it appears as we have formerly declared that the foetus of such as cleave the hoof as likewise all other are not susteined by the mothers blood That which Aristotle delivereth concerning the Acetabula that they are diminished as the Foetus doth improve is contrary to experience for the larger the foetus the larger the caruncles also and their Acetabula or cavities are more capacious and more numerous and more full of an albugineous juice If you compress these caruncles no blood at all doth issue out but as water or honey doth distill out of a squeezed Sponge or Honey-comb So in like manner if you press the Acetabula an albugineous liquor doth drop out and when that liquor is pressed out the Acetabula are more contract pale and flaggy and at last do resemble the Nipples of the Breasts or large falling Warts Aristotle indeed doth truly affirm that these Acetabula are not in all Animals for they are not in Women nor in any else as far as I know who have onely one carnous substance in their Vterus But as for their office and use I conceive that all the Caruncles like Breasts do not contein blood but digest a sap like to the White of an Egge which they do administer to nourish the foetus The description of the Vmbilical Vessels is elegantly delivered by Fabricius as his Tables or Pictures of them are very artificial The Veins saith he passing from the Uterus towards the Foetus are ever united and improved nor doth their conjunction give over until two large Trunks do result out of them all which penetrating the Navel of the Infant they do constitute one onely large Trunk which is inserted into the Liver of the Infant and perforated into the Hollow and Gate-vein In like manner the Arteries adjoined to these Veins which are very numerous and small passing on from the Womb to the Foetus and at last uniting their forces together and so enlarging do conspire into two large Trunks also which after they have passed the Navel do separate themselves and break company from the Veins and sticking to the sides of the Bladder of Urine by the help of an intervening Membrane they do here and there disperse themselves into the branches of the great Artery descending into the Thighs But we must take notice that this description given by Fabricius doth agree only to the Navel of an Infant and is not common to the foetus of every Animal at large Nor yet to an Infant neither but after it is fully formed for the Arteries at the beginning are inconspicuous as being so slender that we have need of the quick sight of a Lynceus to discern them nor do they indeed reveal themselves afterwards but only by their pulsation for in other things they are no way distinguishable from Veins Because therefore as I have shewed elsewhere the slender branches or filaments of the Arteries have no pulsation at lest so far as we can discover they cannot be known from Veins for they are at that time so thin subtle that they are woven to the coats of the veins like the finest threds or rather do obscurly insinuate themselves into the tunicles of the veins whereby they are utterly indiscernable But all the veins by a retrograde production uniting their sprigs at last do all conspire into one Trunk as all the branches into one stock as also the Meseraick Veins are all concluded in the Venae Portae Neer the Embryo they are divided into two Trunks but when once they enter into him they do constitute one onely Navel which doth terminate in the Hollow-vein neer the right deaf-eare of the Heart passing through the Liver is inserted into the gate-Gate-vein and doth scatter no more Propagations untill by a very large Orifice it displayeth it self out of the gibbous part of the liver So that if you open the Trunk of the Hollow-vein from the deaf-ear of the Heart downwards and so exhaust it of all its blood you may perceive three Orifices as conjoined together one whereof is the entrance into the descending Trunk of the Hollow vein the other is the going out of the Branch of the Liver disseminated through all its gibbous part but the third is the Original of this Umbilical vein Whereby it clearly appeareth that the original of the veins is not to be sought for in the Liver because the Orifice of the descending Trunk of the Hollow-vein is much larger then the Liver-branch for the Umbilical branch is as large as that But the Branches are never said to be the Original of their Trunk but rather where the Trunk is largest there are wee to repute the Original of the branches toreside now that happeneth at the entrance of the right ventricle of the Heart and therefore that ventricle is to be accounted the original promptuary of all the veins I return now to the Umbilical vessels which are not divided after the same maner in all Animals for there are found in some 2. or more litle Branches in the body of the foetus whereof some pass into the Liver others into the Vena Portae or Meseraical veins But in a human foetus the Trunks of the veins arteries being involved together are complicated some 3. or 4. Fingers breadth from the Navel as if one should twist so many wax candles together like a cord being skinned over and conglutinated by the help of a thick gellyish memmembrane This litle cord passing on to the Chorion is in the flat part of the After-birth and interior superficies of the Chorion distributed into several Propagations and thence is ramified into many other almost infinite litle Branches by which the Aliment attracted as it were by so many roots is derived to the foetus The Veines relating to this litle Cord are distinguished in sundry places by litle knobbs or warts as it were by litle bladders full of blood that so the blood might not rush in too forcibly upon the foetus By the number of these protuberations the superstitious Midwives do spend their divination concerning the number of children yet to come and in case they finde none of these knobs they pronounce the Woman barren for the future and likewise by the distance betweene these protuberations they fondly prophesie of the space between childe and childe and also of the discrimination of the Sex from the variety of their complexion Also the constitution of the Umbilical vessels is like to this in almost all other foetuses which have but one onely Uterine cake namely in Bitches Mice and others but the litle cord is in them shorter and less complicated But in Cows Ews Hindes Does Sowes and other Animals whose foetus is not sustained by aliment derived from one carnous substance or cake but from diverse the distribution of the Umbilical vessels is also diverse For the litle branches or terminations of the vessels are not disseminated through the cake onely but also and that
plainly see that the Liver grows to the vessels and is generated some time after the Blood is born and that its parenchyma is produced by the Arteries which administer matter to frame 〈◊〉 and also that for a while it continues white and without blood which is likewise common to other parts of the body For after the same manâ—â— and order as we have declared the production â—â— the Chicken to be out of the Egge doth the 〈◊〉 ration of Man and all other Animals proceed By which it appears how incongruous their perswasion is though it hath obtained both of old and now too who decree the Liver to be both the 〈◊〉 where the Blood is wrought and the Author of it and do upon that account rank it amongst the â—hiefe and first-born parts of the Body who also give so much renown to this Viscus that they proclaim it to spring with the Heart from the first beginning out of the semen of the mother and do rigorously maintain the Fable de tribus Capellis or the three imaginary Bubbles In which Quire Parisanus of late with a loud but unmannageable voice hath sung his part of the Catch These honest men never took notice that the Vesicles move the Heart pants the Blood is now perfectly concocted before any track or foundation of the Liver appears Without all question the Blood is to be counted the Author of the Liver â—ither then the Liver the Author of the Blood For the Liver is made after the Blood and of it cleaving â—the Veins that contain the Blood Nor yet can I subscribe to the Aristotelians which repute the Heart to be the Author of the â—â—id For its substance also or Parenchyma is born 〈◊〉 the Blood and is then superadded to the Veâ—â—â—â—la Pulsantes But I am much in doubt whether Vesicula or Punctum saliens or the Blood that is to â—y whether the contained liquor or the containing â—â—ssels be the elder Now it seems in reason that â—â— container is made for the contained and therefore after it This indeed our cies can truly witnese â—â—â— the Veines are the first woof and the first visiâ—â— foundation of the body and that all the other 〈◊〉 are superadden to them and born after 〈◊〉 But of this matter hereafter more at large In the Interim we cannot chuse but smile at that fond and fictitious Division of the Parts into Spermatical and Sanguineous as if any part were immediately framed of the Semen and were not all of one extract and original But I return to our purpose The extent of the Colliquamentum doth not reach over more then half the Egge The Heart hanging out stands something off from the body And if you makes diligent inspection you may discover some of the Umbilical Vessels beat The sixth Inspection of the Egge EXER XX. ON the seventh day all things are clearer and the primordia of each particular part are now visible namely the Wings Leggs Genitals the divided Claws of the feet the Thighs the Sidesâ—ien c. Now the Foetus bestirrs it self and kicks and the Chicken is found complete there being no addition to be expected after but only the growth oâ— the parts yet tender which the more they encrease the more the White decaies and the out ward membranes uniting supply the place of the Secundina or after-birth as also the Veines do every day more and more represent the Navel Therefore I conceive it convenient to pass from the Seventh to the Tenth day because nothing worth observation doth intervene in the moâ—â— time though Authors usually especially Aristotle do not do so Notwithstanding all this if you observe many Egges at a time you shall finde some that are forward and better grown have all the parts apparent in them other Truants will present them Iess distinct Though on the other side many things concurre to the work as the Season of the year the warmth of the Nest Outward cherishings Deligent Incubation and the like I remember I have sometimes seen in a sluggish Egge the cavity indeed dilated on the seventh day and the Colliquamentum sprinkled ore with veines also a Magot in the midst of it together with the rudiments of the Eyes and other things which come to pass in other Egges about the fourth or fifth day yet there were no vesiculae pulsantes at all nor could I finde the Trunke or root out of which the Veines rise And therefore I justly counted it a seeble backward Egge endowed but with a sickly generative power and now upon the point to die And that chiefly because its Colliquamentum was more cleare and refulgent then usual and the veines did also shine a litle For when the Vital spirit departs that part first declines and corrupts which is first in order of Generation The Inspection after the tenth day EXER XXI WHatever is visible the tenth day is delivered so accurately by Aristotle that litle or nothing remaines to be added And this opinion according to my Paraphrase is thus The tenth day all the Chicken is visible and all pellucid and white save only the Eyes and divarications of the Veines And the Head is bigger then all the rest of the body besides and the Eyes stick fast in the Head or rather stick to the Head as Appendixes being yet unfurnished of a Pupilla or Eye-ball that is having none yet perfectly formed and yet it is no hard matter to discover the distinct coats or membranes for if then you pluck them out you shall finde them blacke and bigger then Beanes from which if you take off the skin there flows a white cold humour very refulgent if you hold it in the light and beside that humor there is nothing namely in the whole entire Head contained at all And this is the state of these parts from the seventh day to the tenth At the same time saith Aristotle the Viscera or Intrals also appear and all the appurtenances belonging to the Belly and Guts namely the Parenchyma of the Heart Lungs and Liver c. but all are white mucilaginous and washy and have no firm consistence in them And the Veines also that proceed from the Heart are applied to the Navel And from the Navel one Vein passeth to the membrane containing the yolke which is then more liquid and dissolved then his natural constitution uses to be But the other to the other membrane which containeth the whole membrane namely the coat of the Colliquamentum which encompasseth the Foetus and the Yolke and the interjacent humour For while the Chicken grows by degrees part of the yolk is above and part below but the White being in the midst is liquid And the white is also under that lower part of the yolke as it was under it before So farre Aristotle And now you may plainly see the Veines accompany the Arteries as well those which 〈◊〉 to the Whites as those which pass to the yolk The yolke also now dissolves and yet
the Winds the Sun the Heavens Jupiter the Soul and in general Nature which is the Principle of Motion and Rest And so by the same rule Any of the Stoicks who thought the Soul to be fire may decree fire the efficient cause of Animals because fire doth nourish and augment it self and seems in some sort to live at its own dispose and liberty though not our destructive culinary fire but the Natural Celestial Vegetative Generating and Healthy fire which the Heathen worshipped by the name of Jupiter whom they called the Father of Men and Things not his lame Brother Vulcan whose ayd and benefit we notwithstanding daily use in several employments to our great advantage but the divine Animal Spirit the Author of Living creatures And therefore Aristotle saith That this question concerning the Efficient is very dubious namely Whether it be an extrinsecal thing or something inserted in the Geniture or Seed and Whether it be a part of the soul or the soul or something which hath a soul Wherefore that we may deliver and rid our selves of the maze and labyrinth of the manifold Efficient causes in this disquisition of the Efficient of the Chicken we have need of Ariadnes Clew woven and cunningly wrought of the Observations of almost all Creatures living And therefore it is to be deferred to a more general Inquest In the mean time we shall recount those things which relating to the particular generation of the Chicken out of the egge do manifestly appear or are strangers to the common perswasion or else do require any further search How the Efficient cause of the Chicken doth operate according to Aristotle EXERCIT. XLVII ALl men generally confess the Male to be the primary efficient cause in Generation as in whom the Species or Form resides And they farther affirm that his Geniture being emitted in coition doth cause both the being and fertility of the Egge But how the seed of the Cock doth produce the chicken out of the Egge neither the Antient nor Modern Philosophers and Physitians have sufficiently explained nor yet solved the question proposed by Aristotle Nay Aristotle himself hath not done it He saith The Male doth not conduce to the Quantity but the Quality and is Principium Motûs the Principle of Mutation but the Female contributes the matter And a while after Every Male doth not emit seed nor is it any part of the Foetus in those that do emit it As nothing which passeth from the Carpenter contributes to the matter of the Wood nor is there any part of the Carpenters art in that which is made but the form and species doth exist in the matter per motum ab illo by the motion or mutation which proceeds from him Now the soule in which the form and knowledge is moves the hands or other members by the motion of a certain quality which motion is either diverse in such as make a diverse thing or the same in such as make the same But the hands and instruments move the matter So the Nature of the Male which emitteth seed imployes that seed as an Instrument and having motion actually in it as in the productions of Art the Instruments are moved for in them in some sort the motion of Art is implanted By which words he seems to imply that Generation is made by the motion of a certain Quality As in Art though the first cause namely ratio operis the reason or ground of the work be in the soul of the Artist yet afterward the work is effected by the motion of the hands or other Instruments and though the first cause be removed as in automatis things that seem to move of themselves yet is it in some sort said to move that which at present it doth not touch but hath touched formerly so long as the motion goes on in the Instruments And in the following Book he hath these words The seed of the Male when now it hath access into the womb of the Female it doth coagulate and cause a consistence in the purest part of the excrement meaning the menstruous blood residing in the womb and doth transmute the matter which lies ready in the womb by such a motion or mutation that at last though the seed vanish after the motion is performed some part of the foetus is existent and that an animate part as the heart which now doth augment and dispose it self as a Son who is free from his Father and hath taken a house of his own It is necessary therefore that there be some principle by which afterwards the order of the members may be delineated and all things disposed which pertain to the absolution and complement of the Animal and from which growth and motion may arrive to the rest of the parts and be the author of all the similar and dissimilar parts and of their last aliment For that which is now an Animal doth increase but the last aliment of the Animal is blood or something proportionable to blood whose vessels and receptacles are the Veines Now the principle or original of the veines is the Heart But the Veines like Roots extend even to the womb by which the Foetus draweth his aliment The Heart also being the beginning of the whole nature and also the containing End ought to be made first as being a genital part of its own nature which must needs be the first as the original of the rest and of the whole Animal and of Sense in whose heat because all the parts are in the matter potentially since the principle of motion did abide that which follows afterwards is stirred up by it as in those self-moving miracles and the parts are moved not shifting their places but altering in softness hardness heat and other distinctions of similar parts being now actually made which were potentially before This is Aristotles opinion almost word for word by which he conceives the foetus to be made of seed by motion though it do not at present continue touching it but hath touched it formerly a nice opinion and of a fine thread and according to those things which are discovered in the order of the generation of the parts not improbable For the heart together with the ramifications of the Veins is discerned first as being an animate principle in which both sense and motion reside and being also like a free Son and a Genital part by which the order of the member is delineated and all things conducing to the accomplishment of an Animal are disposed and having all those attributes which Aristotle bestowes upon it But it seems impossible that the heart should be made in the egge by the males seed since that seed is neither in the egge nor doth touch nor ever did touch it because it neither enters the womb where the egge is made as Fabricius confesseth nor is any way attracted by it and besides this the mothers blood is not in the egge neither nor any other prepared
is also certain that the said Vesicula as also the Auricula cordis the deaf-eare of the Heart afterwards from whom the Pulsation first begins are incited to the constrictive motion by the blood distending them The Diastole or Dilatation is made by the blood boyling or swelling by the spirits within it And so Aristotles Opinion concerning the pulsation of the Heart namely that it is made by a kinde of Ebullition is in some sort true For as in Milk set upon the fire and in Beere we see dayly a Fermentation working or Intumescence so is it in the pulse of the Heart in which the blood as by a kinde of fermentation working up is distended and then ebbs or falls down againe and that which befalls them per accidens from an external agent namely an adventitious heat that is accomplished in the blood by its own internal heat or innate spirit and is also regulated by the soul in a natural way and for the preservation of living creatures The Pulse therefore is performed by a twofold Agent namely the Distention or Dilatation proceeds from the Blood and the Constriction from the membrane of the vesicula in the Egge but in the Foetus when it is born from the Deaf-eares and Ventricles of the Heart and by the mutual performance of this alternate and interchanging motion the blood is driven round the whole body and so our lives continued Nor is the Blood therefore onely to be called the Primigenial and principal part because that in and from it the fountain of motion and pulsation is derived but also because the Animal heat or vital spirit is first radicated and implanted and the soul takes up her first mansion in it For wheresoever the immediate and principal Instrument of the vegetative faculty is first found there in probability the soul first resides and takes her Beginning as being inseparable from the spirit and the calidum innatum For however in Artificial Operations as Fabricius rightly admonisheth the Artificer and the Instruments are separated yet in the works of Nature they are conjoyned and one and the same so the Stomack is both the Author and the Instrument of chylification So in like manner the Soul with the Spirit her Instrument is immediately conjoyned and therefore be it in what part it will that heat and motion first begin there also the Life doth first arise and last expire and out of question the most intimate domestick Deities and Soul it selfe are there enshrined Life therefore consists in the blood as we read in Holy Scripture because in it the Life and Soule do first dawn and last set For I have experimented in the dissection of many live Animals that when the body was now a dying and breathing done the Heart continued its pulse a while and kept up life in it And when the Heart hath now given over you shall discern a motion yet surviving in the Auriculae or Deaf-eares and though the other faile yet the Right will still be stirring and when that submits to Fate too yet you shall perceive a kinde of undulation or waving to and fro and obscure trepidation or palpitation in the champion blood proclaiming that he gave the last blow And any man may plainly see that the blood retaines heat that deriver of Life and Palsation when all the other parts are chilled and cold which heat when it is quite extinct as the blood is then no longer sanguis sed cruor Blood but Gore so now no longer hope of returning back to lise But both in an Egge and in gasping Animals after all pulsation is expunged if you apply a gentle warmth either to the Punctum saliens or the right Auricle of the Heart you shall presently see the motion pulsation and life set on foot again by the Blood except he have quite fore-gone all his innate heat and vital spirit By all which it is most evident that the blood is the Genital Part the fountain of Life Primum vivens ultimum moriens the First-born and the Longest Liver and the chief Palace and Court of the soul in which as in its Spring-head the heat doth first and chiefly flow and flourish and from which all the other parts of the Body derive their life and influent warmth For that heat streaming with the blood doth sprinckle cherish and preserve the whole as we have heretofore demonstrated in our Booke de Motu sanguinis And therefore Blood is found in every particle of the Body nor can you find footing for the point of a needle or the edge of your naile where you shall not immediately start the blood as if were it not for the blood the body would enjoy no heat nor life Therefore the blood being never so little concentrated and fixt Hippocrates calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it is in Swouning frights extream cold weather and the approach of the Paroxysme or fit of an Ague you shall presently behold the whole body freeze and grow stiff and languish in a pale and livid complexion but the blood being summoned back by applied Fomentations exercise or affections of the Mind as Joy or Anger how nimbly do all parts recover their Heat Floridnesse Vigour and Beauty And hereupon the ruddy sanguine parts alone are called the Hot parts as the Flesh but the white and bloodless parts as the Nerves and Ligaments the Cold. And as Sanguineous Animals exceed the bloodless so even in the parts those that are more liberally indowed with Blood are counted the Eminent parts And the Liver Spleen Reins Lungs and Heart it self if you strain all the blood out of them for whose sake they are chiefly called Viscera they presently grow pale and wan and are to be registered amongst the colder parts The Heart himselfe I say doth by the Coronary Arteries receive the Blood it s influent heat and life both which it enjoyes upon no other account then the meer bounty of the Blood Nor can the Liver proceed in its publick office without the influence of blood and heat from the Coeliacal Artery For there is no where any affluence of heat without an Influence or influx of blood by the Arteries And therefore in the first Confirmation of all the parts before they put themselves into publick undertakings they are to be discovered pale and blood-lesse hereupon the old Physitians and Anatomists supposed them to be spermatical parts and this speech was wont to obtain amongst them that in Generation Aliquot in Lacte dies absumuntur some daies are spent in the Milk that is about the Constitution of the white Spermatical parts The very substance of the Liver it self the Lungs and the Heart at their first appearance are exceeding white Nay the Cone of the Heart and the walls or sides of its Ventricles are even then white when the Auriculae are full and dyed with Scarlet-blood and the Coronary Vein looks ruddy So likewise the Parenchyma of the Liver is it selfe white when the
branches and propagations of its Veins are blushing with blood nor doth it execute its publick office untill it be throughly drenched with blood And lastly the blood doth so surround and peirce into the whole body and impart heat and life to all its parts that the soul may justly be counted resident in it and for his sake Tota in tota tota in qualibet parte to be all in all and all in every part as the old saying is But it is so far from truth which yet Aristotle and all Physitians affirm that the Liver or Heart is the Author of the Blood that the contrary out of the fabrick of the chicken in the egge is most manifest namely the Blood rather is the Author of the Heart and Liver And this also Physitians before they are aware seem to acknowledge while they conclude that the Parenchyma of the Liver is a certain affusion or conflux of Blood as if it were nothing else but blood congealed Now it must have a being before it can be affused or coagulated and that it is so experience her self openly displayes for blood appears in the egg before there be any track or Rudiment of any such thing as the Body or any of the Viscera And yet no blood can come thither from the Mother to the Fatus as people commonly phansie in Viviparous productions The Liver of Fishes is alwaies whitish though their Veins are purpled and dark And our Hens the better they are crammed so much the more do their Livers impair and grow pallid Green-sickness Virgins that are Cachectical as the habit of their bodies is pale so is their Liver an evident signe of the penury and dearth of Blood Therefore the Liver borrows his heat and complexion from the blood and not the blood from him Hence it is plaine that blood is the prime genital Part whence the soul primarily results and out of which the primary animate part of the Foetus which is the fountain of all the rest both similar and dissimilar is derived which by that means attain their Vital heat and become subservient to it And the Heart is erected for this end and purpose onely that it may by continual pulsation to which the Veins and Arteries are ministerial and subservient entertain this blood and spout it out again up and down through the whole body All which is the clearer discovered by this that the Heart hath not a pulsation in all Animals nor yet at all times when yet the blood or something proportionable to blood is never wanting in any Of the Blood as it is the Principal Part. EXER LII IT is therefore evident even to the Eye that the blood is the Primigenial and so the Genital part that all those attributes recited in the precedent Chapter are consistent with it namely that it is the builder and preserver of the body and principal part wherein the soul hath her Session For as we newly said before any particle of the body appear the blood is born and groweth having a palpitation as Aristotle saith within the Veins moving to and fro with a Pulse and is above all the humours dispersed through the whole body And so long as life doth last the Blood alone is Animate and hot Moreover by his various motions in celerity or slowness vehemence or feebleness c. He plainly discovers his resentment of the affronts which any thing casts upon him and the friendships of such as cherish him We therefore conclude the blood lives and is nourished of it selfe no way depending upon any other part of the body as elder or worthier then it self But whether the whole body depend upon it as being postgenit adjoined and a kind of appendix or retainer to it is not the business of this place I shall only adde what Aristotle confesses Truly the nature of the blood is the cause why very many things befal Animals both in order to their manners and sense So that hence we may perceive the Causes not of life onely in general for you can never discover any other Calidum innatum aut influens innate or influent heat which may be the immediate instrument of the soul besides the Blood but also of longer or shorter life or sleep and wakefulness of Wit and Strength c. For by its tenuity saith Aristotle in the same place and cleanness or purity creatures are wiser and have quicker senses and likewise are either more timorous or couragious angry and furious according as their blood is more dilute and thin or more compact and grosse by fibres Nor is blood the Author of life onely but according to its several discriminations it is the cause of health or diseases And Poysons themselves which assault us from without as poisoned darts or bullets did they not infect the blood would do us no prejudice So that our life and wellfare is derived unto us from the same spring If the blood be over liquid saith Aristotle men grow sick for it degenerates into so serous a gore that some have swet Blood If too much of it stream out they die For by want of blood all the parts do not onely languish presently but the Animal it self soon expires I conceive it inconvenient to set down Experiments to confirm this because they require a peculiar Tract I perceive that the wonderful Circulation of the blood first found out by me is consented to almost by all and that no man hath hitherto made any objection to it greatly worth a confutation Wherefore if I shall subjoine the causes and benefits of that Circulation and lay open some other secrets of the blood as how much it conduceth to the happiness of the creature as also to both soul and body that so men may be cautious to preserve their blood pure and clean by commodious diet I conceive I shall perform an office not more new then useful and acceptable to Philosophers and Physitians nor will this opinion seem so improbable and absurd to any as once to Aristotle namely That the Blood like a Tutelar Deity is the very soul in the body as Critias of old and others thought supposing sense to be the chiefest property of the soul and that sense to be in her by the nature of the Blood Now some concluded it to be the soul because it hath a power of moving by its owne nature As Thales Diogenes Heraclitus Alcmaeon and others But that both sense and motion are in the Blood is conspicuous by many tokens though Aristotle denied it For if he himself compelled by the truth of the thing it self did confess that there was a soul in an egge though the egge were addle and that in the Geniture and Blood was found a divine substance proportionably answering to the Matter of the Stars and that it was the Creators Vice-Roy If some of the Moderns say that the seed of Animals ejected in Coition is animate Why should we not upon as good reason
Physitians treat of the Blood in stotle did constitute the blood out of parts and differences in some manner alike Physitians indeed do onely take notice of humane blood and of that as it spins into a Sawcer in Phlebotomy and so coagulates Aristotle contemplates the blood of all creatures in general or that which beareth an Analogy with blood But laying aside all cavil and omitting the inconveniences which do pursue their opinion I shall briefly touch upon those things which they both consent in and are plainly discovered by sense it self and are more pertinent to our business intending elsewhere to examine them at large Though as I have informed you the blood is called a part of the body and that the primigenial and principal part yet if it be considered in the whole lump as it is in the Veins nothing hinders why we may not say that it conteins Aliment concocts it and doth apply it to all parts and that being one and the same thing yet in that acceptation it may be said both to feed and to be fed as also to be both the material and efficient cause of the Body and naturally to have that very constitution which Aristotle conceived to be necessary in the primigenial part namely that the blood is partly of a similar and partly of a dissimilar constitution For saith he Since for senses sake it is necessarily ordered that there should be similar members in Animals and since both the power of sensation motion and nutrition are all comprehended in the same member namely the Primogenit it is necessary that that member which conteins such principles in it should both be simple that it may be capable of all sensible objects and also dissimilar that it may move and act Wherefore he goes on in the race of creatures that have blood the Heart is counted such a member but in the bloodless that member which is proportionable to the Heart Now if by the Heart he understand that particle which is first seen in the Egge namely the Blood together with its receptacles the Vesiculae pulsantes and the Veins as one and the same Organ I then conceive he speaks most true for the Blood as it is discovered in the Egge and the Vesicula is partly similar and partly dissimilar But if he understand it otherwise that which is seen in the egge will easily confute him for the substance of the Heart being considered without the Blood namely its Cones and the Walls or partitions of its Ventricles is generated long after and continues so long white without any irrigation of blood upon it untill the Heart be fashioned into an Organical form such as may spout the blood through the whole body Nor doth the Heart then appear of a similar or simple constitution as is fit for a Primogenit part to do but fibrous fleshey and musculous and indeed as Hippocrates would have it a plain Muscle or Instrument of motion But the blood as it is first seen and as it beats being yet comprehended in the Vesicula is plainly of that constitution which Aristotle judgeth necessary to a Principal part For the blood while it is in its natural constitution in the body is altogether similar But so soon as it is dislodged and out of its receptacles and puts of its native heat it presently degenerates into several parts as some dissimilar thing But if the blood were naturally designed onely to the nourishing of the body it would be onely of a similar constitution like the Chyle or White of an egge or at least it would be a mixt body being compounded of the foresaid parts or juyces and yet truly one as those other juyces namely the Choler and Phlegme which after death even when they are taken out of their habitations remain the same as when they were seen in the live body but are not so soon changed Wherefore what Aristotle attributes to a Principal part that very same thing is proper to blood For blood as it is a Natural body being an Heterogeneous or Dissimilar substance is compounded of those parts or juyces But as it lives and it the chief Animal part compounded of a body and soul But when that soul by reason of the expiration of the native heat doth vanish and its native substance is presently corrupted and is dissolved into those parts of which it was formerly made namely first into a Watry Blood next into Red and White parts and the Red parts which are uppermost are most florid but those that sinck downwards grow dark and black Now some of the parts also are fibrous and thicker as being the tye and connexion of the rest others are ichorous and serous upon which the coagulated lump useth to float And into this Serum almost all the blood degenerates Now these parts are not in the live blood but onely when it is now corrupted and dissolved by death Besides the recited parts there is seen in hotter and stronger Animals as in Horses Oxen and Men also of a more lively constitution another part of blood which when the blood is let out and grumefieth seating it selfe in the upper part of the redder blood doth condense and plainly resemble a Gelly made of Harts-horn or kind of Mucilage or thicker white of an egge The vulgar count it the Phlegme and Aristotle the crude and unconcocted part of the blood I have observed this part to differ as well from the serous upon which the coagulated gore useth to swim as from the other parts as likewise from the Urine which is dreined by the Kidnies from the blood Nor is it to be thought the cruder and colder part of the blood but the more spirital as I suppose and that by two experiments First because it swimmes above the florid and brighter part of the blood which is vulgarly conceived to be the Arterial blood as being hotter and fuller of spirits then it and upon the disgregation of the blood obtaines the upper place Also in breathing a Veine this sort of blood where of there is plenty in persons of a hot temperature that are strong and fleshy it darts it self out in a longer stream and more vehemency as if it spirted out of a Syringe hereupon we count it hotter and more spirital as that geniture is counted most fertile fraught with spirits which leaps farthest and most forcibly And that this gelly doth much differ from that ichorous and watry substance which as being colder then the rest sinketh down to the bottom of the sawcer is evident for two reasons for the watry and washy part is more crude and inconcocted then that it may be wrought up into perfect blood But the gelly which is thicker and more fibrous swimming above the lump of blood appeareth more concocted and elaborate then it And therefore in the solution or partition of the blood this gelly keeps aloof the whey or sanies lowest but the lump and red parts as well the brighter as the darker possess the
is white and the other yellow It appeares by what hath been said that the Chicken and the same thing shall afterwards be demonstrated of all conceptions as he results or is framed from the implanted principle or soul of the egge so he also obtaines his nourishment from the Egge too wherefore he hath no need of a mother as the Plants have of the Earth And it is no truer of him that he is nourished by his mothers blood or lives by her spirits and so his own heart lies fallow and idle the while then that he moves and perceives by his mothers organs or is enlivened and takes growth from her soul But the case is plain and all men acknowledge that the Foetus is fed by the Umbilical Vessels and that the Venal branches disseminated into the White and Yolk do hence derive sustenance which they impart to the Foetus It is likewise clear that when the Chicken is now hatcht or excluded he is supplyed with provisions partly from the Yolk and partly from the Chyle and that they both pass into the Liver by the same Vena Porta though by several branches of it It is also clear to speak by the way that the Chyle which nourisheth all living creatures is transported by the Meseraick Veins out of the Guts and that there is no need to search out new wayes namely the Venae Lacteae or to fansie any other passage in grown bodies besides what we finde in the Egge and Chicken But as for the Inconveniences of that invention we shall elsewhere discover them Lastly by the constitution of the Umbilical Vessels in the Egge whereof we have declared some to be Veines and some Arteries we may tollect a Circulation of the Blood such as we have long since demonstrated in our Book de Motu Sanguin is in Animalibus and that for vegetation nutrition and augmentation sake and therefore the Umbilical Vessels are disseminated into both the Liquors that they may lead sustenance from them to the foetus and the Arteries are derived thither too that by a plentifull affluence of heat they may concoct dissolve and render the aliment usefull to nutrition And hence it comes to pass that wheresoever the veines and under that name the Arteries also are here comprehended do arrive to the substance of the White or Yolk those parts seem to be dissolved and put on a different look or appearance from the rest For so soon as ever the branches of the Veines shoot forth the superiour or exteriour part of the White into which they are inserted grows transparent and melts into a Colliquntion but the inferiour part remaining still thick and compact is confined to the Lower angle of the Egge So likewise there seem to be two parts a superiour and an inferiour of the Yolk which do as much differ from one another as melted from unmelted wax namely that part which hath entertained Veines into it from the other which is yet destitute Hence also we are acquainted with the Exordium and first inherent principle of the Egge For it is clear that the Cicatricula or Speck is the principal particle of the Egge to which all the rest are to be referred and to which if to any part before another whatsoever it be which makes the Egge prolifical is to be imputed as also the first onset towards the generation of the Chicken And therefore as we have shewed presently after the Incubation of the Hen the Cicatricula is first of all dilated enlarged and makes a Colliquation wherein forthwith the blood moves the veines are scattered and the operations and effects of the native heat do by the help of the formative Operatour betray themselves and by how much the deeper the small Filaments of these veines do take rooting by so much the wider is the Empire of the Vital faculty advanced and the Majesty of the Vegetal Soul revealed For indeed every Effect is a cleare testimony of its Efficient In a word upon the Cicatricula wherein the first twy-light of native heat doth dawn the whole Generation doth depend Upon the Heart the whole Chicken and upon the Umbilical Vessels all the Membranes involving the Foetus which we call the Secundine do rely Wherefore we conclude that the parts of the Foetus are in subordination one to the other and do first borrow life from the Heart Of the Order of parts in the Generaration out of an Egge according to Fabricius EXERCITATION LIV. IT being now resolved which is to be esteemed the first part namely the Blood with its Receptacles the Heart Veins and Arteries it now follows that we discover in what order all the parts of the Body are generated Fabricius whose steps we trace in the Generation of the Pullus ere he proceed to the order of the Parts doth first recite the actions discovered in an Egge and by whose assistance the Parts are formed repeating also in order their Faculties as if out of them the order also of the Generation of the Parts may be more clearly discovered There are three actions saith he which appear first in an Egge upon which the Hen sits the first is the Generation of the Chicken the second its Growth the third its Nutrition The first that is the Generation is the proper action of the Egge the second and third namely accretion and nutrition do for the greatest part come to a height out of the egge yet they are begun in the egge and perfected there too Which actions as they flow from three faculties the Generative Augmentative Nutritive so three Effects do ensue upon them For from generation do all the parts of the Chicken result from accretion and nutrition Growth and Increase treating first of the Generation of the Chicken we may discover that by the help of Generation the parts of the Chicken which were not before are produced and so the Egge is transformed into the body of the Chicken Now while any part doth commigrate into another it must needs pass through a commutation of its own proper essence for otherwise it must continue the same thing still and also must be fashioned into a figure scite and magnitude convenient and consistent with its nature and in these two things is the Procreation of a substance absolved namely Commutation and Conformation therefore the Immutative and Formative faculties are the causes of these functions Whereof the One hath produced each particular part of the body just as we see it out of the Chalaza of the Egge the Other conferred the figure scite and composition convenient for all the several uses of it The first of these Faculties which is the Immutative or Alterative faculty is wholly natural and doth act without any knowledge at all and taking to it self the hot the cold the moist and the dry parts it alters the whole subance of the Chalaza throughout and by altering it doth change it into the parts of the Chicken that is to say into Flesh Bones Gristles
nor move yet it is sufficient for them if they are made together with those parts which do rely upon them For where the things which are to be upheld are not in being the Props are provided to no purpose But nature doth nothing rashly nor constitutes parts before there is use of them But all Animals attaine their parts so soon as action and usefulness is required of them And therefore this first foundation of Fabricius his laying countenanced by his own observations in the Egge and Galens simile is clean demolished He seems to come neerer the Mark when hee saith The other foundation of producing the parts in order is desumed from Nature that is the soul which is Queen Regent of the animal body For since there are two degrees of the soul the Vegetal and Sensative and the Vegetal is tempore naturâ prior first both in time and nature because it is common to the very Plants doubtless the Instruments subservient to the Vegetal are first to be made and fitted before those that attend the sensitive and motive faculties especially the more principal ones and where the Queen keeps Court Now these are chiefly two the Liver and the Heart the Liver as the throne of the Vegetal or Nutritive and the Heart as that Minister of State who by his heat and warmth doth enliven and compleat both the Vegetal and other Faculties and therefore holds a strong league and confederacy with the Vegetal Wherefore if after three dayes Incubation you discern in that part of the egge where the Chicken is bred the heart panting as Aristotle also testifieth muse not at it but conclude that the heart relates to the vegetal Faculty and is therefore the first begotten Now it is also consonant to Reason that the Liver also should be Twinne to the Heart and born with it but doth not appear because he wants a palpitation which the Heart hath For even Aristotle himself saith That the Liver and the Heart are constituted in the body upon like grounds so that if there be a Heart there must be a Liver too If therefore the Liver and Heart are first begotten it also followes that the other Organs that are menial servants relating to these two should be begotten together with them as the Lungs for the Heart and for the Liver almost all the parts which are contained in the Lower Belly But all this is very wide from that order and progress which we see in the Egge Nor is it true that the Liver is born together with the Heart nor will that shift serve his turn where he pretends Latere Jecur quia non palpitat that the Liver lyeth concealed because it is not exposed by palpitation For the Eyes the Vena Cava and the Carina the Keel are discerned even from the very first yet have they no palpitation What impediment then to barre the Liver and Lungs if they are then in being from being seen Nay he himself in his Figure or Table representing the fourth day hath described a small Point in the midst and yet he hath not signified any palpitation belonging to it nor did he own it for the Heart but supposed it to be the first rudiment of the body wherefore he speaks onely out of conjecture and preentertained opinion when he proclaims the Principality of the Liver as other men have also done namely Aldrovandus and Parisanus who casually lighting upon two Points and could not discover a Pulse in both at one and the same time conceived the one to be the Heart and the other the Liver As if the Liver had any pulse at all but those two Points are the two Vesiculae Pulsantes returning answer to each other in alternate contractions as hath been noted in our History Wherefore either Fabricius is deceived or doth deceive where he saith Presently in the first progress of generation the Liver Heart Veines Arteries Lungs and all the parts contained in the lower belly likewise the Keel that is the Head with the Eyes and the whole Spine and Chest are born and framed For the Heart Veins and Arteries are perfectly distinguished for some time before the Keel and the Carina or Keel before the Eyes and the Eyes the Bill and Sides before the Members contained in the lower belly and also the Stomack and Guts before the Liver or Lungs are discerned And that order is observed in generation which we shall presently describe He is likewise deceived when he decrees the Vegetal part to have a being both in time and nature before the sensitive and the motive For that which is first in Nature is for the most part after in the order of Generation In time indeed the Vegetal part is before because the sensitive soule cannot be without it For it cannot actually exist in the body without Organs it being Actus corporis Organici the Act of the Organical body but the sensitive and motive Organs are the workmanship of the vegetative and the sensitive soul before it actually exist is tanquam Trigonus in Tetragono like a Triangle in a Quadrangle But Nature first intends that which is most principal and noble and therefore the Vegetal faculty is after in the order of Nature as being subservient to the sensitive and motive Faculty Of the Order of Parts in Generation according to Aristotle EXER LV. THat which relates to the order of Generation according to Aristotle is thus When the Conception is ordained it proceeds as Seeds do For Seeds also have a first Principle in themselves which being first contained in potentiâ when by and by it is severed it sends forth a bud and a root whereby it attracts aliment for it requires growth So in some sort in a conception where the parts are all in potentiâ the Principle is chiefly active This Principle in an Egge analogous to the blossom of Plants we with Fabricius call Macula a Speck or Cicatricula a small Cicatrice which we have avouched to be the principal particle in which all the other parts are in potentiâ whence afterwards they arise in their order For in it is contained that thing be it what it will which renders the Egge prolifical and there is the first effect of the vegetal heat and operation of the Forming faculty first discovered Macula isthaec that Speck as hath been shewed is presently dilated after incubation and divided into Circles in whose Center a small white Point like the Cicatricula in the ball of the Eye doth display it self where by and by the Punctum rubrum the Red point is discovered panting with the capillary branches of Veines containing blood and that presently so soon as ever the Colliquamentum by us mentioned is framed of that Macula Wherefore Aristotle proceeds The Heart is first actually discerned and that not onely discoverable to sense but according to reason For since that which is begotten is now disjoyned from both parents it ought to demean govern and dispose of it self as
work about the Generation of other parts or else to remove some Obstructions in her proceedings which in case they continue the Generation may be retarded and others are under another capacity therefore it comes to pass that according to the disposition of the matter and other requisites the parts are diversly made some after other and some of them are in hand before but are not finished till afterwards some are begun and finished before others are begun and others are as soon begun as their fellows but finished after them And therefore in the generation of some Animals the same order is not always observed but it is much different and various and in some no order at all but all the parts are begun and finished at a heat namely by a Metamorphosis as we shewed And lastly hence it happens that the Primogenit part is such that in it is concluded both the Beginning and the End as well that for whose sake all are made namely the soul as also that which is its cause in chief and Genital part The Heart therefore or according to my perswasion the Blood is the first throne of the Soul the fountain of life the Vestal fire the Genital warmth and the very Calidum Innatum the first Efficient of all his ministring parts having atcheived the soul for his end which commands them all as her leige-people The Heart I say as Aristotle will have it is he for whose sake the whole Fabrick and Family of the parts are provided and who also is the Fountain and Father of them all Of the Order of Parts in Generation as it appears by our Observations EXER LVI THat we may at last propose our own opinion of the Order of Parts as we have collected it out of several Observations of our own we intend to distinguish the whole work of Generation in all Animals whatsoever into two Fabricks Whereof the first is that of the Egge namely of the Conception and Seed or of that whatsoever it is which in Spontaneous productions answereth in proportion to Seed whether we understand it under the notion of Calidum nativum coeleste in humido primigenio the Innate celestial substance in the Primigenial moist with Fernelius or with Aristotle of Calor Vitalis in humors comprehensus the vital heat concluded in moisture For the Conception in Viviparous Animals as we have said is answerable to the Seed and Fruit of Plants as also the Egge in Oviparous in Spontaneous productions the Worme or some Bulla teeming by the Vital heat of the conteined moisture In all which the same thing is comprehended which may truly call them Seeds namely out of which and by which as the matter and Efficient and pre-existent Organ every Animal is first made and borne The Other Fabrick is of the Foetus born out of the Seed or Conception For the Matter and the Final and Efficient causes and the Instruments necessary to the worke must first be before any part of the Production can begin The Fabrick of the Egge we have already seen but that of the Foetus so far as we could discover out of dissections is perfected especially in the more perfect race of Animals and such as have blood chiefly by four degrees or processions which according to the several times of generation we shall reduce into as many Orders demonstrating withall that the same thing which is discerned in the Egge is alike in every conception and seed The First progress is of the Primogenit and Genital part namely of the blood with its receptacles or if you will have it so of the Heart and his Veins Now this part is first begotten chiefly for two reasons both because it is the principal part which makes use of all the rest as its Instruments and for whose sake the other parts seem to be produced as also because it is the Chiefe Genital part the Fountain and Author of the rest The part in which is concluded both the Beginning and End of Generation the same being Pater Rex Parent and Sovereign In the Generation of these Parts which is determined in the Egge the Fourth day though I could not observe any Order because all its particles Blood Veins and Vesicula pulsans appear at once yet I believe as I said that the blood is in it before the Pulse and that it also in Natures Law is before it receptacles the Veins for the substance and structure of the Heart namely the one with its Ventricles and Auricles as it is generated long after with the other Intrals so ought it to be registered in their Classis which is the Third In this structure the veines are conspicuous before the Arteries at least as farre as we could observe The Second Journal which sets out after the fourth day discovers a certain Concrementum or coagulated substance which I call Vermiculum seu Galbam the litle Worm or Magot for it seems to enjoy the life and obscure motion of a Galba and this as it congeals into a gelly is divided into two parts whereof the upper and the larger is conglobated and distinguished into three Vesicles namely that of the Brain After-brain and one of the Eyes but the lesser carinam referens resembling the Keel of a Ship is superinduced upon the Vena Cava and is extended according to its length In the structure of the Head the Eyes are first discerned and anon a white spot starts up for the Bill and the filme drying about it becomes protected by a membrane At this time also the adumbration or rough draft of the rest of the Body seems to succeed where first upon the Carina the sides or plancks as it were of a Boat seem to arise being at first of a similar consistence but afterwards by most white streaks they are signified to be the lines of the Ribs After this the members of Motion namely the Wings and Legs do appear and at last the Keel and Limbs born by a kinde of Superfoetation are distinguished into Muscles Bones and Joints Those two first mishapen materials of the Head and Body do together appear and are together distinguished but afterwards when they tend towards growth and perfection the body gets the start and is much sooner grown and shaped so that the Head which did at first out-strip the whole body beside in bulk and magnitude is now very much short of it And this is likewise natural to humane productions The like Disparity is between the Body it selfe the Limbs for in an Infant from that time that the Embryo exceeds not the length of the Nail of the litle Finger till he be encreased to the stature of a Frog or a Mouse his Arms are so short that if you stretch out his fingers over his breast to their farthest extent they will not be able to touch one another and his thighs are so short that being reflected upon his Abdomen they will hardly reach to his Navel Nay in Children lately born the
Veines are conspicuous long before any part of the Body is in hand What I have now delivered hath been ratified out of many dissections of humane Embryo's of almost all sizes for I have observed them from the bigness of a Tad-pole till they became of the longitude of seven or eight fingers breadth and so upwards to the Birth And especially in the second third and fourth moneths at which times the greatest Alterations befall them and the progress of Generation is most evident Therefore in a humane Embryo of two moneths old those very things which we have related in the second Process do appear begun For in the first moneth I conceive there is litle or nothing of the foetus extant in the womb at least I never found any thing But that moneth expiring I have frequently seen a conception cast out like to that which Hippocrates relates to have fallen from the Minstrell of the bigness of a Pheasants or Pigeons egge and it was of an Oval figure just like an Egg with the Shell pilled off but the thicker membrane called Chorion encompassing it was plaistered on the out side as it were with a mucous substance especially in the obtuser end but within it was slippery being full of clear and stiff water containing nothing else at all In the second moneth I have often seen such a kinde of Egg but larger ejected upon indications of Abortment namely the Lochia ichorosa and it hath been sometimes entire and sometimes broken covered over with clotted blood Within it was smooth and slippery the blood adhering without and its form was like the other In some of these ejectments I have found a foetus in other none That foetus hath been of the length of the nail of the litle finger but the shape was like a litle frog save onely that the head was great and the leggs extremly short just like the Tadpoles in June which when their limbs begin to shoot out they loose their tail and put on the shape of Frogs All its substance was white and so soft and gellyish that unless it were cast into clear water you could not hold it in your hand The face was like that of other Animals as of a Dog or Cat without lips and a wide mouth from one care to the other Divers Women whose Conception like an addle Egge is fruitless and without a Foetus do suffer abortion the third moneth I have often dissected an abortion of that age being of the bigness of a Goose-egg wherein was a foetus distinct in all its parts though their form was rough and unshapen The Head Eyes and Limbs appeared but the Muscles were confused having no bones but in their places certain Lineaments and softer Gristles as it were the substance of the Heart was most white having two Ventricles of equal magnitude and thicknesse and a double Cone like two small Twin-kernels of a Nut the Liver was wondrous litle and also white All this time namely for three moneths space Vix quicquam Placentae sive hepatis Uterini scarce any thing of the After-burden is to be seen In all these kinde of Conceptions as many as I have seen I still found the ambient membrane fraught with a vast quantity of watry substance in which the floating Embryo is so exceeding small compared with the place where his abode is and hath withall so long and winding a Navel that those waters ought not upon any tearms to bee thought the sweat or Urine of the Embryo but more probably his nutriment provided by nature like the Colliquamentum in the Egge For I could finde no indication to induce me to believe that that conception or Egge had any connexion to the Womb onely the outward superficies of the obtuser end looked something more wrinckled and thick like the first intention of a future placenta Moreover those Conceptions appeared to mee like certain egges which were onely to be harboured within the Womb but to be nourished like the Henne-egge by their owne projection or industry Now in the fourth moneth you would admire how much the Foetus is improved for by this it is encreased from a Thumb-length to a Span and all his members appear distinct and have a tincture of Blood the Muscles of the Limbs and the Bones are now apparent and also the Rudiments of the Nailes and the Embryo begins to bestirre himself soundly Yet the Head is still very bigge and the Face without Lips Cheeks or Nose the chasm of the Mouth is very large whose space is half supplied by the Tongue the Eyes small and without Lids the middle part of the Fore-head and all the upper-part of the Head is covered with a Membrane which is not as yet cartilaginous so far is it from being Boney but the hinder part of the Head is something hard and Cartilaginous implying that the Skull beginnes to grow solid The Genitals likewise did appear but the Testicles were seated within the Abdomen where in females the Uterus resideth the Scrotum remaining empty The Feminine parts were imperfect and the Uterus with its litle Tubuli did represent formam bicornem the two horned shape of the Uterus of a Lamb. And now the Placenta was enlarged and affixed to the Womb comprehending almost halfe the Conception appearing to my eye like a Tumor or fleshey excrescence of the Womb its Gibbous part did stick so fast even throughout its whole extent to the Womb which was now grown thicker Into this Placenta the litle Umbilical branches like slender rootes into the Earth did insinuate themselves and by its mediation the Conception was now first tyed to the Womb. The large and fluid Braine resembled Cheese-Curd and was embroidered with larger Veines The two Ventricles of the Heart both of the same magnitude and their walls equally thick In the Region of the Breast within the Ribs I saw three hollow places and those not much unlike each other the lowest of which the Lungs having Blood in them and of like complexion with the Liver and Kidnies did inhabit the middle was possessed by the Heart and Pericardium but the upper was filled with that large Glandule which we call Thymus the Sweet-Bread In the Stomack was Chyle of like substance to that in which the Embryo swims There was also a coagulated substance which was white like to those white curded pollutions which the Midwife washeth off from the Infant especially from the foulds of the Skin so soon as it is borne In the superiour Intestines was Excrement or some part of the Chyle in the inferiour a litle dark excrement In the Bladder was Urine found and Gall in the Vesicle designed for its reception Intestinum Cacum the blind Gut just as it is in grown persons like an empty superfluous appendix of the Colon and nothing like what it is in other Animals as the Hogge the Horse and the Hare in which it is like a Second Stomack The Omentum or Kell did like a Caule or
chiefly too without it through the coat called Chorion dispatching their most slender fibers thither likewise just as the distribution of the Umbilical vessels namely without the litle cord appeareth in a humane foetus before the conception is fastened to the Uterus Whereby it appeareth that the Embryo doth not derive all his Aliment from the cake but part thereof and that the chiefest from the humor contained in the Chorion As touching the uses of the Vmbilical vessels I do not consent with Fabricius for he is of opinion that all the blood is derived to the foetus from the Vterus by the veines and the vital spirits from the mother by the Arteries He also denyeth that any part of the foetus in the womb doth execute any publick function but affirmeth that each particular part taketh care onely for it selfe how it may be nourished augmented and preserved And also because he findeth no Nerve amongst the Umbilical Vessels he concludeth the foetus to be void of all Sense and Motion Implying that the Mothers Womb or the Uterine Cake is as it were the Heart and Original from whence all things spring to the foetus and from whence the Influent heat is divided amongst all the parts All which are manifest mistakes For the Humane Embryc when he is not yet four moneths standing in the Womb and some sooner exerciseth an opparent motion volutation and calcitration especially if he be prejudiced by extremity of cold or heat or any other outward inconvenience Likewise the Punctum saliens it self before the Heart is erected doth stirre by an apparent pulsation and also distribute blood and spirits and being as we have observed reduced to a dying and langiuishing condition by cold is by the fresh accession of heat kindled anew and revived And also in the Caesarean birth it is very evident that the Embryo's life doth not immediately proceed from the Parent nor the Spirits result from her for we have often seen Infants which have been cut out of their Mothers Womb survive their Parent for several hours and have also known a Cony and a Hare which did live though they were born by incision made upon the Uterus of their Parents Moreover it is a sure way to know whether the Infant that sticketh in the birth be alive or not by the pulsation of the Vmbilical Arteries But most certain it is that those Arteries are not moved by the virtue or operation of the Mothers but of his own proper Heart For they keep a distinct time and pawze from the Mothers pulse which is easily experimented if you lay one hand upon the Mothers wrest and the other on the Infants Navel-string Nay in a Casarean Section when the Embryo's have been yet involved in the membrane called Chorion I have oftentimes found even when the Mother was extinct and stiffe almost with cold the Vmbilical Arteries beating and the Foetus himself lusty Wherefore it is not true that the Spirits do proceed to the foetus from the Mothers Arteries nor is that more true namely that the Vmbilical Vessels of the foetus are conjoined by Anastomosis to the Vessels of the Vterus For the Foetus enjoyeth his own proper life and is furnished with beating Arteries which are full of Blood and Spirits long before the conception in which he is formed and walloweth doth cleave to the Vterus just as it is with Chicken in the Egge As for the use of the Arteries in the foetus as also in grown bodies we have in our Treatise of the Circulation of the blood demonstrated it to be much different from what hath been formerly received all which is also confirmed from hence The Secundines they also are an undeniable part of the Conception and do depend upon the Foetus assuming life and their vegetal faculty from him For as in the Mesentery the blood is derived to the Guts by the branches of the Coeliacal and Mesenterical Arteries and that very Blood being circulated by the Veines doth convey the chyle together with it unto the Liver and the Heart so in like manner the Vmbilical Arteries do derive blood to the Secundines which blood the Veins do reduce to the Foetus together with alible juice And therefore those Arteries do not immediately proceed from the Heart as principal Vessels but as instruments of inferiour rank and quality do arise out of the Crural branches There came forth a Book of late wrote by Adrianus Spigelius entituled De formato Foetu of the formed foetus wherein he treateth concerning the Use of the Umbilical Arteries and doth demonstrate by powerful arguments that the Foetus doth not receive its Vital Spirits by the Arteries from the Mother and hath fully answered those arguments which are alledged to the contrary But he might also as well have proved by the same Arguments that the Blood neither is transported into the foetus from the Mothers Veines by the Propagations of the Umbilical Veins which is cheifly made manifest by the examples drawn from the Hen-egge and the Caesarean Birth For did the Heat and Life flow to the blood from the Mother she being extinct the Infant would instantly dye also for he must needs be a thing concluded in the same fatality nay before her for when death approacheth the subordinate parts doe first languish and grow cold before the principal and hereupon the Heart declines the last of all The Blood I say of the Foetus himselfe should grow chill first and disproportionate to its Office as being derived from the Uterus seeing that the Vterus it self is deprived and destitute of all vital heat before the Heart Of the Conception FAbricius hath indeed recounted many miraculous things concerning the Birth but wee meet with more things worthy our wonder concerning the Conception It is indeed a dark obscure business however we shall adventure to propose something in a problematical way in such sort that it shall appeare we doe not onely goe about to subvert other mens opinions but also to disclose our owne And yet whatsoever falleth from me concerning this subject I desire may not be so taken as if I conceived them pronounced by an Oracle but that liberty which I freely allow all other men I doe of right challenge to my self that so I may offer those things as true which seem probable in such dark matters until such time as they can be convinced of falsity or errour This imployment doth chiefly relate to the Uterus without whose preparations and functions you may in vaine expect a Conception And because it is certaine that the Geniture of the Male doth not so much as reach to the cavity of the Uterus much less abide there for any time that geniture doth derive foecundity to the Uterus only by a kinde of contagion not as if it were now tangent and operating but because it hath formerly touched The Woman or Female doth seem after the spermatical contact in coition to be affected in the same manner and
endeer'd thy Secrets we allow By Truths at first and by Opposers now So Gold disputed and Approved such Comes Mettle but parts Treasure from the Touch. A Calmer welcome this choice Peice befall Which from fresh Extract hath deduced all And for belief bids it no longer begg That Castor once and Pollux were an Egge That both the Hen and Houswife are so matcht That her Son Born is only her Son Hatcht That when her Teeming hopes have prosp'rous bin Yet to Conceive is but to Lay within Experiment and Truth both take thy part If thou canst scape the Women there 's the Art Live Modern Wonder and be read alone Thy Brain hath Issue though thy 〈◊〉 have none Let fraile Succession be the Vulgar care Great Generation's selfe is now thy Heire M. LL. M. D. THE PREFACE SInce many have requested and some have importuned mee it will not I hope be unwelcome candid Reader if what I have observed concerning the Generation of Animals out of Anatomical dissections for I have found the whole matter to be much different from that which is delivered either by Philosophers or Physitians I expose in these Exercitations in favour and for the use of the Lovers of Truth All Physitians following Galen teach that out of the Seed of Male and Female mingled in Coition according to the predominant power of this or that the Child resembles either this or that Parent and is also either Male or Female And sometimes they pronounce the Males Seed to be the Efficient cause and the Females the Materiall and sometimes again the clean contrary But Aristotle Natures most diligent searcher affirms that the Male and Female are the principles of Generation and that she contributes the matter and he the form and that forthwith after Coition there is formed in the Womb out of the Menstruous bloud the Vital principle and first particle of the future Foetus namely the Heart in Creatures that have bloud But that these are false and rash assertions will soon appear and will like clouds instantly vanish when the light of Anatomical dissection breaks forth nor will they require any elaborate confutation when the Reader instructed by his own eyes shall discover the contrary by ocular inspection and shall also understand how unsafe and degenerate a thing it is to be tutored by other mens commentaries without making tryal of the things themselves especially since Natures Book is so open and legible I have therefore exhibited to publick view what in these my Exercitations I intend to deliver concerning the Generation of Animals not onely that posterity may thence discern the certain and apparent truth but also and that cheifly too that by revealing the Method I use in searching into things I might propose to studious men a new and if I mistake not a surer path to the attainment of knowledge For although it be a more new and difficult way to find out the nature of things by the things themselves then by reading of Books to take our knowledge upon trust from the opinions of Philosophers yet must it needs be confessed that the former is much more open and lesse frandulent especially in the Secrets relating to Natural Philosophy Nor is there any reason why any man should be deterred by the trouble of it if he will but so much as consider with himselfe that even life it selfe is continued to him by the never Wearied Agitation of the Heart Nor truly would this journy present so much of solitude and desart to us did not most men by the custome or fault rather of the age wee live in yeilding themselves up to sluggishnesse desire rather to erre with the many then with the expense of their paines and coine endeavour to be wise with the few when notwithstanding the Ancient Philosophers whose industry also even we extol went a quite contrary way to work and by indefatigable toile searching after several experiments have set up a clear light to direct our studies So that whatever notable and approved thing we have in Philosophy it all is derived unto us by the paines and industry of ancient Greece Yet when we content our selves with their discoveries and calmly believe which is meer sleepiness that there is now no more place for new inventions the spritely edge of our owne wit languisheth and we extinguish the lamp which they lighted to our hands And certainly he alone wil grant that the whole truth was ingrossed by the Ancients who is ignorant of the many noble discoveries to pass by other Arts lately found out in the business of Anatomy And this was cheifly done either by such who wholly intent upon some one thing did casually descry some other or which is more commendable by those who following Natures conduct with their own eyes have at length through a perplexed but yet a most faithful tract attained to the highest pitch of Truth And in such an undertaking it is pleasant not to be tyred onely but even to faint away where the Irkesomness of Discovering is abundantly recompensed by the discovery it selfe We use being covetous of Novelty to wander far into unknown lands that our own eies may witness what our ears have received at second hand where yet for the most part minuit praesentia famam Our sight decries report Let us then blush in this so ample and so wonderful field of nature where performance still exceeds what is promised to credit other mens traditions only and thence coine uncertain problemes to spin out thorney and captious questions Nature her selfe must be our adviser the path she chalks must be our walk for so while we confer with our own eies and take our rise from meaner things to higher we shall be at length received into her Closet-secrets Of the Manner and Order of attaining knowledge THough there be one onely roade to Science namely that by which we proceed from things more known to things known less and from that which is more manifest to that which is more obscure and though Universals are chiefly known to us for Science is begot by reasoning from Universals to Particulars yet that very comprehension of Universals in the Understanding springs from the perception of Singulars in our sense So that both Aristotles assertions are true as well that in his Physicks There is a way naturally layed from those things which are more known and cleare to us to those things which are more intelligible and cleare by nature For the same things are not both known to us and simply so too wherefore we of necessity must thus proceed to wit from those things which are by nature indeed more obscure but yet are more clearer to us to those things which are more cleare and intelligible by nature But those things are first perspieuous and manifest to us which are most confused Therefore wee must goe from Vniversals to Singulars for the Whole is more known by sense now an Vniversal is a certain Whole As that in his
In the Diastole as if it did imbibe a larger proportion of blood it dilates it self and leaps but connives in the Systole as if it suffered a convulsion by the stroke and resigned the blood again Fabricius hath described this Punctum or Point in his third Figure and which is strange took it for the body of the Foetus as if either he had not observed its leaping and pulsation or else had not understood that text of Aristotle or at best had forgotten it But that which is yet more strange is that he should be nothing mindfull all this while of his chalazae from which himself deduces the rudiments of the chicken Ulysses Aldrovandus a Writer in Bouonia about that time saith There appeared in the White a litle kinde of Punctum saliens or capering Point which is the same which Aristotle decrees to be the Heart Out of which I plainly discovered a litle Trunke of a vein to arise and two other litle branches tending towards this which were those very channels of blood which he had wrote to be sent forth to the two coats encompassing the Yolk and White Now I am clear of his Opinion conceiving those passages to be Veins and to have a pulsation containing a purer blood in them and such as is usefull and proper for the generation of the more principle parts namely the Liver and the Lungs and the like But both these are not veines nor have they both a pulsation for one is an Arterie the other a vein as wee shall hereafter shew where we shall also declare that these Meatus do become the Umbilical vessels of the Foetus Volcherus Coiter hath these words The litle bloody Point or Globulus found before in the yolke is now rather in the white and evidently pulsatile Now he is out in sayng It was found before in the yolke for that Point which was in the yolke was white and did not leap neither nor doth the bloody point or Globulus appear to leap the second day after Incubation But that Point which we have declared to be placed in the Middle of the round as if it were the center and which is annexed to the yolke doth vanish quite away before the Point which Aristotle calleth Punctum saliens can be discerned at all or as I believe becometh red and leaping For both these Points are seated in the center of the colliquamentum and neer the root and original of the veines which spring from thence but they are never seen together but the Red which is the Punctum saliens succeeds in the place of the White one In this indeed Volcherus is in the right where be saith The Punctus saliens is now rather found in the White then in the Yolke By which words â— was incited to make diligent search whether thâ—â— Punctus albus be transmuted into the Punctum sanguineum because both of them are almost of the same magnitude and did seem scituate in the same place And sometimes I found the glistering purple circle which is the outermost ending about the vermilion horizon encompassed by the Colliquamentum in whose center there was the Punctus albus but not the Ruber or Saliens but I never saw those two Points together This disquisition is of great moment namely Whether there be blood before Pulsation and Whether the Punctus arise from the Veines or the Veines from the Punctus According to my observation the Blood seems to be before the Pulse and I therefore believe it because Upon Wednesday about the Evening I put three egges under the Henne and upon Saturday a litle before the same time I found these egges cold as being forsaken by the Henne however opening one of them I found the rudiments of a Chicken namely the Purple and bloody Line in the circle but in the center instead of the Punctum saliens I found the Punctum album which is bloodless By which I perceived the Henne had not long deserted her charge whereupon seizing upon her by force I penned her up all night having first layed the two former remaining egges with other that were not there before into the Nest Now for the success The next morning betimes my two egges were well recovered and I found in the center the Punctum Micans which was much less then the Punctum Album out of which namely the Punctum Album a spark or lightning darting as it were from a cloud appeared in the Diastole onely So that to my Apprehension the Punctum Rubrum did leap out of the Punctum Album at least that Punctum is generated in the Punctum Album and 〈◊〉 being now there hath its Birth or at least its 〈◊〉 there Nay I have many times observed The Punctum saliens when as quite expired it lay deprived of all motion it hath regained fresh motion and pulsation by a new heat and cherishing Therefore in order of Generation I conceive that the Punctum and Blood do first exist but the pulsation arriveth not till afterward And this is most certain that nothing at this time appears besides the bloody streaks the Punctum saliens and those Veins which are all derived from one Trunk as that Trunk it self from the Punctum saliens and do afterward constitute the Umbilical Vessels which being disseminated farre and wide the foetus at length according to it growth doth attract sustenance from the Yolk and White You may see a lively resemblance of these Veins their propagations in the leaves of Trees whose fibres do all proceed from the pedunculus or stalk and are diffused from one Trunk through the whole capacity of the Leaf This whole entire Colliquamentum distinguished and sprinkled with bloody fibres representeth the form magnitude of the two wings of a Butterflie And it is no other then that Membrane which Aristotle speaks of where he saith The Membrane divaricated with bloody fibres containeth then a white liquor springing from those Meatus of the Veins About the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth day being now enlarged it seemeth to be changed into a small thin bladder containing blood in it which it ejects at every contraction and recalls again at every diastole Hitherto I could not discover any distinction of Vessels for the Arteries do not yet differ from veines either in coat or Pulsation and therefore I call the vessels indifferently veines or with Aristotle Meatus Venales Veinal Passages or Channels This Punctum saith Aristotle now bestirres it self like an Animal for Motion and Sense distinguish an Animal from a non Animal Since therefore this Punctum begins now first to move wee may justly say it hath put on the nature of an Animal and that the Egge which was before endowed with a vegetative soule is now over and above that furnished with a Motive and sensation power and is raised from a Plant to an Animal and that at the same time the soule of the Foetus is gone in which first formes the
chicken ouâ— of the Egge and afterward informs that chicken For Aristotle demonstratively resolves of the Faculties by the Operations and from them also concludes of the cause and fountain of Life namely the Soul and that to be in actually where the Operations actually are And I am confirmed by many proofs and experiments that not motion onely is now the companion of the Punctum saliens but also Sense it self For upon every touch be it never so gentle it is variously provoked and disturbed at the same rate as sensative bodies proclaime their distastes by particular motions and so offended with repeâ—â—â— injuries that they did confound the chime and order of its pulses So in the Plant called the sensative Plant and other Zoophyta we conclude there is sense because upon touch they contract themselves and take it unkindly I have I say often seen and so have many more who have been present this Punctum upon contaction by a needle probe or the finger it self nay upon the admission of a more searching heat or cold or any other thing that could molest and disorder declare many symptoms of its resentment for it would flie into many permutations of pulse beating much stronger and nimble then before So that no question this Punctum doth as an Animal Live Move and Perceive Moreover expose an egge too long to the colder aire and the Punctum saliens beats slower and hath a languishing motion but lay your finger warm upon it or cherish it kindely any other way and it presently gaineth strength and vigour And after this Punctum hath declined by degrees and being full of blood hath ceased from all motion exhibiting no specimen of life at all and was given up for lost and dead upon laying of my finger warm upon it for the space of only twenty pulses the poor heart hath awaked and recovered again and as it were rescued from the grave proceeds to its former harmony afresh And this hath been done again and again by me and others by any other reviving heat were it of the Fire or warm Water as if it were in our dispose to condemne the litle Soule to the Shades or repreive it to life at pleasure What we have here delivered doth for the most part come to pass the fourth day from the first Incubation or at the Third Inspection I say for the most part for it falls not out perpetually so because there is a great diversity in the maturity of Egges and some come to perfection sooner then their fellows As is usually in the fruits of any Tree whereof some are ripe and ready to fall of themselves whilest others are crude and greener and cannot be shaken from the Boughs So that some Egges are lesse forward the fifth day then others the third And that I may instance in what I have found and tryed I have found this true in very many egges whom the Hen hath fostered the same length of time and I have opened them all the same day So that I have had no cause to quarrel against the weaker Sex the distemper of the Aire the neglect of the Henne or any other Accident but onely the innate weaknesse of the Egge and the penury of the ingenit Heat Ova Hypenemia or Addle Egges do at this time as in a critical day begin to alter and discover their genius For as fruitful Egges by the innate plastick vertue do alter and resolve into a Colliquamentum which doth after shift into bloud so Subventaneous Eggs at the same time begin to corrupt and putrifie And yet I have sometimes observed the Macula or Cicatricula to be distended wider even in barren egges but it never rose up to the top nor was ever circumscribed by the circles orderly drawn about it I have also sometimes seen the Yolk grow clear and liquifie and the parts congealed as it were by rash inconsiderate coagulation float up and down like scattered clouds And though these Egges cannot yet be called corrupt putrid and unsavory yet they are very much prepared towards putrefaction and do compleatly arrive thither by the continuation of the warmth of the Sitting-Henne and set out their progresse towards corruption from the very place and stage whence prolifical Eggs advance to Generation The Perfecter sort of Egges therefore do now about the declension of the fourth day acquire a twofold or bipartite Vesicula pulsans or vesicle of pulsation one making answer and replies to the other by a double pulsation in that Order and Method that whilest one is contracted the other shines and swells with blood which presently being contracted dischargeth it self of the blood that was in it and in a moments time intervening the former swells and returns the Pulse so that you may evidently see that the action of these vesicles is Contraction by which the Blood is driven and pumped into the vessels The fourth day saith Aldrovandus the two Puncta were discovered and each of them did move which two points were without doubt the Heart and the Liver which Viscera Aristotle saith are seen in the Egges after three days Incubation But Aristotle never said so nor are those viscera usually to be seen before the tenth day And I wonder Aldrovandus could think one of these Puncta Pulsantia was the Liver as if the Liver ever had any such motion It is safer to believe that one of the Puncta salientia when the Foetus enlargeth doth constitute the Auriculae or deaf Ears and the other the Ventriculi or Ventricles of the Heart For in grown bodies the Ventricles of the Heart are after this manner filled and supplied by the Auriculae which by their Systole are depleated and emptied againe as we have observed in our Tract de Motu cordis sanguinis In better grown egges sometimes about the declining of the fourth day I know not what cloudy substance did obscure these Vesiculae Pulsantes and did like an interposed shade obstruct my Inspection that I could not so clearly discerne the Puncta salientia Yet by the help of a clearer light and with a Perspective and conferring with my observations for the subsequent days it appeared to be the Rudiment of the foetus or a Cloud exhaled from the Colliquamentum or an Effluvium congealing about the beginning of the veines as shall more at large be treated of in the fifth days observation Aldrovandus also seems to have observed it The fifth day saith he that Punctum which we called the Heart did no longer appear to move outwardly but seemed rather to be covered and concealed and the two Meatus Venosi were seen more conspicuous but one larger then the other But the Learned Aldrovandus is deceived for this Tutelar deity taketh possession and locks himself up in most reserved and secret recesses when the habitation is almost compleatly erected a long time after And he likewise mistakes where he saith that by the innate vertue of the veins the remaining portion of the
the Eyes of Birds do never reduce themselves to the Proportion which is allotted as the standard between the Eyes and the Head of a Viviparous Animal For if you lay aside the Skin which covereth the Eyes of a Henne or any other Bird either of them alone will soon countervail the whole bulk of the Braine In a Woodcock and the like any one of the Eyes is bigger then all the Head besides bateing onely the Bill but it is common to all Birds whatsoever to have the Orbita or cavity which containes the Eyes to exceed the Braine it selfe as you may see in their cranium or Scull But yet it falls out that their Eyes seem lesser because they are all except the Sight or Apple onely shrouded with Skin and Plumes nor are they of an Orbicular Figure which might occasion their prominence or standing out but of a Depressed as Fishes eyes are In the lower part of the Body saith Aristotle there is no part extant at first which is correspondent to the Superior And so indeed it is The Body at first were scarce discernable were it not for the Eyes and the Head so that downwards it is not distinguished by any members at all whether Wings Feet Breast-bone Rump or any Viscus nor indeed is it graced with any Shape of a Body but as far as I could discover it is onely a Litle Substance next adjacent to the small veine like the carina or keele of an imaginable small Ship wound up together and like a Maggot or Worme without any platform of Ribbes Legs or Wings to which is fastned a litle round body which is the rudiment of the Head which is more discernable thâ—n it and divided into three Bubbles on which fid soever you make your Inspection But it is indeed divided into four whereof two are largest and blackish being the rudiments of the Eyes the third of the Braine and the fourth of the cerebellum or After-Braine All these are full of exceeding clear Water but in the middle of the Blackness of the eyes is the Apple or Ball of the Eye as in the Center shining like a transparent Spark or Crystal Hence I suppose the Tres Bullae the three Bubbles which are onely conspicuous have imposed upon those who have not througly observed the thing For having learnt according to the old doctrine of the Schooles that there were three Principalities in the Animal Body and three Principal Parts namely the Braine the Heart and the Liver executing the chief Functions They soon induced themselves to believe that these Three Bullae were the platformes and ground-works of these three parts But Coiterus as becomes a skilful Anatomist affirms much truer that he saw on the Seventh day after Incubation the Bill and the Eyes but could discover none of the Viscera But to Aristotle againe Those Branches which proceed from the Heart one of them tendeth to the circumambient membrane the other to the Yolk supplying the office of a Navel The Foetus being now bodied those veines do execute the office of a Navel and one of their branches or propagations is disseminated into the outward coat which embraceth the White but the sprouts of the other go directly to the coat of the Yolk and are disseminated through its juyce or liquor By which it is plaine and evident that both the Liquors are dedicated to the nourishment of the Foetus And though Aristotle say that the Original of the chicken is from the White and its nourishment from the Yolk by the Navel Yet he doth not say that the chicken is made of the White for the Foetus is made of that white Liquor which we call the colliquamentum and all that which we call Oculum Ovi the Eye of the Egge is contained in the White Nor doth he say that the sustenance of the Chicken is onely from the Yolk by the Navel but I shall interpret his words according to my one Observations thus Though the Pullus assume its original in the White yet it is not fed by the White onely but by the Yolk also to which one of the Sprigs of the Umbilical veines doth extend nay chiefly by the Yolk for the White according to Aristotle is the more concocted and purer liquor of the egge but the Yolk the more terrene and solid and therefore more congruous to the Chicken when he is growne stronger and therefore as shall be said hereafter it supplies the place of Milk and is that which is last consumed for the remainder of it after the Chichen is hatched and walkes abroad with the Henne it yet contained in its Belly What I have hitherto spoken cometh to passe from the fourth day to the seventh But When How and in what Order all the Particulars are framed I shall now explaine The Next Appearance which presents it selfe the fifth day about the short veine drawn from the Angle where the two points leaping in course are seated there appears a grosser and whiter substance like a little cloud which yet is transparent through which the foresaid veine doth obscurely and as through a cloud cast a glimpse of it self I have seen the same sometimes in well grown eggs upon the fourth day But this is the Rudiment of the Body which now every hour groweth more close and compact and doth encompasse the foresaid veine and also is annexed to it like a litle globous body That globous Rudiment doth much exceed the Keele as I may call it of this little Worm in magnitude and it is of a triangular figure that is to say like the small sprout of a knotted shrubbe obscurely divided into three pieces Whereof one is Orbicular and larger then the other two and looks black by reason of some most slender fibres which are drawn from the Circumference towards the Center resembling the platform of the Septum Ciliare and therefore it implyes that this particle is transformed into the Eye In the midsts of this is a very little Pupilla or Eye-Ball appearing like a most bright point as we have said and upon that ground I raised my conjecture that this entire litle round body was designed for the Rudiment of the Head and that that black circle was to be one of the Eyes to which the other standeth opposite on the other side for they are so seated that you cannot discerne them both at once because the uppermost covereth and hideth the lower This first Rudiment of the Body which we affirm to grow about the veine hath obtained an oblong and something an embowed figure like the Keel of a Ship it is of a mucous consistence like the film or hoariness which is contracted by moist things when they are pent up in a close place But the small veine to which this hoary substance doth accrew is the descending Vena Cava passing along the Spine of the Back as my subsequent observations have cleared If you diligently mind the order of the pulsation of the two vesicles you shall
in that the whole Worm grows and so becomes a dearticulate animal namely in growing it becomes to be jointed or distinguished We have indeed cause to wonder that the Rudiments of all Creatures whatsoever especially of Creatures that have blood viz. of a Dog a Horse a Deere an Oxe a Henne a Viper nay of Man himselfe should so exactly resemble the shape and consistence of a Magot that you can perceive no difference at all Towards the end of the Fifth day or the beginning of the Sixth the Head is distinguished into three vesicles or litle bladders whereof the first and greatest which is round and blackish is that of the Eye in whose center the Pupilla is discovered like a crystalline Point Under this a lesser vesicle whereof part is hidden represents the Brain â—â— which the third like a crest adjoyned or a smal â—â—nd knobb appears uppermost of which at last â—he Cerebellum or After-brain is made yet in all â—â—ese you shall finde nothing besides a cleare water And now the Rudiment of the Body which we all the Keel doth more distinctly represent the â—pina dorsi or Chine of the Back to which sides begin to be built and appear for the Wings and legs do now jut out from the Magot And the vessels do now plainly express the Navel The fifth Inspection of the Egge EXER XIX THe sixth day the three Bullae of the Head doe more plainly appear and the coats of the eyes are now distinct also the Legs and Wings do bud forth as at the end of June the Gyrini which the Italians call Ravabottoli and we Tadpoles begin to have leggs when now they forsake the waâ—ers loose their tayl and put on the shape of Frogs The form of the Chickens Rump is yet no other then that which is seen in all other animals may in very vipers namely a round slender tail The Parenchyma of the heart now groweth to the vesicula pulsans and a litle after the Rudiments of the Liver and Lungs are discovered and also the Bill all appearing exceeding white especially the Bill And about this time all the Viscera and the Guts may be seen But the heart exposeth it â—â— first to sight and the Lungs before the Liver or the brain But before all are the eyes visible because oâ— their largeness and blackness of their colour And now the foetus moves and gently tumbles and stretcheth out the neck though nothing of a brain be yet to be seen but meerly a bright water shut up in a small bladder And now it is a perfect Magot differing onely from those kinde of wormâ— in this that those when they have their freedome crawle up and down and search for their living abroad but this worm constant to his station and swimming in his own provision draws it in by his Umbilical Vessels The Viscera and the Guts being now erected and the foetus being furnished with motion too yet the fore-part of the Body still lyes wide open being deprived of the Thorax and Abdomen and the Heart it selfe the Liver and the Guts hanging out About the end of this day and the beginning of the seventh the claws are distinguished and the foetus begins to have the Effigies of a Chicken it opens the bill and kicks lastly all the parts are delineated especially the Eyes But the Viscera or bowels are yet so obscure that Coiterus truly affirmeâ— That he saw indeed the Eyes and the Bill but could discover no Viscus at all though never so concealed or confused That which followeth from the beginning of the sixth day to the end of the seventh cometh â—â— pass sooner in some and in some eggs later Noâ— are the coats of the Eyes seen though they have nothing in them but a liquid clear humor the Eyâ— themselves are something prominent or hanging out of their seats and each of them doth no leâ— exceed the brain in magnitude then the head the rest of the body that is fastned to it A litle bubble like a crest placed out of the circuit of the brain supplied the place of the cerebellum and that is also full of a clear water The brain seemeth obscurely divided and shines not so much as the cerebellum doth though it look whiter And as the Heart is now to be seen without the inclosure of the chest so is the cerebellum out of the Confines of the cerebrum In cutting off the Head I saw by the benefit of â—â—y Perspective in the Necke a bloody speck of â—â—e veine which ascends to the braine And by â—his means onely could I distinguish the rudiment of the Spine from the other Pulpe it was of a milkey complexion but firmer consistence then milk And so also like slender cobwebs narrow white lines wanâ—ing through the pulp of the body to give some â—â—imen of the Ribbs and other bones and this is much more discernable in the formation of other Viviparous Animals The Heart the Lungs the Liver and instead of Guts the most slender threds â—re all white The Parenchyma of the Liver â—ows to the Umbilical vein there where it enters â—o the Liver upon thin fibrous strings in like manner as the Rudiment of the Body grows to the â—â— passing from the Heart or to the Vesicula pulâ—â—s For as Grapes grow to the cluster buds to â—â—eir stalks and the eares of corn to the straw So â—â—th the Liver to the Umbilical vessels like mushâ—â— out of Trees or proud flesh in Ulcers or fleshy â—â—â—rs which border upon the branches of the Arâ—â—â—â—es by which they are fed and spread sometimes â—â—â— vast tumor Having had an Eye upon this emploiment of Arteries or circulation of the blood I have sometimes perfectly cured exceeding great Herniae carnosae beyond all expectation providing onely that the litle artery being tyed or cut off no nutriment or spirit might have accession to the part affected by which it fell out that the fatal tumor was afterwards easily extirpated either by incision or adustion A certain man besides other infirmities and of this story I can produce many testimonies had a Sarcosis or fleshy tumor in his Scrotum or God bigger then a mans head hanging down to his Knees and from it another Hernia carnosa as thick as ones wrist or a cable passed into his Abdomen so that the disease growing to so great a height no man would undertake the Cure by incision or otherwise Yet I perfectly cured this so vast excrescence which so much distended the Scrotum and encompassed the Testicle by the means aforesaid and yet left the leading and preparing vessel to the use of the Testicle without any prejudice or touch upon the other vessels descending into the Sâ—â—tum by the Tunica vaginalis or coat of the Testicles so called But these and other Cures accomplished clean beside the common opinion I shall in my Physical Observations if God grant me life discover at large I mention these things with this intent that men may
the egge one that no man hath hither to fondly pronounced that the one was the Cock and the other the Hens Seed But this popular error is soon blown over for the Chalazae are a like manner found both in the Subventaneous and Fertile egge That both the Male and Female are the Efficients of Generation EXERCIT. XXXIII THe Physitians do rightly maintain against the Aristotelians that both Sexes participate â—â— the Efficient power because that which is generated is a thing compounded of them both for it is mixt of them both in the figure and similitude of the Body and in the Species too as suppose it a thing mixt between a Partridge-Cock and a Dunghil-Hen And it is very consonant to reason for a man to conceive that those are the Efficient causes of a Conception whose com-mâ—â—ture that which is produced doth represent and express And this is Aristotles opinion In some creatures saith he it is apparent that that which generates is such like as that which is generated and yet not the â—ame not that very numerical thing but of the same Species as in natural productions For a Man begets â— man unless something befal praeturnatural as when â—â— Horse begets a Mule and the like For that which is common to a Horse and an Ass is not called Propinquissimum genus the Next Kind and yet they two may be commixed in one for such is a Mule And in the same place he saith The Generant is sufficient to generate and be the cause of the existence of the Species in the matter but such a Species being now in such particular flesh and Bones is now several persons is Callias and Socrates are Wherefore since such an entire forme as namely of a Mule is mixt of both namely Horse and Asse the Horse alone is not sufficient to produce this form of a Mule in the Matter but as the whole entire form is mixt so another efficient cause must be conferred and joyned to it from the Asse That therefore that doth produce a Mule mixed of both must be it self adequate and mixed too if it be Univocal As for example This Man and that Woman do beget this Socrates not under the capacity of being both of them Homines Men and so are of one and the same species but by reason that this particular Man and that particular Woman are of humane kind composed of this and that particular flesh and bones of both which since socrates is a kind of Mixture and is mingled of them both that of which Socrates is made must needs be as it were a compounded Univocal mixt â—â—ing that is to say the mixt Efficient of a mixt Effect And therefore the Male and Female are not generative apart but as they are united in Coition and made as it were one entire Animals and thence from them both as from one the true efficient immediate cause of the Conception doth result and is deduced The Physitians also while they minding onely what befalls humane kind give resolutions at large concerning Generation in general and it seeming probable to them that the Geniture flowing in Coition from both Parents is the true Sperme or Seed proportionable to the Seed of Plants doe not without reason constitute that mixture which is the next efficient cause of the future Foetus out of the mixture of the Seed of both Parents and therefore affirme that such a mixt body is conteined in the Womb presently upon Coition and is the first Conception But our precedent History makes it appear that the thing is clean otherwise in an Egge which is a true Conception Concerning the Matter of the Egge contrary to Physitians and Aristotelians EXERCIT. XXXIV THat which Physitians deny in opposition to the Aristotelians namely that the Blood is the First Matter of the Conception doth evidently appear out of the Generation of the Egge For there is no Blood at all conteined in the Womb of the Hen either in Coition or before or after it Nor are the Rudiments of the Egge sanguine but white And many living Creatures conceive in whose Genitals if you open them nimbly not one drop of Blood is to be seen But while they contend that the Mothers Blood is the Nutriment of the Foetus in the Womb especially of the Partes Sanguineae the bloody parts as they call them and that the Foetus at first as if it were a part of the Mother is sustained by her blood and quickened by her spirits in so much that the Heart beats not and the Liver sanguifies not nor any part of the foetus doth execute any publick function but all of them make Holy-day and lie idle in this Experience it selfe confutes them For the Chicken in the egge enjoyes his own Blood which is bred of the liquors contained within the egge and his Heart hath its motion from the very beginning and he borrowth nothing either blood or spirits from the Hen towards the Constitution either of the Sanguineous parts or Plumes as those that strictly observe it may plainly perceive And I make no question fully to demonstrate in my succeeding Observations that the foetus of Viviparous creatures while they are yet imprisoned in the Womb are no way sustained by the Mothers blood nor vegetated by her spirits but do rejoice in their own Soules and indowments as the Chicken uses to do in the egg and sate themselves from their owne stocke of Blood But as for that which concerns the Matter of the foetus arising from Male and Female and that so magnified manner of Generation so much countenanced by the confident Schools namely that the Conception is rendered prolifical from the comâ—â—sture of the Genitures and their mutual Action and Passion as also those other Heresies of their concerning the Seed of Females and concerning the division of Parts into Spermatical and Sanguineous many and those very remarkable and excellent observations which shall be treated â—â— hereafter have compelled me to dissent from them I shall at present say onely this that I extreamly wonder how Physitians especially such as are skilfull Anatomists should prop up their opinion upon two arguments as most invincible â— when those very arguments if rightly understood â— do make against them rather As for Instance From that Concussion Solution and Profusion of Humour which befalls Women many times with delight in Coition they concludeâ— that all Women do emit a Semen in Coition and that that Semen is necessary to Generation Whereas to passe by this reply namely that the Female of all Animals nay all Women have not such a Profusion and that it is no way necessary that thâ—â— Conception must be frustrate without it for â— know many Women that are Mothers without it and some also which upon having it were indeed much affected with enjoyment but came much short of their former fruitfulnesse Besides infinite and innumerable examples of Women whâ—â— though they receive much satisfaction by their Husbands do yet emit
a Man is made out of a Boy and the Whole out of a Part and also tanquam ex Alimento as a thing may be said to be made of its nutriment and likewise as a contrary is made out of a contrary For when by Incubation by the Internal motive principle some clear part is liquefied which we call Ovi Oculum the Eggs-Eye we say that very thing is made tanquam ex contrario as a contrary out of a contrary as we suppose the Chyle to be made out of contraries by concoction namely out of crude unconcocted meats and in the same sense as we our selves are said to be nourished by contraries Just in that manner is the Colliquamentum and the Oculus Ovi made of the White and augmented and in that manner likewise is the Blood and the Vesicula pulsans which are the first particles of the Chicken made nourished and augmented out of that white liquor or Colliquamentum nourished I say the Nutriment being assimulated by concoction as out of its contrary by the power of the innate heat for that which is crude and unconcocted is contrary to that which is concocted and assimulated as a Man unskilled in Musick is contrary to a Musitian and a Sick man to a Sound And when Blood is made out of the white Colliquamentum or the Colliquamentum out of the Yolk or White it is called the generation of the one and the corruption of the other there being an alteration made from the contrary to the contrary the same subject matter remaining still For the proceeding form of the White being corrupted the Colliquamentum ariseth and from the privation of the form of the Colliquamentum resulteth the form of Blood in the same manner as nourishment is turned into the substance of that which is nourished Therefore in this sort the Chicken is said to be made out of the egge tanquam ex Contrario as out of a Contrary For the Chicken being nourished and increased in the Egg both the Yolk and the White are corrupted and consumed and afterwards all the substance of the Egg. It is therefore manifest that the Chicken is made out of the Egg as out of a contrary namely as out of Aliment and also tanquam exprivatione non ente as out of a Privation and non Ens. For the first particle of the Chicken namely the Blood or Punctum saliens is made ex non sanguine of that which is not blood and altogether its contrary the same subject Matter still remaining The Chicken also is made out of the Egg sicut vir ex puero as a Man is made out of a Boy For as out of Plants Seeds are made out of Seeds Blossomes Sprouts Stems Flowers and Fruits so also out of an Egge which is the Hens Seed is made the dilatation of the Macula the Colliquamentum the Blood and Heart as the first particle of the fatus or fruit And that tanquam ex nocte dies as the Night is made out of the Day the Sommer out of the Spring and a Man out of a Boy Where this thing is after that So that as the Fruit doth arise in the same Stem after the Flowers so likewise after the Egge the colliquamentum and after that as out of the Humor Primigenius out of the radical first moisture the Blood after the Blood and out of it the chicken as the Whole out of a Part. And again as by Epicharmus his Exaggeration ex calumniâ fiunt maledicta ex maledict is pugna out of slander come cursings and out of cursings fighting For the Blood together with the Punctum saliens is first existent and doth likewise seem to be a part of the chicken and a kind of Efficient or Instrument of its Generation inseparable from the Agent as Fabricius supposeth Now in what manner the Egge may be called the Instrument and Efficient of Generation is in part shewed already and shall appear more at large hereafter It is evident out of our History that the Punctum saliens and the Blood while they increase do assemble the rest of the body and all the other members of the chicken to themselves as the Yolk in the Womb descending from the Ovary encompasseth it self with the White and that by way of concoction and Nutrition Now all men conceive calor innatus aut calidum innatvm the innate or primigenial Heat or Spirit diffused through the whole and the Soul in that Spirit or the faculty of that Soul to be the common Instrument of the Vegetable Operations The egg therefore without all question hath its Operative soul which is all in the whole and all in every part and containes a spirit or Animal heat in it which is the immediate instrument of that soul If any man therefore ask how a chicken is made out at the egge We reply after all those ways recited by Aristotle or invented by any else after the which one thing may be made out of another Fabricius is mistaken concerning the Matter of the Generation of the Chicken out of the Egge EXER XLIV AS I decreed with my self from the beginning so I shal continue to take Fabricius along with me in my progress and therefore we shall consider with him of those three things which he saith are to be inquired after in the Generation of the chicken namely the Agent the Matter and the Aliment of the chicken All which ought to be in an egge concerning which he proposeth some doubts together with the opinions of Authors who are of another mind The first doubt relates to the Matter and Aliment of the chicken Indeed Hippocrates Anaxagoras Alcmaeon Menander and all the ancient Philosophers did conceive the Chicken to be born out of the Yolk and nourished by the White And Aristotle and Pliny contrary to that opinion did believe that the chicken did assume its body from the White and its Aliment from the Yolk But Fabricius for his own part conceived neither Yolk nor White to be the Matter of the chicken endeavouring to confute the former opinions and to shew that both Yolk and White did serve to nourish the Chicken And this besides other Arguments which I conceive to be of less force with this which is evincing enough namely that the propagations of the Umbilical Vessels by which without doubt the chicken doth attract his Aliment are disseminated both into the Yolk and white and that both those liquors accordingly as the chicken encreases and doth expend a greater stock of nourishment are quite exhausted And hereupon Fabricius for confirmation of his opinion saith There are three onely substances which do conduce to the fabrick of the egg and the generation of the chicken the White the Yolk and the Chalazae the White and Yolk are the Chickens substance therefore the Chalazae onely are the subject matter of the chicken But that the most excellent Fabricius is in an error we have demonstrated before in our History
matter out of which the males seed might form this first genital part the author of all the rest Nor yet presently upon coition while the seed as yet remaines within and is tangent doth any particle of the chicken exist but many dayes after upon Incubation And it is likewise improbable too that in fishes where the males geniture only toucheth the egge on the outside but doth not enter into it that the geniture should have any more operation and power upon it since it is meerly an external Agent then the Cocks seed hath upon the Hennes egges which are now perfectly formed Again since presently after coition there is no track of the egge extant but that it is afterwards generated by the Henne by her self and that prolifical too when now the Cocks seed is clean gone and vanished it is unlikely that the foetus should be made by that seed in that egge by one single motion or by successive motions Nor do prolifical eggs differ from improlifical and subventaneons in this that the former contain the Cocks seed as Aldrovandus would have it nor is there found any thing done or coagulated in the egge by the seed of the male or any sensible alteration made for there is no sensible difference at all between a prolifical and an addle egge and yet a prolifical which is conceived a long time after coition contains in it the power of both Sexes and the capacity of being made and of making a chicken as if it had deduced its original from the coition of both Sexes and their consent and conspiring together in one as Aristotle would have it who being pressed by that argument as we have declared before concerning the generation of the egge did constitute a soul in the egge which if it be there must without scruple be the principle and efficient of all those things which are naturally met with in the egge For it is most certaine What thing soever at last it prove which doth procreate the chicken out of the egge in whose fabrick so much skill so divine contrivance and providence is required fitting eyes for sight the bill for reception of the meat the feet for walking the wings for flight and all the other Utensils for some emploiment or other that it is either a soul or else something more worthy and excellent then a soul working by wisdom and providence And by the generation of the chicken it is also manifest that whatsoever be the principium vitae the first cause of life and vegetation was first of all in the heart Wherefore if it be the soul of the Chicken it is plain that it also was in the Punctum saliens and in the Blood because we discover motion sense there for it moves and dances like an Animal so that if the soule do exist in the Punctum saliens building nourishing and enlarging the rest of the body as we have shewed in our History Then it flowes from the Heart as from the Spring-head into the whole body Likewise if the Egge be therefore Prolifical because it hath a soul or as Aristotle would have it a part of the Vegetative soul it is plaine that the Punctum saliens and the Genital animate part doe proceed from the Soul of the egge for nothing is the Author of it self and that the soul is derived from the egge into the Punctum saliens by and by into the Heart and at length into the Chicken Adde to these if the egge have a prolifical vertue and Vegetative soul by which it erects a Pullus and do owe them as it is plain it doth and all men confess it to the seed of the Cock it is then certain that this Seed is Animate For so Aristotle Whether the seed have a soul or no there is the same reason to be given for it as for the Parts For no soul can be in any thing but in that whose soul it is nor can there be any part which is not partaker of the soul unless it be an aequivocal part as the eye of a dead man That therefore the seed hath a soul and a being in potentiâ is clear It therefore follows out of what hath been said that the Male is the Primary Efficient in which Ratio forma the Reason and Form is which Efficient begets a prolifical seed or Geniture rather and that Geniture endowed with a Vegetative soul with which also its other parts are endowed he doth transmit into the female This Geniture being transmitted it moveth the Matter in the Hen that so an Animate egge may be produced by which means the first particle of the Chicken is animated and afterwards the whole Chicken So that according to Aristotle either the same soul is conveied by a Metempsychosis from the Cock into his Geniture from his Geniture into the substance of the Hen from thence into the egge and from the egge into the Chicken or else is raised up in the subsequent by the precedent things namely by the Male in his proper seed by the seed in the egg and at last by the egge in the Chicken tanquam lumen de lumine as light derived from light The Efficient therefore which is sought for in the egge from whence the Chicken is born is a soul and the soul of the Egge for according to Aristotle the soul is onely in that thing whose soule it is But it is manifest that the Seed of the Male is not the Efficient of the Chicken neither an Instrument by whose motion the Chicken might be formed as Aristotle would have it nor as an Animate substance as if the soul were its soul For in the egge there is no seed at all either now touching it or that ever did touch it and it is impossible that that should move which doth not touch or that any thing should be affected by that which doth not move it and therefore the seeds soul ought not to be said to be in it And yet though the soul be the Efficient in the Egge yet it doth not appear to be derived rather from the Cock or his seed then from the Hen. Nor is it transferred by a Metempsychosis or certain translation of the soul from the Cock and his seed into the egge and thence into the Chicken For how can it be translated into the Egges that are yet to come and to be conceived after Coition Unless some Animate Seed do lurke in the Hen all the while or else the soul onely without seed be translated that so it may be afterwards infused into the Egge when the Egg shall be made But neither of these is true For the seed is no where found in the Hen nor is it possible that the Hen should after Coition possess two souls namely her own and the soul of the future eggs and Chickens for the soul is never said to be but in that whose soul it is much lesse can one or more souls lye lurking in the Hen
conception of the Brain which we call the desire or appetite so whether do Natural motions likewise and the Operations of the Vegetative faculty especially Generation depend upon the conception of the womb Again how that prolifical contagion is of a mixt nature and transferred from the Male into the Female and from her into the Egge And lastly how the contagion or infection of all preternatural diseases and distempers do spread and propagate insensibly Of the Order of Generation and first of the first Genital Particle EXER LI. WHat that is which is produced in the Female immediately upon coition or doth remain in her which we hitherto do comprise under the name of contagion by which as by Infection the female is rendered fruitfull by the male and afterwards doth generate a foetus of her own accord shall be said in its place where we shall make a stricter disquisition and examination of that matter In the mean time we shall signifie to you all such things as do openly display themselves in the order of the production of the parts and are worth the Observation And first of all because it is plain that the chicken is built by Epigenesis or the additament of parts budding one out of another we will discover what part is first founded before all its company and what is observable concerning it and the manner of its generation That which Aristotle affirms concerning the generation of perfect animals is an undoubted truth and most apparent in an egge namely that all the parts are not framed together but one after another in order that the first in being is that genital particle by virtue of which afterwards as from their original all the rest of the parts do arise As we see in the seeds of Plants as Beans and Acorns a budding or protuberant point which is the foundation of the future Tree And this particle is like a Son set free and dwelling in a mannour of his own and a principle subsisting of himself whence afterwards the order of the parts is delineated and all things ordered and regulated which conduce to the complement of the Animal For since no part is its own parent but when it is once begotten doth provide for it self therefore that part must of necessity be first made which doth contain the principle of encrease for be they Plants or Animals they have all that in them which contains a power of vegetation and sustaining and distinguisheth also and formeth all the other parts in their due order and rank therefore the Soul is primarily in that primogenit particle which Soul is the fountain and author of Sense Motion and Life of the whole That therefore is the principal particle from which the vital spirit and native heat do descend into all the rest in which the Physitians calidum Innatum sive implantatum innate or implanted warm substance doth first display it self and the domestick houshold-God or lasting fire inhabits from whence Life floweth into the Body in general and each particular part from whence Nutrition Ayde Growth and Comfort derive their streames Lastly where Life first ariseth to the born and setts to the dying creature These indeed are all true of the first genital part and do evidently appear in the generation of the chicken and therefore as I conceive being moved thereunto by sundry Observations the opinion of some Physitians whose Philosophy is ill founded is to be rejected whereby they decree that the three principal and eldest parts the Brain the Heart and the Liver do together spring out of the small bladders or bubbles so neither can I assent to Aristotle himself who concludes that the Heart is this first genital and animate particle For the truth is I am perswaded that this Prerogative is onely due to the Blood for the blood is it which is first seen in Generation And that not onely in an Egg but in every Foetus and animal conception whatsoever As shall plainly appear anon There appears I say from the beginning Punctum Rubrum saliens Vesicula pulsans Fibraeque inde deductae the Red capering Point the Panting Vesicle and the Fibers deduced thence which contain blood And so farre as I could possibly discern by accurate Inspection the Blood is formed before the Punctum saliens and is endowed with vital heat before it moves by pulse and in it and from it doth the pulsation begin For I have found it true by sundry experiments both in an egge and elsewhere that the blood is it in which so long as the vital heat is not quite extinct resideth the possibility of reviving And since the Vesicula pulsans and the Fibres containing blood which are derived from it are seen before any other parts I conceive it consonant to reason that the blood is made before his receptacles that is to say the thing contained before the thing containing for the latter is made to be serviceable to the former And therefore it is most probable That the Veines and Fibres and then the Vesicle and after it the Heart as being Instruments destined to receive and house the blood are erected for the transmission and distribution of it and that the blood is the primary particle of the body And this is manifest by many Observations but chiefly in that some living creatures and such too as have blood live a good while without any pulse at all and some become like Anchorites all the Winter long and yet survive though their Hearts within them do respite all their motions and their Lungs make Holy-day and forbear respiration like those persons who in a Syncope Lipothymia or Hysterical passions lie half-dead without the motion of the Pulse Being therefore ascertained out of those things which I have observed in an Egge and the dissection of Animals while they were alive I conclude against Aristotle that the blood is the first Genital particle and that the Heart is its Instrument designed for its Circulation For the Hearts business or function is the propulsation or driving forth of the blood as appeares in all Animals that have blood and the office of the Vesicula pulsans is the very same in the generation of the Chicken which I have shewed to many persons in the first conceptions of Animals as well as in an Egge when it hath been less then a Spark panting and in its motion drawing it self together and so squeezing out the blood contained in it and by relaxing it self again receiving and entertaining blood afresh And hence the prerogative and antiquity of the blood appeares seeing that the Pulse proceedeth from it For there being two parts of Pulsation Distention and Contraction or Systole and Diastole and the first of these motions is Distention it is manifest that that action proceeds from the blood but the Contraction is made by the Vesicula pulsans in an Egge as by the Heart in a Chicken by its proper fibres as by an Organ destined to that use And it
middle region Now is it most certain that not onely that part but all the blood nay the very flesh it self as may be observed in Bodyes hanged in Chains may may be corrupted into ichorous whey As being resolved into that substance of which they were first compounded so Salt is resolved into Lie from whence it first sprung So likewise in every Cachexie the blood that is let abounds with plenty of Serum so that sometimes there scarce appears any grumous part at all but all the blood seems to be one entire washy gore as we finde in that kinde of Dropsie called Anasarca and it is also natural in creatures that are bloodless Likewise if you breath a veine immediately after you have eat and drank before the second concoction be finished and the Serum descended through the Kidnies or upon the first approach of a fit of an Ague you shall finde the blood to be washy inconcocted and mingled with much whey But on the contrary if upon an empty Stomack or discharge of the Urine or a large Sweat you open a Veine you shall finde the blood thick as being quite destitute of Serum and being almost all condensed into a lump And as when the blood growes raw and crude you shall perceive but very litle of this gelly floating a top So if you poure out the Serum separated from the lump or mass and let it simper upon a gentle fire you shall soon see it changed into this gelly which is a manifest signe that that washy or serous substance which is now divided from the rest of the blood is perhaps some matter of the Urine but not the Urine it self though in colour and consistence it look like it For the Urine being boyled is not thickned into a fibrous Gelly but rather into a Lie but this washy or serous part being a while gently heated condenseth into a gelly like that above as on the contrary that â—uâ—ago or gelly degenerating into more crudity by corruption is dissolved into Serum And thus farre have I brought this part of the blood which is my own Observation upon the Stage of which and the other parts of blood which are apparent to sense and allowed by the authority of Aristotle and Physitians I shall more copiously discourse hereafter In this place not to digress farther I conceive the blood to be taken with Aristotle not as it is simply understood and called Cruor but as it is a living part of an Animal body For so Aristotle The blood is hot in such a sense as if we could call hot water by one onely word and not as a subject receiving heat into it For heat is in the essence of the blood as whiteness in a white man But when blood is made hot by any distemper or passion of the Minde it is not then calidus perse hot by its own heat And thus we may say of that which is moist or dry Wherefore partly a hot and partly a moist substance is in the nature of such kinde of things but if you divide them they then grow cold and congeale and such is blood Blood therefore as it is a living part of the Body is of a doubtfull nature and falls under a two fold consideration And therefore materialiter per se it is called nutriment but formaliter as it is endued with heat and spirits which are the immediate instruments of the Soul and with the Soul it self it is to be counted the Bodies Genius and Conserver the Principal Primogenit and Genital part And as a Prolifical egg is the Matter Instrument and Efficient cause of the Chicken and as all Physitians count the geniture of both Sexes mingled in the womb after coition both for the material and efficient of the Foetus so upon a better right may we affirm That the Blood is both the Matter and Preserver of the Body and not the bare Aliment For it is a known thing in Creatures that are starved by hunger and Men also that dye of Consumptions that a great quantity of blood remains in their Veins even after death And also Young men that are in their growth and Old men that are declining have a proportionable quantity of blood namely according to the increase or diminution of their Flesh So that the blood is a part and not the nutriment onely of the Body For if that were the onely use of it no man would be starved so long as any drop of the blood remains in the veins as the flame of a Lamp doth not expire so long as any oyle at all remains to support it But while I affirm the soul to reside first and principally in the blood I would not have any man hastily to conclude from hence that all Blood-letting is dangerous or hurtfull or believe with the Vulgar that as much of blood so much of life is taken away because Holy-writ placeth the life in the blood For dayly experience shewes that Letting blood is a safe cure for several Diseases and the chiefest of Universal Remedies because the default or superfluity of the blood is the seminary of most distempers and a seasonable evacuation of it doth often rescue men from most desperate maladies and Death it self For look how much blood is according to Art taken away so many years are added to the Age. Nature her self was our Tutor here whom Physitians transcribe for She of her own accord doth many times vanquish the most mortal Infirmities by a plentifull and critical evacuation either at the Nose Haemorrhoids or by menstruous Purgations And therefore young people who feed high and live idlely unless about the eighteenth or twentieth yeare of their age at which time the stock of blood encreases together with the bulk of their bodies they be disburdened of the load and oppression of their blood either by a spontaneous release at the Nose or Inferiour parts or by breathing a Vein they are dangerously set upon by Feavers Small-pox Head-aches and other more grievous Distempers and Symptomes Alluding to which the Farriers do begin almost all Cures of Beasts with Letting blood What Observations are to be collected from the Ramifications of the Umbilical veines in the Egge EXERCIT. LIII WE see the Blood is made in the Egge and Conception before any thing else and neere upon that time doe its Receptacles that is the Veines and Vesicula pulsans appear And therefore if we admit the Punctum saliens together with the blood and veines as one and the same Organical part visible in the first dawning of the Foetus to stand for the Heart whose Parenchyma doth afterwards in the formation of the Foetus grow to the Vesicula it is clear then that the Heart under this acceptation namely as an Organ compounded of a Parenchyma Ventricles Deaf-ears Vessels and Blood is truly according to Aristotles owne minde the principal and primary part of the body and yet its first and chief part is blood and that not onely in order
of Nature but of Generation too The parts next in Generation to the blood are the Veines for the blood must needs be kept in vessels And therefore as Aristotle observed there are found two venal Channels neer upon the very beginnings of all which do afterwards as we have taught in our History constitute the Umbilical vessels From their Scituation therefore and Ramification some things come to be observed The First is that all the Veins and Arteries arise from the heart for they are as so many retainers belonging to the Heart or as certain parts of it If therefore you diligently observe a humane or any other foetus new born and cutting in sunder the Vena Cava between the right Auricle of the Heart and the Diaphragma if you mark it as it looks downwards you shall discover three Holes whereof the greatest and hinde-most tending towards the Spine of the back is the Hole of the descending Vena Cava the fore-most and lesser is carried into the Root and Trunk of the Umbilical vessels the third and the lest of all passeth into the Liver and is the Fountain and Trunk of all the branches disseminated into the Gibbous part of the Liver By which it is evident that the veins do not as some would have it proceed from the Liver as from their Original but from the Heart unless they will obstinately affirm that the Trunk and body of a vein arises from some litle branch of the vein and not the branches from the Trunk Moreover since the fore-said vessels in the Egg are alike disseminated into the Yolk and White after the manner as Plants work in their Roots into the Ground it appears that both their liquours are the nutriment of the Foetus and that that nourishment is by these Vessels conveyed unto it and that against Aristotle who every where affirmes that the Chicken assumes nourishment by the Navel onely from the Yolk but is made of the White The White indeed is first spent and the Yolke though late doth yet at last become the Nutriment and supplies the place of Milk when the Chicken is now hatcht to the intent that Nature might afford to Oviparous creatures such an aliment as she holds out to Viviparous by the Breasts or Udder Hereupon it falls out that when all the White is exhausted the Yolk continues almost entire even when the Chicken is consummate and complete nay even after his Exclusion Aristotle indeed ten dayes after the Chickens exclusion found some remainder of the Yolk in the Chicken but I have observed even after six weeks time some part of it fastned to the Guts in the Chickens belly Yet upon the reception of the Yolk into the Abdomen of the Chicken which while the Foetus is forming and growing doth not abate so much as the White but continues almost entire when both the Whites are now quite wasted and also upon the Observation at the Distribution of the Veines through the substance of the Yolk all which being collected into one Trunk do pass into the Vena Porta and do carry part of the Yolk thither to receive a further concoction in the Liver upon these I say and such like grounds I cannot but acknowledge with Aristotle that the Yolk doth nourish the Chicken and hath some analogie to Milke The Yolk doth not remain entire after the Consummation of the Foetus for a portion of it is dissolved in the first conformation of the Chicken and it likewise doth admit the propagations of the Veines as well as the White by which after it is now prepared it becomes the Nutriment of the Foetus yet certain it is that the greatest part of it doth survive the wasted white and that surviving part is entertained into the belly of the Chicken and being attracted by the small branches of the Vena Porta is at last conveyed into the Liver It is therefore a clear case that the Chicken newly hatched while it is yet weak and tender is nourished by the yolk And as while he remained within the Egge he was partly fed by the yolke and partly by the whites but chiefly by the hospitality of the whites which as they are in greater quantity so are they sooner exhausted so in like manner when he is now hatched at which time all his aliment passeth through his Liver and there receives a farther preparation he is nourished partly by the yolk attracted from the Guts and partly by the Chyle which the several propagations of the Meseraick Veines suck into themselves when there is in the yolk onely one propagation of the Vena Porta distributed into it and a litle onely of the yolk remaining For Nature as Nurses being about to wean their Infants by degrees gives them other meats sometimes that so they may the better endure the decay of the milk so the Chicken is trained by degrees from meat of easier concoction to harder as from the Yolk to the Chyle Therefore what we see of the propagation of the Veines in the Egge is done upon exceeding good grounds For as soon as the Chicken begins first to be modelled the Veines are then extended only into the Colliquamentum by which the blood being fed and grown adjoyns the rest of the body to himself to be brought up with him Afterwards the veines reach into the thinner white from whence the Chicken receiveth his sustenance while he yet resembleth a Gelly or Mucilage and a Maggot afterwards they spread into the thicker White and anon into the Yolk that by that also it may be entertained and being as yet but tender it is fed in part by the yolk as by milke hoarded up in the abdomen and in part by food provided and prepared by the Hen till it be able to seek abroad for nourishment convenient and can digest it So that through the whole series of Generation Nature hath most prudently considered of various Aliment proportionable to the various abilities of the Digestive faculty of the future Foetus For while it is yet feeble she hath provided it milder diet and solider meats for its stronger capacity and when it is now hearty enough and can away with courser cates it is served with commons answerable to it And hereupon I conceive that perfect eggs are not onely party-coloured but also furnished with a double White And what we have found out by Experience seems also to agree with Aristotles opinion where he saith That Part of it which is hotter comes neerer the form designed to the institution of the members but that which is earthier yeelds matter to frame the body and is more unlike As in party-coloured eggs the animal assumes the Rudiments of its generation from the White for the animals beginning is in the hot part and its aliment from the yolk Therefore in hotter animals those two are reserved apart namely that from whence they take the beginning of their being and that from whence they derive their aliment and one of them
a Son set free by his Father and seated apart And therefore a Principle and that an Intrinsecal one must needs be had by which afterwards the order of the Parts is to be prescribed and all things relating to the complement of the Animal managed and disposed For if it were Extrinsecal at any time and afterwards began to enter in you would not only be in suspense and question when it went in but conclude that since each part is distinguished it was necessary that part should subsist out of which both growth and motion is conferred upon the other parts In another place he saith The first Principle is a part of the whole and not any separate thing which is contained apart from it For saith he when the Animal is now generated is that Principle corrupted or doth it remain Now nothing seems to be in which is not a part of the whole be it Plant or Animal And that it should be corrupted when it hath been at the expence of making all or some of the parts is very absurd for what shall make the remainder Wherefore he proceeds who side with Democritus saying That the exteriour parts of the Animal are first made and then the interiour as if they were to build a wodden or stony Animal do not say well for such a creature as that hath no Principle in it self But all Animals have and contain one within them Whereupon the Heart is first seen in all Animals in which there is blood for that is the Principle of the similar and dissimilar parts Now that thing which requires Aliment ought already to have received that principle of an Animal and constituted Foetus Which words do plainly declare that Aristotle did conclude of an Order in the Generation of Animals and of a Principal part namely the Heart which like a Son at liberty is the first animate and primogenit part of the Animal contained and abiding in it whence not onely the method of the parts is set down but the Animal it self preserved and relyes upon it receiving continual life and sustenance and that thence whatsoever is necessary to the perfection of the Animal is derived For as Seneca saith in the Seed is the whole accompt of the future Man comprehended And the Infant yet unborn hath a Standard and Commission for a Beard and a Gray-head For the dimension of his body and ensuing yeares are already deciphered in a small mysterious character Now whether the Heart be the Primigenial part or no we have determined above To wit if Aristotles speech be understood of that part which in the Anatomy of Living creatures is seen by the eye to be before the rest that is of the Punctum saliens together with the Veines streaming with blood we cheerfully embrace his judgement For we believe that the Blood together with the Vessels and Instruments namely the Umbilical Veines by which as by Roots the Nutriment is attracted and Vesiculae pulsantes to whom it is distributed for the life and growth of the parts is constituted before any other For as Aristotle saith the matter by which any thing is augmented and out of which it is first made is one and the same But they are much abused who conceive that the diverse parts of the Body are sustained with a diverse aliment As though Nutrition were nothing but a bare choice and attraction of aliment and that no concoction assimilation apposition and transmutation were required of the particular parts which are to be nourished which was the opinion of Anaxagoras of old Principium Rerum qui dixit Homoeomeriam Ossa videlicet è pauxillis atque minutis Ossibus sic de pauxillis atque minutis Visceribus Viscus gigni sanguenque creari Sanguinis inter se multis coeuntibu ' guttis Who said that Things from their Likeparts begin That Bones from less and fewer Bones do spring And Intrals rise from Intrals Blood from Blood Where the Confederate drops make up the Flood But Aristotle most truly saith Distinction of parts is not as some suppose upon that ground that Like is of its own nature tending to its Like for besides many other difficulties which beset that opinion it will follow that every similar part must be ordained apart by it self as for instance Bones by themselves Nerves and Flesh by themselves in case that opinion be admitted But indeed the Nutriment of all parts is common and similar as the Yolk in the Egge and not heterogeneous and compounded of diverse parts And therefore what we have said concerning the matter out of which the Parts are made we pronounce the same of the matter out of which they are augmented namely that the parts do assume their Nourishment out of that matter in which all the Parts are in potentiâ but none actu As out of the same Showre all kinds of Plants take growth because that moisture which was before like in potentiâ to them all is now made like them actu being transformed into their substance And is also bitter in Rue sharp in the Mustard and sweet in Licorise and so in the rest He goes on to explain what Parts are generated before others and that with a reason not much unlike Fabricius his Fundamentum secundum his second ground or foundation saying Id cujus causâ quod ejus causâ differunt alterum generatione alterum essentiâ prius est namely the End is first in Nature and Essence in respect of that thing which is made for the Ends sake but That which is made for the Ends sake must needs be first in Generation And by that Argument Fabricius rightly inferrs that those Parts which are subservient to the Vegetative soul are all made before those which are instrumental to the sensative because that is subordinate to this After this he subjoines the differences of such things as are made for any End namely that some things are instituted for some End by nature because the End doth ensue upon them but some because they are Instruments which the End makes use of and those he calls Genitalia but these Instrumentalia For the End saith he in some things is after and in some before those things which are their causes For the Generant himself and that which he imployes in Generation must needs exist before that which is generated by them And therefore the Parts subservient to the Vegetative soul are before those which are retained by Sense and Motion But the Parts dedicated to Motion and the Senses are after the sensitive and motive Faculties as being instrumental and made use of by the sensitive and motive Faculty For by Natures Law no Parts or Instruments are made and constituted before there be imployment for them and a faculty be ready at hand to set them to work So neither the Eye nor the Instruments of Motion are set up till the Brain is built or the faculty be already provided which is to See or Move
In like manner because the Vesiculae pulsantes do as Instruments minister to the motion of the Blood and likewise the whole Frame and Fabrick of the Heart as we have evidenced in our Book de Motu Sanguinis is Instrumental namely that the Blood may be continually hurried round the Body in a Circle the Blood seems to have a being both in Order of Nature and Generation before the Heart which he imployes as an Instrument having begotten it also and doth persist to nourish and convey heat spirits life unto it by the Coronal Artery But how this General Rule of Aristotle concerning the prae-ordering of the Parts doth appear to be true by Anatomical Observation we shall declare hereafter In the mean time we will enquire after what manner he himself doth sufficiently deduce the Causes of Priority as I may so say in Generation according to this Rule After the Principle namely the Heart are the Interiour parts begotten before the exteriour the superiour before the inferiour for the inferiour are for the superiours sakes as being their instrument after the pattern observed in Plants which shoot forth their Roots before their Branches But Nature doth not use that method in Generation nor is the instance alwayes true for in Beanes Ciches and other Pulse also in Acornes or Mast and Corne it is apparent that at the same time the Stalk shootes upward from the same Bud and the Roots downward Likewise Onions and other bulbous plants do germinate upwards before they fix downwards But he adjoines another cause of this order to wit Nature makes nothing superfluous nor nothing in vaine whence it appears that nothing is made by her either before or after another otherwise then need requires Namely those parts are first generated whose uses and functions are first required some also are sooner begun because they call for more time to perfect them that so they may be ready for the birth together with others that are forwarder then they As the Cook being to provide a feast where some provisions by reason of their solidity aske a slower fire and longer time to prepare them he laies them down to the fire first but to those that are sooner dispatched and are dressed with a gentler heat he applyeth himselfe last and such also as are to be served up in the first course he makes ready first but those in the second last So likewise nature in the generation of Animals is late ere she delineate the moist soft and fleshey parts as being quickly cooked and reduced into shape but for the hard and more solid as the bones because they exact a large Evaporation and Exsiccation and their matter continues long indigested to them she addresses her selfe first of all For in the Braine also saith he the same falls out namely that at first it is very moist and great in quantity but anon the humidity evaporating and being concocted it growes more solid and so the quantity of the Head and Eyes do abate In the beginning therefore the Head seems very bigge in comparison of all the rest of the body which it much exceeds in bulke by reason of the Braine and the eyes very large by reason of the humour conteined in them But yet the eyes are perfected last because even the Braine it selfe is long ere it grow to a consistence For it is long ere it get the mastery and drein the water and especially in a Man For the Sinciput is last confirmed of all the Bones for that bone is yet soft even when the Child is born into the World He also proceeds to another reason namely that the parts are framed of different materials The more noble parts saith he and those that participate the worthiest principles are constituted of the concocted purest and chiefest aliment the other necessary parts made for their sakes are fashioned out of the baser matter the reliques and dregs For Nature like a prudent Master of a Family loseth nothing out of which he can make any advantage but so manages the matter in his house that his Children may fare best his Servants harder then they and the scraps or refuse thrown to the Dogs As therefore Incremento jam addito mens advena facit haec that is as I interpret it a prudent man grown to years of discretion disposes thus of his Charge So in the framing of things Nature by an inbred wisdome and prudence formes the flesh and substance of the instruments of sense out of the most refined matter but the Bones Nerves Hair Nailes Hoofes and the like out of the Dregs that is the refuse remainders or fragments And therefore these are made last when nature hath now good store of course materials And after this he distinguisheth of two sorts of Aliment one of Nutrition the other of Augmentation That of Nutrition saith he doth supply a being to the whole and all the parts that of augmentation procureth an accession to the magnitude According to what we finde in the Egge where the White as the more refined Aliment relates to the first Nutrition of the Chicken the Yolk to its augmentation And the thinner White as hath been shewed conduceth to the formation of the First and nobler Parts but the Courser and the Yolk to the augmentation of the Nobler and formation of the more Ignoble For he saith the Nerves are framed as the Bones out of the seminal and nutritive excrement But the Nailes Haire Spurres and all like these are formed out of augmentative and adventitious meats which the Foetus both receives from the Mother and also doth provide of it selfe And after this he at last gives the reason why Man since other Animals are provided with their Garments and Weapons at Natures price should be borne naked and unarmed namely that those kind of parts are constituted of the excrementitious parts and reliques but the materials of Men are purer in which there is very litle terrene or crude excrement to be found And thus far have we made use of Aristotle concerning the Order of Generation where all seems to be bottomed upon one foundation namely Natures Perfection which in all her Workmanship hath nothing short nor nothing superfluous but always disposeth matters for the best And therefore no parts had been precedent or subsequent to one another if it had been more advantagious to have formed them altogether which is to be understood of Her as often as she acts freely and by choice For sometimes she acts otherwise being as it were under constraint and put beside her purpose which happens when either by defect of matter or superfluity thereof or by the default of her instruments or some outward impediments she is hindered in her work and frustrated of her aime or end And hence it comes to pass sometimes that the final parts are generated before the Instrumental I call those final parts which employ others as their instruments And because some parts are Genital parts which Nature sets to
proportion of the bulk of the Body is a pretty deal larger then that of the Limbs untill they are able to stand and go And therefore Infants are first Dwarfs and crawle like beasts attempt to move on though upon all four but go upright they cannot till the prolixity of their Legs and Thighs exceed the longitude of the rest of the Body And hence is it that their first venture to foot it represents them a prone kinde of Cattell which can scarce exalt themselves to the erection of a Cock. And therefore amongst grown persons the long slimme Fellows whose Thighs but especially their Shanks are longer then ordinary can stand walk run or vault longer and at more ease then square and well trussed men In this second Process several actions of the Formative faculty pursuing one another may be observed as in the Automata or engines that go of themselves where the fore-going wheel sets his follower upon motion too and all the parts spring from the same gelly and similar substance Not as some Natural Philosophers expound it who say that Like is hurried unto its like but we must say That the parts are moved not by changing their station but remaining where they were and altering in softness hardness complexion and those other differences of similar parts being now made those things Actu which they were before in Potentiâ that is the Limbs the Spine and the rest of the Body are altogether formed and encreased are together described and complexioned also the Bones Flesh Nerves and Gristles which were all similar at first in the same members and of one kinde of substance in progress of Time are plainly distinct and being conjoined make up Organical Parts by whose mutual connexion and continuity the whole body is compiled So in the Head the membrane growing every where light the Brain arrives to its consistence the Eyes are polished out of a fluid instable moisture Nature doth feed and enlarge all the Parts out of the self same Nutriment whereof the first did frame them not as many will have it out of a diverse one and such as is like to every particle namely by augmenting her same gelly or worm and like a potter first she divides her materials and she allots to the Trunk the Head and the Limbs every one their share or cantlin as Painters do who first draw the Lineaments and then lay on the Colours and as a Ship Carpenter first layes the Keel for a foundation and then sets up the Ribs and Breast-bone or Deck and as he builds a boat so doth Nature the Trunk of the Body and hasp on the Joints And in her work she begins all the similary part out of the same Primitive gelly or glutinous mass namely the Bones Gristles Flesh Nerves c. For at first there appears nothing of the Bones but a kinde of filaments or threddy fibres which afterwards become nervous anon Gristles after that like thorns and at last down right Bones So likewise the thicker Membrane investing the Brain proceeds first to be gristly and afterwards into a Skull while the thin Membrane doth improve into a Coat or Pericranium and Flesh And in the same Order the Flesh and Nerves out of a yeilding gelly do concoct and strengthen into Muscles Tendons and Ligaments The braine and after-braine from a thin Water coagulate into a Callous Curd for the braine of Infants before the bones of the Synciput are confirmed appears soft and fluid and hath no more coherence then coagulated Milk The third Process is of the Intrals whose generation is discovered in the Chicken after the delineation of the body namely about the sixth or seventh day and neer upon the same time they all appear that is the Liver Lungs Kidnies the Cone of the Heart and its ventricles and also the Guts But their first original is from the Veines and are bred growing to them like Wens to the barke of Trees and at first they appear white bloodless and like a gelly and so continue till they are ripe for publick imployment The Guts with the Stomack seem at first like white threads waved or contorted extended through the longitude of the belly and together with them the Fabrick of the Mouth is discovered from which to the Fundament in a continued procession the top is united and linked to the bottom the Genitals also are about this time visible Yet hitherto the Bowels and Guts are not shut up within the hollow of the body but being fastned as it were to the Veines hang forth and thus doth even the Heart himself For the trunk of the body hitherto resembles a Skiff without a deck or a House without a roof as being hitherto no way covered over by the anteriour parts namely the Breast and Abdomen But so soon as the Sternum or breast-bone is framed the Heart enters into the breast as into a habitation of his own setting up and furnished purposely for him and being now retired like the Genius of the place he undertakes the patronage of the whole Mansion and there dwells with his servants the Lungs After this the Heart and Stomack retreat too at last the Guts shrowd themselves in the Belly So that in a Hen-egge after the tenth day of Incubation the Heart admits no spectators without dissection About this time the top of the Bill and the Claws break forth being all exceeding white and now a chylous matter is visible in the Stomack and a kind of Excrement in the Guts and the Liver being now begun hath the Gall which appears green adjoined to it By which it appears that a different Concoction and Preparation of the Aliment is now made whereof these are the Excrements from that which is performed by the Propagations of the Umbilical Vessels so that a just doubt may hence arise how Choler the Excrement of the Second Concoction can be separated from the rest of the Humours by the Livers help when it is it self in being at the same time with the Liver The Interiour parts are Universally generated after the Order proposed for in all Animals which I ever diffected they are framed after the same Manner and Order and especially in the more perfect in Four-footed Beasts and so in Man himself In whom the Heart Liver Lungs Spleen and Guts appear framed and augmented in the Second Third and Fourth Moneths at which times they are white as also the whole Body And hereupon the first days are not improperly called in lacte dies the Dayes in the Milk for the Bowels and all the other parts appeare spermatical except onely the Veines and chiefly those of the Navel The Umbilical Arteries are I conceive framed after their Name-sakes the Veines because they are scarce to be found in the first moneths and take their Original from the Branches which descend to the Thighes And therefore I conceive they are not constituted before that part of the body from whence they are derived But the Umbilical
all other parts of the body yet it hath not been so in the Genitals but that it commonly proves either Male or Female and very seldom an Hermaphrodite Lastly many things are in the foetus ere they appear at all and some things are begun with the first but perfected with the last as the Eyes Genitals and Bill And hence there arise debates concerning the pre-eminence or dignity of the Parts in which the Wits of such as are curious in these cases may imploy themselves As Whether the Heart bestow life and vigour upon the blood or the blood rather upon the Heart Whether the blood be made for the bodyes sake as the Matter Nutriment and Instrument or else the body and all its parts for the blood and the soul which doth first and principally reside in it Likewise Whether the Ventricles or Auricles of the Heart are most honourable For we finde that the Auricles have life and pulse first and do expire last And farther Whether the left Ventricle of the Heart which is deeper in a Man and is fenced with a thicker and more carnous wall and is conceived to be the fountain of the Spirts be the more excellent hotter more fraught with Spirits and livelyer of the two or the Right which doth last languish and subscribe to Death containing a large quantity of blood and where the Dying mans blood doth last congeal and is deprived of life and spirit and whether also the Umbilical Vessels do transport the blood as to their fountain and whence also they derive their extraction Now these things do result out of the Observation of the Order of the Generation of the Parts as also other things which may be hence deduced and do not a litle clash against the Physiology commonly approved Namely when we plainly see that there is both Sense Motion before the brain is begotten it is evident that all Sense and Motion is not derived from the brain for it appeares by our History that Sense and Motion do clearly discover themselves in the first small drop of blood in the Egge before any particle of the body is framed And likewise the first platform or constitution which we call gelly is laid before any part is discerned and when the brain is now nothing but a clear water which first rudiment of the Body if it be lightly pricked will like a Worm or Magot obscurely move and contract it self which is a plain testimony of its sense There are also other Arguments deduced from Sense and Motion by which we may conclude with Aristotle That the Heart and not with Physitians that the Brain is the first Principle Those Motions and Actions which Physitians call Natural because they proceed whether we will or no and we cannot moderate accelerate retard or refrain them at our own pleasure which therefore are Independent in regard of the brain yet even they are not performed without all sense but do imply sense as by which they are excited provoked and altered For we conceive that in the Heart it self its Palpitation Trembling Fainting Sowning and all the changes in the pulse either in magnitude celerity order rhythme or the like do proceed from morbifical causes indisposing it and offensive to its sense For whatsoever by diversity of motions makes warre against those things that enrage and molest it must needs be indowed with sense The Stomack and Guts provoked by injurious humours do raise a Nauseating Belching Rumbling Vomiting and Flux and as it is beyond our power either to raise or lay these combustions so are we to seek for any such sense retaining to the brain which should excite those parts to such Expressions It is very strange that upon the Infusion of Antimony taken in a Vomit though we neither distinguish it by taste nor finde any disgust in it either swallowing it down or in returning it back again yet there passeth a censure upon it by the Stomack which discerns between what is usefull and prejudicial and so provokes to Vomit Nay the Flesh it self doth easily distinguish a poisonous wound from one that is not poisonous and thereupon contracts it self and condenseth upon which enflamed tumours arise as we may see in the stingings of the Bee the Gnat and the Spider I my selfe once for experiment sake pricked my hand with a needle and presently rubbing the same needle upon a Spiders tooth I pricked my hand in another place so that I my self could not distinguish between the two pricks But there was something in my Skin that did distinguish for in that place where the poisoned prick fell it presently contracted it self into a pimple and presently grew red hot and inflamed as if it fortified it self and stood upon its guard to oppose and subdue the malice of the Venom The Offences undergone by the Matrix as its Contorsion Descension Falling down Rising Suffocation and other Maladies and Provocations do no whit depend upon the Brain or Common sense nor yet can they be conceived to befall it insensibly For that which is plainly void of Sense cannot seem any way to be porovked or heightened into any motion or action Nor have we any other signs to distinguish an animate and sensitive creature from a dead and senseless one then by its motion provoked from some offensive object which doth alwaies follow and argue Sense But of this more at large when we treat of the Actions and Use of the Brain But the Reverence due to the Antients and Antiquity her self doth advise us to uphold their doctrines so farre as they are true Nor can it beseem us rashly to reject and discountenance their Labours and Decrees whose light hath been our direction to the Shrines of Philosophy wherefore I conceive we ought to think thus We perceive we have Five Senses by which we give judgement upon outward things but because it is not the same sense by which we perceive and by which we perceive our own perception for we see with our Eyes but we do not by them know we see but by another sense which employes another sensitive Organ namely the Internal Common sense by which we give judgement upon all those things which we perceive by our external Organs and so distinguish white from sweet and hard This common Sensorium or Organ of Sense whither all Species are conveyed from the outward Organs is plainly the Head which together with all his Nerves and outward Organs adjoined to them is understood to be the adequate Organ of Sensation And it is like the Sensitive Root from which several Fibers result whereof one sees another hears a third toucheth and the other smell and taste Yet as there are certain Actions and Motions whose Regiment or Jurisdiction relates not to the Brain and they therefore are called Natural so also must we conclude that there is a certain sense of Touching which is not conveyed to the Common sense or any way communicated to the brain and therefore in that kinde of
the albugineous humour conteined in the utmost membrane that so they may forage and provide Aliment so likewise in humane abortions I have plainly discovered the vein in the Chorion and Aristotle himself affirmed that that coat was full of veins If there be a single foetus the distribution of its Umbilical vessels is extended to both the Hornes of the Womb having litle branches disseminated through the cavity thereof that so it may attract aliment on both sides But if there be two namely one in each Horne they both shoot forth their Umbilical propagations into that part onely of the Conception which borders upon their proper Horn so that the foetus seated in the right Horne deriveth his sustenance from the right side of the conception and he in the left from the left onely The Gemellifical conception being in all other matters also like the Gemellifical Egge Now about the end of November all the parts are clear and distinct and the foetus now appears of the magnitude of a large Beane or a Nutmeg the hinder part of his Head being a litle prominent as it is in a Chicken but his Eyes are lesse His Mouth lies gaping wide even from Ear to Ear for the Cheeks and Lips are last of all perfected as being cutaneous parts So that in all Productions even in humane also the slit of the Mouth is dilated as far as the Ears on both sides having neither Lips nor Cheeks to abate it And for this cause as I conceive many are born with cleft lips we call them Hare-lips that is having such lips as Hares and Camels have because in the formation of the humane foetus the upper lips do very slowly close I have often times cast the foetus when it was now grown to the quantity of a fair Bean being transparent under his coat Amnios and swimming in his most pure alinient into a silver bason full of the clearest water whereby I discovered chiefly these most remarkable following things His brain being of a litle thicker consistence then the White of an Egg like milk a litle coagulated of a rude shape lieth encompassed on every side in a membrane having as yet no scull at all The After-brain stands up something prominent as in a Chicken The Cone or whole frame of the Heart looks white and so also all the other Bowels even the Liver it self are white and as it were spermatical The Trunk of the Umbilical Vessels doth arise from the heart and passing the gibbous part of the Liver doth insert it self into the Trunk of the Vena Porta or Gate Vein and running thence a litle farther and distinguishing it self into several propagations it is diffused through the colliquamentum and the coat called Chorion by an infinite number of branches The Sides on both hands arise from the spine so that the Thorax or chest looks like a boat or litle pinnace before the Heart and Lungs are retired into its circuite just in like manner as it is in the chicken For the Guts Heart and the rest of the Bowels are very conspicuous and seem to be litle appendixes of the body untill at last the chest and coverture of the lower Belly are drawn over them as the Roofe is erected upon the open roomes and so veil and conceal them At that time the sides as well of the Breast as the Loines seem to be white mucilagineous and of a similar constitution excepting onely that through the inside of the Breast some certain slender capillary lines do run along and so occasion a distinction between the future Ribs and the carnous or fleshy parts of the sides I have also sometimes seen the Twinne-foetus in the Conceptions of Ewes which have been about the same time whereof we now speak and sometimes one alone which were of the longitude of a transverse finger their form was like that of the smallest Lizard and their magnitude like that of a Waspe or Worm called Eruca the Spine of the back was bent round so that the head did almost reach to the taile Both of them did swim in a peculiar clear humour of their own inclosed within the Amnion and both were of the same magnitude as if they had been begotten at one and the same act of coition and conception For though the one lay in the right and the other in the left Horn yet both were included in the same wallet and in the same exteriour water and so consequently in the same egge or conception Their mouthes were wide but their eyes were small and scarce discernable points contrary to those of Birds Their Bowels or Intrals also were not as yet inclosed within the cavity of the body but were hanging out Their Exteriour Membrane called Chorion did not adhere to the Uterus so that I could not take away the conception whole entire There were also in the same coat an infinite number of Umbilical propagations which had no connexion at all to the Uterus as we have noted in Deer also and after the same manner as we have described them in the outward membrane of the Hen-egge There were onely present two humours and as many coats conteining them whereof the exteriour called Chorion was extended over both the Horns and being full of a more turbid humour did fashion or shape the egge or conception But the coat called Amnios was almost invisible like that coat of the Eye which is called Arachnoides or the Cobweb being the membrane of the Crystalline humour conteining in it a clear bright Water like Crystal wherein this foetus of the Ewe did swim The humour contained within the Chorion was in proportion a hundred times more I might say a thousand then the other though the Crystalline humour too which is reserved in the Amnios was in a larger quantity then to be suspected for the Sweat of so small a foetus swimming amidst it Nor was it of any distastful savour or sent but exceeding clear and as we have noted in Hinds and Does resembling thinne watry milk being tainted with no kinde of excrementitious pravity Now in case this humour were an Excrement it would also grow and encrease as the foetus it self doth But I finde the matter clean contrary in the foetus of the Ewe also for a litle before it is â—aned there is scarce any portion of this humour left Wherefore I conceive it rather to be the Aliment then the Excrement of the Foetus The Interiour coat of the Ewes womb was imbossed with an infinite number of caruncles as the Skie is with starres which were of the likeness of Crabbs eyes as I call them but something less and resembling loose or hanging warts were glandulous and white sticking within the coats of the womb being something hollow or excavated on that side wherewith they incline towards the Conception contrary to their course in Hinds and Does in which they do extuberate towards the Foetus it self and besides all this they did strut with blood and
in that part is made a Mother by conceiving and fostering a foetus in it where it is streightned as if it passed through an Isthmus and being again dilated as it arriveth at the other Horn it proceedeth still on to the farthest extremity thereof likewise where growing less and pointed as it did at the beginning it erects its non Vltra and proceeds no farther Therefore these kind of conceptions if they be drawn away entire do resemble a wallet whose both ends are full of Water and thence also that coat chorion is likewise called Allantoides because the conceptions of such Animals resemble a Gut blown up or stuffed pudding which is tied fast in the midst If you dissect an Embryo at this time you shall discern all the interiour parts distinct and compleat but chiefly the Stomack the Heart and Kidnies and the Lungs which are also divided into their Lobes and look as they had blood in them having gained their just form But the complexion of these Lungs is more ruddy then of those which have at any time breathed because the Lungs stretched and dilated by the Air put on a whiter colour And by this observation of the different complexion you may discover whether a Mother brought her Childe alive or dead into the world for instantly after inspiration the Lungs change colour which colour remains though the foetus dye immediatly after In a Female foetus the Testicles improperly so called are seated neer the Kidnies in the hanging or loose ligament of the uterus or womb at the ends or extremities of the Horns on both sides and are for their proportion larger in a foetus then in a grown body and look white like the caruncles In the Stomack of the Foetus there is found a watery substance not unlike that wherein he swims but something more troubled and less transparent like to that milk which is dreined out of Womens breasts that are about four or five moneths gone or like white Posset as we call it In the upper Guts there is store of chyle made of the fore-said substance now concocted But in the Colon or colick Gut there do begin to appear yellow excrements and shaped But as for the Urachus or Perforation of the Navel of the foetus by which it is imagined to discharge the urine into the coat called Allantoides I finde no such matter nor any difference at all between the coat Allantoides which is supposed to contain the urine and the Chorion nor do I discover any urine in the After-birth but onely in the Bladder and in that good store the Bladder it self being something Oblong is scituate between the Umbilical Arteries which arise from the branches of the descending Trunk of the Great Arterie The Liver is rude and almost inform or unshapen as if it were something besides Natures intention it looks onely like a ruddy affusion of Blood The Brain being now somewhat reduced into shape is comprehended in a thick membrane The Eyes lie concealed under the lids and those lids are so starched together and shut so fast as it is with puppies newly whelped that I had much ado to disjoin them and open the eyes The Breast-bone and Ribs do now harden by degrees and the complexion of the Muscles shifts from white to be blood coloured Having made very many several dissections for the whole course of this Moneth I am become more assured that the caruncles before mentioned do exercise the office of an After-birth or Uterine cake which I now discerned to be red and swelled and about the bigness of a Wall-nut The Conception which as we said did before stick only to the caruncles by the help of the glutinous substance doth now dispatch the litle branches of the Umbilical Vessels into the very body of the caruncles as Plants work in their Roots into the earth by which it is fastened and grows to the Womb. About the end of December I have feen the foetus being then about a span long lustily bestirring himself and kicking opening his mouth and jawes and also shutting them again His hearâ— was now placed in its purse or pericardium and the Breast being dissected it was very discernable making apparent and forcible Palpitations and yet the Ventricles of the Heart were Vniforme and of equal magnitude and did consist of equal height or of a double cone the thickness also of their sides was equal Where also I clearly discerned the deaf ears of the Heart which at this time were full of blood like two pretty large bladders to continue and persist in their motion for a little space even when the Heart it self had resigned it up All the Bowels which were indeed perfect before are now larger and more conspicuous The Scull is partly cartilagineous and partly bony The Hoofs are yellowish flexile and soft just as the Hoofs of grown Deere are being mollified in seething water the Caruncles now very great as large Mushroomes are spred over the whole cavity of the Uterus and do evidently supply the use of an After-birth for several propagations and those large ones too are from the Umbilical Vessels disseminated into them that so they may derive aliment to the foetus in like manner as in those that are already in the world the chyle is transported by the Meseraick branches into the Gate vain of the Liver In whatsoever Conception of this kind there is but one onely foetus there the Umbilical vessels are conveied to all the caruncles as well of the opposite as the same side but in that conception where there is a double foetus there the ramifications of the Vmbilical vessels relating to each foetus are not propagated beyond the caruncles of the same side wherein it resideth The lesser Vmbilical veins as they respect the foetus do where they unite and join together determine and end in other greater Veins and those again passing farther on and uniting do conclude in Veins yet greater then themselves till at the last they constitute two truncks which being conjoined do convey Blood into the Hollow and Gate Vein But the Vmbilical Arteries arising from the branches of the descending Trunk of the great Artery are two and those very small ones and such as were it not for their pulse could scarce be discerned which being carried along to the capacity or superficies of the conception where the caruncles or After-birth meet the propagations of the Veins do first diminish or lessen into capillary threads and at last become quite invisible and are clean expunged As in the Vterus the Extremities of the Vmbilical vessels are terminated into the caruncles so likewise out of the Vterus the Vterine vessels which are many and large carrying blood from the Mother to the Womb by the conduct of the suspensory ligaments do terminate outwardly in those very caruncles We are also to take notice that the Interiour vessels are all of them Veins for the most part but the Exteriour are for the most the propagations