Pain A pulsatory pain is a signe of inflammation in the part aggrieved A stupid pain shews a cold distemper A sharp and eroding pain discovers exulceration Vital Actions A great and frequent pulse shews an hot distemper a small and rare one a cold distemper Natural Actions Attraction A dejected appetency and great thirst shews a hot distemper A great appetency and small thirst argues a cold distemper Expulsion Nidorous belching shews a hot distemper but acid a cold Frequent vomiting and excretion of feculencies hindred shews an obstruction lurking in the intestines Generation The appetite to coition being lost signifies a cold distemper A vehement desire of coition with a perpetual and painful erection shews an inflammatory affection Excrements By the mouth Bloud copiously expelled by coughing through the mouth shews a ruption of the vessel but a small quantity permixt with purulent matter an exulceration Belly Fragments ejected through the belly shew exulceration in the intestines Bladder Urine having red and sandy sediments is a sign of the stone or of an hot distemper of the reines scorching the humours Heart Small sweats and frequent interludes of shaking signifie an Empyema 10 Coat 1. By the acrimony of the corruption the internal parts are vellicated which is the cause of trembling but the small sweats proceed from the debilitated faculty Substance Aliments excreted in the same manner as they are taken shew a Lienteria drink if it be expelled unchanged by urine signifies a Diabete Yellow Choler excreted in the beginning of a paroxysme signifies a Tertian Feaver Manner Blood copiously flowing through the nostrils in the beginning of a Feaver signifies a synochical one Bloud flowing abundantly from any part signifies a ruption or anastomosis of the veines but softly sweating out a diapedesis Quality changed Redness in a deep grain in any part speaks a phlegnumous inflammation so redness in the cheeks signifies a peripneumony A Yellow colour shews an Erisipelatous affection so in an exquisite pleurisie the eyes do often appear as it were delineated in yellow colours so the Jaundise doth not seldome succeed bilious Feavers A yellow colour of the whole body without a Feaver shews an obstruction in the bladder of the gall The skin of the whole body preternaturally drawn in a blackish colour signifies an obstruction in the milt CHAP. VIII Of the signes of a great and a small disease A Physician who undertakes the cures of diseases is not sufficiently furnished for it by the bare knowledge of their essential differences by their proper signes for the accidental differences also are to be diligently inquired after that we may pass a certain judgement of them We will therefore propose signes of the chiefest of them viz. of those which are of near necessity to the practise of the Art in respect of which every disease is called great or small gentle or malignant acute or slow and so forth That disease is termed great which is very intense and oppresseth our body with much violence The signes of which are taken from the three heads aforesaid for we judge that disease great which being great in its Essence was produced by great and intense causes and hath great and vehement symptomes all which for clearer instruction are in order to be handled as is described in the following Table noted with the Letter E. E. A Table of the signes shewing a disease to be great or small The signes of a great or small disease are taken either from The Essence The causes Efficient External Internal Helpfull and hurtful Material or subject Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements Qualities changed That we may therefore in proposing the signes of a great disease conform to this Table we shall institute the following theorems The Essence Great distempers or inflammations great tumors great obstructions great wounds or ulcers extended to the full dimensions long broad and deep shew great diseases The Causes External Whatsoever external Causes are very prevalent in affecting our body do usually produce and discover great diseases So long and violent exercise used in a very hot air doth excite a great Feaver Internal Those humours which are nested in our body and which are the ordinary causes of most diseases if they extremely erre in quantity or quality they cause and foreshew great diseases So the bloud copiously abounding or very hot either choler copious sharp or putrified are signes of a great disease Helpful and hurtful Those diseases to which there are none or few remedies profitably many noxiously applied are accounted great Those diseases which outrage the dignity of the principal or the publickly officious parts are in respect of them judged great if they be but accompanied with any other signe of magnitude So a wound though of it self inconsiderable if it be inflicted on the Heart Liver Lungs or other the like parts is counted great in respect of the part affected as also because it produceth great symptomes EFFECTS Animal Actions Whatsoever disease introduceth a deliration profound sleeping immoderate watching privation of sense or motion or a very vehement pain discovers a great disease Vital Actions Whenever we perceive in any sick person a great frequent and difficult respiration a great frequent or else very small pulse we may safely pronounce him troubled with a great disease Natural Actions A small appetite or thirst or on the contrary an insatiable appetite and ever quaffing thirst inconcoction or a long flux of the belly and suppression of urine or a tedious and copious profusion thereof signifie a great disease Excrements A superfluous quantity of excrements or a total suppression of them or a bad colour or a most fetid smell or substance very remote from their natural one are signes of a great disease Qualities changed A Colour of the body very red yellow or pale a tast bitter in the tongue the colour thereof black and much driness declare a great disease A Corollary By these signes before mentioned we may easily discern what diseases they are which deserve the name of small diseases viz. all those in which the mentioned signes are not found CHAP. IX Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease WE term those malignant diseases which are attended by some malignant and venomous quality and their signes may be derived from the same heads All which shall be in the following Table mark't with the Letter F orderly proposed F. Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease The signes shewing the benignity or the malignity of a disease are drawn from either The Essence The Causes which are either Material Out of which Aliments Medicaments In which The disposition of the parts Efficient External Necessary Aire Not-necessary Venery Fortuit Wounds Internal Bloud Flegme Divers species of choler Helpful and hurtful Effects which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by Vomit The belly Urine Habit. Qualities changed and proper accidents Therefore to follow the series of this Table
happens that animal actions do not seldome perish in the parts though they receive no hurt but only the principle of them but the natural are never hurt while the parts are free from harme Secondly Aire is the matter of all spirits for out of it and clear exhalations from the blood they are produced But there is no passage thorough which the air may be conveyed to the Liver Therefore that can be no seat for the generation of spirits Thirdly The spirits are according to Hippocrates the causers of motion therefore if the veins harbour spirits they should beat no lesse then the Arteries But the principal argument to confirme the assertion of natural spirits is this Three actions specifically distinct are exercised in our bodies viz. Animal Vital and Natural but the exercise of action is the duty of the spirits as Galen very often affirms therefore we must necessarily constitute three spirits differing in species viz. the Animal Vital and Natural If you object that natural actions are exercised by the inbred spirits I Answer that the adventitious are absolutely necessary for conservation of the inbred which bear a similitude of nature to them the production of which is acknowledged from the Liver I Oppose therefore to the first argument established by the authority of Galen in opposition to this that the rudeness obscurity and non-purity of this spirit created sometimes in Galen a doubt it being more caliginous and terrestrial then the Vital and proportioned to those actions which it is designed to performe But though the faculties be implanted in the parts they want the help of the adventitious spirits for exercise and to hinder the dissipation of the implanted spirits To the second I Answer That the natural spirits want but little aire which by insensible transpiration by the Arteries knitted to the veins of the Liver and by the continual ventilation of the Diaphragma are easily imparted to the Liver To the third I Answer That the beating of the Arteries is not caused by the spirits but by a pulsifick vertue communicated to them from the heart But the Liver being not endowed with such a faculty the veins which have a dependence upon it do not beat for it is not necessary because the blood and natural spirits want no such ventilation but are well enough preserved only by transpiration The Vital is generated in the heart by the natural spirit and the attraction of the air by inspiration and by the help of the Arteries flowes into the whole body for the preservation of natural heat and defence of life It stands better with reason that the vital spirits which surpasse in tenuity should be generated out of that spiritous substance prepared and attenuated in the Liver rather then out of the venal blood only which is destitute of spirits for as the animal owes its production to the vital so it may be supposed the vital is related to the natural Therefore that natural spirit being conveyed to the left cavity of the heart with the purer part of the blood is intermixed with aire arriving thither by the inspiration of the Lungs thorough the venal artery whence by the inbred force of the heart and innate heat by joynt elaboration the vitall spirits are generated which being after transported to the Arteries are conducted thorough the whole body that they may nourish and preserve the whole body by their vigorous heat The Animal is generated in the brain by the concurrence of the Vital and the aire attracted by the mouth and nostrils whose influence on the whole body is by the nerves for the exercise of animal functions A portion of the vital spirit is conducted to the brain by the Arterie Carotides whose course is thorough the neck and in the ventricles of the brain is mingled with air attracted thorough the high-way of the mouth and nostrils where by the idiosincracy of the brain it is changed and acquires a new form and becomes Animal spirit fit for the performance of animal actions for during its continuance in the veins it is the principal officer and chief instrument in the execution of these actions but while it flowes thorough the nerves into the various parts of the body it compleates and perfects the motion of the senses A COROLLARY THE reasons following will sufficiently evince that there is no Animal spirit First The cold and moist substance of the brain cannot be convenient for the generation of spirits which are hot and thin since there must necessarily be a relation of similitude in all productions Secondly All vapors which ascend to the brain by the frigidity of it are condensed to a concretion and turned into water Therefore if the spirits which are of a like nature were contained in the brain they would in like manner be infrigidated to a concretion Thirdly If there were such spirits their chief place of residence would be the ventricles of the brain but that is impossible because those ventricles are continually feculent with excrements to the expurgation of which they are designed but they would infect the spirits Fourthly If these spirits were lodged in these ventricles of the brain they would easily make escape thorough those passages which are appointed for the evacuation of the excrements Fiftly If these spirits were housed in the brain sensation and cogitation would alwayes be quick because the faculties of the soul give constant attendance and are alwayes in action till they want instruments To the first I Answer That the brain is not in such a measure cold but that it is actually hot which heat is sufficient for the generation of the Animal spirits which are not simply the production of heat but of the very idiosyncracy of the brain which must necessarily incline to coldness that the heat of the vital spirits might be allayed that our cogitations and sensations may be constant and firm which otherwise those incendiaries the spirits would blow up to a deliration and madness as we see in men phrenetical To the second I Answer That the spirits are not concrete in the brain as the vapors because they are not the chief constitutions of a waterish nature but rather of Aery or Aethereal one To the third with Aristotles consent 2. of the soul chap. 8. I Answer That Nature can imploy the same thing in the business of divers offices as the tongue primarily for the taste secundarily for speech the nostrils primarily for smel and inspiration of aire but secundarily for the conveying away of mucous flegme so the ventricles of the brain are primarily contrived for the generation of spirits secundarily for the expurgation of excrements but these excrements by reason of their continual purging and effluxion cannot be infectious to the Animal spirits as long as the brain squares to Nature To the fourth I oppose That the spirits break not forth thorough those channels in which the excrements stream being retained by the friendly nature of the part and familiarity of the
conservation of it will be the conservation of life hence this faculty is significantly termed Vital or the preservative of life And so life is an action depending upon this faculty as an effect upon its cause The Vital faculty is attended by two servants Pulse and Respiration It is ignorantly asserted by some that the Pulse is the chief of Vital actions and immediately to depend upon the Vital faculty for life as we before affirmed immediately depends upon that but the pulse is only a subservient action to it caused by a pulsifick faculty whose vertue is only to cause systole and diastole in the heart by which means it performs its duty to the Vital faculty Pulse is a function of the heart and Arteries composed of Systole and Diastole with some interposition of rest caused by the pulsifick faculty of the heart to further the generation of the Vital spirits and effect the distribution of them thorough the whole body The Pulse of the heart and Arteries is composed of three parts viz. diastole systole and the intercession of a pause By Diastole the heart and Arteries are impregnate When the heart dilates it selfe it attracts the Aire from the Lungs by the help of the Arteria Venosa and the blood from the Vena Cava that from the commistion of them in the left closet of the heart the spirits may be generated but the Arteries being strtech'd to a dilatation attract the spirits from the heart and are tumid with them as also the external Aire entertained by those orifices which are terminated in the skin and in this manner is transpiration caused which by this intromission of external aire fixes the internal heat to a due temperament and cherishes it for all heat is preserved by a moderate compliance of cold according to Hippocrates By Systole or contraction the heart by the assistance of the Arteria venosa purges out at the Lungs all the fuliginous excrements left in the generation of spirits For the Arteries by an insensible transpiration drive out the fuliginous vapors contained in them and send the spirits more copiously to the parts Lastly there mediate between the systole and diastole and intercessive quiet because a transition from one contrary to another cannot be effected but by a medium A doubt may be moved whether the spirit and blood contained in the heart moves upon its coarctation I Answer that there are two doores in the heart one in the right corner another in the left which are dilated when the heart is contracted and are so filled viz. the right with blood contained in the right cavity but the left with spirits contained in the left Three things are requisite to cause pulsation Faculty Instrument and Use The first necessary is a pulsifick faculty which is the primary and principal agent Secondly instruments disposed to pulsation viz. the Heart and Arteries moved by that faculty Thirdly use and necessity forcing the faculty to action viz. the generation of spirits and conservation of native heat Respiration is an action partly Animal partly Natural by which the Aire is ushered in thorough the mouth to the Lungs by the distention of the breast and by the contraction of the same the smoaky vapors are excluded for the conservation of Native heat and the generation of Vital spirit The parts of Respiration and of Pulsation are three Inspiration expiration and immediate quiet By inspiration the breast is dilated by the muscles destin'd to this office and in compliance with the dilatation of the breast the lungs are also dilated lest there should happen a vacuity in that cavity and the lungs are filled with air as bellowes the inspiration of which aire tempers the violent heat of the heart and thence the vital spirits are generated as is before urged But by expiration the breast and lungs are contracted which by their contraction turn out of doores the hot aire and fuliginous vapors issuing from the heart The concurrence of three things is necessary for expiration Faculty Instrument Use First Animal faculty concurs moving the muscles of the breast as also the natural implanted faculty causing motion in the lungs that they might be helpful to the heart Secondly There is a concurrence of instruments as all the parts designed for Respiration And Lastly use or necessity of Respiration for the ventilation of the heat in the heart A COROLLARY It is much disputed whether Respiration be purely Animal or mixt viz. partly Natural partly Animal Which being ingeniously disputed by Laurentius question 20. book the ninth I referre the Reader to him CHAP. VII Of the Animal faculty and function and first of the Principal faculties The Animal faculty is that vertue of the soul which moveth a man to the exercise of sense Auction and other principal functions of the mind The principal are three Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Imagination is that action of the Soul by which the species of every object offered to the external senses is made perceptible and distinctly discerned EVery sense enjoyeth its proper and peculiar object as shall after appear whose species it entertains in its proper organ without passing judgment of it for this is the prerogative of the Imagination only to which the spirits presents the species conveyed by the nerves from the brain to the instruments of the senses The brain therefore being the Court of the principal faculties while the objects of divers senses promiscuously resort to it they are first represented and distinguished in the imagination which the peculiar senses are not able to perform for instance the whiteness of milk is only represented to the sight but not the sweetness of it on the contrary the sweetness is represented to the taste not the whiteness But they are both together perceptible to imagination which rightly distinguisheth to what sense they be related Besides imagination apprehends not only things present as the senses but things absent also and represents them to the mind composing many things never existent yet in Analogy to those which are apparent to the senses The Philosophers divide those operations of the mind which we consenting to Galen include under the notion of imagination into two species viz. into the common sense and into fantasy or imagination commanding as it were the common sense to welcome only the species of present objects but the imagination to propose to it self things absent as if they were really present as also things not in being and impossibilities But seeing that they differ only in the method of their operation it is not necessary that they should depend upon faculties differing in species Ratiocination is that action of the soul by which a man discourses understands and reasons This is appropriate to man the others being enjoyed also by brutes But this receives the species of things from the imagination dividing and compounding them and unravelling their nature by the help of discourse distinguishing good from bad truth from falsity drawing out of them many things
ss the quantity of the wax is not determined The form of prescribing them is thus ℞ c. Make a powder of them all to be mixed with white wax whereof make many little bulls chew one of them in the morning with the head downward spitting often CHAP. IX Of Collyriums COllyriums are composed in many forms either in the form of an oyntment or a liquor or a cataplasm The most usual are those which are liquid which are truly and properly called Collyriums They are composed of distilled waters to ℥ iij. or iv with which mingle convenient powders as Tutty prepared white Troches of Rhasis washed Antimony Sarcocol steept in womans milk c. to ʒ j. or ʒ j ss sometimes juices are mingled with them or the white of an egge beaten to ℥ j. or ij The form of prescribing them is thus ℞ c. Make a Collyrium to be instilled into the eyes morning and evening The other forms of Collyriums are taken from particular practise because they require an exact choice of remedies and an accurate preparation and dose by reason of the exquisite sense of the part THE THIRD ARTICLE of the SECOND SECTION OF The Composition of external Medicaments CHAP. I. Of an Epithem AN Epithem is chiefly applyed to the heart and liver to alter and corroborate those parts It is twofold liquid and solid That which is liquid is made of distilled waters to ℥ viij or lb j the juices of fruits as Limons Granates fragrant Apples to ℥ ij or iij. of vinegar of Roses to ℥ j. or ℥ j ss of cordial powders to ʒ ij iij. Note when sharp juices of Limons and Granates are prescribed there is no need of vinegar Note also in an Epithem for the Heart if the lungs be peculiarly affected sharp things are not to be prescribed because they hurt the breast Also in an Epithem for the Liver a greater quantity of sharp juices or vinegar is to be prescribed then in an Epithem for the heart Sometimes beside cordial powders cordial confections are also mixed with them Alkermes or Hyacinth to ʒ j. or ij and Troches of Caphura in a refrigerating Epithem to ℈ ss Saffron in a heating Epithem to gr v. The form of prescribing them is thus ℞ c. Make a liquid Epithem to be applied to the region of the heart lukewarm frequently with scarlet clothes dipped and squeezed in this liquor The solid Epithem is only applied to the heart and is composed of cordial conserves to ℥ iij. consections ℥ ss powders ʒ j. ss or ʒ ij with convenient cordial water The form of them is thus ℞ c. with Rose water make a solia Epithem to be applied to the region of the heart with a scarlet cloth This solid Epithem is not seldome prescribed alone where there is a greater necessity of corroborating then altering The liquid one is never applied but the solid one must be applied after it presently Therefore the Physicians use to prescribe the liquid and solid one one after another adding in the end of the prescription make a solid Epithem to be applied to the region of the heart presently after the liquid one To Epithems are referred the younger sorts of Animals dissected in two through the middle sprinkled with cordial powders and applied to the region of the heart Those animals are Pigeons or Whelps the form of prescribing them is thus Apply to the region of the heart a young Pigeon cut in two in the middle and sprinkled with powder of cold Diamargarite Electuary Or ℞ of the powder of cold Diamargarite Electuaryʒ ij sprinkle the inside of a young Pigeon cut in two to be applied to the region of the heart Sometimes those Animals are applied to the forepart of the head shav'd and sprinkled with Cephalick powder to strengthen the brain CHAP. II. Of Fomentations FOmentations are made in divers parts but most commonly in the side against Pleuretick pains on the stomack to corroborate it on the Hypochondriums to remove obstructions For the sides decoctions are made of Emollient simples with addition of Anodynes and Resolvers all which are prescribed in the dose of an Apozem in this form ℞ c. make a decoction of them all with which frequently foment the side that is in pain with a Hogs bladder half full of the decoction For the stomack are prescribed stomachical simples in lesser dose then of an Apozem to which are added Spices or Cloves Nutmegs Spikenard in a sufficient quantity viz. of every one ʒ ij iij. or ℥ ss Make a decoction in equal parts of fountain water and of astringent red Wine added at the end or if no binding be required in stead of fountain water smiths water is to be prescribed The form of it is thus ℞ c. Make a decoction in equal parts c. with which foment the region of the stomack while it is warm a good while before meals with two of the foresaid bladders half full of simples For the Hypochondriums is made a decoction of opening simples in the said dose some emollient things being mixed therewith in equal parts of fountain water and white Wine added at the end so that a hot distemper do not hinder it The form of it is thus ℞ c. Make a decoction c. with which frequently foment the Hypochondriums with linnen clothes dipped in the warm decoction and squeezed If one Hypochondrium be pained only you must prescribe that the region of the spleen or liver be fomented according as this or that part is affected those simples being mixed in the decoction which concern the parts most especially CHAP. III. Of Bathes BAthes are prepared for many intentions viz. to refrigerate and moisten to move the moneths help conception and in external affections as scabs and leprosie They are composed of roots 3 4 or 5 ana lb j. lb j ss herbs 5 6. of every one fasc j. of seeds from lb ss to lb j. fruits from lb j. to lb j ss flowers to M. iij. or iiij The form of prescribing them is thus ℞ c. Make a decoction for a bath to bathe in warm without sweat twice a day for two or three daies CHAP. IV. Of a Semi-cupe A Semi cupe is nothing else but a half bath which is but up to the navel of the Patient It is made of the same simples with the Bath the dose being half as much and prescribed as followeth R. c. Make decoction for a Semi-cupe for the patient to sit in from the knees to the navil morning and evening a good while before meals for two or three daies or when necessity requires if it be prescribed to ease pain CHAP. V. Of Oyles OYls are very seldom composed by the Physicians because they are ready in the shops upon all occasions but if any one desire the way of composing Oyls he may thus proceed Prescribe first of common oyl or of the shops of one or more lb ss of powdered simples ℥ j.
the more temperate part of the whole masse inclining to heat and moisture and painted with red THE more temperate part of the Chyle and indifferent in substance is converted into blood properly so called which is of affinity to the nature and temper of the Liver which being hot and moist communicates its temper to a substance like to it self and it not only tempers but dyes it red in so deep a grain that it outvies the colour of other humors partaking of the same masse so that the whole masse of humors is vested in red and in an absolute term embraces the name of blood Which that it might be plentiful these accessaries are requisite viz. temperate aliment and of a good juice the flower of Age spring time an hot and moist temper of the Liver Though blood proceeds from all aliment yet some are more others less copious in the production of it When therefore all these causes convene from this concurrence will result a Sanguin Temperament because blood is very predominant It is usefull for the nutrition of carnous parts as of the muscles and bowels which are nourished by blood properly so called The effect of it is to raise in men hilarity and mirth a propensity to sports and love and flourishes them with a lovely colour because they are well fraught with temperate heat which is the original of these merry frolicks As we may take notice that all creatures in the cradle of their Age are much addicted to hilarity because that is the furnace of natural heat But whatever blood confines it self to the veines is stockt with many fibres by the benefit of which it acquireth concretion and assimulation with the parts These Fibres a great number of which the blood harbours are manifestly evident when the blood is tempered with much water or stirred with the hand as may be specified in Swines blood all the fibres following this agitation that may be an hindrance to concretion for such is the vertue of these fibres that they presently rally to an unition with the blood which flowes out of the veins as is manifest in the proposed examples And by the help of these the blood being conveyed to divers parts for the better nutrition is condesed and solidated so that it may easily be assimilated to the parts otherwise if destitute of fibres it would remain liquid For it is out of the reach of credit that Aristotle's opinion should hold true that Harts Does and Camels want them but we must apprehend that they have but few which are sufficient to cause an indifferent concretion But these fibres are of colour wholly white representing a nervous substance from whence we may fetch an opinion that they derive themselves not from the Liver but from the ventricle which is wholly nervous and doth in some manner impart the nature of its substance to the Chyle But Blood is two-fold the one lodged in the Veins the other in the Arteries The venal is more crasse cold and ruddy and designed for the nourishment of parts of a solid substance Arterial is thinner hotter and inclining to yellow and officious in the nutrition of parts of a spiritous substance The blood in the veins is derived immediately from the Liver which it signifies by a tincture of the nature and temper thereof and so is colder then the arterial whose forge is the heart where it is elaborated to tenuity and acquires a yellowish colour by reason of aire confused with it in the left ventricle of the heart which washes away that rich dye therefore it is so much hotter then the heart according to the proportion of that heat which causeth an excesse in the temper of the heart in relation to that of the Liver A COROLLARY Some have impudence enough to deny that there is such a thing as blood properly so called but will needs argue the whole masse of humors to be constituted only of choler flegme and melancholy and that the mixtion of these three humors is termed blood of which assertion they indeavour to make demonstration by the example of milke which is immediately produced from blood for in it there are only three homogeneous substances to be found viz. butyrous serous and caseous which are correspondent to these three humors But this opinion is weaken'd by this that nothing but true blood can paint in red the masse of humors For choler is yellow flegme white and melancholy black Besides the carnous parts which in our body are many bearing Analogy in colour and temper to blood do peculiarly instance that this is the humor which they prey upon But to the example of milke I reply that it is not necessary that all things should have the same parts as those to whom they owe their generation for the seed generated by the blood hath only two parts viz. spirit and incrassation To this may be added that that example argues rather against the choler than the blood for butter is Analogous to blood as hot and moist as cheese to melancholy but the serum admits of no such comparison to flegme but rather to ichors which are evacuated by Urine and sweat and obtain the very name of serum But especially notice is to be taken of that axiome upon which we ground that the resolution of things is into the same masse from which they took their composition by this is understood only their ultimate resolution into the Elements For things by a kind of gratitude surrender themselves into the bosome of their first causes But the Elements are the first bodies ingredient to the composition of all mixt bodies which fall back again into them but owe no such duty to their second causes viz. the flesh and bones after the decease of the creature are resolved into the Elements but not into bread and other aliment which supplies nutrition to them or into seed and blood out of which they were framed in conception CHAP. IV. Of Alimentary Flegme Alimentary Flegme is the more unconcoct part of the blood Cold and Moist almost destitute of tast or sweetish THE more cold and moist part of the masse of blood is called flegme generated out of the cruder part of the Chyle hence Galen terms it crude and parboil'd blood who asserts also that in a famine of blood this being brought to maturation by a farther coction converts to blood and that in the very veins by a Sanguifying vertue sent to them as Auxiliary from the Liver Cold and moist aliments produce a great fertility of it so Age winter and a cold and moist temper of the Liver From the winter ariseth cause of doubt for that our bellies according to Hippocrates are hotter in winter by reason they are the randezvouz of the native heat which in this season concentring there must necessarily be commodious for concoction and so there will be no plenty of crude humors generated To this I oppose that flegme is abundantly generated in winter not in respect of the
to the fury of North windes snowes and showers and those that lie to the North this is the cause that most Germans are pituitous Time Winter season Meat and drink Meat and drink of a refrigerating and irrigating quality as lettice purslane and summer fruit and drinking of water which by cooling the ventricle and liver cause them to produce plenty of flegm Quiet An idle and sedentary life Sleep Much and profound sleep especially after meat Passions A life void of care study or anxiety or one much troubled with them because they by dissipating the native heat refrigerate the body By the use of things hot and dry they are helped and by things moist and cold they are hurt The Effects Animal Actions Principal Imagination good enough and an easie apprehension of things but a speedy forgetfulness because on humid things impression is easily made and as easily obliterated A drowsy and dull mind a slow and heavy wit Remisse anger and easily appeased Sleep A great propensity to sleep Dreams Dreams of cold waters rains snowes drownings rivers pooles seas and white things Sense A dullness of the senses Motion A slowness but continuance of motion because the spirits being somewhat thick are not soon dissolved Vital Actions Pulse A smal slow and soft pulse Natural Actions Hunger A dejected appetency and this reason Hipp. gives that old men can easily tolerate hunger Thirst None or very little thirst Accretion Slow growth because the heat being weak requires much time to subdue the forces of moisture Venery Slowness to venery The moderate use of which is advantageous to them as reinforcing the heat which thereupon concocts the flegm and reduces the body to a better temper but by the too frequent use thereof the body is too much cooled The Passions They are better in health in clear weather in cold and rainy worse They are subject to cold diseases as catarrhes dropsies pituitous distempers lethargies palsies and the like The Excrements By mouth and nostrils The excretion of humor thick white and insipid conveyed thorough the nostrils and mouth The belly Mucous and whitish feculency Bladder White or pale Urine and that thin if there be obstructions otherwise muddy and thick with plentiful sediments Womb. The flowings of the womb in women white The Habit of the body Skin first A skin to the touch cold feet chiefly and hands very cold in winter Qualities second A soft and smooth skin Third The colour of the same white Hair Hair soft and smooth and from the beginning thin Second quality Yellow hair because flegm by longer coction is so coloured Third figure Direct hairs because the skin being void of dryness the passages in it are easie thorough which the excrements may freely passe Passions Hairs of slow growth but never disrobed by baldness Vessells The narrowness of the vessels and no veins appearing in the eyes Flesh A soft habit of body and fat yet not carnous CHAP. III. Of the signs of Blood predominant in the body The blood predominant in the body is evident by The Material Causes The use of meates of good juyce and easie concoction such as new bread very white and well baked soft boiled egges young flesh and of good nourishment especially that of Hens Partridges Pheasants Calfes Kids c. clear fountain-water generous wine healthfully tempered Retentions Suppressions of usuall vacuations as of issuing of blood in the younger of the Hemorroids in the more aged or the monthes in women The Efficient Causes Parts An hot and moist temper of the heart and liver Descent Sanguin parents Age. The Age from Childhood to Puberty Region A Country perflated by meridional and Southerly winds Time Spring Time Exercise Idleness or but little exercise which creates an appetite without any resolution of the body Venery Unfrequent use of Venery Sleep Sweet and moderate sleep Passions A Life free from care exhilarated with joy and mirth and affluences of delights The large emission and voluntary profusion of blood is commodious for such and the discarding of all such things as may any way diminish the copiousness thereof The Effects Animal Actions Imagination A happy imagination and comprehension of things because moisture readily receives an impression Ratiocination A dulness and stolidity of mind profuse laughter impudence incontinence in very sanguin complexions In others mirth and hilarity of the mind with easie and free discourse and a great inclination to love Memory A memory somewhat weak Sleep Profound sleep yet lesse than in persons pituitous Dreams Dreams of red things of mirth pleasantness marriages gardens musical notes Kings Princes and Nobles Motion Moderate motion but heavy and soon tyred Vital Actions Pulse A great Pulse slow and full Natural Actions Hunger A mediocrity of appetite unlesse the humors abound which breed satiety Thirst Mediocrity also of thirst Venery Inclination to venery but not so much as in persons bilious An easie toleration of venery by reason of the copiousness of seminal matter Passions An easie falling into continuall feavers flegmons and little inflammations c. Excrements Thorough divers parts Frequent and copious excretions of blood expelled thorough the nose womb and Hemorroides The Bladder Copious Urine of a laudable colour and consistence and sometimes replenished with a multitude of contained in it Belly Feculency ruddy and of an indifferent consistence The Habit of the body Qualities A skin hot and soft to the perception of the Touch. Second A florid and ruddy colour of the face Third hair An indifferent plenty of haire of a yellowish colour and a speedy generation of them Vessels Indifferent largness of the vessels A carnous and well compact habit of the body A COROLLARY A true Plethorick void of all Cacochymie is discovered most usually by the same signs if we add an extension of the vessels and voluntary lassitude CHAP. IV. Of the signs of Melancholy predominant in the body THE redundancy of Melancholick humor in the body is demonstrated by the following signs The Material Causes Aliments Use of too crass and hard aliment of a terrene substance such as brown and branny bread black and thick wine troubled and muddy water pulse old cheese beefe hares pork marish-fowle especially salted or hardened in the smoak great fishes hard and salt cabbages parsnipes c. Retentions The customary evacuation of Melancholy retained spontaneously or artificially by the Hemorroides the belly the crooked veins or the Itch c. The Efficient Causes Parts A cold and dry temper of the liver and heart with the infirmity or obstruction of the milt by reason of which it is disabled to attract Melancholick humor and conveniently to expell it Descent Melancholick Parentage Age. Consistency of age from the forty to sixty Region A County whose aire is of an unequal constitution Time Autumn season Watching Immoderate watching because it dryes the body and dissolves native heat Passions A Life agitated with studies cares anxieties and griefe Helpfull and hurtfull They are pleasured by things hot
parenchyma's have a dull sense So when the stone presses the the substance of the reins it causes a gravative pain but when it crowns the head of the ureter a pungitive So likewise in the pleurisie when the matter seiseth on rib-surrounding membrane it raiseth a pungitive pain but when it makes a transition to the lungs the pain is changed to gravative Pulsatory The pulsatory pain shews an artery or some adjacent part to be affected therefore in all the inflammation of the parts wherein the artery is lodged there is caused a pungitive pain Excrements But those excretions which are conveyed thorough several parts of the body do usually discover the part affected in this manner Of the essence of the part A cartilaginous substance expelled by cough speaks an affection in the aspera arteria or the concavities of the lungs but a minute part of fungous flesh excreted shews the lungs themselves to be affected but a crass substance proceeds from crass parts Naturally contained If meat or urine or dregs be expelled by a wound we know that the ventricle bladder or intestines are wounded Preternaturally contained If small stones or sand be excreted by urine the reins or the bladder are affected Maw-worms expelled by the mouth or the gut shew the intestines affected Quality of excrements Air too hot sent forth by expiration discovers the heart or lungs to be hot but too cold shews the heart to be much refrigerated and next neighbour to death First second third The blood too hot too thin and too yellow and issuing as it were by leaps shews an artery wounded Tenuity and colour Small dejections of the belly and red like the water in which raw flesh hath been washed shew an infirmity in the liver Spumosity and manner Spumous excretions expelled by coughing shew the lungs affected They whose excrements in the effluxions of their belly are spumous have a defluxion of flegme out of their head Aph. 30. Sect. 7. For flegme flowing from the brain mingled in the intestines with flatulencies is become spumous Taste Acid belching shews the ventricle to be replenished with crudities Quantity If a great quantity of blood be expelled in coughing the vessels of the lungs are affected those which are in the aspera arteria being too narrow for a plentiful effusion of blood The excretion of blood in urine if it be not much may be conjectured to proceed from the bladder if much from the reins or superiour parts where it is more copious Manner Excrements rejected by spitting signifie the mouth by sneesing the jaws by coughing the lungs or the aspera arteria by vomiting the ventricle affected Order If white corruption usher out urine there is an ulcer in the yard it self if it issue after urine there is one in the bladder or reins In a dysenteria if such corruption or pure blood flow out before the feculency it is credible that the intestinum rectum is rather ulcerated than the rest but if after it or much confused with it it shews the superiour or middle intestines to be affected Qualities changed The qualities changed do sometimes discover the part affected for instance whatever part of the body is possessed by heat or cold there is a disease Aph. 39. Sect. 4. Colour A leaden or pale colour thorough the whole body shews the liver to be refrigerated an orange colour the bladder of the gall to be obstructed blackish the milt to be so affected A lasting red in the cheeks and of a deep grain shews an inflammation in the lungs Taste A bitter taste in the tongue signifies the ventricle replete with choler But a salt taste shews the defluxions of salt flegme from the brain Sound A tinckling and hissing of the ears whispers an affection there A rumbling in the belly speaks the intestines troubled with flatulency CHAP. VI. Of the signes of a part primarily diseased or by consent IN all preternatural dispositions it happens for the most part that they confine not themselves to the narrow limits of one part but overspread many because that which is at first affected infects by sympathy those parts that have any commerce with it where a Physician must be very accurate in distinguishing sympathetical from idiopathetical affections For the better performance of this we must derive the signes from the mentioned heads of which some give occasion onely of a slight conjecture but some of better assurance but our united collection of all together is infallible The heads therefore of these signes may be taken out of the following table marked with the letter C. C. A Table of the signes shewing a part primarily or by sympathy affected The signes shewing a part to be primarily or by consent affected are drawn either from The Essence to which is referred The temper in the qualities First heat cold moisture driness Second hardness softness thinness thickness Vicinity Kinde Office Connexion The Causes which are either Helpful Hurtful The Effects or symptomes in which is considered Magnitude Time Order Duration The linkes of this chain of signes will be unlocked by the following theorems illustrated with examples The Essence The hotter parts are more compassionative to a sympathy then colder First qualities because they easily attract the noxious humors and vapors so the heart and liver do more easily sympathize with the other parts then the ventricle bladder or womb c. Parts thin and soft do more easily sympathize Second qualities then thick and hard because they easily receive the noxious causes and do not make resistance So the skin by reason of its rarity easily receives the humors flowing from the inner parts so the lungs are often attempted by the defluxions of humors from the head Neighbouring parts incline to sympathy more then remote ones Vicinity So the hand communicates a sense of its evils to the arm the bones to the adjacent flesh the ventricle to the liver the pleura to the lungs the lungs to the heart and so round Parts placed under the same genus Genus and possessing the same nature are easily excited to a mutual compassion So the nervous parts sympathize with the nervous the carnous parts with the carnous The whole body sympathizeth with those parts which are publick officers in the body Office So when the brain heart or liver is affected the whole body is ill Those parts which execute the same office in the body do mutually sympathize so the breast with the womb the bladder with the reins Those parts which are directly superiour or inferiour to others Situation easily receive their affections So the head easily receives the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and the lungs the humors descending from the head Parts united by connexion are mutually compassionate Connexion So the affections of the nerves are communicated to the brain of the arteries to the heart of the veins to the liver and so on the contrary The Causes Secondly from causes helpful and
those are together with the humors in them contained refrigerated it is not to be admired if they infrigidate the sweats conveyed through them though caused by very frequent humors imprisoned within Cold sweat then in acute feavers is a signe of death because it shewes that the native heat is too weake to lord it over these cold humors and must therefore submit to their pleasure But in more gentle feavers it signifies longitude because by reason of the exiguity thereof it doth not so enervate the strength as to lay it naked to the invasion of death yet plenty of cold humors cannot under a long space be concocted and subdued The second A very great extenuation of the whole body signifies a long disease If a person troubled with no inconsiderable seaver remaines in the same plight of body without extenuation this denotes a long disease Aph. 28. Sect. 2. For permanence and non-extenuation depends upon the density of the skin and crasseness of the humors and it therefore signifies a long disease The body very pale or of an orange colour denotes duration of a disease For this colour shewes a wide recess from natural state which cannot be retrograde but in a long time CHAP. II. Of the signes of a disease tending to health or death THat is called an healthy disease which endangers not the life but that a deadly one which threatens death to the sick party The prognostick signes of them are derived from three heads The Essence Causes and Effects according to the following table marked with the Letter L. L. The signes of an healthy and deadly disease are taken either from its Essence in respect of which it is either Similar Organical Common and these either Simple Complicate The Causes which are either Efficient or various humors Material or the subject Helpful or hurtful The effects which are either Actions Animal Principal Less principal which are either Sences Internal Sleep Watching Dreams External Seeing Hearing touching c Motion to which is referred A voluntary commotion of the members Lying down Trembling Convulsion Stiffness and shaking Sternutation Vital to which refer Respiration Pulse Natural to which belong Attraction to which Hunger Thirst Expulsion to which The Hicough Excrements ejected by The eyes Ears Nostrils Mouth Belly Bladder to which referurine Liquor Contents and in these Substance Quantity Quality Manner of excretion Sweats Abscesse and pimples Qualities First Calidity Frigidity Second Hardness Softness Third Colour Smell Taste Sound Proper accidents chiefly considered in The eyes Ears Nostrils Teeth Temples Lips Tongue Jawes Hypochondriums By observing the series of which Table the following Theorems will discover an healthy or deadly disease The Essence A day-expiring Feaver and all true intermitting Feavers are healthy and bring no danger The Solution of a strong Apoplexy is impossible of a slight one difficult Aph. 42. Sect. 2. That is called a strong Apoplexy which introduceth a total privation of sence and motion together with a great laesion of respiration But a slight one is that in which there is no such loss of sence and motion or so violent an injury of respiration In a strong one the brain is so oppressed that it cannot by any means free it self from it nor in a slight one neither without much struggling so that alwaies if a solution is made it degenerates into the Palsie by reason of the weakness of nature unable any longer to expel the morbifick matter Those who are taken with a Tetanus dy within four dayes but if they escape in them they recover A Tetanus according to Galen in his comm is a disease compounded of an emprosthotonus and an opisthotonus in which the body is so stiffe and unmoveable that the breast alone can hardly be moved It being therefore such a violent disease it kills a man in the first quaternion which if he escapes it is a signe that the fury of the disease is remitted otherwise it were intolerable Those who frequently and strongly swoune without the appearance of any manifest cause dye suddenly Aph. 41. Sect. 2. For this signifies a great infirmity or oppression of vital strength by which nature is soone overthrown Almost every dropsy is in its own nature deadly Because the temper of the liver being vehemently injured is irreparable All Feavers continual and burning as also the inflammations of internal parts as Phrensies Quinsies Pleurisies peripneumonies hepatitides and the like are naturally dangerow Yet they are not wholly mortal but according to the various condition of the sick person they end sometimes in health sometimes in death Nor can a Physician under pain of convincible ignorance give sentence of health or death on the beginnings of these affections but the critical dayes are to be expected which do commodiously discover unto us whether the disease incline to death or health Upon cessation of a Feaver into a dangerous disease without any evident cause death not health is to be expected Whatever Feavers not intermitting on the third day grow stronger are more dangerous But those which pause sometimes signifie no danger Aph. 43. Sect. 4. Continual Feavers either alwaies keep one station or are increased or diminished Those which are increased and exacerbated are worse then those which are not exacerbated because the evil in exacerbation is made much worse and more troublesome to the sick person But they are exacerbated either every day or every third day But those which are exacerbated every third day are more dangerous for that they are caused by bilious and so more hot juyces to which it is proper to be moved every third day Of this kind are burning Feavers and semitertians which are usually most dangerous But those Feavers which intermit are not dangerous because as Galen in his comm asserts they proceed not from any inflammation nor malignant putrefaction for neither of these acquiesceth without a Feaver Yet it is known by experience at least in these regions that intermitting tertians have been fraught with much malignity which in a third or fourth paroxysme did kill the sick parties We must say therefore that this opinion is of them which do most commonly but not perpetually happen or we may answer to the defensive argument of Hippocrates and Galen that these intermitting tertians have no perfect apyrexy and there alwaies lies hid some obscure sparkles of a Feaver raked up in the embers of intermission They who by an asthma or cough are distorted to gibbosity dye before their puberty Aph. 46. Sect. 6. For the heart and lungs being augmented by which they become disproportionable to their place this crookedness hindring the amplification of the breast it happens that the augmenting bowels cannot be long crouded up in too narrow a lodging so that sherly after gibbosity it introduceth death not that we may draw a consequence from this that the sick persons presently dye but that they fall far short of that diuturnity of life to which otherwise they might attain A Dropsie accompanying
or succeeding a Feaver is usually deadly as Hipp. 2. progn Because it ends not the Feaver but signifies the exolution of the native heat Intermitting quartans converted into continuals are for the most part deadly For they shew that the humors are incinerated which is almost irreparable A Pleurisie or peripneumony succeeding an Asthma is deadly Because when the cavities of the lungs are filled with pituitous humor and the lungs are debilitated there can be no anacatharsis and respiration is so hindred by both affections that the sick person must of necessity dye But yet if an anacatharsis be easily made and the other symptomes be not too vehement he may be recovered A Peripneumony after a Pleurifie is bad Aph. 11. Sect. 7. This opinion grounds upon a general axiome proposed by Hippocrates in his book of diseases viz. that the adjunction of one disease to another is a bad signe But a worse when a disease adjoyned is worse then the former worst of all when it happens upon a delumbation of strength A peripneumony therefore being more detrimental then a Pleurisie and when it succeeds that the strength being much broken by the rude oppression of the antecedent disease it is usually extraordinary bad and often deadly Therefore when Hippocrates in his Aph. in less dangerous cases uses the term bad in more perillous deadly he should certainly have used the term deadly here so that Galen may not without cause doubt whether that word bad was by Hippocrates there placed being by his testimony not found in some books The venereal disease is with much difficulty curable in a Leper Because by drying remedies such as sudoriferous the Leprosie is much exacerbated and made farre worse The causes Efficient Diseases caused by bloud are healthy unless they acquire malignity and much putrefaction Vitelline porraceous eruginous and black choler do introduce deadly diseases Material In bodies of a well disposed and laudable temper healthy diseases are most commonly generated The bladder or brain or heart or midriffe or any of the thinner intestines or ventricle or liver being torn it is deadly Aph. 18. Sect. 6. Hippocrates calls those parts torn which are much and deeply wounded So the whole tunicle of the bladder divided to the interiour space cannot be united nor such a wound viz. great and deep in the nervous parts of the midriffe or in the thin intestines But in the ventricle it is sometimes as Galen will have it but seldome cured The reason of this is because the bladder is nervous thin and bloudless whence it is that wounds in the neck thereof are curable because that is carnous But the wounds of the Liver by reason of the copious profusion of bloud are deadly if so be the veines thereof be dissected otherwise wounds which have toucht onely the outward superficies of the liver are curable So the wounds of the brain if they be not very deep are within the compass of skil but if they touch upon the ventricles they are deadly Helpful and hurtful Those diseases which deny all benefit of remedies are accounted deadly and on the contrary those that embrace many as profitable are healthy EFFECTS Animal Actions To be ones self and well disposed to things offered is good but the contrary bad Aph. 33. Sect. 2. Principal For when the mind is sound it is a signe that the brain is well and the membranes thereof as also the spinalis medulla and the whole stock of nerves and those especially which are nearest neighbours to the brain it self so when a sick person is not offended at meat and drink and other things which are offered to him this speaks the ventricle liver and other natural parts to be in indifferent good plight Deliration Now on the contrary if the sick person be in any kind of deliration or be beside his accustomed senses it is alwaies a bad signe So in Hippocrates 1. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 1. Philiscus the third day was in a total deliration on the sixth day he dyed Again aegr 2 of the same Sect. Silenus the second day was troubled with some deliration the third he slept not at night he could not refrain from much talk laughing and singing on the eleventh day he dyed So also aegr 4. of the same Section In Thasus the wife of Philinus when she had brought forth a girle purgation being made according to nature and otherwise being in good state on the fourteenth after her delivery a great Feaver took her with a trembling the sixth day at night she was extasied to a great deliration and again returned to her senses on the eighth she talked much and rose on the tenth she had little use of her senses on the eleventh she slept remembred all but did quickly fall to her deliration again on the fourteenth she had palpitations all her body over talked much understood little but again soon relapsed to a deliration But about the seventeenth she was speechless on the twentieth she dyed And so aegr 8. of the same Section A great Feaver after supper seised upon Erasinus who dwelled upon the river Boota he passed the night with trouble the first day quietly the night molestiously On the second day there was a total exacerbation deliration at night The third day was troublesome to him with much deliration The fifth morning he returned to himself and understood every thing but at noon he raved much could not contain himself his external parts cold and somewhat pale his urine stopped About sun-set he dyed The like chances may be seen in aegr 12. of the same sect 1. aegr 13. Sect. 3. book 3. Yet we cannot infer from these examples that deliration is necessarily deadly to all sick persons for Hippocrates in the beforementioned Aph. saith onely that it is bad that is that it endangers life though many do frequently escape this danger as is evident in the same Hipp. in 1. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 3. Where Herophon being taken with an acute Feaver on the fifth day was beside his senses on the sixt in a deliration at night he sweated was cold his deliration remained on the seventh he was foolish at night he returned to his senses slept on the ninth day he sweated was judged and intermitted On the fifth day after he relapsed was judged the seventeenth neither did he rave in this recidivation and in aegr 5. of the same section where the Wife of Epicrates which lay in at the house of Archegetes the second day after her delivery was taken with an acute feaver on the sixt with delirations on the seventh a total exacerbation sleepless she raved on the sixteenth at night troublesome exacerbations she slept not she raved On the eightenth she was thirsty her tongue scorched she slept not she was in a very great deliration she was perfectly judged from her feaver on the eightieth day We may find such like stories book 3. Epid. Sect. 1. aegr 3. and Sect. 3. aegr 7. And therefore though a
cold sweat on the sixth again she was extreme cold with an universal sweat yet coldness of the extreme parts fondness convulsions followed it and she died the same day because that coldness happened not on a critical day but on the sixth day which by Galen is termed tyrant so that Hipp. deservedly said Aph. 29. Sect. 4. If coldness happen the sixth day to febricitating persons an hard judgement followes Yet it may be objected that Larissea a maid whose history we find in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 12. was on the sixth day upon a coldness which was seconded by a copious flux of bloud and universal hot sweat perfectly judged To which we must answer with Galen in the comment that this is one of those rare examples in which Hipp. observed judication to be sometimes made on even daies which so rarely falls within the compass of example that it will no way disorder the common method of good Crises To this adde that her months then first flowing from her were very advantageous for the solution of the disease If coldness do happen without the intermission of the Feaver the sick person being now infirm it is deadly Aph. 46. Sect. 4. Galen in his comment saith that it signifieth not the same to say if it shall happen and if it do happen for the word shall happen denotes one assault of cold do happen many therefore upon cold happening once we may sometimes presage good sometimes bad as appeareth by the precedent theorems but for cold to happen often without any deficiency of the Feaver being otherwise not good is in infirmity more pernicious for if any evacuation follow the coldness which causeth no intermission both conduce to a mans dissolution as well because by reason of imbecillity the body cannot bear the agitation of the cold as because the strength is by evacuation dissolved but if coldness alone happen without the attendance of evacuation it is both waies bad for as a bad cause it tries the strength of a man and is a bad signe shewing his imbecillity which did usually evacuate the noxious humors in colds but now it is not able Coldness often coming in a long disease or rather shakings without any order or type signifie an internal suppuration Hipp. in Coac Or they may signifie plenty of depraved humors by which sharp vapors are usually elevated See Hipp. 1 Coac Apn. 10.13.16 Shakings frequently appearing in the beginning of acute Feavers are bad For they shew a very great pravity of humors vellicating the sensible parts and the infirmity of nature spending her labour in vain to move the humors Such shakings do usually appear in the beginning of malignant and pestilent Feavers Frequent tremblings of the loyns with a quick return of heat are dangerous for it signifies a painful suppression of urine and for it to sweat out there is perillous 1. Coac Aph. 18. For it signifies an inflammation of the spinalis medulla or the membranes thereof which parts by the violence of preternatural heat are scorched and by the want of native heat they are refrigerated as it happens in a sudden and frequent mutation of the parts into both This also is not seldome found in an Empyema but the suppression of urine followes because by frequent cold the native heat of the bladder is extinguished and so its expulsive faculty destroyed and sense of irritation lost Shaking after sweat is not good Aph. 4. Sect. 7. Iudicatories which judge not are bad so sweat breaking forth on a Critical day if it be not beneficial to the sickperson but shaking followed it is a bad signe for it shewes that either the useful humors onely were evacuated by sweat and the vseless and copious keep their station or that a part onely of these depraved humors was evacuated by sweat but the rest dwell within and vellicate the sensible parts and so cause shaking It is therefore evident that either nature is so weak that she cannot rid her self of the morbifick matter or the humors so strong that they give nature the foile Sternutation It is observed that if a sick man sneese onely once that he will yeild up to the ferocity of the disease but if he sneese twice the disease will lose the day and he recover But the contrary is noted in women if any of them dangerously sick sneese twice this is destructive and exitial if the sneese be once it is an healthy sign Forest obser 487. distillations of the head and sneesings precedent or subsequent in the diseases of the lungs are bad But in other even exitial diseases sneesings raise hopes of solution Hipp. 2. progn chap. 16. In a phthisis pleurisie and peripneumony by that concussion of the brain sneesing the parts of the breast are lacerated and violently torn which increaseth much the inflammation and so there is no vacuation of the morbifick matter But in other diseases the morbifick cause may be dissipated and dispelled by the strength of nature sallying upon it by that violent motion therefore sneesing signifies that nature resumes strength and is excited to expulsion whence we may conjecture that it is the beginning of a recovery Galen in his comment on this place affirms that sternutation without rheume in the declination of a disease or after the sickness is past is alwaies a good sign though the sickness be pernicious Sternutation happening to a woman in hysterical fits or when she brings forth with difficulty is good Sneesing is very commodious in hysterical suffocations dissicult labour and retention of secundines both as a signe and as a cause as a signe because it shews that nature is mindful of her proper motions and that being before dulled she is now excited and revived because she casts out some superfluity as a cause for that by vehement concussion and fervour it partly rouses up nature partly causeth excretion of those things which adhere to the parts of the body Vital actions Good and easie respiration conduceth much to health in acute diseases Hipp. 1. progn Respiration For as Galen instructs us in his com good respiration signifies that the breast heart lungs ribs midriffe and all the parts subservient to spiration are in good case And when they are so we need fear no danger from an acute discase unless it be malignant and pestilent For such feavers do often as it were surprise us by an ambuscado so that we cannot be sensible of any injury offered to respiration though in their progress they are deadly affections When in a not intermitting Feaver difficulty of spiration and desipiency happen it is a deadly signe Aph. 50. Sect. 4. Because the two grand Patrons of life the heart and brain are vehemently hurt and sympathize to destruction but both passions viz. desipience and difficulty of spiration must last long that they may be called mortal for both sometimes do happen healthfully in a critical perturbation Great and unfrequent respiration in an acute Feaver is very bad For this shews
eaten before other meats drives away drunkennesse and taken after meat repels the violent vapours of wine This vertue of Cabbage to expell drunkennesse proceeds from the antipathy which is between that and the Vine For Vines will not grow in the same soyle with Cabbage But it is of hard concoction and breeds thick and melancholy humours It exhales much and by sending up thick vapours to the brain it disquiets the minde and disturbs the sleep It hath a certain agreement with the Lungs and therefore the use thereof is the lesse troublesome to those who are troubled with diseases in the Lungs But red Cabbage is reckoned among the herbs fit for wounds That Cabbage is good for the diseases of the Lungs the medicines do manifest which are made of them The Pharmacopaea's do commend a looch made of the stalks We have seen admirable effects thereof in Asthma's and other diseases of the Lungs made with the juice of red stalks reduc'd into the form of a Julep with Sugar Old Ulcers are healed by a fomentation of the water of Catapults and afterwards by applying a leaf of red Cabbage moisten'd in the said water Water of Catapults is made of the roots of Birthwort Gentian Radishes and Wormseed of each one ounce boyled in three pintes of White-wine to the consumption of half afterwards dissolving in it four ounces of Sugar Beets come neer the nature of Cabbage for the juice thereof is ended with a nitrous quality abstersive and something sharp which causes it to loosen the belly so that it inclines to a hot and dry temper But the earthy part thereof is cold and dry and binding It is a diet common to Countrey people and poor folks whence Martiall cals Beets the dinner of smiths but their likenesse to Coleworts as also their loosening or binding faculty by reason of the diversity of their substances we may gather from the two verses the first whereof is concerning Beets Beets nourish little I must tell ye They do both binde and loose the belly The other concerning Coleworts or Cabbage comes from the Salern School Of Cabbage this for certain we do finde The broth doth loosen but the substance binde Spinage is moist and cold in the first degree The substance thereof is watry and almost insipid Therefore it descends quickly and loosens the belly It cleanses the breast smooths the rough artery and heals a cough it nourishes little breeds much serous humour and wind it begets a nauseatenesse unlesse season'd with spice Endive cools opens and cleanses and therefore is most used among all herbs both raw and boyl'd It is good for a hot weak and obstructed Liver it helps a weak and cholerick stomack It purifies the bloud heals the itch allayes thirst and heat in the stomack it begets an appetite and is good for those that are troubled with the Jaundise Succory hath the same vertues that Endive but much more efficacious by reason of its bitternesse for which cause it opens more cleanses and is more pleasing to the stomack Sorrel is cold and dry in the second degree it cuts opens moderately bindes nourishes little helps the hot distemper of the bowels allayes thirst excites the appetite tempers the acrimony of choler clears the heart and resists poyson Berage in the active qualities is temperate in the passive moist in the first degree it purifies the bloud resists the melancholy humour and cleanses the heart Purslain is cold in the third degree moist in the second it nourishes little it cools and thickens the bloud it tempers the heat and acrimony of the bloud allays thirst excites the appetite kils worms duls the sight cools venery which is common to all refrigerating plants if a man use them plentifully Parsly is hot and dry in the third degree it opens provokes urine and the flowres dispels winde and therefore is good for those that are troubled with the stone Rocket is hot and dry in the third degree and therefore is not eaten alone but mixed with other herbs which are cooling and are correctives to it it helps concoction and moves lust if it be taken in any quantity Nasturtium Water-cresses agree with Rocket both as to the temper and quality they open attenuate cut expel gravel and therefore good for the bloader and reins The garden and watry sort are used in salads both of them are good for splenetick people and are reckoned among the remedies against the Scurvy and as some think they do not give place to Scurvy grasse Pimpernel cools moderately bindes and dries It is used in salads it hath a good savour and smell it is cordial and induceth mirth and therefore is steep'd in Wine In Physick there is great use of Pimpernel so that it is prescribedin Juleps and Apozems very frequently especially in malign Feavers By reason of its binding faculty it is used in all Fluxes of the belly and of the bloud a light decoction thereof used in common drink cures the dysentery The water of Pimpernel distilled is used to cure Ulcers of the Lungs Conserve of Roses being first dissolved in it and so streined The powder thereof used often is also exceeding profitable CHAP. XIV Of Roots fit to eat RApes and Turneps are of the same nature they are moderately dry and moisten They are eaten boyled with flesh or else alone with oyl or butter they afford little nourishment they breed a thick juice they beget inflamations because they are windy they increase milk and seed they excite lust move the urine they asswage inflamations of the Chaps and Lungs they temper the melancholy humour and are therefore by Crato commended against a Quartan Parsnips are hot and dry in the second degree they afford thick and melancholy nourishment and are of hard digestion they excite lust are diuretick and move the courses Radishes are hot in the third and dry in the second degree Yet there is some difference between them For those that are most biting are the hottest the sweet ones more temperate they afford little and bad nourishment and are rather a sawce then nourishment For they are used as a sawce for meat and an incitement to the appetite They are of hard digestion beget winde and unsavoury belchings cause pain in the head filling it with vapours they provoke urine and the flowres they break the gravel And by opening cutting attenuating are good for the splenetick but they hurt the eyes by reason of their sharp and biting humours The Salern School adds that the resist poison Garlick is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree for outwardly it exulcerates the skin but it is weaker being boyled then raw and moves urine excites the flowres begets wind and hurts the eyes it helps the concoction of the stomack if it labour with a cold distemper if you swallow some whole cloves in a morning like pills It opens the obstructions of the bowels cuts thick and clammy humours and cleanses them it purifies the lungs and makes the
as being lesse moist and excrementitious The tame ones which are brought up at home are fatter indeed and more fleshy but much inferior in taste and wholsomenesse to the wilde ones they taste of the pasture where they feed and therefore if they eat Cabbage as sometimes they do they taste abominably If they eat wheat they grow very fat and afford a delicate nourishment The wilde ones which in our thickets are fed with Thyme Lavender Origan and other aromatical herbs afford a pleasant and wholsome nourishment CHAP. XVIII Of the Entrails and extreme parts of Beasts THe substance of the Liver considered in the generation thereof affords a thick nourishment and of hard digestion and fit to increase obstructions Yet there is great difference in respect of the several sorts of creatures from whence they are taken For the Livers of Hens Capons Geese Chickens and Pullets are excellently good But concerning the Livers of four footed Beasts those of Kids Calves and Hogs yeeld an indifferent good nourishment The Spleen produces a melancholy juice and affords a very depraved nourishment which is hard to be concocted and distributed The Reins are of a hard concoction by reason of the solidity of the substance wherewith they are endued they breed a thick juice and evill by reason of the various and excrementitious humours which continually oppress them The Heart hath a kinde of fibrous flesh solid and hard and therefore is of a hard digestion slowly distributed and generating an evill juice yet if it be well concocted it affords not a little nourishment and that not evil The Lungs are of an easier digestion then the Liver and Spleen because they are softer and looser yet not inferior to the Liver as to nourishment All Kernels have this common among them that in meat they appear sweet tender and short they give a thick nourishment and if the beast be sound very good and being well concocted in the stomack they nourish as much as musculous flesh Not well digested they breed flegmatick and raw juice this is chiefly to be understood of the Kernels of the brest for of other Kernels those which are soft generate flegmy bloud but those which are hard raw bloud The tongue of Calves Kids Lambs Hogs and Sheep are of easie digestion and breed laudable juice Neats Tongue is thicker but more fit for nourishment and not dry'd The Brains afford a flegmatick diet of a thick juice hard to be concocted slowly descending it banes the appetite and causeth nauseousnesse Fat and Grease are of little nourishment and rather sawce for our meat then nourishment They loosen the tunicles of the stomack and spoil the retention thereof and therefore they breed nauseousnesse and dull the appetite In cholerick bodies they turn into choler and are of hard digestion The substance of the Stomack is filmy and therefore cold hard dry and glutinous It is of a hard digestion generates flegm begets obstructions and is the cause of many diseases Soft and Sedentary men must abstain from it it being only fit for Potters Ploughmen and Mariners The same reason serves for the Guts because they are of like nature but the Guts of younger creatures as of Lambs and Kids are of an easier substance and concoction The Feet and other extreme parts of four-footed Beasts consisting of membranes ligaments nerves veins arteries and gristles are cold and dry clammy viscous of little nourishment and hard digestion We except the extreme parts of young and sucking Animals as before where we spake of the Stomack and Guts CHAP. XIX Of the nourishment contained in the parts of four-footed Beasts THE Bloud is hot and moist hard of digestion and breeds many excrements For although while it is contained in the veins it easily turns into the substance of the body yet after it is drawn out of them and hath lost its spirit and vigour it congrals and hardens into an evil substance Marrow is hot and moist it gives good nourishment if it be well concocted taken in too great a quantity it loosens the stomack and begets a nauseousnesse Milk in the active qualities is temperate inclining to cold in the passive moist by reason of the fat and watry substance thickning through its caseous or cheesie quality and abstersive in respect of its serous quality asswaging in respect of its butyrous quality That is best which is white clear pure and sincere sweet voy'd of all acrimony sowrenesse bitternesse and saltnesse rendring a sweet but little sent For its substance moderate neither over thick or caseous nor over thin and serous not fluid but sticking to the nail if it be dropt thereon new and milked from one that is well fed and in good pasture Milk thus qualified is of all nourishments the best it is easily concocted and presently turned into bloud it nourishes sufficiently and fattens but it swels the stomach and guts But for all this it must be used only by those whose bodies are in health and free from superfluities In cold stomacks it turns sowre in cholerick at begets adust smell But bad Milk is most pernicious and is so far from breeding good juice that it breeds very bad humours in the bodies of those that use it The bad effects of vitious Milk Galen shewes in l. 3. de Alim fac c. 15. by the example of nurses who in times of famine used wilde herbs and their children sucking their Milk became full of ulcers and other diseases As also by the example of Goats fed with Scammony and Tithymal whose Milk purges Of all the sorts of Milk fit for the diet of healthy people Cowes Milk is the thickest and fattest for it hath most of the caseous substance and least of the serous So that it loosens the belly lesse and nourishes more It is more difficultly concocted more slowly curdled slower to descend and more hard to be distributed and more liable to breed obstructions Goats Milk is of a midling substance as also Ewes Milk which is thicker then that of Goats for it hath more of cheese and lesse whey and therefore loosens lesse and bindes the more Asses Milk is thinnest and most wheyie But that concerns the cure more then the preservation of health Butter is hot and moist in the first degree and almost of the same nature as oyl of ripe Olives as Avicen witnesseth But is more moist then hot stale Butter is hotter and thinner new almost temperate in the active qualities It nourishes loosens fattens and is good against the cough The too much use of it loosens the retention of the stomack takes away the appetite and begets a nauseousnesse and therefore to be avoided by those who are subject to loosnesse as also by men of hot complexions who burn it and turn it into choler it is to be eaten first for it speedily descends into the paunch and makes way for the other meat but if it be eaten last it loosens the stomack and hinders the orifice from embracing
by the bad humours retain'd causes very great diseases as Pleuresies Peripneumonies putrid Feavers c. but being according to nature it preserves the body in health Here we must observe what Sanctorius hath said of insensible transpiration l. de stat Med. where he affirms that more excrements are voided by insensible transpiration then by all other evacuations taken together which no Physitians till then ever knew yet this he saith he hath found by the experience of thirty years in several bodies exactly weighed both before and after meat and after voiding of their excrements which are all to be seen in the Author or in Sennertus in his Theory of putrid Feavers The flux of the Flowres ought to be moderate according to the temper and custome of the woman observing certain intervals and certain periods Otherwise being suppressed or immederately flowing they are the cause of many diseases To the excretion of seed is referred the use of Venery which if it be moderate offends not the health though a man may want it without hurt as experience teaches in Monks and Batchelors For in those the seminal matter is transmitted to several parts and consum'd in the nourishment of them but the seminal parts dry and are made incapable of their function The immoderate use of Venery hurts men more then women dissolves the spirits refrigerates the body weakens the brain eyes nerves stomack and joynts duls the senses and begets crudities and stinking breath The fittest age for Venery is youth and middle age it is hurtful to others especially old men and men of dry and weak constitutions Such intervals are to be observed as Galen teaches that a man may seem more light and nimble then before The Spring is a fitter time for Venery then the Winter Autumn lesse and least of all the Summer at which time it is better to abstain As to the parts of the day Venery is most usefull in the morning or after a mans first sleep the concoction perfected and not after meat 'T is most hurtful after hard drinking strong exercises in time of famine or after long evacuations CHAP. XXX Of the Passions of the Minde THE Passions of the Minde have a great influence upon the whole constitution of the body so that not only extreme sicknesse but death also sometimes happens from the immoderate excesse of them being moderate they preserve health He therefore that labours to preserve his health ought to seek tranquillity of minde and resist vehement passion For so the body is preserved in its natural state and the passions cause no change in it But because it is impossible to be free from all the passions a man must labour to resist them with all his force and to bridle their violence Now the effects of these passions or of the chief of them we shall briefly lay down Moderate joy chiefly conduces of all the other affections to the preservation of health for by that the heat spirits and bloud are diffused to the whole body exciting the vigour of the faculties nourishing and moistening the habit thereof and gracing it with a lively colour Hence that of the Wise man A cheerful heart makes age youthful But immoderate joy dissipates the substance of the spirits dissolves the strength of the vital faculties whence proceed convulsions and sudden death oft-times especially in old people women and weak constitutions Sadnesse weakens the natural heat cools and dries the body makes the face pale lessens the pulse and by a straightning of the heart oft times causes Feavers hindring the dilation thereof whence arises putrefaction in the humours Avicen l. de vir Cor. c. 6. saith that two things do proceed from sadnesse a weaknesse of the natural faculty through an extinction of the heat and a thickning of the spirits and humours through cold which increases the melancholy humour Fear cals the heat suddenly to the heart which causes the outward parts to wax pale cold and tremble the teeth to chatter an interrupted speech and decay of the strength sometimes it loosens the belly and causes an ejection of urine a weaknesse and resolution of the muscles death sometimes ensues abundance of bloud being call'd to the heart by which it is oppressed and the vital faculty extinguished Anger vehemently stirs the heat and spirits increases and quickens the pulse whets the choler and increases quotidian and putrefi'd Feavers If it be too outragious it overcomes the reason and moves it from its seat It profits cold natures for it excites the weaker heat and enlivens it THE FIFTH BOOK OF PHYSICAL INSTITUTIONS CONTAINING The Cure of Diseases THE PREFACE THE fifth part of Physick containing the Cure of Diseases is divided into two principal parts The first part contains the general Method of curing and proposes all the Rules necessary for the cure of diseases The second Discourses of the Materials necessary to fulfill those Rules Therefore this fifth Book shall contain the general Method of Curing and the second shall set down the Physitians Rules and Materials The first part of the Cure of Diseases Of the general Method of Curing THE PROEME THE Method of Curing is by Authors said to be twofold General and Particular The general Method is that which delilivers the common Precepts which are for the curing of all sorts of Diseases and shewes what Remedies are proper for similar what for organick and what for common Diseases The particular Method shews how every Species of diseases is to be cured hapning to every part from the head to the foot which Method is observed in their works which they call Practick And this universal cure of particular Diseases depends upon the common Precepts which are set down in the general Method and is nothing else but a practise of the general Method upon all the several Species of Diseases and the several parts of the body Now because the dogmatical Method of Physick proceeds alwaies by way of Indication therefore this our Tractate shall comprehend four Sections The first shall be of the Method of Curing and their several Indications The second of the Indications from Causes The third of the Indications from Diseases And the last of Indications from the Strength And so there shall remain no Precept touching the cure of Diseases which shall remain unfolded SECTION I. Of the Method of Curing and the Indications CHAP. I. What is the Method of Curing what is Curation and what are the conditions of it THE Method of Curing is that part of Physick whereby helps are found by Indications to restore the lost health Curation is the change of the present vitious habit of the body into its natural habit Now the cure of a Disease ought to be speedily safely and with as much delight as may be to the Patient Between the Method of curing and the Cure of diseases there is little difference The Method of curing being nothing but a rational way which the Physitian observes in the cure of diseases And by
week or twice in a moneth The form of prescribing them is such ℞ c. with syrup of Roses solutive make an Opiate of which you may take ℥ ss by it self or dissolved in the decoction of Borage Fumitory and Cichory once in a week with great care and good government of art A Corroborating Opiate is composed of Conserves to ℥ j. or ℥ j ss Conditements to ℥ ss ℥ j. Confections to ʒ ij ss Powders to ʒ iij. ℥ ss ʒ vj. with convenient Syrup Sometimes for ornament leaves of gold are mixed N. ij or iij. and they are prescribed after the powders The dose is from ʒ ij to ʒ iij. or which is most usual about the bigness of a Chestnut drinking after it convenient liquor as some proper distilled water or white Wine or red Wine tempered with water All which are prescribed in this form ℞ c. with syrup c. make an Opiate of which take about the bignesse of a Chestnut every day in the morning two hours before dinner drinking after it a little draught of tempered wine or borage-water Sometimes they are prescribed to be taken two hours before supper if any other remedies be to be taken in the morning CHAP. XVII Of Conditements Conditements are made in the same manner as corroborating Opiates with the same quantity of conserves confections and powders adding as much white sugar or sugar of Roses as equals the weight of them all in this form ℞ of Conserves c. sugar of Roses to the weight of them all make a Conditement covered with gold which may be taken frequently in a spoon by it self or dissolved in broths or with potable water in time of thirst between meals But a Conditement differs in this from an Opiate because that may be prescribed to corroborate or alter all parts but this only for affects of the heart and lungs CHAP. XVIII Of a Lohoch or Colegma LOhochs are convenient only in pectoral affections to expectorate the humours contained in the lungs smooth the roughnesse thereof and to stop spitting of bloud They are commonly made of Bechical powders to ʒ iij. ℥ ss of sugar candied or penidiate or of rose tablets ʒ vj. ℥ j. of convenient syrup q. s Or to the foresaid are frequently added pulps of fruits as of Raisins Figs Jubebs to ℥ ss Lohochs are also made several other waies but lesse commonly which may be seen in several Authors They are prescribed after the following form ℞ c. with syrups c. Make a Lohoch to be used frequently with a stick of Liquorice licking it by little and little CHAP. XIX Of Tablets TAblets are twofold Purging and Corroborating Purging Tablets are in the shops common and magisterials are seldome or never prescribed Roborating Tablets are made of simple powder or compounded ℥ ss ʒ vj. of sugar dissolved in proper water ℥ iiij or vj. in this form ℞ c. Make Tablets in weightʒ ij of which take one every day two hours before meat drinking c. in the same manner as in a corroborating Opiate Tablets are also frequently used in affections of the Lungs made of convenient powders in the same method Of Pills Pills are double common in shops or Magisterial Those in the shops are prescribed in cold affections especially and in the winter season to evacuate the remote parts from the stomack The form of prescribing them is this ℞ Mass of Pills c. let them be softned with c. water or conventent syrup form 6 or 7 gilt Pills to be taken after the first sleep If the Pills are weak add gr iiij or v. of Diagrid or Trochis Alhand Magisterial Pills which are vulgarly composed by the Physicians according to several indications and are vulgarly called usual because the use of them ought to be frequent that is once in a week or twice in a moneth They are composed of several purgatives viz. Aloes Agarick Turbith Hermod Rhub Diagrid Troches Athandal with correctives all being reduced into powder and mingled with convenient syrup The Basis of all these Pills is commonly Aloes and prescribed usually to ʒ iij. or ℥ ss the other purgatives taken together exceed not the quantity of ℥ ss the correctives to ʒ j. or ʒ j ss the quantity of the syrup is not proportioned The dose of the Pills is to be measured according to the efficacy of the purgatives so that they may not purge vehemently they must not exceed ʒ ss or ℈ ij Sometimes against obstructions Gum Ammoniack or Bdellium dissolved in vinegar is mixed with the purgatives to ʒ ij or ʒ iij. They are prescribed in this form ℞ Aloes hepatical c. make a powder of them all and with syrup of Roses solutive make a masse of Pills of which letʒ j. be formed into pills gilt take N. iij. or iiij in the morning two hours before dinner once in a week CHAP. XXI Of Troches TRoches are seldome prescribed by the Physicians who are content with those in the shops yet if a make them he may easily do it by taking powders fit for his intention to ℥ j. or ij and moistning them with convenient liquor or mucilage of which being mixt together make a paste and of that tablets to be dried in the shade CHAP. XXII Of Powders POwders are prescribed to purge corroborate and for other intentions Purging powders are composed of simple powders acceptable to the taste with their correctives and sugar in persons more delicate the dose whereof is to be measured according to the efficacy of the purgatives These powders are taken dissolved in broth or other liquor in the morning with care and good government Among the corroborating powders those for the stomack are most in use which are called digestive they are made of the sweeter stomachicals as Corianders Anise Fennel Cinamon and the like to ℥ ij with an equal or double quantity of sugar in this form ℞ c. an equal or double proportion of sugar mingle them make a powder of which take one spoonfull after meals eating or drinking nothing after it THE SECOND ARTICLE of the SECOND SECTION OF The Composition of midling Medicaments CHAP. I. Of Suppositories SUppositories are used commonly to loosen the belly but sometimes though very seldome against some affections of the fundament and straight gut Those that loosen the belly are composed of hony to ℥ j. boyled and hardned adding fit powders to ℥ j. or ℈ iiij but those powders are common salt Hiera picra or if stronger Medicaments be required Sal gemmae Ammoniack hiera Diacolacynth Hellebore powdered The form of them is thus ℞ c. Make Suppositories of which one anointed with oyl or butter may be put into the fundament as often as need requires CHAP. II. Of Clysters CLysters some are mollifying and laxative some cleansing others binding others easing pain others for other intentions Mollient and laxative are made of the decoctions of mollifying herbs to lb j. or lb j. ss laxative opiates to ℥