they are as sawed none that have horns do either stick out or are sawed but in all these they are hollow in others solidly fixt they are in apes as in men In those that chew the cud in the lion and the dog they are various or interchanged In Swine they never fall out The Tongue in Crocodiles cleaveth wholly fast in Lions and Catts it is very rough and sharp like a file In the Elephant especially broad The Ribs in Swine are ten in horned beasts thirteen The Heart in all of them is in the middle of the breast In that of horses oxen and harts are bones found It is proportionably the greatest in mice hares rabbets deer hyaena's and in all beasts that through timidity become mischievous The Lung is in the Tortoise without bloud In the Chamaeleon 't is according to proportion the greatest and nothing else within The Belly in those that are whole-hoofd is rough and hard in some of the Land-beasts it hath a sharpness as of teeth in others toothed yet like a lattise Touching the bellies of those that chew the cud we have spoken in the second book The Spleen in round in the double-hoof'd horn'd beasts drawn out long-ways in those that have many claws very long in those that are whole-hoof'd the lest in the cattel that are in the region of Asia which is called Scepsis All they which generate a living creature have Reins of those which bring forth eggs onely the Tortoise None of those that bring forth eggs except the Tortoise have a Bladder also none save those that have a bloudy lung and none of them that want feet Concerning the Fat and Tallow it is observed the Horned Beasts which are toothed but on one side and which have pastern-bones in their feet abound with tallow the double-hoof'd and those that have their feet slit into toes and are not horned with fat The tallow is congealed together and when it is cold it's brittle and is always in the end of the flesh On the contrary the fat is between the flesh and the skin moistened with juice Some grow not fat all that are fat are more barren The Marrow in young beasts is reddish and in those of old age it grows white this is onely in hollow bones neither is it in the thighs or shanks of labouring cattell or dogs it abounds in those that are fat it is like tallow in the horned beasts in Bears there is none in the Lion among the bones of his thighs and arms very little And so much of the parts Nature hath designed the earth as the Place for most of them and the water to a few of them as to the Crocodile the Sea-horse the Castor the Sea-tortoise Some of these and the other have certain dens or lurking places some dwell among the trees You may find some in a cold others in a hot climate some things in the same soil are denied to some of them In Cilicia others read Lycia the Bucks and Does pass not over the mountains that border on the Syrians the wild Asses go not over the mountain that divides Cappadocia from Cilicia On the coast by Hellespont the Harts do not go to and fro to other territories and about Argenusa they do not go beyond that lofty mountain In the Island Pordoselene or Poroselene the weasels run not over the way the Moles of Baeotia brought over into Lebadia avoid the very soil which yet in Orchomenus which is close by do root up whole fields The Hares brought over into Ithaca die and that upon the uttermost shores in Ebusus there are no Rabbets Among the Cyrenians they have had frogs that were dumb but the kind of those Croakers brought out of the Continent continues still In Olympus a mountain of Macedonia are no Wolvs nor in the Island Creta now Candia 'T is more wonderful that there are no Harts in that Island except in the region of Cydon In Africa are neither wild Boars nor Harts nor Goats 'T is likewise in vain to look for an uniformity in their Food Oxen or kine Harts Horses Swine feed on herbs and fruits the lower sort whereof is the food of Sheep the higher as branches and twigs of Goats Wolvs Lions and Dogs delight in flesh Beavers and Catts in fish The Chamaeleon in flies Some chaw their victuals some not You may perhaps rightly reckon the Apes and Monkeys among those that eat all things It is believed that the Bear lives in his dens in the winter out of that humour or moisture which he sucks out of his fore-feet which then swell Touching their Generation take this That Some bring forth without copulation as the Mice in Egypt after the running back of the Nile Those that admit of copulation do it most in autumn summer or the spring the Bulls and Bears do it with raging violence the Dogs not The greatest number bring forth their young alive the Tortoises Crocodiles Lizards c eggs I learn from Resendus that Mares in Portugal conceive a mole lump of unshapen flesh from wind and from Others that Cows being big do carry their young onely on the right side of the womb even when they carry twins Their time of Going with young wonderfully varies The Wolf goes a moneth or at the utmost XL. days the Dog Bitch nine weeks the Sow four moneths the Goat five the Sheep about six the Cow ten the Horse eleven The same variety must you understand of the number of their young the Mule as is believed never brings forth the Wolf but once in it's life the Hare brings forth abundantly Of their Augmentation it may suffice to say that the Whole-hoof'd and Two-hoof'd are greater than they that have claws or fingers except the Rhinoceros the Camel the Sea-horse c. and they differ in greatness from the those of the same kind according to their places In the Region of Camadu the Rams are not less than the Asses About Taprobane the Tortoises are so great that they weigh CIII pounds the Lizards in Ethiopia are eight Cubits long Some of them have a long Others a short Life Hares and Cats attain onely to the seventh year the Ram and the Goat seldom to the tenth the Sow arrives at the twentieth the Dog somtimes at the same the Cow scarce exceeds sixteen Horses the male-kind somtimes reach the thirtieth year yea the seventy fifth year as we read in Pliny 'T is evident from the monuments of the Athenians that a Mule hath lived eighty years and that the Harts have lived a hundred years you may find in History Unto the Animal Actions appertain the external and internal senses their appetites and their faculties of removing from place to place The Bucks and Does and Lynx excell in sight the Hyenae and Cats see by night the Moles little or nothing the Hares are quick of hearing Camels Harts and Lybian Mares are delighted with the musick of the pipe
saws some single The utmost above stand more inward then the rest by much Under the skin are sinewy small veins stretched out answering all the ribs in number and order the ribs are fourteen No membrane fleshly The muscles of the paunch are between the two tunicles of the rim which makes it seeme thicker and grosser as the horny-film of an Ox-ey fleshy in length by that line that answers the navell but not abroad and onely below The kell fastened to the stomack entralls and milt the milt very small hanging on the left side of the stomack and a part of the kell fastened to it The stomack bigger then ordinary for such a small body consisting of a doubled coat the outmost whiter the inmost smoother both thin The guts fastened behind to the back-bone by a thin skin No blind gut all uniforme The bladder very long thin but inclining more to the stomack The liver of seven films the weakest three-parted like a chicken-foot the middle three-cornerd annexed to the hollow vein a litle way by a thin skin The right Rein is higher The left Emulgens longer then the right both sprouting from the great artery not from the hollow-vein Yet I doubt of it By the hollow-vain are here and there reddish and yellow kernells the uppermost on the right side joyns to the liver by small veins The hollow vein sends many sprigs through the loyn-space of muscles to the back bone and the great artery lies under the hollow The seed-vessels descend from the midst of the reins but are parted in two on either side below one branch joyned to the stone reaching without the paunch The yard arising from strings of os sacrum is griâ—tly and hard as a bone writhed at top like an wimble-skind close sharp as a needle The right uritory sit higher into the bladder then the left a fine sinew comes strait down tied to the right side sit into the beginning of the hollow vein Also a small sinew on the left-side descends to the stomacks-mouth The hollow-vein is set into the right ventricle of the heart neare the right lappet which is black and full of blood and greater then the left this is white and bloodles hollow spreading on the right side into the lungs The great artery is set into the hearts left ventricle bending downward The hollow vain on the right passing a little above the lungs-branches it self into six springs rising to the lower jaw On the right side the lungs consist of foure lesser veins on the left of two greater They are most in the North and in the German-Alps Southward and toward Italy They inhabite the roofs of greater houses and beech and firre-woods A Boor told Gesner that in a very high firre-tree he tooke a Mattern and foure welps France hath no such Out of Poland are some brought of a slight dusk-colour Beside other Weezels-food they are said to eat shrubs their dung smels like Musk they are easily tamed Gesner had one that loved his dog that went about with him let loose shee would come to the chaine again and play with him like a cat lying on the back But there is no trusting them therefore some advise to take out their dog-teeth The skin is of use that under the throat makes caps good and wholsome for the head In Canada the women shew their babes in them There are two kinds one tamer of a dark yellow except a white part of the throat which curriers and skinners call Faina Bodies like a cat a litle longer and shorter legged It rooms about the country kills Hens and sucks their egs The other is wilde of a brighter and softer hair and a clay-coloured throat Some inhabite Beech and Oake and Holm-woods some pitch and firre-woods About the Bregantine Lake they shine by night The Zibelline Weezel or Satherius or Sebalus or the Sarmatick and Scythian-Mouse is somewhat lesse then the Mattern of a dark yellow all over except the throat which is ash-coloured Found in the North in the utmost woods of Moscovia in Lithuania white-Russia and neare the Cronion-Sea and in Laucerusa a wood of Scandinavia The Tartars and Laplanders send the best skins The Guinee story tells of store in a Province of Congo they lurke in shady Forrests and catch birds They are very nimble and restles It is said that if you lay the skin under other cloathes in a chest-bottome in three dayes it shall be found uppermost Handle them yet they remain even The long-haired and inclining to black are the best skins You spoyl them if you lay them in the Sun To keep them from the moth shake them oft and lay them up wrapped in wormwood they are very costly Agricola saw fourty sold for a thousand crowns Ambrosine a halfe sleeve trim'd therewith worth foure hundred pound of Bonony-money They of Obdoria offer this Mus-cats-skins to their Idol called Zlata Baba The great Cham of Tartary his Tents are said to be lined with them CHAPTER XII Of the Genetta and the Zibethus or Civet-Cat SOme conceive that Genetta being a Spanish name borrows the name from some place there Others call it a Spanish or Genet-Cat Some a lesser Panther The Oppians suppose it to be a lesser Wolf The whole body is handsomely marked with black spots The whole skin is of a soft and thick hair and downy breathing forth a not unacceptable sent It is found in Spain in waterish places where it seeks the food A winter halfe-sleeve furred therewith is sold for 25 nay 30 pound Bononian mony The Zibet unknown perhaps to the ancients is by the Greeks called Zapetion by others a Zibet-Cat or a Civet-cat a kind of Panther which the ancients thought the only well-sented beast this is thought the same with the Hyena of old It is armed with sharp teeth and hair An arme long from head to dock the legs to the feet a third part of an armes length Hee is about the bignes of a fox coloured like a wolf but black-spotted Hee carries a bag about his privities wherein lies the Civet that is so fragrant Hee hath a wide mouth like the Badger the tongue not quite so rough as a cats They are found in Pegu Congo China Cambaja and in the Ethiopian woods Brought also out of Egypt where they breed plentifully and out of Spain into Italy Hee loves raw flesh and field-mice Cardinal Galeotto feeds them at Rome with chicken-flesh In China hee eats sweet-meats and rice and egs and the sweet wood called Camaron if that be the beast Pigafetta mentions in his journall Scaliger hath seen them so tame at Rome and Mantua that men carry them harmlesly on their shoulders A Florentine Consul at Alexandria had one so gentle that hee played with men taking them by the nose ear lips teeth and did them no harm Ever fed from the first it was with womans breast-milk The sweet excrement lurking as afore is
his shape The horns are black and to be seen in most libraries like a swords blade at top diverse according to their age both in length bredth and number of knobs Wee give you here the images of two of them But Aldrovand himself durst define whether they are Indian Asses horns or no. But since the Aethiops called Sili used them for weapons against the Struthiophagi or Estridge-eaters and they are very hand and beamy long sharp-pointed and hollow they seeme to belong to the Oryx The Egyptians fain many things of him that they know when the Dog-star arises and then cry out that they gaze on the star and adored it like a God whether by a peculiar sympathy or that they know cold weather is past which they cannot well endure He seems to despise the Sun and Moon they dung against the rising Sun and never drink Columella and Martial mention the Orus but I beleeve it is not the same with this The later calls him Cavage the former reckons him among the beasts kept in warrens or parks for food Hee is said by Oppian to be wild a great foe to wild beasts and milke white So different are the relations about the Orus which must be a double kind one fearfull the other fierce Some in India are said to have four horns Ambr. Paréus T. 1. l. 5. c. 5. mentions a wild beast in some Island of the Red-sea called by the Arabs Kademotha by the inhabitants called Parasoupi as great as a mule and headed alike haired like a Beare but not so dark-coloured but yellowish footed like the Hart having two lofty horns but not beamed akin to the Unicorns horn The natives being bitten by any venomous beast are cured forthwith by drinking the water wherein the horn hath lien soaking certain dayes ARTICLE VII Of the Hart or Deer THe Latine name Cervus is taken from the Greek Kerata horns The Greeks give him very many names as Elaphos because of his nimblenesse or his delight to be about lakes or waters or because he drives away the serpent with the smell of his horn who rubs it on purpose against a stone to raise the sent and Beirix Bredos c. The Hinds first fawning they call Ptookas that is Procas the Calf or Fawn Nebros c. The Deer or Hart is cloven-footed tong-hoofed soft-haired and hollow within if you beleeve Junius which makes him swim well He is light coloured sandy reddish yet there are white ones as Sertorius his Hind which as he perswaded the Spaniards was propheticall No beast carries greater horns The Hind hath none ordinarily though some have been seen horned by Maximilian the Emperor and by Scaliger The Fawn of a year old hath beginnings of horns budding short and rough The second year he is called a pricket and hath plain horns called spellers or pipers The third year he is a sorell his horns branching once and sox increase to the sixt year Wee say there are in a stages head the Burre or round roll next the head then the Beam or main horn then the Browanteliers next above the Bezanteliers next the royall above the surroyall top In a Bucks head are Burre Beam Braunch Advancers Palm Spellers The fourth year the Buck is a Sore the fifth year a Buck of the first head the sixt he is a Buck or great Buck. But the branching is very different William Duke of Bavaria hath two each horn hath one and twenty branches Albertus speaks of eleven such in Germany Aemilian saw in the Duke of Ferrara his store-house a Hart little lesse then a Horse and so branched as the German heads At Antwerp is one with 15 branches Other hornes are hollow except at top the Harts solied throughout others cleave to the bone the Harts sprout onely out of the skin No beast casts the horns so as hee The horn is as firme and hard as a stone growing old it is lighter especially in the open air and sometimes moyst and dry again Gesner hath observed in a grown Hart at top of the horn two three or five branches and the beame six fingers broad beside the antlers and spellers below and he hath marked between the brain-pan and the horns litle bones or double-bony knobs about two fingers long smooth and the shorter the older the Hart is Wee English divide the Deer into red and fallow Deer among the red wee call the male a Stag the shee an Hind the young Calves among the fâ—llow Deer wee call the hee a Buck the shee a Doe the young Fawns And they all differ in hornes and in some they are grown together Gesner saith he hath seen a Stags-speller of 9 inches and of one of three years old with the speller of 18 inches Those wee have mentioned are smooth white not rugged They cast their horns yearly at a certain time in the Spring One hath been taken in whose horn green Ivy grew It is said that if you gueled them their horns fade away Their face is fleshy the nose flat the neck long the nostrils fourefold and with as many passages their musles slender and weake the ears as cut and parted as no other beasts have They that are about Argenusa on the hill Elapsus they have foure teeth on each side both below grinders and besides two other above greater in the male then the female they bend all downward and seeme bent They have all live-worms in the head bred under the tongue in a hollow of a turning joynt that joyns the neck to the head others as great bred in the flesh at least â—0 some have seen more and severed though some have none Some say Wasps are bred within theirs eye-bone and fly out thence The blood is like water having no strings but is curdled as many have observed with Baldus Angelus The eyes are great the heart as great as uses to be in all timerous creatures Divers write diversly of a stone in the corner of the eye called Belzahart or Bezaar Scaliger denies it that there is any stone there till the Deere be an 100 years old and then it begins to grow and waxes harder then a horn swelling out of the bones and over the face where it bunches out it is round and shining yellow and streaked with black so light that it scarce abides the touch you may see it withdrawn it self Scribonius calls it the eye-filth Almost in all Deers hearts are found bones the greater in the older sometimes shaped like a crosse interfering I have seen them saith Iordanus as big as a pigeons egg and framed of plates and which is pleasant to see break them and you find a bone in the midst like the other heart-bones about which those shells clings the heat of the heart ingenders them They are found from the midst of August to the middle of September Brasavolus calls it a sinew
not round like the Leopards the foot cloven like the oxes The upper-lip hangs far over the lower The tayl is thin and small hairy at top He hath a mane like a horse reaching from the back to the top of his head He seems to halt as he goes now on the right side anone on the left but on legs and sides wagling and when he would either eat or drink any thing from the ground hee straddles wide afore and bends his legs otherwise he cannot eat His tongue is two foot long of a darke violet-colour round as an eel wherewith he licks in boughs leaves grasse nimbly and even undiscernally Purchas out of Fernando the Jesuite writes that he is so vast and tall that a man on horseback can passe under his belly he is found in Africa among the Troglodites and in Ethiopia Caesar the Dictator made them first a part of his Shew at Rome After him Gordianus shewed 10. Aurelia also led some of them in Triumph The Ethiops presented one to Leo the Emperor A Sultan of Babilon another to Frederick and another Sultan another to Laurence de Medices His keeper can easily lead him with a head-stall as he list The Jews might not eat of them whence perhaps they come to abound so in Judaea CHAPTER IV. Of the foure-footed Beasts that chevv not the Cud. ARTICLE I. Of the Swine THe Latines give the Swine five names Sus Porcus Scropha Verres Majalis in English the Sow the Hog the Barrow-hog the Boar. Sus the Sow in Greeke Us common also to the Boar. Of old called Thysus from Thyein to sacrifice since a Swine in the rites of Ceres was offered and in entring covenant and in Hetruria at marriages by the new-wedded couple The like did the ancient Latines and Greeks in Italy for the women the nurses chiefly called the female nature Choiron which signifies a swine and one that deserves a good marriage Porcus a porke from Spurcus wallowing in the mire The Sabines Poridus the name they give brawn Scropha is a Sow that hath of◠had pigs Verres is the Boar or Boar-pig Majalis is as the gelding among horses or the capon among pullen Hybridae were of old swine half wild or ingendred tween a tame and a wild Wee shall in brief describe the Swine it being so well knowen in the Bones is not much marrow The hairs are stiff and bristly thicker then the Oxes and Elephants amongst us for the most part yellow In France and Italy black most are party-coloured if you observe them well The fat lies betweene the skinne and the muscles called Lard the grease is old or salted or simple The brain is fattish and decreases in the waining of the Moone more then any other beasts The eyes are hollow and sunk not to be taken out without hazard of life no not one onely The eye-brows move downwards toward the nose and are drawn backward toward the temples The tip of the nose is thick the forehead narrow the lips broad the mouth stretched out and broad to root withall called the snout The Sow hath fewer teeth and never sheds them the neck-skin is toughest The Sows hearts are inarticulate In the ears is a moysture like gall of the thicknesse of that of the spleen The stomack is large and winding In the liver are white stones The flesh below the navell is without bone The Sow hath many paps on a double row having many Pigs to suckle the best twelf the common ones two lesse Of their genitals see Aristotle Their tayl is crooked they have no ancle and are a middle-kinde between the whole and cloven-footed They have ten ribs The Sow hath circular gristles whereof read Severinus In the small guts of one he hath seen two wormes one a palme another a finger long both hollow and full of white juice as chile or first milk both shaped like an earth-worme Learn hence how worms breed in and cleave to our bowels The thin skin of the Sow is of the same colour with the hair He anatomized a Sowes belly and found in the utmost ends certain thin skins wherein it seems were preserved the superfluities of dregs and pisse The navel-vein is parted near the womb the navel-vessels first bend toward the left pinion then encompassing the neck croswise they lead back toward the right leg In the Birth almost all the bowels are conspicuous the Liver Stomack Bowels Milt Reins Mid-rif Heart Lungs The heart whitish the Lungs liver-coloured the Liver dark-red the Reins great according to the proportion of the vein appearing by the right forefeet but more by the hinderfeet the throat veins that ascend to the head are of the shape of a lambda λ In a perfect shaped pig the breast laid open by two crosse-sections you see two sinews that passing through the throat and cleaving to the heart-skin descend directly through the sides of the heart to the mid-rif by whose sinewy-ringlet they are fastned through two or three branches or sprigs whence passeth another to the upper-mouth of the stomack Here perceive you plainly the severing of the axillary vein and the thymiaean The lappets of the heart are hollow divided from the forepart of the heart conjoyned behind The passage of the urine from the bottom of the bladder after two fingers bredth is set into the arteries At the end of the yard is a round kernel and two in the neck of the bladder c. In the Stomack is a slimy juice like bird-lime or the white of an egg in the bowels another like thin hony A vain unparallel'd runs along the back-bone branching toward the severall ribs Swine are found every where among us In Strabo his time Gual was so full of them that they furnished Rome the best came pickled thither from Lions So good were at Syracuse that Sicilian-cheese and Syracusan-porke grew into a proverb Solinus saith there are none in Arabian Aelian that there are none in India and if brought thither they dy In the Southland there are none of the four-footed beasts that are in our world except Buffles Cows Goats and Hogs Swine eat all things plants fruits roots acorns chestnuts dates grane bran what not Beech-acorns make Sows lively and pork light of digestion the Holmed-acorns make them well trussed and weighty and plump the Oken ones well spread large and heavy Fast flesh but hard comes from Mast. Holmberries are best given a few at once Acorns from the Esculus the Oke the Cork make light spungy pork The Haliphlaei give them acorns only when they want other food Pliny among chestnuts commends those with a stony shell In Egypt Cyprus Syria and Seleucia in Assiria they are fatned with dates The Ash-fruit also fattens them Dry Cytisus is commended by Aristomachus the Athenian Scalions they eat in Bavaria Wild rape also have leaves like a violet sharp a white root not without milk Henbane makes
forefeet and a spur the yard long and stretched out His chief strength lies in the tail-bone a pill whereof made of the dust as bigge as a birds-head and put into the eare asswages eare-paine and takes away tingling and thicknes of hearing as it is said but it is knowen to give certain ease I adde the craft of the Chirquinchus they that have seene it and report that when it raines he lies on his back gathers water on his soft belly that lies between the plates and remaines so while the shewre lasts though it rain the whole day till some Deere thirsty comes unawares to drink then he closes his plates and snaps the Deers slips and nose and let not go the hold till he stifle him And as the Hedge-hogge also he craftily rouls up himself round like a ball and nothing but fire can loosen him The Indians abuse the shells to their witchcrafts especially to discover and punish theeves first touching the ground therewith that the suspected person had toucht or any thing else they fill his mouth with the drinke Chicha then beat they drums the shells the while skip and daunce Hereby is the theeves face marked with a whelk that runs along his cheeks through either jaw if the charm hold ARTICLE III. Of tame foure-footed Beasts CHAPTER I. Of the Dog SO much for the half wilde Beasts the tame follow namely the Dog and the Cat. Varro fetches the Dogs name Canis from Canorus shrils in his barke The Greekes of old called him Kuoon from Kuoo doubtles to love or lust Of late Ekilos from his masterfulnes Ulaktoor from barking and Akanthis from fawning with his tayl not to insist on the description of so knowen a beast In dissection it is noted that the belly within forked the neck in shortnes and narrownes answering the middle-finger the corners are an handbreath a palme long of like thicknes not wreathed like a Swines the forkends reach to the reins tied by veins that come as far as the womb the testicles resting thereon by a thin skin At the first opening of the neck the body shews it self in bulk shape and colour like a Snails-head thrust forth out of the shell you cannot thrust a bodkin in till you cut it up a litle Dissect a bitch you find the puppies wrapt up in three beds called chorion allantoides and amnion the former can scarce be parted they are so thin In the right corner ly usually five whelps in the left foure each hath its bed the chorion in the midst girdles ly thwart two fingers broad streaked with black from the end and red in the middle each as blood-spotted The kell like a bag covering the upper-guts the top sprouting out of the stomack-bottome compassing the whole the hinder-part is set into the Spleen and the sweetbreads which latter shew themselves presently at the rise of the duodenum being fastned thereto and to the porturine which sends a trebble-branch to the neighbouring-parts Meseraick Spleen-guts the Paunch-branch runs beyond part of the stomack the Spleen-branch runs up strait to the mouth of the stomack The Spleen is tied to the mid-rif by a film two fingers broad and to the stomack by the kall the Spleen is like a foot with a wide shoo on Colon-gut it hath none the blind-gut receives the end of the strait one which unfolded is as long as your middle-finger At the end of the streight-gut within is one faire lappet and another lesse in the beginning of the blind-gut The streight-gut is much rumpled There is a fold of arteries from the aorta wound to the hollow of the liver approaching the pancreas pluck one you draw the other and the upper-bowells Above the upper-mouth of the stomack are two kernels both Spungy-moist the right harder and greater then the left dogs-Dogs-blood is black as burnt At the tip of the Tongue is set in a round muscle descending in a middle-line The right lappet of the heart is twice as big as the left On the parts of the pan that the temple-muscles cover appears no thin skin to enwrap them besides what is proper to the muscles but on the other parts of the brain-pan there is At the tongue-root is a small kernell on either side drawne out sideling The ringlets of the sharp artery lie thwart but not awry as in the Swine The brain is greater then a Swines Turn the brain up and certain mamillary-passages shew themselves and the beginning of the back-bone if you cut deep there you shall spy two small passages one comming from the paps in a strait line reaching to the end of the inner-brain the other a litle on this side lying upward thwart of that On the fore-feet are five toes on the hinder foure The Bitches-belly hath two rows of paps on either side Albert saith that the nostrils of a Dog of a good breed are at the ends round firme and blunt The temple muscles are noted to be very strong as in the Wolf and the Lion which inables his jaws to break bones There were no Dogs in Brasil till Vilagagnon's voyage If any come by hap into the Arabian Island Sigaron they wander and die They eat any thing even fish and carrion Onely they refrain dogs-flesh and what is thunder-strooke They eat grasse also and it is their Physick From Ash-apples they abstain because the turning-joints of their hips are thereby pained Drinking wine or strong water makes them run wild till the vapour be spent They are ever given to gendring seldomest in Autumne They hold on so till twelf years old sometimes give over at nine If they begin at foure the breed is better if at a year old not They are foureteen dayes hote and the Bitch six months after puppying go to Dog again They couple also promiscuously with other beasts as with Wolves by Cyrene whence spring Crocutae with Lions whence Leontomiges come with Beavers whence Castorides with Foxes whence Fox-dogs They carry their puppies sixty dayes some three-and-sixty They bring a litter of twelf sometimes sixteen A Hare-hound in Bononia puppied seventeen at once Albertus saw Mastives that brought in the first litter nineteen at another eighteen at a third thirteen Those that women dandle puppy one at once First they breed males next females then males again if they couple in due time The first resembles the sire the rest are as it happens They are all puppied-blind and the more they suck the longer they remain so yet none longer then one-and-twenty dayes nor do any see till seven dayes old some say if but one be puppied at nine dayes old he sees if two the tenth day and so on but it is not certain They have milke commonly five dayes ere they litter some sooner Their milke is thicker then other beasts except the Sows and Hares They seldome live above fourteene yeares some have lasted two-and-twenty The Dogs of Laconia ten
purse or bag The bladder fastened above to the Peritonaeum and below to the streight gut The stones are covered with foure skins the outmost called scrotum the next dartos the third erythroides or the red the fourth is the inmost There is somewhat also considerable in the vessells preparing and conveying the seed c. Wee saw the uriteres descending from flat or hollow of the reins to the bladder-neck also the milk-veins tending toward the bunchy-part of the reins both sprouting from the body of the hollow-gut but the left is higher then the right and all most twice as long The straight-gut is tied to the beginning of the tayl by a middle-string it hath veines and sharp kernels Wee saw the mid-rif and meseraicks and sweet-breads being a kernelly substance Wee saw the blind-gut a thumb-breeth long the other guts are uniform but winding and brittle The reins large bigger then a great nut wherein are a few creeks through which the pisse is strained We saw the vein porta with it's meseraick and Spleen-branch hereout sprouts the coeliacus a branch compassing the stomack and conveys the melancholy humour thither to provoke appetite We saw the vein ascendent pearcing the mid-rif and reaching the heart and set into the right side thereof Wee saw the peerles vein-branched from the hollow vein by the heart and turning backagain and descending by the backbone on the right side which sends forth sprigs to the ribs to nourish them The liver is distinguished by six strings out of the midst of two of them on the right side goes the gall forth the bottome shews like a bolt-eye The gall-bag hath two branches the one passes from the liver to the duodenum carrying the dregs away The other running back to the bladder to be kept there In the duodenum foure fingers below the pores called cholidochi is found a worme little but of the bignes of the ureteries from the sides of the ascendent hollow veine descends a sinnew to the fleshy ringlet of the diaphragm and another on the left side proped with the thin skins of the sharp artery conveying feeling to the diaphragm We saw the turnagainsi news which propagated from the sixth conjugation of sinews are set in at the head of the sharp artery the one on the left turning upward about the great artery the other about the branches of the arterie tending toward the throte the heart with a double lappet on the right and left side the right is greatest and blackish the left of the colour of the heart The heart hath a right venticle to beget vitall spirits and a left one whether the vein-blood is conveyed and it hath foure large vessells the first is the hollow ascending vein which is set into the left eare the third the arteriall vein containing blood having a double coat whence it hath the name this is set into the lungs to nourish them The fourth is a vein-artery set into the left ventricle of the heart to convey to the brain blood prepared there to beget animal spirits In the right venticle are lappets or partitions which keep in the blood and so in the left The lungs have six fins Wee saw the inner-muscles about the larynx or the head of the sharp artery which being inflamed breed a squincy There are kernells in the yard like a Cats-tongue Wee marked the passage leading to the bladder The Cats brain-pan hath red streaks like veins the inner-eare is rarely fashioned whereof they have such use to listen and looked and prey by night Herein we marked the communion between the great artery and the great vein where the first parting is into the bowels I beleeve it is common to all living creatures what I observe in the tame Cats-back bone for with the own membranes it being covered at the end that which answer the hard menynx the inner sends forth nerves from it self but since there are companies of them like strings we note that they having passed a little way meet as in one knot as we in top of grain And since those severall strings are covered with the same skins if you strain one you spoyl the other till they come to the knot In one rib of the house cat was noted a round knob like a tree-knot the midst whereof being broken asunder was porose and full of pits with drops of blood My fellow dissecters doubted whether it was the breach of a bone in anatomizing or some error in the first shaping and superfluous stuffe In a man on the flat part of the forehead bone that lies between the two eybrows ly equally on the right root of the nose Bruize but that bone or peirce it you find two long pits passing sidelings above under the skull and below blind ones with partitions These are doubtlesse the chambers of smelling where the breath is as also in the ear which is but of late discovered That which strengthens my opinion is that in a hound these cells are broader and more conspicuous then in man dogs excelling in sent This is not found in a Monky perhaps because he needs not excell in that sense THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS THE FOVRTH BOOKE Of the Fourfooted Creatures that have toes and spring of an Egge THE FIRST TITLE Of the skined ones CHAPTER I. Of the Frog ARTICLE I. Of the VVater-Frogs THus far of the Fourfooted beasts that bring forth living broods those that lay egges follow These are either skined or shelled Those that are covered with skin are the Frog Lizard Salmander Chamaeleon Crocodile c. The Frog is either the water or Land-frog Called Rana either from the summer-croaking ra ra or the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to cry out In Greek Batrachos from his shrill voyce and Boox c. By the Cypriots Brouchetos the Ionians Bathrakos the Phocians Brianchone by those of Pontus Babakos by the late Greeks Bordakos and Gurinos and Brinoi and Parphusides from their puffed-cheeks with croaking It is an Amphilium living both in water and on land afore not fleshy but behind the hinder-legs nature hath made thick and longer the fore-legs They have five toes long skined between to help their swimming The Shee is biggest they have no neck the belly white the tong as infants tied afore but loose by the throat the milt small the liver imparted into three laps whereunder on each side part of the lungs is seen frothy not very bloudy the guts knotly the testicles and other parts like those of other beasts In England are no green ones but they abound in Germany Italy especially in Bononia They swarm so in the waterish places of Egypt that they would destroy all if the storks did not devour them They are said to be dumb in the Island Seriphus and Cyrene perhaps because the water is cold They are in streams but delight in puddles where bulrushes reeds and sea-gras grows They are ever found
elsewhere none it hath blood only in the heart and about the eyes the bowells are without spleen The lungs take up almost the whole body Thus Arist. and Pliny Others write that from the midst of the head backward there sticks out a three cornered part bony and the rest afore is hollow as a pipe the brims on both sides sticking out bony and sharp as a saw-teeth It moves not the ey-balls it is ever gaping hath a long tongue like that of an earth-worm at the tip is a spungy glewly knot wherewith it preys In stead of teeth and gums it hath one continued bone knaged the upper-lip is shortest the throat and artery like the Lizards the heart as big as a house-mouses the liver hath two lappets the left greatest the gall-bag as big as a barly corn cleaving to the left liver-lappet bowelled as a Lizard the forefeet very different from the hinder the forefeet having three toes inward two outward the hinder three outward and two inward It is from the snowt to the dock seven or eight fingers long five fingers high it hath about sixteen ribs bending between the bottome of the belly and the ridge of the back and it is spotted like a Leopard the teeth stand comlily he hath but one gut with bendings the excrement moyst unlesse near the fundament the liver parted on the bunchy side pouring the blood into the hart that hath ears and not veins the lungs being puffed passes into a thin skin reaching round almost through the whole body there is no rim at the belly bottome onely a thin skin severing the right from the left parts He hath no milt no bladder no reins to be seene but small bits of flesh that it may be are genitals the tongue is near a foot long They are in Asia Africk India and Madagascar They sit on the garden hedges at grand Cair by the banks of Nile as also on bramble-bushes Of old they were thought to live on air but they prey on flies locusts but they fancy most the worms in meal tubs They keep above for fear of serpents and vipers They use their tongue as a trunk darting it forth with that nimblenesse that you can hardly perceive it by the means of a small forke bone planted on either side the ends of the jaws the tongue is hollow like a gut which he can infold and unfold at pleasure at the end is a slimy bit of flesh to prey withall Peirescius kept eight of them to observe their breeding there were in one female within a thin skin above a hundred egges some as big as an olive kernell all yolk no white seen in them yet resembling milk They hold enmity with the hauk which will dy it is thought if he but tast a Chamaeleon and a crew also unlesse bay-leave fence him The Elephant is fabled by Solinus to swallow them they being of the colour of the leaves and they cost him his life unlesse he help himself by wild olive Fear of vipers and serpents makes him live on shrubs and trees His spittle let down on a serpents head like a limed thread kills him Wild figs make him wild who is otherwise harmlesse He turns his whole dy about sits high ever gaping when dead hee is pale In winter he hides himself as Lizards use By nature he admirably changes colour but in eyes and tail and whole body according to the colour of what lies next except red and white yet Ambrosine affirms from a Gentlemans testimony that he changes to white But Peirescius his eight changed not colour Whether they be green or ash they put on a black if you turn them to the sun or fire It is strange that their eyes being combined move not but one looking any way the other is fixed or bends the other way which deflection comes from the four pullies in them there being no distinction of Iris but only a ball wherein the horny part ends which is glistring and various as the rest of the body Those of Cochin eat them They bind many together and sell them being bought they are cast into the fire and roasted Flea one the flesh is very clear which they seeth in a liquour like our butter Sod away with oyl in a new earthen pot it drives away an Epilepsy It makes a rare oyntment for the gout see the composition in Trallianus The tongue hanged on helps memory and women in child-birth the gall stops fluxes The hart wrapt in black-wool first shorn helps a quartan ague to omit fables about raising storms making mute c. with the heart tongue c. you must know it is Pliny who though learned and usefull studied too much to delight men In Egypt they are pale In Arabia much smaller and of another colour as bright yellowish and red-spotted Wee have given here the shapes of the pale and black Chamaeleons CHAPTER VIII Of the Crocodile HE is a kind of Lizard so called from dreading the shores The Aegyptians terme him Chempsa the Turks thence Kimsak Kircher Picharouki Statius the Pharian wild-beast others Tenchea In Arsinoë Suchus in India Cayman It resembles a Lizard it is of a Saffran colour but white-bellied and there soft-skined elsewhere musket proofe Some have been seen six and twenty cubites long By Panama there are some of above a hundred foot The head is broad the snowt as a swines the gape reaches to the ears the eyes sharp and piercing and like a hogs he hath a rew of great bright strong teeth like a comb about sixty in all more in the upper jaw and sticking out seen when the mouth is shut The tongue cleaves and is uselesse The under jaw he stirs not the testicles cling to the inner-loyns The back-bone is made up of sixty turning joynts tied by as many sinews the claws are very sharp bending somewhat toward the sides the tail is of the length of the rest of the body wherein is a finne of seven fingers to the end M. Scaurus was first who in his Edil-ship shewed five in his plays in an Euripus made for the time They are found in Africa Asia and America especially in Nilus and neighbouring pools in Niger in Ganges about Bengala in the river Bambotus near Atlas and not far from Chalcedon but small ones They love warm waters In Peru are none till you come to Pacra then they are frequent Some live in miry plashes on fish but are most greedy after mans flesh They prey also on beasts on land There was one taken that had swallowed three young ones About Arsinoë they were held holy and nourished of old by the Priests with bread flesh and wine Some gave them dainties rost-meat and mingled drinks The Shee lays sixty egges as big as Goose-egges and by a kind of divination where the Nile when it swells comes not Shee lays and hatches sixty in sixty daies Gyllius
in their mouth as a Cat would a Mouse Nor can men take sanctuary in trees for they climb them and fetch men down and rend them to pieces In the expedition of Fedreman a Tiger assaulted a troop of Souldiers and in the midst of them tare a Spaniard and three Indians and escaped away unhurt Yet swadle them about the reins with a stick you cool their courage and master them there is no other way The Indians dread no beast more and even worship it The Devil very oft confers with them in the shape of a Tiger their claws are thought venemous and the wound they make incurable The Barbarians reverence nay dread this beast lesse since the Gospel came amongst them They are taken in nets and in some places in traps In Bengala are the fiercest found and implacably revengeful One hath followed along the shore-side thirty mile a Ship wherein any have been embarqued who wronged her Cruel to all they meet man or beast Nature yeilds some prevention to this mischief A little beast ever accompanies the Tiger and by constant barking discovers where he is and both men and beasts take the warning and hide themselves or run away They are most greedy after mans-flesh especially the black-Moors and know their ships chasing them twenty leagues together watching if any come ashore to devour him By night they leap into ships and surprize and destroy the Mariners To give a memorable example of what hapened to one of our men while we were trading in Bengala A certain Moor a servant dreamed that a Tiger snatched him away the night after he hid himself in the prow of the ship being asked the cause he told his dream which the some night was verified for all being asleep a Tiger leaps aboard touches not any else though thirty lay asleep in the ship but seazes the wretched Moor. The lot of another was Luckier as divine providence ordered it hee being ashore not far from the ship a Tiger assaults him behinde and a Crocodile out of a river afore the Tiger to prevent his foe and bear away his prey for overhast runs quite beyond the man and running against the ships-side falls into the Crocodiles jaws and so the man escaped It cannot be said how those of Bengala dread the Tigers rage whence they call him by sundry names fearing that if they should call him by his owne name they might be torne in pieces In Brasil there are multitudes of them and those hungry ravenous dreadfull and swift and very strong But once full fed they are said to be so sluggish that common curres can drive them away Gluttony destroy not mankind alone In new Spain they lurke in trees by rivers-sides watching the Crocodiles and leap down and surprize and kill them Time was when Darien was as much pestered by Tigers as Nemaea with Lions and Calidonia with wilde Boares In six month there passed not one night free wherein a heyfer horse dog or hog was not devoured in the town-wayes their herds and flocks were wasted not a man could with safety step forth a doores especially when the Tigresses had whelps when hunger forced them to sease man and beast At length necessity put the natives on this invention to revenge and save the blood of them and theirs they observed strictly the Tigers track from their dens and digged a ditch cast up light earth covered it with hurdles fastened sharp stakes at the bottome there came a hee-Tiger hee fell in stuck fast on the stakes the Indians threw down great stones on him and dispatched him in the pit they cast many darts at him which with his right paw hee shattered into a thousand pieces and chips If when half dead and bloodlesse hee bred such a terrour in the beholders how dreadfull think wee was hee when loose One John Ledesina a Spanjard who was present at the busines reports that hee ate his share of that Tiger and that it tasted as well as beef Ask them who never saw a Tiger how they know one they tell you by the spots fiercenesse nimblenesse When many have seen Leopards Panthers Ounces so marked also the male-Tiger dead they traced his footsteps to his den where female also dwelt shee absent they tooke away two sucking whelps changing their mind and that they might send them to Spain when bigger they fitted iron-chains carefully to their necks and left them there to the dames nursery A few dayes after returning to the den they found them not supposing that the dame in a rage had torne them in pieces and taken them away that no man might have them for they affirme that they could not possibly be tame alive out of the chains The skin of the male was stuffed with dry herbs and sent to Admirantus and the Governers of Hispaniola See more of this subject in Nieremberg and Marckg. H. B. l. 6. c. 10. CHAP. V. Of the Beare THe Latines call this beast Ursus from urgeo to force or dirve or urge as they doe their prey till it fall afore them or from Orsus because they lick their cubs into shape c. The Greeks Arkâ—os from Arkoo to drive or Arkeomai because hee passest the winter without eating His body is grosse and unwieldy and some say ever waxing some have been found five cubits long and as broad beyond any ox-hide and such a one was presented to Maximilian the Emperour at the Baths of Baden The skin is thick and shaggy the teeth hidden the mouth long eyes quick the feet like hands his chief strength lies in his arms and loyns sometimes they stand on their hindfeet their tayl is short having foure paps a large stomack and gut when taken in their dens in winter sleeping and being unbowdled their stomack is empty and clinged together Galen observes sinews in them so turning as in any other beasts are hardly seen Their heads seemes weake especially afore which in a Lion is strongest therefore falling down in any precipice they tumble down with their arms covering their head While they keep in their coverts small drops of blood are onely about their heart the rest of their body is bloodles Grease and fat they have but no marrow saith Pliny They are found almost all the world over most are in Poland Germany Lithuania Norwey and other Northern parts especially in Nova-Zembla In England are now none nor in Candy It is a mistake that there are none in Africa for the Moores weare the skins They delight more in hilly then plain land whence it is that the Alpes so swarm with them and those stout ones In the mountains of Peru are many black ones and Pernes an Attick hill is famous for Bear-hunting The Beare eats all kind of things among plants they fancy a red and sweet berry growing on a bramble and the herb Cuculus a kind of Trifoyl and a root that provokes sleep A Cow-herd on
the Helvetian Alps having spied afar of a Bear eating that root after the Beare was gone tasting it was so sleepy thereupon that he drop'd down where he stood When they come out of their holes they feed first on the herb Arum About Trent grows a thorny shrub with a white flower and red berries called Bears-bread They climb trees and eat the fruit and pulse and hony crabs ants and flesh fresh or rotten especially hony-combs Jovius tells a merry story of a Boore in Muscovy who slipping into a hollow tree up to the neck in hony and living there two dayes with no other sustenance a Bear came gently down into the same tree to eat hony on whose rugged hide the poor man catching hold was drawn out In Island and the frozen seas they live on fish They drink water but neither sipping as the sharp-toothed nor gulping in as the beasts that have a continued rew of teeth but champing it They are very venerous since because wild beasts excepting the Lizard and Hare when big use not to couple these are thought to hasten to bring forth their cubs the sooner by some force on themselves that they may engender a new It is reported that the males lust after young virgins and that one tooke a mayd away of the Allobroge and lay with her and fed her with wild apples which Philip Cosserus Bishop of Constance related to Gesner Saxo tells that a race of Danish Kings is derived from a Bear and some say the same of Gothish Kings They couple in February or in the beginning of winter not as other fourfooted beasts but as mankind Being with young they hide themselves and the males seemed to hold them in great regard They goe 30 dayes and bring one two sometimes five cubs together They breed and bring forth in hast which makes their cubs so ugly and mis-shapen litle lumps of white flesh without eyes or hair only clawed after a fashion which they are said to lick into shape and to lay to their breasts to cherish with their warmth to bring life and breath into them But of late experience shews the contrary and that is but a fancy that Ursus comes from Orsus begun or unfinished Above Trent one was taken in a vally and ripped up and all her cubs were found full shaped within her In a library of the Senate-house in Bononia a young cub cut out of the Dams belly exact at all parts is kept in a glascase Camerarius his guesse is not unlikely that the bed wherein the cub is wrapped is so thick that the dame is many daies licking it off which occasioned the vulgar errour They hate mortally the Sea-ox Horse Boor the Dead and a Table-cloath They abhor the Sea-calfe most of all The Horse can smell them that never saw a Bear and fortwith prepares to combate and kicks him on the head with his hinder feet mastring him more by sleight then strength They are thought to hate the dead because they will not touch a man layed at length with his face downward Seneca saith a Table-cloath incenseth them Hemlock kills them and the Bear called Marcillium or Consiligo There is also a black fish in Armenia the meal whereof sprinckled on figs if they eat it is their bane Experience shews that they delight in musick Their voyce is roaring or rather grumbling Having tasted Mandragora apples they lick ants When they are qualmish they go to Myrmesia or Myre-hools and sitting they loll out the tongue dropping with that sweet juice lightly holding it so long till they set it swarme with Pis-mires Being wounded they heal themselves with dry herbs The Shee-bears after their helping in to whelp comming into the light are so dazeled that you would thinke they were stark blind Because they are often hevy sighted they hunt so after hony and that having stung their mouth with bees they may be rid of that blood that oppresseth them They tumble into their dens that their footsteps may not be tracked where they ly quiet and at ease fourty dayes and for fourteen dayes stir not sustaining themselves only by licking their right foot so that through fasting their guts are klinged together and even shriveled up The males ly hid fourty dayes the females four months They furnish their dens with heaps of bows and shrubs or soft leaves making them weather proof and then lay themselves along and sleep the first seven dayes so soundly that wounds cannot wake them which strangely fattens them after they live by sucking their forefeet strange to say Theophrastus thinks that for that time Bears flesh boyled and kept might increase there is no shew in them that they have eaten but onely a little moysture found in the paunch and a few drops of blood about the heart and none in the rest of the body In the Spring they come forward and the males grows so fat that they hardly stirre the Shee-beare is leaner because they breed They hold their lodgings in their dens severally divided by trenches Comming abroad they eat greedily the herb Arum to loosen their guts that are so shriveled up and when they breed teeth they champ on slips thereof If they assault Bulls they make at the horns to tire them out and at the mustle because they know it to be tender Their very breath is so contagious that no wilde beast will touch what they have blowen on In Mysia they say are a kind of white bears that being hunted send forth such a breath that the steame that rots the flesh of the doggs Although their flesh be cold rank hard of disgestion and ill for the spleen and liver yet those about the Alps and the Helvetians count it a delicate And Bruerius saith that hee at supper at of it well seasoned at Symphorianus Campejus his table but it was of a young one killed in witner which indeed they use to eat For though they are fatter in July yet for their rammish sent they are banisht the table usually onely the forefeet are held the best food and affected by some great men Some say that salted and hung in the chimny to be smoaked they are a delicate and that they wonder not that in winter they suck their owne feet Savanorola saith the brain is poyson Divers parts of the Beare are of great use in Phisick The eye dried and hung about childrens neck is said to free them from feare in the night and bound on the left shoulder allays a quartan ague The blood dissolves waxen kernells and impostumes and helps against hairs bred in the eyes and kills fleas The fat takes out spots and with Lilly-roots is good against a burne some sudar it on against S. Anthonies fire mixt with red oker it heals ulcers on the skins and thighs with Allom it closes chaps in the feet it helps against baldnes they use
first white after of a clayish colour at length waxes black It smells strong at first to wonder men being layd in the open ayr and hardened it obtains that most gratefull fragrancy Some will have it to be his seed It is gathered in a silver spoon or one of brasse or horn every day a dram If you vex him with a small rod hee yeelds more at a time Some are said to pisse civet at a set time of the year Civet is best kept in horn There are some nobles of Ulyssipone that gaine thence yearly fifteen hundred pounds It is of use in Phisick and otherwise A grain put on hot bread applied to the navell eases the collique It is one good ingredient against giddinesse and apoplexy smeared on the nostrills temples and crown of the head It opens the mother Some adulterate it with ox-gall storax and hony It is used in preparing Cypres-pouder sope-balls strong-waters oyls spirits and perfumes CHAPTER XIII Of the Hare HE is called Lepus and Levipes light-foot from his fleetnesse or his soft going by reason of his shaggy feet Derived from the old Aeolick Lepori or from his uncertain footing Leioos that it is hard to trace him In Greeke Liporis Lagoos by the Athenians by the Ionians Lagos And Dasypous from his shaged feet and from his swiftnesse doubtlesse Dromalos Ptox Tachines In Candy Kekenas by Aristotle Trochos His head is short and round neck narrow round soft long prick-eared legs strait light breast not fleshy back-bone round breast sinking thighs light those afore near one another behind stradling the whole body pliable heart very great About Briletum Therne the Chersonesus the Propontis they seeme double livered The gristle under the fore corner of the ey is broad there lies somewhat near the brain like a worme the body round like a vault not found in other beasts The ear-tip thin and transparant as a cats Among the toothed and single-bellied beasts this alone hath cur'd They are everywhere both in hote and colder climates White ones are brought out of Africa In the Indian Isle Mazzua they abound so the natives everywhere kill them Their plenty on mount Athos is grown to a proverb They frequent uninhabited places most where huntsmen least trouble them In Ithaca are none nor live they if brought thether Of their food Bargeus hath composed nine queint Verses The summe is They nibble on rank grasse and corn-stalks and strings of herbs in the earth and soft barks of trees and moyst books apples acorns fitches milt elms-leaves especially wild mint water-cresses and betony and pennyroyall They gender averse as all other beasts that pisse backward They couple all the year especially in spring They admit of superfaetation Aelian speaks of pregnant leverets found in a Hare cut up In the time of Antiochus Gonata two Hares in Astypalaea in a short time bred above six thousand And all Geron an Isle of the Scarian sea was within a while pestered from one Hare big with young They breed in forrests in the most solitary places two three sometimes four at once you may know the female by the long head thick body longer ears and grisly hair inclining to black on the back and by her many doubles when hunted The male hath red shoulders and long hairs in the midst the head shorter and blunter the beard and brow hairs longer the ears shorter and broader Afore the hounds he will run strait on ten miles together They hate Eagles crows Weesels Foxes and Dogs They live seven years Their age may be gues'd by the clefts of their dung by the mouth of their forme Their voyce is squeaking or mourning They are well-sighted and sleep with their eyes open and are quick of hearing The noyse of shaken leaves makes them run and use their ears to guide them in their course when they go to sleep that their forme may not be found they run too and fro with doubles and then take a leap into their hole where they lies with their forelegs together and their ears layd squat on their shoulders They love to sit abroad in the Sun in fair weather They love the place best where they were bred Are easily tamed but dy if too fat yet on the least scope given they run away to their old liberty and fall to their first wildnesse They seldome grow fat in the woods because perhaps they live in fear Against winter they provide their house in Sunny places in summer Northward They run far for food on purpose to keep themselves long winded by dayly breathing and to use their feet To amuse the hunters they run through windy wayes shunning shrubs least their hair should stick thereon and so yeeld sent to the dogs They know how to proportion their course as the dogs are slower or fleeter and they lurk when hunted among clods because they are of their colour Jews may not eat them but among the Gentiles after Attalicus the Cydonian had made Hare a dish at his feasts it became a dainty ever after and was thought to make the face fair For certain Alexander Severus ate it dayly and Martiall writes something that sounds that way As for the temper of Hares flesh those of two or three months old leverets of six at most are most juicy and of easiest digestion if older as above a year old it breeds grosse blood yet there are jolly huntsmen that eat it every day But that Cato Censorinus prescribes it and pot-herbs to the sick it must be meant of young Leverets But those that live on hills or heaths feeding on Pennyroyall c. are much better then those that frequent waterish places They taste best as cold weather comes in See Ambrosin about the dressing of them In Phisick no part almost of the Hare that is not usefull even the very excrements The Head burnt with Bears-grease or vineger helps shedding the hair the Brain helps children in breeding teeth if oft rubbed on the gum drunk in wine it helps those that cannot hold their water the Heart is tied on those that are troubled with Quartains the powder of it dried with a third part of Manna Frankincense in white wine men drink seven dayes against the Falling-sicknesse the Lungs helps sore eyes the Liver with sowr wine the Collick the Gall in sugar pearls and dimnesse of the eyes the curd of one that hath eaten nothing but milk dried in the Sun or smoke is sovereign against bloody-fluxes It draws out a thorn mixt with flower of Frankincense and Oke-gum Some use it against the sting of Serpents and to help conception But it is said to kill what is conceived if drunk in the Reins boyled are ministred for the Stone stale and tied to the feet eases the Gout From the Mother some make medicines for the griefs of the bladder the Flesh fried in oyl is ministred
name Talpa the Latines have put on it either from Thaptoo to digge or Tophlos blind or Thalpae nourishing it self under ground or from the Chaldee Talaf to cleave the earth The Greeks call it Spalax from Span scraping Some Siphncus from hollowing the earth and Blacta It is not unlike a Mouse the body broad and flat feet like a Bears short-thighed toad-headed having on the forefeet five toes on the hinder foure the fifth crooks so inward it is hardly seene The palme of the forefeet is flat like a hand the neck very short or almost none hair short and thick and glistring black the teeth as the Dogges and Wesels are all on the sides none afore and sticking up the lungs tied with many severall strings to the heart the fore-thighs consist of two bones set into the shoulder-bone whence he is stronger to digge his hinder-thighs have a bone that a litle below the knee-parts in two All the bowells are as in other beasts Onely 1. they have no colon no blind-gut 2. The stones hid on the bladder-side and black 3. The reins joyned to the next hollow vein 4. The gall great for such a body with faire Cholidochs 5. The porter of the stomack is as tied by a thwart line 6. The water-conveying-vessells propt with uriteres 7. The Larinx as in a Land tortoyse for it is a mute beast 8. The hammer and anvill within the inner-eare are strangely small the bone in the midst like a pumice-stone full of pores 9. Three passages are in the nether jaw 10. The eyes stand in the right place all black covered with a skin small as a fleawort-seed I could perceive no optick sinews nor know I whether they can see or no not onely because their eyes have a film over them but they want many things conducing to sight They seeme rather natures sportive essays to shew what shee can doe then eyes In a Mole found 1617 were observed a fleshy filme strangely set into the skinne the brain great distinct and faire the ears lying inward hide the bones extreame small the bowels small as strings In Thessaly they with heaving have overturned a whole Town In Lebaica are none if you bring any thither they heave not perhaps because it is a hard soile They feed most on worms and therefore haunt dunghills and worms failing they eat earth They have been seen also to make at roots of hearbs and fruits and toads They are commonly bred in ground rotted by rain long lying Albert saith they cannot live an houre above ground but he is mistaken They have but dim sight but are very quick of hearing They are of use in Phisick a Tooth pluckt out of a live one is thought to ease the tooth-ach Pills of them with hony wear away swellings The head cut and stamped with earth of his heaving made up into balls and kept in a tinne box is given against all neck-griefs the blood brings hair and helps felons the fat keeps hair from growing as also batfat The ashes cures fistulaes Some lay a moles-Moles-heart and Saladine under a sick mans pillow to know if hee shall dy or no conceiving that he shall recover if he sing or cry out if he weep he shall not last long The water wherein a Mole hath been and left hair restores hair Of the skins are caps made CHAPTER XIX Of the Land-Hedg-hog or Vrchin CAlled Echinus because we cannot hold him for his prickles In Greek Akanthochoiros a prickled-hog Lycophron calls him Naplium from his surpassing cunning Some Herinaceus and not improperly from his roughnesse or cleaving It is as big as a rabbit full of prickles except the mouth and feet below where grows a thin down It is observed in him that the muscles are knit together over all his body The bowells all of a thicknesse and very long like the Mouses The dung and testicles all of a bignesse the rise of the yard long the seed like yellow snivell the liver sevenpointed In the yard are whitish bits of flesh craggy like a rock and resembling somewhat the lungstrings The testicles ly hid and are fastned to the loyns The bones are some round some flat some sharp some blunt They are found everywhere except in Candy Aristotle writes that they can last a year without food They live most on apples and grapes which they shake off and stick on their prickles and carry to their hole They have been also observed to drinke milke and wine in houses they hold enmity with the Beare Wolfe Fox the viper and the herb water-grasse When he hears the barking of dogs or smells the approach of wild beasts or hunters he forthwith rouls himself up like a ball and lies as if he were starke dead He shifts his layer as the North and South wind change and from wall to wall if you keep him in house accordingly as the wind sits When you take him he pisses and that wet slackens and opens his prickles They meet and ingender as mankind doth Some eat them but they breed the strangury unlesse they be carefully dressed that is killed at one blow as some are of opinion and washed in whole vessells of urine In August they are fattest when they get plenty of food Some spice and bake them in crust Gesner warmed them in vineger and wine and larded them and stuck them with cloves and rosted them They are very usefull in Phisick the liver helps the reins the gall dries up warts the spleen rosted and pulverized is good for the spleen the flesh prevents miscarrying and if killed at a blow the strangullion if you hang it about you conveniently dried it helps rumples in the skin The Polonians use the fat to that end it is also good for the stone the blood is not unusefull for the stone the reins and the scorching of the urine the ashes with Bears-grease sleeks the hair many use the same with oyly fat to prevent miscarrying it is used also in the pain of the reins and against the water between the skin the dung newly voided with the herb Sandarucha vineger and tarre hinders shedding of hair with the hide and prickles men used of old to fetch spots out of cloaths They are distinguished into the swine and the dog urchine from their shape A vile stinke vapours from them In Brasil is such a beast resembling the hedge-hog with very long bristles pale haired black at the tops and very sharp and prickly Nature hath layed up a wonder in them one prickle pluckt from them alive but layed on anything especially flesh pearcheth it and in one night it hath been known to pearce through a very thick hide as if hands hath pricked it in CHAPTER XX. Of the Porcupine SOme reckon this among the Hedge-hogs as Pliny c. The Greeks call it Ystrix from Ys
in the waters that never freeze but not in brimstony or mare-waters they being too clammy They eat any creature that swim are greedy after Bees dead Moles Probably they eat herbs also The male covers the female which layes egges after and oft black flesh with fair eyes and tail and after they get the Frogs shape the tail being parted into two hinder-legs Strange it is that after six months living they are indiscernably resolved into slime and again reingendred in the spring puddles But some in warmer waters last all winter and in spring the old ones swim about The egges are shed about the banks of pones and marishes hanging together as in a string like black bits of flesh Chymists call it spermas or spawn They hate Storks Swans the Buzzard the Salmander Putter Pike Eel and fire Storks devour them The Swan by eating them cures himself of a certain malady They combate oft with Salamandres It is well known how the Pike and Eel swallow them Kindle a fire by night on the banks where they are they croke not nor stir you may easily take them in your hand Their voyce is brekekex koax koax croaking Aristotle calls the noyse the hee s make in coupling time ololygon hurt them they squeak like a mouse About Cyrene they are mute But bring crokers thither they abide so In Seriphus also and a certain lake of Thessaly they croke not their flesh is loose whitish moyst and subject to rot so that they that oft eat them grow wan and feverish their lips are so close in August that you can hardly open them they ly with the belly above and the sides under water If you stop their breath you choak them They love warmth and therefore croke in summer against winter they skulk Busbequius heard them by Strigonium in December the waters there being warm and sulphurous They are clamorous against rain either because they feel it colder or are much taken with sweet water They can dive long having but small lungs They are thought to dy in winter and revive at spring They lurk also in the ground and come with their young abroad then They couple by night and on land not for shame but fear In Egypt when they see the water-serpent they carry a piece of reed thwart to prevent being swallowed up In France they drove away a whole city To know their sex prick the back with a needle from the Hee shall spurt out red blood out of the Shee yellow water Galen hath omitted their use in food The common opinion is that they are light of disgestion yeeld good juice but cold and moyst The Romans never used them but now from May to October they are eaten roast or boyled all but the head the hips are best liked Mundella counts them most harmlesse of cold things and when they gender not Others forbid the eating as venemous See how to dresse them in Ambrosine In Physick both in whole and parts they help against sundry maladies They remove the blewnesse after blows Tied on the jaws they ease tooth-ache and sod in vineger they fasten loose teeth The juice removes squincy and helps the almonds of the ears and abates swellings The soft pulpis given against tisick with Capons-flesh Pine-apples and Sugar Boiled in oyl easens pain in the sinews Against every poysonous bite it is cried up the ashes stanch blood Galeatius of S. Sophia saies it was tied to a Hens-neck which being after cut off there gushed no blood out Some blow it into the nostrils for the Haemorrhagia and with oil of Lilies kept in an leaden box for the Interemta and with conserve of Roses to helpe the writhing of the countenance Ambrosin shews how to prepare the oyl It is also cried up against joynt pain from a hote cause The eyes men hang in fine linnen about the neck of the ill-sighted the heart bound on the heart allays burning feavers and hath helped fistulaes the lungs taken out through the back wrapped in an cabbage leaf and burnt in a pot is given in the falling sicknesse others take the liver It helped the Elector Palatine The dust of the liver some take as a quartan fit comes lay it afore pis-mires and that part that they desire is an antidote against all venome the gall helps the bloody flux and kills worms in old sores the fat drop'd into the ears removes pains the Spawn is good against the Erysipelas and other inflammations emrods scab itch morfew the water helps the rednesse of face A staffe on which a Frog shaken from a serpent hath been eases women in travell Pliny relates fables about the tongue as that Democritus saith that if you take the tongue clear out that it touch not any other part and throw the Frog into the water and lay the tongue on the panting of the heart of a sleeping women she shall in her sleep answer you all you ask Some spring from egges some out of mud as in Egypt There are green and pale and ash-coloured Frogs In Stochornium a hill in Bern are two lakes wherein are Frogs with great heads and long tails ARTICLE II. Of Land-Frogs POINT I. Of the Toad CAlled Bufo from blowing perhaps and Rubeta from being among bushes Phronon and Phrunen the poyson running to the head and causing giddinesse or from the shrub Phruganon By Lucian Phusalos from swelling if but touched It is thick skined hardly to be pearced by the sharpest stake pale spotted as if pimpled the belly swoln and pufd thick-headed broad-backed without hair One sort lives on land and in marishy puddles The phansy shady rotten holes There are none in Ireland bring any thither they say they dy sprinkle but irish dust upon them They feed on earthy moysture herbs worms bees It is said they eat so much earth a day as they can grasp with the forefoot They lurk oft under sage there are sad stories of divers dying with tasting sage leaves whether they eat it or no is not known They are bred out of egges and rotten stuff and out of buried ashes and in Dariene from the drops falling from slaves right hands as they water the floor and from a duck buried and from menstrue we read of womans voiding toads They hold enmity with salt for being sprinkled therewith they pine away to the bones if we beleeve Albert. Strong sents as of rew c. drives them away as also of a blooming vine They fight with Cats and dy for it Moles and they devoure each other A Spider strikes him dead at a blow They love Sage Weezels will slide into their mouths Plantan is their antidote against Spiders By day and in winter they skulk and ly in the paths by night and rome about they hate the Sun-beams Hevygated they are sometimes they leap Strike them they swell and
them and spiders with their webs intangle young Lizards in holes and crevises of walls and strike them dead also toads Scorpions and Serpents with which they fight whence called Ophiomechi They love flesh of shellfish and dittany which is their refuge after combating with Serpents and man they lvoe and protect him from serpents They will lick the spittle out of your mouth greedily In time they loose their fight and recover it againe either by course of nature or by the sun in whose beams they ly lurking till they be recovered They lurk the six winter-months under ground and there lay up store The female is greatest They go in couples and defend each other and are mad at any that take their fellow They forget the eggs they lay cut an egge in two it is not lost by reason of the glewy humour they naturally cleave again as may be seen by the scarre Their tayle are said to grow again though oft cut off It is not true that a dried one turns Viper At Paris have been seen some as big as a great fish Some have three tayls and some two heads Torn in twain it cures a Scorpions bite and eaten it is good against the Salamanders poyson The oyl of them drowned and boyled in oyl with Sheep-dung is a good anointment for swellings of the neck and face morfew and pimples The powder with crematartar and candy-oyl helps dim sight the green are best The brain helps Syffusions The head bruised to a poultise and laid on alone or with long aristolochia root of reed bulb of Narcissus draws out arrows and thorns stick they never so fast The heart burnt and mixt with dreges of wine benums that you shall not feel the chirurgions probe The blood keeps rickets from growing if you annoint infants-thighs carefully therewith and is good if they be bursten the dung is put into the medicine for horses strangury Kill one in a mans-pisse it abates your lust ARTICLE II. Of the green and the Brazen-coloured Lizard THe green Lizard or Chloorosaura is called also the Greater and the Serpent-fighter they worstling serpents They haunt hote places as Italy where coming of many abroad at once presages a sickly time In summer they bide in trees and croak like frogs and have two tails The figure below shall save a labour to describe them It is usefull in Phisick ty it on thirty dayes for neck-swellings and then change it Childrens burstings are cured by a bite then shoot him through with an arrow and bloat him Boyled alive with wine and given fasting it helps wheesings and sod with oyl face pimples With tarre and an old sows grease it takes away tendernesse of Horse-hoofs It makes the hair black And it renews hair See in Ambrosine the ointment for the falling sicknesse The ashes help exulcerated neck-swellings The bones help them in a swound after you powder him alive in a stone pot and the flesh fall off There is a Lizard with brasse-coloured streaks down the back called Ziglis Samiamithon and Seps a serpent because the flesh it bites rots and Tarantula but amisse It resembles the small Lizard and is coloured like the serpent Caecilia It is bred and lives among the stones in Syria Lybia and Cyprus It beares young as the viper doth but carry egs in the belly as other animals that lay egges Fabius Columna killed one in a French camp and cutting it up found fifteen young within her some hath a thin transparent skin some none cut it in two it cures a bite Galen praescribes it among pickled meats ARTICLE III. Of Indian Lizards POINT I. Of the Senembi or Igvana THere are many kinds of Indian Lizards the most famous are the Senembi or Igvana the Portugees miscall it Cameliaon and the Dutch worse Legvan long from the mouth to the tail end three foot eight fingers compasse ten fingers The whole skin of a delicate green with black and white spots chequered like chamelet it is scaly the greatest scales are on the back thighs and tail and here all equall From the neck to the tail end a new of plain ones like saw-teeth and green the head about two fingers long and scaly the scales greater then elsewhere the neck a finger and half long five thick their eyes large clear and blackish nostrills wide the teeth many small black short tongue thick the head on each side black spotted a gullet hanging as fish gills or a crop down to the breast most part blackish that he can gather up and let hang out when vexed or frighted From the mouth to the crop it hath bristles and on the back it hath four thighs and four feet on each five toes all scaly the fore-thighs are shortest and slenderest four fingers long and the middle toes shorter then those on the hinder-feet the nayls black and crooked like bird-claws c. The hinder-thighs like a mans calf the foremost not the dock five fingers thick and so the tail thinner and thinner and ending like an aul One being kill and flead yet waged after and the heart taken out leaped it had in either side above ten egs some as big as a cherry some lesse the fat plainly seen as a Hens in the stomack was much fruit especially sweet Limons which was the usuall food They eat also meal and Mandioca-water They can fast two or three months together The flesh is well tasted boyled and long fried with butter it tasts as well as chicken or cony It hath heart lungs liver gall-bladder reins bladder genitals as other beasts a large liver a double stomack one afore receiving the food whence a gut as big as the little finger and about ten fingers long whereto is knit the other ventricle that disgests food hence passe the other to the strait gut In the fore-stomack of one was found great store of Mandoa meal and Angolas milt raw the hindermost the greater was stufâ—d with half disguested meat whereto cleaved many mites as in cheese the last gut held the dung Being flead and the taile cut off it stird yet five or six strokes on the head could not kill it till a cut was given in the neck the tayl-flesh is stringy and sinewy Anno 1641. was a stone taken out of a Senembies stomack as big as a reasonable hen-egge and so shaped but not so round but squatter without smooth bright within made up of coasts like an onjon to be pilled off within it was bright gray hard as a Bezoar-stone they fit in trees and are taken in lines that the Brasilians know how to fit a club which the beast spying wonders at but stirres not suffring it self to be ensnared and taken else he is very swift the younger are all over green the elder party-coloured or ash-hewd In their heads are sometimes found small stones that lessen and void the stones in the reins forthwith either by the juice drawn out of a dram
the earth and eat not comming forth they creep slowly whether from feeblenesse or their nature They are at variance with Partriges and Eagles that snap them oft up to crack them on Rocks as one let one fall of the bald-pate of the tragick Poët Aeschylus mistaking it for a stone and killed him who abhorred to lengthen life according to Hyppocrates directions Their voyce is a little louder then a snakes hisse they fight with Serpents fenceing themselves with origanum c. Some parboyl them and then fry them in steaks Some reckon them among fishes and allow them on fasting-dayes others not they have bones and breath Not to speak of their eyes Some Americans count them dainties the flesh is usefull against dropsie and short-breath or wheesings Boiled they remove the loathsomnes of glutting of hony The ashes of the shell are used against fistulaes and shedding of hair and with oyl and wine against sore legs and in a fume against Emrods Burne them they close chapped-nipples with the white of an egge and they help bursten people the blood of the head cut off when it lies on the back and dried in the Sun quenches S. Anthonies fire and removes warts and morfew and is good for a sore-head and with ants-egges Henbane Hyoscyamus Hemlock is made an excellent oyntment the shell makes a good pot-lid that keeps the pot from boyling over the blood in wine makes abstemious the flesh fattens Horses and Hogs Vegetius makes an ointment of the live Tortoys burnt on chips and raw Allum and Deers-marrow and wine to make cattells hair grow The shell-shavings drunk in wine allay lust Of the greater some have framed tables vessells and beds Pliny and Seneca complain of the luxury in this kind under Nero and of counterfaiting the colour of the shell to make coverings for cup-bords The Amazons made shields of the shells and cradles for their children Pliny divides them into land and Sea and Ponds-tortoyses and such as live in sweet water called Emyclae In the Isle Zambol are seene small beasts like them round-bodied crosse-streakt at the end of each streak is an eare and an eye they have but one belly many feet and can goe every way The blood is soveraigne to close any wound Gesner calls it the many-footed-Tortoys In the Isle Mauritius under the line they are so large and strong that they carry men too and fro the Portugees speak of fifteen such CHAPTER II. Of Tortoyses in speciall ARTICLE I. Of the Land-Tortoyse THe Land-Tortoys is called by some the hill wood field wild-one in Greek Chersaian c. It is as the Salmander markt with yellow and black spots on the back shelled like the sea-one The under-shell of the female is plain but of the male hollow and heavier under the under-shells are two moving muscles afore on each side one either seems double the greater outward the lesse inward both rising sideling as out of the arm-pits springing from a thin skin clinging to the shell and ending in a sharp tendon under these long round muscles six other appeares long that haply bend the arms Two come to the thighs sprouting from the foresaid membrane these are lesse then the former but more fleshy and are set into the thighs The back-bone is compact and fastened strongly to the shell in the middle of the length Below the head in the midst a fingers breath from the sides descend two muscles plucking the head inward and two other a little below all long The liver is parted but alike big on the right and left side without bunched within hollow on the right side craggy containing in a strange workmanship the nether mouth of the stomack and a part of the duodenum the left side holding the greater hollow of the stomack like a hollow eyebrow The gall-bag lies deep in the right string of the liver The stomack nearly resembles a mans or swines but after it comes to the bowells it hath three large hollows wherein are perfected the three digestions In the two first is a herby substance the latter better wrought and from hence cleaves the milt round and black in the third a certain moystish and very white substance like a chewed chesnut but washy It is thought this serves for a bladder that as Hens use darts out sometimes a white moysture It is large and shaped like a chesnut thin and of a large conveyance It clings fast to the peritonaeum The straight gut at the end hath such side passages as all Cocks have but parted and reaching into the sides even to the reins Here on each side ly their egges The mid-rif is interwoaven with great veins The heart is roundish and whitish hollow on one corner placed just above the liver The sharp artery which is worthy marking a little after the beginning is cloven and the branches are twisted The lungs above cling to the back-bone thin not fleshy but rather skinny set into the sharp artery like a blackish net-worke The disposition of the Hyois-bone and shield-gristle is remarkable In the skull of the Sea-tortoyse is a partition These come about in the deserts of Africa and in some part of Lybia Also in the Arcadian woods they of old made harps of them They are most in the Isle Dioscoris in the red-sea Living in the deserts they have been thought to feed on dew Others say they crop young sprouts of pot-herbs and Pompions c. Worms also they eat and shell-fish In house they kept with bran and meal To passe by fables of their being gendred of Geranus a woman turned into a Crane and Nicodamas They lay hard shelled and party-coloured egges which they hide in the ground and at times sit on and the following year they foster them It is a mistake that they conceive only when the wind blows It is certainer that the female being very slow to coupling is of the male quickned by an herb The Greeks eat them not Certain Hungarians seeing Clusius tast of one beleeved he should dy of it In India they are commonly eaten In August and September when corn is ripe they are fattest and most cried up Some say from February to May the Shee s are best being then full of egges and from June to Autumne the Hees Some praise them with garlick sauce At this day at Bononia they behead the female land-Crocodile and throw away the blood and seeth it till the shell fall from the flesh and wash the inward and boyl all together with saffran sweet spices pines and raisins in Malmsy and so serve it in The flesh makes good perfumes against witchraft and poyson In Africa they cut off the head and feet and make an antidote of them In pottage eaten they disperse swellings and help the falling sicknesse and spleen the blood clears the ey-sight and removes blood-shot rednesse in the eyes and helps against all venome of
serpents spiders toads the blood wrought with meal into pilles and take in wine the gall with Athenian hony is good for the yellow in the eyes and the stroak of a scorpion the ashes of the shell kneaded with wine and oyl closes chaps and ulcers The scales shaven off at top in drinke allay as the the powder of the shell inflames lust The urine I thinke is not seen but in dissection but is thought good against aspick-bites better if mixt with hog-lice the egges hardened make an ointment for swellings and ulcers comming from cold or burnes Some swallow them in stomack-aches Among the Bononians there is syroop of Tortoyses for short-breath and consumptions Some also made a decoction for rheums and cough described by Amatus the Portugees Wecker compounds an electuary against sharp uds of seed Galen stampt the liver to drink for the suffocations of the mother In India are great ones They pluck off their shells with spades they have fat and sweet flesh In Brasil is one called Jubeti by the Portugees Cagado de terra it hath a black shell with many six cornered marks thereon snowted as others The head and legs dusk but shadowed and spotted The liver hath a more savoury tast thenof any other beast ARTICLE II. Of the VVater-Tortoyse POINT I. Of the fresh-water and Pond-Tortoyse PLiny calls it water-mouse and Emyda The clay-coloured is called Myda In Greek Potamia Cheloonia or river-Tortoyses They live in fresh water in lakes and rivers as near Adelfing in a small lake in the Tigurine territory And near Constance in a hote that runs long and wide among the rocks there are plenty of them the women of that city call them divells and ascribe all their sicknesses to them They wander also in Ganges and Nile they breath In breeding time they dig a hole on dry land where they lay and hide their egges and after thirty dayes they uncover them and bring their brood presently to the water Of the fat bruized with Aizoon or the everliving herb and Lily-seed some annoint those that have quartans all over but the head afore the fit then they wrap them warme and give them hote water to drinke They catch it on the fifteenth day of the moon when it is fattest and annoint the patient the day after The blood droped in eases head-akes and swellings Some behead them lying on their backs with a brazen knife receiving the blood in a new earthen pot annointing with the blood cure all kinds of S. Anthonies fires and running sore heads and warts The dung is said to disperse waxen kernels some beleeve that ships sayl slower if a Tortoyses right foot be aboard The Indian river-Tortoyse is just as big as a Boat and holds sixty bushells of pulse The clay or Pond-Tortoyse Pelamida and Amida is alike broad on back and breast the shell makes a handsome cup. It abides in muddy places but at spring seekes running-water They want bladder and reines They are seene about Ferraria and in France Poland Hungary Some think to drive over a shoar of hayl by laying one with the right hand about their garden or field on the back so that it may see the cloud big with hayl Some lay three on a fire of chips and take the bodies from the shells and parboyl them in a gallon of water and a litle salt to a third part and make a drink for palsy and gout for those that have feeling The gall is good for flegm and corrupt blood Drunk in cold water it stays a loosnes POINT II. Of the Sea-Tortoyse PLiny calls it the Sea-mouse the Greek Cheludros the German and Flemish Fishers the Souldier because it beares a shield and helmet and Barchora and of old Zytyron that or such another with rugged hard armed-head and a buckler hanging at the neck It resembles the Land-Tortoyse if you except the feet and bignes In stead of teeth it hath a bone so hard it breaks asunder the thickest staffe with one stroke The snout brims seeme like teeth The eyes sparkle from farre the balls being exceeding bright and glittering The feet like wings wherewith they swim as with oars turn him on his back and cut him up crosse taking away the shell you see a peritonaean membrane covering all the fore-parts from the throat to the secrets tied to the shell by fleshy strings especially by the breast Kall it hath none nor blind gut but slender bowells from above downwards contrary to other fourfooted beasts Nay from the gullet top which is two thumbs thick it reaches to the beginning of the straight gut and lessens all along it hath also double tunicles the outer sinewy the inner fleshy and this is hairy and limber and moyst like a fat Cows right gut In the beginning of the Oesophagus are many thwart prickles bigger then in an Ox-tongue which is strange they serve happily to chew the grosse food they use to gobble in The neck of the bladder answers the straight gut within and have both but one out-let the milt round as an egge tied to the upper-gut Reins plain and long as if made up of many small ones heart moyst full of intricate vessels in the entrance the lappes large blackish dangling by a thin skin lungs large comming down much lower then the heart the neck bent with many muscles and two very long plucking the head in to the shell They live in salt water and about Moluris and live on small fish shell-fish and being brought a land they eat grasse They at breeding-time lay about an hundred egs on land and hide them in a pit and by night sit on them with their foot make a mark on the covered-place to find it again They plain the earth with their breast In fourty dayes they are hatched In America are hide oft above three hundred egges in one hole and are hatched by the Sun with the dams sitting so that an army seemes to be poured out at once They sleep sometimes on land but cannot live long there like Sea-calves they come by night on land and feed greedily and being full and weary they float on the water on their backs sleeping and snorting If they ly long dried by the Sun-beams and cannot get into the sleep they dy They thrust forth their heads to take ayr like Sea-calves and are so bold they dare set on three men at once Cut off their heads they dy not presently but shall bite if you put your hand to them The Armenians by the Patriark of Alexandria are forbidden to eat them on pain of excommunication Between Spring and fall they are good meat Some make pies of them In Brasile they catch some that may suffice 80 men They lard and roast them they tast like veal Their flesh and Frogs-flesh help against Salamanders the blood against shedding of hair itch and foreheads but dried and washt
live young breake the back hath ugly bumps on it it is ash-colour or dun That Gesner dissected was seven fingers long black with white spots on the belly the rest spotted with black and rugged There is another sort with bright half circles on the back and there is of those the greater and the lesser Salamander The last is that of Matheolus common among the Utinenses the head rounder and shorter The Land-ones tayled like the eel black-backed with murry-spots they love dark ditches and fat soils and ponds with white mud there they cleave under stones and seldome swim above Gesner cast one into a tub of water and it put forth the mouth They are slow on ground and hold their mouths close shut you must force them open Cast them into salt they wagge the tayl and dy Beat them long they live The skinne so hard a sword cannot pierce it Out of the wounds comes milky matter Provoke them they swell and start upright and pour out poysonous sweat and look wistly on the provoker If a Sow eat one shee dies CHAPTER IV. Of the Stellio THis goes for a Lizard called Stellio from his starry marks and in Greeke Askalalotaes or Koolobataes from the soft and silent gate and creeping through walls and Galeotes because Weesellike it is ever climbing softly there are divers kinds of them That of the Greeks called Colotes and Ascalabotes it is full of spots and hath a harsh voyce and feeds on every thing That of Italy resembling Chamaeleon living on dew and Spiders and is said to be venomous as the other harmles Hether referre the little white beasts like small Lizards of a bright and brittle-body about Rome called Tarantulaes but the small Lizard is silver-coloured called Liakoni In Gazara was seen a black Stellio as big as a Weesel great-headed and big-bellied We give below a Print of the Matâ—â—â—oli and Facetan Lizard There are none in Germany France nor England but in Thrace Sicily and Syria and those more deadly then they of Italy They keep in chinks of doors and windows and chimnyes That that is foe to the Scorpion is not in Italy bred There are venomous ones In winter they ly hid and eat not Like snakes they grow young again they help the falling-sicknesse they ly in wait for Spiders and Bees and hunt them and Scorpions they seldome bite having bent teeth which they leave in a wound their bite benums but seldome kills The flesh plucks splinters out mans body it cures its own bite and putrified in oyl cures the Scorpions bite In Quartans some layd it in a box under the patients head to prevent the fit The ashes held in the left hand provoke in the right subdue Iust. The parts make sleepy and benum the liver-pounct eases tooth-ach sprinkled on The dung takes away warts the older the better against epilepsy drowned in wine the wine drunke breeds spots or freckles on the face the gall dissolved in water gathers Weesels CHAPTER V. Of the Scincus or Land-Crocodile THe Scincus so called perhaps from Tinsa in the Arabique is also called the land or lesser Crocodile either for being like or for dreading Saffran It â—s of the bignes of a green Lizard or the Salamander fourefooted a thumb thick and not above a quarter long the tayl round and scaly the scales small on the body many and clayish coloured the head long little thicker then the neck the belly as it were winged the tayl round as of the Lizard but shorter and crooked at the end a streak from head to tayl Gesner saw one with five toes and nails a thumb and half broad two palms long and another six palms long at Constantinople The are bred onely in Arabia about Mecha and are brought thence to Alexandria and Venice They live on sweet flowers therefore no wonder their dung sents so on dry ground they lay egges and bury them The flesh is a great antidote Rhasis uses to hang the young on those that are frighted in their sleep Pulverid it makes lustfull the same flesh helps the falling sicknes in India and makes fat The heart in black Sheep-wool of a Lamb first yeaned being worn is thought to chase away quartan-agues The gall with hony is cried up against bloodshot-eyes the reins increase seed the blood with borax smeard on the face removes freckles the fat helps reinpain the ashes of the skin some sprinkle on parts to be cut off to make them lesse sensible Aegineta of the tayl make his oyntment Entaticon out of the bowells is a perfume made against stopping of the matrix the dung is antiepileptick and clears the eyes the best is the white and mouldring that soon melts in water whores use it to keep their faces sleek and unwrinkled as you bruise it it smells like old leven Of old it was sophisticated with dung of stares fed with rice The Indian and Arabian are the biggest In India is bred a beast like it as great as a Malta Dog with a rough scaly skin called by the Indians Phatagen happily it is the Candiverbera or smitetayl In Cyprus is a Lizard everyway resembling the Scincus In the Lake of Vicenza is a divers sort a kind of Salamander The Scincus Rhasis hath a tayl not round but flat or squat about the sides CHAPTER VI. Of the Foure-footed Cordylus and other Lyzards IT is like the fish Cordylus called by some Latermen the land-Crocodile and the Candiverbera because it is ever whisking and clapping with the tayl which is like a knotted club and beats all that come near him Some say he hath gils but there hangs one in a publique library with onely two holes by the corners of the mouth It is like a Crocodile but lesse and moves the under-jaw headed and mouthed like a Tortoyse the neck short and swelling below each foot hath five toes the body scaly skin hard like a snakes slough tayl round with scaly ringlets inexpressible the scales are hard as bones and fouresquare hollowed a litle to make the tayl round joyned like tiles the corners sharp as thorns they are transparant and of a pale yellow as horn the belly struts out more then a Crocodiles the back broad and flat This may proove Aelians Indian Phattages by the description whose rough skin they use to cut with CHAPTER VII Of the Chamaeleon TE name imports a little Lion the notation from a Camel and a Lion is ridiculous of late the wild call it Gamaleon Zamaleon Hamaleon and Maleon It resembles a Lizard only the thighs stand uprighter and higher the sides are joyned to the belly as a fish and the back-bone such snouted like a hog the tail long and pointed with rounds viperlike it is crooked clawed it is rough-bodied as the Crocodile the eyes hollow and sunk great and coloured as the body the flesh is but little about the head jaws and dock