that happens to the Chyle especially in the Heart should be said to be by fermentation or accension or by what other action is a thing not yet nor likely to be agreed upon it is so full of difficulty But it seems to be by fermentation from the considerable heat observable in the Arterial bloud and if there be any thing of accension that seems to proceed not from any part inherent either in the Bloud or Chyle nor to be effected so much in the Heart and Arteries as in the Lungs whiles the Bloud passes through their Parenchyma out of the Vena arteriosa into the Arteria venosa and is inspirited or impregnated with nitrous air drawn into them by inspiration Which will be more evident by what follows Why the Bloud should be of a red colour rather than any other no reason can be given but the will of the Creatour though some attribute it to the Heart others to the mixture of salt and subacid juices with sulphureous even as the Oyl of Vitriol being poured upon Conserve of Roses or other thing that is of a palish red if it contain any thing of sulphur makes it of a most deep
red We will not spend time to shew in how many respects this similitude falls short of explaining the reason of the Phaenomenon but shall content our selves with inquiring from whence the difference of colour arises between the Venal and Arterial bloud Every one knows that Bloud let out of a Vein into a Porringer is indeed of a florid scarlet colour in its surface but all that coagulates is of a dark red colour from the superficies to the bottom and of such a colour it appears as it streams out of the Orifice of the Vein But if an Artery be cut the stream then looks of a far brighter colour like the superficies of the Venal bloud when it is congealed in a Porringer Now the Arterial bloud receives not this florid colour in the Heart but in the Lungs For if it receiv'd it in the Heart then might the right Ventricle be supposed to give it as well as the left but that it does not do so is clear by this experiment of Dr. Lower's If you open the Vena arteriosa which receives the Bloud out of the right Ventricle the Bloud differs nothing in colour from the Venal but its curdled part looks every whit as black But if one open the Arteria venosa as it is entring into the left Ventricle it has the perfect colour of Arterial bloud which shews that as it ows not that colour to the left Ventricle any more than to the right being not yet arriv'd at it so it must receive that alteration of colour in the Lungs in which the nitrous air being diffused through all the particles of the Bloud is intimately mixed with it and if you will accends it For if there be any such thing as a Flamma vitalis properly so called in Animals though the Bloud be to it instead of the Oyl or other matter whereon it feeds yet it oweth the continuance of its burning to the Air without the continued inspiration of which the Animal cannot live but instantly dies even as a Candle is presently extinguished if you put it in a close place where the air cannot come to it or by some Engine be suckt from it But this by the bye For I must confess that notwithstanding the plausibleness of the opinion this alteration of the colour of the Bloud by the Air in the Lungs is no sufficient argument to prove any such vital flame seeing the Arterial bloud being extravasated retains its florid colour when no doubt if there ever was any accension the flame is extinguished But this scarlet colour is meerly from the mixture of the particles of the Air with the Bloud from which it transpires in a great measure through the pores of the Skin while the Bloud circulates in the habit of the Body out of the Arteries into the Veins whence the Venous bloud becomes so much darker in colour than the Arterial And yet the Venous bloud it self when extravasated appears of a scarlet dye in its surface which is meerly from its being exposed to the Air for if one turn the congealed Bloud in a Porringer upside down the bottom which at the turning is blackish will in a little while turn red Though we have confessed that the Chyle does circulate through the Body several times before it be perfectly assimilated to the Bloud yet we do not think that it passes into the nourishment of the parts in the form of Chyle And therefore when speaking of the nutrition of the Foetus in the Womb Book 1. Chap. 33. we often mentioned a nutritious juice which was Chyle a little alter'd we did not call it so with respect to the solid parts of the Foetus but to the Bloud it self whose Pabulum or nourishment it is assoon as the Umbilical vein is formed as the Bloud is of the Body For as to the increase of the first delineated parts of an imperfect Embryo that is far different from ordinary nutrition The Bloud then consisting of particles of a different nature each particle passes into the nourishment of that part which is of the same nature So the salt and sulphureous particles being equally mixt are agglutinated and assimilated to the fleshy or musculous parts the oily and sulphureous to the Fat the salt and tartareous to the Bones c. Now this is not done by any election or attraction of the parts as if they pick'd and choos'd with a kind of discretion such particles of the Bloud as are suitable to their own nature For the mass of Bloud is equally and indifferently carried to all the parts But there is that diversity of figure both in the several particles of the Bloud and in the pores of each part that in the circulation through the habit of the Body some stick in these and others in those where they are fasten'd aud united to the substance of the respective parts and those which through their peculiar figure are unapt to adhere to one or other return again to the Veins and so to the Heart where they receive some new alteration So that as the Life of the Flesh is in the Bloud according to Levit. 17. 11. so has it its vital heat and nourishment from it also CHAP. VIII Of the parts of the Heart viz. the Auriculae the Ventricles and the Septum that divideth them HAving treated of the Heart in general and of its Action c. we now come to discourse in specie of the parts which it is compounded of viz. it s two Auriculae two Ventricles and the Septum The Auriculae or Ears of the Heart are so called from some similitude of shape they have with those of the Head for they rise from a long basis upon the basis of the Heart and end in an obtuse point making an obtuse triangle They are as it were two appendages of the Heart seated at its basis over the Ventricles They are of the same fabrick and use being both Muscles and made up of the same order of Fibres which are carried into opposite Tendons whereof that at the basis of the Heart is common to it and these Auriculae and the other runs along their upper part The right is larger and softer the left is less but more firm Their superficies is smooth when they are filled but when empty it is wrinkled and the left more than the right When they are cut open there appear in their Cavity many fleshy columns running from the upper to the lower Tendon and betwixt them there are pretty deep Ditches or long Cavities but fewer in the right than the left They are dilated and contracted in like manner as the Heart but at different times for the Systole of the Ventricles is at the same time with the Diastole of the Auriculae and on the contrary the Systole of the Auriculae with the Diastole of the Ventricles So that the Auriculae are a receiving their Bloud from the Veins while the Ventricles are expelling theirs into the Arteries and when
inosculate with those of the Artery in all its ramifications The third vessel is called Vena pulmonaria or Arteria venosa this has but a single Coat as the other Veins have After it has accompanied the Wind-pipe and Arteria pulmonaris in all their branchings in the Lungs and by its small twigs has received the Bloud by anastomoses out of the Artery it unites first into two trunks viz. the right and left afterwards into one and opens into the left ventricle of the Heart At its orifice there are placed two membranous Valves called Mitrales because when they are joined together they do in some manner resemble a Bishop's Mitre They are of a stronger contexture than those called Tricuspides at the orifice of the Cava in the right Ventricle and so are the Fibres that ascend to them from the Papillae or fleshy columns stronger For seeing the Bloud is expelled more impetuously out of the left Ventricle than out of the right for the Bloud sent out of the one is to circulate only through the Lungs but that out of the other through the whole Body it was convenient that the Valves and Fibres should be stronger to sustain the violent motion of the Bloud and hindring it from returning into this Vein again to direct its course into the Aorta whose orifice opens in the Systole of the Ventricle Just as this Vena pulmonaria is entring into the left Ventricle there is in a Foetus in the Womb a Pipe called Foramen ovale that opens into it coming from the Cava as was noted above To which we shall here add that at its orifice into this Vein there is a Valve placed that hinders any Bloud from returning into the Foramen out of the Vein And here there is one thing worth noting concerning the pulmonary Artery and Vein That whereas in all the other Arteries and Veins through the whole Body besides the Bloud contained in the Arteries is of a bright scarlet colour and that in the Veins of a black purple on the contrary the Arteria pulmonaris containeth black purple Bloud and the Vein scarlet-coloured The reason whereof was shewn before Chap. 7. viz. That the scarlet colour of the Bloud is wholly owing to the mixture of Air with it in the Lungs And therefore that Bloud which the pulmonary Artery brings into the Lungs out of the right ventricle of the Heart being the Venal bloud that was brought thither from the circulation by the Cava changes not its colour till it passes out of the small twigs of the said Artery into those of the pulmonary Vein where the airy particles insinuate themselves into it and so alter its colour The pulmonary Vein hath no Valve in it except that at its opening into the left Ventricle Of which Dr. Willis giveth this reason That the Bloud within the Praecordia may always because of the Impetus of the passions freely fluctuate and regurgitate both ways backwards and forwards And lest the left ventricle of the Heart should at any time be suffocated by the Bloud rushing too impetuously into it the fleshy Fibres in the root of the Vein for both this and the Cava have such there by the instinct of Nature contracting themselves invert its course and make it flow backward towards the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the great Artery or Aorta THE fourth vessel is the great Artery called Aorta arcula a little Chest and by way of eminency Arteria magna because it is the greatest Artery of the whole Body from which all the others except the pulmonary are derived It springeth out of the left ventricle of the Heart and at its rise hath three Valves looking outwards called Semilunares being altogether like those at the orifice of the Arteria pulmonaris in the right Ventricle These hinder the Bloud from returning out of the great Artery into the Heart again The orifice of the Aorta or else the Tendon of the Heart that adheres to it in some Creatures especially in Harts does often grow bony and sometimes in Men according to the observations of Bartholin and Riolanus Assoon as the Aorta is gone out of the Heart it ascends not in a direct course towards the Head for if it had seeing it openeth streight upward out of the Ventricle it would have poured the Bloud in too rapid a stream into the Brain and the lower parts of the Body would have been defrauded of their due share but it first bends arch-wise so that its bowed corner sustains the first Impetus of the expelled Bloud and directs the greatest torrent towards its descending trunk and a lesser quantity passes up by the ascending being to convey the Arterial bloud to fewer and smaller parts In a Foetus in the Womb there comes a Pipe out of the Arteria pulmonalis into the Aorta called Canalis arteriosus which brings out of it the greatest part of the Bloud that was expelled out of the right Ventricle little more passing into the Lungs than may serve for their nourishment of which we gave the reason before Chap. 9. After the Foetus is born this Canalis degenerates into an impervious Ligament Before the Aorta come out of the Pericardium it sendeth forth sometimes one but oftener two small twigs from each side one which compass the basis of the Heart like a Garland and send down according to the length of the Heart other twigs These are called Coronariae When these two twigs have encompassed the basis and meet they inosculate with one another but not with the Veins At their rise out of the Aorta there is a Valve placed that permits the Bloud to flow out of the great Artery into them but hinders its reflux When it hath pierced the Pericardium and bended a little arch-wise backwards it is divided into two Trunks whereof the one is called Truncus ascendens the ascending Trunk the other descendens the descending Of these two the descending is largest because it ministreth to more parts The ascending Trunk running up under the Vena cava lies upon the Wind-pipe and is presently divided into two branches whereof one passeth to the right the other towards the left Arm They are called Rami subclavii because they march under the Channel-bones and assoon as they are gone out of the Breast are called Axillares The right is the larger and arising higher goes a more direct way towards the Arm the left is less and arising lower ascends more obliquely towards the left Arm. They send out several branches both from their lower and upper side From the lower proceeds the superiour Intercostal which runs along the interstices or intervals of the four uppermost Ribs and sends slips to the neighbouring Muscles and spinal marrow These sometimes arise from the cervical Arteries coming out through the holes of the Vertebrae From the upper side of each subclavian springs first Mammaria which descends towards the Breasts through the Muscles that fill
is sufficiently preserved without it secondly because it would have hindred the motion of the Breast Only here it is somewhat yellowish The Membrana carnosa hath nothing peculiar saving that in the fore-part of the Neck it is more fleshy and assumes the nature of a Muscle where the Musculus quadratus is framed which pulleth aside the Cheeks and Lips according to Spigelius CHAP. II. Of the proper containing parts and first of the Dugs THE proper containing parts are either external or internal The external are in number three the Dugs the Muscles the Bones The internal proper containing parts are three in like manner the Pleura the Mediastinum and the Diaphragm Dugs are granted to both the Sexes and are seated in the middle of the Thorax on each side one upon the pectoral Muscle that draweth the Shoulder forwards In Men they are framed of the Cutis the Membrana carnosa Fat and the Nipple and serve only for beauty and are called Mammillae In Women besides these parts they have remarkable Vessels Glandules and Pipes to contain the Milk separated by the Glandules and are called Mammae They differ much as to their bigness in several Women and in the â—ame Woman in regard of age and other circumstances for before they have their Menses and when they are very old they bunch out but very little And in the middle or flower of their age when they give suck or are with Child they are bigger than at other times They are made up of many glandulous bodies of a different bigness and are not of one continued glandulous substance as Dr. Wharton affirmeth lib. de Gland p. 236. there is one in the middle just under the Nipple that is bigger than the rest The spaces between the Glands are filled up with fat and there are abundance of Vessels that go from one to another They are all inclosed by the Membrana carnosa and make up as it were an half globe They are whiter of substance in Women than in Brutes Through these Glands the Milk is separated from the Bloud being nothing but the Chyle issuing out of the left Ventricle of the Heart with the Bloud to which it is not as yet assimilated and driven hither along the Thoracick arteries Unless we will admit Venae lacteae to come hither which opinion we shall examine afterwards Upon the middle great Gland standeth the Papilla or Nipple which is round and of a spongy substance covered with a very thin Skin and has many little holes in it for the Milk to distil out by when the Child sucketh it It is of an exquisite sense and resembles something the Glans of a Man's Penis in that by handling or sucking it becomes erect or stiff being otherwise commonly â—laggy It is red in Virgins livid in those that give suck and blackish in old Women All the Tubuli lactiferi or Milk-conduits end in it It differs in bigness being as big in some as a Mulberry in others as a Raspberry in others less when Women give suck it is longer than at other times It s use is to be like a Pipe or Tunnel which the Child taking in its Mouth may suck the Milk through out of the Breast And it is of so exquisite sense that the Milk passing through it may cause a kind of titillation whereby Mothers and Nurses may take the greater delight and pleasure to suckle their Infants There is a little circle that surrounds it called Areola which in Virgins is pale and knotty in those that are with Child or give suck brown and in old Women black The Breasts have all sorts of Vessels Veins Arteries Nerves Lympheducts which are common to them with other parts and Tubuli lactiferi proper to themselves and according to some Venae lacteae Of all these in order The Veins are of two sorts for some are external some internal The external spring from the Axillar branch and run only under the Skin which covereth the Dugs and are called Thoracicae superiores or the uppermost Breast-veins And these are they that look so blue in the Breasts of fine-skin'd Women The internal called Mammariae spring from the Rami subclavii They are in number two on each side one These enter in among the Glands of the Mammae where they send forth a great many branches but descending thence by the Mucronata cartilago they pass out of the Breast and go downward under the Musculi recti When they are come to the umbilical region almost they are said to be joyned by sundry inosculations with the Venae epigastricae which meet them there though most late Anatomists deny any such inosculation These Venae epigastricae spring from the external Ramus iliacus and by a streight way pass upward under the aforesaid Muscles And from the internal branch of the said Ramus spring the Venae hypogastricae which are inserted into the neck and bottom of the Matrix Of which in Book I. when we treated of the Womb. They have the same number of Arteries as Veins and of the same denomination viz. Arteriae thoracicae superiores which are sent forth from the Axillar and Arteriae mammariae in like manner which spring from the Subclavian and from the Breasts descend to about the Navel Whither when they are come they are said but erroneously to be united by inosculation with the Arteriae Epigastricae ascending The use of both Veins and Arteries shall be shewn by and by when we come to the use of the Breasts They have Nerves according to Spigelius from the fourth Intercostal nerve springing out of the vertebral marrow of the Thorax which about the middle of the Rib perforating the Intercostal Muscle is divided into four branches which are sent afterward to the pectoral Muscle and so into the Breasts the thickest passing to the Nipple They have very many Lympheducts Doctor Wharton saith they are very conspicuous and numerous in the Vbera of Cows but one can hardly trace them into the Parenchyma Wherefore saith he 't is likely that they carry back all the exhalations resolved into sweat by help of the Membranes which they rather minister to than to the Parâ—nchyma Besides these four sorts of Vessels that are common to them with most other parts of the Body they have proper to themselves certain â—actiferons or milk-carrying Pipes which are the Store-houses wherein the Milk is reserved and through which as by Conduits it flows to the Nipple when the Child sucks Bartholin has observed ten or more of them full of Milk in Women giving suck with their outer ends encompassing the Papilla circular-wise each of which as they pass further into the Breasts are divided into sundry branches which end in the Mammary glands above spoken of from whence they bring the Milk and pour it into the common duct of the Papilla The several branches of these Tubuli amongst
Greeks call it Diaphragma Now this part being truly a Muscle assisting respiration we might on that account have deferred to treat of it till we come to describe the Muscles of the Thorax but because it is wholly an internal part and serves to make up the cavity of the Breast we rather chuse to discourse of it here and omit it in the treatise of Muscles It is almost round excepting its two appendages whereby it is fastened to the Muscles or vertebrae of the Loins and is seated transversly or across the Body only sloping a little backwards It is as broad as the width of the Thorax for its edges are fastened to the lower part of the Sternum to the ends of the lowest Ribs and to the lowest vertebra of the Thorax It s circumference is carnous but in its middle or centre as it were it is nervous and membranous for thither do all the carnous Fibres run from the edges Wounds in the nervous part of it are mortal because the party presently falls into Convulsions and respiration faileth but if it be wounded in its fleshy part the patient oft escapes It is clad with two Membranes the upper from the Pleura to which the Mediastinum and Pericardium are joined and sometimes the lowest tips of the lobes of the Lungs the under from the Peritonaeum It is perforated on the right hand near the nervous centre by the trunk of Vena cava ascending from the Liver and on the left hand near the said centre by the Gullet and two Stomachick nerves springing from the par vagum Behind at the Vertebrae there descend betwixt its two appendages or productions the Aorta a branch of the Vena azygos and the Intercostal nerve distinguisht from the par vagum by Dr. Willis for the use of the parts of the Abdomen It has two Arteries called Phrenicae from the Aorta descending and as many Veins from the trunk of Vena cava ascending through it Nerves it hath first from the second pair of the vertebrae of the Neck which according to Dr. Willis communicate with the Intercostal pair By this communication of the Intercostal nerve with that from whence this Nerve of the Diaphragm springeth yea with this Nerve it self for the said Author says that two or three Nerves are sent from the cervical Plexus of the Intercostal into the trunk it self of the Nerve of the Diaphragm he very ingeniously gives a reason of the great consent of the Midriff with the Heart Brain and Face when a Man laughs For says he as often as the imagination is affected with some pleasant or wonderfull conceit the Heart would presently fain triumph ovare and be lighten'd by throwing off its burthen as it were wherefore that the Bloud may the quicklier be emptied out of its right Ventricle into the Lungs and consequently out of the left into the Aorta the Diaphragm being instigated by the Nerves that goe to it from the abovesaid Plexus is drawn upwards with a more rapid Systole and often repeating its jumps as it were it bears up the Lungs and causes them the quicker and frequenter to discharge the Air and Bloud and then inasmuch as the same Intercostal nerve that communicates below with the Nerve of the Diaphragm is also continued above with the Maxillar nerves when a cackling is begun in the Breast the gestures of the Mouth and Face pathetically answer thereto And when the Diaphragm is wounded in its nervous part then the Muscles of the Face suffer Convulsions and the laughter called Risus Sardonius which is involuntary is caused Besides the abovesaid Nerves it has secondly small twigs from the Stomachick nerves and Intercostal as they descend through it It s use is first to divide the Thorax from the Abdomen that noisom and impure vapours may not ascend from the more ignoble parts as the Guts to offend the more noble as the Heart c. Secondly to help the Muscles of the Abdomen in compressing and excluding the excrements and in Women the Foetus But thirdly its chief use is to assist respiration in which it is the principal Muscle In inspiration it is stretched out plain in expiration it grows slaggy It s motion seems to be a kind of mixt motion but rather animal than natural for though we move it in our sleep and so it may seem natural yet seeing when awake we can stop slacken or hasten its motion as we please it seems to be voluntary or animal And thus much of the parts containing now to the parts contained CHAP. IV. Of the Pericardium and the Humour contained in it THE parts contained are either Viscera or Vasa Bowels or Vessels The Bowels are the Heart and Lungs But the Heart being inclosed in a membranous cover called Pericardium we will first treat of it in this Chapter It is called Pericardium because it is placed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 about the Heart It is called also Capsula cordis the Heart-case and Involucrum the Cover c. It is membranous and encompasseth the whole Heart whose shape it therefore resembles but is larger both to grant a free motion to the Heart and to contain its proper liquor It springs at the Basis of the Heart from the outer common Coats that are borrowed of the Pleura of those Vessels that enter into the Heart Whence it has five holes according to the number of Vessels that go in or out of the Heart As first one made by the ascending trunk of the Cava another by the Vena subclavia both which enter the right Ventricle of the Heart from whence there goes out Vena arteriosa into the Lungs which makes a third hole A fourth is made by the Arteria venosa entring the left Ventricle of the Heart and a fifth by the Arteria magna going out of the same It s outside adheres to the Mediastinum by many Fibres and is continued to it at the basis of the Heart where the Vessels perforate it It s lower end is knit firmly to the centre or nervous part of the Diaphragm which Bartholin says is peculiar to men for in all other Creatures it hangs loose It has Veins below from the Phrenicae above from the Axillares Its Arteries are so small that they can hardly be discover'd It receives Nerves from the pair commonly called the sixth Bartholin affirms it to have Lymphaticks also which is very probable that they may absorb part of the liquor contained in it lest it abound too much seeing it receives continual supply for I am not of opinion that this liquor is spued out of the Lympheducts as Steno thinks but that they rather imbibe it and convey it to the Ductus thoracicus It contains in it a serous liquor that in healthfull Bodies is a little reddish much like water wherein flesh has been washt It is bred of vapours exhaling out of the Heart which are stopt by this
by and both of them discharge the Bloud contained in them by one mouth into the said Ventricle As they are going to join there comes a Tubercle or Protuberance betwixt them that hinders the one from opening into the other in a direct line but makes them both go obliquely towards the left hand as they enter the Auricula without which provision that Bloud that is a descending from the Claviculae would have faln so full on that which is ascending by this trunk of the Cava we have been a describing as must have made it either to stagnate if not regurgitate or however would have retarded its motion Now immediately below this protuberance out of the united trunk there goeth a passage along the basis of the Heart to the Vena pulmonaria in Foetus's in the Womb which assoon as they are born closes up and becomes obliterate The reason of this passage of the Bloud in them is because their Lungs having either none or but a very obscure and imperfect motion the Bloud does but little of it pass through them but a good part of it through this Foramen out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaria just as it is entring into the left Ventricle into which this Bloud is discharged together with that little that is returning by the said Vena pulmonaria from the nutrition of the Lungs For though there be expelled out of the right Ventricle a pretty quantity of Bloud at every pulse into the Arteria pulmonalis yet there is but a little of it that goes to the Lungs though all do in adult persons that it may be there impregnated with Air but the greatest part by a Pipe called Canalis arteriosus runs into the Aorta which Pipe does degenerate into a Ligament after the Foetus is born So that the Foetus in the Womb liveth after the manner of Fish or other Creatures that have no Lungs and but one ventricle of the Heart for there is but very little of its Bloud that passeth any more than one of its Ventricles in one circulation that which circulateth through one missing the other But to return The united trunk of the Cava opens by one large Orifice into the right ventricle of the Heart into which is poured all the Bloud that returns from all the parts of the Body except the Lungs in its circulation And lest in the Systole or constriction of the Heart the Bloud should be expelled the same way that it comes in by at the Orifice of the Cava there grows a membranous circle which is cleft into three membranous Valves looking inwards called Tricuspides or three-pointed which permit the Bloud to come in but not to go out And this office these Valves perform in this manner as is most ingeniously described by Dr. Lower Out of the sides of the right Ventricle there grow certain Papillae or round and long Caruncles called before fleshy Columns from whose top there proceed certain tendinous Fibres that are knit to these membranous Valves Now these Membranes encompass the orifice of the Cava round about so that whereas the Mucro or tip of the Heart is in every Systole drawn up towards the basis the Papillae being also moved upwards do slacken their Fibres like Bridle-reins whereby it comes to pass that the Membranes or Valves also to which they are tied hanging loose are driven upwards like sails filled with wind by the Bloud that is squeezed in every Systole of the Heart and thereby they shut this inlet into the Heart so closely that not a drop of liquor can flow back again into the Auricula or Cava but is expelled all into the Arteria pulmonalis that is now open But as in every Systole of the Heart its tip being brought nearer its basis the Papillae do much relax their Fibres so in the Diastole the tip receding from the basis again does also draw down the Papillae and their Fibres with it whence it comes to pass that the Membranes or Valves being also drawn down do presently unshut this Orifice and open the door as it were for more Bloud to come in what came in before being expelled in the last Systole The united trunks of the Cava discharging themselves thus into the right Ventricle that which ascends towards the Claviculae for so we must consider it for orders sake though in truth it descends from thence assoon as it is gone out of the Pericardium sendeth forth a notable branch called Vena sine pari or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is but one having no fellow It ariseth out of the hinder part of the Cava but more towards the right hand and descends through the right side of the cavity of the Thorax After its beginning which is betwixt the fourth and fifth vertebra of the Breast it bends a little forward toward the right hand till it be descended as far as the eighth or ninth vertebra where it begins just to keep the middle It sends forth on each side Intercostal branches to the Interstices of the eight lowest Ribs and at the eighth Rib it is divided into two branches One whereof being the larger descends toward the left hand betwixt the processes of the Diaphragm and is inserted sometimes into the Cava above or below the Emulgent but oftner into the Emulgent it self The other being the right is joined also to the Cava commonly a little above the Emulgent but seldom into the Emulgent it self It was formerly held before the circulation of the Bloud was found out that in an Empyema of the Thorax the matter was absorbed by the mouths of this Vein and carried directly to the Emulgent veins where it was separated with the Serum by the Kidneys But seeing the Bloud does indeed ascend from the Emulgents by this Vein and that at its insertion into them there is commonly a Valve that hinders any thing from issuing out of the Vena sine pari into the Emulgent but permits the contrary it is certain that if this Vein be at any time an instrument to evacuate such Pus it must first ascend to the Cava and pass through the Heart and so be carried to the Kidneys by the Aorta and the Emulgent arteries arising out of it But though it is difficult to conceive how the mouths of this Vein should open so wide into the cavity of the Thorax as to imbibe slimy roapy Pus and yet not let forth the Bloud that is more fluid so that one would hardly assign this office to it yet when the Pus is collected betwixt the Pleura and Intercostal muscles and the Tumour does not burst I see not why it may not be supposed that the Intercostal branches of the Vena sine pari do imbibe the matter out of the Tumour and carry it that way which was just now spoken of And if ever Pus be imbibed out of the cavity of the Thorax because it floats upon the Diaphragm the Venae phrenicae
are liker to do it than this as was noted before in this Chapter when we described those Veins Of this Vena sine pari we shall say no more but that at its rise out of the Cava it has a Valve that opens towards the Cava which having sent forth this Vein ascends on towards the Claviculae strengthned and sustained by the Mediastinum and Thymus and before it is divided into the two Rami subclavii sometimes after sends out yet two other small Veins called The superiour Intercostals on each side one each of which has a Valve where it joins to the Cava permitting the influx of the Bloud into it but hindring its relapse These run along the Interstices or intervals of the three or four uppermost Ribs Yet sometimes the Vena sine pari sends twigs to these four Interstices of the Ribs as well as to the eight lower and then these superiour Intercostals are wanting Afterwards the trunk of the Cava is divided into two large Veins one of which goes to the right hand the other to the left These while they are within the Breast are called Venae subclaviae running along the Channel-bones but assoon as they are gone out of it Axillares They send forth several branches both upwards and downwards Sometimes the superiour Intercostals just now mentioned though seldom arise out of them Next the Mammariae descend from them though these sometimes spring out of the trunk of the Cava so uncertain is the origine of some of these Veins These send forth double branches Internal and External The Internal run to the gristly ends of the Ribs and their Intercostal spaces and some of their twigs also are terminated in the glands of the Mammae The external pass down on the outside of the Breast and send many twigs into the said Glands and marching further by the sides of the Cartilago ensiformis descend out of the Thorax continuing their course down the Abdomen under the streight Muscles thereof till about the Navel where it hath been an old Tradition that they inosculate with the Venae epigastricae but this was a mistake as has been noted more than once already Bartholin says that sometimes there is but one Mammaria The second Vein that ariseth out of the Subclavian is the Mediastina this sends twigs to the Mediastinum from which it has its name to the Pericardium and to the Gland called Thymus This also sometimes springeth out of the trunk of the Cava The third is Cervicalis or Vertebralis this turns backwards towards the vertebrae of the Neck into whose lateral holes it enters by some small twigs which disperse themselves through the Membrane that invests the marrow contained in these Vertebrae and other twigs it bestows upon the Muscles that lie next upon the Vertebrae The fourth is Muscula inferior this is spent upon the lower Muscles of the Neck and the upper of the Thorax It riseth sometimes from the external Jugular All these spring from the lower side of the Subclavian veins but these that follow from the upper As The Muscula superior which is dispersed through the Muscles of the Neck Then the Jugulars which are double External and Internal As they go out of the Subclavians there is placed sometimes one thin Valve sometimes two to hinder the return of the Bloud out of these into them The External ascend on the outside of the Neck and these are they which are opened when any one is let bloud in the Neck for any Distemper of the Head or Quinzy c. They ascend but just under the Skin and provide for the outward parts of the Neck Chaps Head and Face They make the Temple-veins and the Forehead-vein both which are wont sometimes to be opened Yea they send small Capillaries through the sutures of the Skull into the Membranes that cover the Brain The Internal in Men are larger than the External They ascend from the Subclavian by the sides of the Wind-pipe on which they bestow small twigs Assoon as they are come to the basis of the Skull they are each divided into two the greater and less The greater is carried backwards and by that hole of the Os occipitis by which the sixth pair of Nerves Dr. Willis's eighth comes out of the Head they enter in and are dispersed through the Dura mater c. The less enters in by the holes made for the third and fourth pair of Nerves and is also bestowed on the Dura mater c. When the Subclavian veins have sent forth all these branches they then pass out of the Thorax and begin to be called Axillar of which we shall treat in the fourth Book Chap. 1. Into the Vena subclavia are inserted also the Ductus chyliferus thoracicus of which in the first Book Chap. 10. and Lymphaticus ramus which returns the Lympha from the Arms Neck c. but sometimes this opens into the Jugular CHAP. X. Of Vena arteriosa and Arteria venosa THE second vessel in the Breast is called Arteria pulmonaris otherwise Vena arteriosa It is an Artery from its office for it carrieth Bloud out of the right Ventricle of the Heart to the Lungs It s Coat is double also like that of other Arteries As it riseth out of the right ventricle of the Heart there stand at its orifice three Membranous Valves looking outwards called Semilunares because they make as it were a half circle as also Sigmoides or Sigmoideae from the shape of the Greek letter Sigma which of old was of the same figure with an English capital C. In the Systole of the Heart they open and permit the Bloud to issue out of the Ventricle into this Artery but in the Diastole they shut so that none can return back again Assoon as it is past out of the Pericardium it bends towards the Aspera arteria or Wind-pipe and is divided into the right and left branch which applying themselves to the like branches of the Aspera arteria do every where accompany them on the under side and as they run along send out very many twigs on every side which presently associate with those of the Wind-pipe and of the Vena pulmonaris And where the small Pipes of the Aspera arteria end into the little round Cells which we shall describe in the Chapter of the Lungs the twigs of this Artery being complicated with those of the Vein do embrace them like a Net Whence one may guess that the reason why the sanguiferous vessels do so exactly accompany all the branches of the Wind-pipe and it s annexed little Bladders is that the whole mass of Bloud passing this way may be inspired or impregnated with the particles of the nitrous Air. For there is but a very little spent on the nutrition of the Lungs but the greatest part of it is driven into the small twigs of the Vena pulmonaria which
I. Representeth the Sternum cut off and lifted up the Mediastinum Thymus Lungs Diaphragm c. AAA The inner superficies of the Sternum and of the Cartilages knit to it Tab. X Pag. 290 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. BB The mammary Veins and Arteries descending under the Sternum C The glandulous body called Thymus DDDD The sides of the Mediastinum pull'd asunder from the Sternum EE The space between the Membranes of the Mediastinum arising from the tearing of it from the Sternum GG The Lungs HH The Diaphragm I The Cartilago ensiformis Figure II. Representeth the Diaphragm with its processes A The left Nerve of the Diaphragm B The right C The upper membrane of the Diaphragm a little separated D The carnous substance of the Diaphragm bared E A hole for the Gullet to descend by F A hole for the Vena cava GGG The membranous part or centre of the Diaphragm HHH Its processes or appendices betwixt which the great Artery descends Figure III. Representeth a piece of one Lobe of the Lungs according to the ramifications of the Aspera arteria divided into many lesser Lobules from Dr. Willis A The muscular Villi or Fibres running streight lengthways in the inside of the Aspera arteria upon which other circular ones lie BBB A part of the trunk of the Trachea as also its branches that make the lesser Lobules uncut open that their annular Cartilages may be seen CCCC The secondary Lobules hung upon the stems of the Bronchia like Grapes which might yet be divided into lesser Lobules all whose inner ducts pass out of the Bronchia into the Air-bladders or vesiculary cells dddd The sanguiferous vessels creeping along the superficies of the Lobules CHAP. XIII Of Respiration THE Action for which the Lungs are appointed by Nature is Respiration which is an alternative Diastole and Systole or dilatation and contraction of the Breast whereby the Air is received in and driven forth of the Lungs Now the Lungs do not dilate themselves by any proper power or faculty of their own being destitute of instruments to perform such an action nor do they attract the Air by any magnetick property in inspiration But the Muscles of the Thorax being so framed that though contraction be the only and proper action of a Muscle yet the Thorax is dilated by certain of them as it is contracted by others whilst it is dilated there is greater space given for expanding the Lungs and then the Air by its proper elastick virtue does of its own accord issue in at the Trachea and insinuates it self into all its Bronchia and into the Vesiculae and puffs them all up namely to the end that its nitrous particles may every where meet with the Bloud as it glides through all the parts of the Lungs And when the Breast receding from that dilatation is contracted the Lungs being partly compressed thereby and partly by the muscular Fibres of the Vesiculae and of the inner coat of the Trachea and Bronchia expell the Air out again The Muscles that assist the dilatation of the Breast are those that lift up the Ribs and draw them backwards which shall be described Book 4. Chap. 15. And besides these there is another internal Muscle namely the Midriff that contributes towards it as was shewed Chap. 3. of this Book where we treated of it And as for the straitning or concidence of the Thorax that it is not only a motion of restitution or a cessation of the foresaid Muscles from their action as evident seeing sometimes expiration is performed more laboriously and violently than inspiration as in coughing hollooing or the like And therefore Nature has provided peculiar and proper Muscles for that purpose described in the same Chapter of the fourth Book and these are assisted partly by some Muscles of the Abdomen and partly by the muscular Fibres of the Vesiculae Trachea and Bronchia as abovesaid There hath been great controversie among Philosophers whether respiration be an Animal or Natural motion That it is natural is thought to be proved both in that it is performed as well when we are asleep as awake and also that though it be continued through a Man's whole life yet we are never wearied with it as we are with animal and voluntary motions On the other side some prove it to be animal first because it is performed by such Instruments as serve for animal motion namely Muscles and secondly because at our pleasure we can make it quicker or slower stronger or weaker or alter it how we please Others thinking the arguments on either side convincing take both in and suppose it a kind of mixt action partly natural and partly spontaneous But I think there is no necessity from the arguments alledged to grant this motion to be natural or any more than animal or spontaneous For as to the first argument that the motion is as well performed when we sleep as when we are awake and therefore it cannot be voluntary if this were allowed to be of force we must also grant walking and talking to be natural motions because many perform them both when they are asleep And as to the second from our not being wearied by it in answer to it we may distinguish of animal actions into such as are done by instinct and are free and into such as serve the affections of the mind the former proceed always and without impediment even when we think not thereon but may notwithstanding be directed and moderated when we do think of them and such is respiration the latter is not performed continually as to run leap write c. In the former there is a plentifull and continual influx of animal spirits into the Muscles of custom or course whence there follows no weariness though they be continual In the latter seeing by the determination that is made in the Brain the spirits now flow in and anon cease sometimes in greater plenty and sometimes in less from this mutation and unaccustomedness does the weariness proceed Respiration is so necessary to the continuance of life that after once the Foetus comes into the open Air and begins to breath it can hardly live two minutes without it But upon what account it becomes so necessary is not agreed among learned Men each party exhibiting such reasons of it as may best suit with their hypotheses Hence some and those the most think that respiration serves for the cooling and ventilating of the Bloud that acquires a great heat in the right Ventricle of the Heart and also for the carrying out fuliginous streams therefrom Others that it serves for the better mixture of the particles of the Bloud as it passes through the Lungs as also to further its circulation Others that the Air is inspired for the greater subtilization of the Bloud and inkindling of the vital spirits or to continue the metaphor vital flame More opinions there are but this last is if not the truest
they are comprehended in these two verses Cartilago caro membrana arteria nervus Vena ligamentum cutis os lentissima fibra To these a tendon which is the principal part of the muscle may be added for the substance of it is simple without any composition Of the former simple parts some are simple indeed and these are in number seven the skin a membrane the flesh a fibre a ligament a cartilage a bone The rest are onely simple to the eye or sense and not to reason for a nerve for example is composed of many filaments covered with a double membrane made of the dura and pia mater Of the simple parts some are called spermatical as a bone a cartilage a ligament a membrane a fibre a nerve an artery a vein these being made of the seed if they be cut in two or broke are not regenerated nor can truly be again united but are onely joyn'd by a callus Others are sanguineous being suppos'd to be made of bloud and these are regenerated such is all the muscular flesh As for the skin it seems to be partly spermatical and partly sanguineous for though in grown men a wound in it is healed onely with a cicatrix yet in boys it has been observed to be closed with a true and proper skin But of its nature see more in the next chapter A dissimilar part is that whose portions are neither of the same substance nor the same denomination as a muscle in the which are flesh nervous fibres and a tendon It is otherwise called a compound part and an organical part In an organical part four particles are commonly found as in the Eye there is first the chief particle by which the action namely vision is performed which is the crystallin humour Secondly that particle without which the action cannot be performed as the optick nerve Thirdly that which furthereth the action as the membranes and muscles Fourthly that by which the action is preserved as the eye-lids Of organical parts there are four degrees The first is made onely of the similars as a muscle The second receiveth the first kind of organical parts and other similars as a finger The third admitteth those of the second degree as the hand The fourth is made of the third and other parts as the arm Parts from their end are distinguished into principal and less principal or ministring The principal are the Liver Stomach Heart Brain The ministring are either necessary or not The necessary are those without which the Animal cannot live So the Lungs minister to the Heart the Guts to the Stomach The not necessary are simple flesh c. in respect of other parts for in consumptive persons 't is almost wholly spent and Insects according to Aristotle have none There are also other divisions of the parts of the Body as into parts containing parts contained and the spirits express'd by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or impetum facientes by Hippocrates Fernelius divides the Body also into publick and private Regions The private are such as the brain reins womb c. The publick are three The first hath the Vena portae and all the parts whither its branches reach The second begins at the roots of the Cava and ends in the small veins before they become capillary The third hath the muscles bones and the bulk of the Body terminating with the skin But this division is only of use in Physick CHAP. II. Of the circumscription regions and parts of the Abdomen OF all the parts of the Body we are to begin Dissection with the Cavities First because they offer themselves to the view in the fore region of the Body Secondly because they being moist and apt to receive the impression of the external heat soonest putrefie and send out noisom smells The Cavities are appointed to receive the principal parts and those which minister unto them Wherefore there are three Cavities according to the number of the principal parts The Head is for the Brain the Breast is for the Heart and the Belly for the Liver And because this last Cavity is most subject to putrefaction you are to begin at it Now three things concerning it offer themselves First the circumscription or bounds of it Secondly the regions of it Thirdly the special parts of it As concerning the circumscription of it it is severed within from the Breast by the Midriff It is bounded above by the cartilago ensiformis or the Heart-pit and beneath by the Share-bones The regions of it are three the uppermost middlemost and lowermost The uppermost which is bounded between the mucronita cartilago and three inches above the Navel about the ending of the short Ribs hath three parts The two lateral which are called hypochondria or subcartilaginea because they lie under the cartilages of the short Ribs In the right hypochondrium lieth the greatest part of the Liver and part of the Stomach but in the left the Spleen and a greater part of the Stomach The third part is that which before lieth between the two lateral parts and is properly called epigastrium because the Stomach lieth under it In this part remarkable is the Pit of the Breast which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or scrobiculus cordis by the modern Writers The middlemost region extendeth it self from three inches above the Navel to three inches under it The fore part is where the Navel is from whence it is called regio umbilicalis The two lateral parts are called by Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 either from their laxity or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 salacitas because they are the seat of lust by Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because being placed between the hanch-bones and Ribs they are lank and seem to contain nothing They are called by Dr. Glisson epiçolicae because on each side this region investeth the lateral parts of the Gut Colon. The hindermost parts parallel to these are called lumbi the Loins in the right whereof is the right Kidney and in the left the left The lowest region is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hypogastrium This region hath three parts the two lateral and the middlemost The lateral are bounded by the â—ssa Ilia so called because a great part of the Ilium intestinum lieth under them on each side Besides this in the right part are placed the beginning of the Colon and the caecum intestinum which latter is joyned as an appendage betwixt the Ilium and Colon. In the left part are contained the ending of the Colon and the intestinum rectum The fore-part of the Hypogastrium by Aristot lib. 1. Hist animal 3. is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Gaza calleth Abdomen and Sumen Under it lieth the pubes which word signifieth both the hairs and the place where the hairs grow which appear to bud in Girls the twelfth year but in Boys the fourteenth year when way is made for the monthly courses and
the Colon into little cells for the slower passing of the faeces It has all sorts of Fibres and contains the mouths of all the Vessels both sanguineous and lacteal which are cover'd with that spongy crust before-mentioned What was said of the Parenchyma of the Stomach in the foregoing Chapter may without repeating it here be applied to the Guts likewise As to their Vessels the Veins flow from the Porta although not from the same branch For the duodenalis surculus is sent into the duodenum and the Haemorrhoidalis interna to the left part of the Colon near its ending and thence running under the rectum is inserted into its end or anus as the dexter mesentericus is sent to the jejunum ileum caecum and the right part of the colon Epiplois postica is inserted into the middle part of the Colon which marcheth transversly under the Stomach besides these a sprig from the ramus hypogastricus of the vena cava is sent to the Muscles of the intestinum rectum which maketh the external haemorrhoidal The use of these Veins inserted into the Intestines the Ancients thought to be both to carry venal bloud to them for their nourishment and also to receive the chyle out of them and carry it to the Liver there to be turn'd into bloud As to the first use 't is certain by the circulation of the bloud that these Veins carry nothing to the Guts but the bloud in them is all received from the Arteries there to be carried back towards the Liver and so to the Heart but as to the latter there are some learned Anatomists that still think though the greatest part of the chyle is received by the venae lacteae yet that some part is suckt in by these Veins so to be more readily convey'd into the mass of bloud But this opinion is exploded by others as learned and more numerous who deny any such office to them whom I believe to be in the right Besides these sanguineous Veins there are another sort of Veins inserted more or fewer into all the Guts called Lacteal but of them we will treat in a distinct Chapter The Arteries spring partly from ramus coeliacus intestinalis partly from both the mesentericae To the duodenum and the begining of jejunum a sprig is sent from the right ramus coeliacus but to the rest of the jejunum to ileum caecum and the right part of colon mesentericus superior to the left part of colon and to the intestinum rectum mesentericus inferior is sent This last passing along the rectum to the podex makes the internal haemorrhoidal Arteries as some branches from the arteria hypogastrica make the external At the last epiplois postica which riseth from the lower part of arteria splenica which is the left branch of arteria coeliaca is sent to the middle part of colon which lieth under the Stomach Their use is to convey nourishment and warmth to the Guts and when the Body is morbose to carry thither the impurities of the bloud upon a purge taken or critically so to pass out by stool Nerves they have from the inferiour ramifications of the intercostals The duodenum hath some twigs from the upper branch of the ramus mesentericus called stomachicus which go also to the pylorus All except the rectum have many twigs from the plexus mesentericus maximus arising from under the great gland of the Mesentery but the rectum with the latter end of colon receive slips from that branch of the Intercostal that is called plexus abdominis infimus or minimus and the utmost extremity of the Intercostal is inserted into the sphincter ani whither also pass three or four that spring from the bottom of os sacrum These Nerves serve for the feeling and the peristaltick or worm-like motion of the Guts which though it be obscure and slow yet because it is continual it had need of so great a number of Nerves or nervous Fibres as are bestowed on the Intestines The learned and curious that would be further informed about the peristaltick motion may consult Dr. Glisson in cap. 15. of his Book de ventriculo intestinis or Dr. Charleton in Sect. 3. of his third prelection before the College of Physicians Though the Guts be one continued Body from the pylorus to the anus yet from the thickness of their substance also from their magnitude figure and variety of office they are distinguisht into several by Anatomists and first into thin and thick The thin possess the umbilical region and hypogastrium and in respect of their figure situation longitude and plenty of lacteal Vessels they are divided into three viz. the duodenum jejunum and ileon The first is called duodenum because it is thought to have twelve inches in length It doth pass from the pylorus under the Stomach towards the Spine and is sustained in its passage by the Membrane of the Caul and not by the Mesentery It reaches as far as the left Kidney to which and to the vertebrae of the Loins it is tied by membranous ligaments and going a little lower it ends under the colon where the anfractus or winding of the two following small Guts begins It is thicker in its Membranes but its passage because streight is straiter than theirs Towards its lower end sometimes higher sometimes lower it has most commonly two ducts leading obliquely into it first the ductus choledochus communis by which the bile from the Liver enters this Gut and secondly a little below this ductus pancreaticus otherwise Wirtsungianus by which the pancreatick juice passes hither from the Sweet-bread though these two ducts are sometimes joyned into one and both open by one mouth into this Intestine Sometimes though rarely they are inserted into the jejunum The second is called jejunum or the hungry Gut for it is for the most part found empty partly by reason of the multitude of milky Veins that enter it partly by reason of the fermentation of the acrimonious choler with the pancreatick juice which are both poured in just before its beginning In length it is twelve hand-breadths and three inches It beginneth on the right side under the colon where the duodenum endeth and the Guts begin to be wreathed and filling almost the whole umbilical region especially on the left side it tendeth into the ileum from which it may be distinguisht first by its emptiness secondly by its greater number of Veins and Arteries from which it looks reddish thirdly from the nearness of the folds or wrinkles of its inmost coat one to another which are but about half an inch distant whereas in the ileum they are a whole inch or more The third is ileum derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à circumvolvendo from its many turnings and windings It hath thinner Membranes than the rest of the tenuia It is seated under the Navel and filleth both the Ilia It is
particles which when it is conveyed to the vasa chylifera makes the chyle thinner and apt to dilate easily in the Heart and when to the Veins prepares the venous bloud now too thick for a quick dilatation in the Heart This lympha whatever it be or be for differs from the serum for if one gather a little of it in a spoon and let it stand without setting it on the fire it will turn to a gelly which the serum will not doe And thus much of the Lympheducts with their lympha in general as to those particularly of the Mesentery some only pass through it from other parts as the Liver c. but many have their rise in it and both the one and other are emptied into the receptaculum chyli It hath many little softish Glands fix'd in its proper Membrane cover'd on each side by the two common ones and beset with fat In number they are very uncertain in Man fewer than in other Creatures The biggest by much is at the rise or center of the Mesentery called by Asellius pancreas into which all the venae lacteae are inserted Of its use as also of the lesser we shall speak in the next Chapter when we come to treat of the passage of the Lacteals We will only note here that when these Glands grow scirrhous or are any ways obstructed so that the Chyle cannot transcolate through them there follows a fluxus coeliacus or chylosus which continuing there ensues an Atrophy and the party dies tabid The fat with which it is stufft betwixt its Membranes though it happen naturally to it yet ought not to be reputed a proper part of it For not to mention that in Dogs Cats and such like Animals this part is very thin and transparent even in humane Embryo's it is without fat and in very lean Men there is but little though in fat Men it be heaped up to so great a thickness It is but one yet because of its different thickness it is divided by some into two parts The one they call Mesaraeum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is placed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 subaudi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the midst of the small Intestines which it knits together and this is the thicker part of it The other being the thinner they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being seated 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the midst of the colon to which it is joyned in its whole length save only in the colon's passage under the Stomach and in its lowest border it adheres to the rectum Diseases incident to this part are reckoned up by Dr. Wharton to be these those of intemperies straitness or obstruction tumours of whatsoever kind Scirrhi Scrophulae Strumae Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers and Tone vitiated Of all which the Reader that desires fuller information may be satisfied by the said learned Author in his Adenographia cap. 11. CHAP. X. Of the Venae lacteae Receptaculum Chyli and ductus chyliferus Thoracicus VEnae lacteae the Milky veins so called from the white colour of the Chyle which they carry were not discover'd as such till the year 1622. when Caspar Asellius found them out in dissecting a Live-dog well fed But since him many others have made a more accurate discovery of them They are slender pellucid Vessels having but a single Coat dispersed through the Mesentery infinite in number appointed for the carrying of the Chyle They spring out of the Intestins into whose inmost Membrane their Mouths are inserted which are hid under a kind of a spongy crust or mucus through which by the pression of the Guts the Chyle is strained and received by the mouths of these vessels Presently after their rise they aim to that nearest part of the Mesentery whereto the Intestin from which they arise is knit Then they go the readiest way to such Glandules of the Mesentery as are nearest to them but in their passage sometimes many little branches meeting grow into one great trunk namely before they insinuate themselves into the Gland to which we said they were going But in their very entrance into the Glands or a little before this trunk separates again into new branches more and smaller than the other which are obliterated in the very substance of the Gland Out of the Gland there spring again new capillary Veins which by and by meeting together make one trunk again as before which being carried towards the beginning of the Mesentery in their march joyn to themselves others of the same kind meeting them and so grow larger and larger and at last very many enter into the great or middle Gland of the Mesentery called improperly Pancreas in the same manner as they enter'd the smaller and some pass by over its superficies and by and by they all empty themselves into the great or common receptacle of the Chyle that lies under the said Gland those that were inserted into it rising out of it as was before spoken of the lesser Glands Bartholin says that behind the great Gland there are three other smaller which he calls Lumbares into which the Lacteals are inserted but assents to Dr. Wharton that from them they pass to the Receptaculum This common Receptacle is called Receptaculum Chyli Pecquetianum from Pecquet who first found both it and the ductus Thoracicus whose beginning it is about thirty years ago It might as well be called receptaculum Lymphae for that the Lympha passes not only with the Chyle but after this is all distributed the Lympha still continues to glide into it and to ascend by the ductus chyliferus Thoracicus which might be called Lymphaticus for the same reason This Receptacle is seated under the Coeliack artery and Emulgents at the vertebrae of the Loins whence there springs a duct◠that presently enters the Diaphragm with the Arteria magna where being now enter'd the Thorax it begins to be called ductus Thoracicus And now though it be past out of the Abdomen of the contents whereof we are now treating yet we will trace it through the middle Ventricle to the Heart whither it conveys its liquor for the same reason that being to speak of the Stomach we thought it best to speak of the Gullet which is an appendage to it and by which the meat descends into it This Duct then having past the Midriff it marches further upward under the great Artery till about the fifth or sixth vertebra of the Thorax where it turns a little aside from under the great Artery to the left hand and so below the intercostal Arteries and Veins under the Pleura and gland Thymus it ascends to the left subclavian Vein into whose lower side it opens just there where the left Jugular Vein enters into it on the upper side so that their Mouths face one another But it opens not into this Vein with any large orifice but by six or seven little ones being
all cover'd together in the interior Cavity of the Subclavia with one broad valve looking towards the Cava from the Shoulder whereby there is granted to the Chyle and Lympha a free passage out of the ductus Chyliferus into the Subclavia but their return or of Bloud with them out of the Vein into the Duct is prevented This Duct ending thus in the subclavian Vein the Chyle that it conveys into it passes with the Bloud returning by the Cava into the right ventricle of the Heart where we will leave it and return to the Venae lacteae again having only observed that this Duct has many Valves that hinder the ascending Chyle and Lympha from returning down again which Valves are manifest by this that the Chyle contained in the Duct may easily by the singer be pressed upwards but by no means downwards or if one make a hole in it the liquor tending from beneath upwards will flow out at it but that which is above it is so stopt by the Valves that it cannot be made to descend by it And now for the Venae lacteae of the Mesentery They differ from the ordinary mesaraical Veins First in bigness for these are bigger but those are more in number for they are more than twice as many for more Chylus must pass by them the way that has been spoken to make Bloud of for the nourishment of the whole Body than there can be Bloud remaining from the nourishment of the Intestins only to return by the Mesaraicks to the Liver Secondly they differ in colour by reason of the great difference in colour of their contained liquors The Lacteals are white and limpid by reason of the whiteness and clearness of the Chyle which they contain but the sanguinary Veins are of a dusky blackish colour Thirdly they differ in their insertion for the Lacteals as has been said are inserted into the great gland of the Mesentery called Pancreas but the Mesaraicks all terminate in the Liver They have a pretty many Valves but not so many as the ductus Thoracicus They may be discover'd the same ways as we intimated those of the Ductus might viz. that if they be pressed towards the great Gland they are presently emptied but if one press them from the Gland towards the Intestins the Chyle will stop and cannot be driven thither That the Ancients did not find out these Veins the cause was either because they only dissected Beasts after they were dead or after that the Chylus was distributed or they did not presently take a view of the Mesentery but made some stay about the inspection of some other part CHAP. XI Of the Liver THE Liver is seated in the upper and chief place of the Abdomen namely about a fingers breadth distance from under the Midriff in the right Hypochondre under the short Ribs which being of a great bulk it even fills and reaches from thence towards the left side a little beyond the Cartilago ensiformis or pit of the Stomach It s upper part is convex or round and smooth the lower side is hollow lying on the right side of the Stomach and Pylorus c. It s lower edge reaches below the short Ribs in a healthfull Man when he stands upright and almost to the very Navel In Dogs and many other Brutes it is divided into divers Lobes but in Man it is continuous only there is a little protuberance in its hollow side whereby it is tied to the Caul which Spigelius called a Lobe and from him others but it is improperly called so and not at all like the Lobes in the Livers of Brutes It has three Ligaments properly so called which according to Dr. Glisson de Hepate are these The first is called Suspensorium for it ties up the Liver to the Diaphragm it is broad membranous and strong arising from the â—eritonaeum and is not only fixed to the outer membrane of the Liver but does indeed make it and descends even into it and is strongly fastned to the common sheath or involucrum of the Vena cava there where the umbilical Vein is continuous to it By this strong insertion it is the more able to bear up the great weight of the Liver The second is the Vena umbilicalis which after the birth closes up and hardens into a Ligament It is directly opposite to the former It passes out of the fissure of the Liver and terminates in the Navel By this the Liver is kept from ascending upon the motion of the Diaphragm upwards in respiration The third is that whereby the Liver adheres to the Cartilago ensiformis This is thin and flaccid but yet strong broad and doubled arising from that Membrane wherewith the Liver is encompassed according to Spigelius of which it is a duplicature according to Dr. Glisson This hinders it from fluctuating to one or t'other side or towards the Back Besides these three Ligaments it has several other connexions to the neighbouring parts but they would improperly be called Ligaments Thus it is connected to the Vena cava and Porta to the Caul and to several other parts either mediately or immediately It is covered with a very thin Membrane which springeth from the first Ligament as was said before which cleaveth firmly to the substance of the Liver If it be separate at any time by a watrish humour issuing out of the capillary Lymphaticks watrish Pustules by the Graecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are ingendered If these break the water falleth into the cavity of the Belly and causeth that kind of Dropsie called Ascites It s substance or Parenchyma is red and soft almost like concreted bloud and may when it is boiled be easily scrap'd or brusht off the vessels But though its Parenchyma look red that is only from the great quantity of bloud that is poured into it from the Vena portae for its proper colour is pale a little yellowish such as the Liver is of when 't is boil'd and yet that yellowishness seems to be caused by the Bile passing through it so that Malpighius thinks white to be its proper colour and gives a far different account of its Parenchyma from others whose observations by the Microscope Diemerbroeck thus represents out of Malpig lib. de Hepate cap. 2. That 1. The substance of the Liver in Man is framed of Lobules and these are compounded of little Glands like the stones of Raisins which look like bunches of Grapes and are cloathed with a proper circumambient Membrane 2. That the whole bulk of the Liver consists of these little grape-stone-like Glands and divers sorts of Vessels and hence that they may perform together a common work it is necessary that there be a commerce betwixt these Glands and Vessels 3. That the little branches of the vessels of the Porta Cava and Porus bilarius do run through all even the least Lobules in an equal number that the branches of the Porta do
the office of Arteries and that the Porta has so great society with the Porus bilarius that both their twigs are straitly tied together in the same cover 4. That the shoots of the said Vessels are not joyned by Anastomoses but that the grape-stone-like Glandules making the chief substance of the Liver are a medium between the importing and exporting Vessels so that by the interposition of these the importers transfuse their liquor into the exporters From these observations he concludes the Liver to be a conglomerate Gland separating the Bile and because it is usual for the conglomerate Glands to have besides Arteries Veins and Nerves a proper excretory Vessel as in the Pancreas c. dispersed through their substance and drawing out and carrying away the humour designed for them this kind of Vessel in the Liver is the Porus bilarius with the Gall-bladder And this is a very probable account of it It hath two sorts of Veins In its upper part the Vena cava entreth into it and spreads it self all through it in the lower as well as upper part Into the lower side the Vena porta is inserted whose branches likewise run through its whole Parenchyma Of both these Veins more fully in the two following Chapters It has but very small and few Arteries for the Porta serves it for an Artery bringing bloud to it Those which it has do all arise from the right branch of the Arteria coeliaca called hepatica there where it is joyned to the Vena portae whence being sustained by the coat of the Caul it ascends to the hollow of the Liver just by the Porta on whose coat with the bilary Vessels and the membrane of the Liver it is wholly spent For as was said the Parenchyma is nourished by the bloud brought by the Porta It has Nerves from the Intercostal pair namely one from the stomachical branch thereof another from the mesenterical called hepaticus But the Nerves are extended only to the Membrane and vessels of the Liver as the Arteries were so that the Parenchyma has but a very dull sense Till the ductus Thoracicus Chyliferus was found out it was still believed that the Venae lacteae were inserted into the Liver which was looked upon as the great organ of sanguification but now 't is known for certain that no Lacteae at all go to the Liver but that those vessels which were taken for such are Lymphatick vessels carrying from it a most lympid and pellucid juice That they are dispersed in the Parenchyma of the Liver has not yet been observed but it is very probable that they arise from its Glands and coming out of its hollow or lower side with the Porta they encompass it round as also the ductus Communis passing mostly towards the Mesentery and under the Vena cava near the Pancreas that is knit to the Stomach and Duodenum a great many do pass over a certain Gland sometimes two or three lying under the Vena porta and often adhering to it and from thence with many others passed by the Gland they open themselves into the receptaculum Chyli That these vessels bring nothing to the Liver and so cannot be Lacteals is apparent for if in a Live-creature you make a Ligature betwixt the Stomach and Liver in that part of the Mesentery that knits the Liver to the Stomach and Intestins in which Ligature let the Vena portae and ductus Communis be comprehended these vessels will presently swell betwixt the Ligature and the Liver but be empty on that side towards the receptaculum Chyli and the same is evident from their Valves also which open towards the said Receptacle but hinder any thing from coming back from thence to the Liver Concerning these we shall forbear to speak here designing a particular Chapt. for them viz. ch 14. Hippocrates in lib. 4. de Morb. says The fountain of bloud is the Heart the place of Choler is in the Liver This comes very near the truth as shall appear hereafter But from Galen downwards it was generally held that the Mesaraick Veins received the Chyle from the Guts and brought it to the Liver where it was turned into Bloud and carried from thence into all the parts of the Body by the Veins Yea and after the Venae lacteae were found out they would needs have them to terminate in it thinking it the sittest Bowel for sanguification and presuming that that task must be performed by some or other It would be needless here to stand to confute these opinions now that all the world is convinc'd of their falsity and by what hath been already said they may sufficiently appear to be erroneous no Chyle at all coming to the Liver How and where sanguification is performed we shall shew when we come to the Heart and here we shall declare the true use of the Liver The Liver then being discharged from sanguification it serves to separate the Bile from the Bloud brought plentifully to it by the Vena portae Concerning the nature of this Bile there have been divers opinions The Ancients amongst whom was Aristotle thought it to be a meer excrement and to be of no other use than by its acrimony to promote the excretion of the Guts And this opinion prevail'd so long as it was believ'd that the Liver had a nobler action than to transcolate this Choler But now it being found out that it has no other office it is believ'd that so bulky a Bowel was never made for the separation of a meer excrement and therefore they think it to be a ferment for the Chyle and Bloud whereby if they were not attenuated and prepared they could not be enspirited in the Heart This new doctrine I shall give entirely out of Diemerbroeck p. 154. The venous Bloud flowing into the Liver by the Porta out of the Gastrick and Mesaraick veins and may be a little by the Hepatick artery is mixed with an acrimonious saltish and subacid juice made in the spleen of the arterious bloud flowing thither by the Arteries and of the animal spirits by the Nerves which is brought into the Porta by the ramus Splenicus Now both these being entred the Liver by the branches of the Porta by means of this said acrimonious and acid juice and the specifick virtue or coction of the Liver the spirituous particles both sulphureous and salt lying hid in the said venous bloud are dissolved attenuated and become also a little acrimonious and fermenting a certain thinnest part whereof like most clear water being separated from the other thicker mass of the Bloud by means of the conglobated Glands plac'd mostly in the hollow side of the Liver is carried from thence by many Lympheducts as has been said But the fermentaceous spirits of greater acrimony mixed with the thicker and more viscid sulphureous juices for Sulphur is viscid and more strongly boiling whenas through the clamminess of the juices in which they
part of Colon and the Spleen the right is spread through the Guts and the Mesenterium the left is called Vena splenica but the right Vena mesenterica The Vena splenica hath two branches before it come to the Spleen the superiour and the inferiour The superiour is called Gastrica or Ventricularis This is bestowed upon the Stomach the middle twig compassing the left part of its orifice like a garland is called Coronaria From the inferiour branch two twigs do spring The one is small and sends twigs to the right side of the lower membrane of the Omentum and to the Colon annexed to it This is called Epiplois or Omentalis dextra The other is spent upon the lower membrane of the Omentum which tieth the Colon to the Back and upon that part of the Colon it is called Epiplois or Omentalis postica When the Ramus splenicus hath just approached to the Spleen it doth send out two other twigs the uppermost and the lowermost The uppermost is called vas breve and is implanted into the left part of the bottom of the Stomach This Vein the Ancients believed to carry an acid juice from the Spleen to the Stomach to stir up appetite and to help the fermentation of the meat but it is certain both by Ligature whereby it filleth towards the Stomach and emptieth towards the Spleen and also by the general nature of Veins whose smaller branches and twigs still receive the superfluous arterial bloud from the part whereinto they are inserted into the larger chanels and conduct it towards the Heart I say it is certain from hence that this same vas breve carries nothing to the Stomach but only brings from thence into the Ramus splenicus the remains of the arterial bloud From the lowermost two Twigs issue The first is called Gastroepiplois sinistra this is bestowed upon the left part of the bottom of the Stomach and the upper and left part of the Omentum The second springeth most commonly from Ramus splenicus but sometime from the left Mesenterick vein and passing along according to the length of the Intestinum rectum it is inserted into the Anus by many twigs This is called Haemorrhoidalis interna as that which springeth from the Vena cava is called Haemorrhoidalis externa Now followeth Vena mesenterica or the right branch of Vena portae Before it be divided into branches it sendeth forth two twigs The first is called Gastroepiplois dextra this is bestowed upon the right part of the bottom of the Stomach and the upper Membrane of the Caul The second is called Intestinalis or Duodena It is inserted into the middle of the Duodenum and the beginning of the Jejunum and passeth according to the length of them whence some capillary twigs go to the Pancreas and the upper part of the Omentum After these twigs are past from it it enters by one trunk into the Mesentery where presently it is divided into two branches to wit Mesenterica dextra sinistra Mesenterica dextra placed in the right side is double and sendeth a number of branches to the Jejunum Caecum and the right part of the Colon which is next to the right Kidney and to the Liver It hath fourteen remarkable though nameless branches but innumerable small twigs One thing is to be noted that the greater branches are supported by the greater Glandules and the smaller by the smaller Glandules though they enter not into them for the Glands wait on the Venae lacteae Mesenterica sinistra passeth through the middle of the Mesenterium to that part of Colon which passeth from the left part of the Stomach and to the Intestinum rectum The use of the Porta hath been held till of late to be for the carrying nourishment to the Intestins and other parts contained in the Abdomen and also to bring back from the Guts the purer part of the Chyle to the Liver to make Bloud of and a thicker feculent part of it to the Spleen to be by it excocted into an acid juice and then carried to the Stomach by the vas breve venosum for the exciting of hunger As for this last opinion it appears by Ligature that the vas breve carries its contents from the Stomach to the Ductus splenicus and it is nothing but the Bloud remaining from the nutrition of the Stomach that was brought thither by the Arteries that is now a conveying back to the Liver and so to the Heart again in its circulation And as for the Mesaraicks carrying nourishment to the Guts or bringing back Chyle those errours have been sufficiently laid open before in the Chapters of the Venae lacteae and the Liver And their true use is only to bring back to the Liver from the Guts that Bloud which remains after their nutrition and which was carried to them by the mesaraick Arteries CHAP. XIII Of the Vena cava dispersed within the Abdomen THE Vena cava is so called from its large Cavity being the most capacious of any Vein of the whole Body for into it as into a River or Chanel do all the other Veins like Rivulets excepting the Pulmonaria empty themselves Both within and without the Liver it hath but a single Coat It s root may very properly be said to be in the Liver for by its Capillaries it receives the Bloud that is transcolated through the Parenchyma of the Liver from the Capillaries of the Porta and by its ascending trunk conveys it to the Heart Now these roots may in some regard be commodiously enough also called branches for the roots of a Tree in the Earth as well as its boughs in the Air are spread into many branches only there is this difference that roots bring juice to the trunk but boughs carry it from the same However we shall call them indifferently roots or branches The capillary branches then of the Cava are spread through the whole substance of the Liver and not its upper or gibbous part only as has formerly been taught even as we said before that the Capillaries of the Porta were indifferently dispers'd all over it Betwixt these Capillaries much less betwixt their larger branches there are no inosculations or anastomoses but those of the Porta being quite obliterated in the glandulous Parenchyma of the Liver these of the Cava arise out of the same and whiles they pass towards the Cava many of them meeting together make a twig as many twigs in like manner concurring make a branch which still proceeding further by the accession of new twigs and branches encreaseth its chanel untill at length it dischargeth it self into the Cava And thus do all the roots of the Cava in the Liver Wherein they do not all meet together in one common trunk as those of the Porta do but empty themselves apart into the Cava without the Liver And still the further distance the Capillaries have their origine from the
Cava the larger their chanel comes to be at their arrival towards it The smaller twigs are innumerable the larger roots joyning immediately to the Cava are commonly but three though two of them are presently towards the Liver divided into other two as large each as themselves so that one may account them to be five These emptying all the Bloud exhausted out of the Liver into the Cava it is presently divided into the Ascending and Descending trunk The Ascending forthwith enters the Diaphragm and marches up the Thorax where we shall leave it till we come thither and only here speak of the Descending trunk as long as it continues in the Abdomen The Descending trunk is somewhat narrower than the Ascending and passing down along with the great Artery it continues undivided till the fourth vertebra of the Loins But in the mean time it sends forth divers slips from its trunk As 1. The Venae adiposae for the Coat and fat of the Kidneys that on the left side goes out first 2. The Emulgents descending to the Kidneys by a short and oblique passage these bring back that bloud to the Cava which the emulgent Arteries carried to the Kidneys with the Serum 3. The Spermaticks called Vasa praeparantia The right springeth from the trunk of Vena cava a little below the Emulgent but the left from the left Emulgent it self Of these more in the 20th Chapter 4. The Lumbares sometimes two sometimes three carried to be tween four vertebrae of the Loins All these Veins being sent forth of the trunk by this time it is come to the fourth vertebra of the Loins where it goes to behind the Arteria magna above or before which it had thus far descended and is divided into two equal branches called Iliaci because they pass over the Os ileon c. as they go down to the Thighs Just about the division there spring two Veins called Muscula superior for the Peritonaeum and Muscles of the Loins and Abdomen and Sacra which is sometimes single sometimes double for the marrow of Os sacrum Afterwards the Iliacal branches are again divided each into two other the exteriour that is greater and the interiour that is less From the interiour arise two Veins Muscula media for the Muscles of the Hip and Buttocks and Hypogastrica which is a notable one sometimes double for most parts of the Hypogastrium as the Muscles of the streight Gut which are the external Hemorrhoidals for the Bladder and its neck the Yard and the lower side of the Womb and its neck which last are the Veins by which the Menstrues were believed to pass before the circulation of the Bloud was found out for since 't is known that they pass by the Hypogastrick arteries and what Bloud is not sent forth at those times or at other times is not spent on the nutrition of the parts returns by these Veins to the Cava and by it to the Heart From the exteriour three two before it goes out of the Peritonaeum and one after 1. Epigastrica for the Peritonaeum and the Muscles of the Abdomen the most noted branch of it ascends under the Musculi recti towards the Venae mammariae with which they have been thought to inosculate about the Navel 2. Pudâ—nda for the Genitals in Men and Women this goes transversly to the middle of Os pubis 3. Muscula inferior for the Buttocks And now the descending branches of the Cava are past out of the Abdomen into the Thigh and begin to be called crural and of them we shall discourse when we come to the Limbs in Book 4. cap. 4. Now the use of this Descending trunk of the Vena cava is not to carry any thing to any part from the Liver but wheresoever its lesser twigs end into Capillaries from thence is Bloud received being brought thither by the respective Arteries and conveyed into the greater branches and by them into the trunk of the Cava by which it ascends to the right ventricle of the Heart there to be anew inspirited and from thence to be sent forth again by the Arteries as shall be further explained when we come to the Heart For though the Descending trunk of the Aorta or great Artery pass down the Abdomen along with that of the Cava and so is contained therein as well as it yet because the Arteries have all of them their origine from the Heart we will forbear to speak of them till we come to the Anatomy of it in the next Book CHAP. XIV Of the Gall-bladder and Porus bilarius FOR the receiving and evacuating of Bile there are two vessels or passages framed in the right and hollow side of the Liver namely the Gall-bladder and Porus bilarius By this latter there flows a thicker but milder by the former a thinner more acrimonious and fermentative Choler into the Intestins The Gall-bladder called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Vesica bilaria or Folliculus fellis is a hollow Bag placed in the hollow side of the Liver and in figure representeth a Pear It is about two inches in length and one in breadth By its upper part it is tied to the Liver which doth afford it a hollowness to receive it but the lower part which hangeth without the Liver resteth upon the right side of the Stomach and the Colon and doth often dye them both yellow It hath two Membranes the one common which is thin and exteriour without Fibres This springing from the membrane of the Liver only covereth that part which hangeth without the Liver The other Membrane is proper This is thick and strong and hath three sorts of Fibres the outermost are transverse the middlemost oblique and the innermost streight Within it hath a mucous substance or crust engendred of the Excrements of the third concoction of its Membrane to withstand the acrimony of the Choler It hath two parts the Neck and the Bottom The Neck is harder than the Bottom and higher in situation It from the bottom by degrees growing narrower and narrower at last endeth in the Ductus communis or the common passage of the Choler which is inserted into the beginning of the Jejunum or the end of the Duodenum This elongation of the neck of the Vesica fellea is called Meatus cysticus because it springeth from the Cystis The Choler is conveyed into the Vesica by many very small roots dispersed in the Liver between the branches of the Porta and Cava they are so very small that they are scarcely discernible but when they meet together they make one pretty notable Trunk which is inserted into the Cystis near its Neck with a Valve before its Mouth to hinder the regurgitation of the Choler For in the Jaundice the Choler does not return out of the Gall-bladder into the Bloud again but either for want of a convenient ferment it is not separated from the Bloud or
Pipes being of an equal number with them and are like Glandules of a fainter colour but harder than the rest of the Parenchyma they are about as big as a Pease flattish above but round or bunching out on that side next the Pelvis their perforations are exceeding narrow so that they will hardly admit the smallest hair The action of the Reins is to separate and evacuate the serous humour from the Bloud which as was said is brought to them together with the Bloud by the Emulgent arteries which is done in this order After the two branches of the Emulgent artery are enter'd the Kidneys they are presently each of them divided into four or five and those again into many more till at last they end in the smallest Capillaries which terminate in the Glandules towards the outer superficies whereinto they infuse their liquor Into the same Glandules are inserted also the Capillary veins and the Uinary siphons each of which imbibe thence their proper liquor By the Veins the Bloud returns into the larger branches of the Emulgent veins from thence into the single Trunk and by it to the Cava which conducts it to the Heart But by the Urinary pipes does the Serum drill to the Papillae or Carunculae placed at the entrance into the Pelvis through which it distills into it And this Pelvis being the head of the Ureter the Serum glides readily out of it down by the Ureter into the Bladder But now it is very difficult to determine whether this separation of the Serum in the Kidneys be procured by any kind of effervescency or fermentation or whether they serve meerly as a strainer through which it is squeezed or transcolated If it be separated only this last way how admirable is the configuration of the Pores that the Serum with all its contents should pass by them without the least drop or stain of bloud when yet often purulent matter brought out of the Thorax and throughly mixed with the Bloud and which is far thicker than the Bloud it self passes through them with the Serum and not any thing of Bloud at the same time That such purulent matter passes by Urine is frequently observed but whether it be absorbed out of the Cavity of the Thorax by the mouths of the Veins gaping into it as the Ancients thought it might or it be bred in the Parenchyma of the Lungs apostemating as is more probable 't is not a fit place here to inquire As neither would it signifie much to give you the conjectures of some learned Men that because such Pus and much more because Pins Needles an Iron nail c. have passed by Urine that therefore there must be some more direct and patent way for part of the Serum to be convey'd by to the Bladder and therefore have imagined that some Lacteals have been inserted into the Bladder as others have supposed other ways for as far as could ever be discover'd by Anatomists there is no footstep of any such passage how plausible soever such an Hypothesis may seem And therefore we shall say no further of it Some have thought the Kidneys to have other Actions besides the separating of the Serum as further to elaborate the Bloud to prepare the Seed c. But these opinions are grown obsolete and therefore rather to be neglected than examin'd Above each Kidney at about half an inch distance there stands a Gland by some called Glandula renalis by others Ren succenturiatus by Bartholin Capsula atrabilaria by Dr. Wharton Glandula ad plexum nerveum sita Which several names they have had given them from the several uses the Imposers have ascribed to them They are commonly but two and are placed over but towards the inside of the Kidneys having the fat about the Kidney coming between The left is nearer to the Diaphragm standing higher than the right but the right is nearer to the Vena cava They are seldom of the shape of the Kidneys but are of not much an unlike substance Their figure is often three corner'd having the shape of a Satchel with its bottom upward Sometimes they are oval but flattish They are bigger in Children proportionably than in Men for in the former they are near the bigness of the Kidneys but they do not increase as other parts do so that in adult persons they are not above two inches long and one broad Commonly the right is bigger than the left They are covered with a thin Membrane which is knit very fast to the outer or adipose Membrane of the Kidneys They have a manifest Cavity in their larger end in which is contained a black and feculent humour that tinges the sides of the Cavity Into it there are a great many little holes gaping out of the substance of the Gland according to Dr. Wharton and it self opens into a Vein but has a Valve placed just at the entrance that permits the humour contained in the Cavity to flow out by the Vein but hinders its return They have Veins and Arteries commonly from the Emulgents sometimes from the Cava and Aorta and sometimes from the Vasa adiposa Their Nerves come from the stomachick branch of the Intercostals that runs to the proper Membrane of the Kidneys and to the Spleen also Lacteals they have none Bartholin affirms they have Lymphaticks There have been divers conjectures of the use of these Glands but none generally consented to as true Dr. Wharton's guess is that some humour is imbib'd from the Spleen by the Nerves that are common to the Spleen and these Glandules being both from one branch and is deposited in their Cavity which being not purely excrementitious though perhaps unprofitable to the Nerves is restored again to the Veins Dr. Glisson also thinks they receive something from the Spleen which being refin'd here is imbib'd again by the Nerves by which it ascends to the Brain or Spinal marrow and descends again by them being either it self a Succus nutritius or else a Vehicle for it Riolanus thinks they are of no use at all in Men but only in the Foetus in the Womb. Veslingius Bartholin and many others think that they make a ferment or Coagulum for the use of the Kidneys to help the separation of the Serum from the Bloud And this indeed were a probable use if there could be found out any way whereby ought could conveniently pass from hence to the Kidneys But the Veins that go out of them are inserted either into the Emulgent vein or the Cava whose Bloud is flowing from the Kidneys so that it cannot pass this way unless one would suppose a contrary course of humours in the same Vessel which seems absurd And there are no other Vessels to serve this turn Diemerbroeck conjectures that their black juice is made of the Arterial bloud and acquires a certain fermentative power necessary for the Venous bloud into which it is received by the
in the same Coat with the Spermatick vessels They adhere closer to the Testicles at their ends than in the midst De Graef defines them to be Vessels making with their various windings that Body that is fixt on the back of the Testicles To find out their substance he directs us thus First take off the Membrane that encompasses them and knits them to the Stones and then there will appear many windings which with the edge of a knife may without hurting the Vessels be so easily separated from one another that they may be drawn out into a length like a thing folded for they are only folded from one side to the other and are kept in that site by the Membrane received from the Tunica albuginea or Spermatick vessels But when you have unravel'd half of them you must cut another very thin Membrane and then you will see the Vessels lie just like these and may be dissolved like them And the whole being unravel'd the thicker they are by how much further from their origine which is implanted into the upper part of the Testicle by six or seven ramifications which having run so far as where they join into one duct make it as thick as a small thread and this by degrees so thickens that being increas'd like a cord it makes the Vas deferens of which in the next Chapter So that saith he it is clear from hence first that the Testes do not differ from the Epididymidae or Parastatae saving that those consist of divers ducts but these after their TAB V. six or seven roots that arise out of the Testicle are united which they are in a short space but of one only a little thicker Secondly that the Epididymidae differ not from the Vasa deferentia saving that those go by a serpentine winding passage and these by a streight and that those are a little softer and narrower And so concludes he following this Ariadne's thread we have happily made our way out of the Labyrinth of the Testes and Epididymidae The uses of the Stones are two The first is to elaborate the Seed by the seminifical faculty resident in them For they turn the Bloud which is brought by the Arteriae praeparantes and impregnated with Animal spirit into Seed for the most part some is spent on their own nutrition and what remains from both is carried back by the Veins called Praeparantes The second is to add heat strength and courage to the Body as gelding doth manifest by the which all these are impaired The Explanation of the Table Figure I. A The Artery preparing Seed running from the Trunk of the Aorta to the Testicle B Its division into two branches CC The lesser branch thereof which runs to the Epididymidae DD The greater which is implanted into the upper part of the Testicle and descends along its back towards its lower part to which the smaller end of the Epididymis is annexed then it goes back again along the Belly of the Testicle where it is divided into many branches E The greater end of the Epididymis knit close to the upper part of the Testicle F The middle part of the Epididymis turn'd up that the ramifications of the Artery that run along its lower part may be seen G The smaller end of the Epididymis sticking firmly to the lower part of the Testicle H The end of the Epididymis or beginning of the Vas deferens I The Vas deferens cut off before it come to behind the Bladder K The Testicle placed so as that its Vessels may best be seen Figure II. A The Vein said to prepare Seed running from the Trunk of the Vena cava to the Testicle BB The branches of the Vena praeparans tending to the Caul and Peritonaeum C The first division of it into two branches which afterwards are wonderfully subdivided and united again DDDDD The Valves of the Venae praeparantes about which the Veins being blown up appear knotty EEEE Very many divisions and unions of the Venae praeparantes that the Bloud superfluous from the generation of Seed being detained in one ramification may return to the Heart by the other F The upper part of the Testicle into which the ramifications of the Vena praeparans are implanted G The ramifications of the Venae praeparantes creeping along the sides of the Testicles through their white Coat H The body of the Testicle I The bigger end K the middle and L the smaller end of the Epididymis M The Vas deferens cut off almost in the middle Figure III. A The Preparing vessels cut off B The Preparing vessels as they run to the Testicles C Their ramifications tending to the Epididymidae D The greatest branch of the Arteria praeparans running along the Belly of the Testicle EE The ramifications of the Venae praeparantes F A Dog's Testicle swelled with Seed G The bigger end of the Epididymis turgid with Seed H The lesser end likewise tuâ—gid with Seed I The end of the Epididymis or the beginning of the Vas deferens K The Vas deferens of a Dog tied before the Coitus the Preparing vessels being unhurt that the Seminary vessels being filled with Seed may be seen more apparently CHAP. XXII Of the Vasa deferentia Vesiculae seminales and Prostatae OUT of the Epididymidae at their smaller end arise the two Vasa deferentia or Ejaculatoria being but a continuation of them They are white hardish bodies like a pretty large Nerve with a Cavity not very discernible but which may be made so if one open one of them six or seven fingers breadth above the Testicle and then either blow into it with a small pipe or squirt some colour'd liquor into it with a Syringe towards the Testis for then the Vessel will be distended and the colour will run along its Cavity towards the Epididymidae Or if you either blow or squirt liquor by a Syringe the other way towards the Vesiculae seminales the said Vesiculae will be distended Now from the Epididymidae these Vasa deferntia ascend and pass out of the Cod into the Abdomen the same way by which the Vasa praeparantia came down viz. by the process of the Peritonaeum When they are entred the Abdomeâ— they are carried presently over the Ureters and turning back again they pass to the backside of the Bladder between which and the Intestinum rectum they march till about the neck of the Bladder being somewhat severed where they grow wider and thicker and then just as they are going to meet their sides open into the Vesiculae seminales in which they deposite the Seed but not terminating here but coming close together and growing smaller and smaller they go on and end at the Vrethra betwixt the Prostatae These Vesiculae are little Cells like those in a Pomegranate or something like a bunch of Grapes De Graef compares them to the Guts of a little Bird diversly contorted They consist of one
of the extremities of the Arteries so long till the too great quantity of the Bloud be lessen'd and the fermentation ceases which it does after three or four days and so the flux stops till the next period In Women with Child they seldom flow because then the redundant Bloud is bestowed on the nourishment of the Foetus and it is the wanting of the Menses at the usual season that commonly gives Women the first Item of their having conceived But of this also more in Chap. 30. The Veins do likewise spring from the Praeparantes and from the Hypogastrick There are many anastomoses of these Veins one with another as there was noted of the Arteries but especially in the sides of the Vterus which do more readily appear by blowing of them up than those of the Arteries above spoken of The Bloud brought hither by the Arteries that is not spent on the ordinary nutrition of the Womb or is not cast out when the Menses flow returns by these Veins back to the Heart It has Nerves from the Plexus mesenterii maximus of the Intercostal pair and from the lowest Plexus of the same As also from the Nerves of Os sacrum And the same run also to the Testes or Ovaria Now it is these Plexus of Nerves that are chiefly affected in the Hysterical passion or Fits of the Mother For these Fits are meerly Convulsive and often happen without any fault of the Womb at all And that symptom that in such Fits is usual namely when something like a Ball seems to rise from the bottom of the Belly and to beat strongly about the Navel which is usually taken by Women for the rising of the Womb or Mother is nothing but the convulsion of these Plexus of Nerves which one will the rather believe when he considers that some Men are afflicted with the same symptom Of which see more in Dr. Willis in Cerebr anat p. 201. who derives the pain of the Colick also from the same cause De Graef says there are many Lympheducts that creep through the outer substance of the Vterus which one after another meeting into one empty themselves into the common Receptacle And these he says Bartholin mistakes for Venae lacteae The use of the Womb is to receive into its capacity the principles of the formation of the Foetus to afford it nourishment to preserve it from injuries and at length when it is grown to maturity and requires the light and a freer air to expell it forth The Cervix or Os internum of the Womb being contiguous to it and coming betwixt it and the Vagina we will treat of it in this Chapter It seems to be a part of the Fundus or of the Womb properly so called only it is much narrower for its Cavity is no wider in Virgins than a small Quill and in Women with Child its inner orifice doth either quite close its sides together or is daub'd up with a slimy yellowish humour so that nothing can then enter into the Womb unless in very lustfull Women it be sometimes open'd in superfoetation It is an inch or more in length It s Cavity as it opens to the Vagina is compared to the mouth of a Tench Galen likens it to the Glans of a Man's Penis for its Cavity is not round but long and transverse It is wrinkled and has many small ducts opening into it out of which one may press a pituitous serous matter It has the same Membranes and the same Vessels with the Vterus it self De Graef says that amongst its wrinkles he has often observed Hydatides or little watry Bladders and thinks that abovesaid serous matter serves only to moisten the Vagina c. and to excite to Venery CHAP. XXVIII Of the Vagina and its Contents viz. the Hymen and Carunculae myrtiformes IT has its name Vagina or Sheath because it receives the Penis like a Sheath It is called also the door of the Womb and its greater Neck to distinguish it from the lesser just now described in the foregoing Chapter It is a soft and loose Pipe uneven with orbicular wrinkles of a nervous but somewhat spongy substance which lust causes to puff up a little that it may embrace the Yard more closely about seven fingers breadth long and as wide as the streight Gut all which yet both length width and looseness differ in respect of age c. and as a Woman is inflam'd more or less with lust So also the aforesaid wrinkles are much more numerous and close set in Virgins and in Women that seldom accompany with a Man and that have never born Children than in those that have born many Children and in Whores that use frequent copulation or those that have long laboured under the fluor albus for in all these three sorts they are almost obliterated It has very many Arteries and Veins some of which inosculate one with another and others not By the Arteries that open into it do the Menses sometimes flow in Women with Child that are plethorick for they cannot come from the Womb it self unless abortion follow as sometimes it does These Vessels bring plenty of Bloud hither in the venereal congress which heating and puffing up the Vagina encreaseth the pleasure and hinders the Man's Seed from cooling before it reach the Vterus They spring not only from the Hypogastrick but also from the Hemorrhoidal but these latter run only through the lower part of the Vagina Its Nerves spring from those that are inserted into the Vterus but most from those of Os sacrum De Graef says that all along the Vagina there are abundance of pores out of which a serous pituitous humour always flows to moisten it but especially in coitu when it is sometimes offensive to the Man through its quantity but encreases the pleasure of the Woman and is that which is taken for her Seed as has been noted already Near its outer end under the Nymphae of which in the next Chapter in its fore and upper part it receives the neck of the Urinary bladder encompassed with its Sphincter opposite whereto in its hinder or lower part it is strongly knit to the Sphincter of the streight Gut In Virgins its duct is so strait that at their first congress with a Man they have commonly more pain than pleasure through the extension of it by the Penis whereby some small Vessels break out of which Bloud issues as out of a slain Victim to speak with Diemerbroâ—ck unless we should rather think that the Bloud proceeds from the rupture of the Hymen which we now come to describe The Hymen is a thin Nervous membrane interwoven with carnous Fibres and endowed with many little Arteries and Veins spread across the duct of the Vagina behind the insertion of the neck of the Bladder with a hole in the midst that will admit the top of ones little finger by which the
Cornua in which they lay so loosely that by blowing only one might drive them this way or that way The inner tunicle of these or the Egg within an Egg as it were was become yet more conspicuous The sixth day after the coitus we examin'd another in one of whose Testicles we observ'd six Cases emptied and in the Cornu of the same side we could light of but only five Eggs near the Vagina brought as it were upon a heap but in the Testiole of the other side we found four Folliculi emptied and in the Cornu of that side only one Egg The cause of which difference we suppose to be either because some Eggs by the wave-like motion of the Cornua not unlike the peristaltick motion of the Guts being carried downwards towards the Vagina were driven forth or because being consumed in the Folliculi they came not to the Vterus or light on some other mischance These Eggs were as big as small Pease The seventh day from the coitus we examin'd another in whose Ovaria we found some Folliculi emptied that were greater redder and harder than the foregoing and saw as many transparent Tumours or Cells in divers parts of the Vterus out of which being opened we turned Ova as big as Pocket-pistol Bullets in which we beheld nothing but the Inner tunicle very conspicuous and a most limpid humour It is to be wondred at that in so short a space of time the Eggs should imbibe so great plenty of liquor that whereas before they might easily be taken out of the Womb now they could very difficultly The eighth day from the Coitus we opened another in the right Cornu of whose Vterus we saw one in the left two Cells one of these was almost twice as big as the other for Nature doth sometimes so vary that there are Eggs of divers bigness found not only in divers Animals of the same species dissected at the same distance from the coitus but also in one and the same Individual In the horns of the Womb being opened we saw the Eggs a little bigger than the day before but all of them their tunicles breaking poured out their clear liquor before we could take them quite out for which reason we tried another dissected likewise the eighth day after the coitus the right Cornu of whose Vterus we saw swelled up into two and the left into four transparent Tumours or Cells out of which that we might take the Ova we used the greatest diligence and attention but as soon as we came to them their tunicles were so very tender that they burst as the former which when we saw the Eggs that remained we boiled with the Vterus whereby their contents harden'd like the whites of Hens Eggs. The inner substance of the Cells on that side whereon it receives the Hypogastrick vessels was become more tumid and red The ninth day after the coitus we dissected another that was old the Testicles of this were almost as big again as those of younger in the right we saw two in the left â—ive Folliculi lately emptied and besides these others that lookt very pale which we judged to be those that had been emptied the coitus before this although for the most part they leave only some palish points or specks to which the increase of the Testicles is owing The Folliculi of the last coitus were each beset with a Papilla but the others were smooth In the right Cornu there were two and in the left five Cells whose substance being more rare and pellucid than the other parts of the Vterus was interwoven with many twigs of Veins and Arteries Opening some of these Cells we could see the Ova but could not take them out whole wherefore being compelled to examine the content of the Eggs in the very hollow of the Cells we found it clear like Crystal in the middle whereof a certain rare and thin cloud was seen to swim which in other Conies dissected likewise on the ninth day after the coitus for its exceeding fineness escaped our sight The inner substance of the Cells namely that which receives the Hypogastrick vessels being more tumid than the rest exhibited the rudiments of the Placentae The tenth day after the coitus we inspected another in whose right Testicle we found one only Folliculus emptied which by reason of the Sanguineous vessels dispersed plentifully through it was redder and had a less Papilla in the middle of this pale substance there appear'd as yet a very small Cavity but in the left Testicle we found six such Folliculi In the Cornua of the Vterus we found also so many Cells namely one in the right and six in the left distant a fingers breadth one from another in the middle of which Cells lay a rude mucilaginous draught of the Embryo like a little Worm one might also plainly discern the Placenta to which the Egg by means of its Chorion was annexed The matter of the Eggs boil'd with the Womb hardned like the white of an Egg and tasted like the boiled congealed substance of the Eggs in the Testicles The twelfth day after the coitus we opened another in one of whose Testicles we found seven in the other five Folliculi emptied and as many Cells in the Cornua much bigger and rounder than the foregoing in the middle of which the Embryo was so conspicuous that one might in a sort discern its Limbs in the region of whose Breast two sanguineous specks and as many white ones did offer themselves to view in the Abdomen there grew a certain mucilaginous substance inclining here and there to red We could not discern more in this shapeless little Animal because of its tenderness The fourteenth day after the coitus we disseâ—ted another the Cells of whose Vterus we beheld to be yet greater and the Sanguineous vessels more and more turgid we also noted that the Cells the larger they grew came also nearer to one another and their Interstices were lessened The Membranes Amnios and Chorion were knit together which though they appear thicker and stronger are yet more hard to be separated from one another than in the Ova taken intirely out of the Womb tearing these we saw an Embryo with a great and pellucid Head with the Cerebellum copped it s gogle Eyes gaping Mouth and in some sort its little Ears might be discovered also It s Back-bone was drawn out of a white colour which bending in about the Sternum resembled a Ship by whose sides most slender Vessels run whose ramifications were extended to the Back and Feet In the region of the Breast two sanguineous specks greater than the foregoing exhibited the rudiments of the ventricles of the Heart at the sides whereof were seen two whitish specks for Lungs In the Abdomen being opened there first shew'd it self a reddish Liver then a white Body to which was knit a mucilaginous matter like a writhed thread being the rudiments of the Stomach and
c. Sometimes it comes not to the Neck at all but goes first a little up towards its Breast and then turns round its Back and from thence passes to the Placenta The Vessels contained in this string and which are enwrapped in a common Coat called Funiculus or Intestinulum are four one Vein two Arteries and the Vrachus The Vein is larger than the Arteries and arises from the Liver of the Foetus viz. out of its fissure at the trunk of the Vena porta of which it seems to be but a branch and from thence passing out of the Navel it runs along the Funiculus to the Placenta into which it is implanted by innumerable roots but before it reaches it it sends some little twigs into the Amnios The Ancients that thought the Foetus was nourished by the Mothers Bloud only taught the sole use of this Vein to be to carry Bloud from the Placenta to it and since it has been found out and believed that it is nourished also if not only by Chyle or Succus nutritius some have continued the same office to this Vein and think that the Chyle is brought by Lacteal vessels arising out of the Placenta as they say it was brought thither by the Mothers Lacteals And indeed if any certain discovery had been made of these same Lacteae we should have embraced this opinion as the most probable But we are not to form hypotheses out of rational notions only but much rather from what appears to the Eyes of the Dissector We do affirm therefore that the Umbilical vein serves for conveying to the Foetus the nutritious juice separated in the Placenta from the Mothers Arteries How this separation is made and how it is first of all turned into Bloud we shall consider by and by But together with this juice there returns so much of the Arterial bloud that comes from the Foetus as is not spent upon the nourishment of the Placenta or of the Chorion and Amnios Besides this Vein which is common to all Creatures there have been observed in Whelps and may perhaps in others two small Veins more that pass directly from the Vmbilicus to the Mesentery as the other great one does to the Liver which may strengthen the opinion that the Chyle or Succus nutritius is brought to the Foetus by the Sanguinary vein or Veins from the Placenta In the Funiculus are included also two Arteries which are not both of them together so big as the Vein They spring out of the inner Iliacal branches of the great Artery and passing by the sides of the Bladder they rise up to the Navel out of which they are conducted to the Placenta in the same common cover with the Vein and Vrachus with which they are twined and wreathed not unlike a Rope I say they are inserted into the Placenta and with the Vein make a most admirable texture and net-like Plexus Dr. Harvey says the Vein is conspicuous a pretty while before these Arteries appear Bloud and Vital spirit are not carried by them from the Mother to the Foetus as many from Galen have taught but on the contrary Spirituous bloud is driven from the Foetus by the beating of its Heart to the Placenta and the Membranes for their nourishment from which what Bloud remains circulates back again in the Umbilical vein together with the Succus nutritius afresh imbibed by its capillaries dispersed in the Placenta But besides Arterial bloud there flows out of the Navel by them part of the Succus nutritius that was imported by the Umbilical vein namely that of it which is more crass and terrene which by one circulation through the Heart or it may be many could not be changed into Bloud this part I say flows out by these Arteries which by their branches that are dispersed through the Amnios disimbogue it by their little Mouths into it for what use shall be declared presently And here I shall transcribe a material objection with the answer to it out of Diemerbroeck Obj. How can these Vessels Vein and Arteries when they have grown from the belly of the Foetus to that length as to reach the Membranes penetrate and pass through them to the Placenta Answ This is done in the same manner as the roots of Herbs Shurbs and Trees penetrate into the hard Ground yea often into thick Planks Walls and Stones which water cannot enter and root themselves firmly in them For just so the first sharp-pointed and most fine ends of the Umbilical vessels insinuate themselves by little and little into the pores of the Membranes for the figuration of those pores are fitted for their entrance and pass through them and yet the liquors contained in these Membranes cannot flow out by them and when those Vessels inhering in the pores grow more out into length by little and little the said pores are more and more widened according to the increase of the Vessels and are inseparably united unto and grow in them The fourth Umbilical vessel is the Vrachus or Urinary vessel and it is a small membranous round Pipe endued with a very strait Cavity arising from the bottom of the Bladder up to the Navel out of which it passes along within the common cover and opens into the Allantoides It is more apparently pervious in many of the larger Brutes than it is in Man in whom some have denied it any Cavity but that it is hollow in him is confirmed by many Histories of persons adult who having the ordinary urinary passage along the Penis stopt the passage in this Vessel has been unlocked and they have made water by the Navel which could not have been imagin'd to have happen'd if it had been originally a Ligament without any Meatus Bartholin and others have affirmed that the Vrachus in Men reaches no further than the Navel How then comes that humour into the Allantois that has perfectly the same taste with the Urine in the Bladder But their errour sprung from hence that they thought an humane Foetus had no Allantois and that humour that is found in it they thought had been contained in the Chorion But this is in short refuted above but more fully and accurately by Dr. Needham lib. de formato Foetu cap. 3. As to the perviousness of the Vrachus I shall add this further that in abortions of five or six months old the Bladder of the Embryo is always full of Urine out of which if in the following months it should not be emptied by the Vrachus the Bladder would soon burst seeing there is daily some Serum separated from the Bloud in the Kidneys and sent to the Bladder and the more the Foetus increases the more must needs be separated It s use has been sufficiently declared in the preceding Paragraph as also above when we delivered the use of the Allantoides which we shall not repeat These four Vessels as has been said above
have one common cover which also keeps each of them from touching other It is called Intestinulum and Funiculus by which it with its Vessels is sometimes understood It is membranous round and hollow indifferent thick consisting of a double coat the inner from the Peritonaeum and the outer from the Panniculus carnosus Sometimes it self only is wreath'd about like a Rope the Vessels included in it running streight along its Cavity and sometimes they are wreathed together with it It has several knots upon it here and there which Dr. Wharton thinks to be Papillae or little Glands through which the lacteal or nutritious juice distils out of the capacity of the Funiculus into the Cavity of the Amnios I cannot tell whether this be so or no but that use that doting Midwives make of them to guess by their number how many Children more the Mother shall have and by their colour whether those Children shall be Male or Female is most ridiculous and superstitious When the Infant is born this Navel-rope is used to be tied about one or two fingers breadth from the Navel with a strong thread cast about it several times and then about two or three fingers breadth beyond the Ligature to be cut off What is not cut off is suffered to remain till it drop off of its own accord Which the longer or shorter while it is a doing the longer or shorter-liv'd Women prophecy the Children to be There have been great disputes among both Philosophers and Physicians with what and by what way the Foetus is nourished Some affirm by Bloud only and that received by the Umbilical vein others by Chyle only received in by the Mouth each of which are in an extream The truth is according to the different degrees of perfection that an Ovum passes from a Conception to a Foetus ready for the birth it is nourished diversly For first assoon as an Ovum impregnated is descended into the Womb it presently imbibes through its outer Membrane some of that albugineous liquor that at this time plentifully bedews the internal superficies of the Vterus so that assoon as the first lineaments of an Embryo begin to be drawn out of that humour contained in the Amnios they presently receive increase by the apposition of the said liquor filtrated out of the Chorion through the Amnios into its Cavity And this same liquor that thus encreaseth the first rudiments of the Embryo is called by Dr. Harvey Colliquamentum as was noted above That this way of nutrition or augmentation of the Embryo is possible need not be doubted by him that considers that the Foetus of a Sow have no other possible way of being nourished till she is near gone half with Pig for even till then saith Dr. Needham the Chorion cleaves not to the Womb but look as many Foetus as there are there are so many Eggs as it were without Shells neither sticking to the Womb nor to one another but when one opens the Matrix they all tumble out of their own accord There are no Glandules no Placenta But the Chorion which is soft and porous does like a Spunge imbibe or suck up the serous liquor that sweats out of the inmost Membrane of the Vterus to be afterwards swallowed by the Veins I suppose he means the mouths of the Umbilical vein after the said Vein is so perfectly formed as to receive it But of this more in the beginning of the foregoing Chapter But when the parts of the Embryo begin to be a little more perfect and the Chorion becomes so dense that not any more of the said liquor is imbibed by it the Umbilical vessels begin to be formed and to extend to the side of the Amnios which they penetrate and both the Vein and Arteries pass also through the Allantois and Chorion and are implanted into the Placenta that at this time first gathering upon the Chorion joins it to the Vterus And now the Hypogastrick and Spermatick arteries that before spued out the nutritious juice into the Cavity of the Vterus open by their orifices into the Placenta where whether by meer percolation through it or by some sort of fermentation also I will not determine but they deposite the said juice which is absorbed by the Umbilical vein and by it conveyed first to the Liver then to the Heart of the Foetus where the thinner and more spirituous part of it is turned into Bloud But the more gross and terrene part of it descending by the Aorta enters the Umbilical arteries and by those branches of them that run through the Amnios is discharged into its Cavity They that will laugh at this passage of the nutritious juice because it is made by this doctrine to choose its way as if it were some animal or even rational Creature let them avoid the like treatment if they can while they deliver that the Chyle passes immediately either from the Mesentery the Receptaculum or Ductus communis to the Placenta when a Foetus is in the Womb. 'Pray how should the Chyle know or the Lacteals by which it passes that there is any Foetus in the Womb that the one should offer to go that way and the other give it way to go thither at that time whereas the passage is shut at all other times yet this my Opponents maintain As also how comes the Chyle presently to turn its course after the Foetus is born and instead of descending to the Vterus ascend to the Breasts What mechanical cause can be assigned to these and many other the like Phaenomena We must therefore be content to resolve some things into the admirable and unintelligible disposal of our wise Creatour But there lies another objection against this opinion Because it allows none of the Mothers Bloud to be received by the Foetus through the Umbilical vein but only Succus nutritius how should Bloud be first bred in the Foetus seeing it has Bloud before the Liver or Heart or any other part that conduce to sanguification are in a capacity to perform their office I confess it is inexplicable by me how Bloud should be made so soon but that it may be and is made out of the Succus nutritius or Colliquamentum without the mixture of any from the Mother is apparent from the most accurate observations of Dr. Harvey concerning the order of the generation of the parts in a Chicken which from first to last receives nothing from the Hen. Says he there appears at the very first a red leaping Punctum or Speck a beating Bladder and Fibres drawn from thence containing Bloud in them And as much as one can discern by accurate inspection bloud is made before the leaping speck is formed and the same is endowed with vital heat before it is stirred by the Pulse and as the pulsation begins in the bloud and from it so at length at the point of death it ends in it And
because the beating Bladder and the sanguineous Fibres that are produced from it appear first of all I should think it consentaneous to reason that the bloud be before its receptacles namely the content before its container and that this is made for the sake of the other He confesses it to be a paradox that bloud should be made and moved and endued with vital spirit before any sanguifying or motive organs are in being and that the Body should be nourished and increased before the organs appointed for concoction namely the Stomach and Bowels are formed but neither of these are greater paradoxes than that there should be sense and motion in the Foetus before the Brain is composed and yet says he The Foetus moves contracts and stretches out it self when there is nothing conspicuous for a Brain but clear water I say if all these unlikely things do certainly come to pass in an Egg that has nothing to set the vegetative or vital principle thereof on work but the warmth of the Hen that sits upon it why should we think it strange that nutritious juice impregnated with the vital spirits of the Arterial bloud with which it circulated through the Mothers Heart it may be more than once should be turned into bloud in an humane Foetus fostered with such kindly warmth in the Womb though it neither receive any humour under the form of bloud from the Mother nor have it self as yet any organs of sanguification so perfect as to perform their office But to proceed The grosser nutritious juice being deposited by the Umbilical arteries in the Amnios assoon as the Mouth Gullet and Stomach c. are formed so perfectly that the Foetus can swallow it sucks in some of the said juice which descending into the Stomach and Intestins is received by the Venae lacteae as in adult persons That the Foetus is nourished this way Diemerbroeck evinces by these reasons 1. Because the Stomach of the Foetus is never empty but is found possest of a milky whitish liquor and such like is contained even in its Mouth 2. Because there are Faeces contained in the Intestins which Philosophers call Meconium which the Infant assoon as 't is born voids by stool Without doubt these are the excrements of some aliment taken in by the Mouth 3. Because the Stomach could not presently after the birth perform the function of concoction if it had not at all been accustomed to it in the Womb. His fourth reason supposing the Foetus to be nourished in part by the Mothers bloud I shall not recite because I think that to be an erroneous opinion as I think to make appear by and by 5. Because the Infant assoon as it is born knows how to suck the Breast which it could not be supposed to be so dextrous at if while it remained in the Womb it had taken nothing by suction 6. Because many Infants assoon as they are born before they have sucked any Breast or taken any thing by the Mouth vomit up a milky aliment which therefore must needs be received into their Stomach in the Womb. This he gives an instance of in one of his own Children These Arguments I think sufficient to prove what they are alledged for but when â—he would afterwards prove that the Foetus is also nourished by the Mothers bloud conveyed by the Umbilical vein I think his reasons are invalid For he says it must be so first because the said Vein is implanted into the Placenta but this is but begging the question for 't is necessary it should be implanted into it though it receive nothing from it but nutritious juice Secondly because of the great quantity of bloud that will issue out of the Umbilical vein if one tie the Navel-rope and then open the said Vein betwixt the Ligature and Placenta for he says there will flow out four times as much bloud as could be supposed to be contained in the small Arteries on that side the Ligature next the Placenta I answer that first one would be well satisfied that the Ligature was made so strait that there could no bloud pass through it from the Foetus to the Placenta And secondly it cannot exactly be guessed how much bloud may be contained in the Foetus's Arteries in the Placenta so as that one should be certain that there does four times more flow out by the Vein But lastly suppose there do four times as much more bloud issue out of the Vein as is contained in the Foetus's Arteries that are on that side the Ligature next the Placenta and this bloud come from the Dam's Hypogastrick and Spermatick arteries I say there will not only four times but forty times as much issue therefrom for all the bloud of the Dam might then be drawn out this way Wherefore I think this experiment makes much more against his opinion than for it His third reason is the necessity of it because as the Foetus increases it needs much aliment and its weak Bowels can concoct but little it must therefore have some purera liment and which is already concocted he means bloud to nourish it and by its commixture to help forward the changing the aliment received by the Mouth into bloud Answ This reason himself invalidates in the next Paragraph where he confesses that the Foetus in the Womb is nourished in the same manner as the Chicken in an Egg which receives increase first by the inner White as he distinguishes by way of apposition secondly it receives nourishment in by the Mouth from the outer White and at the same time its Umbilical vessels enter the Yelk to draw nourishment from thence which he says indeed resembles the Mothers bloud but seeing it has not the least form of bloud why would it not be more plausibly said that it is instead of the Succus nutritius that the Foetus in viviparous Animals receives by the Navel-vein And seeing these several liquors are turned part of them into bloud in a Chicken without any of the Hens bloud to ferment them as he speaks why should not the same power be granted to the vegetative or animal soul of the Foetus in the Womb without any assistance from the Mothers bloud To which I shall add another Argument out of Dr. Harvey taken from Caesarean births when living Infants are cut out of the Mothers Womb after she is dead For if it had its life and heat from the Mothers bloud surely it should die assoon as she at least if not sooner for when death approaches the subordinate parts do languish and grow cold before the principal and therefore the Heart fails last of all Wherefore the bloud of the Foetus would first lose its heat and become unfit for its office if it were derived from the Mothers Womb seeing her Womb is destitute of all vital heat before her Heart But enough of this But some may object If the Foetus be nourished by none of the
the Glands many do take for true Lacteals and therefore do believe that there are some Venae lacteae that conduct the Chyle directly to the Mammae But from whence those Lacteals have their origine is not agreed among the defenders of that opinion Some affirm them to rise from the Stomach some from the Pancreas and some from the Ductus thoracicus The truth is it is no wonder they should not agree concerning their rise seeing the opinion is grounded more upon rational conjecture than ocular discovery For as was said in the former Book Chap. 32. discoursing of the Venae lacteae their being said to convey the liquor into the Amnios That that were a plausible opinion if such could be demonstrated by Anatomy so we may say as to their conveying the Chyle to the Breasts where it comes to be called Milk But with all due respect and deference to the Espousers of this Hypothesis such as the most learned Sir George Ent Caspar Martianus Diemerbroeck c. we must crave leave to dissent therefrom with Doctor Wharton Doctor Needham c. till there shall be observed more certain footsteps of such Vessels The use of the Breasts in Women is to prepare or separate Milk for the nourishment of the Child Which how it is done we shall shew in as few words as may be It was an old opinion that Milk was made of Bloud sent from the Womb by the Epigastrick vessels ascending and as was thought inosculating with those branches of the Mammariae that descend towards the Navel But as later Anatomists have found those anastomoses only imaginary invented to serve an Hypothesis so it is generally denied that either Bloud sent from the Womb or from wheresoever is the true matter out of which Milk is made For not to mention which yet is very considerable that it is incredible that the Mother could every day endure the loss of so much Bloud suppose a pound and half as the Child sucks daily Milk from the Breasts I think the argument urged by Dr. Wharton may satisfie any Man Viz. Nature does nothing in vain she goes not forward and backward by the same path But if she make Bloud of Chyle which is certain and then make Chyle of Bloud again she goes so For Chyle is a sort of Milk as appears by the opening of the Lacteal veins If therefore that Chyle be first excocted into Bloud and then return again to the nature of Milk Nature should certainly frustrate her first work We shall not therefore spend further time to refute so improbable and now obsolete an opinion but shall avow that Chyle is the true matter out of which Milk is made which is done after this manner The Chyle being received into the common receptacle from the Venae lacteae of the Mesentery ascends up by the Ductus thoracicus and by it is conveyed into the subclavian Veins where it is mixed with the Bloud and from whence it is circulated with it through the ventricles of the Heart And when it comes out of the left Ventricle by the Aorta a good part of it as yet not assimilated to the Bloud is sent to the Breasts by the Mammary and Thoracick arteries whose Capillaries are inserted into the Glands through which it is strained or filtrated into the Tubuli lactiferi even as the Serum of the Bloud is separated from it by the Glands of the Kidneys into their Tubuli or Syphons And as those Syphons of the Kidneys carry the Serum into the Pelvis so do these of the Mammae the Milk into the common duct of the Nipple As for the Bloud that came along with the Chyle to the Glands that returns back again into the Subclavian and Axillar veins and so to the Heart Besides this matter of the Milk viz. Chyle Dr. Wharton suitable to his Hypothesis of the Succus nutritius of the Nerves thinks that the Nerves contribute their share which he calls spermatick for the nourishment and encrease of the spermatick parts of the Child But if it should be supposed that the Nerves have such Succus in them which we do not believe what weakness must it needs induce upon the Mother to have so much of it with the animal spirits daily drain'd out of them whereas we see that many Women are more chearfull and healthfull when they give suck than at other times We cannot therefore consent to that opinion And here a most difficult question may arise why the Chyle whether it be brought by some Venae lacteae or by the Arteries flows only to the Breasts at some certain times and not always seeing the Vessels that carry it are not obliterated nor it self exhausted They that taught that the Milk was made of Bloud and that that Bloud was sent from the Womb by the Hypogastrick vessels inosculating with the Mammary these I say deriving the Milk from the Menstrual bloud as its matter out of which it is made thought that the stopping of the Menses as commonly happens to Nurses unless very plethorick occasioned the regurgitation of the Bloud by the said Vessels up to the Breasts where so free a vent was found for it after it was first changed into Milk by their Glandules They assigned the same bloud for the nourishment of the Foetus in the Womb and that after the birth it ascended up to the Breasts But having in the former Book Chap. 33. shewn that the Foetus is not nourished at all by the Mothers bloud as also in this Chapter that Milk is not made of it we need not though it were easie to shew how ill this Hypothesis would satisfy the question if Bloud should be supposed the material cause of the Milk And indeed it is far easier to invalidate the reasons that have been urged for it than to produce any new ones that are more satisfactory For as above in Book I. discoursing of the manner and matter of the nourishing the Foetus in the Womb we scrupled not to expose our selves to the smiles of our so oversagacious Virtuosi in resolving all into the wise disposal of the Creatour so we shall not be ashamed to profess our I think invincible ignorance in this also and acquiesce in the wise providence of Nature However we will not omit to give Diemerbroeck's opinion which if it cannot satisfy may for its ingeniousness delight The cause of it says he is a strong imagination or an intense and often thinking of Milk Breasts and their Suction which worketh wonderfull things in our Bodies not indeed simply of it self but by mediation of the appetitive power or of the passions of the mind which induce various motions on the spirits and humours So the imagination and thinking of a great danger maketh a Man tremble fall be cold fall into a swoon yea hath sometimes turn'd all the hairs grey in a short time The imagination of a joyfull matter causeth heat and animosity of the Body thinking on a
dense Membrane and condensed into humour Dr. Lower opposing this opinion brings for argument that if it were collected this way because it would be continually a gathering it would soon encrease so much that this Capsula could not hold it But the abovesaid Lympheducts absorbing what is superfluous wash away this objection which if they did not his own opinion that it drops out of the Glands seated at the basis of the Heart would be liable to the same inconvenience For such destillation would be as continual as this condensation is supposed to be Naturally it is not in quantity above two spoonfulls This is that liquor that is supposed to have slown from the Side of our Saviour when the Souldier pierced it with a Spear for saith the Text John 19. 34. There came forth bloud and water The Pericardium is some sort of fence to the Heart but it seems to be chiefly made for the sake of the liquor it contains which serves for the moistening of the Heart and making it slippery that it may move more glibly CHAP. V. Of the Heart in general and of its Motion THE Heart in Latine Cor in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to burn because it is the source of vital heat is the principal Bowel of the whole Body which no perfect Animal does want nor can long survive its wounds Vital spirit and natural heat are communicated from it to all the parts of the Body though perhaps not so much owing to its substance as to the fermentation of the humours in it as shall be discoursed hereafter It is seated in the middle of the Breast encompassed with the Pericardium and Mediastinum it s lower tip or Mucro bending a little to the left side Neither its Mucro nor sides are knit to any place but it hangs loose in its case only suspended by the Vessels that go in and out of its upper part or basis It s situation in Beasts that feed upon Grass is near the middle of the whole Body reckoning from the Head to the Tail but in Man and most carnivorous Animals it is nearer the Head whereof the learned Dr. Lower gives an ingenious reason Seeing says he the trajection and distribution of the Bloud depends wholly on the Systole of the Heart and that its liquor is not driven of its own nature so readily into the upper parts as into vessels even with it or downwards into those under it if the situation of the Heart had been further from the Head it must needs either have been made stronger to cast out its liquor with greater force or else the Head would want its due proportion of Bloud But in Animals that have a longer Neck and which is extended towards their food as it were the Heart is seated as far from the Head as from the other parts and they find no inconvenience from it because they feed with their Head for the most part hanging down and so the Bloud as it has farther to go to their Head than in others so it goes a plainer and often a steep way It has a firm thick dense substance thinner and softer in the right side thicker and more dense in the left but most compact and hard at its tip only on the left side of the tip it is thin as consisting mostly of the concourse of the inner and outer Membrane It s Parenchyma is for the greatest part made up of musculary Fibres so that it self may truly be reputed a Muscle It s Fibres are a few of them streight but far more oblique Both are inserted into a Tendon that is spread over its basis under the Auricles Part of which Tendon at the egress of the Aorta in some Creatures becomes bony as in a Stag c. On the outer superficies of the right Ventricle there run a few slender Fibres streight upwards and are terminated in its basis In which also terminate the oblique ones next under these ascending from the left side towards the right spiral-wise The Fibres that lie under these go clean contrary For they arise every where from the right side of the Heart whence being carried obliquely towards the left and having embraced each Ventricle of the Heart they rise to the basis of the left side spiral-wise as the other But they run not all of them the whole length from the basis to the cone for then would the Heart be as broad or thick at the lower end as the upper but some reach not above half way others a little further c. and some to the very Apex The Fibres of the left Ventricle differ not from those of the right as to kind only they are considerably stronger Which they are for this reason that whereas the right Ventricle only promotes the circulation of the bloud through the Lungs the left must cast it forth with that force as that it may circulate through the whole Body The curious Reader may find a most accurate description of these Fibres in Dr. Lower's treatise de Corde whither I refer him for to insist too long on such minute similar parts would not be suitable to this Epitome of Anatomy Though by a view of those Figures that I have borrowed of him their structure may be pretty plainly apprehended It s shape is like a Boy 's Top save that it is flattish behind or a Pyramid turn'd topsy turvy whence it is divided into its basis which is its broader part and upper and into its cone or apex or narrower and lower part which ends in a tip or mucro It is bigger in Men than in other Creatures considering the proportion of their Bodies It is lesser but more dense in hot and bold Men than in the cold and cowardly In adult persons it is commonly six fingers breadth long and four broad at the basis Outwardly it is cover'd with a proper Coat which is thin but strong and dense and very hard to separate from it it is the same with the outer Coat of the great Artery as that which cloaths the Ventricles on the inside is continued and common with that thin skin that covers the inside of the Arteries like a Cuticula and hence 't is likely says Diemerbroeck that the Arteries borrow these Coats of the Heart as the Nerves borrow their two Tunicles from the Pia and Dura mater of the Brain Upon this Membrane that invests the Heart there grows some hard fat about the basis which serves to moisten it It is not nourished by the bloud or nutritious juice received into its Ventricles but by Vessels running through its Parenchyma Its Arteries are two springing out of the Aorta before it pass out of the Pericardium and are called Coronariae because their trunks do not presently sink into the Parenchyma of the Heart but fetching a circuit on its surface the better to branch out themselves towards its cone they encompass its basis And
though at their rise they turn one on one side and t'other on the other of the Heart yet at their ends they meet again and inosculate one with the other so that if one inject any liquor into one it will run into the other It has also two Veins called Coronariae which encompass its basis in like manner and communicate one with the other These receive and carry back the Arterial bloud that remains from the nutrition of the Heart and refund it into the Cava Nerves it has from the sixth pair Dr. Willis's eighth which passing between the Arteria pulmonalis and the Aorta do send forth divers twigs on each side into the Auriculae and then are branched out into the substance of the Heart Dr. Lower says they are manifestly apparent over all the outer superficies of the Heart of a Calf or other Animal newly brought forth Great controversie hath been and still is about the motion of the Heart whether it depend on the influx of the animal spirits or on the dilatation ebullition or accension of the bloud in its Ventricles or partly on one partly on the other Plausible Arguments are produced on every side but such as rather tend to shew the shortness and insufficiency of the contrary opinions to solve this Phaenomenon than pretend to demonstrate any certain reason of it That the immediate instruments of its motion are its Fibres none can doubt but what sets these Fibres on work is all the question That it cannot be the Animal spirits conveyed by the Nerves only is apparent first because the Heart moves in the Embryo before either Brain or Nerve are so perfectly formed that the Animal spirits can be elaborated out of the Bloud by the former or transmitted to the Heart by the latter yea seeing they are made of Arterial bloud that must be sent to the Brain by the pulsation of the Heart before they can be generated And secondly because those muscular motions that depend on the influx of the Animal spirits are voluntary which this of the Heart is not for we can neither stop it nor hasten it at our pleasure Lastly because the Heart of living Foetus's as of young Puppies and of Eels being cut out of the Body and from all the Nerves by which any Animal spirits should flow into it will continue beating as long as 't is warm yea when it has ceas'd beating if one throw warm bloud or but warm water upon it it will recover some kind of pulsation again Which may serve also to convict the second opinion of errour for if its motion depended only on the dilatation of the bloud it would cease assoon as the bloud flows no longer into its Ventricles And as to ebullition or accension Dr. Lower's experiment or his observation are a sufficient confutation of their being the reason of this pulsation His experiment is this He drew out of the Jugular vein of a Dog about half of his bloud away injecting by turns into the Crural vein a like quantity of Beer mixt with a little Wine and this he repeated alternatively so often till instead of bloud there flow'd out of the Vein only a paler tincture like water wherein Flesh had been wash'd or Claret diluted with very much Water and yet the Heart in the mean time remitted but a little of its former pulsation ..... His observation which he had from a Physician worthy of credit is this A Youth about sixteen years old continuing bleeding for two days together his friends and those that waited on him gave him good store of Broth to keep up and recruit his Spirits which swallowing down greedily his bleeding was now and then encreas'd thereby so that at length having poured forth almost the whole mass of his bloud that which now run out was dilute and pale neither of the nature nor colour of bloud but liker the Broth he had drunk so much of And this kind of flux continued a day or two the Heart the mean while retaining its pulsation till at length being stopt the Youth was restored by degrees to entire health and grew to a robust and lusty Fellow This experiment and observation I say do make it apparent the motion of the Heart depends not on the ebullition or accension of the bloud for then when in the first the Beer and Wine in the second the Broth flow'd into its Ventricles instead of Bloud its motion must either have been more notably alter'd or rather have quite ceas'd these liquors being so far distant from the nature of bloud especially the Broth. And lastly that this motion is not caused partly by the influx of the animal spirits and partly by the ebullition or accension of the bloud may be evinced by the Arguments produced against each opinion apart and yet if a reason could be given this seems the most probable Namely that the bloud destilling into the Ventricles of the Heart is in them accended and rarefied and wanting more room expands or bears against their Sides and then the Parenchyma of the Heart being molested by that expansion calls in the Animal spirits for help which coming in in convenient plenty contract the muscular Fibres that make up the Parenchyma of the Heart and so by straitning its Ventricles drive forth the bloud contained in them into the Arteries But we had rather ingenuously confess our ignorance of the reason of so admirable an action and profess with Dr. Lower that it is too hard for Man to conceive of and that it is the prerogative of God only who searcheth the secrets of the Heart to know the reason of its motion also CHAP. VI. Of the Pulse and the circulation of the Bloud THE motion of the Heart is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Pulsus pulse or beating And this is performed by Diastole or Dilatation in which it receives Bloud into its Ventricles and Systole or Contraction by which it expells it Contraction being the proper motion of a Muscle the Systole is the proper motion of the Heart and the Diastole is but a ceasing or restitution from that motion For in the Diastole the Fibres of the Heart are relaxed so that the Bloud destills down into its Ventricles out of the Veins whereby when they are filled and in some measure distended the Fibres both streight and oblique begin to contract themselves and compress or straiten the Cavities of the Ventricles and also draw up the cone nearer its basis whereby the Heart becomes rounder and harder and the Bloud is expelled with force out of the Ventricles into the Arteries which motion is called the Systole But why the Heart should keep such stated turns of Systole and Diastole and continue them for may be fourscore years together that as we said above we cannot conceive the reason of but admire the wisedom and power of the Creatour in beginning and continuing such a motion Now seeing by this continual
reciprocation of the Pulse there is a constant expulsion of Bloud from the Heart there must needs be a continual influx of Bloud into the Heart out of the Cava And seeing the Cava from whence the supply is is never drawn dry and on the other hand seeing the Arteries that receive the Bloud continually from the Heart are not unduly swell'd with it it necessarily follows that this motion proceeds circularly viz. that the Bloud is continually driven out of the Heart into the Arteries out of these into the Veins and parts to be nourished then from the lesser Veins returns to the Cava and so at length to the Heart again The invention of which circulation is owing to our Countreyman Dr. Harvey and may be prov'd invincibly by these reasons 1. The great quantity of Bloud that is driven out of the Heart into the Arteries at every Pulse For though the Ancients who knew not this circulation imagin'd that only a drop or two were expelled by every Systole which they were necessitated to suppose to avoid the great distension that the Arteries must be liable to if any considerable quantity issued into them yet it is certain and demonstrable that there must needs an ounce or more be driven into them each time For taking it for granted that there is no other way for any liquor to pass from the Stomach to the Kidneys but through the Heart along with the Bloud seeing if some Men at some times drink three pints of Drink they shall piss it out again in half an hour yea more of Tunbridge Waters in that space and seeing secondly that there is commonly as much Bloud as Serum that flows to the Kidneys the Bloud returning back by the Emulgent veins it is clear that by the two Emulgents which are none of the largest Arteries there must pass in half an hours time six pounds of liquor all which must come from the Heart and how much more then may we conceive to be driven through all the other Arteries that run through the whole Body This is more accurately evinced by Dr. Lower's experiment which is this I cut asunder says he both Cervical arteries in a large Dog and at the same time through an hole made in the left side of his Breast over against the Heart I comprest the trunk of the Aorta below the Heart with my finger to hinder any Bloud from descending by it and lastly I took care also to straiten the Brachial arteries under the Axillae by which means almost all the Bloud was driven out of the Heart through the Cervicals besides that which was sent into the Vertebrals and which is wonderfull to be related within the twentieth part of an hour the whole mass issued out so that it is not to be denied but that it all past through the Heart in that space And though it may be granted that amidst such wounds and tortures the Heart does beat somewhat quicker in such a case than at other times yet the same thing is partly evident from wounds in the Limbs when some notable Artery is cut asunder for 't is strange in how small a time a Man will bleed to death even at that one Artery Yea we may give a great guess how much Bloud is sent out at every Pulse even from the ordinary opening of one Vein in the Arm from whence a notable quantity of Bloud will issue in a short time how much then may we suppose would flow out of all the Veins if they were opened at one time Seeing then 't is evident that so great a quantity of Bloud is expelled out of the Heart at every Systole and that for all that the Arteries are not unduly distended nor any part swell'd by it neither yet the Cava and other Veins emptied 't is certain that the Bloud that is driven into the Arteries flows back to the Heart by the Veins in a constant circulation 2. A second Argument to prove it may be taken from the Valves in the Veins which are so framed that Bloud may freely flow through them out of the lesser Veins into the greater and so into the Cava but not on the contrary out of the greater into the less Yea if one blow into the Cava through a Pipe there will no wind pass into the smaller Veins but on the contrary if you blow up the lesser Veins the wind will readily pass to the larger and so to the Cava 3. And lastly The same thing is most clear by the Ligature in bloud-letting For whether you let bloud in the Arm or Foot you always tie the Fillet above where you intend to make the Orifice and then the Vein below the Ligature will presently fill and grow tumid but above it will fall and almost disappear Which must needs be from hence for that the Bloud being driven along the Arteries towards the extreme parts returns by the Veins and ascends upwards which coming to the Ligature and being stopt there swells the Vein below the Ligature and spurts out assoon as the Orifice is made but when the Fillet is loosed again the Bloud flows no longer out thereat but holds on its wonted channel the Vein and the Orifice closes up again Having sufficiently demonstrated the circulation of the Bloud we will shew two things further first how the Bloud passes out of the Arteries into the Veins and secondly in how long a time the whole mass of Bloud may be supposed to pass through the Heart in its ordinary circulation As to the first it was the opinion of Riolanus that the Bloud circulated only through the larger Vessels by anastomoses or inosculation of the Veins with the Arteries and that that which run into the smaller was all spent on the nutrition of the parts But it is clear that there must be a circulation even in the smallest from the great quantity of Bloud that will flow out of the least Artery in the Hand or Foot when it is cut which it were very absurd to imagine to be all spent on the nourishment of the respective part Now there are but two ways whereby the Bloud can be supposed to pass out of the Arteries into the Veins viz. either by the former opening into the latter by inosculation or else by the Capillary arteries letting out their Bloud into the pores of the substance of the parts on whose nutrition part is spent and the remainder imbibed by the gaping mouths of the Capillary veins And it seems necessary to admit both these ways this latter because if part of the Arterial bloud did not issue into the substance of the parts they could not be nourished by it for while it is in the vessels it may add warmth indeed to the parts through which it flows but cannot nourish them seeing even the vessels themselves are not nourished by that stream of Bloud that glides along their Cavity but by Capillaries running through their Coats and if the Bloud be driven into the
the Ventricles are relaxed and empty in their Diastole the Auricles force their Bloud into them by their Systole They serve to receive the Venal bloud immediately out of the Vena cava and Pulmonalis and to measure it as it were into the Ventricles Whither that they may expell it with the greater force the internal Fibres or Columns of their cavity arising from their root where they are joined to the basis of the Heart reach directly outwards towards the Vena cava and Pulmonaris and in the Systole of the Auriculae grasp the Bloud contained in their cavity like so many fingers and squeez it into the Ventricles whilst they are relaxed in their Diastole The Heart hath two Cavities called Ventricles whereinto it receives the Bloud from its two Auricles and out of which it expels it into the Arteria pulmonaris and Aorta The right is wider and not exactly round but almost semicircular nor reacheth down to the Mucro or tip of the Heart the left is narrower but rounder and longer reaching down to the very tip Now though the outside of the Heart be smooth yet these Ventricles are very unequal having their sides hollowed into divers interstices or furrows and interwoven with carnous Fibres reaching this way and that way They are more numerous in Men's Hearts than in those of any other Animal though such as are big as Horses and the like have them larger These Fibres or fleshy Columns serve to straiten or constringe the Ventricles and the clefts or furrows betwixt them help their sides to close more exactly in their Systole than they could have done had they been smooth The Fibres are more and stronger and the furrows deeper in the left Ventricle than in the right yea they are also in that side of the Septum that makes part of the left though that side that looks to the right be well nigh smooth For there was need of greater and stronger constriction in the left than in the right seeing the right expels the Bloud to no greater circuit than through the Lungs but the left to the extreamest parts of the Body They are divided from one another by the Septum or a partition that stands like a Wall betwixt them It is hollow towards the left Ventricle and as was just now said has such like Fibres and Clefts as the rest of the Cavity but towards the right it is convex or bunching out and has but very little inequality Many have been of opinion that it has some wider pores through which part of the Bloud does pass immediately out of the right into the left Ventricle but he that searches for them diligently will find none unless he first make them with his Probe And indeed if there were any in grown persons we may much more suppose them to be in Foetus's in the Womb in whom are several passages that after the birth are obliterated But if these were in the Foetus then should Nature have made those two other passages in vain namely the Foramen ovale whereby the Bloud passes out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaris as it is entring the left Ventricle and the Canalis arteriosus which carries the Bloud out of the Arteria pulmonaris into the Aorta I say if the Bloud could have passed out of one Ventricle into the other without going through the Lungs by any pores that perforate the Septum these other passages had been superfluous And therefore we may suppose that as in grown persons they cannot be found by any Probe or Bristle so they were not there even while the Foetus was in the Womb seeing there was no occasion for them As to the use of the Ventricles it may be learned partly by what has been discoursed in the three former Chapters and partly by what shall be said further in the following wherein we are to describe the Vessels opening into and out of them Whither also we transfer the treating of their Valves that are placed at their Orifices CHAP. IX Of the Ascending trunk of Vena Cava BEcause the Vessels contained in the Thorax either open into the Heart or run out of it having finished the description of It we shall discourse next of them as appendages to it But we shall not need to repeat here what we said Book 1. Chap. 10. of the Ductus chyliferus thoracicus that runs up the Thorax by the Spine and opens into the Subclavian vein but shall desire the Reader to look back thither for the description of it And now shall only meddle with the Sanguiferous vessels that are four in number viz. Vena cava Arteria pulmonaris or Vena arteriosa Vena pulmonaria or Arteria venosa and the Aorta or Arteria magna and in this Chapter of the first viz. Vena cava In the former Book Chap 12. and 13. where we discoursed of the Vessels contained in the Abdomen we supposed with the Galenists that both the Vena portae and Cava had their rise from the Liver not dogmatically asserting it but supposing it for methods sake And in Chap. 13. describing the branches of the Cava in the Abdomen we found it presently dividing it self after its rise out of the upper part of the Liver into the Ascending and Descending trunk the description of the branches of the latter in the lower Belly we there finished but traced the Ascending trunk no further than its penetrating through the Midriff up into the Thorax deferring the further prosecution of it till this place that we come to treat of the Vessels contained in the Thorax As it ascends through the Midriff it sends forth a small sprig on each side called Venae phrenicae these run through the Midriff the Mediastinum and Pericardium If at any time matter gathered in the cavity of the Thorax be afterwards discharged by Urine which many Physicians have affirmed it is probable that it is absorbed by the mouths of these Veins gaping in the upper side of the Diaphragm upon which such matter must be supposed to fluctuate whereby it is brought into the Cava and so in the circulation is separated by the Kidneys out of the Emulgent arteries and descends by the Ureters to the Bladder From the Diaphragm it passes undivided to the right ventricle of the Heart but before it enter it having pierced the Pericardium it sends forth sometimes one sometimes two twigs called Venae coronariae which compassing the basis of the Heart bring back into the Cava the Bloud that is superfluous from its nutrition As these open into the Cava there is a Valve placed which permits the Bloud to return by them into the Cava but hinders any to pass out of the Cava into them Before this trunk of Vena cava open into the Ventricle it is joined to that other trunk that descends from the Claviculae though for method's sake we must consider that as a continuation of this by and
iliaci they run down out of the Peritonaeum to the Thighs where they begin to be called Crurales where we shall leave them till we come to speak of the Arteries of the Limbs Book 4. Chap. 5. Having now traced all the Arteries springing out of the Aorta whether out of its ascending or descending Trunk in the Thorax and Abdomen taking occasion to doe so because the great Artery out of which they all arise has its origine in the Heart to which we have considered it as an appendage we shall pass on to the description of the remaining parts in the Breast not yet spoken to Pag 281. Tab. IX Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. The Explanation of the Table Figure I. Representeth the Vessels that go into and out of the Heart a The Basis of the Heart b The Mucro or Cone of the Heart c The trunk of the Cava ascending from the Liver d The trunk of the Cava above the Heart descending from the Claviculae e The uniting of these two Trunks as they enter into the right auricle of the Heart f The Arteria pulmonaris rising out of the right Ventricle and passing towards the Lungs g The Canalis arteriosus from the Arteria pulmonaris to the Aorta pervious in a Foetus in the Womb. h The Vena pulmonaria coming from the Lungs and entring into the left ventricle of the Heart i The Aorta ascending out of the left ventricle of the Heart k The ascending trunk of the Aorta j The descending trunk of the Aorta Figure II. Representeth the oblique Fibres of the Heart lying under the streight which are outermost but here removed which ascending from the left side towards the right obliquely terminate in the basis of the Heart from Doctor Lower a The basis of the Heart b The Cone c The Fibres that encompass the left Ventricle d The Fibres encompassing the right Ventricle e A Sinus in the interstice of the Ventricles made for receiving the vessels of the Heart Figure III. Representeth a second rank of oblique Fibres lying under the former and running clean contrary from the right side of the Heart to the left also from Dr. Lower a The basis of the Heart b The Cone c The right side of the Heart d The left e The Fibres of the right Ventricle f The Fibres of the left Figure IV V VI VII Represent the Valves of the Vessels that go into and out of the Ventricles of the Heart Figure IV. A The orifice of the Vena coronaria B A print of the Anastomosis between the Vena cava and Pulmonaria by means of the Foramen ovale CC The Valvulae tricuspides with the Fibrillae by which they are tied Figure V. A The right Ventricle of the Heart opened BBB The Valvulae sigmoides of the Arteria pulmonaris Figure VI. AA The Vena pulmonaria laid open B A print of the Foramen ovale opening into it CC The two Valvulae mitrales D The left Ventricle laid open Figure VII A The Aorta cut open near the Heart BBB The Valvulae semilunares in the orifice of the Aorta CHAP. XII Of the aspera Arteria and Lungs AS in the first Book being to treat of the Stomach we first described the Gullet which serves as a Tunnel to it so the same reason induces to begin with the Windpipe called Trachea or aspera Arteria thereby to usher in the description of the Lungs to which it performs the same office as the Gullet to the Stomach this receiving in Air as that does Meat and Drink The Aspera arteria then is a long Pipe consisting of Cartilages and Membranes which beginning at the Throat or lower part of the Jaws and lying upon the Gullet descends into the Lungs through which it spreads in many branchings It is commonly divided into two parts the upper which is called Larynx and the lower that is named Bronchus Of the former we shall speak in Chap. 14. where we shall treat of the parts contained in the Neck of the other here By the Bronchus we mean all the Trachea besides the Larynx as well before as after it arrive at the Lungs It is joined immediately to the Larynx to whose lowest Cartilage all those of the Bronchus are assimilated These Cartilages are like so many Ribs Hopes or Rings seated one below another at equal distances and kept in their places by the inner membrane of the Trachea which fills up their interstices and ties them one to another like a Ligament Yet these Rings have not their circle intire but on the back-side of the Bronchus next the Gullet that they might give way to the Meat in swallowing they pass into a Membrane which is the same with the inner Membrane that ties them together So that they are in figure like the letter C. Besides the inner there is also an outer Membrane that helps to connect these Cartilages the more firmly one to another and the whole Trachea to the neighbouring parts that it may more safely and firmly descend into the Thorax This is much thinner than the other for the inner according to Dr. Willis has two rows of muscular Fibres the outer streight the inner oblique the first by their contraction shorten the Trachea the latter straiten it so that he thinks they assist expiration especially when it is violent as in coughing hawking or the like It is also of most exquisite sense as every one knows being the least thing offends it and causes a Cough which is a sort of Convulsive motion And this it ows to the recurring Nerves of the sixth pair Dr. Willis's eighth creeping along it more than the outer It is usually besmear'd with a fattish and mucous humour to hinder its drying and to make the voice smoother for when this humour is fretted off in Catarrhs or it becomes unequal from any cause the voice becomes hoarse and when it is dryed by too much heat as in Fevers it becomes squeaking The aspera Arteria has Veins from the external Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides and from the Arteria bronchialis first found out by Frederick Ruysch which springs from the backside of the descending trunk of the Aorta a little above the lower Intercostals Nerves it receives from the recurring branches of the par vagum as abovesaid When it is descended as low as the fourth vertebra of the Thorax it is divided into two Trunks whereof one goes into the right lobe of the Lungs the other into the left and each is presently again divided into two and those into others till at last they end in very small branches which are dispersed among the roots of the pulmonary Artery and Vein and end into and are continued with the little Bladders that make up the greatest part of the Parenchyma of the Lungs For Though the Lungs called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to breath
the Bone as here it doth to the Skull under the said Muscles These two Membranes outwardly investing the Cranium have Arteries from a branch of the external Carotides and Veins from the external Jugulars The Meninges follow called by the Arabians Matres as if all the Membranes of the Body were propagated from them These are immediately within the Skull as the other were without but adhere not close thereto as those do They are two in number the Crassa meninx or Dura mater and the Tenuis meninx or Pia mater The Dura mater is the outer that is is next to the Skull through whose Sutures sending Fibres to the Pericranium it is suspended thereby for in other places it is loose from the Cranium saving in its basis to which it is so firmly knit that it can hardly be pulled from it or where it is suspended by Vessels entring into it from the perforations of the Skull It is thicker and harder than the inner whence it has the epithet of dura hard It consists of a double Membrane the outer of which is more rough towards the Cranium and the inner is more smooth and slippery and as it were bedewed with water It is knit to the Pia mater by many vessels that pass from it thereto It has many foramina or holes for the transit of the Vessels and besides one very large one at the descent of the spinal marrow and another toward the Glandula pituitaria And where it adheres to the Os cribriforme it is perforated like a Sieve It has Arteries from the larger branch of the Carotides entring into it through the holes of the wedge-like Bone and that of the Forehead These in some places run out of it into the Pia mater by means whereof they are in some measure knit together Veins it has from the internal Jugulars At the Crown of the Head it is doubled from whence its duplicature descending inwards divides the Brain into the right and left side This duplicature because it is broader backwards and grows narrower forwards and so resembles in some manner a Reaper's Sickle is called Falx Now this Falx reaches as far forwards as to the top of the Nose where it grows to the Partition-bone that distinguishes the Processus mammillares and is called Galli crista or Cock's comb But it s hinder and broader part towards the Occiput being severed descends towards both the right and left side and distinguishes the Cerebellum from the Cerebrum In the said duplicature are formed four Sinus or Cavities three pretty large and one little one The first which is the highest and longest runs along the upper part of the Falx from the top of the Nose lengthways of the Head towards the Occiput where it is divided into two lateral Sinus descending by the sides of the Lambdoidal future to the basis of the Occiput And at the said division the fourth short Sinus proceeds inwards to the Glandula pinealis Into these Cavities the Mouths both of Arteries and Veins are said to open by the former whereof Bloud is extravasated into them and absorbed again out of them by the latter Whence if one open the Skull of a live-Creature one may observe a beating in the long uppermost Sinus from the Bloud discharged into it by the Arteries And some are of opinion that the Veins also convey some Bloud into them which being superfluous to the nourishment of the Brain and Meninges is poured in hither by the Veins from the respective parts and is imbibed again by other Veins opening into them namely the inner branches of the Jugulars to be returned to the Heart The place where all these Sinus meet together at the Occiput is called torcular Herophili The second and inner Membrane investing the Brain is called Tenuis meninx or Pia mater This is of most exquisite sense and endowed with very many Arteries and Veins It immediately cloaths the Brain and hinders it from running about and also involves all its windings and circuits and tying their summities together makes all the superficies of the Brain plain as it were which upper connexion being loosed the windings of the Brain because they are invested with this Membrane may easily be separated and laid open From this same Meninx proceeds also a most thin Membrane investing the inner Ventricles of the Brain This Membrane is interwoven with many admirable Plexus or Nets of most small Vessels springing from the Carotides and cervical Arteries and Jugular Veins joined every where by mutual inosculations that by so great a number of Vessels there might on every hand be affused Bloud enough for the nourishment of the Brain and making of Animal spirits Dr. Willis writes that he has observed very small Glands intermixt among these Plexus of Vessels which he saith may be easily perceived in a moist or hydropick Brain but not so well in others Both the spinal marrow extended to the bottom of Os sacrum and all the Nerves that arise out of it and out of the Brain have a double Coat from these two Meninges with which being cloathed they run to their designed parts CHAP. IV. Of the Brain in general THE Pia mater being taken away the Brain offereth it self called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is the general organ of sense in which the Soul the governour of the Body perceives and judgeth of the sensations of all sentient parts and out of which as out of a fountain it communicateth the beams of its benignity namely the Animal spirits bred in the Brain by the ducts or rivulets of the Nerves to all the sentient parts of the Body and thereby endows them with the faculty of performing Animal actions It s substance is thick viscous soft and white It is not a Glandule for it is the Work-house and Seat of the Animal spirits but Glandules are appointed to receive excrementitious humours and it is more curiously framed than any Glandule Neither is it of a marrowy substance for marrow swimmeth in water but this sinketh Besides marrow nourisheth the Bones but the Brain nourisheth no part And lastly Marrow being cast into the fire flameth but so will not the Brain It seemeth therefore to be a Viscus or Bowel endowed with a peculiar sort of a Parenchyma part of which Malpighius by the help of his Microscopes has observed to be of this substance viz. That all the white part of the Brain called the Corpus callosum is evidently divided into flattishly round little Fibres which in the Brains of Fish are so apparent that if you hold them betwixt you and the light they represent the small teeth of an Ivory comb These Fibres he saith are inserted by their ends into the Cortex or the ash-coloured outer part of the Brain through which abundance of sanguiferous vessels are dispersed and out of which therefore the aforesaid Fibres seem to draw their nourishment
in specie and agree in nothing but only that the Vital spirits and Bloud are the matter from whence the Animal spirits are formed A third sort deny the Arterial bloud to be the matter of these Spirits and affirm that the Nerves absorb a part of the Chyle of which they are made and besides a Nutritious juice of which by and by And some there are that suppose Air also to be an Ingredient which ascends into the Brain through the Os cribriforme We cannot stand upon the examination and refutation of several of these opinions here but upon a due consideration of the Arguments urged for each we think that the Animal spirits are specifically distinct from the Vital but that the Vital with the Arterial bloud their Vehicle are the true and only matter out of which they are elaborated And there is no less difference in what part of the Brain the Animal spirits are made Some thinking in the Sinus of the Falx others the four ventricles of the Brain especially the fourth a third sort the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile des Cartes that they are separated out of the Arteries of Plexus choroides in the Glandula pinealis into the Ventricles and others lastly assign the whole substance of the Brain for the place of their confection As to the Sinus of the Falx the use of that was shewn above Chap. 3. And as to the Ventricles seeing they are often almost quite full of waterish humour but always have some they seem very unfit for the making or receiving such subtil and volatile Spirits as the Animal are As for the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile there is no Vessel in either that contains any thing but under the form of Bloud so that seeing there are no Vasa deferentia or call them what you will to convey the Spirits to the origine of the Nerves these also seem improper for such an action We must therefore subscribe to the last opinion that ascribes this work to the very substance of the Brain and is performed in this manner The Heart is like the Primum mobile of the Body to which the motion of all the humours that have once past it is owing This by its Systole impells the Bloud as into all other parts so into the Brain by the several branches of the Carotides whose innumerable twigs run partly through the outer Cortex or greyish part of the Brain and partly into the inner medullar or white substance These twigs of Arteries spring partly from the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile and partly from the Carotides themselves immediately The superfluous Serum of the Bloud is separated by the Glands above described and that which is not elaborated into Animal spirit is returned again to the Heart by the Veins But those particles that are fit and proper to be converted into them are extravasated into the very Parenchyma of the Brain or at least are distributed through it by invisible Capillaries in which being perfected into Spirits these by help of the Fibres or Filaments which the inner substance of the Brain chiefly consists of are conveyed to the Corpora striata or other processes of the Medulla oblongata that adhere to the Brain which consist of the like Filaments and by them to the Nerves whose inner substance is fibrous like the Medulla from whence they spring And the reason of this successive motion from one to another is the Pulse of the Heart whereby that which comes behind always drives forward what is before Whence the true cause of an Apoplexy wherein motion and sense are almost quite abolisht is from the obstruction or compression c. of the Arteries in the Brain whereby both little Bloud and Vital spirit can be conveyed thither to make Animal spirit of and also when it is made it is not impelled out of the Brain along the Fibres into the Nerves to enable them to perform their functions There is no less controversie about the Nutritious juice of the Nerves some contending for it to that height as to affirm that all the parts of the Body are only nourish'd by it and not at all by the Bloud which by its rapid motion they say is liker to wear and carry away something from the parts through which it passes than to adhere to them for their restauration Others are more moderate and suppose that nourishment is dispensed only to the spermatick parts by the Nerves which the Nerves receive not from the Bloud but imbibing the most thin part of the Chyle out of the Stomach and Guts do carry it up to the Brain from whence it is conveyed again by the same Nerves to the parts to be nourish'd by it Diemerbroeck is of opinion that the juice of the Nerves which is as a Vehicle to the Spirits being somewhat acid does contribute or yield assistance to the nourishment of the spermatick parts not as it is the matter of but as it separates from the Bloud such particles as are fit for their nourishment Whence it is he says that such parts of the Body as are most exercised and by consequent into which most Animal spirits flow grow the strongest having more of such particles of the Bloud as are fit for their instauration separated in them So they that are used to walk will endure it better than others that are not so used though otherwise much stronger And hence the right Arm is usually stronger than the left in those that are right-handed as we say But he thinks that the Nerves have no juice in them which they did not first receive from the Bloud Dr. Willis is much of his opinion saving as to this last particular for he says it is without doubt that the nervous Fibres and Filaments which cloath the sensory of the taste and the Bowels that serve concoction do immediately take some taste of the Aliments for the supply of the Brain especially at such times as the Spirits are much wasted in too long fasting or over much exercise But then that juice that may be supposed to be made thereof in the Brain and to be dispensed by the Nerves into all the parts of the Body he believes not to be the matter of the nourishment of any part whether spermatick or sanguineous but that it is as the form only and the Bloud the matter whose several particles being analysed or severed by the said juice are directed and adapted by its directive faculty or plastick power as it were to such parts respectively as they are suitable for And from hence he draws a reason why paralytick parts do waste so much though the Bloud flow plentifully enough into them because the Nerves being obstructed and no Animal spirits with their Vehicle passing by them the particles of the Bloud are not separated for the supply of such parts As for the nervous juice it must needs be very little in quantity seeing if one make a Ligature upon the Nerve it will not
it is the instrument of Tasting especially the Papillae in its inner Membrane which have the extremities of the Nerves inserted into them Secondly it formeth or modulateth the Speech Thirdly it helpeth the chewing of meat by tossing of it to and fro and turns it down to the Stomach Besides the several Glands in the Membrane that invests the inside of the Mouth there is a very notable one that lies deep under the Tongue from whence two Pipes called Ductus salivales ascend obliquely to the sides of the Fraenum of the Tongue where each is inserted into another small Gland through which they pour that Saliva into the Mouth which they first received from the foresaid notable Gland These were not unknown to the Ancients but are more particularly described by Dr. Wharton Besides these Steno about twenty years ago found out two more which arising out of the greatest conglomerate Gland at the root of the Ear run on the outside of the Jaw-bone to the center of the Musculus buccinator and there end into the cavity of the Mouth into which they discharge the Saliva they had imbibed out of the Glands Now this Saliva or Spittle is first separated from the Arteries by the Glands and is not a meer excrement but serves for the furthering of the fermentation of Meats in the Stomach if it be not the main ferment of it That it has a fermentative quality Diemerbroeck proves by this experiment That if a piece of white Bread be chewed and moisten'd with much Spittle and then be mixed with Wheatpaste kneaded with warm Water it will make it ferment The end of the Third Book The Fourth Book CONTAINING A Description of the VEINS ARTERIES and NERVES OF THE LIMBS CHAP. I. Of the Veins of the Arms. IN Book 2. Chap. 9. treating of the Ascending trunk of the Vena cava we shewed that when it arrived at the top of the Thorax it was divided into two branches called Rami subclavii which running obliquely under the Claviculae assoon as they were past them and come to the Arm-pit were called Axillares and each of these parteth it self into two Veins the Cephalica and Basilica But before their division they send forth two small Veins viz. Scapularis interna and externa whereof the first passeth to the Muscles that lie in the cavity or inside of the Scapula the latter to those on the outside The Cephalica passeth through the upper and outward part of the Arm to the bending of the Elbow where it is divided into two branches of the which one joining with the Basilica makes the Mediana which is very frequently opened when one is let bloud in the Arm The other marching according to the length of the Radius reacheth to the Hand through which it is spread but chiefly in that part which is between the Ring-finger and the little Finger where it is called Salvatella The Basilica passeth through the inner and lower part of the Arm accompanied with the Artery and Nerves About its beginning there spring out of it the Thoracica superior and inferior though sometimes these arise from the Axillar before its division of which the former runs to the inside of the pectoral Muscle c. the latter to the Musculus latissimus of the Back and all over the side of the Thorax where 't is said to inosculate with the twigs of Vena sine pari Basilica about the bending of the Elbow is divided into that which is called Subcutanea and that which is called Profunda Profunda the deeper is annexed to the Artery about the bending of the Elbow not under Then passing between the Vlna and Radius it is carried to the Hand by the outer part of the Vlna The Subcutanea or the shallowest branch near to the bending of the Arm being turned up to the outer part of the Vlna is carried along it to the Hand The Mediana is also double Profunda and subcutanea both which run by many twigs through the Muscles of the Cubit to the Hand and Fingers Note that since the circulation of the Bloud has been generally believed it is held indifferent which of these three Veins the Cephalica Basilica or Mediana are open'd in bloud-letting for they all receive their Bloud from one common Artery viz. the Axillar which returns by them all indifferently towards the Heart only it is best to open that which is fairest CHAP. II. Of the Arteries of the Arm. ASsoon as the subclavian branches of the ascending trunk of the Aorta are past out of the Thorax they are called Axillar like the Veins as we shewed in Book 2. Chap. 11. This Artery before it arrive at the Arm sendeth out of its upper part the Humeraria which is bestowed on the Muscles of the Shoulder and out of its lower Thoracica superior inferior and Scapularis which run to the same parts with the Veins of the like denomination in the foregoing Chapter Then having communicated small twigs to the Glands in the Arm-pit it accompanieth the Basilica along the Arm for there is no cephalick Artery When it is come to the bending of the Elbow it is parted into two branches which pass almost wholly to the inner side of the hand for the backside hath no Artery but from a small twig that runs betwixt it and the bone of the Thumb The one of these resting upon the Radius is that which beats about the Wrist and is commonly felt by Physicians The other marcheth by the Vlna and with the former is spread through the Hand CHAP. III. Of the Nerves of the Arm. THE Nerves that spring from betwixt the three lowest vertebrae of the Neck and the first three of the Back do every one send a branch towards the Arm all which for their greater strength uniting with one another and again separating are carried under the Claviculae to the Armpit where they are interwoven together like a Net but they pass out of it again separate one from another The first of them that springs from the fifth pair goes to the Muscle Deltoides to the second Muscle of Os hyoides and to the Skin of the Arm. All the other five are bestowed wholly on the Muscles and Skin of the Arm and Hand CHAP. IV. Of the Veins of the Thigh Leg and Foot THE Iliacal branches of the Vena cava after they are descended as far as the Thigh where we left them B. 1. Ch. 13. are called Crurales which being past the Groins are each divided into six more notable Veins viz. Saphoena Ischias major and minor Muscula Poplitea and Suralis The first called Saphoena descends down on the inside of the Thigh and Leg betwixt the Skin and Membrana carnosa and appears pretty large on the inside of the Ankle where it is frequently opened in Diseases of the Womb and may with great safety having neither Artery nor Nerve accompanying of it The Ischias major is that which runs down on the outside of the Ankle but
them save that their lateral Processes are larger and divided into two as well as the hinder The seventh is the largest of all It is liker to the Vertebrae of the Thorax than of the Neck for neither are its transverse Processes like the foregoing nor is its hinder one forked but both are like those of the Thorax to be described in the next Chapter CHAP. XI Of the Vertebrae of the Thorax THE Bones of the Thorax are the Vertebrae of the Back the Ribs and Breast-bone As for the Vertebrae they are twelve in number unto which so many Ribs answer whereof seldom doth one abound more seldom lack Their Spines or hinder Processes are not divided into two as those of the Neck but are solid and simple The transverse are short and blunt and have each a shallow Sinus for the inarticulation of the Ribs but are not perforated like those of the Neck The oblique Processes are four two ascending and two descending these serve for articulation The descending are a little hollowed and receive the something protuberant heads of the ascending Processes of the next Vertebra below them successively The forepart of their body next to the cavity of the Thorax is round As for their holes they have a large one in the middle which containeth the marrowy substance and two lesser besides on each side one betwixt their jointings one with another for the egress of the Nerves and ingress of the Veins and Arteries CHAP. XII Of the Ribs THE Ribs are twelve in number Their substance is partly bony partly cartilaginous the first serving for firmness the second for articulation and the easier motion of the Breast in respiration The bony substance towards the Vertebrae of the Back is thick and roundish but towards the Sternum flat and thin Within it is fungous or spongie whence the Ribs being broken are more readily joined together by a Callus than most other Bones The Cartilages in bigness answer the bigness of the Ribs for the bigger Ribs have the bigger Cartilages and on the contrary The Ribs in the upper side are blunt or broadish but in the under sharper In the lower and inner side they have a furrow that runs along them to receive the Intercostal vessels the Veins Arteries and Nerves The Ribs are of two sorts for they are either long or short The long otherwise called the true Ribs are seven in number being the uppermost and by their cartilaginous productions are immediately knit to the Breast-bone by the articulation called Arthrodia for in the Breast-bone there are an equal number of Cavities which receive their cartilaginous heads Their bony end is covered with a Cartilage and articulated into the shallow Sinus of the transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Back by Synarthrosis and is knit to the said Vertâ—brae by very strong Ligaments Note that the Cartilages of these true Ribs are usually observed to be harder in Women than in Men which may seem to be for the better sustaining of the weight of their Breasts that lie upon them The short otherwise called Nothae or Spuriae bastards Ribs are five in number of which the four uppermost having their Cartilages bending upward and cleaving one to another are joined before to the lower side of the Cartilage of the seventh true Rib but the last which is the least grows sometimes to the Diaphragm and sometimes to the Musculus rectus of the Abdomen as also sometimes does the lowest of the four next above it Behind they are joined to the Vertebrae of the Back like as the true Ribs were Their use is first to keep the Breast and the upper part of the Abdomen distended that in the former the Heart and Lungs may have free space for their motion and in the latter the Stomach and Liver might not be prest upon by the circumajacent parts Secondly to preserve those parts from external injuries as from bruises or the like And lastly to sustain the Muscles that serve for respiration and to promote their motions for if the Breast had been environ'd with one continued Bone it had not been capable of dilatation in inspiration nor of contraction in expiration CHAP. XIII Of the Breast-bone or Sternum THIS Bone is seated in the middle of the Thorax before serving as a Breast-plate and having the cartilaginous productions of the true Ribs inarticulated into it It is of a red fungous substance and in children almost wholly cartilaginous only its uppermost part is somewhat more bony than the rest perhaps because one end of the Clavicula is jointed into it In Infants it consists of seven or eight but after some years they so coalesce one to another that in the adult it is compounded but of three and in aged persons it seemeth but one Bone yet it is distinguished by two transverse lines shewing the former division which are more conspicuous in the former division which are more conspicuous in the inside than outside The uppermost Bone is thickest and broadest it hath in each side a longish cavity lined with a Cartilage to receive the points of the Channel-bones between these in its middle and upper part is a pit called Jugulum It has also a small cavity on the inside to give way to the Wind-pipe descending The second bone is neither so thick nor broad yet four times as long It is joined to the former by an intervening Cartilage and in each side has five or six cavities for the inarticulation of so many of the true Ribs The third is least of all yet it is broader than the second unto the lower end of which it is joined What Ribs were not jointed into the middle Bone are received by this To its lower end is annexed the Cartilage called Mucronata or Ensiformis Sword-like This Cartilage is triangular about an inch long and on the outside of it there is formed a cavity in the Breast called Scrobiculus cordis or Heart-pit and the gnawing pains felt there Cardialgiae though those pains are not from any affection of the Heart but of the upper orifice of the Stomach which lies under this Cartilage CHAP. XIV Of the Vertebrae of the Loins THE Bones belonging to the Abdomen are these five Vertâ—brae of the Loins five or six of Os sacrum Os cocoygis and Os ischii The five Vertebrae of the Loins are larger than those of the Breast and the lowest of them are biggest They are jointed with the last Vertebra of the Back and the first of Os sacrum and with one another by an intervening clammy Cartilage but more loosly than those of the Back because the Body bends more upon them They have each one large hole to give way to the Spinalis medulla and two small by which Nerves pass out to the adjacent parts and Veins and Arteries come in As for their Processes their posteriour or Spines are shorter and more blunt but broader and thicker than those of the Vertebrae of the
bladâ—â— and Porus bilarius 72 XV. Of the Pancreas 77 XVI Of the Spleen 81 XVII Of the Kidneys and the Glandulae renales 90 XVIII Of the Vreters 100 XIX Of the Bladder 103 XX. Of the Vasa praeparantia in Men. 106 XXI Of the Stones or Testicles and the Epididymidae 109 XXII Of the Vasa deferentia Vesiculae seminales and Prostatae 1â—8 XXIII Of the Yard 124 XXIV Of the Vasa praeparantia in Women 134 XXV Of Womens Testicles or Ovaria 136 XXVI Of the Vasa deferentia in Women or their Oviducts 140 XXVII Of the Uterus or Womb and its Neck 145 XXVIII Of the Vagina and its Contents viz. the Hymen and Carunculae myrtiformes 152 XXIX Of the Pudendum muliebre or Woman's Privity 156 XXX Of a Conception 163 XXXI Of the Placenta uterina or Womb-liver and Acetabula 175 XXXII Of the Membranes involving the Foetus and of the humours contained in them 179 XXXIII Of the Vmbilical vessels and of the nourishing of the Foetus 185 XXXIV What parts of a Foetus in the Womb differ from those of an adult person 199 XXXV Of the Birth 204 Book II. Of the Breast CHAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it Page 209 II. Of the proper containing parts and first of the Dugs 211 III. Of the proper internal containing parts 222 IV. Of the Pericardium and the humour contained in it 231 V. Of the Heart in general and of its motion 233 VI. Of the Pulse and the circulation of the Bloud 241 VII How Bloud is made of Chyle of its Colour and whether the Body be nourished by it 247 VIII Of the parts of the Heart viz. the Auriculae the Ventricles and the Septum that divideth them 253 IX Of the Ascending trunk of Vena cava 257 X. Of Vena arteriosa and Arteria venosa 266 XI Of the great Artery or Aorta 269 XII Of the Aspera Arteria and Lungs 284 XIII Of Respiration 293 XIV Of the Neck and the parts contained in it viz. the Larynx Pharynx Tonsillae c. 296 Book III. Of the Head CHAP. I. Of the Head in general and its common containing parts Page 301 II. Of the Hair 303 III. Of the proper containing parts 305 IV. Of the Brain in general 310 V. Of the parts of the Brain properly so called viz. Cortex Corpus callosum Septum lucidum Fornix three Sinus Infundibulum Glandula pituitaria Plexus choroides Rete mirabile Nates Testes Anus and Glandula pinealis 312 VI. Of the Cerebellum and the fourth Ventricle or Sinus 318 VII Of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis 320 VIII Of the Processus mammillares 322 IX Of the Action of the Brain and the supposed Succus nutritius of the Nerves 324 X. Of the Nerves arising within the Skull and first of the first and second pair 330 XI Of the third and fourth pair 332 XII Of the fifth sixth and seventh pair 333 XIII Of the eighth and ninth pair 337 XIV Of the Nerves of the Spinalis medulla and first of the Nerves of the Neck 345 XV. Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Breast 349 XVI Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Loins 350 XVII Of the Nerves which come from the marrow of Os sacrum 352 XVIII Of the Face and its parts 354 XIX Of the Eye in general and its outward or containing parts 356 XX. Of the Tunicles of the Eye 359 XXI Of the humours and vessels of the Eyes 361 XXII Of the Auricula 364 XXIII Of the inward part of the Ear. 366 XXIV Of the Nose 371 XXV Of the Lips 373 XXVI Of the inner parts of the Mouth 375 Book IV. Containing a description of the Veins Arteries and Nerves of the Limbs CHAP. I. Of the Veins of the Arm. Page 379 II. Of the Arteries of the Arm. 381 III. Of the Nerves of the Arm. 382 IV. Of the Veins of the Thigh Leg and Foot 383 V. Of the Arteries of the Thigh Leg and Foot ibid. VI. Of the Nerves of the Thigh Leg and Foot 384 Book V. Containing a Treatise of all the Muscles of the Body CHAP. I. The description of a Muscle Page 385 II. Of the differences and actions of the Muscles 389 III. Of the Muscles of the Eye-lids 391 IV. Of the Muscles of the Eye 393 V. Of the Muscles of the Nose 395 VI. Of the Muscles of the Lips and Cheeks 397 VII Of the Muscles of the lower Jaw 400 VIII Of the Muscles of the Ear. 403 IX Of the Muscles of the Tongue 405 X. Of the Muscles of the Bone of the Tongue called Os hyoides 406 XI Of the Muscles of the Larynx 408 XII Of the Muscles of the Uvula and Throat 410 XIII Of the Muscles of the Head 411 XIV Of the Muscles of the Neck 413 XV. Of the Muscles of the Breast 414 XVI Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins 416 XVII Of the Muscles of the Abdomen 418 XVIII Of the Muscles of the Genitalâ— both in Men and Women 421 XIX Of the Muscles of the Bladder and Anus 422 XX. Of the Muscles of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade 423 XXI Of the Muscles of the Arm. 425 XXII Of the Muscles of the Ulna 428 XXIII Of the Muscles of the Radius 430 XXIV Of the Muscles of the Wrist 431 XXV Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand 433 XXVI Of the Muscles of the four Fingers 434 XXVII Of the Muscles of the Thumb 436 XXVIII Of the Muscles of the Thigh 438 XXIX Of the Muscles of the Tibia or Leg. 441 XXX Of the Muscles of the Tarsus or Instep 444 XXXI Of the Muscles of the Toes 447 Book VI. Of the Bones CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Bone Page 451 II. Of the natural affections of Bones 453 III. Of the differences of the joining of Bones together 455 IV. Of the Sutures of the Head 457 V. Of the proper Bones of the Skull 459 VI. Of the Bones common to the Skull and upper Jaw 463 VII Of the Jaws 465 VIII Of the Teeth 468 IX Of the Bone of the Tongue called Os hyoides 471 X. Of the Bones of the Neck 472 XI Of the Vertebrae of the Thorax 474 XII Of the Ribs 475 XIII Of the Breast-bone or Sternum 477 XIV Of the Vertebrae of the Loins 479 XV. Of the Os sacrum and Os coccygis or Rump-bone 480 XVI Of the Hip-bone 481 XVII Of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade 483 XVIII Of the Os humeri or Shoulder-bone 484 XIX Of the Bones of the Cubit 486 XX. Of the Bones of the Hand 487 XXI Of the Thigh-bone and Patella 490 XXII Of the Bones of the Shank 492 XXIII Of the Bones of the Tarsus 493 XXIV Of the rest of the Bones of the Foot 496 XXV Of a Cartilage 499 XXVI Of a Ligament 500 XXVII Of the Nails 502 The end of the Contents The description of Anatomy The Regions of the whole What the whole and a part signifie Things required in a part being strictly taken The differences of
so wide as the colon but its Membranes are thicker The Muscle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is at the end of it which encompassing it round purses it up close so that nothing can pass out unless it be relaxed voluntarily This Gut especially its inner Membrane usually bags a little out in straining at stool yea sometimes so much that it requires an artificial putting up again TAB II. pag. 43 As for the hemorrhoidal Veins and Arteries that are inserted into the anus we have given an account of them before in this Chapter as we shall do of the Muscles belonging to it in Book 5. of the Muscles Chap. 19. The Explication of the Figure A The Stomach B The Gullet or Oesophagus C The left and larger part of the Stomach D The upper orifice of the Stomach E The right external Nerve of the sixth pair Dr. Willis ' s eighth encompassing the orifice F The left external Nerve of the same pair GG The gastrick Vessels creeping along the bottom of the Stomach H The lower orifice of the Stomach called Pylorus h The insertion of the Gall-passage into the Duodenum III The Jejunum and Ileum with the Vessels creeping along them K The Caecum LLLL The Colon. M The valve in the beginning of the Colon opened mmm The Ligament holding together the Cells of the Colon. NN The Rectum O The Sphincter of the Anus PP The Muscles called Levatores Ani. CHAP. IX Of the Mesenterium THE Mesentery is so called from its situation For it has its Greek name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from whence the English is derived from its being placed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the midst of the Intestines And it is a membranous part situated in the middle of the lower Belly serving not only for conveying some Vessels to the Intestines and others from them but also it ties most of the Guts together so artificially that for all their manifold windings they are not entangled and confounded Which may be much wondred at how the Guts being about nine or ten yards long should all but the duodenum and a piece of the rectum be comprehended by that circumference that is but a span distant from the centre for no longer is the Mesentery betwixt those bounds But it is almost of a circular figure which is most capacious and though it be narrow at its rise which is double viz. at the first and third vertebrae of the Loins yet its circumference is wrinkled and enlarged into so many folds as to be three ells in length whereby it comes the nearer to answer the length of the Guts and to keep them within a small compass and place likewise It is framed of two common Membranes which it has from the duplicature of the peritonaeum and betwixt these two it has a third Membrane that is proper which was first discover'd by Dr. Wharton in a young Maid and is thicker than either of the other two wherein the glands are seated and by which the Vessels are conducted The parts contained in the Mesentery are either common or proper The common are Veins Arteries Nerves and Lympheducts The proper are Glands and the Venae lacteae Of these last we shall speak in the next Chapter of the rest here The Veins are called Mesaraicae these spring from ramus mesentericus dexter sinister branches of the vena portae Their use as also that of the Arteries was shewn in the Chapter before speaking of the Vessels belonging to the Guts It hath also two Arteries the one superior the other inferior branches of the arteria mesenterica which pass as the Veins do As for the Nerves Dr. Willis describeth them very accurately in his Book de Cerebro cap. 25. which take thus in short As soon as the intercostal pair is descended as low as over against the bottom of the Stomach it sends forth on each side a large mesenterick branch each of which is again divided and makes two plexus in each side In the middle of these is the greatest plexus of all which as he speaks is like the Sun amongst the Planets from which twigs and numerous Fibres are dispersed into all the parts of the Mesentery which accompanying the sanguiferous Vessels in their whole process do climb upon them and tie them about Others it hath from those which spring from the spinalis medulla between the first second third and fourth vertebrae of the Loins as Spigelius affirmeth Besides these Vessels known to the Ancients about 30 years agoe there were found out another sort by Tho. Bartholin a learned Dane and called by him vasa lymphatica which he gives a large account of in Append. 3. to the libel 1. de Venis of which I shall give a compendium here because the Mesentery abounds with them They are of figure long and hollow like a Vein but very small and knotty having very many valves which permit the lympha or water contained in them to pass to the chyliferous Vessels and many Veins but hinder its return They are of a pellucid and crystallin colour like hydatides consisting of a transparent and most thin skin which being broken and the lympha flowing out utterly disappears Their number cannot be defin'd for they are almost innumerable As to their rise Bartholin speaks uncertainly but Steno and Malpighius both declare that they always proceed from Glands As to their insertion or ending those under the Midriff do discharge their liquor into the receptaculum chyli to be spoken of in the next Chapter Those in the thorax immediately into the thoracick duct And those of the Neck Arms c. into the jugular vein Bartholin thought they all discharg'd themselves into these three channels but Diemerbroeck affirms they open also into many other Veins and quotes Steno noting that they empty themselves into the jugular and other Veins and also his Countryman Frederick Ruysch writing that by ligature and structure of the Valves he has plainly seen that all the lympheducts in the Lungs do discharge their lympha into the subclavian axillar and jugular Veins There has been much dispute what this lympha which they carry is Bartholin thinks it to be the simple superfluous serum of each part brought thither by the Arteries Glisson that it is a liquor condens'd from the halitus of the bloud like dew driven into these Vessels and flowing back with the vehicle of the aliment brought by the Nerves Segerus and Sylvius that it is the animal spirits or is made of them which after they are distributed into all parts by the Nerves are there partly consum'd and dissipated and are partly condens'd into this water Diemerbroeck quotes more opinions besides these but rejects them all and establisheth this of his own viz. That it is a fermentaceous liquor separated from the serous part of the bloud in the conglobate Glands yet not simple but impregnated with much fus'd and volatile salt and also with some sulphureous