affected with the Green-sickness Cachexy and that sort of Dropsie called Leucophlegmatia who all have a difficulty of breathing by reason of dregs of the ill-mixt Blood that are left there Wherefore the use of the Lungs seems to be this That the Blood through the lesser Vessels as so many rivulets may as to all its parts lie open to and meet with the nitrous Particles of the Air and be by them enlivened and accended The Pneumonic Artery as also the Aorta and Wind-pipe hath a muscular Coat furnished with two ranks of Fibres namely straight and circular which doubtless when they are contracted do make the Pneumonic Arteries to beat and the Blood to be urged and driven still more and more forward A great many Glandules with a Net of Vessels lie on this musculous Coat The frame and branching of the Pnenmonic Artery in some one Lobe of the Lungs are expressed in the second Table All the Coats of this Vessel are drawn distinct and apart from one another in the sixth Table and first Figure and also in the fourth Table and second Figure The Pneumonic Vein having its rise in the left Ventricle of the Heart The description and use of the Pneumonic Vein and being divided and variously subdivided first into greater branches and then according to the greater and lesser Lobes of the Lungs into lesser and lastly into the least of all is carried above the Weazand and as it goes on does exactly answer to the branching both of the Pneumonic Artery and the Weazand and goes every where with them as it were cheek by joll and where the Weazand ends into the little Bladders the Veins being twisted with the Arteries as was said before do make as it were a little Net wherein those little Bladders are encompassed The Anatome of the Pneumonic Vein differs little or nothing from that of the Vena cava and its branches All the Vessels of this kind have four Coats distinct from one another 1. The outmost of these Coats consists of Fibres that seem to be nervous which perhaps are after a sort muscular and are extended straight long-wise though in no very regular order This Coat of the pulmonary Vein is very laxe and loose from the rest of the Vessel insomuch that it may all of it be blown up and very much extended as if it were a distinct Vessel Whence one might suspect that this were a peculiar passage to carry back Lympha or Serum separated from the Blood but it seems to be more probable that this outmost Coat is therefore made so loose that the passages might be much distended and widened for the return of the Blood now hot and boiling 2. 3. Two other Coats common both to a Vein and Artery viz. the vasculous The use of the venous and vasculous Coat and the glandulous lie under this the office of the vasculous is to bring nourishment to the part and of the glandulous to receive and send away the superfluous serosities 4. The fourth and inmost Coat is plainly muscular having Ring sibres The muscular Coat as the like Coat of an Artery hath which certainly being successively contracted after the stream of Blood do cause its return to be hastened and on occasion to be shortned But here arises a doubt wherefore Why there is no Pulse in the Veins seeing the Veins as well as Arteries have contracting muscular Fibres which in the latter are pulfifick and seeing both are alike joined to the Heart that beats continually the Veins as well as the Arteries should not statedly beat according to the constant turns of the Systole's and Diastole's in the Heart It may easily be answered to this first that the Arteries have a great deal more of the moving Fibres than the Veins have and therefore whereas those being strongly contracted successively do force the Blood along as if driven with a wedge for these it sufficeth that whilst they are gently contracted behind the stream of Blood they calmly and equally drive it forward flowing back again of its own accord and as it were down-hill But besides the reason hereof seems to depend somewhat on the unlike or rather inverted conformation of the Vessels for the Blood conveighed by the Arteries is driven still from wider to narrower spaces and therefore going along it every where violently distends them and lifting up the sides of the Vessels raises the Pulfe because whiles that part of the Artery that is behind the Blood is contracted by its muscular Fibres that part which is before it must needs beat being filled with the stream of blood gushing in but on the contrary the blood in the Veins returning to the Heart runs out of less into greater spaces or out of rivulets into a more capacious and deep chanel and therefore glides along silently and without the fluctuating of a Pulse The blood in the pulmonary Veins seems as much The disposition of the blood in the Pneumonic Veins or more than that within the Arteries to be animated or inflamed anew by the air insinuating it self every where from the Pipes or little Bladders of the Trachea because in those Veins 't is first changed from a black-purple to a scarlet the reason whereof is because the blood at the extremities of the Vessels namely as it passes out of the Arteries into the Veins does every where and most of all meet with the particles of the air And for that reason it is that if any liquour be squirted into the Pneumonic Artery it will not so readily and quickly pass through the Lungs and return by the Vein as it will do if you make the same experiment in any member or part of the body besides yea part of the liquor so injected will sweat through into the Pipes of the Trachea or the spaces between the little Lobes and another part being turned into a froth will return very slowly by the Veins which is a certain proof that while it passes through the Lungs it makes a stay in the mouths of the Vessels and is mingled with the airy particles The Circulation of the blood through the Lungs hath something diverse from or rather contrary to that which is made through the rest of the body seeing the Pneumonic Arteries contain a black-purple blood and the Veins a scarlet whereas in all the body besides the branches of the Aorta carry a scarlet blood and those of the Vena cava a black-purple Besides we may observe of the pulmonary Vein that it does every where in its whole length want valves except where 't is fastned to the Heart Which appears by this that when any liquor is injected into its trunk just as it is in the Artery it presently passes through all its branches without lett Which ought to be so to this end that the blood may always because of the violence of the passions freely every way fluctuate and regurgitate in and about the Heart Besides that the left Ventricle
obnoxious to depravation than this Pneumonic machine of the breast The organs of breathing being hurt the breathing is hurt also through which by sucking in air we preserve the vital flame of the blood with its motion and heat For whereas the vessels of the lungs belong to the function of breathing viz. the Trachea with the Bronchii and little bladders also the heart with arteries and veins besides which there are nerves with fibres as well musculous as nervous Lympheducts and Glandules also the contents of these Vessels viz. Air the old and fresh blood with its Serum the Lympha and the animal Spirits any fault happening in any of these doth oftentimes discompose the whole Pneumonic function Nor less also the moving Organs of the breast viz. the muscles with the Diaphragma and the nerves appointed to their use And likewise sometimes the animal spirits before they enter into those nerves being ill disposed often cause great disorders in breathing When the chief function and uses of the Lungs have been to convey the blood and air through the whole frames of the parts and their inmost recesses The uses and ends of breathing which use to be hurt and every their smallest passages and every where to mingle them namely for that purpose that the venal blood returning from its circuit and diluted with fresh juice and thereby crude and as it were half extinct may as well be more perfectly mix'd and wrought together as more effectually kindled afresh in all its parts by the nitrous air from hence the chief faults about this business or function of the Lungs do most of all consist in these two things First that the blood hath not due passage through the Sinus of the heart and the pneumonic vessels And secondly because the Air is not drawn in and breathed out in a due manner into the Trachea and its passages The defects and failings of the Lung in its office There are two parts of either of these For first as to the passage of the blood sometimes the fault is caus'd within the right Sinus of the heart or the pneumonic Arteries and also sometimes caused within the pulmonary veins or the left Ventricle of the heart Secondly as to the Air the failure is chiefly in inspiring and exspiring although each function offends sometimes equally There are divers accidents of each and many causes and ways of its being done whereof we will here briefly touch upon the chief Therefore first First in respect of the blood when the blood doth not duly pass through the right Ventricle of the Heart and the Pneumonic Arteries either it happens by its own fault or by the fault of those passages and sometimes by the fault of further passages For sometimes the stream of blood stops in the nether region of the Pracordia by reason of obstruction in the other moreover sometimes the defect or fault of the air breathed in stops the free passage of the blood What relates to that fault of the blood The opinion of the famous Sylvius concerning the blood fermenting in the Lungs when it passes not quick enough through the right Sinus of the Heart and Pneumonic Arteries the opinion of the Renowned Sylvius should here be discoursed but that it would be too tedious and from our purpose For he supposes The descending branch of the venal blood moistned with chyme together with the lymphatic humour returning from the whole body hath the nature of an acid-sweet spirit and in the mean time its branch ascending impregnated with choler from the bladder of the gaul mixt into the mass of blood does participate of an oily volatile salt and so by the meeting together of these something contrary to themselves a gentle and friendly contention or boiling is stirred up in the right ventricle of the heart in which and for which the fiery parts lurking and being shut up in each being freed and set at liberty do rarifie the chyle and blood and so change and alter them that they exercise the function of life and heat as well as motion and nourishment through the whole body Which seems not likely to be true There are many reasons why I assent not to this ingenious and neatly-framed Hypothesis For besides that many do far otherwise determine about the origine and dispensation of Choler and so not without strong reasons and experiments are thorowly perswaded by eye-sight that there is not any such boiling up of the blood of a different quality and striving or contending in the right ventricle of the Heart Our opinion hereof Our judgment continues still as it hath been that both streams of blood washed thorowly with the fresh chyme do consist altogether of one kind and for that cause the milky Vessels of the Chest carry about part of the Chyle so long a journey which they pour into the descending trunk of the Vena cava just as the meseraick Veins pour the other part into its ascending trunk also that the lymphatic humor together with the Chyle is poured into the subclavian Vessels so that it may very commodiously be reduced into blood neither truly doth there seem need of other or more passages Moreover we determine that that humor rightly constituted doth agree with and is easily assimilated to the mass of blood as well as the Chyle it self made sweet without any contention raised in the heart But if the lymphatic humor returning from the Brain and nervous kind as well as from the Glandules degenerate from its due temperature and contract a sowreness as it often comes to pass then being re-infused into the venal blood it overcomes it and it precipitates it into serosities and from thence great streamings of urine do ensue Moreover we have shewed elsewhere that the Diabetes is provoked from such a cause But such a flux of the lymphatic humor is so far from exciting a greater boiling up of the blood in the right ventricle of the Heart that rather on the contrary from thence often chilness of the whole or stiffness with a weak Pulse and sometimes swoonings or convulsive fits are provoked accompanied with a plentiful and pale urine The reason whereof without doubt is that then the clear humor flowing from the brain and nervous parts turns the blood into serosities and cools it by too much diluting and for that cause the animal spirits being destitute of their vehicle either faint or run into irregular motions But truly as we altogether deny an Elastic effervescence of the blood in the right Ventricle of the Heart from contention of dissimilar parts The pneumonic circulation of the blood is stopt sometimes by the fault of the heart it self so as often as from thence the blood is not cast out into the Lungs after a due manner we determine it to happen not so much from the proper fault and defect of the blood it self as from the animal faculty For if the spirits actuating the moving Fibres of
cholerick and inclining to the Jaundice to void yellow and sometimes very bitter as if it had been meet choler 3. The blood dissolved also lodges in the Lungs infections that cause corruption Moreover many instances manifestly declare that sometimes the Lungs are tainted by the corruption and putrefaction of the blood For the blood toucht with an infection or a pestilent or venemous contagion begins to be corrupted and withdraw into clotted and corrupted portions from thence the Lungs undergo the chief taint from whence the greatest danger of life is threatned This is too well known in the Measles small Pox Plague and malignant Feavers for me now to undertake to explicate it by which maladies as often as the sick die it seems to come to pass either because the blood clodding in the vessels of the Heart or Lungs obstructs the way of its proper course so that presently its influx into the Brain is hindred or because the corruption of the blood affixt to the sides of the pulmonary passages causes a Phlegmon as it were and therefore provokes a most troublesom cough or difficult breathing and frequently bloody spittle So much for the impediments of the circulation of the blood which happen in the Lungs by reason of the mass of blood too much dissolved The blood is hindred in the Lungs by reason of the too thick consistence of the blood and apt to depart into parts and portions which being there left obstruct their passages There remain other no less prejudices to the Pracordia which proceed from the consistence of the blood too much bound up together and sending nothing from it self by which a burning Feaver Pleurisie or Peripneumony arise In the former distemper the blood being more sulphureous than it ought and therewithal being thick As is perceived in a Feaver is not diluted enough with its Serum and those particles of it contained within it self it puts away with great difficulty wherefore it is more plentifully kindled in the Lungs and when it passes through the passages hereof with more difficulty by reason of its greater boiling and of its thickness the Heart beating quick and most vehemently endeavours its circumpulsion with all its might notwithstanding from its greater flame growing hot within the Pracordia heat and a most troublesom thirst with roughness and as it were a certain parching of the tongue arises In the other kind of distemper In a Pleurisie and Peripneumony viz. a Pleurifie and Peripneumony the blood is alike thick but less sulphureous and inflammable wherefore it doth not participate of such a burning yet by reason of its thickness it doth not so easily and quickly pass through the Chest or Lungs is frequently extravasated and sticking to the interspaces or sides of the passages causes obstructions and soon after an inflammation to which pain often succeeds with bloody or discoloured spittle We may observe in blood-letting in these kinds of distempers that after it hath setled its superficies is covered with a little whitish skin or otherwise discoloured but always with a thick and viscous the reason whereof is that the blood when it doth not send away in the circulation its old particles nor doth admit enough of new it is thickned with a continual boiling and like boiled flesh changed from a bloody colour into a whitish in which state passing with difficulty through the small passages of the vessels it is in danger to be extravasated and easily provokes a Pleurisie or Peripneumony Besides these stoppages of the blood The blood is hindred in the Lungs by the fault of the heart caused by its own fault while it passes through the Praecordium there are also other impediments which happen either by the defect of the Heart or its passages or by the fault of the air inspired By what means and for what cause the Heart offending in its motion forces the blood from its right ventricle through the Lungs into the left irregularly we have clearly shewn in our late Tract of Cardiac Distempers to wit that muscle sometimes labouring for want of spirits doth not vigorously and strongly enough perform its beatings 1. When the spirits thereof are wanting For when in corporal exercise the blood more plentifully than usual is forced from the Vena cava into the ventricle of the Heart if this cannot firmly contract it self labouring according to its strength it causes frequent and weak Pulses moreover to help this as well the Pneumonic Arteries as others in fundry parts of the body which drive about the blood every way do cause frequent and inordinate contraction Thus I have observed in Virgins afflicted with the Green-sickness and in other cachectical bodies from a quick motion of the body not only a palpitation of the Heart but in the neck temples and other places the Arteries to have beaten irregularly Neither is it the want of spirits only 2. Because moved inordinately but their disorder is sometimes the cause that the Praecordium doth with less strength convey the blood for sometimes the spirits the inmates of the Cardiacal nerves being stirred up by an incongruous conjunction and affected convulsively do impress their irregular contractions upon the Heart or Arteries whereby the progress of the blood is several ways perverted or hindred as it often happens in Palpitation of the Heart Trembling intermitting Pulse and other the like passions 3. The pneumonic process of blood is variously stopt 3. The blood is hindred from obstruction of the passages Which are shut up divers ways For divers causes here rehearsed because the passages are not open enough which impediments happen as often as the Pores or those passages are either stopt or broken Of the former there are two reasons viz. sometimes the ways are shut for as much as the passages of the vessels contracted by the carneous fibres are brought nearer one another as we have elsewhere shewed doth sometimes happen in Palpitation of the Heart and a convulsive Asthma The affects of which sort by reason of the stream of blood shut within the Praecordia difficult or hard breathing a small Pulse and chilness of the whole body are wont to accompany Moreover sometimes the course of the blood is shut up because the passages of the vessels are pressed together by a body or by some humor from without wherefore when the little Cells or bronchial Pipes as is usual are filled with a viscous flegm purulent matter or blood extravasated as the free passage of the air is hindred in them so also the passage of blood is stopt in the vessels adjoining On the same account come tumors little swellings worms also stony sandy and curdly concretions and others of another kind are in diverse manners excited the chief whereof we shall touch on hereafter The bronchial Pipes are filled Moreover we sometimes see the canals as well of an Artery as of the pneumonic Vein made very bony in some part and their sides so compressed
hath been very necessary to the uses of the Lungs for seeing the air ought only to enter the Lungs for that end The use of the aforesaid frame that it might pour out to the blood nitrous particles for its flame and vitality or life and presently return back and seeing the blood doth pass through the Lungs for that cause that it might meet the air suckt in according to all its parts therefore it behoves that both these viz. the air and the blood be divided into small portions and with these make every where distinct and short meetings The manner of this is most elegantly perceived in the gills of fishes for seeing the Bronchia are as so many greater Lobes every one of these is divided into many rundles furnished with a complication of every kind of Vessels as if it were into so many Lobes in every one of which the blood is drawn out by minute portions as it were little rivulets that it might throughly meet with the nitrous particles and afterwards return into its chanel The Bronchial Pipes lead into the utter cavities The uses of the little bladdery Cells viz. into the numerous little Bladders discovered by Malpighius which truly are certain continued parts of the Aspera Arteria but distinct from the former because the Grisles are wholly wanting to them and which supply the turn of these are distant one from another in larger spaces for all the Bronchial branches send forth lesser slips from themselves every way whose passages although void of Grisles notwithstanding are straitned as it were with certain ligaments at certain intervals and the spaces between these being filled with air suckt in do make partly those small bladdery little Cells In truth those passages may not unaptly be compared to the Gut Colon of a Mouse whose continued hollowness in as much as it is girt about in divers places seems to be divided as it were into many little purses Moreover those bladdery passages being shorter on either side the Sinus or hollowness have as it were particular little Bladders growing thick to them and therefore the heap of all the Cells seems not much unlike to a bunch of Grapes The Figures of these as much as may be are exactly represented in the third Table Those little bladdery Cells that they may put forth their contracting endeavours for breathing have muscular Fibres as is plainly seen by the Microscope For as much as great plenty of air ought to be drawn within the Lungs and reserved in part lest it fail at any time therefore besides those upper passages which are as it were the threshold and dens moreover more inner chambers and capacious are required in which the air may be treasured up and from thence be dispensed upon occasion For it sometimes happens the external is too sharp or otherwise disagreeable to the Lungs so that as it was greatly necessary that it should be suckt in more sparingly and its vehemence presently be attempered and rebated by the air treasured within Moreover it cannot be drawn in or inspired otherwhile in quantity great enough as in running singing or much speaking also in some crazy dispositions and in that case the inward air being rarified supplies in a manner the defect of the outward Therefore seeing those bladdery little Cells receive a greater stock of air than that they can be bound presently to return it all by every turn of expiration Endued only with Muscular Fibres therefore the grisly twigs are wanting to them and their hollownesses are more large of themselves that they may be more largely distended but that they may puff out a greater quantity of air upon occasion or throw out matter to be coughed out being endued with muscular Fibres they contract themselves more narrowly and throw out what is contained within them thoroughly For the ordinary Systole's of the Breast which the relaxation of the Muscles do partly effect cast out perhaps at every turn the whole air from the Trachea and Bronchus but not from the little Bladders for the emptying of these as often as need shall be both the cavity of the whole Breast is very much straitned and the small bladdery Cells themselves are straitned from their proper Fibres being drawn together 2. The description and use of the Pneumonic Artery The next Vessel is the Pneumonic Artery of whose most thick branches extended every where to and fro and with other branches twisted and complicated together the frame of the Lungs consists This Artery issuing from the right Sinus of the Heart and inclining towards the Trachea is parted into a right and left branch which applying themselves to the like parallel branches of the Trachea do accompany them every where or rather are set under them for they are planted beneath and are first carried into the greater lobes of the Lungs and afterwards into all the lesser lobes in every of which the little branch of the Artery stretched out sends out on either side more slips from it self which presently are associated by other bronchial and venal slips and are several ways complicated and where the outmost sprigs of the Aspera Arteria depart into circular little Cells the Arteries being complicated with the Veins as is discovered by the Microscope do girt about those little Bladders with their thick branching and enwrap them like Ivy from whence we may conjecture that it is not for nothing that the Blood-vessels that are any where in the Lungs do curiously wait upon those of the air and every where insinuate and intimately mingle themselves Surely whatsoever hath been supposed by others I shall not easily believe that this is done for the more exact mingling of the Blood and its parts be they never so unlike For to do that what need would there be of so full an access of air which in rightly making other mixtures the more perfect whereof are called Digestions we seek as much as we can to keep out For if the air might freely come and go the Particles that should be mixed would most of them flye away And as to that which is affirmed That the Blood in the Lungs is carried through those small winding and extreme narrow passages only that it may be the better mixed I say that its being so carried is quite contrary to such an intention for the best mixture of any liquor as also of the Blood it self is made by fermentation and the liquour to be so mixed or fermented like Wine in a Hogshead requires a free and spacious room but it s going through these small and narrow passages like so many strainers serves rather for the separation than the mixture of its parts wherefore unless the Blood be exactly mixed in the greater Vessels and be there rightly fermented it does while it passes through the Lungs leave there the dregs and whatsoever parts are not rightly mixt and so does stuff up and very much obstruct their passages as we may see in persons
the Heart either grow weary or are forced into convulsive disorders for that cause the Heart beating in disorder drives out before it the blood either infirmly or irregularly But that the blood issuing out of the Heart doth not always with expedition pass through the Pneumonic Arteries 2. Sometimes by the fault of the blood 3. Sometimes by reason of passages obstructed that sometimes happens from its own proper fault and also sometimes from the passages obstructed and also by reason of other causes The blood it self in a double respect hinders its own passage through the Lungs viz. either offending as to its kindling or as to its temperature There are sundry accidents of either of these For first even as the blood is more or less kindled than is convenient it is hindred or obstructed in the pulmonary circuit if at any time the watry earthy or fixt saline parts are predominant in the blood the spirit and sulphur being consumed or brought low by reason hereof its liquor being not well or less kindled by the nitrous air is not easily rarified in the pulmonary passage and scarce passes through them like a flame of its own accord but it sticks still in its passages heavy and muddy and creates much trouble and labour to the Heart wheresoever it is circulated Hence as often as the blood is a little more plentifully forced into the Pracordia by the quicker motion of the whole body or of its parts the Heart and Lungs labour hard for its driving about and that with the utmost endeavours And in this case it is probable The blood hindred in the Lungs sometimes because not kindled enough that the blood carried more rapidly into the right Ventricle of the Heart doth somewhat stagnate because it cannot presently be carried into the passages obstructed before it Moreover from this cause those grumous or fleshy concretions called the Polypi of the Heart sometimes seem to arise Hence both in the Pica Leucophlegmatie Dropsie and inveterate Scurvy from the quicker motion of the body arises difficult and painful breathing 2. Sometimes the blood is too much kindled and breaking out almost into a flame Sometimes too much and being above measure expanded it can scarce be contained in the pulmonary passages which it very much blows up and extends but endangers them to be inflamed or kindled wherefore lest it should tarry longer in them the Pracordia beat with most frequent and strong endeavours that the blood so over-much kindled might be ventilated and circulated for otherwise it being carried within the Lungs and inflaming them all over would quickly destroy the vital function Besides these things which concern the kindling of the blood It is also stopt through its temperament being vitiated there are other faults as to its temperament or mixture by reason of which it less freely or expeditely is conveyed through the pneumonic passages For when its consistence is either too laxe or too close it will not easily pass through the small passages of the Lungs but oftentimes is in hazard to stick and stagnate in them and also run out and be extravasated The blood being in a diverse manner made loose in its consistence either deposites its Serum or its dregs or its putrefaction in the Lungs which being lodged in the recesses of the Vessels or affixed unto their sides do variously stop or pervert the course of the blood 1. The dissolution of blood which is most commonly injurious to the Lungs When the blood is too much loosened in its consistence although not very dangerously is wont to happen for as much as the serosities being unapt to be contained within the mass thereof and when they are not presently sent away by sweating or urine they separate from the blood within the Lungs and so boiling up and breaking out from their proper vessels do as well disturb and stop the passage of air as that of blood so that for the sake of expelling those serosities and continuation of the circulation of blood the Lungs are provoked into a frequent and very troublesom Cough What the formal reason of this Cough is and the manner of its being brought about we shall declare hereafter Though there are many causes and occasions by which the serous liquor Why it lodges the Serum in the Lungs departing from the loosned consistence of the blood flows out abundantly into the Lungs yet for the most part it happens from one of these three viz. first and most frequently because the Pores outwardly bound up by cold cast back the serosities which were wont to be sent away by perspiration into the mass of blood which compel it presently to boil up and cast off the serous superfluities in the Lungs The various causes and ways of doing it From this kind of cause Catarrhs and Coughs frequently arise insomuch that the beginning of every cough by the vulgar is always imputed to such an occasion to wit catching cold 2. The drinking of sharp and thin liquors as Cider Rhenish Wine white Wine Paris Claret commonly causes to some a Cough or catarrhal distemper the reason whereof is for that the blood weak in temperament is presently dissolved and precipitated into serosities like milk by sowre things cast into it which flow plentifully from the mouths of the inward Arteries I have experimented this upon my self yearly when in the Summer season when the blood abounds with sulphur I have drank Cider and tartish Wines safely yea frequently to advantage the same in winter when the blood is prone to sowreness but moderately tasted of do presently provoke a Cough 3. There is another cause of this serous inundation flowing out upon the Lungs viz. when the Lympha watering the nervous and solid parts doth suddenly suffer a flux and for that cause it streams back into the blood out of the Fibres and Glandules and other passages and receptacles whose liquor it presently dissolves and precipitates into serosities which often infests the Lungs For this reason a sudden and troublesom Cough frequently accompanies convulsive distempers which being commonly called a vaporous Cough is ascribed unto vapours Moreover in great alterations of air especially when the season varies from dry into moist and the volatile and fixed salts do thereby melt the Cough and Catarrhs increase very much Neither doth the serous liquor only but also many other humors or recrements of the blood lodged in the Lungs frequently stuff up their passages so that by obstructing both the passages of air and of blood they cause difficult breathing or a cough This is every where perceived in ill-habited bodies also in Gluttons and Drunkards and others leading an inordinate and slothful life Wherefore Foot-men use a thin and spare diet that they may have their Lungs free from the filth and recrements of the blood I have observed some melancholy persons the adust faces abounding in the pulmonary passages to have voided blackih spittle like ink also others
the entire body succeeds Surely when the nervous liquor and animal spirits pass not fully and freely out of the Dorsal Spine into the whole body from thence oftentimes a pining doth arise hence Imposchumes and Ulcers arise about the Loins or the Os sacrum which in as much as they consume or pour forth the nervous liquor too much cause an Atrophy in the whole or at least in the lower parts 2. From the expense of the humour through the genital parts That humour is first either seed a too great expence whereof induces an Atrophy Another kind of Tabes Dorsalis far more frequent is also twofold viz. it either ariseth from the great or too-often loss of the genital humor or from a continual corrupt flux from the genital parts 1. As to the first it is manifest by vulgar observation that the immoderate use of Venery yea involuntary efflux of the seed if it be either great or continual produce a faintness in the whole body and at length a pining away The reason of this as we have intimated in another place is not that the seed according to the opinion of some descends from the Brain through the Nerves into the spermatic bodies and from thence by reason of a great loss thereof first the Brain and then the parts all depending on the influence of the Spirits springing from thence become infirm and pine away But seeing we have sufficiently evinced that the seminal matter is immediately supplied out of the mass of blood into the genital parts and that it is altogether the same with that out of which the animal Spirits instilled into the Brain are proceated it will necessarily follow by now much the greater portion is got to the Testicles for repairing the loss of seed by so much is the Brain defrauded of its due share and therefore at length the sunction in the whole body as well motive as nutritive doth waver and diminish Our furious Whoremongers are sensible of a great debility about their Loins and the parts placed below them to wit the Thighs and Legs do chiefly wither away the reason is because as well the provision of the animal Spirits in its first spring viz. in the Brain failing the outmost chanels viz. the ends of the spinal marrow and the Nerves springing from it do suffer first and chiefly for this defect and moreover because near the Loins the arterious blood gives out to the Testicles more excellent particles and chiefly restaurative being destined to nourish the Back and in the mean time the venous blood being for that cause decayed or consumed is enfeebled and steals from the Loins as much as possibly may be The loss of the seed causing a Consumption is sometimes voluntary The losses whereof are voluntary or involuntary of which sort the salacious and prone to Venery do suffer sometimes involuntary of which affects there are divers kinds For in some it only happens by dreams or obscene phantasms but in others besides those occasions every endeavour of the Back whether through bearing a weight or excretion of Urine or the faeces of the Belly causes the genital humor to be thrust out the cause whereof is both because the seed is watry and thin and at once sharp and provocative also because the parts are weak and not able duly to digest or retain it In the other Tabes Dorsalis above-mentioned not the seed it self 2. Or Ichor flowing into those parts from solution of continuity but an ichor or a certain putrilage is cast out abundantly from the genital parts the efflux whereof if it the great and continual doth frequently impair the strength of the whole body and by withdrawing and prodigally removing the nutritive matter it induces an Atrophy or consumption For near the spermatic Vessels or in passage from them as well in men as women there are certain Emunctories placed whose faculty is to receive the superfluous humour from the seed formed and when it abounds to send it abroad through the genital parts For this cause that those passages in either Sex may be made slippery and moist lest they grow dry The formal reason of a virulent Gonorrhea and become less sensible the Prostates in men and the Glandules about the horns of the womb in women are constituted out of both which always in the act of coition and sometimes without when the spermatic bodies abound with too much moisture a certain serous liquor sweats out and in women whose bodies are more moist and in whom nature hath made these ways for their menstrual excretion this doth oftner and more plentifully happen than to men But if these Emunctories be affected with a great debility or a certain virulency so that they corrupt this liquor sent or do not retain it enough it is not only sent away incessantly and flows out plentifully through the Pudendum but also other superfluous humours or recrements of the whole body flowing together to those weak parts are thrown forth together Also the nutritious Juice destined to the neighbouring parts flows thither and presently goes out together so that at length by reason of the loss of the nutritious Juice which flowing to the same place is corrupted and continually sent away not only pains of the neighbouring parts but of the whole body and a pining doth succeed These things are commonly known in a Gonorrhoea also in fluore muliebri or those affects from an impure bed or immoderate Venery or are caused by a blow a bruise violent exercise or any other hurt inflicted upon the Loins It is not proper to this place to deliver particularly the true rendring of the cause and curatory method of healing of this sort of passions we shall proceed to treat of a Phthisis or Tabes properly so called viz. which arises from the only or chief fault of the Lungs which was the business of our design SECT I. CHAP. VI. Of a Phthisis properly so called or of a Consumption arising by fault of the Lungs A Consumption doth so frequently and usually proceed from the Lungs being depraved that some have termed it the peculiar Disease of this Bowel and that it very often so comes to pass the reason is because as we have shewed before the pining of the body doth for the most part more immediately proceed from the blood depraved and unapt for nourishment it is manifest that as its perfection is acquired in the Lungs so from these being ill-affected the same is most of all vitiated and degenerates into a languishing and corruptible state For in the Lungs rather than in the Heart or Brain the threads of life are spun and there they are oftnest defiled or broken A Phthisis is usually defined to be A pining away of the whole body The definition of a Phthisis taking its rise from an Ulcer in the Lungs But less true because I have opened the dead bodies of many that have died of this disease in whom
Cap. 1. Tab VIII part 2. ist Fig 1. Fig 2. Fig 3. THE SECOND PART OF PHARMACEVTICE RATIONALIS OR OF THE OPERATIONS OF MEDICINES IN HUMANE BODIES SECT I. Of the Medicines of the Thorax CHAP. I. Of the Organs of Breathing and their Vse IN the former Treatise having essayed to explain the reasons of every Medicine for the most part we have toucht only upon general Medicines namely which excite some Evacuation or recreate and restore the fainting Spirits or calm those which are too much raging and unquiet The Authors purpose in the present work But moreover there are many other Remedies and those of several sorts which are supposed to have respect to some peculiar part of the Body or some particular Disease and to be appropriated to those ends by a certain kind of specific virtue or operation Now as concerning both the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of these at least the chief of them viz. whether it be really so and for what reason it comes to pass to be so it seems now worthy to be inquired into And first of all we will treat of the Medicines of the Thorax viz. those that are wont to be prescribed against the Cough Phthisic Catarrh Asthma Dyspnoea and other Diseases of the Breast But since the reasons as well of these Diseases as of medicinal Operations in healing them seem very abstruse and most difficult to declare The parts of the Thorax therefore before I enter upon this task something ought to be premised about the parts themselves as well touching their uses and ordinary actions as their sicknesses or preternatural affects As to the first the parts of the Thorax are either principal as the Heart and Lungs with the Vessels appendent unto them or subservient as the Membranes and Muscles with the Diaphragma as likewise the Ribs with the Vertebra's the Pneumonic Vessels with the nervous Fibres and Glandules The consideration of the Heart and its Vessels doth not properly belong to this place because not so much the sicknesses of the Breast alone as the general sicknesses of the whole body are usually reckoned amongst its passions Whereas therefore the remedies appointed to cure the diseases of that region have special respect to the Lungs and to the other Organs of breathing serving them therefore first we will describe the fabrick and use of these parts then their diseases afterwards together with the method of cure and remedies and lastly endeavour to add the reasons of all these The substance of the Lungs was always accounted by the Ancients and mostly hitherto by modern Authors for flesh and a Parenchyma like the frame of the other bowels which notwithstanding was accounted lighter and spongeous for as much as it was apt to be distended much by air pufft in The substance of the Lungs altogether membranous and to float upon waters Moreover whereas the Lungs taken out of an Embryo look red and sink in water and the Lungs of some grown persons being boiled appear compact enough and more solid almost no man doubted but they consisted really of flesh until lately the renowned Malpighius a most diligent Searcher of Nature found those parts to be altogether excarneous and meerly membranous and therefore he judges the bulk of the Lungs if the Nerves and certain Vessels be separated with the branches of the Trachea to be a certain heap of little Bladders and those small Bladders every where stretched out and sinuous to obtain such position and knitting together that an entrance lies open into them from the Aspera Arteria and so from one into another until at length they all end in the Membrane inclosing the Lungs And truly that it is so he makes clear to sense by an Experiment For let a Lung be taken out hot and let water be so often cast by a Syringe into the Pneumatic Artery as till the whole frame appear somewhat white and almost transparent the blood being clean washed out afterward this water being squeezed out by pressing and the air let in by the Wind-pipe and pen'd in let the Lung so filled be dryed and it does not only whilst exposed to the light outwardly shew transparent little Bladders but being inwardly cut it presents a white heap of little Bladders to the eyes Besides having viewed it with a Microscope he discovered a certain wonderful Net binding and knitting together every one of those little Bladders which Net consists of the minute productions and branchings of the Artery and Vein which Vessels circulate the blood by the small and crooked passages and by the many turnings of the Pipes The most renowned man hath found out beside these little Bladders for the most part constituting the frame of the Lungs a new and more admirable furniture of this Bowel Consisting of almost infinite Lobes viz. he shews plainly the bulk of the Lungs to be blown up by almost infinite lobes girt about with their proper Membrane which being endued with common Vessels grow to the small twigs of the Aspera Arteria the insertion and situation of which kind of little Lobes are manifold as being sometimes affixt to the Basis of the Trachea sometimes to the Ribs or to its Cone also according as they end in the outward and plain superficies or in the corners of the Lungs and according as they ought to have a due position knitting and inter-spaces among themselves rightly to fill up the frame of the Lungs The little lobes out of which each lobe of the Lungs is made up in the third Table are accurately and to the life expressed Certain inter-spaces distinguish these little lobes which manifestly appear in a larger Lung or in any other half boiled which as the renowned Person hath observed are not bare cavities or empty spaces Their little branchings but they have many Membranes spreading from the little lobes some parallel some angular and are also covered with many Vessels so as these inter-spaces are certain membranous little bladders yet transparent and most thin If you lightly open in one single lobe of the Lung one of these inter-spaces with the point of a knife and shall blow into it by a small hole through a Pipe presently that whole lobe will be very much extended every interspace being pufft up and then if you bring this frame to the light the inter-spaces being made transparent do sever by great intervals every lobe very conspicuous and so every rank of the lobes will appear like a Polypody-leaf and under the same figures as Malpighius hath described and are represented in Fig. 2. of our third Table But when the little lobes are filled and extended by liquor easily congealing cast into the passages of the Trachea the appearance thereof is somewhat diverse and seems in the form of Grapes as is expressed in Fig. 1. of the same Table The Veins and Arteries every where accompany this production of the Aspera Arteria and extend themselves
of the Heart might never be overcharged with the blood impetuously rushing into it by the instinct of Nature the Fibres at the root of the Vein being contracted its course might be inverted and flow back The description of the Pneumonic Vein as to its utmost branching is in the fourth Table and third Figure To these three sorts of Vessels The Lymphaeducts added to the aforesaid Vessels wherein the air and the blood are conveighed the Lymphaeducts that carry forth a water are joined A power of these dispersed through the Lungs wait on the Arteries and Veins All the branches tending from the surface of the Lung towards its original unite into some greater trunks which being inserted into the Wind-pipe discharge thereinto the Lympha that is superfluous from the blood and nervous humour Indeed there is need of a great many of this sort of Vessels in the Lungs because seeing the blood is hottest of all here is hastily circulated and yet can exhale nothing to without by transpiration the Veins can hardly receive all the whole mass of blood from the Arteries and the Glandules contain not long what is deposited in them therefore there as need of Lymphaeducts as so many chanels whereby the superfluous humour might continually be sent off If these at any time happen to be obstructed or broken there often follows a Dropsie of the Lungs or Breast and sometimes Coughs and Phthisicks These lymphatick Vessels of the Lungs may very well be seen if in dissecting a live Dog you press the top of the Thoracick duct that nothing may be poured into the subclavian Vein for then the Lymphaeducts of the Lungs because they cannot discharge themselves into the common Receptacle now stopt and filled swell much and are very apparent If such a stoppage be made for some time in a Dog that hath eat and drunk largely a milky liquor will sweat into the Lungs out of the Thoracick duct the Valves being unlocked yea and the same liquor will pass through the Lymphaeducts placed far beneath the Reins and will render them strutted with that homour as if abounding with milk The rough delineation of the Lymphaeducts spreading themselves in the superficies of the lobe of a Lung is represented in the first Table 5. The last kind of Vessels belonging to the Lungs are the Nerves and their branches The nervous slips dispersed throughout the Lungs whereof there are many as we elsewhere intimated dispersed every where through the Lungs Heretofore doubting about the office of these we were induced to think the first force or at least instinct of breathing depended on these Nerves because otherwise we can hardly conceive after what manner the motion of the Lungs in breathing coughing laughing and other their actions should be always so exactly proportioned according to the several exigences of Nature For even as the blood doth more intensly or remisly heat and boil up within the Praecordia and as certain contents of the Trachea provoke the nervous Fibres we breathe either quicker or slower and oft-times though unwillingly we cough But besides there doth occur another and more necessary use of these Nerves for since it is manifest that the Coats of those Veins and of the Trachea are every where endued with muscular or moving Fibres by which they are contracted it is plain that the Pneumonic Nerves do convey as well plenty of spirits as inclinations of contraction to those Fibres And it is very probable from those Nerves convulsively distempered that the Palpitation of the Heart is often excited as also the Asthma and Chin cough We have some time since delivered the Anatomy or description of the Pneumonic Nerves in our Treatise of Nerves viz. pag. 311. so that there is here no need to repeat or inlarge The fivefold Vessels forementioned being mutual and many ways accompanied in their distribution as if divided into secret Groves with small bladders as in Trenches every where interwoven when they are complicated and variously woven together do constitute a fleshy web which is the very structure of the Lungs which moreover appears like a more solid Parenchyma in as much the Arteries and Veins being filled with blood are stufft up and the Vessels of the Trachea and Lymphaeducts being emptied of the air as well as water do fall together and seem to close We shall the less admire the fleshy fabrick of this Lung wove together out of meer Vessels and little Bladders if we consider the frame of the seminal Testicles to be nothing else than a heap composed of hollow filaments or spermatic Pipes woven together The description of the Nerves of the Lung and what relates to the bundle of Fibres whereof it is compact and to the spreading of its branches are described in the fifth Table The web of the Lung as above-said The Coats of the lungs whereof one is smooth and the other rough being weaved together of Vessels and little Bladders and divided according to their greater and lesser branchings into lobes and little lobes a Membrane wraps them about as a common covering Of this there are two Coats viz. one outer and fine which appears like a certain subtle texture or weaving together of nervous filaments as is apparent in most other Bowels the other more inward which is both rough and somewhat thick and consisting almost of meer ends of Vessels and little Bladders and by reason of the hollownesses every where caused from these its inward superficies resembles a Hive of Bees the forms of these are aptly enough described in the eighth Table This Membrane of two Coats blown up hath very many and large Pores insomuch that if Quick-silver be poured into the Trachial branch of one of the lesser lobes almost filling within the whole Membrane it will every where burst out from the Pores Both the arterial blood and the air beating in this Membrane as against a bank are reflected the former is brought back by the Veins into the left Venter of the Heart a certain watry part being sent away through the Lymphaeducts In the mean while the air is returned back by the same passages of the Trachea by which it flowed in For continually fresh air ought to be suckt in that it might supply nitrous Particles to the Blood to make room for which the other old air being now weak and useless must be first breathed out Because therefore both functions are to be performed within the same passages it is to be done by alternate turns first the one then the other While the air is drawn in the Lungs are blown up as if wind were forced into them and whilst the same is breathed out they fall down and are narrowly squeezed together for the benefit of excluding it and so after the manner of Bellows discharge constant changes of the Systole and Diastole Yet by what impulse and Organs it is accomplished is worth our labour here to consider Therefore upon the whole matter it is manifest by common
that a very small chink remains for the blood to pass Not long since we dissected a young man who died by reason of an ill formation of the pneumonic Vein Sometimes wax hard in whom the trunk of this vessel growing stony near the juncture to the heart did stick so close that the blood did drop into the heart only by drops or by a very little stream 2. That the passages bringing blood are often filled and stopt insomuch that the stream of blood is obstructed or straitned many anatomical instances and observations manifestly declare From thence it appears The vessels are stuffed with concretions resembling the Polypus that grumous or as it were carnous concretions of the blood do frequently so stop the ventricles of the heart and the roots of its larger vessels that the course of the stream of blood is almost entirely stopt Moreover reason perswades and experience concludes this more frequently to happen in the lesser vessels for seeing as we have even now intimated the blood emitted by Phlebotomy in Rheumatisms Peripneumonies and Pleurisies when it is cold is covered all over with a thin skin altogether of the like substance with those concreted Polypus's it plainly appears that it passes with difficulty through the passages of the lesser vessels by reason of those viscous excrements wherefore that it may pass by some means it distends them very much and sometimes breaks quite through them also it frequently unlocks their mouths and opens gaps into the Trachea insomuch that portions of the extravasated blood are by coughing frequently ejected We have known some to have died Asthmatic or short-winded whose Lungs being free from an Ulcer or any more grievous wound have swelled so much that they wanted room for their motion within the cavity of the Chest the reason whereof doubtless was that the thicker and more feculent blood for that cause not easily passing through those vessels every where extended the Arteries and Veins and caused it to stagnate in the lesser Pipes Moreover the feculencies of blood one while salt of different kinds another while sulphureous or earthly being combined with them and thrust into the small passages of the vessels and fixed there do altogether obstruct them insomuch that the pneumonic circulation of the blood is contracted into a shorter space and consequently the function of breathing is straitned in the compressed Pipes or little Cells There are many kinds and sundry ways of such an obstruction which if all or the chief should be enumerated such a Pathology would swell into a too great bulk 3. The pneumonic passage of blood is not only hindred by reason of the passages shut and obstructed but sometimes also being burst asunder For those vessels being small The blood is also hindred because the passages are burst asunder as in spitting blood or tender or very loose in some persons are frequently opened by the force or acrimony of blood so that the blood either bursting into the Trachea is ejected by spitting or heaped up in the interspaces of the passages causes a Peripneumony or falling down into the cavity of the Chest produces an Empyema Of all these we shall treat singly in the Chapter of spitting of blood 3. One impediment of the blood is want or default of air There remains as yet a third impediment of blood in the pneumonic passages which happens for the want or fault of Air. If at any time the Blood is not kindled after a due manner within the passages of the Lungs from air breathed in by the Trachea for that cause as presently its flame is irregular so likewise its motion is variously stopt or perverted for although the blood is forced through the lungs by the meer impulse of the heart notwithstanding the pulse hereof is proportioned according to the tenour of its being kindled by the air wherefore when the flame of blood is diminished or supprest for want or through the fault of the air presently the pulse proves languid or unequal and by reason of the bloods course being troubled or stopt presently a paleness and coldness succeeds wholly intercepted or frustrated because the nitrous particules are wanting presently the pulse ceases and anon life is lost The reason of all which is both because the blood being much impeded in its accension or extinct like Must given over working presently subsides and is unapt for any motion and chiefly because the flame of the blood failing and being substracted from the brain presently the Hypostasis of the animal spirits as it were light streaming from thence immediately fails and together with it the exercise or actions of all faculties do cease But if the blood is too much kindled the Sulphur of the Blood and the Nitre of the Air running together more than it ought for that cause presently that this too much burning may be eventilated enough the pulse of the heart is increased to its utmost We might adde many instances of this kind but truely this consideration of the blood leads us to the second thing proposed of Respiration hurt namely that we may duely weigh what sort of failings or defects do happen about the inspiration as well as expiration of the Nitrous air requisite for the preserving the nitral flame of blood that is to say from what causes they proceed and also what effects they are wont to produce in which search we will first treat of Inspiration hurt SECT I. CHAP. III. Of Inspiration hurt BReathing is accounted hurt Breathing hurt by the vicious qualities or defect of air when its use is frustrated or any ways hindred which most frequently happens by reason of the fault or defect of the Air drawn in As to the former if the Air chance to be depraved it neither duely kindles nor eventilates the blood yea it sometimes overthrows the temperament thereof or infects it as is every where seen in a Constitution of Air very malignant That we may touch on the chief reasons of these distempers The faults of the air we are to observe That as the Nitrous particles of Air are chiefly necessary as is manifest by manifold experiment for the preservation of life so frequently it happens that Nitre of the Air either to sail or be wholly wanting or by particles of another kind to be so much muffled or bound up that they cannot enough exercise their vital power or lastly malignant or fatal Corupscles to be adjoyned thereunto First the nitrous particles of Air are deficient if when it stagnating or growing hot the Nitre is chased thence or not stirr'd into action Wherefore in a low-roost Chamber or too close and in other places crouded with assemblies of men or made hot with the ardor of the Sun we difficultly or weakly breathe The same comes to pass in places of great height on the tops of those mountains exceeding the top of the Atmosphere wherein breath is faintly drawn for want of Nitre neither can we live long there
SECT I. CHAP. VII Of Spitting Blood HItherto of a Cough and Phthisis as well in its beginning as confirmation which are the most common affects of the Lungs and most especially dangerous Besides which there are many other diseases of those parts that do occur which when they are not at all or not seasonably enough cured for the most part degenerate into a Phthisis These passions or at least the chief of them as we have before hinted are spitting of blood an Imposthume or Ulcer of the Lungs a Peripneumony Empyema a Pleurisie a Tumor of the Lungs and obstructions by reason of things divers ways concreted viz. sometimes little Pustles and Scirrhus's another while gravel and little stones and sometimes other preternatural matter and lastly hitherto belong an Asthma and convulsive distempers of the Breast Of these we shall treat in order and first of Spitting blood The spitting of blood out of the Lungs and the ejection thereof by Cough sometimes less and almost none Spitting blood a distemper very frequent another while more violent is a distemper frequent enough and truly an admiration it is that it happens not more frequently For whereas the vessels bringing blood are divided into twigs and innumerable slips and those very small and whereas the blood even siercely boiling is violently conveyed through them all complicated after divers manners and variously intorted we can hardly conceive how the circulation thereof being so perplexed and intricate and also so impetuous should be performed without some impediment and interruption And truly we conclude it to be very difficult in living bodies because it hardly succeeds by injection in the dead for as much as liquor sent therough the entrance of the pneumonic Artery will not readily and easily return by the Veins but sticking longer in the passage and skipping over the usual passages variously runs out into the little bladders and other canals of the Trachea and into the interspaces and other various gaps of the little Lobes Concerning an Haemoptosis or spitting blood we are to consider Three things to be considered concerning it first out of what vessells and by what distemper the blood bursts out secondly in what places most frequently laid up thirdly by what means it is wont either to be ejected or brought upward that it may be discharged by the mouth As to the first we are to suppose by the Law of Circulation that the blood of it self bursting out doth altogether proceed from the Arteries for the Veins as long as they remain whole do reduce it towards the Heart and not at all pour it out although we deny not that sometimes they being hurt by a wound fall bruise or some violent accident so as to be loosned from their unity do let go the blood out of their cavities Out of what vessels the blood bursts out Nevertheless the blood most commonly causing an Haemoptoe or blood-spitting proceeds from the little mouths of the Arteries being open or torn and then the fault is wont to be either in the ill temperament of the blood or ill framing of the vessels Of either of these there are variousw kinds and differences By what sault both of the vessels and of the blood it happens which also concur after a diverse manner to provoke the spitting of blood For the blood being sometimes more thin and also sharp it unlocks or corrodes the mouths of the little Arteries and sometimes again being more thick and prone to coagulate when it cannot readily enough be received by the Veins it is extravasated By reason of these faults in the blood they who labour with the Scurvy or with a pestilent Feaver as also those who have drunk some sort of poison do srequently fall into a spitting of blood Neither is this distemper less wont to arise from the fault of the vessels in as much as those being too tender or too thin many times are burst by a violent motion as by coughing hollowing leaping or other vehement exercises or for that being too loose and moist their mouths open and suffer the blood to break out of its circulation moreover sometimes for that the Veins being contracted and wrinkled by cold do not readily pass away the blood but the same restagnating distends the little Arteries and bursts out of their mouths As to the Arteries out of which the blood breadks causing a spitting of blood What Arteries chiefly and where placed do void blood it concerns much of what sort they are and where they are placed for besides that there arise notable differences of bloody spittle according as the blood breaks out from a smaller or a greater vessel and if either of them be placed in the top of the Lungs near the Larynx or in the middle region thereof among the greater branches of the vessels or lastly in the lower region among the orbicular little bladders moreover we observe that the Arteries which use to void blood are either of the number of them Both the pneumonic and tracheal are in fault which arising out of the pulmonary Trunk do every where accompany the branches of the Trachea or of those which owning their origine to the Aorts do cover the coat of the Trachea with a thick branching For it is apparent as we have declared before from the mouths of these as also of the Glandules and unctuous humor sweats out to make the inner superficies of the Trachea slippery Spitting blood from the tracheal Arteries moreover in as much as a serous houmor distils abundantly on t of the same into the cavity of the rough Artery a Catarrh arises Wherefore we doubt not at all to affirm that even fro the mouths of these being open meer blood sometimes soaking into the Tracheal passages does propagate a bloody spittle though in quantity very small I have observed many who without a Cough or any indisposition of the Lungs have once or twice a day voided one or two bloody spittles which as often as it came upon them the Patients perceived either in the bottom of the throat or on the top of the breast a kind of distillation whence immediately by the meer contraction of the Tracheal Fibres with a Snail-like motion a little of the fluid blood being mixed throughly with flegm and not at all frothy is voided and when sometimes that distemper had lasted for many months no prejudice ensued from thence which might bring or threaten a Phthisis which would not have come to pass if any of the pneumonic Vessels had been opened 2. So much concerning Vessels voiding blood and of their divers affections 2. In what places the blood is deposited What belongs to the places wherein the extravasated blood is deposited these chiefly and almost only arew the rough Artery and the inward cavity of the parts thereof For into this as into a Jakes all the filth or superfluities of all the rest of the passages are derived by the utmost endeavours of
of small Cinnamon-water one ounce Diacodium three ounces Tincture of Saffron two drams Mix them and take one spoonfull at night if sleep be wanting Or Take Syrup of Cowslip-flowers three spoonfuls compound Poeony-water one spoonful Laudanum tartarized one dram take one spoonful if Watchings require it 3. Extinguishers of Thirst in this Disease being very thirsty Things mitigating Thirst ought frequently and in small quantities to be administred that that troublesom symptom may be restrained without much drink which is perpetually pernicious For which purpose Take of Conserve of Wood-sorrel passed through a Sieve three ounces Pulp of Tamarinds two ounces Sal Prunella one dram with a sufficient quantity of Syrup of the juice of Wood sorrel make a Lohoch of which let him lick often SECT II. CHAP. V. Of an Anasarca NOw two kinds of Dropsies viz. Ascites and Tympanie according to common reckoning being finisht although the third to wit an Anasarca for that it is an affection rather of the whole body than of the nether Belly appertains not properly to this place notwithstanding the Pathologie thereof having some affiance with the former we think sit to deliver here also its Cure in short The description of an Anasarca An Anasarca is described after this manner That it is a white soft Tumour of the whole outward Body or of some of its parts yielding to the touch and leaving a dent upon compression proceeding from a watery humour extravasated and accumulated as well within the interspaces of the Muscles as within the pores of the flesh and skin yea of the Glandules and Membranes It differs from an Ascites as to its outward form and appearance How it differs from an Ascites yet not as to its morbific matter which being the same in both distempers as it is heaped within the greater or lesser hollownesses it gains divers Appellations of the Disease The watery humour procuring an Anasarca The Original from the blood doth proceed altogether or for the most part from the blood for it being continually produced within the mass of blood by the fault and defect of sanguification it is poured out in greater abundance from the extremities of the Arteries than can be received or brought back by the Veins or the Lymphaducts or can be discharged by the Reins or pores of the skin and other vents of the serous Juice From these it follows that the material cause of this Disease is a watery humour The material and efficient cause and the efficient is blood which engenders waters and deposits them in the places affected We will exactly weigh the reasons of either of them and the manner of becoming and effecting it and first we will treat of the efficient Cause of an Anasarca 1. The affection of the Blood or rather the Hydropical brood The Blood its efficient cause in a double respect consists in these two things to wit First by reason of a failure or fault of sanguification it doth not rightly assimilate the nutritious Juice perpetually infused into its mass but suffers it to degenerate into a watery humour Then secondly by reason of the too loose mixture thereof it doth not retain that humour so degenerated so long within its consistence untill it might be discharg'd through fit Emunctories or Emissaries but lets it out every where near to the ends of the Arteries into the inter-spaces of the Vessels and there leaves it Either of these vices of the Blood we will consider a little more In the first place as to the former for the most part it is confessed by all First that it doth not rightly sanguifie that the Blood it self and not the Heart or Liver sanguifies by what of late is plainly understood concerning the functions of these parts yet by what means the Blood assimilates Chyle infused to it self and converts it into fresh blood to be bestowed to so many and diverse sorts of uses doth not easily lie manifest to us But what some affirm that it is made only by the exact comminution and commixtion of particles and for that cause the particles of either kinde being confused together they think that within the straiter passages of the Liver and Lungs they are kneaded and wrought together as it were with little pestils seems little probable to me but on the contrary I think these bowels as I have shewed already are constituted the Organs rather of separation than of mixture The reason whereof enquired into but the reason of sanguification altogether consists in this that the active particles of the old blood to wit the saline and sulphureous being placed in vigour with the spirituous immediately act upon the like particles of the infused Chyle as yet existing in an inferiour state and do so stir them up and ferment them that thereupon being extricated from the coverings of the thicker parts they are carryed into a like degree of exaltation or perfection with the former and being at length associated with them and made also homogeneous they put on the same nature of Blood the more thick and heterogeneous particles being removed thence to another place from those which they had deserted and gone away from For truly Sanguification is altogether finisht by Fermentation even as the maturation of the Must into Wine or Ale but the reason of the difference is that Wine being shut up in the Tub still remaining entirely in the same Mass is flowly fermented as to its whole consistence and is not accomplished but in a long space of time but the Blood constituted in a perpetual flux by the loss of some parts and the reparation of others is fermented by the parts still received fresh and is generated anew The old Blood for the most part affords the same thing towards the fresh Chyle The reason and manner of sanguification explained as Ferment from the flower or faeces of old Ale being put into new Ale notwithstanding as it were by a contrary manner because the huge mass of blood being formerly fermented doth suddenly ferment and alter the small portions of the Chyle continually brought in but the fermenting liquor in Ale in a very little quantity is put to the great mass of the other liquor to be fermented which it brings not to maturity under a long space of time After the rudiments of blood are so cast by fermentation the conclusion and perfect assimilation into blood is acquired by accension for surely that it is so enkindled as I think I have formerly shewed by demonstration which arguments chiefly taken from its proper passion although many have cavil'd at none have been yet able to overthrow Wherefore while the whole mass of blood consists of Blood and Chyle confusedly mixt together it is fermented while it is circulating andbeing divided into most minute portions is spread through the whole Lungs that it might be kindled successively according to all its parts by the nitrous air suckt in for by that means both the
to wit Curatory Vital and Preservatory the two former respect immediately the symptom to be stopt as often as it shall be urgent and the last is busie about removing the Cause of the Disease that so the assaults of the Hemorrnage may be small or not at all Besides an Hemorrhage ought to be handled one way without a Feaver and after a different manner if pressed with a Feaver Therefore whensoever without a feaver much blood shall flow out of the Nose The Curatory Indication suggests three intentions of healing presently as there shall be need of stopping Remedies there will be three chief intentions of Curing all being together assumed into practice viz. Let the turgescency of blood be bridled that it may be less disposed into inordinate tendencies Moreover in like manner let it be endeavoured that as well its fluxion being withdrawn from the Nostrils may be diverted to another place as that the mouths of the Vessels gaping within the Nostrils be shut for which purpose Remedies as well external as internal very many and of diverse kinds are wont to be exhibited of the former we will entreat in order briefly First therefore let the Patient be quiet plac'd with his head upright Outward remedies to stop the flux of blood then let many of the Joints of his Arms and Thighs but not all be bound with strait Ligatures which ought now and then to be loosened and removed to other parts for all being bound together and long by reason of the blood being held in the outward parts 1. Ligatures and too much detained from the heart hath caused most dreadful swoundings but otherwise this Remedy being prudently administred frequently helps For when the blood by this means running into the members by the Arteries is stopt that it presently returns not by the veins it s more impetuous spreading it self into the head is impeded Moreover by the painfull Ligatures of the Joints the muscular Fibres of the Carotides Arteries are preserved from Cramps which oftentimes come upon them Secondly For diverting the tendency of blood from the Nostrils 2. Bleeding it is sometimes expedient to breath a Vein in the Arm or in the Foot For by how much more blood is carryed by the Arteries to the vein cut by so much less will the afflux be towards the Nostrils Yet this administration does not always so help but sometimes a contrary effect thereof happens as we have already observed in spitting blood The reason whereof is that the vessels being suddenly and not sufficiently emptyed suck up again the disagreeable humours formerly ejected and stagnating within the pores whereby the blood incontinently is stirred up into a greater eruptive turgescency Thirdly Cold things applyed to the Forehead and Temples 3. Application of cold things also to the Nape of the Neck where the vertebral Arteries ascend cause the vessels to be bound together and the flux of blood to be somewhat stopt or repelled Notwithstanding it is ill which some advise that cooling Topicks be applyed to the Jugular Veins for so the blood being retarded in its recourse flows the more plentifully out of the Nostrils Moreover what is usual to apply linty Cloaths or a Spunge moistened with Vinegar to the Pubes and Testicles helps by no other means than the ligature of the members to wit inasmuch as the flowing back of the venous Blood is impeded A sudden and unexpected sprinkling of cold water on the face frequently stops an Haemorrhage inasmuch as it gives an impression of terror Fourthly Cupping-glasses applyed upon the Hypochondres Flanches 4. Cupping-glasses inner part of the Thighs and the soles of the feet are accounted a famous remedy as well with the ancient as with modern Physitians for diverting a tendency of the blood from the Nostrils And the reason is plain viz. because a Cupping-glass being put on the impulse of air being prohibited by the space of the orifice and encreased every where about presently the blood and humours yea and vapours and solid parts being call'd from any other tendency are driven towards the empty space of the Glass Fifthly 5. Frictions Rubbing of the extream parts are commended in this distemper by some Practitioners which we judge not always useful nay scarce safe because although they solicit a greater appulse of the blood to the feet or hands yet they so hasten the return thereof that the whole mass of blood being raised into an effervescence it hazards a more violent tendency towards the Nostrils Sixthly Zacutus Lusitanus among his revulsory Remedies 6. Cauteries propounds an actual Cautery to be applyed to the sole of either foot and Crato the bending the little finger of the same side which because done with no trouble we may try but we advise not so of the former unless the way of helping were more certain which might compensate the pain and lameness that would ensue thereon Seventhly Swounding raised by any means presently stops an Haemorrhage 7. Faintings however contumacious it be wherefore when such bleeding persons are taken out of their beds or when they do timorously admit of Phlebotomie though but sparingly or have their members bound for a longer time or are suddenly affrighted with some feigned rumour or by some other occasion fall into a swouning or fainting of the spirits the flux of blood ceases thereon presently The reason whereof is evident enough for that as soon as the motion of the heart fails presently the blood and spirits rush thither and so every outward flux is stopt on a sudden and what was immoderate before doth not again return Eighthly Remedies by Sympathy and Antipathy In the last place for repressing the flux of blood from the Nostrils Remedies ought to be recited which are said to operate after an occult manner by Sympathy or Antipathy 1. Sympathetick powder 2. Young Ashwood of which sort first is the sympathetick powder made of Roman Vitriol calcin'd to a whiteness by the Summer Sun also a piece of wood cut from a young Ash first sprouting about the time the Sun enters Taurus the efficacy of which remedy in the late Civil Wars many worthy of credit attest to have been approved for stopping the Hemorrhages of wounded Souldiers Yea some still with much confidence prescribe it in all eruptions of blood I confess the reasons of effects of this kind are concealed from me if so be they happen often Besides it seems not a less Empirical and irrational Remedy that a silk Bag with a dry Toad in it 3. A dry Toad worn on the pit of the Stomach stops any kind of Hemorrhage and prevents its return unless according to the Aetiology of Helmontius that the application terrifying the Archaus compells the blood being astonish'd either to go back or desist from its inordinate excursion There remain very many famous Medicines whose Operations are wont to be referred to hidden Causes and secret vertue 4. A Blood-stone 5. Mosse as
are Necklaces of Blood-stone hung about the Neck also the moss of a humane Skull carryed in the hand Epithemes of the leaves of Nettles bruised and applyed to the soles of the feet and the Palms of the hands the Empirical administrations of which kind when they may be administred without trouble or cost we make no refusal of since in a dangerous case every thing is to be attempted and applications of that sort do help sometimes in respect that they fortifie the imagination of the patient While such like outward Administrations are used Topicks closing the mouths of the Vessels for repressing or calling aside the flux of blood out of the Nostrils also other Topicks are put up into the Nostrils which may shut the gaping mouths of the vessels for which use the injections of liquid things Pledgets Powders to be blown in and Fumes are wont to be prescribed which not helping in the last place we descend to Escharoticks Ninthly 6. Escharoticks The injection of Vitriol water Among Liquids not only first but as good as all others is esteemed the solution of Vitriol in Fountain-water Some boast this for a great secret and a most certain Remedy Indeed the same being applyed to a fresh wound forasmuch as it shuts the ends of the cut vessels by wrinkling them up it restrains and presently stops the flux of blood But that application in Hemorrhages of the Nostrils where the blood being brought to the gaping mouths of the little Arteries ought to be received by the Veins in regard it shuts them as well or rather than those it succeeds little and sometimes not at all as I have known it frequently experimented This Medicine is prepared of Green Vitriol viz. of Hungary or of our Countrey also of the fictitious Vitriol of Mars dissolved in a sufficient quantity of Spring-water I know some commend the solution of Roman Vitriol which they not only apply by injection but also to a linnen cloath dipt in the blood are wont to administer it sympathetically Moreover the water of the infusion of white Vitriol prepared with Bole and Camphire I have known to be used successefully as well in wounds as often in other Hemorrhagies Tenthly 10. Pledgets Since water cast into the Nostrils doth not adhere enough to the mouths of the Vessels but is washed away by the breaking out of the blood before it can exert its Virtue it is therefore more expedient either that a Styptick powder be blown in or that a Pledget dipt in the water of Vitriol either by it self or strewed with an astringent powder be thrust into the upper part of the Nostril For this purpose many and several kinds of styptick powders have been prescribed I have frequently used either Crocus Martis calcin'd to the highest redness or the powder of Camphorated Vitriol or the vitriolic Soot scrap't from the bottom of an old Brass Pot the powder whereof I have often used with success in this case In obstinate Hemorrhagies not yielding to other remedies let Pledgets whose tops are dipt in Caustick Colcothar be put up deep into the Nostrils that the mouths of the Vessels being burnt and covered with an Eschar all flux of blood may be presently stopt Many other Errhines to stop bleeding are accounted famous with Practitioners Hogs-dung as Hogs-dung thrust into the Nostrils which by the meer ill savour is thought to repell the blood also the smoak of Blood dropping on hot Iron Burnt Blood repercuss'd into the Nose the Powder being burnt is also taken inwardly The moss of a humane Skull unburied put into the Nostrils is commended by many for this effect but these latter applications ought to be referred to the sympathetick Aetiologie if they avail any thing These things concerning outward Remedies stopping blood the vertue and efficacy of which ought at the same time to be promoted by intern Remedies seasonably exhibited and cooperating Therefore a slender Diet being instituted Inward Remedyes whereof are two intentions and the Patient ordered to keep himself in an upright posture or not much supine while the aforesaid Administrations are orderly administred medicines appropriated to the same end are also prescribed to be taken inwardly There will be two scopes of Remedies of this sort viz. 1. That the effervescency of Blood whether incentive or fermentative being suppressed the liquor thereof being restrained within the vessels may pleasingly circulate 2. That the more impetuous motion of the heart driving about the blood too rapidly may be dedpressed by apt Sufflamina's 1. 1. Things appeasing the effervescency of the blood The first Intention requires Medicines that suppress the too much kindling of the blood and appease the undue fermentation thereof for which intents I usually prescribe the ensuing Remedies Take of the water of Plantane red Poppy Purslain and frog-Spawn Juleps of each four ounces Syrup of water-Lillies two ounces Sal Prunella one dram mix them for a Julep the dose three ounces three or four times a day Take Barly-water two pound Red-rose leaves one handfull Tinctures Spirit of Vitriol what suffices to make it gratefull or about half a dram make an Infusion warm for extracting the Tincture adde Syrup of St. John ' s-wort two ounces the dose three or four ounces as oft as they please day or night Take leaves of stinging Nettles of Plantane of each three handfuls pour upon them being bruised Plantane-water 6 ounces press them strongly let the strained liquor be taken 2. For the second Intention to wit 2. Intention to cool the motion of the Heart for the cooling of the heart too vehemently beating Hypnoticks and Opiates are convenient Take water of red Poppies three ounces Is done by Hypnoticks Syrup of Diacodium half an ounce make a draught to take at night Or Take Conserve of red Roses an ounce and a half Powder of Henbane and white Poppy-seeds of each two drams Syrup of Poppyes enough to make an Opiate The dose the quantity of a Nutmeg every six or eight hours Take of Laudanum Cydoniatum one dram the dose fifteen drops twice a day in a convenient Vehicle These things touching an immoderate Hemorrhage and the Remedies thereof Of a Hemorrhage in a malignant Feaver when it happens without a Feaver but that which coming in a feaver ought to be stopt in regard of the too great loss of Blood is either Critical making an immoderate excursion by reason of some accident for which the Method and Medicines even now prescribed with caution and respect had to the Feaver may be accommodated or meerly Symptomatical which being excited in a malignant and Spotted Feaver Small-pox Measles or the Plague neither scarcely can nor ought to be stopt with the Remedies above recited For letting of blood is not convenient repelling Topicks also cooling Juleps or Decoctions and Narcoticks have no place here The chief intention of Healing will be to change the Hemorrhage into Sweating for a gentle Sweat