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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46234	An history of the wonderful things of nature set forth in ten severall classes wherein are contained I. The wonders of the heavens, II. Of the elements, III. Of meteors, IV. Of minerals, V. Of plants, VI. Of birds, VII. Of four-footed beasts, VIII. Of insects, and things wanting blood, IX. Of fishes, X. Of man / written by Johannes Jonstonus, and now rendred into English by a person of quality.; Thaumatographia naturalis. English	Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.; Libavius, Andreas, d. 1616.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1657 (1657)	Wing J1017; ESTC R1444	350,728	372

a Swan There was one brought to Middleburg in Zeland Anno. 1558. It was called an Indian Sheep Scalig. in exerc calls it Allo. Camelus CHAP. VII Of the Shee-Goat THe report is that Goats see as well by night as by day wherefore if those that are blind in the night eat a Goats Liver they will be cured They breathe out of their eares and nostrils if we will credit the Shepherds Phi●es gives the reason because when their nostrills are stopt they are not hurt Aelian When the Sun sets they lye backwards in the fields and so they do at other times but one with another A Goats horn laid under a sick mans head will bring him to rest scraped with honey it stops the belly flux burnt it will raise people in a Lethargy In Aegypt they are said to bring 5 young ones The cause is the water of Nilus that is drank by such as are Barren and want milk They shew the revolution of Syrius For as often as he riseth with the Sun they turn to the East and gaze upon it Plutarch In some part of Africa they sheer them and make Cabels of their haire Those of Lybia shew when rayn comes for so soon as they come forth of their stalls they run to feed and presently come back to their stalls again Ael●an Those of Giman●a do not drink in six moneths but turning toward the Sea they receive the vapours with open mouth and so they quench their thirst The Goat of Mambrey will endure a saddle and bridle and a rider he hath ears that hang down to the ground and horns twisted below his mouth Gesner l. 1. de quadrup The wild ones in L●bia are as great as Oxen so active that they will leap upon the highest Mountain tops and their limbs are so hard that if they fall they neither break their horns nor hurt their heads Aelian l. 14. c. 16. CHAP. VIII Of the Beaver and Colus THe Beaver is a most strong Creature to bite he will never let go his teeth that meet before he makes the bones crack Plin. His hinder feet are like a Gooses and his fore-feet like an Apes His fat tail is covered with a scaly skin and he useth it for a rudder when he pursues fish He comes forth of his holes in the night and biting off boughs of Trees about the Rivers he makes his houses with an upper loft and when the water riseth he lies there Albert. When they are cut asunder they are very delightsome to see for one lies on his back and hath the boughs between his leggs he holds them fast that they may not fall down and the others draw him by the tail to their Cottage Colus is a four-footed wild Beast amongst the Scythians and Sarmatians he is for greatnesse between a Stag and a Ram. He is white and very swift He drawes his drink by his nostrils into his head and holds it for some dayes so that he will feed well enough in Pastures where there is no water Strabo l. 7. Sometimes they will be 500 together but about Easter you may see 2000. In March they dig up an herb by the sent whereof they stirre up venery when that is spent for a day they lie as half dead but when they taste of it once more they are restored Gesn. CHAP. IX Of the Cat and C●ney THe Cats eyes are so good that she will see any thing in the dark Albert. The Cat by the Egyptian Sea is observed to change the pupils of his eye as the Sun doth alter They are long in the morning round at noon when the Sun sets they are obscured Gellius He commonly playes on his back that he may look round about Cut off his ears he will stay at home more for he cannot endure the drops that fall into his ears If a Cat 's hair fall into a mans mouth it will stick there Hence matter is heaped together that causes a Scr●fulous diseases Scaliger saith That in the Province of Malabar there are wild-Cats dwelling in Trees they leap as though they flew having no wings They have a membrane stretched out from their fore-feet to their hinder-feet when they rest they contract it up to their belly when they begin to fly by moving their feet and thighes they are carried and born up by stretching out and gathering in this membrane and it is wonderfull to see them run as if they ran in the Ayr. Conies are abundant in the Baleares where they do the Corn and the fields great harm Solin They breed every moneth nor are their young ones blind They presently take Buck again so soon as they have bred though the young ones do suck Plin. l. 10. The female hath not milk presently so soon as she hath brought forth before she hath been six hours with the Buck and they have eaten some Oats Gesner de quadrup CHAP. X. Of the Stag. IT is certain that there are white Stags and Does that have horns Apollonius saw them as he passed beyond Paraca a City of the Indies Philostrat l. 3. Sertorius led one about which he feigned to have received from Diana that he took counsel with that so he might keep his Souldiers in obedience Gellius Lewis King of France took one and when Anna of Britanny asked what that was he said That they were all such at first and that God took them from them for their pride Their blood hath no fibres as other creatures have and therefore it will never grow thick The Gall is not upon the Liver but upon the Intestines or in the Tail Hence it is so bitter that dogs will not eat it Plin. In their heads they have live Worms sometimes 20 and they are parted so great as Maggots in flesh They are said to breed under the hollow of their tongue near the Vertebra where the head joyns to the neck If you pierce the scull bone in such as are of years under the eye you shall see Wasps fly out bred of the superfluous humour if you will credit Hunters and then he can live no longer unlesse he eat a Serpent to renew himself Gesner writes That in the basis of the heart between the lap of the greater ventricle and the urinal vein there is a bone found He addes That it is reddish from the heart blood and melancholick some adde that from a dry vapour it is turned into a bony substance Some adde further that it is found at no other time than between the two Feasts of the blessed Virgin that is from the middle of August to the I●es of September The Doe breeds near the pathwayes for she thinks that she is safe from wild beasts by reason of men passing up and down So soon as she is delivered she first ea●e the gleaning hence it is that the herb Seseli is her medicament in bringing forth Arist. in hist. animal They swim over the Sea like Ships the Master Buck leads the rest follow They lean their heads one

every thing had a sufficient perfection given to it and is content with it thence we see his goodnesse They are all from God and they tend unto God thence is glory Article 2. Of the Parts of the World and the disposing of them WEe need not be over-curious for the matter of it It contains the Heaven with the Stars the Elements Meteors in the Ayr Fishes in the Waters Minerals in the secrets of the Earth Plants Animals and Man are in the upper surface They are all materiall and corporeal things which wise men include in it and they are all realities Heaven is thought to be uncompounded the Elements serve for composition Meteors are imperfectly mixt Minerals perfectly but without life Plants with life but without sense Beasts with life and sense but without reason Man with life sense and reason is the compendium of all a little world in the great world The perfection is as great as the matter could bear the Workmaster could give more but the Matter was not capable of it Scalig. Exerc. 243. s. 3. The goodnesse is confirmed by the decree of God Gen. 1. vers ult He saw and behold all things were good The manner of ordering them in this great Engine Zeno in Laertius amongst the Philosophers hath declared That God at first whilest he was alone changed all essence by Ayr into Water and as in the birth the seed is contain'd so God who is the seminal cause of the World left such a seed in the moysture that should afford an easie and fit matter for this work for the generation of things afterwards Then he first produced the four Elements Fire Water Ayr Earth c. Trismegistus in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 speaks true There was saith he infinite darknesse in the deep and the water and an intelligible spirit were by Divine vertue existing in the Chaos wherefore the holy light was taken away and the Elements were congealed and fastned beneath of a moyst substance and all these embraced and were in love with a seminall nature And when all things were undivided and not set in order they were parted and things that were leight chose the uppermost place heavy the lowest moyst the dry Land all of them being divided by the Fire and hanging in the Ayr and carried by it And the Heaven appeared in 7. circles and the gods appearing in the Aspects of the Stars with all their signs and the whole circumference was distinguished and with the gods that are in it was circumscribed with the circumambient Ayr and carried by a moving Divine spirit And every God by his own vertue produced what he was commanded and there were brought forth four-footed beasts creeping things Fishes Birds and every seminall plant and grasse and flowers and every herb contain'd in themselves seeds of regeneration and the Generations of men were for the knowledge of Divine things c. But Moses sets it down most truly Gen. Chap. 1. Heaven and Earth and Light the first day are The Firmament dividing Waters second were The third the waters parted Plants the Earth The fourth to Sun and Moon and Stars gives birth The fifth gives Fishes and all kind of Birds The sixth brought Cattell all made by Gods Words Then Man was made the seventh rest affords Danaeus in Phys. Christiana Artic. 3. Of Unity Figure and Soul of the World DEmocritus and Empedocles supposed that other worlds were made successively of some indivisible small seeds Hence Alexander complain'd that he had not yet conquered one Origines 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 said they were infinite successively that the Elementary world was made every 7 thousand years and the heavenly once in 4900 years For the Sabbath for the earth and the yeare of Jubilee was wont to return every 7th year and every 49 yeares Leo Hebraeus toucheth upon this opinion Dialog de Amore where he saith The inferior world by the opinion of the old divines is generated corrupted and renewd once in 7000 years But because we see nothing moved in it confusedly nor any thing set without it whither shall we go out of it Our desire is answered For in the end of our cogitations the same question alwaies returns Wherefore we say that there is but one world and the figure of it is plain like to a skin stretched forth very large saith Basilius But Plato held that it was like a Circumvex pointed with many Angles Sanchumates Berytius the most ancient writer of the affaires of Phoenicia said it was like to an Egge wherefore at the feasts of Bacchus they religiously adored an egg as the emblem of the world Some compare it to the greek letter Ω in which the outward lineament represents the Ocean Dalecham P. ad l. 2. Plin. hist. c. 3. But that it is made like a Globe not only the name and consent amongst men that call it so but every mans eyes can tell him for it is convex and one half look upon it which way we will Plato Of which living creatures he would have all other living creatures contain'd he framed that of such a forme that in that one all the rest might be contain'd The Sto●cks would have it to be a living creature endued with sense and reason Hence grew that description by its parts The Starr saith Plutarch of the face of the Moon are shining eyes in the face of the world they run their race the Sun is in place of the Heart as this affords blood and spirit so that sends forth heat and light the world useth the Earth and the Sea as a living creature doth its belly and bladder The Moon between the Sun and the Earth is as the Liver between the heart and belly or some soft bowel and attenuating its respirations by some concoction and purgation scatters them about Elegantly but not true For the world hath no known soul if we ascribe any thing to it all will be but a diffused force common to all and in proportion we may call it a soul. For what the soul is in bodies the same is force diffused in the universe Combach in Phys. cap. de Mundo Artic. 4. Of the Duration of the World past and to come THe duration of the World both past and to come is sought out by many but no certainty is proved The Aegyptians formerly boasted of 48000 years past in their History the Chaldaeans 470000 The East-Indies 700000. The Aegyptians are disproved by their disagreement one of them reported 20000 to Solon that asked him another 1300 to Herodotus The Chaldaeans alleage that in 48863 there have been only 832 luminaries But the doctrine of Astronomy shewes these to be trifles If this were not it might be yet Diodorus in Augustus his time searched for the greatest antiquity of the Aegyptians and found scarce 4000. Calisthenes Nephew to Aristotle by his sister found the Chaldaeans not to be 2000 Simplicius reports it Amongst our Chronologers the Christian Epoche is uncertain nor is there any beam so

Ayre is contrary But examples will hardly make that good In the Navigations of the Portugalls some Marriners under the Equinoctiall had allmost breathed their last though it were in the middle of the Sea and a in a most open ayre And when we were present saith Scaliger Exercit 31. some Italians of Lipsia in the Stoves were like to swound and you may remember from Histories concerning the death of King Cocal Wheat in Syria laid close in Mows corrupts not but is spoild shut up in Barnes if the Windows be open it takes no harme Artic. 2. Of the Infection of the Ayre The Ayre doth not allwaies retain its own qualities it is infected somtimes with hurtful things They that go out of the Province of Peru into Chila thorow the Mountains meet with a deadly ayr and before the passengers perceive it their limbs fall from their bodies as Apples fall from Trees without any corruptions Liburius de Origine rerum In the Mount of Peru Pariacacca the ayr being singular brings them that go up in despair of their lives It causeth vomit so violent that the blood follows it afflicts them most that ascend from the Sea and not only Man but Beasts are exposed to the danger It is held to be the highest and most full of Snow in the World and in three or four houres a man may passe over it In the Mountains of Chilium a Boy sustained himself three dayes lying behind a multitude of Carcases so that at last he escaped safe from the Venomous blasts In a Book concerning the proper causes of the Elements it is written that a wind killed the people in Hadramot The same Authour reports that the same thing hapned in the time of King Philip of Macedo that in a certain way between two Mountaines at a set hour what horseman soever past he fell down ready to die The cause was not known The foot were in the same condition untill one Socrates by setting on high a steel Looking-Glasse beheld in both Mountains two Dragons casting their venomous breath one at the other and whatsoever this hit upon died Liban l. cit But the true cause of this mischief was a mineral ayr stuft with nitrous and other metallick Spirits Such a one is found in some Caves of Hungary and Sweden and we know that the Common Saltpeter is full of Spirits it is moved dangerously and forcibly if fire be put to it and cast into water it cools them much But that bodies corrupt not that we ascribe to cold but it may be attributed to the Spirits of cold by mixture such as are in some Thunder-bolts for the bodies of living Creatures killed by them do not easily corrupt and they last long unlesse some more powerfull cause coming drive it out Artic. 3. Of the Putrefaction of the Ayr. THe Pestilence comes from putrefaction of the ayr which in respect of divers constitutions is divers It is observed that there never was any at Locris or Croto Plin. l. 2.99 So in that part of Ethiopia which is by the black Sea In Mauritania it ruins all It lasted so long somtimes at Tholouse and in that Province that it continued seven years It perseveres so long and oftimes amongst the Northern people and rageth so cruelly that it depopulates whole Countries Scaliger exercit 32. It is observed in the Southern parts that it goes toward the Sun setting and scarse ever but in winter and lasts but three months at most In the year 1524 it so raged at Millan that new baked bread set into the ayr but one night was not only musty but was full of Worms those that were well died in 6 or 8 hours Cardan de rer varietat l. 8. c. 45. In the year 1500 it destroyed 30000 at London somtimes 300000 at Constantinople and as many in the Cities of the Vandalls all the autumne thorow In Petrarchs dayes it was so strong in Italy that of 1000 Men scarse ten remained Alsted in Chronolog But that in divers Countries it works so variously on some men and severall Creatures that proceeds from the force of the active causes and the disposition of the passive Forest. l. 6. observ de Febre If the active cause from the uncleanness of the Earth or water be not strong it only affects those beasts that are disposed for such a venome but if it be violent it ceazeth on Mankind yet so that of its own nature it would leave neither Countrey not Cittie nor Village nor Town free This layes hold on men in one place only But if the active force be from a superiour cause or be from the ayr corrupted below Mankind alone are endangered by it But if both a superiour and an inferiour cause concur then may all living Creatures be infected with the Plague yet it must be according to the disposition of their bodies Artic. 4. Of Attraction cooling and penetrating of the Ayr. NO man almost is ignorant but that the Ayr serves for the Life of man for the branches of arteria venosa drink in blood from the whole Lungs brought to them by the arteria venosa and it is made more pure in them The Ayr drawn in at the mouth is mingled with the blood and this mixture is carried to the left ventricle of the heart to be made spirituous blood Ludovi du Gardin Anatom c. 40. But being drawn in heaps it strangles Zwinger Physiol l. 2. c. 23. For if you compasse a burning Candle in the open ayr with wine from above you put it out because it cannot attract the Ayr prepared on each side by reason the wine is betwixt and it cannot from below draw the crude and unprepared Ayr. The desaphoretick force of it will appear in an Egg when that is new a pure spirit sweats through its shell whilest it rosts like unto dew What will this do in the body of man It will make that full of chinks if it be touched by a small heat otherwise it fills and penetrates all things It pierceth thorow a brick and there it inflates the concocted lime so that the quantity of it is increased till it break it We see that the Ayr entring by the pores of a baked brick doth swell a stone that was left there for want of diligence and is turned into Lime and so puts it up till the brick breaks Zwinger Phys. l. 2. c. 25. Farther it is concluded by certain observation That a wound is easie or hard to cure by reason of the Ayr. In Fenny grounds wounds of the head are soon cured but Ulcers of the Legs are long Hence it is that wounds of the head are light at Bonnonia and Paris but wounds of the Legs are deadly at Avignon and Rome There the Ayr is of a cold constitution and is an enemy to the brain here it is more hot whereby the humours being melted run more downwards Pa●ae●s l. 10. Chirurg c. 8. It may be cooled 9 wayes by frequent ventilating of it with a fan

heat the Sun the great light of the World is the Father of it which it sends upon all earthly creatures enlightning and enlivening them Hence men say that the Sun and Man beget a man namely by the intermediate seed Otherwise it proceeds of another fashion when without those mediums in things are bred of putrefaction as we said before For when the solar or elemental heat incloseth any mixt body wherein natural heat is included this is raised up by that is moved and stirred to perform its operations as appears in the hatching of eggs by artificiall heat of Furnaces or natural heat of the hens For in the yolks there is a hidden naturall heat that is stirred by the external heat so that by circulation of the Elements Water is turn'd to Ayr Ayr into Fire Fire into Earth Earth into Water and the Chickens limbs and entrals are formed and made by natural heat which is the principal internal Agent The Material cause in the generation of this Tree-Goose is that clammy matter of the wood of Firre or the Rosin and Pitchy substance of it upon which the outward Suns heat doth work and the internal heat increased in the corrupt matter This matter though it be small yet may well afford the first rudiments to this Embryo which is afterwards nourished by the clammy substance of the Ocean as Oysters and other shell-fish grow and increase for neither the hard substance of the wood nor yet the weeds affords any matter for it for the one is observed to be the container and the other the conveyer of the true matter For as in the generation of Man neither the Matrix nor the umbilical vein do afford any matter but are required as necessary instruments so must we judge here of the wood and the Sea-weeds Some will have it that from the worm bred in the rotten wood there should be made some transmutation and that the worm doth afford the first matter for this generation yet that opinion is false for that Worm cannot come ●orth to the end of the weeds nor can it make shell-fish but that must breed at the end of the weeds nor doth it come thither from any other place that it can go from place to place by an animall motion before it receive its essential form Pliny writes that the Fish Pinnothe● is so cunning that he will hide himself in the Oyster and as he growes he will go into such as are greater but to imagine any such thing of that Worm that eats into the wood is against the nature of it But it is no doubt but that the rosinous and pitchy matter may communicate something to the end of the weeds which yet nature must do by a way we cannot perceive as nature useth in all other generations such wayes and means that we can better think and judge of by reason than see with our eyes For who can see how the heart in the generation of living Creatures is first formed What fibres and veins nature useth there for her Instruments how and by what means this is done and when it is done how she disposeth of the other bowels and makes them of a seminall and menstruall matter There was never man yet found so quick-sighted that he could see these things whilest they were doing but when they are done reason can discern them So no man could yet say how this matter that was first radical moysture in the wood could passe to the ends of those Sea weeds and should be formed there yet it is plain afterwards that so it was made Nor will that be so hard for the matter to passe through the grasse to the end of them as to passe without any medium But the greater difficulty is and most worthy to know the Formal or seminall cause of this wonderfull birth which since it is nor contain'd in seeds for here are none to be found it must needs enter into the matter otherwise than in other kinds of generations For the seeds of both Sexes in living Creatures which are mixt together in copulation are as it were the sheaths and cases of the forming spermaticall faculty which forms the prae-existent matter of the seed or blood into an essentiall form fit for that kind that the seeds belong unto howsoever they are mingled or drawn forth into act That force of nature is a blessing given to her in the creation in the word increase which word was never idle nor shall be whilest the world endures God spake and all that God said were made very good containing in themselves principles to multiply their own kinds by because individualls must perish The Heaven with its Stars shall last from the beginning to the end and the entire Elements Ayr Water and Earth But things compounded of them as they ●y so they are restored again by multiplication of seed not the same in number but in kind not by external form but by that form which is internall and essential But since that God gave this Commission for propagation to the sublunary World and this alwaies proceeds by mediums though in the production of these Barnacles there are no visible seeds whereby the matter may receive its form wherefore it is consonant to Reason and to Nature that the form must come from some other place into the matter lest any thing should seem since the Creation to be made of nothing contrary to Gods will For nothing is the cause of it selfe or forms it self but only the eternal and infinite God All other things indeed were made by him of nothing but not by themselves nor are they propagated of nothing nor from themselves but from means appointed by Nature Plato sets universal Ideas of every species of things subject to generation fixed in a certain place from whence a formative force descends to beget and make all individualls to be made This opinion is pleasant but not true For there can be no universal substances save in the conceptions of Mens minds but only individuals that cannot give what they have not and what they do give they cannot alwaies hold themselves Nature is in all things as in individuals dispersed all over which yet operates in each individual according to the condition that every one of them requires which is true in all things that have seeds for those are the very subjects and vessells that nature works upon But the question now is how that faculty is imprinted on the seeds and from whence whether from nature If this be true then of every matter she makes what she will when as she can imprint what forme she please on any matter And then how can nature in this Barnacle that hath no seed visible presupposed proceed to generation and in other such like things bred of meer putrefaction As in man there is an imagination and cogitative force which is performed by a subtile Artifice of Images conceived in the brai● arising first from the outward senses and so proceeding to the

grunt and grow so mad that they will rend those that come near unto them Aristotle They will miscarry They are friends with the Crocodile and will come to the banks of Nilus without offence Calcagn They mightily hate some kind of Barley in Thrace for they do not onely forbear to eat it but they refuse all excrements that proceed from it Aristot. in admirand· The Measils is a common disease amongst them and there is scarce any Hogg that hath not three kernels The Druides make mention of a famous remedy an herb that growes in moyst grounds but because they command us to gather it with the left hand and that he that gathers it must not look back and must lay it no where but in their trough that they drink having first bruised it it is superstitious CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Mole THere is great store of Moles in Boeotia in the Country Orchomenia Arist. In Lebadia that is near unto it there are none and brought from other places they will not earth Aristotoles saith they want eyes but Gesner saith their eyes are plain and putting forth without the skin like black spots as great as Millet seed and fastned to their nerves Also a Learned man in Gesner saith That he found young ones in one that he dissected with great heads and they had eyes They delight in Toads and Albertus testifieth it by his own example but he also knew Frogs and Toads to eat a dead Mole Johan averlin Consul Gedanensis was cured of a Fistula in the corner of his eye by the powder of a Mole that was burnt and given him in powder to drink CHAP. XXXIX Of Tatus and the Tyger TAtus is a four-footed Creature that is a stranger to us It hath a thick covering and a scaly shell so that his flesh may be easily taken forth of it I first saw this Creature at St. Andrews in Scotland it is an Archiepiscopall City and there is a famous University in it in the place for rarities of the most noble and most courteous Gentleman John Arnet Protonotary for the Office of the Commissary in the Archbishoprick of St. Andrews at whose house I lodged But because it drawes it self into its shell it is thought to be a kind of Brasilian Urchin It is like to that which in new Spain is called Avitochli it is as big as a Cat having a bill like a Duck feet like a Hedge-hog a long neck and men report that it grunts like a Sow I have little to say of the Tyger unlesse I should set down the history of Peter Martyr of one in Dariene an Island of the new World It did so afflict the whole Island with killing people that no man could go safe out of his house afterwards it fell into a Pit that was dug and stuck upon sharp stakes that were fastned in the bottom and was yet so strong that it would break Spears cast upon it into a thousand pieces but in the end it was killed with stones Ledesma a Spaniard saith they boyl'd the flesh of it and he eat part thereof and it was as good as Ox-flesh It is a Creature so swift that Oppianus compares it to the West wind CHAP. XL. Of the Tortoise TOrtoises in Taprobana are so great that one of them will weigh 300 pound Scalig. Pliny saith that some are so great that men may dwell under them And between the Islands especially of the red Sea they rowe in them for Boats The Sea Tortoises have no tongue nor teeth they break all things with the edge of their snowe In Hispaniola at what time they are given to venery they come forth of the Sea Sand being cast into a deep pit she lays 3. or 400 eggs there when she hath laid all she covers her eggs with sand and returns to the Sea taking no more care for her young ones At the time appointed they come forth as out of an Ant-hill in great multitudes onely by heat of the Sun without help of the old ones Martyr The eggs are as big as Goose egs When the head of one is cut off it doth not die presently but sees and will shut its eyes if you put your hands before them and if you put them near it will bite them Aelian Bellonius saw a kind of Tortle brought out of Turky that the Ancients knew not of The shell of it is thin and Transparent like to the colour of a Chrysolite The Turks make hafts for knives of them they are so pretious that they adorn them with studs of gold There is an Island in the Sea found by Jambolus toward the South that brings forth little Creatures that are of admirable vertue for their blood and nature Their bodies are round and like to Tortles with two overthwart lines cutting one the other in the middle in the end of each of them there is an ear and an eye so that they see with four eyes and hear with as many ears It hath but one belly without any gut and what it eats runs into that They have many feet round about and walk both wayes The blood is said to be of wonderfull vertue For every body that is wounded will grow together again if it be smeered with this blood Johan Boemus CHAP. XLI Of the Bear IN the farthest part of Arabia they devour flesh Strabo l. 1● But in Mysia it is otherwise for when they are hunted they send forth a breath that will corrupt the flesh of the Hunter and if they come nearer they will cast a flegme out of their mouthes that kills or blinds dogs and men Aristot. in mirab Sometimes they are very great five cubits long There was one brought to Maximilian that was as great as a large Ox Vadianus His head is so weak that a sound blow will strike him dead Pliny He eats his water when he drinks and having tasted of the Apples of Mandragora he recovers by licking at an Ant-hill She is said to bring forth a young one bigger than a Rat but lesse than a Cat that is both naked and unformed in its parts Gillius and Pliny a rude masse But one that was cut forth in Polonia was sent to Gesner it was above ones finger long and as thick as ones thumb the body had joynts except the hinder feet Gesnerus When he is fa● he creeps into his den upon his back and so takes away his footsteps that the hunters may not perceive them In this den he will grow lean in 40 dayes and he will keep himself alive lying still and sneking his right foot 14 dayes When he perceives that his 〈…〉 is grown so empty that it cleaves almost together he comes forth and feeds on Cuckow-pint Aelian Then there is no shew of meat left but onely a little moysture in his belly and some small drops of blood about his heart Theophrastus thought that during that time the flesh was digested and the Bear grew bigger by it The Males love women Amongst the

into a Nymph and the fleeces are taken first choosing what males and females you please for preservation of their kind Some say you may know their sex by the colour of their case some by the bignesse And this is some argument For because females are commonly the greater they make also the greater houses Yet sometimes we are deceived for a strong male may make a greater case than a weak female I have seen them both of a bignesse and I have seen females ●ed in other places to make far lesse houses than my males Wherefore the signs must also concur observed in the silk-worms themselves of which before The other cases are cast into scalding water that the worms may dy or they are choaked with the heat of an oven after the bread is taken forth taking care they burn not Then taking away the Towe maid-servants or such as can labour are ready who may loosen the beginnings of the threds which being found out many of them are cast into a bason of cold or warm water and the servant Maid sitting ready with a drawing instrument doth continually roll down 30 or 40 or more threds joyned together If the thred break any where the fellow-labourer must seek for the begining of it and give it again to him that unwinds it That is continued untill they come to the inward coat which being very difficult to untwist it is dryed and pull'd into towe and kembed When the threds are thus untwisted they send much dust into the Ayr and you may see in the bottom of the vessel some filth that fell from the silk I tryed carefully whether I could with one work unwind a whole case not breaking it taking away the Towe which by reason of its various foldings together weaknesse and divers principles cannot be untwisted at once drawing I obtain'd my desire onely in the middle of the silk for that which is before the house is wont to break easily but the middle holds best The last coat by the weight added to it for then the Nymph falls down was unfolded by me with great care to the thin skin which was scarce equall to the thumbs nail Those cases are best untwisted whose basis and top answer diametrically but those are harder whose top is bound and they that are crooked or bunched For here the thred sticks and is tangled that it will hardly yield without breaking First the point is made bare and untwisted all to the middle of the case The thred of one silk case was as long as this line here drawn when it was drawn forth 7000 times and in one it was above 8000 times longer yet they are not all of one thicknesse and greatnesse which may be seen by drawing them asunder into little skins For some fleeces I drew into 12 some into 8 more or lesse coats The wild Silk-worm hath an entrance a single coat and somthing a thicker case wherefore the thinner cases easily yeeld to the fingers pressing them but the thicker will resist When the top hath a hole almost to the middle that the Nympha may easily fall forth she falls with her cast skin wherein there is both her head and all her feet Somtimes commonly the head of this old skin is over against the top of the case that we may understand that it was cast off whilst the Worm when the case was perfected doth bend and turn her self upwards through narrow streets The Crown of the Nympha is toward the basis the tail toward the top and being that the Silk-worm is above twice as long the Nympha is contracted to a small bignesse that it is scarse so long as the middle joynt of the second finger of a man She is alive and gives tokens that she is so by the moving of her top or tail when she is touched If you regard her outward forme you would say she is a scaly Worm and her head is covered with a bag The scales are dark coloured as if they were staind with smoke and they are eight in number as farr as the confines of the Crown On the sides of each of them there are two round points out of which the tendons or bands appertain to the young Silk-worm On the Crown there is a white spot as if the mouth of the young Silk-worm shined through it with three little black spots After this on the foremost part there are prints of feet and horns and on the hinder part toward the sides are prints of wings If you will observe the inward parts the fourth day before it is changed into a young Silk-worm after it hath lain hid you may open it you shall see nothing else but a common empty place and in this only three distinct humours One of a watry thin substance of a yellow colour This is equally diffused through the whole space The other is red like blood This sticks in the upper part where the head and brest will be you would judge it to be the rudiment of the heart because I saw the like afterwards in the young Silkworm a certain Masse that moved of it self if a heart may be attributed to this creature The third humour is white and yellow and it is like to a hen egge cast into a hot water and run about or like cheese-curds if you add some yellow to them Where you see the prints of wings and feet outwardly there lies hid a phlegmatique clammy matter fit to make the membranes of you shall see no distinction of parts I think the life is in the nervous coat that is next under the outward shell For the Silk-worm in that part was exceeding sensible and had a motion of the heart and arteries you would call this a little bladder fill'd with humours which yet compared to the Aurelia after the young Silk-worm is crept forth is far thicker and you would say it were a shell cloathed on the inside with coats and a tenacious glow After this is the down of the young Silk-worm the wings feet skin and the other outward parts So the Silk-worm passeth into throat and belly for whose sake only it was detain'd there Yet here appeareth no green colour which was much in the intestine of the Silk-worm now ready to spin Part therefore was voided before the case was made and part was changed into some other juyce In the tip of the tayle there was also some clammy matter like to the raw white of an egge I thought it to be the rudiment of the genitall parts For with that the matrix spermatical Vessels were cast off the beginning whereof is seen also in the belly of the Silk-worm The humours taken on a clean paper and dried were stain'd with black as if you had mingled ink with them yet the tallowy substance remain'd white and in some places a red and yellowish spot appeared with a white spot like chalk whence we may collect that that blacknesse was only from a watery yellow humour which only shined on

bones of an Embryo Bartholin de Pigm c. 6. In Marchia and Lusatia there was an entire skeleton found with the skull 2 foot and 3 fingers long Leonhardus Turnheuserus in German Pisone memorat l. 7. c. 84. Now because Coffins of the dead were often dug up in those parts the people think the Pigmies make them under ground In Winter they lye 20 foot deep about Whitsontide one cubit it is the opinion of the people Multitudes of Authours may perswade us to beleive that there was a Country of Pigmies amongst the rest C●esias Indicus writes thus Middle India hath blackmen that are called Pigmies and they speak the same language the rest of the Indians do they are very small for great part of them are but half a cubit high and the greatest of them is not above two cubits Their haire hangs as farr somtime below their knees they wear their beards longer than any men And so soon as their long beard is grown they use no clothing but they let their haire fall backwards much below their knees and their beard covers their fore-parts Then when they have covered their whole bodies with haire they girt themselves about with them instead of garments Also their Yard is so thick and so great that it will come down to their ankles They are also flat nosed and deformed Their sheep are no bigger than our Lambs their Oxen and Asses are like our Rams in greatnesse their Horses and Mules and other creatures to carry burdens are no bigger The King of the Indies hath 3000 of these Pigmies in his company For they are most cunning Archers They are very just use the same Laws the other Indians do They hunt Hares Foxes not with Dogs but with Crows Kites Rooks Eagles There is a lake amongst them that is 800 furlongs about upon which when the wind troubles it not oyle swims which some of these men take away from the middle of it in boats swimming through it with little ships and this they use They use also oyle of Sesama nuts but the best is taken out of that Lake So far he describes them Antonius Pigafetta found some of them in an Island of the Moluccas but Jovius l. 3. de rebus Muscovit saith they are in the Island Caphi beyond the Laplanders Lastly Odericus de reb Indic l. 3 saith he saw some but three hands breadth and that they begat Children at five yeares old CHAP. V. Of Generation Article 1. Of Seed THe Seed the most noble principle in Generation resists many injuries That appears even from this that the essence of many things can remain entire in many changes under another form Let a Goat be fed with many purgative herbs let the nurse drink the Goats-milk and it will purge the child that sucks her yet in the stomach of the Goat those herbs were changed into Chylus and the Chylus was made blood in the Liver and from blood milk in the Udder when the nurse drinks this milk again Chylus is made of it in the stomach blood of this Chylus in the Liver milk of this blood in her breasts I received it from one saith Sennertus worthy of credit de consens et dissens that from the froth of a mad dog that stuck upon a cloath little creatures were bred like to whelps It is wont being retain'd in Virgins and lusty Widows to get a venomous quality by corrupting in the matrix and it will cause strong symptoms For a malignant vapour flying up presseth the Intestines the Liver and the 〈…〉 and makes the breathing so small that it can hardly be perceived When any thing hangs over the parts of the privities or Navel toward the Diaphragma and ascending to the orifice of the stomach is perceived there followes presently panting of the heart aking of the heart swimming of the head and palenesse Whilest this continues a woman falls suddenly down and is deprived of breathing speech and sight many have layn so 3 dayes others have been buried as though they had been dead Vesalius dissected one to his great dishonour and sometimes a woman is affected with the Epilepsie Convulsion sits and raving and as the malignant vapour fall on this or that part so is she disquieted Sometimes wonderfull voyces are heard out of their bellies crying of frogs hissing of Serpents croking of Crowes crowing of Cocks barking of dogs which Gemma Frisius l. 1. c. 6. Cosmocrit thinks they do vary as the passages and the spirits that break forth are proportioned The Daughters of the President of Roan did alwaies laugh and would not cease from it Holler de intern morb It happens sometimes that imagination being hurt they grow sick of melancholy and think the Devill is present also they fall into the fury of the womb and wandring melancholy this principally is of force in February and is heaped up in winter When they are so affected they will speak divers things and divers wonders in strange tongues Physitians say they will desire to lye with those they meet they will talk in the night and hide themselves in tombs Henr. Petreius Nosolog Harmon Discours 3. We read that the Virgins of Miletus affected with this disease offered violence to themselves The order of formation is this First of all the membranes that surround the Infant are made For in these the nobler part of the seed is included and the heat of the spirit and seed is covered after After this all the spermatick parts are delineated and as their dignity is so is each of them made in its order Yet some are perfected sooner some later Hence at the first time of conception there appear 3. bubbles as it were swelling with spirits which are the rudiments of the Brain Heart and Liver and an innumerable company of threds that are the beginnings of veins nerves and arteries and as it were the foundations of the solid parts Sennert l. 1. Institut c. 9. Artic. 2. Of menstruous Blood and Milk THe coldness of Women generation is the cause that all blood is not wasted in them yet because they are not alwaies with Child it is then collected in the vessels about the matrix and is cast forth every month that they may not feel the burden of it wherefore Physitians call them monthly terms They begin to be cast forth when they are young Maids the bottom or neck of the matrix determins the manner of the flux It is observed that a fresh maid with great brests hanging down which had hair under her arm-pits and on her privities had her courses five yeares together without any hurt Schenk l. 4. observ Nature if it cannot find the ordinary way seeks another passage A Maid of Saxony had her Terms come forth of her eys A Nun had them came forth of her ears Pareus his Wife had them by her nostrills A Maid at Sturgard vomited them up A Maid in the Island Chios spit them up Amatus speaks of some