in the Time of Coition by means of their Reticular Structure are Inflated and strictly Embrace them We have Describ'd the Manner how the Foliated Expansions of the Left Falloppian Tube Embrace the Ovarium on that Side and are Distended by the Refluent Blood from the Vagina whose Veins being Comprest by the Penis in Coition all or the greatest Part of its Blood passes up by the Spermatick Veins which Inosculate with the Hypogastrick and the Distended Tubes are Incurvated by the Broad Ligaments of the Vterus and the Fundus Vteri being Distended also and at the same Time the External Air Pent out by the Penis a free Passage is left for the Semen to the Ovarium This I prefer as a more Compendious way of Conveying it than either thro' the whole Mass of Blood which must in my Opinion too much alter it or thro' the Porous Substance of the Vterus as others would have us believe Nor can I conceive why any Man should scruple to think these small Animals may pass some Pore in the External Membranes as they do in Froggs Fish c. where the Ovula are ejected out of the Female before they are Impregnated by the Male rather than suppose they should pass by the Spermatick Arteries to the Ovarium after several Circulations thro' the whole System of the Body The immediate and direct Passage of the Semen is very much confirm'd by comparing the Appearances of these Uterine Parts in Fowl especially Hens One or sometimes more of these Ova happening to be Foecundated at a Time are distended and break the Pedunculi by which they are affix'd and leaving their Folliculi pass into the Falloppian Tube which resembling the Ovi-ducts in Birds receive and convey them to the Fundus Vteri The manner how they are carry'd on is not less Mechanical than most other Operations in the Animal Oeconomy for as the Turgescence of the Penis first remits in its Extremity so do's this exactly after the same manner and by Consequence drives the Ovum contain'd in it to the Fundus of the Womb. After the Ovum is arriv'd here it Fluctuates about some Time without being fix'd and receives Nourishment by Apposition only till at length some of its Vessels begin to Germinate and afterwards Inosculate with those of the Vterus The Arteries of the Ovum protruding themselves into the Veins of the Vterus and the Veins Vice-versa into the Arteries from which mutual Intertexture of the Vessels the Placenta is compos'd By Intervention of the Placenta and Umbilical Vessels the Foetus receives Blood from the Mother and a common Circulation is continu'd the Particulars of which and the Difference of its Course from the Circulation after the Birth is Describ'd in the Explication of the following Tables The Aliment for Nutrition of the Foetus seems to be a sort of Chylous Juice separated by the Glands of the Placenta and reposited in the Capacity of the Amnios Tab. 55 58. which Grows considerable for its Quantity in the Second and Third Month and the Foetus begins to take it in at its Mouth for some time before its Birth whence it is convey'd to the Stomach and Intestines and Part passes into Chyle and Blood-Vessels according to the Ordinary Method of Nature in an Adult the remainder Composing the Excrement we find in the Intestines of the Foetus and sometimes Floating in the Liquor of the Amnios Besides which the Mammillâ— of Recent-born Infants of both Sexes contain a Serous Milky Liquor which is discharg'd into the Liquor of the Amnios After the Foetus has lain Nine Months in the Womb it Arrives at such a Magnitude as makes it uneasie both for want of Room and Aliment Besides the Excrements voided from its Anus foul the Contents of the Amnios and molest the Foetus which by its frequent and strenuous Struglings shakes the Placenta and breaks the slender Vessels which Connect it to the Vterus from the Conspiring of which Circumstances Parturition must necessarily follow After the Secundines are remov'd and the Infant first Opens its Mouth the Ambient Air rushes into the Lungs and Distends the Vesiculae Aereoe which afterwards remain in some measure Inflated because the Extremity of the Bronchia which Open into them are much Less than the Vesiculae themselves and some Part of the Air will still continue in them whence they Gain a greater Specifick Lightness and Swim in Water The Pulmonick Blood-Vessels which before the Birth lay Collaps'd have their Trunks and Ramifications Extended and admit the Blood to pass thro' them the Foramen Ovale and Canalis Arteriosus not lying in a Direct Line to the Propulsion of the Blood these Passages in Tract of Time become Obliterated and all the Blood from the Right Ventricle of the Heart passes thro' the Lungs before it can Arrive at the Left These Alterations of the Oeconomy happen after the Foetus is brought into the World and Expos'd to the External Air. Having seen how the Infant is Generated and Usher'd into the World with the Alterations which attend its Birth we must consider next by what means Nutrition and Accretion are Effected or the Steps by which it proceeds insensibly from such small Beginnings to its due Size and Dimensions It is certain that the Bodies of Animals are nothing else than a Vascular Compages and all their Parts Exist in the Foecundated Ovum which by the Accession of New Matter are only Distended and become Visible From which Consideration we may infer That the Augmentation of the Body is made by a Simple Extension of all the Tubes Vessels and Cells which when they will no longer recede to admit the Nutritious Particles to be Lodg'd in the Interstices of the Fibres which Compose their Parietes and there remain no more Ostiola in the Sides of their Vessels by which the Fluids can Open a Passage the Body is Arriv'd at the utmost limits of its Growth This Tenseness and Contiguity of the Fibres which refuses to admit more of the Nutritious Parts is that which Determines the Magnitude of Animals and the same Hypothesis will serve to Explicate the differing Sizes of Individuals of the same Species In this Manner the Bones Arrive at their full Dimensions and then preserve their Stability and Figure whose Accretion and other Accidents Arising from its Vitiation are very well Explain'd by Dr. Havers in his Osteologia But besides the gradual Increase and Formation of the Tubes and Vessels there is a necessity for a Supply of Fluids to maintain a Plenitude with a constant Reparation of the Blood and Humours to prevent the Collapse Thus in an Atrophy the great Emaciation and apparent Loss of the Substance proceeds from a want of Proper Fluids to preserve the Arteries Veins Lymphe-ducts c. and other Channels of the Body in their due Distention I must confess a Corrosive Salt in some deprav'd Crases of the Blood may consume the Stable and Organick Parts as in the Spina Ventosa and such
Capillary Veins and from thence into the greater Branches next into the Trunk of the Vena Cava and so into the Right Ventricle again In the mean time the Three Tricuspid Valves in the Right Tab. 22. Fig. 6. and the two Mitral Valves Tab. ead Fig. 12. in the Left Ventricle of the Heart oppose its return into the Vena Cava and Vena Pulmonaris and the Semilunary Valves of the Arteria Pulmonaris Tab. ead Fig. 14. and Aorta Tab. ib. Fig. 13. prevent its Reflux into the Ventricles The Structure and Position of which Membranes are sufficient alone to lead all Observing Men into a compleat Knowledge of its Motion and Progress The Circular Motion of the Blood was first Explain'd and the whole Demonstrated in a Treatise expresly Writ upon that Subject and Published in the Year 1628. by our Learned and Ingenious Dr. Harvey To omit all disputes here how far this was known to Cesalpinus Columbus Servetus or any of the Anatomists or Virtuoso's of the last Age. But the Manner how this Animal Liquor is transmitted from the Arteries to the Veins has remained hitherto a Secret and afforded Matter of Controversie Some pretend this is done by some blind Imperceptible Meatus in the Carnous Parts and perplex themselves to give Irrational and Chimerical Accounts which we shall not here lose Time to enumerate or refute But the late great Improvement of Microscopes has put an end to all these uncertain Conjectures by discovering to our Naked Eye that the Veins and Arteries are but one continued inflected Tube and the Blood passes from one to the other in an uninterrupted Current which Unity of the Blood-Vessels by a Parity of Reason we infer extends to the whole System and will hardly be questioned by those who consider the Prompt Passage of Mercury and other injected Liquors from the Arteries to the Veins or see the Globules of Blood passing these Angustia and reverting with incredible Rapidity in the Fins of Fishes App. F. 4 5. which curious Discovery ought not to be reputed the least Advancement which this Part of Natural History has receiv'd The great Engine which sets all this Motion on Foot is the Heart Tab. 22. Fig. 9. by whose repeated Elastick Contraction the Blood is driven to the remotest Parts thro' the Arterial System App. Fig. 3. and forced to continue its Motion back thro' the Venous Channels This Elastick Force is primarily seated in its own Muscular Fibres whose Spiral Contortion Tab. 22. Fig. 2 3. is very well described by Dr. Lower in his Book De Corde but the Pendulous Position and the Fibres which compose its Great Arteries i. e. the Pulmonaris and Aorta assist very much and the Heart taken out of the Body and held up by the Arteries will continue the least gentle Motion imprest on it for a considerable Time which Effect can only be ascribed to the Elasticity of the Arterial Trunks by which it is suspended The Heart is the immediate Instrument but what is the Vis Motrix which forces its Fibres to a Contraction is a far greater Difficulty and one of the most Abstruse Inscrutable Mysteries of Nature It is in this respect our Bodies differ from Artificial Machines the Former having in themselves a perpetual Principle of Motion which the Latter by no Invention of Men can arrive at In my Opinion the Heart of an Animal bears a great Analogy to the Pendulums of those Artificial Automata Clocks and Watches whilst its Motion is perform'd like that of other Muscles the Blood doing the Office of a Pondus The Observation of the Curious Mons. Peyer in Parergo Septimo seems to favour this Opinion who tells us He has with Pleasure seen the Heart renew its Contraction by blowing into the Thoracick Duct when the Parts have began to grow stiff after Death The like Motion of the Heart I have more than once observ'd to be restor'd by blowing into the Veins of a Dog and pouring warm Water on it or applying the Palm of the Hand not long after its Cessation Besides the Quantity doubtless the Quality of the Blood has a Share since all Distempers which alter the Mass at the same Time create a Hurry and Disorder in its Motion To explain the Action of the Blood in this Case and the Influence it has over the Motion of the Heart we must consider its Nature Constituent Parts and the Alterations it is disposed to receive This Animal Fluid consists of Two Parts Serous and Globular The Distinction of these Parts of the Blood is evident to the Naked Eye after its Stagnation in any Vessel but is clearly evinced by the Microscope in its Circulation thro' the Tails and Fins of Fishes and other Transparent Parts in the same manner as is Represented Appendix Fig. 4 5. where the Globules seem to Swim in the Serum in this state of Mixture Now the Blood being in this manner a Heterogeneous Liquor Compos'd of Particles of various Magnitude and Figure must be subject to an Intestine Motion but the great Rapidity of its Current thro' the Arteries and the Angustiae in the Extremities of the Blood-Vessels not admitting any Retrograde Motion to be there made it is deferr'd till it arrives in the Great Veins where its Progress is retarded and the Room more spatious and the Intestine Motion there Commences which arises to a Greater or Less Height as the Blood is more or less Charged with Incongruous Parts The Alteration which the Blood by this means receives has no inconsiderable Share in the Heart's Contraction and tho it be not the prime efficient Cause yet we cannot deny but that it is Partial and Incitative as appears in Fevers and several other Distempers where the whole Mass is Accelerated and the Pulse more frequent Besides all these Causes the Brain by its Nervous Trunks sent to this Part which are very Thick and Tense yet lie very loose contributes much to this Action And here we may observe not only these of the Heart but the whole System of Nerves which serve the Viscera in the Thorax and Lower Belly have their Propagines very Numerous and Tense notwithstanding which they lie Loose or Free in their Progress from the Brain to their respective Parts both which concur in disposing them to Receive and Retain all Impressions from their Extremities This Faculty beginning to Exert it self even while the Foetus is in Vtero grows Familiar and Natural and from this early Habit and Practice of the Infant they after perform their Duty Sleeping or Waking without the least Advertence but this by the by And now if what has been Noted shall be thought sufficient to give ground to Hope Future Enquiries may discover more Adequate Causes of this great Phaenomenon we have obtained our Desire and shall leave these Hints to be improv'd by Men of more Industry and Leasure Before we leave this Subject we must not omit to Remark some Observable Artifices of Nature for the better carrying
on the Circulation The First is the Valves placed in the several Divarications of the Veins between their Capillar Extremities and Larger Trunks These are Membranes proceeding from the inner Coat of the Vessels in the Form of a Crescent or C. which was the Ancient Greek Sigma and are generally Double with their Concavity looking towards the Heart and readily give way to the Current of the Blood thither as is Represented Tab. 23. F. 7. But if by its Weight or any other Cause the Blood should Revert they oppose it and being Distended prevent its Return from the Great Trunks of Veins to the Lesser and at the same time hinder the Superincumbing Blood from pressing on the Inferior concerning which consult Tab. 23. Fig. 6. Another Considerable Artifice in Nature is the Conveying great Quantities of Refluent Blood from several Parts of the Trunk by particular Channels instead of discharging it by the next and most immediate Passage into the Neighbouring Current Dr. Lower has well Observ'd that the Heart is not placed in the Center of the Body but inclines to its Upper Part which Position is necessary to Drive the Blood in its Systole to the Head with more Force then is required to make it Descend to the Feet to which its own Weight and Fluidity do's not a little Conduce Now the Heart being seated so near the Upper Part as that Two Parts in Three of the whole Fabrick appear to be below it there must be a like Inequality of Blood sent to the Inferior Parts to that which Ascends to the Superior And this we see Confirm'd by comparing the Diameter of the Blood-Vessels Descending with the Ascending the Former being much Larger then the Latter This great Disproportion of Blood in the Upper System to that of the Lower seems to threaten a great Disturbance in the Animal Order but is prevented by the Provident Care of the Author of Nature in the Manner we are now about to Describe The Intercostal Arteries App. F. 3. which arise from the Lower System are accompanied with Veins that Return the Blood they Exported which do not enter into the next Large Trunk according to the ordinary Process of Nature in other Parts but are all United into One Channel and sometimes Two which Ascends by the Side of the Aorta and Empties it self into the Descending Trunk of the Vena Cava there Discharging all its Refluent Blood which had it been Inserted into the Ascending Trunk it must have added so great a Weight that the Blood could not have past up to the Heart which it now easily do's Beside these the Mammary Veins likewise Empty themselves into the Subclavian so that all the Blood Arising from the Parietes of the Thorax the Back and its Muscles as well as those of the Scapulae returns again to the Heart by the Upper Trunk of the Vena Cava tho' it was sent thither from the Lower Trunk of the Arteria Magna Another Contrivance of this Nature is Observable in the Vena Porta which Receives the Blood from the Stomach Omentum Spleen Pancreas Guts and Mesentery sent thither by the Coeliack and Mesenterick Arteries which large Quantity had it Enter'd into the Vena Cava immediately below the Liver or Kidneys its Weight so far beneath the Diaphragm must have Hindred its Ascent wherefore the Vena Porta not unlike the Azygos of the Thorax before Noted carries up all the Blood by another Channel and Discharges it into the Extremities of the Vena Cava within the Liver where it is Diluted and Propell'd by the Refluent Blood from the Splenick Vein and afterwards assisted in its Ascent by the Contraction of the Diaphragm Here I cannot forbear making a Digression and presenting my Conjectures of the Use and Office of the Spleen since it ministers in this Part of the Animal Oeconomy The Arteria Splenica is not only very large in Proportion to the Magnitude of the Spleen but has a Remarkable Tortuous Passage to it Tab. 36. F. 1. whence we may conceive as the Quantity of Blood sent to the Spleen is very great so it s Impetus is very much Abated Next the Communications between the Extremities of its Arteries and Veins are very Large as appears by the Prompt Exit which Water pour'd into one Finds by the other and the Inflation of the Veins which is easily made by Blowing into the Arteries when the whole Spleen and its Veins become Distended with it The Lymphe-ducts of the Spleen we have Observ'd Tab. 36. Fig. 1. to Arise from the Vesiculae at the Extremities of its Veins and Discharge their Contents into the Neighbouring Lymphatick Glands whence it is sent into the Receptacule of the Chyle Its Nerves are Distributed thro' its whole Substance and serve to preserve its Tone and Regulate the Separation of its Lympha and Nutritive Juice But the most exact Scrutiny of Anatomists could never yet Discover any Excretory-duct arising from this Viscus and indeed the Patent Communication of its Vessels seems a convincing Proof that no such Excretory-duct can Exist but must appear very plain Besides it seems Extravagant and Unbecoming the Wonderful Providence of Nature to Separate any particular Juice in the Arteries here to be instantly Refunded into the Veins and we can hardly conceive the Blood can suffer any Alteration in a Place where the Transit from the one to the other is so Ample After these Considerations Premis'd if the Problem be Propos'd What can be the Design of the great Architect of our Bodies in the Fabrication of so Large and Remarkable a Part without any Fluid Secreted in it besides its own Nutritive Juice and Lympha I believe our Hypothesis will enable us to give a sufficient Reply to this seeming invincible Difficulty with which Learned Men have exceedingly perplex'd themselves I conceive then the Spleen is Design'd by Nature as a Diverticle to receive a large Proportion of Blood to be Refunded by its Veins into the Porta and promote the Reflux of the Blood Imported thither from the Stomach Guts Pancreas Mesentery c. by whose slow Progress thro' the innumerable Glands of those Parts it returns Thick and unfit for Motion And this seems but Necessary that a new Quantity of Blood charg'd with a Copious Serum should be Infunded into this Refluent Liquor before it Arrives at the Liver to dispose it to pass the Extremities of the Vena Cava and add a fresh Impetus to its Languid Motion caus'd by its Long and Tortutous Progress This I take to be the Use and Office of the Spleen and seems to have all the Circumstances the Laws of Mechanism require for this Purpose The Novelty of which Opinion will I hope be no Prejudice to its Reception in the Minds of Candid and Impartial Men. Having thus Represented the Circulation the Order of Nature leads us to Respiration which serves in conveying the Blood from the Right to the Left Ventricle of the Heart and Impregnates it with
Parts proper for its further Elaborations Respiration or Breathing is a double Action i. e. Inspiration or Receiving of Air into the Lungs and Expiration or Expelling it again The whole is done by means of Widening and Straitning the Cavity of the Thorax in which the Lungs are contain'd How the Cavity of the Thorax may be Enlarged and Contracted we may easily conceive if we consider the Order of its Bony Parietes Tab. 27 and 28. and observe the Oblique Descending Position of the Ribs from the Vertebrae of the Back with their Cartilaginous Connection to the Os Pectoris and the Position and Action of the Diaphragm as is explained Tab. 52. whence it appears when the Ribs are drawn up and the Superior Convex Surface of the Diaphragm deprest towards a Plain the Included Space must necessarily be Enlarged and on the contrary very much Straitned when the Ribs are drawn down and the Upper Surface of the Diaphragm Convex towards the Lungs as it is Represented in the last mention'd Table The Elevation and Depression of the Ribs is perform'd by the Proper and Common Muscles of the Thorax The First have their Rise and Termination confined to the Parts Composing its Parietes The Other notwithstanding their Relation to other Parts yet chiefly respect This Of the Common Muscles some are Principal immediately moving This together with those Parts from which they are derived Others are Auxiliary which by moving the Contiguous Bodies Contribute to the better performing the Grand Motion Thus the Elevation of the Shoulder-Blades is required in violent Respirations without which the Musculi Serrati Tab. 20. which spring from the Scapulae Tab. 29. V. W. could not Act hence it happens that Respiration is Interrupted when the Arms are in Action by reason the Scapulae at that time engage all their Muscles especially the Serrati T. 20. to render them Stable and the Extension of the Vertebrae of the Neck becomes necessary to the end the Musculi Scaleni Tab. 18. B B. may Raise the Upper Ribs The Proper Muscles of the Thorax are the Intercostales Externi and Interni Tab. 26. Fig. 1. the Triangulares Tab. and Fig. ead the Serrati Superiores and Inferiores Postici Tab. 28. The Principal Common Muscles are the Scaleni Tab. 18. the Subclavii Tab. 20. the Serrati Majores Minores Antici Tab. ead and the Sacrolumbales Tab. 29. The Auxiliary Muscles are such as Raise the Scapulae and draw them Backwards and those which Extend the whole Spine The Cavity of the Thorax being dilated in the manner above mention'd the Ambient Air necessarily rushes thro' the Aspera Arteria and Bronchia into the Vesiculae of the Lungs whereby their whole Substance becomes Distended and this we call Inspiration In Expiration the Air contain'd in the Vesiculae of the Lungs is Excluded in this Action the Lungs are not meerly Passive as in the Former but the Elasticity of the Ligaments of their Bronchia draw their Small Cartilages over each other and Conduce to the Expulsion of the Air contain'd in their Vesiculae This Alternate Diastole and Systole of the Lungs and Thorax bears an Analogy to a Pair of Bellows whose Two Boards being drawn from each other the Ambient Air necessarily rushes in between them and Fills the Internal Space enlarg'd by the Deduction of their Sides which Air is again Expell'd from thence by Approaching them towards each other The Inducements the Author of Nature had to Frame this Pulmonary Organ are many by this the Aerial Particles pass to the Mass of Blood which Rarifie Subtilize and render it fit for those Elaborations it afterwards undergoes By these the Tenacious Serum of the Blood is Attenuated and the whole Mass rendred fit for Motion the Effects of which are Evident in those Rhumatick Asthmas and other Cases which Oblige some to leave this Town for a Clearer Air. The Lungs are the Intermediate Passage between the Two Ventricles of the Heart whereby the whole Mass of Blood passes thro' their Large Blood-Vessels in an equal Rapidity and Quantity with that of all other Parts of the Body besides and do by this means discharge the Blood of a great Quantity of its Serum by Halitus in Expiration wherefore the Accurate Dr. Tyson Reckons them among the Number of Glands This Alternate Action in which Respiration consists is Necessary to the End the Blood may pass the Lungs whose Vesiculae if they were constantly Distended by the Inspired Air the Extremities of the Pulmonick Blood-Vessels would be Comprest and on the contrary if these Vesiculae were Collaps'd as after Expiration their Blood-Vessels would be consequently Corrugated but by this Vicissitude they become Permeable and the Blood easily passes their Extremities We have Traced the Aliment from its First Reception till it is Elaborated into Blood and pursued in its Motion and Circulation thro' its several Channels We ought next to take a View of the several Liquors or Fluids separated from it in its Tour. All Animal Juices except the Chyle are separated from the Arterial Blood which common Material in its Percolation in the Brain and Nerves yield the Contents of their Fibres in the Glands of the Mouth and Throat the Saliva in the Mammae the Milk in the Kidneys the Urine in the Testes Sperm not to name the Sweat Mucilage of the Joints c. and thro' the Universal Body a Copious Quantity of Lympha which is not applied to any distinct Use in the Animal Oeconomy but is all discharg'd into the Great Cystern or Receptacle of the Chyle and Subclavian Vein and so Refunded into the Refluent Blood The Doctrine of Secretions is the last and only remaining Part of those Natural Functions which are directed to the Preservation and Subsisting of the Individual For the Nature and Properties of these Liquors their Use and Office and the peculiar Structure adapted for the Percolation of one and excluding the rest we must remit the Reader to the Description of the Organs themselves contenting our selves here with the Theory of the Origin of the Lympha and Secretion in General The Knowledge of this Animal-liquor call'd Lympha and the Ducts which Convey it is owing to the Industry and Searches of this present Age. But whether Rudbeck Bartholine or our Countrey-man Dr. Iolive ought to carry the Honour of the Discovery I shall not pretend to decide But the Rise Course and other particular Circumstances needful to inform us of their Use and the Design of Nature in the Fabrication of these Ducts has not been hitherto at least fully Demonstrated Some have pretended to derive these Ducts from the Nerves others from the Membranes or Tendinous Parts of the Muscles but these are Impertinencies scarce worth a serious Refutation The diligent Melpighius in his Epistle to the Royal-SocÃety is follicitous in enquiring whether they are not Excretory-ducts to Export the Juice Secreted in the Conglobate Glands since there is none of these Glands so inconsiderable to be
Divers transverse strong Ligaments in the Lateral Sinus F F The Orifices of the Veins of the Brain in the Longitudinal Sinus G G That Part of the Dura Mater which adhered to the Lamdoidal Suture of the Skull H The Medulla Oblongata going out of the great Foramen of the Skull in the Os Occipitis I The Cerebellum cover'd with the Dura Mater Fig. 3. A Part of the Longitudinal Sinus opened B B c. The Veins of the Brain before they enter the Sinus C C Their Orifices opening into the Sinus variously some of them being parallel to their Trunks other Veins first pass in the Duplicature of the Sinus forwards and others backwards by which means the Progressive Motion of the Blood is not only assisted in some Positions of the Head and it s too rapid Motion prevented in others but a due Mixture and Reunion of its Parts are made after undergoing so elaborate a Strainer as that of the whole Substance of the Brain especially in its Cortical or Glandulous Part. Fig. 4. A A The Posterior and Lateral Part of the Brain covered with its Meninges B B The Os Petrosum broken off from the Cranium C Part of the Os Occipitis in like manner divided from the Skull D The Inferior and Tortuous Part of the Lateral Sinus on the Left Side opened in which may be observed its transverse strong Ligaments exprest Fig. 2. E. E The Cavity in the Os Petrosum or Specus which receives the Bulbous Part of the Lateral Sinus at the Beginning of the Jugular Vein F The Trunk of the Internal Jugular Vein G A Probe inserted into the Jugular Vein by the Sinus H The Bulbous Part of the Lateral Sinus which was contained in the Specus of the Os Petrosum Fig. 5. A A Part of the Lateral Sinus cut off B B A lacerated Portion of the Dura Mater which involv'd that Sinus expanded C The Bulbous Part of that Sinus which was contain'd in the Specus or Cavity of the Os Petrosum which is a Diverticulum to the Refluent Blood least it should too suddenly press into the Internal Jugular Vein D D D The Filaments of the Dura Mater broken off E The Beginning of the Internal Jugular Vein As the Structure of the Veins of this Part differ from that of others so also the Arteries of the Brain have a peculiar Organization at their Entrance from the ordinary Course of those of other Parts as does somewhat appear in the following Figure We have also Figured this Disposition of the Trunks of the Carotid Arteries finding them much more Tortuous than they are here represented Vid. App. Fig. 3.13 14. Fig. 6. A The Trunk of the Carotid Artery passing towards the Brain B C Part of its Membrane borrowed of the Dura Mater separated and expanded D D The lower Part of the Artery next the Heart The Vertebral Arteries also enter the Cavity of the Skull very much Contorted as appears in the Third Figure of our Appendix and again in the Eighth Figure where II shews their passing through the Transverse Process of the first Vertebra of the Neck K K their Trunks marching between the first Vertebra and Os Occipitis to the great Foramen of the last named Bone through which they pass into the Skull and afterwards conjunctly make up the Cervical Artery The Design of these Curvations in the Arteries before they enter the Cavity of the Skull is to prevent too great a Swiftness of the Current of the Blood through the whole Substance of the Brain which being placed so near the Heart would also suffer by its too great Pulsation were it not that the Contorted Trunks of these Arteries lessened its force else the frequent disorderly Motions of the Heart would make us as often incident to suffer great Inconveniences in the Brain yet nevertheless we are incident to suffer in some Degree whence 't is that the Passions of the Mind wherein the Heart is affected so suddenly disorders the Reason THE SEVENTH TABLE Fig. 1. REPRESENTS the Posterior Part of the Brain as it appears lying on the Basis of the Skull it s Upper Part being free'd from the Dura Mater A A The Hinder Lobes of the Brain raised and drawn somewhat forwards B C c. The Ligature and Two Pieces of Wood made use of for the better supporting the Brain in that Position D D Parts of divers Quadruplicatures of the Dura Mater E E A Division of the Second Process of the Dura Mater on the Left Side in which the Cerebellum appears F F The Cerebellum laid bare in that Division G H The Second Process of the Dura Mater on the Right Side intirely covering the Upper Part of the Cerebellum I I I The Edge of the Os Occipitis whence the Upper Part of the Skull is divided K K The Common Integuments of the Head turned off Fig. 2. The Inner Face of the Os Occipitis together with the Cerebellum c. A A The Cerebellum inclined forwards towards the Cella Turcica so that its Back Part which rests on the Os Occipitale comes in view B B The Hindmost Part of the Medulla Oblongata in its Passage out of the great Foramen of the Os Occipitis b The Processus Vermiformis of the Cerebellum C C C Divers Roots of the Eighth Ninth and Part of the Tenth Pairs of Nerves a a The Accessory Nerves accompanying those of the Eighth Pair at their Egress D D c. The Crassa Meninx or Dura Mater E E c. Part of the Edge of the Skull F F The Hairy Scalp diffected G Part of the Pericranium raised H The Left Ear. THE EIGHTH TABLE Fig. 1. IS Part of the Dura Mater together with the Falx dri'd A A The Falx supported so as to shew its proper Extent and Figure B B The Sinus Falcis Superior or Longitudinalis opened C The Sinus Falcis Inferior not distinguished in this Figure D D c. The Orifices of Veins opening into the Longitudinal Sinus and Trunks of other Veins going to it E The Beginning of the Longitudinal Sinus at the Os Crista Galli F F The Left Lateral Sinus G G G Two Parts of the Quadruplicatures of the Dura Mater lying between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum H H c. The Sticks Thread and Pins made use of to support the Membrane in drying it Fig. 2. Parts of the above mentioned Sinus distended with Wind and dried together with Part of the Dura Mater A The Longitudinal Sinus B B The Two Lateral Sinus's C The Fourth Sinus D A large Vein which empties its Blood at the Conjunction of the Four Sinus's which Union of the Sinus's is called Torcular Herophili Fig. 3. The Connection or Beginning of the Falx at the Os Crista Galli A The Os Cribrosum B The Crista Galli C A Portion of the Falx cleaving to the Crista Galli Fig. 4. Part of the Falx dried and exprest somewhat bigger than the Life A The Forepart of the
of the Obliquus Descendens on the Lest Side Indented with the last mentioned Serratus H The Pectoralis in Situ on the Left Side this Muscle has a Broad Semicircular Fleshy Beginning above from near Half the Inferior Part of the Clavicula B below from the Os Pectoris L and all the Cartilaginous Endings of the Six Superior Ribs M M and from the Bony Part of the Seventh Rib it hath sometimes a distinct Fasciculus of Fleshy Fibres which I have frequently seen Confounded with the Obliquus Descendens hence it passeth Transversely over the Upper-Part of the Biceps Cubiti where it is made into a short and broad strong Tendon Inserted to the Superior and External Part of the Os Humeri above the Termination of the Deltoides I The Right Pectoral Muscle rais'd where the Decussation of its Fibres near its Insertion is well Exprest This crossing of its Fibres is a Contrivance in Nature to render its Action more Vigorous the Fibres of its Upper-Part Descending to the Lower-Part of its Implantation to the Os Humeri and those of its Lower-Part Ascend to the Superior crossing each other with Acute Angles This Muscle is call'd Adductor Humeri when it Acts it moves the Arm variously according to the Operation of its several Series of Fibres K The Serratus Minor Anticus raised from its Implantation at the Bony Parts of the Second Third Fourth and Fifth Ribs and left at its Origin at the Processus Carocoides Scapulae L The Os Pectoris or Sternum M M The Cartilaginous Endings of the Superior Ribs Connexed to the Sternum N N The Deltoides Vide Tab. 66. XX. O O The Superior Parts of the Recti Abdominis Vide Tab. 32 Fig. 1. N O c. P Part of the Coracobrachialis Vide Tab. 65. F. Q Part of the Biceps Cubiti Tab. ib. 1. THE TWENTY-FIRST TABLE SHEWS the Sternum Rais'd and the Principal Organs contain'd in the Thorax partly in View A The Inner-Face of the Sternum or Os Pectoris B B The Cartilages of the True Ribs cut from the Bony Extremities of the Ribs and left at their Connexions to the Sternum Upon these Cartilages are plac'd the Musculi Triangulares which Muscles Arise from the Inferior and Internal Part of the Sternum and after an Oblique Progress are inserted to the Bony Endings of the Fourth Fifth Sixth and sometimes Seventh and Eight Ribs These Triangular Muscles scarcely appear in Macilent Subjects as is Exprest in this Figure C The Mediastinum free'd from the Os Pectoris where in Humane Bodies it appears Double being a Continuation of the Pleura from both Sides the Internal Part of the Thorax whence it Descends and firmly Cleaves to the Pericardium dividing the Thorax into Two Cavities and the Right Lobes of the Lungs from the Left In this Progress of the Mediastinum it parts with One of its Laminae to cover the large Blood-Vessels within the Thorax A Triangular Interstice is fram'd immediately under the Sternum at the Approach of the Pleura from each Side as it Descends to compose the Mediastinum Nor is this Interstice an empty Space as it is commonly suppos'd but is interwoven with various Orders of Fibres framing Loculi or little Cells Real Columbus Lib. xi Cap. iii. Proposes the letting out of Pus collected in this Interstice by Perforating the Sternum As the Fore-part of the Mediastinum plainly appears a Continuation of the Pleura â— so its Back-part is evidently a Continuation of the same Membrane as it advances towards the Vertebrae of the Back In Dissecting a Morbid Body I found the Right Side of the Cavity of the Thorax so extended with a Serous Humor as its External Appearance especially at the Cartilaginous Endings of the True Ribs was Prominent Nor would the least Portion of the Lungs on the same Side Swim in common Water but Sunk to the Bottom of the Vessel In this Subject I could not find any Part of the Hydropick or Serous Humor in the other Side of the Thorax but the Lungs on that Side in no very ill State By this we may be assur'd that the Mediastinum adequately divides the Right Side of the Thorax from the Left The Mediastinum also supports the Pericardium leaft its Flaccidity impede the Systole of the Heart and sustains the Trunks of the Nerves of the Par Vagum in their Progress thro' the Thorax The Diaphragm is also said to be suspended by the Mediastinum leaft the Liver to whose Lower-Side it 's Connexed should become Insupportable The Mediastinum receives Arteries from the Mammary and Intercostal Branches it has Two large Veins which discharge their Blood into the Subclavian and Neighbouring Trunks Its Nerves are said to Spring from the Eighth Pair The Lymphe-Ducts of the Mediastinum pass towards the Thymus D D The Pericardium or Capsula Cordis Open'd and Pinn'd up The Pericardium Arises from the large Vessels at the Basis of the Heart and seems to be compos'd of a Continuation of the Pleura or Mediastinum It adheres to the Diaphragm below and laterally to the Mediastinum It has Blood-Vessels from the Diaphragm and Mammary-Vessels according to the Accurate Ruysch in his lately publish'd Epistles The Capillary Extremities of these Blood-Vessels are very Numerous as will appear when Injected with Mercury There are divers Lymphe-Ducts on the Pericardium which convey the Lympha to the Thoracick-Duct The Glands which are in the Pericardium and at the Basis of the Heart which separate that Humor imploy'd in Moistening the Inside of that Membrane and Surface of the Heart are not to be discover'd by the naked Eye in ordinary Dissections no more than those on the Inside of the Peritonaeum and Surface of the Intestines which afford a Humor to Lubricate those Parts but when either of these Parts are Diseased so that those Glands are Affected their Existence then is Demonstrable as appear'd in the Pericardium of an Infant I lately Dissected where the Neighbouring Parts and Pericardium its self were Apostumated In the Pericardiums of this Subject we found Two or Three Ounces of Purulent Matter in place of the Serous Humor and the External Membrane of the Heart so loosned as its Surface appear'd Villous nor did any Fat appear on the Basis of the Heart In an Adult Person who Died suddenly I found the Pericardium somewhat Thickned and no Humor contain'd in it but in Two or Three Places cleaving to the Heart especially near its Basis and the Heart it self intirely cover'd with Fat The Use of the Pericardium is to defend the Heart in its Systole from the Neighbouring Parts and to contain a Humor to Moisten the External Surface of the Heart E The Heart lying within the Pericardium F F Parts of the Lungs on both Sides the Thorax in Situ G The Thymus in Situ The Magnitude of the Thymas varies according to the Age of the Body in a Faetus Two Months after Conception it is larger in Proportion to the Bulk of the
Body than in One of Five or Six Months In a Faetus of Nine Months it almost fills the Interstice which the Lungs after the Birth begin to take up in the Upper-part of the Thorax The Thymus after the Birth gradually decreases except the Upper-part of the Cavity in the Thorax is Capacious enough for its Reception as appear'd in an Anatomical Subject I lately Dissected of Thirty Years of Age in whom the Thymus was very large I must confess I never yet met with a Subject tho never so Old in whom the Thymus was wanting In those Bodiâ—â— the Thymus is less than ordinary we find the Subclavian Glands those of the Internal Jugular Veins and the Glandule Thyraidam larger as they lately appear'd in a Boy of about Eight Years of Age. In Women the Thymus and Thyroid Glands are larger than in Men but the Subclavian Glands are less by reason the Claviculae in Women are straight and shorter than those of Men whence a much less Interstice is frain'd for entertaining those Glands I have more than once found the Lymphe-Ducts fill'd with Wax which Arise from the Thymus and empty themselves into the Upper-part of the Thoracick-Duct by Injecting that Duct by the Vesica Chyli See App. Fig. 12. D. From what has been abovesaid it appears the Thymus bears a Proportion to the Head whether in the Faetus or in Bodies before they become Adult which we conceive is in order to receive a Proportionable Quantity of Lympha deriv'd from thence And as the Subclavian Glands of Women are less than those of Men so the Thyroide Glands and Thymus are larger Hence also it appears the Thymus is a Lymphatick Gland and Varies its Magnitude according to the Quantity of the Lympha that is necessarily transmitted thro' it from the Superior Parts or as the Neighbouring Lymphatick Glands do more or less transmit their Lympha to it Besides this common Office of the Thymus whether in the Faetus or Adult it has another Use which was first suggested to Me by Injecting a Liquid into the Thoracick-Duct when finding it not only fill the Lymphe-Ducts of the Thymus but the Thymus it self was Extended with it The like Observation I since found was made by the Expert Anatomist Dr. Tyson some Time since whence I conceive the Thymus and its Lymphe-Ducts are Diverticula to the Chyle when too great a Quantity is pressing forewards towards the Subclavian Vein I know it may be Objected that the Valves of the Lymphe-Ducts oppose this contrary Course of Liquours in them but repeated Observations convince me that not only these Lymphe-Ducts of the Thymus which are large and have very few if any Valves as appears by their being Injected with Wax but those of the Loins and their Glands from whence they Arise are frequently fill'd with Chyle when no Compress is made on the Thoracick-Duct Hence it is a Milky Liquor has been commonly found in the Thymus but more frequent in that of a Pâ—tus than iâ— an Adult and that not only because the Thymus and its Lymphe-Ducts are much larger Proportionably in the former State or Faetus but the bended Position of the Thoracick-Duct of the Fetus in Vterâ— renders the Ascent of the Chyle by that Duct more liable to Regurgitate by the Lymphe-Ducts of the Thymus H H The Fore-part of the Diaphragma free'd from the Cartilaginous Endings of the Ribs and Pinn'd up THE TWENTY-SECOND TABLE Fig. 1. THE Heart with Parts of the Trunks of the great Veins and Arteries cut off A A The proper Membrane of the Heart a Portion of which is Rais'd and hangs Down B B The Left Side of the Heart adorn'd with in Coronary Vessels C ψ Part of the Right Auricle of the Heart C The Left Auricle on the Basis of the Heart D The Cone of the Heart E The Vena Cava which conveys the Refluent Blood from the whole Field of the Body into the Right Auricle of the Heart when the Heart iâ— iâ— Systole whence the Blood is again transmitted into the Right Ventricle of the Heart when it is in Diastole So that when the Auricles of the Heart are in Diastole or Relaxation they are fill'd with Blood and the Heart it self is in Systole or Contraction and Vice versa when the Heart is in Diastole the Auricles are in Systole F The Arteria Pulmonalis or Vena Arteriosa which carries the Blood from the Right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs G The Vena Pulmonica or Arteria Venosa which conveys the Refluent Blood from the Lungs into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart not unlike the Vena Cava c. H The Arteria Magna Arising out of the Left Ventricle which conveys the Mass of Blood from the Heart thro' the Field of the Body from whose capillary Extremities the Veins are continued as appears by a Microscope in the transparent Parts of living Animals See App. Fig. 4. and 5. Fig. 2. The Heart divested of its External Membrane and Carnous Fibres after Boyling so that the Disposition of the Subjacent Fibres may appear The way of preparing the Heart to exhibit this Disposition of its Fibres may be practis'd after the following Manner The Heart with Portions of the Trunks of the large Blood-Vessels being taken off the Blood as well within its Ventricles as Blood-Vessels being evacuated then with Tow or Pieces of Rags fill the Ventricles Auricles and large Vessels on the Basis of the Heart the Mouths of the large Blood-Vessels being stitch'd up least their Contents should be Extruded by the Contraction of the Heart in Boyling This done Boyl it according to its Bulk if it is the Heart of an Ox c. Boyl it Four or Five Hours if of a Man One or Two N. B. This Figure is Printed reverst A A Sinus plac'd between both Ventricles in which a large Trunk of one of the Coronary Arteries is convey'd B The Cochleated or Oblique descending Order of Fibres of the Left Ventricle of the Heart C The External and Oblique descending Order of Fibres of the Right Ventricle which decussate the former or Subjacent Fibres in Acute Angles D Part of the Arteria Pulmonalis E The Aorta ee The Trunks of the Coronary Arteries F The Right Auricle G The Left Fig. 3. A The Sinus above mention'd between the Ventricles B The Tortuous Disposition of the Fibres of the Right Ventricle C Those of the Left The Heart consists chiefly of divers Strata of Oblique descending Fibres the External passing more straight or less Contorted than the Internal whence it happens that the External Fibres are seen to Decussate the Internal with Acute Angles the former Arising from the Basis of the Heart at the Roots of the Blood-Vessels and End in the Cone the later Arise from the same Place and Terminate either in the ' Parietes of the Ventricles or Columnae Carneae Fig. 7. g g from which divers Tenditious Filaments are continued to the Lower-parts of the Tricuspid
and Mitral Valves D The Aorta divided between its Origin from the Heart and Valves and reclin'd to One Side hanging by its Two◠Coronary Arteries Exprest Fig. 2. e e. e e The Three Semilunary Valves of the Aorta which hinder a Return of the Blood into the Left Ventricle when the Heart is in Diastole Fig. 4. The Concourse of Fibres near the Cone of the Heart as they appear after a Transverse Section Fig. 5. Some Fasciculi of Fibres of the Left Ventricle of the Heart A B The Two Tendinous Extremities of the Oblique Fleshy Fibres Exprest Fig. 2 3. C The Fleshy Parts of the Fibres between the Two Tendons D The Collateral Fibres which appear in dividing the last mention'd Fasciculi Nor are these any other than Parts of the Fibres of the divided Fasciculus and lay Parallel to each other according to their length The Blood-Vessels and Nerves passing between these Fibres make a Reticular Appearance when divided as here Exprest Fig. 6. The Right Auricle and Part of the Basis of the Heart A A The Right Auricle expanded B B B The Three Tricuspid Valves Two of which are extended by Pinning out their Tendons deriv'd from the Columnae Carneae See Fig. 7. g g Fig. 10. A Inferior The Office of the Auricles is to receive Part of the Refluent Blood whilst the Heart is in Systole and to discharge that Blood again into the Ventricles of the Heart when it is in Diastole so that the Auricles of the Heart seem as Diverticula to the Blood in its passing into its Ventricles else a Repercussion of the Blood in the Veins would necessarily happen in the Systole of the Heart which would prevent the regular Influx of the Blood to the Ventricles Fig. 7. The Heart with its Left Ventricle Open'd A The Inside of the Vena Pulmonalis B The Aorta in like manner Open'd C C The Septum Cordis which divides the Right Ventricle from the Left D The Left Auricle intire which in Humane Bodies is very little as appears by this Figure and the Trunk of the Pulmonick Vein very large d The Trunk of the Arterìa Pulmonica cut off e e Two of the Three Semilunary Valves at the Beginning of the Arteria Magna which hinder the Reflux of the Blood when the Heart is in Diastole in which Action they are Exprest Fig. 3. e e. f f The Two Mitral Valves in the Pulmonick Vein which prevent the Blood repassing that Vessel when the Heart is in Systole g g The Carneae Columnae compos'd of Muscular Fibres deriv'd from those of the Sides of the Heart whençe divers small Tendinous Filaments do Arise and are faltned to the Inferior Limbus of the Mitral Valves by which means those Valves are drawn down towards the Cone of the Heart and prevent the Blood from passing out again that way when the Heart is in Systole I know Dr. Lower in his Accurate Book De Corde Supposes that these Mitral and Tricuspid Valves are Relax'd in the Systole of the Heart and by their Rising up stop up the Passages of the Veins But if the Structure of the Heart and these Parts are Attentively consider'd in a large Animal as in an Ox c. it will appear reasonable to conceive that these Mitral and Tricuspid Valves are rather drawn down than suffer Extrusion upwards nor need Nature have been at any trouble in making those Valves at the Orifices of the Veins any otherwise than the Reverse of the Semilunary Valves of Arteries if as the Expert Dr. Lower Supposes they are driven up and Extended like a Sail with Wind when the Heart is in Systole but by fastening those Tendinous Fibres to the Lower-parts of those Tricuspid and Mitral Valves which are of a Conical Figure seems to me to be an Argument that they cannot suffer such Extension upwards without letting some Part of the Blood repass them in the Systole of the Heart Besides there must constantly a considerable Part of the Blood remain in the Ventricles of the Heart if those Valves are so dispos'd in its Systole which I think the Dr. himself seems no where to conceive but on the contrary the Ventricles of the Heart are with great Strength adequately Comprest in it's Systole for which End the Insides of its Ventricles are compos'd of divers Fleshy Columns between which divers Intersticia necessarily Result that are elegantly Exprest in this Figure by which means the Ventricles are more exactly Closed in their Systole than they could have been had they been smooth Fig. 8. The Heart with its Right Ventricle Open'd A The Inside of the Right Auricle of the Heart as it appears when Open'd and Pinn'd out B The Left Auricle Intire C The Coronary Blood-Vessels of the Heart from these particularly from the Arteries Spring those of the Auricles and large Blood-Vessels of the Heart as the Accurate Ruysch describes them in his Anatomical Epistles Pag. 15. The Nerves of the Heart Spring from the Eighth Pair and Intercostal Nerves a particular Description of which may be found in Dr. Lower's Book De Corde and Vieussenius Nervographia D Part of the Right Ventricle of the Heart Open'd E A Portion of the Vena Arteriosa or Arteria Pulmonalis Divided and Expanded f f f The Three Valvulae Sigmoides or Semilunares which oppose the Return of the Blood from the Lungs by the Arteria Pulmonica into the Heart when it is in Diastole Fig. 9. A A The Heart cut Transversely B That Part of it next its Basis. C That next its Cone D D The Right Ventricle of the Heart E The Left F The Septum Cordis or the Partition between the Two Ventricles of the Heart G G A Stylus put thro' the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart H H Another passing from the same Ventricle thro' the Arteria Pulmonalis I I A Stylus in the Left Ventricle of the Heart passing out at the Arteria Magna K K Another Inserted into the same Ventricle by the Vena Pulmonica Fig. 10. A Inferior A Portion of the Columna Carnis of One of the Ventricles of the Heart cut off See Fig. 7. g g in Situ B The Tendinous Fibres deriv'd from the Fleshy Column and fastned to the Inferior Margin of One of the Tricuspid Valves A A Superior Portions of the Tricuspid Valves Fig. 11. The Coronary Blood-Vessels of the Heart as they appear on its Surface when Injected after Drying the whole Heart A A The Arteries fill'd with Mercury fix'd with Tin B B The Veins Extended with Wax Fig. 12. A Portion of the Vena Pulmonalis next the Basis of the Heart A A Parts of the Mitral Valves Pinn'd out by their Tendons Fig. 13. The Inner Surface of a Portion of the Arteria Magna cut off at the Basis of the Heart when Divided and Expanded A A A A The Three Semilunary Valves well Exprest when Pinn'd out One of them being cut thro' in its Middle in dividing the Great Artery Fig.
the Right Gut and Pudenda some to the Hips some to the Thighs and Legs as well Internally as Externally Thus much concerning the principal Distribution of the Aorta In the next Place Professor Bidloo gives us the Anatomy of the Blood In the Anatomy of the Blood Chymically performed say's he it is manifest there is a Water in it which as well as it can be is simply to be considered a Spirit and Salts both fixt and volatile Tho' by this Method he very well say's some Parts are very accurately discover'd yet doth it exceedingly destroy the Appearances of some Figures which ought by no means to be alter'd wherefore he proposed the following Figure Fig. 16. A A small Drop of Blood inclosed in a Glass Tube and its Particles by the Help of a Microscope are represented very much magnifyed B The Globular Bladders C The little Fibres variously turned laid and disposed according to Bidloo I must confess I have frequently view'd the Blood in the same Manner as here Exprest with a Microscope and have constantly observed its Appearance as here represented Nor could I ever apprehend the Blood was furnished with Fibres so much talk'd of but that the Fibrous Appearance it has when any Blood-Vessel is open in the Mouth or in Bleeding into warm Water and the like is owing to a Coagulation of its Serum by which Means its Globules are entangled and frame those Fibrous Bodies The Streaked Mass represented at D E. according to Bidloo I am apt to think proceeded from a Coagulation of the Serous Part of the Blood by sealing the Tube Hermetically in doing which the Glass must be heated To this our Author adds another Way of Anatomizing the Blood thus The watery whitish Liquor which is of a different Substance being separated from the cold coagulated Mass of Blood and set on the Fire thickens in a short Time the red Part which remains of which the more fluid Part being frequently washt away with warm Water appears like a grumous Heap every Particle of which resembles a Globular Bladder of which some are Transparent others not The rest of the Mass which consists of very flexible Fibres according to Bidloo and being exposed to the Air and Cold become very tough tensile and seem like Net-work owe that Appearance to a Combination of the Globules variously stratified on each other The Third Way which our Author proposes of enquiring into the Blood is when the Blood is separated from the Serum or Liquor it swims in and put on a Piece of Paper dawb'd over with Lard is become a little dry after an External View of the Particles gently with the Finger break off a little of the Mass of Blood in which you will presently behold little Globes of a differing Frame and Figure little Fibres and Streaks of the same Kind THE TWENTY-FOURTH TABLE Fig. 1. THE Fore-parts of all the Viscera within the Cavity of the Thorax when taken out together A The Heart cover'd with the Pericardium and hanging to the Lungs by its Membranes and Vessels B B The Descending Trunk of the Vena Cava on the Right Side and the Aorta on the Left b b b The Ascending Branches of the Arteria Magna which make the Two Carotides and Right Subclavian Branch C Part of the Mediastinum cut from the Sternum D D The Right and Left Anterior Lobes of the Lungs E E The Two Posterior Lobes of the Lungs F Part of the Wind-Pipe G G Portions of the Nerves call'd Par Vagum H Part of the Gala. In freeing the Lungs from the Cavity of the Thorax we frequently find their Outward Membrane cleaving to the Pleura nor has any known Inconveniencies attended such Persons when Living The many Phoenomena which have occurr'd to our Observation in Dissecting Morbid Bodies in whom these Parts have been Diseas'd are too Numerous to be inserted in this Place wherefore I shall only mention what I have more than once taken Notice of in examining these Parts when they have not been Diseas'd viz. by Blowing into the Blood-Vessels i. e. the Vena Arteriosa and Arteria Venosa those Vessels deriv'd from the Pleura as well as those by Ruysch call'd Arteriae Bronchales Corresponding to which I have frequently observ'd Veins which empty themselves into the Subclavian Branches all which I have found to Communicate with each other upon Distension by which we may be inform'd the Blood do's not enjoy such particular Vessels in its Circulation thro' these Parts as some have conceiv'd but that Part of the Blood which Arises from the Right Auricle of the Heart may pass into the Bronchial Veins as well as into the Arteria Venosa and on the other Hand the Blood Springing from the Bronchial Arteries may partly pass into the Left Auricle of the Heart by the Arteria Venosa as well as by its Corresponding Bronchial Veins before mentioned Fig. 2. Part of One of the Lobes of the Lungs cut off and a Division made according to its Length so that a Branching of the Blood-Vessels and Bronchus do appear A A A Branch of the Pulmonick Vein or Arteria Venosa lying on that of the Bronchus B A Branch of the Bronchus C The Pulmonick Artery or Vena Arteriosa cut Transversely lying on the other Side of the Bronchia Fig. 3. Another Lobe of the Lungs Dissected as in the preceding Figure A A B B The Ramifications of the Pulmonick Artery Accompanying those of the Bronchia See Tab. 25. Fig. 10. C The External Membrane of the Lungs Rais'd and Pinn'd out to shew its Blood-Vessels These Vessels partly Arise from the Pulmonick Vessels last mention'd and partly from the Arteriae and Venae Bronchiales as appears from what has been above Noted and do frequently Germinate and Inosculate with the Intercostal Veins and Arteries of the Pleura The Germination and Inosculations of these Vessels I have had frequent Opportunities of observing to be in several little Parcels or Fasciculi and of an Inch or Two in Length between the Lungs and Pleura They very often appear in Filaments more or less Divided and I am apt to think are frequently the Beginnings of those Adhesions of the Lungs with the Pleura Fig. 4. A A The Bronchia or Branch of the Trachea made bare B B Part of the Lungs Fig. 5. The Fore-part of the Larynx and Part of the Wind-Pipe together with the Common Muscles of the Larynx c. A B The Musculus Sternothyroideus not well Exprest it being here as it were continuous with the Hyothyroideus C E. D The Os Hyoides or Bone of the Tongue reclin'd Laterally F The Upper and Fore-part of the Epiglottis in Situ G The Fore-part of the Scutiformal Cartilage H H The Musculi Cricothyroidei on the Left Side One of them hanging down at its Beginning the other remaining in Situ These Muscles Spring from the Fore-part of the Annular Cartilage and are soon Inserted to the Internal and Lower Part of the
Lobuli of One of the Lobes of the Lungs Dr. Willis who has given a Figure of these Lobuli after the Manner as they are here Represented says that by filling the Bronchia with a Liquid these Lobuli may be separated from each other I must confess I have more than once Attempted to Divide these Lobuli but could not be satisfied of their Appearance like this Figure The External Surface of the Lobuli in the Foetus Appear Angular and are in a Cubical manner plac'd by each other A The Inside of the Bronchia where the Holes for divers of its Ramifications which pass out of it and the Straight Progress of the Fibres of its Internal Membrane do Appear B B The Bronchia divided into lesser Branches to which the Lobuli are Fastned C C The Lobuli which may be more or less Divided and are compos'd of the Vesiculae The Vesiculae as above hinted are Fram'd by the Extremities of the Bronchia and the Pulmonick Blood-Vessels N. B. The Lobuli in this Figure may be observ'd to have the Extremities of the Blood-Vessels Branch'd on Them Each Vesicula also has One of the Extremities of the Pulmonick Veins and Arteries Branch'd on it and without doubt Conformable to the Extremities of the Blood-Vessels of other Parts those Vessels also are continued Channels on the Vesiculae of the Lungs Here the Art of Nature is very Extraordinary in Framing the Extremities of these Blood-Vessels of the Lungs so very small and confining their vast Number in so narrow a Compass as the Body of the Lungs for these Pulmonick Blood-Vessels Correspond to those of the whole Field of the Body in constantly ' Discharging the Blood thro' them as well as thro' the Heart whilst Life with perfect Health is maintain'd And notwithstanding One Half of the Lungs is compleatly Vitiated as I have more than once found in Dissecting Morbid Bodies yet nevertheless the Circulation of the Blood has been still carried on for some time Tho' in this Case Respiration must not only be very Quick and Attended with no small Difficulty on frequent Occasions but the Heart must also Labour very much to drive the Blood on Fig. 7. A Portion of the External Surface of the Lungs cut from them when Dri'd after Inflation A A The External Membrane B B The Lamellae of the External Membrane which pass between the Vesiculae and compose the Lobuli between which the Interstitia necessarily Result C D The Lobuli compos'd of the Vesiculae which are here well Exprest Fig. 8. The Aspera Arteria or Wind-Pipe together with the Bronchus or Ramifications of it free'd from the Lungs A A The Fore-part of the Wind-Pipe B B The Division of the Wind-Pipe into Two Branches and afterwards into more call'd Bronchus C C The Larger Branches of the Bronchus D D The Lesser from whose Extremities the Vesiculae are Pull'd off E E The Semicircular Cartilages of the Wind-Pipe F G H The Cartilages of the Bronchia of Various Figures and Sizes some of which are Circular F F others Semicircular Triangular G Quadrangular c. H. These Cartilages of the Bronchus are not Connexed to each other like those of the Wind-Pipe it self but the Lower-parts of the Superior receive the Upper-parts of the Inferior not unlike the Crustaceous Coverings of the Locusts or Tail of a Lobster so that in Inspiration the Bronchus may be Coextended with the Tumified Lungs for these Ligaments between the Cartilages of the Bronchus have an Elastick Power of Restitution not unlike that strong Ligament plac'd on the Spines of the Vertebrae of the Necks of Quadrupedes by which means the Superior Parts of the Lower Cartilages of the Bronchus are drawn under the Inferior Parts of the Upper in Expiration But in Inspiration the Ligaments are Extended and the Inferior Cartilages are with-drawn from under the Superior and to this Action in Expiration the Longitudinal Fibres of the Wind-Pipe which pass into the Bronchus do concur to Contract them In Inspiration the Weight of the Superincumbent Air is sufficient to Extend the Bronchus and consequently the Lungs when the Cavity of the Thorax is Widen'd by the Muscles which Draw the Bibs up Fig. 9. A small Portion of the Lungs whose Bronchial Branch is fill'd with Injected Quick-Silver A The Bronchial Branch on both Sides of which the Pulmonick Blood-Vessels Appear Fig. 10. Part of the Largest Branches of the Bronchus free'd from One of the Lungs together with the Pulmonick Blood-Vessels and Lobes Injected with Wax A A The Pulmonick Vein B B The Artery fill'd with different Colour'd Wax Besides freeing the Bronchia as in Fig. 8. there is another way of Demonstrating their Ramifications by pouring of Melted Tin into them which may be Practis'd in the following Manner Cut off one Side of the Humane Lungs at the Division of the Trachea B B Fig. 8. and with the Feather End of a Goose-Quill so wipe the Inside of the Bronchia by often thrusting it into their Various Ramifications that at length it no longer comes out wet with the Mucus they have in them The Insides of the Bronchia being thus throughly Dri'd with a Feather In like Manner Anoint them with Linseed Oyl This done Tye the Mouth of the Divided Trachea to a Tin or Iron Tunnel This Tunnel must be so plac'd that the Lungs may hang Pendulous and Free but least their Flaccidity should too much Compress the Bronchia it 's convenient to pass divers Threads thro' the External Parts of the Lungs and so Fasten them to the Floor and other convenient Places that the Lungs may be Extended thereby In doing of which be sure you do not distort the Lungs from a direct Pendulous Position but that the large Trunk of the Bronchia remains Perpendicular to the Tunnel This done Melt Block-Tin and pour it into the Tunnel in doing of which stand at some Distance least the Conflict which arises from the hot Metal in its meeting with the remaining Moisture in the Bronchus scatters it on your Hands or Face c. N. B. If the Metal is made very hot it will so Scorch the First Passages of the Bronchia as to Contract them and thereby Obstruct the rest Nor must it want Fluidity least its passing into the smaller Branches is thereby Hindred The Bronchus being thus Injected in the Lungs lay them in Water Nine or Ten Days till they begin to Putrifie then Boyl the whole Lungs off the Block-Tin and you may expect to see it much fuller of Branches than it 's Exprest in the 11 th Figure Fig. 11. Represents the Ramifications of the Bronchia in Block-Tin as above Describ'd THE TWENTY-SIXTH TABLE Fig. 1. THE upper Part of the Body lying in a Supine Posture with the Os Pectoris or Sternum rais'd together with the Cartilages of the Ribs which are connexed to it so that the Cavity of the Thorax after its Viscera are remov'd comes in view A A A The Cavity of the Thorax invested with the
the Arteries of a Humane Foetus Injected with Wax and Display'd after Dissection 1 The Aorta or Arteria Magna cut from its Origin at the Orifice of the Left Ventricle of the Heart 2 The Trunk of the Great Coronal Artery of the Heart Arising from the Beginning of the Aorta the Rise of the Lesser Coronal Artery not Appearing in this Position of the Arteria Magna 3 The Canalis Arteriosus Fill'd with Wax by Injecting it into the Aorta This Arises from the Upper Part of the Trunk of the Pulmonick Artery near its Two Ramifications which pass into the Lungs and after an Oblique Descent under the Beginning of the Aorta Empties it self into the Upper Part of its Descending Trunk as here Exprest 28. Besides this Communication between the Right Ventricle of the Heart of a Foetus and Arteria Magna there is another call'd Foramen Ovale by which Part the Blood at its Entrance into the Right Ventricle passes into the Pulmonick Vein and the Left Ventricle of the Heart thence to the Aorta Hence it Appears That the Blood which Flows into the Right Ventricle of the Heart of the Foetus Passes immediately by the Canalis Arteriosus to the Arteria Magna as well as the Blood of the Left Ventricle which is Receiv'd immediately from the Vena Câ—â—a or Right Article of the Heart into the Pulmonick Vein and Left Ventricle So that the Blood in the Foetus which Runs into the Right Ventricle passes immediately to the Aorta by the Systole of the Heart as well as the Blood of the Left Ventricle Not do's any Part of the Blood of the Right Ventricle pass into the Left Or any Blood of the Left Ventricle first pass the Right as in the Adult Hence the Heart in the Foetus may be said to have but One Ventricle in Effect since the Blood which passes One do's not come into the Other before it arrives at the Aorta After the Birth when the Infant has Receiv'd Air into the Lungs and their Vesciculae remain Distended and the Ramifications of the Pulmonick Arteries and Vein consequently are more Display'd the Blood thâ—â— begins to pass their Extremities more freely than before and the Arterious Chanel at length becomes neglected as well as the Foramen Ovale the Former becoming a Ligâ—â—â—â— and the Latter Closing up The too early Occlusion of these Passages in Children often produces many Disorders as Inflammation of Divers Parts of the Head Neck and Lungsâ— in which Cases Bleeding is of great Use Of this I have met with many Inâ—â—â—nces in the Dissection of Children I have often found the Foramen Ovale open in the Adult The Canalis Arteriosus for what I have observ'd closes sooner than that Foramen 4 4 The Subclavian Arteries Arising from the Arteria Magna to which the Axillary Arteries and those of the Arms 23 23 are conâ—â—'d 5 5 The Two Carotide Arteries Arising from Aorta between the Subclavian Arteries 6 6. The Two Vertebral Arteries Arising from the Subâ—levâ—culae which pass thro' all the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck from whence they are freed 7 7. The Arteries which Convey Blood to the Lower Part of the Face Tongue Adjacent Muscles and Glandules 8 8. The Trunks of the Temporal Arteries Spring from the Carotides and giving Branches to the Parcâ—ide Glands 9 9. as well as the Temples 10 10. also to the Neighbouring Muscles Hairy-Scalp and Forehead 11 11. The Occipâ—tal Arteries whose Trunks pass close by the Mammiâ—oâ—â— Process and are Distributed on the Hinder Paâ—â— of the Hairy-Scalp where they are Inosculated with the Branches of the Temporal Arteries 12. Diâ—ers Arteries which carry Blood to the Fauces Gaâ—gaâ—con and Muscles of those Pâ—â—â—â— 13 13. The Contortions of the Carotid Arteries as they pass the Basis of the Skull to the Brain 14 14. Those Parts of the Carotid Arteries where they pass by each Side of the Solla Tâ—â—ica where Diâ—eâ—â— Small Branches do Arise from them and help to Compose the Rete 〈◊〉 which is more conspicuous in Quadrupedes than Men. 15 15. The Contortions of the Vertebra Arteries as they pass the Transverse Processes of the First Vendâ—â— â—â— the Neck towards the Great Foramen of the Os Occiputis I have more than once taken Notice That the Cavities of these Arteries where they are Conâ—eâ—â—ed have been Larger than their Inferior Trunks whereby the Impetus of the Blood must necessarily be very much Lessen'd as well as by their Contortions only In Quadâ—â—pedes the Angles of these Contortion of the Arteries of the Brains are more Acute which in them is the more Necessary to Lessen the Force of the Blood at their Extremities by Reason of the Horizontal Position of their Trunks 16. The Vertebral Arteries where they Ascend on the Medulla Oblongata towards the 〈◊〉 Protuberance or Poâ—a Varâ—â— 17 17. The Communicant Branches between the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries in this Subject somewhat Larger than we Commonly find them 18 18. The Ramifications of the Arteries within the Skull the Larger Trunks of which lie between the Lobes of the Brain and in its Sâ—â—â—i From the Extremities of these Arteries of the Brain are Continu'd its Veins whose Trunks vary much in their Position from the Arteries They Entring the Brain at its Basis and Distributing themselves as above noted whereas the Trunks of the Veins are Extended on the Surface of the Brain and Discharge their Blood into the Longitudinal Sâ—râ—s Nor do's the Veins of the Brain Accompany its Arteries at their Ingress as in other Parts Or the Arteries and Vein of the Dura Meter pass the same Fâ—ramen in the Basis of the Skull 19 19. The Arteries of the Larynx Thyroid Glandules and Adjacent Muscles and Parts Arising from the Subclavian Arteries 20 20. Others Arising near the Former which convey Blood to the Muscles of the Neck and Scapulâ— 21 21. The Mammariae which Arise also from the Subclavian Arteries and Descend on the Cartilages of the True Râ—bs Internally about Half an Inch distant on each Side the Or Pectoris or Sâ—rmâ—n Some Branches of these pass thro' the Pectoral as well as iâ—â—â—costal Muscles and give Blood to the Mammae where they meet with some Branches of the Intercostal Arteries to which they are Inosculated These Maminary Arteries join with the large Trunks of the Epigastricks 57 57. also by which Means the Impetus of the Blood in Integuments of the Abdomen is carry'd on with more Force the Exâ—â—â—es of the Intercostal and Lumbal Arteries do also Inosculate with each other as well as with These 22 22. The Arteries of the Muscles of the Os Humeri and some of those of the Scapulâ— 23 23. Those Parts of the Large Trunks of the Arteries of the Arms which are liable to be Wounded in Opening the Vena Basilica or Innermost of the Three Veins in the Bending of the Cubit See Fig. 1. of this Appendix between 26. and m where the Precise Progress of
if it is totally Obstructed a Deafness in which Case the Taking of Sneezing Powders gives Relief O The Glandulous Membrane Continu'd from the Foramina Narium to the Inside of the Fauces P P The Processus Scyloides Q The Carotid Artery Cut off near its Entrance into the Os Petrosum R R The Lower Parts of the Ossa Iugalia S A Cartilaginous Body lying in the Depressure of the Os Temporum where the Processus Condyliformis of the Lower Jaw is Articulated T The same Intermediate Cartilage of the Articulation Rais'd V The Smooth Sinus in the Os Temporale which Receiv'd the last mention'd Cartilage t Part of the Mucelaginous Gland of this Articulation Clearing to the above-mention'd Cartilage W The Upper Part of the Os Temporale Cut off X The Os Occipitis in like Manner Saw'd off Y The Musculus Occipitalis as it Arises from that Part of the Os Occipitis where the Muscles of the Head are Inserted whence Mounting it soon becomes Tendinous and Marches on the Sincipus where it 's Join'd with the Tendon of the Fromalis Unless it may be Suppos'd that the Occipital and Frontal Muscles are One Biventral Muscle Arising from the Occiput and Inserted to the Lower Part of the Skin of the Fore-head and being Fasten'd to the Hairy-scalp Moves it Forewards and Backwards as well as Lifts up the Lower Part of the Forehead with the Eyebrows Z Z The Thinner Part of the Os Occipitis where the Muscles of the Head are Inserted a The Gargareon Supported by the Probe N N Inserted into the Meatus à Palato ad Aurem b b The little Glandules which Appear in Cutting the Fauces from hence c c The Extremity of the Processus Pterygoides or more properly the Extremity of a Small Slender Process above the Processus Pterygoides in this Position of the Skull since Anatomists in Describing the Muscles of the Uvrela have call'd this Process Pterigoides or Aliformis we shall still Retain the same Name tho' the Aliform Process's Exprest Tab. 92. Fig. 2. K are Distinct Process's and no ways like these dd The Musculi Sphenopirrigostaphilini so call'd from their Origin Progress and Insertion they are also call'd Pterigopalatini and Sphenoterigopalatini they Arise Fleshy from an Acute Process of the Os Sphenoides Exprest Appen Fig. 15. H. whence they Pass to the Processus Pterygoides c c where they become Tendinous and are Reflected over those Process's to their Insertions on the Fore-part of the Gargareon When these Act they Draw the Fore-part of the Gargareus towards the Pterigoid Process's whereby it 's pull'd somewhat Upwards as well as Forewards e e The Sphenostaphilini These Arise from the same Process's of the Os Sphenoides with the former and are Inserted on the Back-part of the Gargareon Opposite to the Former These Draw the Uvula Upwards and Backwards whereby it Prevents the Ascent of the Aliment into the Foramina Nariton in Deglutition as it Happens in those in whom the Uvula is wanting f The Musculus Pterygoideus Externus Left at its Origin at the External Part of the Processus Pterygoides as well as the Upper Part of the Os Sphenoides it self whence it Passes Backwards to its Insertion at the Neck of the Processus Condyloides of the Lower-Jaw When this and its Partner Act they Draw the Lower-Jaw Forewards whereby the Fore-teeth of the Lower-Jaw are Driven beyond those of the Superior as Falloppius Observes g The Musculus Pterygoideus Internus also Free'd from the Lower-Jaw and Left at its Origin Tab. 15. Fig. 2. N. It 's Represented at its Insertion h Some Appearance of the Septum Narium Backwards i i The Denies Molares k k The Canini l The Inâ—isores m The Glandulae Labiorum as they Appear in the Inside of the Upper Lip Under the InInternal Membrane of the Mouth each of these Glands has an Excretory Duct which Perforates the Membrane of the Mouth at a small Papilla by which a Salival Humor is Emitted into the Mouth The like Glands may be seen on the Inside of the Cheeks n The Tip of the Nose o The Hairs of the Palpabrae Fig. 9. The External Surface of One of the Glandulae Tonfillae or Amigdalae where the many large Foramina of its Excretory Ducts Appear by which its Pituitous Matter is Discharg'd into the Fauces which joins with the Aliment in its Descent to the Gula. Fig. 10. The Receptaculum Chyli Fill'd with Quick-silver with the Neighbouring Lymphatick Glands remaining in their Proper Situation together with the Adjacent Parts as I could make a Sketch of them whilst I was Demonstrating the Parts of a Humane Body to some Worthy and Ingenious Gentlemen when Professor Bidloo favor'd me with a Visit. A A The Kidneys a a The Emulgent Veins of which that of the Right Side is Lower than the Left B The Ascending Trunk of the Vena Cava Distended with Wind the Lower Part of which is Comprest by the Iliack Artery of the Right Side b The Trunk of the Vena Cava Cut from its Entrance into the Liver and Ty'd C C Parts of the Two Iliack Veins which may be seen Distended with Wind below the Right Iliack Artery as the Vena Cava is above The External Iliack Veins as well as the Crutal Veins lie immediatly under the Trunks of the Arteries that Accompany them till they Pass by the Lower Part of the Musculus Triceps and Os Femoris to the Ham where the Vein is Uppermost and the Artery Passes Underneath after the same Manner the Great Trunks of Veins and Arteries do in other Parts This Contrivance in Nature of Placing the Trunks of the Iliack and Upper Parts of the Crural Arteries on the Veins is an Admirable Artifice to Accelerate the Ascention of the Blood to the Vena Cava and Heart as it Arises from the Inferior Parts by means of the Pulsation of the Arteries If you Inject the Arteries with Wax and afterwards Fill the Veins with the same you will see by the Figure of the Wax Contain'd in the Veins what Effect the Pulsations of the Arteries have on them in Order to Promote the Ascention of the Refluent Blood from below In this Compressure made by the Iliack Artery of the Right Side on the Inferior Part of the Vena Cava it s Contain'd Blood is Forc'd to Ascend towards the Heart the Valves in the Crural Veins Opposing its Descent By this means also the Pondus of the Refluent Blood from below is Lessen'd to the End its Motion may be the better Carri'd on at the Extremities of the Vessels in the Legs and Feet and a Kind of a Pulsation made by the Vena Cava whereby the Lymphatick Lumbal Gland R R lying between it and the Bodies of the Vertebrae is gently Comprest of which hereafter D D The Ascending Trunk of the Vena Cava below the Kidneys d d The Iliack Arteries E The Trunk of the Culiata Arteries Cut off F The Trunk of the Mesenterica
and from the Mixture of these two Juices is compounded a proper Menstruum by which the Parts of the Aliment are dissolved and receive their first Transmutation within the Body In this Action which is a Dissolution of the Texture of the Alimentary Mass the Aerial Parts included in its Pores now escape from their former Prisons and being rarified distend the whole Body of the Stomach and this I take to be the true Reason why most Men have less Appetite at some distance of Time viz. when this Intumescence is made than immediately after they cease from Eating From the same Cause arise frequent Eructations great Inflation from divers Meats such as Old Pease Cabbage Roots Herbs and other Vegetables which very much disturb decay'd debilitated Stomachs I am apt to suspect the Stomachick Menstruum may excite an Intestine motion of the Particles of the Mass in Digestion which yet I do not think fit to call Fermentation fearing so bold a Term may mislead us into a False Idea of a greater Conflict than really happens The Intumescence or Dilatation of the Stomach has two Effects First to compress the Gall Bladder and Pancreas and oblige their Ductus Excretorii to spue out their Contents into the Duodenum next to retard the Refluent Blood and by this means dispose the Muscular Fibres of the Ventricle to a Contraction The Reason of this last Hint will appear by what we have offer'd concerning Muscular Motion in the Introduction to our Myotomia Reformata For the Cause of Hunger which is an observable Phaenomenon belonging to this part I conceive it to be an Irritation of the Stomach arising from a copious Quantity of this Menstruum when it wants Matter to act upon This conjecture seems more probable since it is Natural to discharge the Spittle out of the Mouth which comes into it at that Time rather than suffer it to descend into the Stomach and we may perpetually observe a depraved Appetite does follow a Vitiation of the Saliva as in Scorbutick Habits Salivations by Mercurial Medicines and such like Cases When the Mass is sufficiently prepar'd and reduced to a Pultaceous Consistence the Stomach by the help of its Muscular Fibres contracts it self and expels its Contents thro' the Pylorus into the Duodenum where the Digested Mass is mixed with the Bile and Pancreatick Juice forced to discharge it self here as was just now described which Volatilize Subtiliate and Separate the more Fluid and Fine Parts of the Aliment from the more Impure and Gross and here it is that Chylification is first made perfect Now the Bile abounding with Lixivial Salt is apt to intangle with the grosser Parts of the Chylaceous Mass and its Saline Quality not only cleanses the Cavities of the Guts from the Mucus Excreted by their Glands App. Fig. 40. to smear their Inmost Coat and defend the Ostia of the Lacteal Vessels from being injured by Extraneous Bodies which may happen to pass that way but Stimulates the Intestines in their Peristaltick Motion The Peristaltick or Wormlike Motion of the Guts being thus Accelerated by the Acrimony of the Bile the Contents of the Intestines are carried on and the Thinner and more Fluid Parts fitted for the Pores of the Lacteal Vessels is absorbed by them and the Thicker move on more slowly till by the many Stops they meet with in the Connivent Valves all the Chyle is at length absorbed and the Remains being meerly Excrementitious are only fit to be excluded by Stool This Vermicular Motion of the Guts is perform'd by the Alternate Contraction of their Longitudinal and Transverse Fibres App. Fig. 39.40 which at the same Time convey the Digested Mass thro' the Intestinal Tube and express the Chyle into the Orifices of the Lacteal Vessels adapted to receive it whose Progress from the Intestines till it is discharged into the Mass of Blood next presents it self to our Consideration By the reciprocal Action of these differing Fibres and the Apposition of the Connivent Valves Tab. 39. Fig. 2. the Chyle is forced into the Lacteal Vessels Tab. ib. Fig. 1. and hence it is we cannot make any Fluid pass from the Cavity of the Guts into the same Vessels when the Peristaltick Motion ceases A farther Use of the Contraction of these Muscular Fibres is to Accelerate the Chyle in its Progress till the Lympha derived from the Arteries of the Guts joyn with it which is done before it leaves the External Surface of the Intestines by this Addition the Chyle is diluted and assisted in its Progress towards the Mesenterick Glands in the Cells of which it is a Second Time Mixed with a Juice or Lymphatick Liquor there Secreted from the Arteries and so carried on to the Vasa Lactea secundi Generis These Vessels resembling Pipes convey the Chyle from hence all emptying themselves into the Common Receptacle or Cistern the happy Discovery of which we owe to the Observation of Mons. Pecquet It is here the Lympha returned from the Inferior Limbs and adjacent Parts is mixed with the Chyle App. Fig. 11. which not only serves to dilute but promotes its Ascent thro' the Thoracick Duct Fig. ib. to the Lest Subclavian Vein Fig. ib. where this Channel empties its Contents into the main Current of the Blood If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations resembling the Veins of the Testicles its numerous Valves looking from below Upwards its advantageous Situation between the Great Artery and Vertebrae of the Back together with the Ducts discharging their Refluent Lympha from the Lungs and the other Neighbouring Parts we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used in furthering the Steep and Perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle which Beautiful Order is Represented App. Fig. 11. and cannot but equally Create in us Delight and Admiration Having traced this Animal Juice to its Reception into the Blood with which it is at last Circulated and Assimulated we shall proceed to the Blood it self whose Circular Motion the various Artifices of Nature for adjusting the Proportions and other subordinate Contrivances the Manner and Cause of the Contraction of the Heart and Arteries Respiration with the whole Theory of the Lympha and Glandular Secretion in the Order of Nature follow The Refluent Blood in the Upper and Lower Trunk of the Vena Cava meeting in the Right Auricle of the Heart is thence expelled by its Contraction into the Right Ventricle when the Heart is in its Diastole but by its Systole or Contraction it is thence driven into the Arteria Pulmonaris from whose Capillary Vessels it passes into the Extremities of the Vena Pulmonaris and thence returning is discharged into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart From whence it is again by the Systole driven into the Aorta by whose Branches it is convey'd thro' the whole System of the Body But when it arrives in the Capillary Arteries it do's not stop there but passes into the like
14. Represents in like manner a Portion of the Arteria Pulmonalis A A A The Three Sigmoidal or Semilunary Valves THE TWENTY-THIRD TABLE Fig. 1. REPRESENTS the External Coat of a Vein viewed with a Microscope A B C D The Fibres extended according to the Length of the Vessel where may be observed the Vasa Vasorum Fig. 2. A The Second Coat of the Vein called by Dr. Willis the Vasculous and Glandulous Coat Fig. 3. The Third or Internal Tunick of a Vein composed of Circular Fibres Fig. 4 The External Coat of an Artery consisting of a Rete of small Nerves A Blood-Vessels B and Membranous Expansions C On this Membrane of the Artery divers Glandulous Bodies appear composing greater and lesser Clusters D E variously dispersed Fig. 5. A B The Second Coat of an Artery consisting of divers Strata of Fibres variously decussating each other and joyned with the Internal or Third Coat Fig. 6. A B C The Inner and Smooth Surface of the Third or most Internal Coat of the Artery where the Foramina for the Branches which arise out of it are exprest and its Fibres extended according to its length B C. The great Trunks of the Arteries do evidently appear to consist of a greater Number of Strata of Fibres than those of the Veins but the farther they recede from the Heart they are both still more and more subdivided and their Trunks and Capillary Branches become still thinner and thinner till their outmost Extremities consist of one single transparent Membrane chiefly composed of such Tubes as only convey their Succus Nutritius And this I am apt to think may serve for the Description of Blood-Vessels in general and shall farther consider the Organization of the several Extremities of the Blood-Vessels in speaking of their particular Offices relating to Secretion in the several Parts wherefore at present shall only mention that the Extremities of Veins and Arteries are continued Channels variously contorted and not all of them of an equal Size even in Parts which are uniform or the same Vid. App. Fig. 4.5 After the Blood has past the Extremities of its Vessels and is in its Return to the Heart again by the Veins it there meets with divers Valves or Stops which prevent the Weight of the Blood of the Inferior Parts of the Body and the Recoiling of it in the Superior when any violent Motions affect the Thorax as in Coughing from pressing on the Extremities of the Vessels and hindering its progressive Motion That there is a Recoiling of the Blood in any extraordinary Motions of the Thorax in the Jugular Veins may be observ'd in taking Blood from thence especially in Children Hence it is the Valves in those Veins are necessary least the Blood should again repass into the Vessels of the Brain with great Violence which is also prevented in the Contortion made in the Internal Jugular Vein in its Specus in the Basis of the Skull I must confess I never yet observed above Two Valves one opposite to the other in the largest Vein that is furnished with Valves however Anatomists commonly mention Three and Professor Bidloo tells us of Four and Five Valves as they appear in the following Figures Fig. 7. Part of a Vein extended with Wind and dried having a double Valve or Two Valves of Semilunary Figures placed opposite to each other Fig. 8. A A A Portion of the Jugular Vein blowed up and dried B B B Its Three-fold Valves Fig. 9. Part of a Vein with Five Valves Fig. 10 11. A A The Portions of Veins exprest in the Two preceeding Figures lay'd open B B c. Their Valves as they appear in their Insides Fig. 12. The Valves as they appear in the Insides of the Veins according to Bidloo Fig. 13. Two Valves as they appear when taken out of the Veins Fig. 14. The unequal Distance of the Valves in the Veins the Vestigia of the Valves being here only exprest as they appear when the Vein is extended with Wind. Fig. 15. Represents according to Bidloo a System of the Arteries injected with Wax and free'd from the Body of an Infant Six Months Old which he tells us he has reserved If so it is a great Rarity indeed For having more than once free'd the Arteries from the Body of an Infant as well as from an Adult and finding them far differing from this Figure and not much disagreeing with the Descriptions and Figures of Vesalius and others I cannot look on this but as a Prodigy in Nature Wherefore I shall here give you his Description of it and refer you to my Appendix Fig. 3. Where their common Appearance is exprest as I now have them injected by me and dissected from the Body of an Infant The Arteria Aorta say's Bidloo arising from the Heart soon sends out Two small Coronary Branches B in the Body of the Heart It s Trunk is divided on the Pericordium into the Ascendens C and Descendens D. The First gives Branches to the Parts above the Heart and is divided into the Subclavii E from which the Axillares F and Internal Mammary G Three or Four Intercostales H and Cervicales I. do arise From the Axillary Artery are Branches communicated to the Scapula K and to the Superior Parts of the Thorax When it has got between the Muscles of the Cubit it is divided into Two little Branches the First of which L goes to the Wrist Thumb and Fore-Finger the other to the Three other Fingers It divides into Two about the Thymus and Forms the Carotides M. These ascending near the Wind-pipe after having sent several Branches to the Tongue Larynx and Parts adjacent and are divided into the External N and Internal Branch O the Exterior supplies the Face Lips partly the Ear and lower Teeth the other Branch serves the Forehead Temples and Neighbouring Parts The Inward Branch ascending streight through the Os Sphoenoides creeps under the ' Dura Mater and forming various Plexus's in that Part within the Skull it is cover'd with a particular Coat already describ'd it sends out small Branches near the Optick Nerves but the large Trunks creep back again sometimes united and by and by separated from each other There are small Branches convey'd to the Spinal Marrow partly above and partly below the Heart From the Axillarie's and ascending and descending Trunks it derives several Branches which reflected into a Circle creep through its Coverings and several Parts of the Head The descending Trunk of the Aorta D supply's some of the Intercostals 1 and the Neighbouring Muscles and Parts there is a large Trunk 2 also sent to the Diaphragm under the Diaphragm the Branches of the Viscera of the Abdomen are remarkable viz. of the Stomach 3. The Inferior and Superior Meseraic Branches 4 5 those of the Omentum or Caul 6 of the Liver 7 of the Kidneys 8 the Spermatics 9 and so on About the Os Sacrum this Trunk is divided into Two Branches from which others are again deriv'd to
have been so Unfortunate as to leave the Stone still in the Bladder E The Vasa Preparantia or Blood-Vessels of the Testes involv'd in the Peritonaeum F The Testicle Between F and E G is that Part of the Spermatick Vessels call'd Corpus Pyramidale and Plexus Pampiniformis or Varicosus G G The Vas Deferens Ascending from the Testicle to the Vesiculae Seminales H H The Vesiculae Seminales Blow'd up by the Vasa Deferentia that of the Right Side having a Blow-Pipe still remaining in it I The Back-Part of the Prostatae or Corpus Glandosum K K The Back-Part of the Penis L L The Musculi Directores Penis whose Origin Progress and Termination are Exprest Tab. 47. Fig. 5. M The Bulb of the Cavernous Body of the Urethra Devested of the Musculus Accelerator Urinae Exprest in the last mention'd Table that Part of the Bulb towards the Anus being cut off its Internal Cavernous Part here Appears Deprest or drawn Inwards THE FORTY-FIFTH TABLE Fig. 1. IS the Testes with its Vessels and Membranes when free'd from the Scrotum A The Body of the Testicle B Some Appearances of the Musculus Cremaster according to Bidloo C C The Tunica Vaginalis D It s Inferior Part cleaving to the Testicle E It s Superior Part continued to the Peritonaeum F The Serpentine Distribution of the Blood-Vessels on the Testes G That Part of the Testes next the Epididymis h The Epididymis H The Vas Deferens whole Thickness and Cavity is very truly Exprest at its Extremity I A particular Vaginal-Tunicle of the Vas Deferens which Bidloo says has Circular Fibres but not here Exprest K The Blood-Vessels of the Testicle call'd Vasa Praeparantia as they Appear before any Injection or Inflation is made into them L The Nerve of the Testicle Fig. 2. The Testes Vas Deferens and Vasa Praeparantia Display'd together with some Lympheducts of the Former A The Arteria Spermatica continued from a Portion of the Descending Trunk of the Arteria Magna I can't but suspect this Part of the Figure to be Erroneous since in the many Subjects I have always observ'd the Origin of the Spermatick Artery to be very Small even much Smaller than its Inferior Trunk insomuch that its Cavity Arising from the Arteria Magna would scarce admit the Smallest Probe commonly us'd it being but just Capacious enough to receive a Large Hogs Bristle a a c. The Ramifications of the Spermatick Artery in their Descent to the Testes B The Trunk of the Spermatick Vein with a Portion oâ— the Vena Cava into which it Enters C D bb c. It s Various Anastomoses and Retiforme Inosculations as it Ascends from the Testes E E The Valves of the Spermatick Vein which look from below Upwards and prevent the Descent of the Blood in that Vessel Should it be askt why the Spermatick Veins in Humane Bodies and the Arteries in Quadrupedes should have a Tortuous Progress towards the Testicles and Vice Versa the Humane Spermatick Arteries and Veins of Quadrupedes should pass Straight We answer Tho' the Separation of the Semen in the Testicle is after the Manner of that of other Liquors in Conglomerate Glands yet we constantly find in all Animals that the Arteries of the Testes are Propagated from their Large Trunks at a considerable Distance from them and those of the Conglomerate Glands are always supply'd with Blood-Vessels from the next Neighbouring-Branch And this Practice in Nature we can't at present Account for otherwise than that the Blood in the Testicles should not pass with that Velocity as it do's in other Glands else what should be the Design of those many Turnings and Windings made in the Spermatick Arteries of most if not all Quadrupedes But that every Angle of their Contortions should take off the Impetus of the Impell'd Blood from the Heart But the Subject of our present Animadversions here offers an Objection Why than are the Spermatick Arteries in Humane Bodies Straight when their Progress is towards a Perpendicular Descent upon the Account of the Erect Position of the Body We answer That the Descending Progress of the Blood might be a very good Argument of its Enjoying a freer Accession to the Testes but we constantly Observe in all Humane Bodies that the Spermatick Arteries are as we have Intimated above very Small at their Originals from the Arteria Magna which is a sufficient Impediment to any great Impetus of the Blood from the Great Artery Nor was this Contrivance in Nature necessary in Quadrupedes because it would be an Impediment in them in providing that Requisite Stock of Semen to Impregnate the Female with her Numbers or in regard a greater Proportion of Semen was in them necessary on the Account of the Length of the Cornua Uteri which it must first pass thro' before it can Arrive at the Fallopian Tubes and Ovaria Whence it is that the Testes of Quadrupedes are much Larger in Proportion than the Humane But why the Humane Spermatick Veins are thus Divided and Inosculated with each other when those of Quadrupedes are Straight and fewer Trunks is Accountable from their Positions those of Men being towards a Perpendicular Ascent to convey the refluent Blood and those of Quadrupedes near Horizontal From hence the Necessity of making one of these Blood-Vessels Varicous do's Appear especially the Humane Spermatick Veins which if had the Arteries been also as in Quadrupedes the Spaces or Perforations in the Muscles of the Abdomen for their Egress must have been so Large as that the Intestines would have been continually liable to an Extrusion F Part of the Epididymis G The Glandulous Part of the Testicle Devested of its Proper Membrane H H The Vas Deferens partly free'd from the Epididymis to Exhibit some of its Contortions I The Tunica Vaginalis of the Vas Deferens K The Tunica Albuginea with some of the Glandulous Part of the Testicle Rais'd with it L Part of the Tunica Elythroides or Vaginalis M Some of the Lympheducts of the Testicle Pinn'd out Fig. 3. Part of the Vas Deferens that Composes the Epididymis done much bigger than the Life A A Part of the Testicle B D The Tortuous or Serpentine Disposition of the Vas Deferens in the Epididymis in which Manner the whole Body of the Epididymis is Compos'd of that Vessel or Secretory Duct of the Testicle C D Another Separation of the Vas Deferens in the Epididymis E The Vas Deferens I I The Tunica Vaginalis of the Vas Deferens Compos'd of Circular Fibres according to Bidloo THE FORTY-SIXTH TABLE Fig. 1. A THE Glandulous Part of the Testicle Devested of its Proper Integument B B The Tunica Albuginea or Proper Membrane of the Testes Rais'd and Pinn'd up C C The Vessels of the Testes broken off in Raising the Albuginea D E c. Some of the Blood-Vessels which Perforate the Tunica Albuginea F Part of the Foldings of the
of the Uterus are here Remarkable Its Blood-Vessels as well as those of the Placenta not only Germinate but Inosculate with each other as is above Noted E E The Proper Integuments of the Abdomen viz. the Muscles and Peritonaeum in like Manner Divided F The Foetus lying within the Transparent Membrane call'd Amnios G The Amnios entire H The Umbilical Rope Arising from the Placenta and passing to the Navel of the Foetus Its Progress is Various sometimes it Marches over the Right Shoulder sometimes over the Left close to the Neck at other times it Ascends towards the Breast whence it is again Reflected to the Back of the Foetus and thence to the Navel Tho' the Blood-Vessels of the Umbilical Rope are Dispos'd in the best Manner Vid. Tab. 60.62 Fig. 5. to avoid their being Comprest in any Contorted Position yet it sometimes happens either thro' the shortness of the Umbilical Rope as in the Case mention'd by Hildanus Cent. II. Observ. LI. or by the great Strugling of the Foetus in Utero that it is so Comprest that the Blood cannot pass in its Vessels In which Case if an Abortion do's not happen or if it is at the time of the Partus and the Birth do's not presently follow the Dead Foetus with its Secondines are retain'd in the Uterus and if the Mother Survives they do gradually Putrifie and come away as Appears in the History of a Case very well Attested in the Excellent Works of the above mention'd Author where the Bones with Part of the Muscles of the Limbs were taken out near the Navel of the Mother some Months after the Secondines gradually came away at her Pudendum A like Instance was lately Communicated to me by the Ingenious Mr. Dale the Apothecary who was an Eye-witness of it in a Woman in the Country where he lives I K L M N O P The Foetus lying in the Vterus in its Natural Posture The Posture of the Foetus in the Uterus varies very much especially towards the time of the Partus this Order of it is then Inverst the Head at that time is downwards towards the Neck of the Womb. In the most easie Births the Face is turn'd towards the Back-bones or Os Sacrum If any Part besides the Head of the Foetus offers it self first except both Legs together the Birth proves Laborious and sometimes very Dangerous wherefore the Operator in such a Case is Oblig'd if possible to reduce those Parts and turn the Foetus to the most Natural Order that can be THE FIFTY-SEVENTH TABLE A A B B DIVERS Eggs of a different Size taken from the Ovaria of a Maid Fig. 2. An Egg Impregnated in which the Branches and Plexus of divers Blood-Vessels Appear Fig. 3. A Foetus with its Secondines Twenty-five Days after Conception in which the Rudimerits of all the Limbs Appear A A The Placenta Uterina B The Chorion C The Urinary Membrane according to Bidloo D The Amnios Open'd E The Umbilical Rope between the Placenta and Foetus F The Foetus Fig. 4. A Foetus Forty Days after Conception in which all the External Parts Appear Distinct. Fig. 5. A Masculine Foetus about Two Months and a Half after Conception in which the Magnitude of the Head in Proportion to the rest of the Body is Remarkable The Conformation of the Bones at that time may be seen in the 100. Tab. Fig. 3 4. Fig. 6. An Abortive Three Months after Conception or there abouts Dri'd so that the Connection of its Bones may be seen in divers Parts Fig. 7. A Foetus of Eight Months taken out of the Uterus together with its Placenta c. A A Male Foetus whose Hands are Contracted and Feet Contorted Inwards B C D The Umbilical Rope continued in its wonted Progress between the Foetus and Placenta E E The Chorion covering the Internal Concave Surface of the Placenta and its Arboreous Ramifications of Blood-Vessels deriv'd from the Umbilical Rope F Part of the Urinary Membrane G Part of the Ammios H A Portion of the Chorion THE FIFTY-EIGHTH TABLE A SHEWS the External Convext Surface of the Placenta Uterina free'd from the Vterus The Placenta is compos'd of Blood-Vessels of both Kinds deriv'd from the Mother and Foetus which Frame Glandulous Bodies and Fibres to which divers Succiferous Ducts are Inserted says Bidloo These Succiferous Tubes and Glands I must confess never yet Occur'd to my Observation in Dissection nor do I at present know who besides Professor Bidloo mentions them Here he only Names them among other Vessels of the Placenta and in Tab. 66. he Represents divers Succiferous Ducts in the Umbilical Rope nor do's he any where mention what Juice these Ducts of the Placenta carry or those of the Umbilical Rope wherefore I shall here Venture to add my Conjecture and so proceed If any Liquor Transcolated by Glands of the Placenta is convey'd towards the Foetus it is most likely that contain'd in the Amnios and tho' we have Observ'd Tab. â—5 divers Glands plac'd at Various Distances in the Amnios of Cows yet we can by no means think they are sufficient to supply that Membrane with a Necessary Quantity of Liquor for Entertaining the Foetus And since we have Observ'd divers Tubercles on the Surface of the Umbilical Rope mention'd in the following Table P We cannot tell how to reconcile those Phaenomena but by supposing the greatest Part of the Liquor of the Amnios is convey'd thither from the Glands of the Placenta by the Ducts of the Umbilical Rope This Liquor of the Amnios not only serves to Facilitate the Motions of the Foetus but towards the time of the Partus it is partly receiv'd by its Mouth and is convey'd into its Stomach and Guts and Administers Chyle to its Lacteals and Thoracick-Duct which is receiv'd by the Subclavian Vein of the Foetus and there joins with the Blood Transmitted from the Mother to the Foetus Thus the Stomach and Intestines as well as the Common Passages of Chyle and Lympha of the Foetus are imploy'd in the Uterus by which means those Channels are the more readily made use of soon after the Birth when the Infant has no other way of receiving its Nourishment but by the Mouth The Chyle thus mingling with the Blood of the Foetus so Thins it that its Circulation may be the better carried on by the weak Systole of its Heart whereby its Blood may be again Discharg'd into the Hypogastrick Veins of the Mothers Uterus The Liquor of the Amnios has another as it were Accidental Use in Lubricating the Vagina at the Time of the Partus the Foetus then breaking the Amnios by its Strugling its Contents flow by the Pudendum which they commonly call The Breaking of the Water B B The Furrows or Clifts of the Placenta which more or less Result from its Tubercles C C The Tubercles of the Placenta which are Thick and Large towards their Center and Less towards their
Blood-Vessels of both Kinds free'd from the Glands Succiferous Tubes and Ducts according to Bidloo Fig. 7 8. The Branching of the Arteries and Veins on the Chorion whose Capillary Extremities frame Glands and Escape the Sight of the Naked Eye Fig. 9. This is not taken Notice of by Bidloo but I supose it Represents Part of the Blood-Vessels of the Umbilical Rope free'd from their Membranes and not Injected with Wax or any Thing else the Trunks of the Two Arteries and Vein appearing Flaccid THE SIXTY-SECOND TABLE THE Abdomen of a Female Foetus Seven Months after Conception open'd to shew the Progress of the Umbilical Vessels towards its Navel A The Umbilical Rope suspended C C The Common and Proper Integuments of the Abdomen turn'd aside E G The Umbilical Vein entering the Liver at a Fissure near the Middle of its lower Part whence the Ligamentum Suspensorium Hepatis may be here seen continu'd to the Ensiformal Cartilage and Diaphragm F The Liver which in Proportion to the rest of the Viscera in a Foetus is very large extending it self to both Hypochondria The Magnitude of the Liver in a Foetus rather Proceeds from a greater Quantity of Blood carri'd into it by the Vena Umbilicalis than any proper Office it then Executes This Disproportion of the Liver do's not remit in an Infant but seems to continue in some Measure till they are Four or Five Years Old Hence it is that the Intestines of Infants and Children are suppli'd with more Gall than those of riper Years and are therefore incident to be gript much in the lower Belly and attended with a Diarrhoea Nor do I in this conceive Nature has any Ways committed a Mistake for sure it is very necessary some notable Discharge ought to be made of the Serosities in Children whilst their Limbs are not able to perform those Exercises which promote Perspiration and the like The Blood imported into the Liver by the Umbilical Vein meets with a contrary Current of Blood in the Vena Porta as it passes the Sinus to the Vena Cava whereby some of the Capillary Vessels about the Liver or Umbilical Vein are frequently broken and the Blood is discharg'd into the Cavity of the Abdomen In an Abortive Humane Foetus after Seven Months Conception I found the Abdomen without any Integuments it s Viscera being expos'd as in this Figure Nor could I find so much as any Part of the Peritonaeum that had cover'd them which I suspected might have been broken The Left Kidney also was expos'd to View Besides this the Top of the Skull was wanting and instead of it a Membrane distended with Grumous Blood Very little Part of the Brain appear'd on the Basis of the Skull but it was chiefly contain'd in the Specus of the Vertebrae of the Neck The Left Eye and Ear were wanting as well as the Nose A Ligament of about an Inch in Length fasten'd the great Toe of the Right Foot to the Bone of the upper Jaw The Left Arm was wanting and instead of it something like a Hand was fram'd seeming to have a Thumb and Fore-Finger This was ty'd by Two Ligaments the one springing from the Carpus was short and fasten'd it to the Scapula the other Ligament was longer and arising between those Parts which represented a Finger and Thumb was sixt to the Basis of the Skull on the same Side Upon opening the Thorax I found the Cone of the Heart pointing upwards its Basis towards the Diaphragm And both Extremities of the Bastard Ribs of the Left Side resting on their Vertebrae G G The Two Umbilical Arteries Arising from the Two Internal Iliack Branches of the Arteria Magna and passing on both Sides the Bladder of Urine to the Umbilical Rope H The Bladder of Urine I The Vrachus where it is visibly pervious The Ligamentum Suspensorium Hepatis is here well Exprest between the Umbilical Vein and Enfiformal Cartilage and the Small Gutts in their Natural Situation are also Represented THE SIXTY-THIRD TABLE REPRESENTS the Cavities of the Abdomen and Thorax open'd of the same Female Foetus Exprest in the preceding Table A The Umbilical Rope suspended B The Umbilical Vein C Its Insertion into the Liver D D The Two Umbilical Arteries arising from the Two internal Iliack Branches of the Arteria Magna Vid. App. Fig. 3.56.56 E E The External Iliack Branches of the Great Artery by our Author said to be Internal which in this View of the Parts do's not appear F G The Urachus H The Umbilicus cut from the Common Integuments of the Abdomen I The Head of the Foetus which in Proportion to the rest of the Body is much larger than in the Adult See the Description at Tab. 1. K The Mammae which in a Foetus of both Sexes contain a Serous Liquor L The Thorax open'd M M The Abdomen in like Manner open'd N The Thymus in Proportion to the rest of the Parts is very large in a Foetus and gradually lessens in the Adult See Tab. 21. O The Heart which in Regard to the other Viscera is very large P The Lungs on the Right Side Q Q The Kidneys which appear Conglomerate and are somewhat large R R The Glands of the Kidneys or Capsulae Atrabilares are also large and are here remov'd from their proper Situation they not only bordering on the Kidneys as in the Adult but lie upon them embracing their Upper Parts In this Figure they seem to be remov'd from their Proper Situation S S The Ureters which are also large and unequal T The Bladder extended with Urine V The Falloppian Tube somewhat long and very large in Proportion to the rest of the Parts W The Ovaria are also Large and Tumid X The Fundus Uteri somewhat rais'd by the Suspension of the Bladder of Urine a The Round Ligament of the Vterus of the Left Side b The Arteria Magna where the Emulgent Arteries pass to the Kidneys c The Ascending Trunk of the Vena Cava cut off d d The Diaphragma divided e The Spleen in Situ The Stomach and Intestines are here laid aside f The Sternum rais'd together with the Cartilaginous Endings of the Ribs where the Mammary Vessels on both Sides are Exprest Fig. 2. A The Bladder of Urine of a Foetus B Its Ureters fill'd with Wax C D D The Umbilical Vein and Two Arteries according to Bidloo which we cannot think to be well Exprest E The Descending Trunk of the Arteria Magna F Its Bifurcation G G It s Two Internal Iliack Arteries whence the Umbilical Arteries arise THE SIXTY-FOURTH TABLE THE Professor Bidloo in Imitation of Steno and Bourdon here adds Geometrical Figures of the Disposition of the Tendons and Fleshly Fibres of divers Muscles First of a single Fibre Fig. 1. A The Fleshy Part of the Fibre of a Muscle B C B C Its Two Tendinous Extreams making Obtuse Angles with the Fleshy Part. Fig. 2. Many of the Fibres Represented in the First Figure
Up the Manner of which Practice is so well Describ'd in the Works of Ambrose Pary I shall omit saying any Thing of it in this Place tho' it has been most commonly Disus'd in this Kingdom till of Late the many Conveniencies of which Practice will I don't doubt sufficiently Recommend it to a General Use as well in other Impetuous Fluxes of Blood as in those after Amputations After the External Iliack Artery 54 is past out of the Cavity of the Abdomen it obtains the Name of the Crural Artery 69. and Descends obliquely on the Crural Vein on the Fore-part of the Thigh immediately Under the Musculus Sartorius About Four Fingers Breadth above the Knee these Two Large Blood Vessels pass thro' the Lower Part of the Musculus Triceps to the Ham 71. here the Vein is Plac'd Above the Artery as in other Parts and so Descends to the Foot after being Divided in Three Branches as is Exprest in Fig. 72. 71. That Part of the Crural Artery which passes the Ham. 72. The Three Large Trunks of the Arteries of the Leg. 73. The Arteries of the Foot Fig. 4. The Extremities of the Veins and Arteries as they Appear by a Microscope in the Transparent Fin of a Living Grig A A The Fin of a Grig lying in a Glass Tube B B The Cartilaginous Extremities of the Ribs on which the Fin is Extended C C The Small Scratches or Streaks we commonly find in the Glass Tube D D The Branches of the Arteries Proceeding from their Larger Trunks in the Body of the Grig Conveying the Blood to the outmost Margine of the Fin. E E The Extremities of the Arteries Continu'd to the Veins wherein One Globule of the Blood only moves before another Besides these Communications of the Veins with the Arteries there are still others which are Larger wherein more than two Globules can pass together Those are every where Interspers'd with the Lesser as plainly appears in the Fin and Tail of the Flounder Fig. 5. F. F F The Veins which convey the Refluent Blood to the Heart G G The Magnitude of the Arta taken by the Microscope Fig. 5. The Extremity or outmost Margin of the Side-Fin of a Small Living Flounder view'd with a Microscope A A The Cartilaginous Extremities of the Ribs on each Side of which the Trunks of the Great Blood Vessels pass B B The Arteries C C The Veins D D Their Lesser Extremities Continu'd to each other E E The Large Branches of Veins and Arteries Inosculating with themselves before they arrive at their Extremities F F The Larger Conjunctions of the Veins and Arteries at the outmost Margin of the Fin. G G The Arta which the Microscope took in as it appears to the Naked Eye Fig. 6. Represents according to our Conception the Origination of the Lympheducts from the Extremities of the Blood Vessels A The Small Branch of an Artery a a Its Extremity Continued to the Vein B The Branch of a Vein C A Lympheduct Arising from the Extremities of the Blood Vessels either by the Mediation of Divers Vesiculae or Small Tubes which have Apertures into the Sides of the Blood Vessels Fig. 7. The Manner of the Origin of the Excretory Ducts from the Extremities of the Blood Vessels A The Artery B The Vein C A Branch of the Ductus Excretorius d d The Extremities of the Blood Vessels e e The Extremities of the Excretory Tubes at their Rise from the Pores in the Sides of the Blood Vessels before they Unite in the Branch of the Duct THE FOURTH TABLE Fig. 8. IS the Basis of the Skull with the First Vertebra of the Neck remaining on it together with divers Muscles and other Parts A B C C D D The First Vertebra of the Neck A its Fore-part behind which the Tooth-like Process of the Second Vertebra is plac'd B it s Back part wanting a Spinal Process where the Musculi Recti Minores Postici Arise C C The Transverse Process's D D Two somewhat Oval Process's of the First Vertebra which Move Side-ways on the like Process's on the Upper Part of the Second Vertebra of the Neck E A Cavity immediatly behind the Fore-part of the First Vertebra Fenc'd with a strong Ligament Backwards next the Medulla Spinalis in which the Tooth-like Process of the Second Vertebra Tab. 93. Fig. 3 4. A A is receiv'd F The Great Foramen through which the Medulla Spinalis Descends from the Head G A Small Muscle which from its Position I call Rectus Lateralis I first met with it in Dissection some time since and afterwards found it was partly Mention'd by Galen and Describ'd by FalloÌ„ppius It Arises from the Superior Part of the Extremity of the Transverse Process of the First Vertebra of the Neck and Ascends directly to its Implantation in the Os Occipitis when it Acts it Nods the Head Laterally H The Musculus Rectus Anterior Minor so call'd from its Progress Situation and Size it being much less than the Rectus Major Tab. 18. L L. It Arises from the Fore-part of the First Vertebra and is Inserted to the Appendix of the Os Occipisis This with its Partner Nod the Head Forewards and may be term'd Annuentes I I The Perforations in the Transverie Process's of the First Vertebra in which the Trunks of the Vertebral Arteries and Veins Pass K K The Trunks of the Vertebral Arteries in their Contorted Passage between the Transverse Process of the First Vertebra and Great Foramen F of the Os Occipitis L L The Mamiform Process's M M The Cartilages of the Meatus Auditorius N N A Probe Inserted into the Meatus à Palato ad Aurem This Passage from the Fauces admits the Air to Pass from thence into the Cavity of the Tympanum whereby the Membraâ—ea Tympani becomes more Distended and the least Impetus of the outward Air Shakes it together with its little Bones that are Contiguous to it Besides this Passage into the Tympanum there is another Passage out of it by the Upper Part of the Membrana Tympani into the Meatus Auditorius by which some in holding their Nostrils and Mouths and forcing up their Breath can move a small Feather or the Flame of a Candle when held near the Outward Ear in others it 's still Opener and they can Blow Smoke out at their Ears Tho' this Passage thro' the Tympanum is not commonly so Open as in the First Case yet naturally there is a Small Passage by the Upper Part of the Membrana Tympani into the Measus Auditorius which seems necessary to the End when the Tympamon is Fill'd with Air any Sudden Impetus of the External Air should not Violate the Membrana Tympani The Meatus à Palato ad Aurem do's not only Convey Air into the Tympamon but constantly remaining Open it Admits of a Fluctuation of the Contain'd Air of the Tympamon as well as a Fresh Supply If this Passage is Straiten'd a Difficulty of Hearing necessarily Follows
found which has not its Lymphe-ducts belonging to it as well as its Nerves and Blood-Vessels After several Observations premis'd he concludes they Arise in exceeding Minute and scarce perceptible Sirculi from the Lesser Glands which afterwards are United to those Arising from other Glands forming Greater Trunks and so proceed till they Empty themselves into the Common Cystern of the Chyle I shall not repeat the Reasons or Experiments of that Curious Gentleman to sustain his Opinion which mainly amounts to this That in pursuing these Ducts we cannot by the most exact Scrutiny or any Art yet known Trace them further But we must crave leave to differ from him in this Point and perhaps the Reasons we shall offer will be sufficient to justifie our Dissent and give a more clear and satisfactory Account of the First Source of this Fluid The Glands I must confess have a great Concern in preparing the Lympha insomuch that no Lymphe-duct can absolve its Course without Touching on them and their Necessity appears yet further while we see other Lymphe-ducts when the main Trunk passes by yet emit several Lateral Branches which Insert themselves into these Glands and after being remitted from thence are rejoin'd to the Former Trunk App. Fig. 14. Besides these Lymphe-ducts which Enter the Glands are frequently divided into several Branches which make their Exit again divided and after approaching each other join into one Current ib. Fig. 13. But however Important the Glands may be I think they are far enough from being their Source The Glands of the Mesentery have their Lacteals which Import and others which Export the Chyle from them We shall find the Case of these Vessels to be entirely Parallel every Lymphatick Gland we have yet been able to Discover having both Species of Ducts the one to Import the other to Export the Lympha from them whence it is probable the Lesser not differing from the Greater in Structure but Magnitude only they serve to Transmit the Lympha and not give it its First Rise This will be still more evident if we consider the Great Communication between the Blood-Vessels and these Ducts The First Origination and Extremities of these Lymphe-ducts are too Subtile and Fine to be discern'd by the Eye even Assisted by the Microscope and must give Room for Suspition and Conjecture The Arteries and Veins we have above Demonstrated are but one continuous Reflected Tube For the Truth of this Assertion in the Transparent Parts of Animals App. Fig. 4 5. we have the Evidence of our Senses and that the same Continuity is kept thro' the whole System of the Body no Rational Man who will please to Reflect on the Uniformity of Nature can with any Pretence of Reason doubt Now as these Vessels Communicate with each other and admit a Prompt Passage of Air Tincted Liquors Mercury c. from each to other so by some Experiments we find they have with the Excretory-ducts and Vice-versa those Liquors which we can convey into the Excretory-ducts after Death will pass from them into the Blood-Vessels and Lymphe-ducts which Experiment I have remark'd Tab. 43. Fig. 5. as an Objection to those who suppose Valves in the beginning of the Excretory-ducts From these Demonstrative and Convincing Experiments we may conceive the true Origin of the Lymphe-ducts is from the Extremities of the Blood-Vessels and their Office to carry Back the superfluous Serum which is more Copious in the Arteries than is perhaps convenient in the Veins where the Progress of the Blood is Slower and the Quantity much greater This Rise of the Lympha is still more clear * if we consider in some States or Habits of Body when the Crasis of the Blood is deprav'd some Parts of it pass this way and the Lympha is Ting'd by it as it happens by Injecting Water by the Arteries after Death when Part of the Blood still remains in its Vessels you will see the Lymphe-ducts fill'd with a Bloody Water This Origination of the Lymphe-ducts from the Extremities of the Blood-Vessels we don't take to be altogether immediately from their Sides as we do that of the Secretory Tubes App. Fig. 7. but that they have a Double Origin the one from the Extremities of the Arteries and the other from the Cells or Tubes which contain the Nourishment of the Parts they Arise from By this means not only the superabundant Serum of the Blood in the Arteries is carried off before it Arrives in the Veins but the superfluous Nutritive Juice also is return'd with the Lympha In those Parts where we find the Passage of the Blood between the Arteries and Veins very Patent as in the Spleen and Penis the Lymphe-ducts Arise from their Vesiculae as has been Observ'd in the Former by the Accurate Nuck and by my self in the Latter The like Origin of these Ducts may be Observ'd from the Spermatick Veins of the Testes and Ovaria in which the Blood returns very little Divested of its Serosity to the end its Globular Parts may the better Ascend in those Veins with a Less Proportion of Serum These Ducts Empty themselves into the Vesiculae of their Glands as is Represented App. Fig. 13 14. from whence the Exporting Ducts Arise and carry the Lympha on to the next Gland or Thoracick-duct App. Fig. 11. and so to the Subclavian Vein Thus we find the Motion of the Lympha Chyle and Nutritive Juice is propell'd by means of the Systole of the Heart by which all the Secretions of the Animal Fluids are in like Manner carried on In the Seventh Figure of our Appendix we have Exprest the Secretory Tubes Arising from the Venous as well as the Arterious Part of the Sanguineous Channel before its Inflection because we find there is a Transit from the Veins into these Vessels yet in my Opinion most of them Arise from the Artery where it Commences to grow Conical where the Sides of the Vessel thro' the Efforts made by the Parts of the Blood propell'd receive a more direct Pressure than in their Cylindrical Extremities and the Particles Adapted to their Pores are driven into the Tubes deriv'd from them By this Scheme the Origin of the Lympha and the Manner of Secretion is well enough Explain'd But why the Saliva is separated in the Parotid Maxillary and Sublingual Glands the Bile in those of the Liver the Urine by the Kidneys c. must be deduc'd from their peculiar Structure the Magnitude Figure of their Pores and Various Disposition of their Arteries having a mighty share in these Operations Thus we may Observe the Arteries of the Testes have a long and Flexuous Progress and contrary to the ordinary Method of Nature are smaller at their Originations from the Aorta than in their Trunks after a farther Descent as we have Noted Tab. 45. all which conduce to abate the Impetus of the Blood before it Arrives in the Testes On the other Hand the Current of the Blood to the Kidneys by
the Largeness Short and Streight Course of the Emulgents and their Vicinity to the Left Ventricle of the Heart is very Rapid which discharges a great Quantity of Urine soon after the Use of Chalybeat Waters or other plentiful Drinking whilst it is infinitely more slow in the Salival Glands Pancreas Liver c. We shall not here recite any further Particulars hoping the Reader will peruse our Tables and Discourse of the several Organs Having done with our Doctrine of the First Order of Natural Functions we proceed to the Second or those which serve for the Propagation of the Species which Naturally divides its self into Two Parts viz. Generation and Accretion or what concerns the Foetus in its Formation and by what means and steps it 's carried on to an Adult State Since Animal Bodies are Transient and Temporary the Author of Nature has endued them with the Power of Propagation and a Set of Proper Organs to continue their Species and furnish a constant Supply of new Individuals From the Difference of which Organs of Generation Arises the difference of Sexes All Animals have been Divided into Viviparous and Oviparous till Dr. Harvey remov'd the Distinction by Demonstrating all Living Creatures to derive their Original from Eggs with this Difference only in one the Foetus is perfected within and in the other without the Mothers Body This Doctrine of that great Man has since been fully evinc'd by the repeated Dissections Observations and Experiments of Later Anatomists No Species of Fowls Fishes and Quadrupedes are found to want them The Foetus being sometimes found in the passage between the Ovarium and Vterus â—ad the Alveoli deserted by them are sufficiently discernable in all Animals after Impregnation so that the Existence of These cannot be doubted or that there is a perfect Conformity between the Pullus in Ovo and the Foetus in the Womb. But here we must distinguish the Essential and Constituent Parts from those which are only Alimentary and Accessory It is the Cicatricula alone in the Eggs of Fowls in which reside the Rudiments of the Foetus whilst the Vitellus and Albumen prepare and supply its Nourishment both bearing an exact Analogy to the Lobes and Plantula Seminalis in Vegetable Seeds The Seminal Vesicula or Ovum found in the Testes of Women c. agrees in every respect with the Cicatricula and the other Parts are unnecessary because the Foetus is nourish'd by Aliment supplied from the Mothers Body Since the Discovery of these Eggs the Ancient Doctrine that the Foetus was Form'd from the Commistion of the Male and Female Seed has been by all Rejected and that Liquour which has been taken by all preceding Ages for Seed in the Latter is found to be only a Mucous Matter Secreted from the Glands of the Vagina Tab. 51. F. 3. C. and discharg'd without the Body which in Mares Cows and many other Animals is in much greater Quantity than is possible to be contain'd in their Testes Tho' Generation ex Ovo may be justly reputed among the Modern Improvements of Anatomy yet this did not altogether escape the Notice of the Sagacious Hippocrates who in his Book De Natura Pueri informs us the Embryo after Conception is Included in a Membrane exactly resembling an Egg without its Shell and describes the Rudiments of the Vmbilicus and Placenta with its Plexus of Blood-Vessels and the Pellucid Liquor of the Amnios after the same Manner as Represented Tab. 57. Fig. 2. This Accurate Observation he acquaints us he made from an Abortion artificially procur'd within Six Days after Conception to preserve the Reputation of an Incontinent Wench which remarkable Passage not ordinarily taken Notice of was shewn me by my very Ingenious Friend Dr. Fern. Much of the same Age or something more and agreeing with the Description of Hippocrates are the Secundines which the Learned Dr. Hannes keeps among his other Anatomical Collections Upon the Invention of these Ova De Graaf and Others who have successfully employ'd themselves in their Enquiries on this Subject began to Erect an Opinion That the Female only furnish'd the Matter of the Foetus and the Male serv'd to Actuate it by its Prolifick Influence This Opinion which derogates much from the Dignity of the Male-Sex prevail'd till Mons. Leeuwenhoeck by the Help of his Exquisite Microscope in which he has been well pursued by Mr. Melling detected Innumerable small Animals in the Masculine Sperm and by this Noble Discovery at once remov'd that Difficulty and added much to the Theory of Generation In his Letter to the Royal-Society he Acquaints them he had observ'd Incredible Numbers of these Animalcula in the Testicles of Froggs so slender as not to exceed the Thousandth Part of a single Hair with a Head proportionably larger than the rest of their Body all Variously moving to and fro That he had found the same in the Testicles of all Animals which he had Inspected and in another he gives them an Account That in the Spawn of a Cabeliaw he had found them to be still Lesser and more than Ten Thousand Swimming about in a Portion of Seed not exceeding a Grain of Sand and pretending to find by a Formal Computation all the Animals contain'd in the Lactes of this Fish to exceed more than Ten times the Number of Men on the Surface of the Earth Foecundation he esteems to proceed from one of these Numerous Animalcula after Ejection striking thro' the Pores or Perforations on the Sides of the Ovum and Lodging it self in the Cicatricula which is dispos'd to Receive and Nourish it From this surprizing Discovery it is evident That no Aura Seminalis or Influx of Active Spirituous Matter do's Delineate the Foetus and that Observation of Malpighius Illustrated That before Impregnation no Vestigia of the Pullus could be found and yet in some few Hours after it is distinct and visible Having thus taken a short Prospect of the Materials we must proceed to the Order and Progress of Generation from the Inchoation till the Perfection of the Foetus in the Womb and its Exclusion and thence till its full Growth or Dimensions prescrib'd by Nature to the Species The Arteriae Spermaticae in Men bring the Blood to the Testes in whose Convolutions it is Prepar'd and carry'd by the Vasa Deferentia to the Vesiculae Seminales where it is Lodg'd till in the Time of Coition it is Injected into the Vagina Vteri The Manner of the Erection of the Penis in applying it to the Transverse Ligament of the Ossa Pubis by the Musculi Erigentes and the Constriction of the Corpus Cavernosum Vrethrae by the Musculi Acceleratores to Stop the Refluent Blood and Inflate the Bulb and Cavernous Bodies I shall wave Repeating having amply Describ'd this Artifice in the Appendix to my Myotomia Reformata The Semen Injected into the Vagina of the Woman is Convey'd to the Ovaria thro' the Womb it self and the Falloppian Tubes which