reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good Sâ—eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as â— fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aortâ— spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to iâ— another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or Vâ—â—tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it â—â—d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is
in the middle Ventricle But the right Sinus hath two Veins one whereof whose Tunicle is simple is bigger than the other Veins coming from the Liver it is called Chilis and Concava and Audax ascendens and this is very great because it giveth blood to all the other Veins within and without the Heart taking nothing from them and therefore it bringeth more blood into the Heart than it can carry back it is also very great that it may contain much blood oftentimes flowing and flowing back and thâ—â— it may bring it to the Heart in a short space that it may the more commodiously be conâ—â—cted by it Thls blood so concocted is divided into three parts one part of the subtile cholerick beingless than the rest goeth to the nourishing of the Lungs The other more and subtiler than the aforesaid reacheth through the perforations of the Diafragma unto the left Sinus where it is made Spirit But the rest of it not so subtile and which is also far more than the rest passeth through the same Chilis to all the parts of a living creature and nourisheth them oftentimes going in and out in the right Sinus that it might be perfectly concocted and might receive life Nevertheless Avicen placeth a fourth part in the middle Ventricle which he saith is temperate but this is unknown to my eies perhaps because in the middle wall of the Heart there pierceth blood nourishing it but it turneth into the substance of the thing nourished because there in my judgement there is not blood without the â—â—ins unless in the right and left Ventricle The upper Orifice of this Vein is terminated at the Heart whilst the Heart is dilated and draweth the blood it is opened and whilst it is restrained it is shut expelling the blood but it is not shut wholâ—y because in part it remaineth open therefore nature alwaies reteineth in it as a treasure and mine of heat some portion of servent blood which at length changeth the Blood that cometh in into its own nature by uniting it self with it And this Orifice is opened and shut of three Sinnowy or Ligamental Pellicles whose colour is white being fastned with their upper extremities to the walls of the aforesaid Sinus by white and solid Ligaments Those Pellicles named Ostiola are wholly opened at the inside of the Sinus giving way to the blood entring in and are shut at the outside but not wholly and those Pellicles are solid and hard and in like manner are the Pellicles of the arterious Vein left in the great and continual motions of the Heart there might happen to them disruption because they are fastned in the top of them to Ligaments continually extending them But the Pellicles of the Artery Aorta and of the Arterial vein are less hard than they because they are not any thing extended by Ligaments and therefore they are without fear of breaking Another Vein goeth to the Lungs the name of this is Vena non pulsans or quieta it is also called Vena Arterialis and it is called a Vein because it carrieth blood for the nourishing of the Lungs and it is called Arterialis because it hath two Coats that it might be strong and compact because of the Cholerick and subtile blood flowing in it and lest it should bee broke by reason of its continual motion in whose Orifâ—ce are three Pellicles or doors shutting themselves wholly within the Sinus and opening themselves without giving way to the blood going out In the Dilatation of the Heart they are altogether shut lest the blood should flow back unto the Lungs but in the constriction they are opened and the Veins cleave to the walls neither are they any where else united by Ligaments as the most are The substance of these is pannicular their shape is like to the vacuity which is within the letter C They are therefore called Ostifola C formia they have also that Circular form which a mans nail hath which Pellicles are with their Circular part fastned to the body of the Vein But the left Sinus more noble than the rest because the middle and the right do service first to it it also excelleth the rest by reason of the Spirit contained in it hath in the top or it two Veins one not much less than the aforesaid great Chilis which is as the stock of a Tree distributed through the whole body and this is pulsant and double-coated whose thickness witness Erosilus is six-fold to a Vein and this is called Arteria Aorta and the great Artery whose inner Coat is harder than the outer because it meeteth with percussion and the substance of the Spirit for the keeping of which it is intended That same carrieth the Vital spirit to the whole body of a living creature and keepeth it in life For by that Artery said Galen all the members except the Lungs do inspire and expire lest their liveliness should bee suffocated but the Veins are as the store-houses of meat needing neither to diastolize nor systolize and therefore the body of them is subtile porous and soft but the Lungs do inspire and expire by reason of the motion of the Heart and Breast This Artery or its branches are seldom without the Chilis accompanying them and Aorta ascending a little above the Heart is divided into two parts one part is made oblique below and descends which in the Breast and in the lowest Belly sendeth forth many Fibraes from it even unto the feet and giveth life unto the members of them under that branch being made oblique below they do ascend by the left Nerves of the voice which are called Reversini and this place is called Flexor and Girgilius of which it shall bee spoken in another place Another part ascending about a part of the Lungs and the glandule Timum giveth life unto and filleth with Spitit the upper part of the Breast the Arms the Neck and Head and the parts of them And alwaies those Arteries which are fastned to the Veins by many pores or little Fibraes are united or joyned together and the Vein receiveth into it the Artery and on the contrary the Artery the Vein and from the Vein doth pass blood into the Artery which is likewise made spiritual in necessity and from the Artery into the Vein doth pass the Vital spirit concocting the blood thereof and conserving it in its virtue also the Tunicles are nourished and receive life from that which is contained in them and this Artery is less above the Heart than below Witness Galen 16 de Utili Cap. 11. and it is made so because there are more parts from the Heart of a living creature below than are above it and this Artery is so much greater descending than that which ascendeth by the Back by how much the multitude of the lower parts exceedeth the upper and in this is known not a little justice of nature the Vein Chilis descending must also be bigger than the ascending for the same
cause In the Orifice of this pulsant Vein which is called Auritium are also the three gates C formia opening and shutting themselves at the same time and in the same manner in which the Arterial vein is opened and shut There is in that Ventricle another Vein not pulsant but quiet called Arteria Venalis and it is called an Artery because it carrieth and recarrieth the Spirit or Ayr to the Heart and from the Heart to the Lungs from whence it is sent without the Breast and it is called a Vein because it hath a single Coat In the Orifice of this are onely two Pellicles or doors fastned after the same manner and incompleat and they are opening and shutting themselves in the dilatation and constriction of the Heart with which they make the doors being in the Orifice of the Vein Chilis also this Arterial vein carrieth more Ayr to the Heart than it can bring out because by the blood and Ayr brought in by it is the vital spirit engendred which by the Artery Aorta passeth to all the parts of a living creature By the aforesaid things the Colligancy of the Heart and the complexion and helps of it appear its quantity may be seen in number it is one although it is reported that the Heart of an Ape had two heads but prodigiously it is also reported that the Partridges in Paphlagonia have two Hearts Every kinde of disease may happen to it but it endureth them not if they continue long Of the Lungs THe Heart being seen cometh the Lungs called in Latine * Flabellum dicitur a flando Sic Ventilabrum a ventilando Flabellum and Ventilabrum and in Greek * Grece etiam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suffior sufflatur enim ut follis spiritum trahens emittens Pneumon for this is the Artificer of breathing and the work-shop of Ayr this is nourished by Ayr as the body is with Meat this filleth the hollowness of the Breast round about the Heart with its five Coats or Lobes whereof two are on the left side and three more on the right of them three one is less than the rest cleaving to the Back as it were in the middle which hath little pipes but almost no motion and this is the Mat or Pallet to the Chilis ascending and about that Lobe toward the top of it there is also certain glandulous flesh which also with the aforesaid Lobe is a Pallet or Coverlet of the aforesaid Vein and this flesh is of a notable bigness and is called of Authours Morum and Timum and of the Vulgar it is called Animella and Laticinium and it is in usual meats of a rank taste especially that which is found in Claves and in milk Kids The substance of the Lungs is mixed of thin light soft and red flesh inclining to whiteness like to the coagulated froth of blood and it consists of three vessels or pipes entangled as in a net through all the parts thereof in the same manner that the branches of the Vein Chilis are in the Liver and this composition may be like to a hony comb and also to a Sponge therefore it is capable of blood and Ayr for the Lungs is as it were a certain stoâ—e-house of Ayr to the Heart fit to serve to both motions to wit dilatation and constriction Certainly its flesh is rare that there might be much blood and Ayr continually in it Two vessels in it which contain it do shew the multitude of the blood which are bigger in the Lungs than in any other member like unto it the Heart and Liver excepted in which the vessels containing blood are greater surely not for themselves but because they give Spirit and blood to all the members This blood in the Lungs is much because the abounding plenty of it is dissolved by reason of the continual motion which a great quantity doth continually oppose and it is subtile that it might pass suddenly to all the parts of the Lungs to nourish it and it is also subtile that it might be light lest by its heaviness it should hinder the motion of the Lungs Also the long submersion of a living creature in the water without choaking sheweth that there is alwaies a great quantity of Ayr in it and the sending forth of a long and continual voice and blast hindring from the receiving of new Ayr or when one abhorreth it by reason of stink or other causes yet this Ayr in the aforesaid drownings and stinks is kept in the mouth and in the jaws the Tonsils helping with their Pellicles The help of this Ayr continually drawn is that by that being first altered the Heart might bee cooled and contemperated in necessities and also that the Heart might have vent left it should be choaked The utility of it also is that not out of a little part thereof might be engendred Spirits necessary for the being and wel-being and it is a help of the expulsion of the abounding hot and smoaky matter which is drawn it is for the entring in of the Ayr that is less hot â—eing altered first in the Lungs and then in the members through which it passeth This smoalâ—y air as it were an adusted superfluity of spirit is driven by the pulsant Vein into the branches of the Trachea in the constriction of the Heâ—â—â— and afterwards goeth forth â—â—nce from aliving Creature by the Trachea and by the nostrils and mouth the systolative motion of the Lungs helping it But the air going into the Heart hath the beginning of alteration in the Nostrils in the mouth in the jawes in the Trachea and in the branches of it dispersed in the Lungs in like order which one feeding on meat and drink hath in the mouth in the Gula and in the Ventricle and Liver For the alteration of the Lungs in the air is compared to the alteration of the Liver in Chiâ—us for by the Liver is the Bloud made of Chilus which receiveth a perfect concoction in the Heart but the spirit is prepared by the Lungs of air which is made truly vital in the Heart this going to the upper parts in the Rete mirabili or in the least branches of Arteries about the Brain is again altered from whence entring the Ventricles of the Brain the Animal spirit is maâ—â— perfectly true which is a brigâ—â— light and pure spirit Also the flesh of the Lungs is light lest it should hinder the motion of it it is also soft that it might defend the vessels thereof from breaking and it is reddish clear declining to whiteness because of the dominion of the Air over it with which it is nourished and also because of the coldness thereof A thin Pannicle doth cover this substance of the Lungs being bred of many Membranes proceeding from the Pipes thereof and from the Pannicles of the Brest by means whereof it is sensible The Pipes of the Lungs are three one whereof as also the rest
its motion there are muscles in it Galen said 7 de Utilit If the Breast were made of muscles onely they would fall upon the Heart and Lungs that therefore there might bee some space between and that in like manner the whole Organ might be moved the muscles are placed to the Bones by course This Belly called Pectus is great in quantity because it serves many and great members yet it hath a greater hollowness behinde than before the beginning whereof toward the hinder part is from the first Spondiles under the Neck unto the Septum transversum as much as twelve Ribs contain but before it taketh up onely the part contained between the upper Furcula and the lower inclusively In a man the Breast is broad not carinated as in the greater part of Beasts yet it is broader in a man than in a woman but for the bearing of the young the lower Belly is greater in a woman than in a man and for this reason the Region of the Reins of the bone Sacrum and the Ancharum in a woman is very large The Shape and Number and Situation of the Breast appears but the inward concavity of it is like to the hollowness of half an Egge cut obliquely through the breadth the part whereof is sharper toward the Neck it is also like to the nail of an Oxes hoof as is the figure of the Lungs It hath Colligancy with the whole body its complexion is according to its parts its native complexion actuated through influence is hot the helps of it are principally to keep the Heart and the Lungs it suffers passions of all sorts Mamilla diminut â—x Mamma quae ex voâ—e infant um dicitur ut etiam Papilla ex voâ—e Pappas Of Mamillae or the Teats IN the former part of the Breast toward the sides are two round Members taking their name Mamilla from their * The Author taketh Mamilla from Mamillana a kinde of Figs like Dugs Figure called of the Ancients Rumae In the middle of each of them there is one little Knob which is called Papilla through which the Infant feeds about which there is a Circle which is red or roset and sometimes black called in Greek Fos. The substance of these is of Veins Arteries and Nerves between which there is a hollowness which glandulous flesh doth fill up being white without sense and by reason of its whiteness when blood staieth in them it is made white and is turned into Milk and the Teats turn blood to whiteness and make Milk as the Liver turneth Chilus into redness and maketh it blood for every one of them turneth the humour in them contained to its own likeness in nature and colour of this blood being made white the one part nourisheth the Teats and the other is Milk and this is a profitable superfluity Unto the Teats do come their Veins and Arteries descending from the Region of the Armpits about the Ribs and also from the Region of the Pecten do come Veins through the Abdomen which you have kept above those Veins and Arteries do best appear in a body very lean but in a fat they are hidden but they are very well seen in a Faetus of three or four moneths The number of the Teats and the quantity appear yet they are greater in a woman than in a man for the ingendring of Milk their Situation is in the Breast because it is broad not carinated in which thâ—y may fitly bee placed and also because the superfluity of the Members above passeth not into Hairs neither into the Teeth nor into the Horns as in brute Beasts They have Colligancy with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver and Matrix by Veins but they receive the greatest part of the blood from the Matrix of which the Milk is made therefore those that give suck have not their Menstrues unless seldome and few and in those that have not their Menstrues in due time their Teats swell also the Teats do swell and are pained a little before the time of the Menstrues because the Matrix and the Veins therewith united are full The helps of them in a man are for comeliness and for the defence of the Members of the Breast and they reverberate heat to the Heart and sometime there is Milk made in a man by reason of the abundance of Nutriment especially in one that hath great and strong Teats in a woman they have also the aforesaid helps but they are principally for the ingendring of Milk that the new-born Childe might bee nourished therewith untill it can swallow solid meat and Milk is a proportioned nutriment for the new-born Childe because it is made of blood by which it was first nourished in the womb they suffer diseases of all sorts Of the Muscles of the Pectus quasi pactus quod ex costis quae veluti firmamentum pectoris sunt compactum aut pactinatum fit Gasp Baubinus Breast THe aforesaid things being seen and noted you may excoriate the Skin of the whole Breast leaving the muscles in their place and incise the Teats that you may see their substance especially their flesh in which are Veins and Arteries dispersed throughout and ye shall observe the * Papilla nipples to have very many small holes from which the Milk goeth out at which holes according to some the extremities of the aforesaid Veins are terminated through which the Milk goeth forth and according to others the Milk goeth forth from the Spongiosities of the flesh of the Teat terminated at the holes of the Nipple and not immediately from the Veins both of them are probable These being seen you shall note in the Breast many muscles which move the Breast voluntarily although the Breast may also bee moved naturally to wit according to the motion of the Heart and Lungs as wee have said in our Commentaries whereof some are without some between the Ribs and some within the Breast Of those without there are two under the upper Furculaes continual with the first Rib which do reach to the head of the Spatula and with them are united one other pair whereof every odd is doubling the first pair and making it into two parts the upper part whereof is continued to the Neck and moveth that but the lower moveth the Breast and this pair is continued with one pair which is continual with the fifth and sixth Rib. After that is another pair in the hollowness of the Spatula continued with one pair coming from the Spondiles even unto the Spatula and all they are as it were one pair which are continued with the hinder Ribs After that is another pair risen from the sixth Spondile of the Neck and from the first and second upper Spondile of the Breast continued with the same Ribs and all those muscles do diâ—â—te the Breast After that there is one other pair extended under the roots of the upper Ribs which descending is united with
growing alwayes less descendeth to all the parts of it even unto the Pannicle inclusively envolving it from the Faringa or Epiglottis through the foremost part of the Neck united to the Gula this is hard and alwayes open and also bigger than the rest and it is compounded of very many Cartilagea each whereof is united one near to the other by pannicular ligaments and this is called Trachea and Aspera arteria and Laringa and Bronchium its Cartilages in the Lungs are entire and also annilar but in the Neck they are incompleat and in the manner of a C. From their Magnitude and Figure it is judged in the Hawkings of them whether there bee Ulcers in the extream parts of the Lungs or in the middle or in the neck Between these Cartilages and in all the Trachea within and without there is a Pannicle of a mean substance perfectly circular fastned to the jawes and mouth in which are Vills lengthning and â—â—ortning the Trachea in the motions of the Lungs The helps of this Pannicle is also to defend those Cartilages from the going in of extraneal things it is also a pacifier of the voyce in the going out This Pipe doth not carry bloud as others but only Air also by this alone the unnatural things contained in the brest are purged out having entred into it in the time of the dilatation of the Lungs by the thin Pannicle involving it therefore is there caused an expulsion of Sanies and other unnatural things to the mouth and without the Heart not being troubled This Pipe also possesseth a middle situation among the rest on the right side of it is the quiet Vein but on the left side the Pulsant Vein but the Pulsant Vein toward the former parts without the Heart doth immediately enter into the substance of the Lungs lest by reason of the motion of it because it is subtile it should receive solution but the Vein not pulsant because it is double-coated and strong doth not immediately enter the Lungs but first compassing about the Trachea it also entreth the Lungs reaching toward the hinder parts In this Bowel onely the pulsant Vein hath not without cause changed substance with the not pulsant for the Vein not pulsant called Arterial in other members is single in the Lungs double-coated first lest it should bee broken by the continual motion thereof seconâ—ly that it might also contain subtile blood nourishing the flesh of the Lungs and also the Trachea But the pulsant Vein called the venal Artery is of a single coat nimble in motion that it might obey dilatation and constriction in a short space this bringeth Ayr to the Heart and carrieth it out in it also there is spiritual blood nourishing the Lungs as some would have it but it is rather giving it life its branches are united or joyned together with the branches of the Trachea through which the Lungs giveth Ayr to the Heart but the Heart not being unthankfull giveth life and nutrition unto that The branches of this Vein are so narrow that the blood cannot pierce through them to the Trachea and therefore they are passable to the Ayr but impassable to the blood but if they be notably opened the blood floweth from them to the Trachea and perhaps as some would have it from the branche â—f the Vein not pulsant blood also floweth into the Trachea whereby is caused spitting of blood without the solution of the Veins of the Breast nevertheless the pulsant Vein is more apt to this Every one of the aforesaid vessels in their first entrance of the Lungs is divided into five branches always growing less throughout all the parts thereof and multiplying their branches two are in the left side and three on the right whereof one less than the rest goeth to the little Lobe on the right side cleaving more to the Back which as wee said before is a Coverlet to the Chilis ascending The shape of the Lungs is like unto an Oxes hoof in number some think that they are two members united into one in such wise that it appeareth one Lung with five Lobes divided into two like parts that one being hurt the other might remain firm in the hinder part it is longer than before following the situation of the Midriff in number it is one the quantity of it the situation and colligancy appear its complexion is hot from the part of its contents and place but by accident because of the Flegms remaining iâ— it it is cold its helps are to serve the Heart by preparation and carrying it serveth also to the breathing and to the voice and in like manner to speech and its little Lobe serveth to the Chilis ascending it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of some parts of Collum ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membrum â— secundum eminentiam quia capitis basis aut fulcrum alii a colle quia ascendit ab humeris collis more the Neck and of the pulsant and quiet Veins inclusively ascending from the Liver and the Heart even unto the Head and Hands THe aforesaid things being seen in the Section of parts the Trachea should first occurre and the Epiglottis and also the Gula nevertheless these for the present cannot well be seen unless the Anatomy of the Neck and some parts of the Face be set before which being seen wee will speak of the parts aforesaid the Lungs therefore being dispatched reserve some of the upper fleshy part of it for the seeing of the Trunck of the Trachea Arteria laying aside the rest except the fifth Lobe of it which cleaveth to the Back keep also a certain glandule neer unto it which is called morum and timum that the situation of the Chilis and the ascendent Artery upon these may be seen to which these two members are a coverlet you shall also keep the Heart and its Capsula and the Pannicle Mediastinus and the Stomach and also the Midriff for the enquiring of other things of them Those things being kept for better orders sake I come first unto the speech of the Neck and I term the Neck to be an Organical member noble and very necessary to a man for the members contained in it which witness Aristotle 3 de partibus Cap. 3. is made for the Trachea serving to the Lungs and for the Gula But Galen in his eighth book de juvamentis Cap. 1. saith that it is principally for the Lungs because creatures wanting a Neck want Lungs as Fishes but he addeth that the Neck is the way of those members which descend from above downward of â—hem which ascend from below upward those which descend are the Nerves the Gula some muscles and the Nuca but the ascending are the pulsant Veins and the quiet and the Nuca is contained of the Spondiles that it may bee safe from outward hurts and that hollowness which is between the parts of the Veins and Arteries is filled by glandules remaining
shall also note one Nerve on both sides compounded of many Fibers these Nerves are called descending and the reversive Nerves doe spring from these of which a fair enquiry shall be made below Keep those Nerves and 〈◊〉 branches of the aforesaid Arâ—â—â—â— and either Vein to wit the â—â—den and the manifest untill thâ—â— you have seen the Veins and Aâ—teries ascending from the Heart and from the Liver even unto that place for the seeing of which the Work-man may return back again about the region of the gibbous part of the Liver and there hee will note a great trunk of the Vein Chilis ascending which in its ascension first perforateth the Midriff and there sendeth forâ—â— many little Veins on both sidâ—â— whereof two doe feed the Midâ—â— but the rest doe nourish the lower ribs and the members near unto them But a very great branch of it ascending reacheth even unto the Heart being every way loose without an Artery fellow to it and by that branch the gibbous part of the Liver is vented and perhaps vivified This branch is divided into three parts one whereof much less than the rest entreth about the roots of the Heart and is dispersed through the substance thereof and nourisheth it Another bigger than the rest is united to the right mansion of the Heart and bringeth bloud very plentifully to it From that branch according to some that Vein called Arterialis which nourisheth the Lungs taketh its original but of these Veins wee have spoken somewhat in the Section of the Heart The third Branch of the aforesaid which is also notable ascendeth also above from the region of the Heart under which is a certain glandulous flesh called Morum and Timum and this together with the fifth lobe of the Lungs which cleaveth to the back is as wee have said before a Mattresse or Bed to the aforesaid Branch ascending even unto the highest Furcula of the Breast where this Vein is parted into two branches reaching transverse towards the Spatulaes on the right side and on the left in that same manner also doth the great Artery called Aorta Ascendens reach transversly toward the Sâ—â—tulaes and that you may the better see those Veins and Arteries lay aside the upper Furcula yet warily lest you loosen the members near unto them Those things being dispatched you must see the aforesaid Veins and Arteries noting first that every one of them is divided into two Branches one whereof as well of the Vein as Artery ascendeth by the Neck on both sides towards the Head from which doe arise all the Veins of the Neck called Guidez which you shall keep to be better seen afterwards Another Branch also on both sides is divided into five parts one of them nourisheth the upper Ribs and one the place of the Spatulaes and one the deep muscles of the Neck and one penetrateth in the upper Spondiles of the Neck and from thence passeth to the Head and the branches of the pulsant Vein do associate them Another branch greater than all the aforesaid five reacheth to the Axilla or Armpit and this is divided into four parts one of them is spread in the muscles placed above the Breast which move the Spatulaes and one entteth in the loose flesh and in certain Pannicles of the Axillaes and one goeth from the upper part of the Breast about the Teats descending toward the Abdomen and this according to some nourisheth them and in part carrieth the matter of milk to them and this as wee have said elsewhere is coupled in the Abdomen with a Vein ascending from the Inguina and from the Matrix to the Teats and of that branch Galen speaketh in 14 de utilit part cap. 8. saying That from the Thorax do reach Veins to the Hypocondria and to the whole Epigastrion and are coupled with Veins which are carried from the lower parts to the Matrix having Colligancy that when the living creature is increased in the Matrix they might bring in the nourishment for it which being born theâ— puff up the Teats again wherefore it hapneth that the Menstrues and to give suck cannot well be together But another branch greater than the aforesaid is divided on both sides into three branches one reacheth to the muscles which are in the Spatulaes and one to the muscles of the Axillaes but another bigger than the aforesaid reacheth by a neer part toward the Adjutorium and this goeth unto the little hand this branch is called Asellaris and Basillica which being flebotomized helpeth in diseases of the Breast by reason of its neer Colligancy unto the true Ribs and to the whole Breast this Vein is also called of the Vulgar the Liver vein because it is neerer to it than the Cephalica But of the first branches which I spake that you should keep from which are made the Guidez there ascendeth on both sides one and before they do much ascend â—hey are divided into two parts on both sides one of them is called Guidez manifesta the manifest Guidez because it is neer unto the Skin easily apt to bee seen which in one living swelleth in a strong voice but the other because it is below some muscles is called Guidez profunda submersa the deep and overwhelmed Guidez And indeed the manifest Guidez presently when it ascendeth above the Furcula is divided into two parts on both sides whereof one ascendeth but the other is involved about the Furcula from which do arise many branches nourishing the parts neer unto them and some of those branches do again ascend and are united again with the aforesaid first branch of the manifest Guidez but before they are united one notable branch reacheth to the Spatula and by the outside under the Skin of the Adjutory is terminated even unto the little hand and this is called Spatularis Humeralis and Cephalica because it helpeth the Head by reason of the neer Colligancy that it hath with its Guidez that nourisheth the Head but of that Vein Cephalica and also of Basilica and of the Artery fellow to it it shall be spoken more amply in the particular Anatomy of the great and little Hand And the aforesaid manifest Guidez on both sides notable is immediately under the Skin above the muscles of the Neck which with its branches doth nourish the upper and lower Mandible and the Tongue and the Head ascending on the outside about the Ears And some would have that those branches of the manifest Guidez which are about the Ears should be called Venae Spermaticae because they say that the Sperm cometh by them from the Brain and they are moved from the sayings of Hippocrates in his Book de aere aqua which saith that whosoever have the Veins behinde the Ears cut they are altogether deprived of all Generation nevertheless there are some that think that such Veins are from the branches of the profound Guidez which nourish the muscles remaining between the first and second
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE Body of Man BEING A Practical Anatomy SHEVVING The Manner of Anatomizing from Part to Part The like hath not been set forth in the English Tongue â—dorned with many demonstrative Figures â—ong since Composed in Latine by that Famous J. Berengarius of Carpus Dr. of A. P. Reader of Chirurgery in the University of BONONIA Done into English by H. Jackson Chirurgeon â—y whom is also added a fit Etymon to the Names of the Parts in their proper place â—ondon Printed for Livewell Chapman at his shop in Exchange-Alley in Coâ—n-hill 1664. TO The VVorshipfull Society of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barber-Chirurgeons of London together with all Students and Practitioners in Anatomy Henry Jackson a Member of the aforesaid Society commendeth these his Labours Most renowned Brethren and Friends I Am provoked in my mind after long deliberation to publish this Work being commanded in my first undertaking thereunto by my aged Father an ancient member of this Society who having met with this Author in his Travels in Italy esteemed it as a great Treasure and too good indeed to be concealed which being in old and curt Latine cost me not a little pains to put it into smooth English and yet I never over-read the Work but I had comfort in it and thought it worth all my pains I have also been much encouraged by the commendations I have heard of the Book by the learned Dr. Guinn and Dr. Andrewes in their publique Anatomy Lectures at our Hall as also by that exact Anatomist Doctor Wharton who hath had the perusing of it and is pleased to prefix his Epistle to it And now considering the great want there is of such a Work that may be as a Directory to young Practizers in Anatomy how to dissect from part to part and how studious most ingenuous men are of this Art as also how mysteriously those that have it doe conceal it I am I say provoked to thrust forth this Work into the world by the help of which for the three Venters and general parts and Muscles of the Body of Man and Woman as also by a little Treatise of Master William Molins of the Anatomical Administration of Muscles which hee calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which I also commend to the industrious Practitioner in Anatomy I am not ignorant what a great light of experience may bee gained to the diligent hand of such who doe industriously labour in this Science I have also added a fit Etymon to the names of the parts in their place from diverse Authors besides those inserted by this Author because it is both pleasant and profitable and â—â—stomably observed in Anatomy Lectures By the help of which Book I am of opinion that the ingenuous Chirurgeon may be enabled not only to Dissect from part to part but also where more excellent Physicians are not to bee had to explain and read upon the parts to the satisfaction of a Country Auditory which effects hoping the Lord will crown this work withall I take leave humbly to subscribe my self From my house in Southwark Febru 25. 1659 60. A Lover of this Art and of you all Henry Jackson To the Reader Courteous Reader I Am desired by my learned Friend and Tutor M. Mark Franck somtimes Fellow of Pembrook Hall Cambridge to read this Translation of his old acquaintance Master Jackson Chirurgeon and to write my thoughts as an Epistle before it in obedience whereof I shall briefly address my self I understand the Author to be Jacobus Carpus Bononiensis because of his Figures as also his mentioning his Commentaries upon Mundinus printed in Latine in the year one thousand five hundred and thirty about one hundred and thirty years agoe Hee was in his time much esteemed for a most industrious judicious and expert Anatomist and hath in this Book given good testimony thereof for he hath in this Isagoge exceedingly much improved the administration of Anatomy in many difficult parts of it which is one of the principal qualifications of an Anatomist therefore it s hoped this Book will bee as well worth the reading as any in that particular by whosoever that will favour that ever Noble employment and exercise Moreover this good old Author is concise and short without any tedious repetitions and also writ in an excellent good order and method and will neither spend time in reading nor charge considerable It s hoped the Reader will easily bee perswaded to indulge this Writer with the common abatement necessarily granted to all our ancient Authors First for that he writ so long before our for ever renowned Doctor Harvey and therefore was not acquainted with those curious truths of the circuit of the bloud which evidently demonstrates that the Veins reduce that bloud which was sent by the Arteries from the Heart abroad into the parts of the Body and that the Heart with the Bloud and Spirits is the chief Organ of vitality the habitacle of the spirit of Life common to us with Brutes but the Brain the Primum sensorium the seat of the Intellect the complement of man and the palace of the immortal soul The other excuse to bee entreated for the Author of this Work is also for his age for hee lived before our incomparable Doctor Glisson had demonstrated the true uses of the Liver the exact way of Natures making Bloud the nature and course of the Lympha and the motion of the Chyle and that the Splene poures no juyce either sowre or sweet into the Stomach which being supplied our Author may happily pass compleatly current Formerly Italy bred many such learned Physicians and Philosophers as this Author and then it was worth the while to journey to Padua to hear them as other Nations anciently went into Aegypt But now England by the industry of Harvey and Glisson is the only Scene for both so that the politick Italian if he will attempt the attaining to the knowledge of any thing considerable in either must visit England and ours stay to better purpose at home unless the careful Father shall judge it necessary for the manning 〈◊〉 Son to hazard him such a Pâ—lgrimage as to survey the ruines of old Rome and Campus Martius the stately place of the new Lectures upon barbarous Avicen will never advance the true worth 〈◊〉 knowledge of Physick nor his Auditors ever admit the truth of the Circulation of the Bloud whilst they doat upon his third or middle Sinus in the Septum of the Heart which this good Author did then deny This Anatomist hath pursued the various ducts of the Vessels to wit Arteries Veines and Nerves and also the Muscles with a notable design which hath given our later Authors occasion frequently to mention his Labours with honour This Book as it is ancient and learned so it hath been rare to bee found with us therefore wee owe much to this Translators indus who hath rendred it answerable to the Original and
known It is in Number one Belly yet the number of the parts of it is diverse because some are Contained and some Containing the parts contained are the Liver with its little Gystern containing Choler and the Spleen and the Ventriculus called of many Stomachus although not well also the six Intestines with the Veins dispersed through them and the Reins with their Emulgents and the Bladder with the Uritidian pores which are called the Emunctories of the Reins and the Mesentereon with his glandules and the Vena Porta and Vena Chyliâ— descending with the Arteria Aorta and also the Umbelical veins and Arteries and the Seminary vessels with the Didimies and Testicles and the Matrix in a Woman and although the Didimies and Testicles with their Scrotum or Oscheon may bee exteriour parts yet they are reckoned within that Belly because they are immediately fastned unto it But of the parts Containing some are Common some Proper and some more proper the Common are all those parts which compass about that Belly to wit the Anteriour the Lateral and the Posteriour parts the Anteriour or Lateral parts are called in Latine Sumen but by antiquity Abdomen in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of Epigastrion some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Arabick Mirach Etron the Posteriour are called Imum dorsi the bottom or lowest part of the back But the parts Proper some are also before some on the sides and some behind those which are before of the latter Physicians are commonly appointed five the first which is the highest is in the middle of the Body about the lower furcula of the Brest and is called Gladialis scutalis cartilago and also Pomum granatum but this part is common both to the middle and to the lower belly taking up but little room The second immediately under that is called Pars stomachalis the region of the Stomach because the stomack that is the Ventricle hath its former part in that region and this part reacheth unto the Navel The third part is called Umbilicalis and it is that part in which the Navel is enclosed in the middle of the Abdomen which is now frustrate from his principal function in a childe The fourth part is called of Mundinus Sumen because it is the most eminent part of the very Sumen Synecdoche partis and there the part is taken for the whole this region is from the Navel unto the Pecten The fifth part is called Pecten within which is the Os pubis or Pectinis in that region there beginneth the neck of the Bladder in both Sexes and of the Matrix in a woman The Lateral parts as they are equally divided on both sides are of Physicians commonly said to bee two to wit the Superiour and the Inferiour the superiour is called Hypochondrium the Inferiour is called Ilium or Flancus the Ilia are also called Lagones Ceneones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Laxa significat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vacua significat in the right Hypochondrium is the Liver but in the left the Spleen the upper part of the Ilia beginneth from the top of the Os ancharum and endeth about the bottom in the extream part of this Belly their lowest part is called Inguen bubo but the Hypochondria doe begin from the lowest of the false ribs and are terminated below at the Ilia between the Ilia and Hypochondria there appeareth a certain cavity when a man bendeth himself forward which of some is called Colago and of some Intrum The parts properly called the Posteriour some are in the middle and some on the sides those which are in the middle are Spina inferior filum inferius dorsi the lower spine and line of the Black Of the Lateral parts some are Superiour and some Inferiour the Superiour are called Regiones Lumbares or Renales the regions of the Loyns or Reins the Inferiour are called Partes supra clunos the parts above the Buttocks But the parts called more Proper some are also Anteriour some Lateral and some Posteriour the Anteriour and Lateral parts happen together and they are that skin which you first meet withall under which there is Fatness and eight Muscles of which four are oblique two long and two broad all which are dilated and united to the likenesse of a Pannicle which may be called and indeed is called of Avicen Panniculus Carnosus the fleshy pannicle neither is there any other fleshy pannicle there as late Physicians doe suppose Under the Muscles there is a membrane subtile and hard called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Peritonâ—iâ—â— and in Arabick Sifac and all these doe make the Abdomen or Mirach But the Posteriour parts called also more Proper are the Skin sometimes some Fatness and a musculous flesh on both sides of the Spondiles to wit before and behind called of some Lumbaris and a simple flesh not musculous filling the empty places of this part and the spondiles of the Reins or Alkatim and three bones of the Os sacrum or the three Spondiles called in Arabick Alhovius and the three Spondiles called Alhosos or Caudae also their Cartilages with their Pannicles and Nerves Veins and Arteries with the pannicle Peritonion the Anatomy of those parts shall bee spoken of in their place but now I return to the Anatomy of the Abdomen Of the skin of the lower Belly and of Umbilicus quasi umboiliacus quod ibi fit iliorum umbo Grae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbilicus the Navel YOu shall first consider the situation of the Navil which is termed the root of man which hath two veins without the body toward the Matrix and very often one and two Arteries covered with the superfluous skin which in Children new born is tied up and cut near unto the Abdomen and is consolidated and shut up again it self the middle part of it thus consolidated is called Acromphalum and because it is wrinkled it is called Vetula and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Graica these things being noted cut the skin in the manner of a crosse in length and breadth through the whole Abdomen and excoriate it reserving the Navel unhurt which you shall very often perceive entring into the belly with one notable Vein and two Arteries which are frustrated from their proper work in Children the Vein is ascending penetrating into the concave of the Liver in the Vena porta The Arteries descend by the inward part of the Abdomen almost unto the Pecten and they pass unto the back from the sides of the Bladder and are implanted one on the right side the other on the left into the Arteria aorta which is two-forked about the Os facrum near the Reins From those Vessels the bloud and spirit doth pass to the Liver and Heart of an infant in the Mothers womb but you shall see the Navel better after the Anatomy of the Abdomen
about the Diafragma but higher and toward the sides and the back It s substance is the flesh of it and the net woven of the Veines dispersed in it and its flesh is coagulated bloud it hath five Loabes sometimes four and three and sometime two In the hollow part of it is one Veine called Porta which entreth into it with five branches which toward its gibbous part are dispersed throughout the whole body even to the least members that the Chylus divided in them to the least members might the better be transformed into bloud Also in the hollow part is a little Cistis or bladder cleansing the bloud from Choler before it pass unto the gibbous part also in the hollow part the Vena Umbelicalis entreth into the Vena Portae to nourish the young one in the Mothers wombe In the gibbous part is one Vein called Chilis dispersed also with five branches through the whole body of it unto the least members the least branches of this Chilis are joyned or united with the branches of Porta and they suck from them bloud purified from Choler and Melancholy but mixed with wateriness which requireth a farther decoction in the gibbous part The Liver hath vent in its gibbous part of the Septum transversum and of the Vena Chilis ascending by it to the heart by which it is fastned unto it it hath also small Arteries in the hollow part of it by which it is vented These Arteries come from Aorta which is neer there and are difficult to bee seen it is fastned to the Metaphraenum by its pannicle suspending and to the Abdomen by the Vena Vmbelicalis to the braine by a Nerve but by the means of a pannicle risen from the Peritoneon of which it is circumvolved it hath also colligancy with every member that hath a vein its complexion is hot and moyst in number it is one its parts are proper flesh the Vena Porta Vena Chilis and Arteries a Nerve with a pannicle and the Cistis of choler its operation is the making of Bloud its proper passion is the Dropsie yet it suffereth every kind of disease Of the Vena Portae WIthout the substance of the Porta quia per totum corpus portat sanguinem Liver is Vena Portae so called of a witty man according to its nature Galen being witnesse and from him hath the name remained untill now which Hippocrates and all the company of Asclepias have commended because its branches doe carry the food before laboured in the belly unto that place of the digestion for the whole Creature which we call the Liver This vein without the Liver hath eight parts two are small six greater one of the lesser hath two branches one nourisheth the Duodenum and the other the Mesenterion close to the Duodenum The other lesser vein nourisheth the Ventricle about the Portanarium The first of the six greater nourisheth the outermost broad part of the Ventricle The second with some branches goeth towards the Spleen from which first branch goeth to nourish the Mesenterion forthwith one other great branch goeth to the Spleen which in the way is divided into more branches of which one great one doth nourish the left lower part of the Ventricle This same branch goeth on entring into the Spleen and â—t sendeth from â—t two branches one of which ascendeth the other descendeth of the ascending there are three parts one part nourisheth the Splâ—eâ— another nouri heth the upper part of the Ventricle the other part passeth to the mouth of the Ventricle milking into it Melancholy for the stirring up of the appetite which for the most part goeth forth with the excrements thorough the â—ntestines The aforesaid descending Vein is divided into two parts one branch nourisheth the Spleen the other goeth to the Omentum in the left side and nourisheth that The third branch of the six aforesaid goeth on the left side for the succouring of the Intestine Rectum Also the fourth branch of the six greater is spread into capillary branches whereof some go to nourish the right side of the Ventricle and some to nourish the right side of the Omentum The fifth goeth to the Mesenterion in that place where it is fastned to the Colon. But the sixth goeth to the Mesenterion in that part where it is fastned with its branches to the Jejunum and Ileon which are called the Meseraick veins and this is very large The substance of these veins is such as of others their quantity and their principal number and situation and shape and Colligancy are manifest their complexion is cold and dry but by reason of that which is contained it is hot and moist their help is to bring the afore-laboured meat to the Liver it also with its branches beginneth the second digestion it also carrieth nutriment to the Ventricle to the Spleen and Omentum and it nourisheth the Intestines it suffereth passions of all sorts and especially opilations and also the opening of his Meseraicks and sometime scissures and it suffereth with the Liver in all the diseases of it Of the Cistis containing Choler which is called Fel the Gall. THe Cistis of Choler called the Fel quod folliculuâ— gestans bilem Gall is a purse or sack in the hollow part of the Liver cleaving to a loab in the middle it is compounded of a pannicular substance which is thin solid and without blood having onely one Tunicle covered with the Pannicle which covereth the Liver in it there are fibers of all sorts in the inside it hath long and oblique fibers on the outside broad It s substance is thin because it digesteth not any thing and it is hard that it may resist the sharpness of the Choler it hath one Pore entring immediately into its purse which is called communis being greater than others which according to the opinions of some is divided into three parts One goeth to the Liver continued with the Vena Portae from which it draweth Choler by narrow passages in that Pore there are onely long fibers One other Pore goeth towards the Intestines which is double at a certain distance whereof one part goeth to the Duodenum towards the Jejunum that it may cleanse the Intestines from flegm and excrements by the sharpness of the Choler sent thorow it and that Pore entreth in the Duodenum * A Diagone is a line in Geometry drawn from one corner to another Diagonally between two Tunicles of it lest that Choler and those things which are contained in the Intestine should go back and stop it Another according to some goeth to the Pyloron of the Ventricle to comfort the digestion with its Choler which if it bee much maketh a man miserable by the continual vomiting of Choler but some do deny this Pore by the common neck is caused its attraction and expulsion It s quantity and shape appear in number it is one member and it is fastned to the heart by a small Artery which it
hath and to the Brain by a small nerve its native complexion is cold and dry Its helps are to purge the blood from Choler and to make hot the digestion of the Liver and to keep it from putrefaction it doth also comfort the Ventricle and cleanseth it from flegm and helpeth the expulsive vertue of the Intestines sometimes a man is without a gall but this man is of a feeble health and of a shorter life It suffereth passions of all sorts its proper passion is opilation by which is caused Morbus regius or * Yellow Jaundice Icteritiae and if there is opilation in the common Pore and the body bee not purged of Choler then are caused cholerical diseases of divers sorts yet the excrements may bee coloured But if there bee an opilation in the neck reaching to the Intestines and unto the Portanarium then the excrements are discoloured and also the Choler is not purged from the Cistis but doth flow back to the Liver and doth cause many cholerical diseases And if there bee opilation in the neck towards the Liver the excrements may bee coloured for some time and it will also cause cholerical diseases of divers sorts but the opilation continuing the excrements will bee discoloured Wee have spoke of other things in the Comments upon Mundinus Of the great Vein Chilis and Aorta descending and emulgent THe aforesaid parts being seen you may put away the Mesenterion the Spleen and the Liver 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pasco quia partes sanguine ut mater venarum pascit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod vas signific ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tollo quâ—a ut vas sanguinem vitalem per totum tollit of whose gibbous part reserve that from which the great chanel of Vena Chilis doth immediately go forth that you may see the beginning of it but leaving the Ventricle in its place unpuffed up that some other parts of it may also bee seen In the first place you shall see a great vein go forth of the gibbous part of the Liver which is called Parigiba and Chilis and Concava and Mater venarum from which the blood is dispensed to all the parts of a living creature by means of its branches which are the receptacles of it this vein is subtile full of pores and gentle not double-coated as the Arteria Aorta lest it should too long time contain the blood which is gross but that it should quickly nourish the members it is also such because it is without motion but an Artery carrieth subtile blood which of some is called the vital spirit this doth continually systolize and diastolize therefore it is hard gross and compact lest it should bee broken and it is such that it may a long time contain the subtile blood contained in it which by reason of its motion is disposed to solution The upper part of this Vein ascendeth to the heart and further perforating the Diafragma which is called Chilis ascendens of which it shall bee spoken in its place This same Vein directly descendeth cleaving to the back and is called Chilis descendens which the great Artery descending doth accompany called Aorta which observe with diligence together with the Vein but the Vein is above the Artery and they are both envolved in the Peritoneon In the descent of both of them their branches are first divided which go to the swadling-bands or pannicles of the Kidneis but when they are in the direct of the Reins the Vein and likewise the Artery send from them one notable branch on the right side another on the left which are continued in the Reins These branches are called Emulgents for the most part the right branch is higher than the left because it must be neer to the Liver that it may quickly cleanse it from the Wateriness contained in the Chilis And the left is lower that its Kidney might give place to the Spleen which is lower than the Liver Those Orifices are not direct that by the first might be drawn from members at hand by the second from members afaâ— off and lest their attraction should bee hindring to one another In like manner from that Vein and from the great Artery under the Kidneis are many other Veins and Arteries separated which nourish the Rectum the Bladder the Matrix and the parts neer unto them In like manner in the direct of every Spondile one branch from each of them enter into it and is dispersed in the muscles neer unto them also of the aforesaid branches between every Spondile do enter very small branches which do feed the Nuca and the Pannicles Ligaments and Spondiles which envolve and fasten the same Nuca as you shall see in the dissection of them of the aforesaid branches some also go to the muscles and to the membrane of the Abdomen This Vein and likewise the Artery about Os sacrum beneath the Spondiles of the Reins is forked into two equal parts to the form of a greek letter which is called Lambda λ Some call those two-forked Arteries Sempiternal in which do enter two Umbelical Arteries one whereof is on the right side the other on the left which descend in them to the sides of the Bladder Those two-forked Veins and Arteries one on the right side the other on the left descending toward the Hippes according to some are in each side divided into ten parts whereof one nourisheth the lower part of the Back being dispersed through the Loins toward the Kidneis within and without And one other part being divided into capillary branches nourisheth the Peritoneon And one nourisheth the profound muscles of the Hippe And one nourisheth the musdes of the Anus and from it spring the Hoemoroidal Veins And one nourisheth the neck and mouth of the Matrix from which also two branches go to the Bladder one to the bottom the other to the neck of it and that which goeth to the neck in women is small but in men great because of the yard And one other of the ten goeth to the parts of the Pecten And one other extendeth to the long muscles of the Abdomen whose branches ascending are continued with the veins of the Breast which descend toward them and they united together extend to the Mamillas and from that branch in a woman there do likewise go notable parts to the Matrix from whence two Veins not accompanied with Arteries ascend by the Abdomen unto the Mamillas by which they are fastned to the Matrix and therefore in women with childe and in the time of praeternatural retention of the Menstrues for the most part the Mamillas swell or Teaâ—s And one other of the ten doth also go to the Matrix in a woman but in a man it goeth to the yard and to the cod But another goeth to the Universal muscles of the Hipp. And another part which is the tenth doth also extend to the Hipp and that is notable and
notable distance beneath the Kidney did enter into the Uritidia◠pore risen from the aforesaid Kidney and both of them by one chanel did reach unto the Bladder neverthelesse this Emulgent artery did also enter into the Kidney in his wonted place and in that individual the Kidneys were continued as if it were one Kidney and it had two Veins and two Emulgent arteries and two Uritidian pores with one only Pannicle involving which did take up the wonted places of the Kidneys and also the middle part of the Back which is in the place between the Spleen and the Liver a little below them Therefore let alone the left Kidney in its place for the seeing of the Spermatical vessels and divide the right in its concave part through the middle according to the length of it unto its center considering the place of its Vein and great Artery which doe enter into the substance of the Kidney in the hollow part of it from which the Kidney doth draw spirit and nutriment and the watery super fluities of the whole body mixt with Choler all these mixt matters pass thorow the whole substance of the Kidney although it bee solid because they are subtile for bloud could not pass alone to the least parts of the Kidneys because they are solid except it were mixt with water and Choler all which mixed are resembled to the washing of flesh being drawn by the Kidneys thorow the Emulgents from the Liver and from the Heart by means of the vein Chilis and the artery Aorta This bloud mingled with much wateriness is alone retained of the Kidneys for their nutriment and the water together with the choler separated from the bloud passeth to a certain notable hollowness being in the center of the Kidney as it were into a ditch the which the river or chanel called the Uritidian pore bringeth to the Bladder this Pore called of the Greeks * Uretra is a very long pannicular solid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hollow body having its beginning from the body of the Bladder because as it is said it resembleth it and ending at the Kidney which consider with warinesse and keep together with the Kidney for the anatomy of the Bladder And in the Kidney there is not a net neither any other pannicular strainer as some suppose but the Kidneys are made hollow Organes attracting by some Orifices but sending forth by others a thin waterish superfluity Therefore Galen said in hls fourth Book De Utilit cap. 12. Finally many Drunkards drinking whole Amphoras and pissing the proportion of the multitude of drink are not troubled about the separation but the bloud which cometh to the Vena cava is readily and by stealth all purged forth by the Reins not touching the Vein the afore-named Ditch hath about it a solid Pannicle perforated with more than ten great holes through which Nature milketh forth the Urine into the aforesaid hollownesse by means of a certain small substance of the Kidney like to the Nipples of the Teates of women The Colligancy of the Reins appeareth by that which hath been said they are also fastned to the Brain by a little Nerve by means of a pannicle covering them Their helps are to purge the whole body from superfluous Water and Choler but especially the Liver and the Heart nevertheless in the rest of the Veins there also remaineth much Waterinesse mixt with the Bloud which is called Vehiculum nutrimenti the Waggon of the nutriment which appeareth in Bloud flebotomised or otherwaies drawn from the body They suffer every kind of Disease all which almost are of a hard curation as is the Diabetes or as it were the continual dropping down of the Urine they also suffer a weaknesse of the attractive quality by means of which the Urine goeth not to the Bladder and by that means a living Creature is sometimes choaked or dyeth some other way also of such a weaknesse is caused the Ascitis they also suffer Stones Gravel and Hairs but the hairs are bred or condensed in the uritidian pores the stones of it are red small oftentimes long being bred in the aforesaid trench when the Kidneys are weakned not able to retain the bloud the Urine goeth forth bloudy it also goeth forth so when the Liver is weak not separating the Waterinesse from the Bloud by that separation and quantit which it ought Of the Seminary Vessels called Spermatica THose things being dispatched 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 idem est quod semen a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 semine in both Sexes first you shall note in the great Vein Chilis and the Artery Aorta sometimes above the Kidneys sometimes below one little Vein and one Artery both which are united at some distance touching one another descending to the Testicles of the right side You shall also note two like Vessels in the like manner descending and united in the left side one from the Emulgent vein of the left Kidney and another from the Artery Aorta all those little Veins and Arteries so descending are called Vasa Spermatica praeparantia that is the Seminary preparing vessels these vessels are covered about with a Pannicle risen from the Peritoneon called of Celsus Aegitroides the Vein lyeth above but the Artery lyeth beneath Those vessels are broader and harder in a Man than in a Woman excepting the time of impregnation and menstrues as it appeareth to the sense by the much bloud then retained in them but at other times they are harder and broader in a man and also they are always longer because they are to carry their matter contained to a longer distance and they are such because the Masculine Seed is more and is grosser than the Feminine by which length also of the vessels of a man his Seed is the more digested and the Seed of the right side engendreth Boyes because its matter is more digested and cleansed from waterinesse but of the left side Girls because it is cold and watery coming from the aforesaid Emulgents filled with watery bloud These vessels in both Sexes agree in the place from whence but disagree to whence their termination in a woman is within the body as it shall be said in the Anatomy of the Matrix which is placed after the Anatomy of the Yard and of the Anus for better orders sake But these vessels in a man descend on both sides unto the Os Pectinis in the end of the Ilia above the Loyns and therefore they are also called Lumbaria which vessels in their descent above the Os Pectinis doe enter on both sides into one pannicular covering risen partly from the extream parts of the Sifac which is commonly called Didymus and Cremasteres and they passe in the Cod near unto the Testicles as it may bee seen in one only side leaving the other side untouched for the seeing of the Anatomy of the Didymus but take heed lest you spoyl the Scrotum in any part but draw that vessel only which you
enter into them and you shall see in this Figure how the Mouth of the Matrix is above the Neck which Mouth is that Hole which you see above the Neck of the Matrix The third Figure of the Matrix YOu have in the Belly of this Figure the Matrix opened in which you see some black pricks shewing the Heads of the Veins which are called Cotilidones You have besides the Matrix turned in without the Belly and it is that Figure over which you see the Finger a token of the present Figure and in the bottome of the Matrix is a certain depression as you see which is that that distinguisheth the right side from the left neither may there another division bee found in the Matrix and them black pricks are the Cotilidones and you see how the Neck of the Matrix is without Cotilidones and you see how the Neck is like to a mans Yard The fourth Figure of the Matrix BEcause things ten times repeated are wont to please you have here two other figures of the Matrix whereof one is turned in in which you see how in the Receptacle throughout are many black prints betokening so many Cotilidones which nevertheless are not in the Neck in the other you see the natural Matrix with the Testicles and Spermatical vessels and the horny Ligaments with which it is fastned to the Anchae you see also the Neck and Mouth through which the Menstrues and the young one go forth and the seed of man entreth in Of the Anatomy of the Middle Belly THe aforesaid things being seen dissect the Middle belly in which are the Vital members with which also for the better orders sake you shall see some members of the former part of the Neck and some parts of the Face within and without before the upper Belly be Anatomized The Parts first to bee seen are the Members of the Breast which is called Cassus Clibanum and of some Thorax for in that are parts containing and contained And of the parts containing as in the Lower belly some are common some proper and some more proper The parts common are all the parts compassing the emptiness of the Breast whereof some are bcfore some on the sides and some behinde But in that Belly neither is it so in the Belly of the Natural members are placed the upper parts neither are the lower determined by them as in the Upper belly because the parts before on the sides and behind in the Belly of the Natural members are united and do make the lower part of that and in like manner make the upper part of this Belly for this is terminated in its upper part but that in its lower part as in a point and this is compassed about of the aforesaid parts above and that below But the Septum transversum or Diafragma doth mediate between them and maketh the uppermost part of the lower Belly and the lowermost of the upper but because the Septum transversum is common to both Bellies therefore it is not properly and determinately put for any containing part of the aforesaid Bellies but Authours do place it among the parts contained nevertheless it is a part contained and containing and it is called contained in as much as it is within the hollowness of the body and it is containing because on the upper part it containeth the Natural members and on the lower the Vital I say therefore that the coâ—mon part of the Middle belly before and on the sides is calâ—â—d Pectus but the hinder part is called Summum dorsi the top of the Back and they that place the Neck with the Back do name this middle part of the Belly the middle of the Back But the parts proper some also are before some on the sides and some behinde those which are before are commonly appointed three to wit an upper a lower and a middle The upper is a place where immediately under the Neck are joyned together two Bones both of them reaching side-waies toward the Shoulders called the two Lateral Furculaes and this part is named the upper Furcula taking its name from its figure and place taking up a little room especially in the length of the Breast and this place of some is called Jugulum and Clavis Immediately under that is the middle Isido vi Rider de pectore part properly called Pectus so called Quia pexa est inter Eminentes Mamillarum partes because it is hairy between the Eminent parts of the Teats and this part is downward from the first aforesaid part almost as far as the Septum transversum in length but in breadth as much as is the breadth of the bones of the Breast the Ribs excepted But the lower part is the place where the aforesaid bones of the Breast are terminated about the Region of the Septum transversum and because those bones reach on the Sides making likewise a Fork therefore this place is called the lower Furcula in the middle of which is Cartilago scutalis called Pomum granatum because it is like to a part of the Balaustium that is of the flower of the Pomgranate But the lateral parts are termed the Ribs and the Sides and the Region of the Teats But the posteriour parts some are in the middle and some on the Sides those in the middle are called Interscapilium Metaphrenon Noton those on the sides are called Scapulae Spatulae Scapilium but some do call the lateral parts with those in the middle Metaphrenon Noton But the parts more proper some are also before some on the sides and some behinde Those which are before are first the Skin the Fat some muscles the bones and Cartilages and the Pannicle Pleura But the lateral parts are the Skin the Fat the substance of the Teats many Muscles Ribs and also the Pannicle Pleura Last of all are the parts behinde to wit the Skin some fat flesh musculous and some simple not musculous filling up certain Vacuities of the bones twelve Spondiles of the Ribs or of the Breast and the Pannicle Pleura The parts contained are the muscle Diafragma called Septum transversum which according to some is to be numbred among the parts contained of the Breast in as much as its principal operation is to serve the Heart by reason of its motion by which it moveth the Lungs there is after that the Pannicle Mediastinus Capsula Cordis the Heart with his Artery Aorta and the Lungs with their Vessels the Vena Chilis ascending the Nerves descendent and the ascendent which are called Reversivi the Glandule called Timum Morum the Gula that is the passage for the meat from the mouth to the Ventricle with the Pannicles covering the aforesaid Members The substance of this Belly is pellicular fat bony cartilagineous musculous and pannicular The Bones of it are not united as in the Head but divided that the Breast might bee obedient to the motion of breathing and therefore for
its extremities to one pair which is about the lower Furcula continued with the long muscles of the Abdomen above which pair are two pair which cover it and all they binde the Breast But the muscles within the Ribs are dilating and constringing differing among themselves in their work and those which are between the Ribs between Rib and Rib are four to wit two muscles toward the outside and two toward the inside which ye shall know separating them lightly by the going of their Fibers the two first uppermost have their Fibers transverse and do dilate the Breast but the second which are below have their Fibers broad and are constringing But the muscles within the Breast is onely one to wit the Diafragma or Septum transversum which when it resteth draweth the Breast together but by accident and when it is moved it doth dilate it yet the motion of the Diafragma is compounded of voluntary and natural The number of which in all is one hundred and five muscles the aforesaid muscles of the Back and Neck excepted to wit the two first under the upper Furculaes and two other continued with the fifth and sixth Rib after that two muscles coming from the hollâ—â—ness of the Spatula continued with the hinder Ribs after that two from the sixth Spondile of the Neck and from the first and from the second of the Breast continued with the same Ribs and those are eight in all all dilating there are also so many constreining the Diafragma excepted which also dilateth And of them which constrein first there are two under the upper Ribs and two about the lower â—â—rcula above which are four o ther 's covering them all which together with the Diafragma are 17 afterward there are between the twenty four Ribs twenty two spaces and for every space are four muscles which are in all between the Ribs eighty eight and together with the aforesaid seventeen they make the number one hundred and five muscles But that all they may well be seen the Spatulaes must bee also excoriated and the Back and first you shall see the outward muscles secondly the muscles between the Ribs the Diafragma shall be seen below in its place but these things are spoken more largely of mee in my Commentaries upon Mundinus Mark O Reader that the motions of the Breast are four to wit violent expiration and unviolent and inspiration unviolent and also violent to which the aforesaid muscles are obedient In the unviolent motion of inspiration do serve the muscles between the Ribs dilating the Breast also the motion of the Heart and Lungs do serve it for whilst the Diafragma is moved it draweth the Lungs which is filled with Ayr like a Breast plate and dilateth the Breast the dilative motion of the heart helping it also the two first muscles which are about the upper Furculaes do help that motion and that motion is mixed of voluntary and natural the natural excelling But to the violent inspiration do concur with these aforesaid all the other muscles dilating the Breast together with the Diafragma and that motion is also compounded of natural and voluntary the voluntary abounding whilst the Heart remaineth in strength But to the unviolent motion of expiration do concur though easily the inward muscles of the Ribs and all the other constringent muscles but this motion is chiefly natural because it is caused of the Heart and of the Lungs But to the violent motion of expiration the Heart and the Lungs do help but all the constringent muscles do principally help and likewise the muscles of the Abdomen By that which hath been said doth appear the affinity of the muscles of the Breast and their figure place quantity and substance their number is spoken of their complexion is hot and moist their helps are spoken of they suffer passions of all sorts Of the Bones of the Breast THe bones of the Breast are not one continued as in the Head but they are many touching one another that they might be dilated those which are before and on the sides are properly the bones of the Breast but those which are behinde are more appropriated to the Back the lateral bones of the Breast are called of the Latines * Costae they are called in Greek Pleura or Pleuron and Costa ut Custos quia ab ipsis Viscera Custodiantur vel a Coasso Chondron in number they are twenty four in each side twelve of which the ten lowermost five on each side in Greek called Roas are shorter than the rest and not much bony but cartilagineous which of the Latines are called Mendosae and Incomplete the false Ribs but the uppermost are compleat and whole and are called Costae verae or the true Ribs which in each side are seven with which on both sides is continued the aforesaid bone of the Breast which bone in the middle is hard and toward the Ribs cartilagineous because between the bone of the Breast and the Ribs there is a Cartilage This bone is according to some compounded of seven bones to which on both sides are united the seven true Ribs and according to some others it is of fifteen that is seven on each side and one in the middle and according to others it is of twenty one to wit of seven in the middle and of seven Cartilages on both sides to which the true Ribs are united Their figure is crooked like an half-Moon their substance and quantity and place appear the Ribs have Colligancy with the first twelve Spondiles below the Neck and with the aforesaid bones of the Breast and with the Pannicles covering them their complexion is cold and dry their helps appear they may suffer passions of all sorts You should see the Anatomy of them best if in one undivided you would attend them onely not having respect to the Spiritual members Of the Pannicle Pleura Pleura nomen tenet de costis ita dictae sub quibus locum habet BEtween the Members containing is placed a Pannicle immediately cleaving to the Ribs and the bones of the Breast which is called Pleura whose substance is Sinnowy hard and subtile from which do arise the Pannicles immediately covering the Members in that Belly its figure is plain extended throughout in the circumference of the Breast and it is also extended about the Diafragma throughout toward the upper part of it firmly cleaving to it its quantity appears from that which hath been said it taketh up the whole concavity of the Breast excepting a certain part of it before which is taken up of the Mediastinus It s number and situation Colligancy and complexion are apparent its helps are to cloathe and defend the Members of the Breast and to fasten its bones together and to mediate between the bones and the Members contained in the Breast lest that which is soft should be hurt of that which is very hard it endureth passions of all sorts you shall not see that Pannicle
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 intersepire itaque latine dicitur Septum transver sum inter spiritualia naturalia dividens perfectly unless incâ—sing the Ribs you open the Breast in that manner which shall bee spoken of below Of the Septum transversum or Diafragma the Midriff THe parts containing being seen the contained do follow and first is to be seen a Pannicular muscle called Diafragma Secondly the Pannicle Mediastinus Thirdly the Pannicle called Capsula and Receptaculum Cordis the Receptacle of the Heart after those Members shall be seen the Heart and the residue of the parts contained in the Breast I say that within the body between the upper and the middle belly is a certain substance pannicular and fleshy fastned to the Back about the twelfth Spondile which is fastned to the Back toward the fore-part alwaies by the extremities of the false Ribs untill it is terminated and bound to the end of the lower Furcula of the Breast and so it divideth the natural members from the vital and this member is called Septum transversum and Paries and Phrenes and Diafragma and Galen in his Book de Voce Anhclitu calleth it Percordium which is a Muscle and not a Pannicle yet it executeth the office of a Pannicle in defending the Heart and the upper members from the stinking vapours fuming up from the members of nutrition its fleshy part is at the extream parts of it and its Chord is in the center of it united to the Lungs because by that Situation it serveth to move it To this is the Pannicle Pleura fastned throughout toward the upper part and in the same manner the Sifac is fastned to it below it is perforated toward the Back by the Vein Chilis ascending from which there do remain in it two Veins nourishing it one on the right the other on the left the Artery Aorta descending doth also perforate it toward rhe Back and the Gula or Merum which is immediately fastned to the Ventricle toward the Lower Belly It s shape and quantity appear its Substance Colligancy and Situation are spoken of yet it is fastned to the Heart by small Arteries and to the Brain by three pair of Nerves whereof two come from the Nuca and one from the Brain and those appear sometimes notable It s complexion is hot and moist its helps are in part spoken of yet Galen said that in it is the beginning of respiration and of all the strength of the body and these helps hee first found out it helpeth also in expelling from the Stomach and from the Intestines and from the Matrix some matters contained in them it also provoketh laughter according to some by moving the minde in ticklings beside the will It suffereth passions of all sorts its solution is deadly Of the Mediastinus Mediastinus eo quod hunc ventrem mediâ— dividit AFter the Anatomy of the Diafragma cometh the Pannicle Mediastinus so called because it divideth the void places of the Breast in the middle according to the length it hath also other names for the seeing of which first separate the bones of the Breast from the Ribs on the right side and on the left in like manner lest you should hurt the parts contained in the Breast separate also the Diafragma before from the bones of the Breast and you shall observe that Pannicle to divide the Breast from the bottome to the top and from before backward its substance is pannicular its figure and quantity appear its Situation is spoken of in number they are two Pannicles notably distant toward the fore-part having in them a notable hollowness but toward the Back it appeareth one onely it hath Colligancy with the Pleura from which according to some it hath its Original it hath also Colligancy with the Diafragma and with the Back and with the Lungs by means of a Pannicle risen from the Pleura it hath also Colligancy with the Meri witness Avicen and also with the bones of the Breast it hath Colligancy also with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver by Veins its complexion is cold and dry its helps are to divide the Breast and the Lungs through the middle that if hurt should happen to one part it might not happen to the other it also defendeth the upper Furculaes from it there is also a conservation of the heat of the Heart it endureth passions of all sorts Of the Capsula Cordis In qua ut in capsula Cor includitur THe aforesaid things being seen you must put away the formost bones of the Breast separating them from the former part of the Pannicle Mediastinus which leave in its place untill you have seen the Anatomy of the Lungs take away also the tops of the Ribs on both sides that yee may have large room for the seeing of the other parts and in that Section you shall well consider the bones of the Breast and also the Pleura but leave the Diafragma whole where you can fastned in its place especially to the Back that the Nerves coming to it from above may bee seen and that the Colligancy of the Gula or Meri with it might bee seen Those things being taken away you shall see the Lungs in the middle whereof is one Pannicle fastned to the Mediastinus which is hard and gross that it might the better defend the Heart from outward things the shape whereof is even as the Bowel contained of it called the Heart which is hollow and like a Pouch and therefore it is called Capsula a little Coffer in which there is the Heart it self and water in a notable quantity bedewing it and hindring lest it should bee dried up by its strong heat which if it be exhaust there is caused Morbus Cardiacus or the passion of the Heart whereby a living creature is brought to a consumption as it hapned to Galens Ape this Capsula is very sensible and perhaps was perfectly bred at the first with the Heart It s substance situation shape and helps have been spoken of in number it is one its quantity appeareth it is fastned to the pannicular roots of the Heart and to the Pleurs and Mediastinus and Diafragma by their Pellicles to the Liver by Veins to the Heart by Arteries to the Brain by Nerves its native complexion is cold and dry but influent hot because it is next the Heart it suffereth paâ—sions of all sorts Leave in their place the aforesaid Capsula and Mediastinus and Diafragma untill you have seen the Anatomy of the descending Nerves which as they descend to the lower belly do send branches to the aforesaid Members as it shall be spoken hereafter Of the Heart Cor a Cura quia in eo omnis sollicitude scientiâ—â—ausa manet AFter the Capsula the Heart doth occur in the Anatomy of which and also of the Lungs and of some parts of the Head and Neck I will proceed more largely by
of flebotomizing these Veins is thus first let the lower Belly of the Patient be bound between the Ilia and Hypochondria with a girdle decently binding let him also hold his mouth shut in expelling the air from the Breast then let the Patient decline his head to the contrary side that is to bee let bloud because by doing so the Vein swelleth as a Chord extended and with a fit instrument holding the Vein firm with the hand or other device the Vein must be peirced in the more eminent place Authors commend such a Section to bee made according to the breadth nevertheless I would doe it obliquely and let not the quantity of bloud bee superfluous neither let it bee done the second time and let the Work-man have with him powders constringent for stopping of Bloud as Bole-Armonick Sanguis Draconis the hairs of a Hare Mummy the barks of Frankinsence Aloes and the like and among all let him have Vitriol or Colcotar also Soot is praised and burnt Beans and Paper burnt Skins and the likc to these the white of an Egge well beaten being always laid over and with decent Ligature and the Patient lying with his head lifted up for eight days with light sleep and decent diet as farre as it shall seem good to the lawful Physician Of the Anatomy of the descending and the Reversive Nerves THe Anatomy of the Veins ascending Nervus ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nuto flecto quia Nervi instrumenta voluntarii motus Gal from the Liver upward being dispatched in which also many things have been spoken of the Arteries ascending I return to the descendent Nerves from which the Reversives doe arise and I say that in the lateral parts of the Neck a little under the Ears between or under some Muscles are notable Veins and Arteries as it was manifested before to which on both sides there doth adhere one notable Nerve called Descendent these Nerves the Ancients did call Apoplecticos and not well because they did not know the operations of them witness Galen in his Book De Voce anhelitu And these Nerves doe arise principally from the sixth pair of the Nerves of the Brain and they rise also from the third and descend perpendicularly because in such sort they must move the members These Nerves are compounded of many branches whereof some by descending witness Galen are spread abroad to the Heart and to its Capsula to the Mediastinus and likewise to the Breast in the roots of the Ribs and some notable enough to the mouth of the Stomach and to the Diafragma and some lesser to the Liver to the Spleen to the Kidnies and to other sensible members of the lower Bellies to which also doe goe certain Nerves obliquely descending from the Nuke and from those Nerves descending some notable branches are again turned back upward which are called Reversivi and Retro Redeuntes which are commonly called the Nerves of the Voyce and they reach toward the Epiglottis binding themselves with certain of its muscles whose heads are placed at the lower parts of its body Some branches also of the aforesaid descendent Nerves besides those Reversives doe goe likewise by descending to some of the Muscles of the Epiglottis the heads whereof are turned upward and they are Reversives as it pleaseth some with their muscles they shut the cartilage Cymbalaris and Glotida but the muscles of the descending Nerves doe move other Cartilages and also they open the Cymbalaris From the seventh pair also and from the Nuca doe come Nerves to the muscles of the Epiglottis which doe move it obliquely witnesse Galen Those Nerves are two one right the other left nevertheless they are divided into very many Fibers or branches as it appears because of the many members to which they goe Their quantity and colour is apparent their complexion and substance is such as of other Nerves yet the Reversives are drier and harder because they are to bear notable and as it were continual motions especially when they shut the Epiglottis to which shutting there is required a stronger motion than to the opening of it because there are more muscles opening than shutting it also the motion of the Heart of the Lungs and of the Breast doth open it and therefore that such Nerves should bee strong Nature hath set them afarre off from the moyst Brain from which by how much the more they are distant by so much the more drier are they and they pass near unto the Heart about the Artery where perhaps by reason of its heat they doe obtain driness and hardness and they are turned back upward that by drawing downward they might shut the Epiglottis which when they are relaxed many other muscles helping the Epiglottis is opened Their situation is on the sides of the Neck descending to the aforesaid members but the Nerves which are called Reversivi in the left side begin to bee turned back to the upper parts when they meet with the great Artery Aorta in the place a little above the Heart where that Artery is first forked and beginneth to bee turned back through the Breast to the lower members about which great branch descending is made the motion of the attraction and relaxation of those Nerves and that bifurcation of the Artery is to those Nerves as a wheel upon which water is drawn from a Well with a cord and this place as well on the left as on the right about which these reversive Nerves are moved or to which they are joyned in their motion is called of Galen Diablum and Flexor it is also called of some Girgilus and Bachan and Galen in his eighth Book De juvamentis cap. 2. doth resemble that reversion of the Nerves to those that with Horses in a Camp are turned back to the way from which they first came and saith that it is as it were a turning back of a thing upon a small wheel and in the seventh De Utilitate cap. 14. hee saith that he first of all found out those Nerves placed in that manner and their Muscles having the heads of them downward He saith also that that reversion of those Nerves sheweth that the Nerves have their original from the Brain and not from the Heart as Aristotle did think for if the Nerves should have their beginning from the Heart those Reversives should come from it and not from the Brain as it appeareth to sence And to those Reversive Nerves of the right side Nature hath also made the Girgilus or that wheel which shee made in the left side of one sufficiently noted branch of the Artery ascending being obliqued toward the right Arm-pit about the upper Furcula of the Breast of the right side which Artery goeth to the right Arm to which branch it hath joyned other Pellicles remaining there that it might bee strong because this branch is not so great as is that about which the reversive Nerves of the
the Gula the union of these parts is so compacted that one can very hardly bee separated from the other and it is such lest through the grosness of it its nimble motion should bee hindred which serves for every difference of placing and therefore in them there are four proper Muscles and two common to them and to the balls of the face And the proper are little according to the bigness of the Lips which before they are united to the skin are chained together one to another so that their parts are unseparable without the â—ending of them one pair whereof hangeth obliquely under the apples of the face toward the Lips also the other two hang obliquely from the lower Mandible toward the Lips And although there are only four muscles in the Lips nevertheless there are eight motions witness Galen 11 De Utili cap. 16. to wit four Strait and four Oblique for every one of them while it is moved moveth Obliquely because the situation of every one of them is oblique but when two of them are equally moved they move rightly as it is in the opening of them in which there is one right motion but the other right motion in the Lips is when they are shut or pressed together to one another There are also two other right motions in the Lips one is when they are turned outward and the other when they are folded inward and those motions are made of strait Fibers some whereof innermost are within those muscles of the Lips and some are outward and when the outermost are extended then the Lips are turned outward and when the innermost then they are folded under or inward and how the Oblique motions are made of one Muscle only and the right of more it is easie to judge if you look into the shuttings of a Purse which when they are drawn together rightly and uniformly they open the mouth of the Purse and when only one of them is drawn the mouth of the Purse is moved over-thwart Nevertheless Avicen although hee speaketh of the aforesaid situation of the Muscles setteth down but four Motions as there are four Muscles and saith that four Motions is sufficient for them hee saith that every part of them when it is moved moveth to its own part and when two they are moved to two parts and are dilated to two they have therefore a perfection of their motion to four parts neither have they any other motion besides them And as well Galen as Avicen doe speak of the proper motion because the motion common to the Cheeks and Lips is made of two broad Muscles which are in either Mandible and the broad ones are bigger than the aforesaid and those witness Galen are outward from the Cheeks unto the spine of the Neck unto which doe pass Nerves from the Breast and from the Clavicles that is from the upper Furcuâ—aes of the Breast which are implanted into the Cheeks and into the lower Lip by right Fibers and some other Fibers reaching also from the Clavicies obliquely and some other more oblique than the aforesaid ascending from the Scapulaes to the sides of the Lips are implanted in the Cheeks and moreover some other do reach from the place behind the ears which sometimes they move unto those Muscles nevertheless those muscles are not manifestly known although they have a multitude of Nerves almost from all the parts of the Neck yet they are known if the Lips and the balls of the face bee moved when the Mandibles are shut to their uttermost power not because the bony parts of the Cheeks may be moved but their aforesaid fleshy musculous part is moved with the skin which is properly for the only motion of the Lips to which part and also to the very Lips the aforesaid Broad Muscles doe goe which move the Lips and the Cheek-balls and this is called the common motion that is of the Lips and of the Cheek-balls Some also would have that the Cheek-balls in their upper part be somewhat moved of the Broad Muscle moving the fore-head and some say that those Broad Muscles moving the Cheeks and the Lips doe also help the chawing And the motion of those muscles are best seen in those which are living especially in them that are lean and therefore I make mention of them omitting the Anatomy of many muscles because they may not bee seen in those that are living neither bee shewn in a common Anatomy I will also declare the Anatomy of the Tongue and Mandibles for the same cause These Lips within themselves and also the whole mouth are covered with a Pannicle covering the Gula or Meri and the Stomach and for this the lower Lip doth tremble when one is ready to Vomit but this Pannicle is harder and thicker in the mouth than any where else and grosser in the Meri than in the Ventricle and always as it descends it is made more soft and subtile because in the mouth it first meeteth with meats somewhat hard which as they descend are alwayes made softer witness Galen 4. De utilit and according to that of Avicen that one feeding receiveth some digestion by chawing The Figure situation quantity and number of the Lips doe appear their complexion is set down hot they have Colligancy with the Brain by Nerves with the Liver by Veins with the Heart by Arteries and therefore sometimes in the compression of them the effects of the mind are known the Lips also are stretched out and restrained voluntarily they have also Colligancy with the Ventricle and Meri and with the whole body by means of the Skin their helps are many they are first for the defence of the Teeth and for the good form of the Face for the expressing of the Speech for the taking of meat and drink and they are to the mouth as a door to a house necessarily opening and shutting themselves they also hinder the Air from entring cold to the Heart by it self and by accident they also retain the Air brought back from the Lungs in necessities They endure passions of all sorts and among others they suffer Ragadias Chaps and oftentimes Cancers and trembling in Crisises and in Feavers by participation from the Brain and from the Ventricle Of the Teeth THe aforesaid things being seen you may first open the Dens quast edens ab â—dendo mouth as much as you can by cutting the Cheeks on each of the sides that you may the better see the Teeth and the Gums first noting the substance of the Teeth which is bony and is harder than a bone witness Celsus nevertheless some say that they are of the nature of flesh and bone both because they feel and because they are renewed again they also doe encrease all the time of their endurance for their ends sake because if they should not encrease they would not last and the chawing would bee nought from whence the life would bee short In number they are thirty two to wit in one rank
and with one other toward the balls of the Face and with another toward the Mandibles yet every angle of the aforesaid muscles is most firmly mixed with a part of the Face in the direct of them that they might move the Mandibles diversly and some would have it witness Galâ—n that every one of those muscles should be three muscles and that gibbosity which is in the balls of the Face is of those muscles in part The Tongue also besides those muscles helpeth the chawing by turning about the meat And the muscles lifting up the Mandibles are great because they have a great motion and they are soft because they are next to the Brain And the muscles depressing are small because it is more easie to depress the Mandible than to elevate it and to hold it being elevated But the chawing muscles are mean because the circumduction or turning about of the Mandibles is more easie than the elevation and more hard than the depression Some will wonder that Nature made the Teeth of chawing greater and more than they of incising it is to be said that Nature hath prepared not only teeth to out the meat but she hath ordained Reason and Art which shee useth for the cutting of meats Shee hath also made the chawers greater and more because the chawing action is stronger and more permanent which chawing Art doeth not for the most part unless by accident in sick people as shee doth the cutting of meats The muscles being seen that you may the better see the Os Lambdae and the head of the Meri and the Epiglottis you shall cut the skin transversly from either corner of that Fissure which is called the Mouth and the aforesaid muscles toward the Ears in which Section consider if you can the aforesaid muscles and also the other parts of the Face excepting the Nose the Eye-lids the Eyes and the Ears fleaing the skin with diligence from them which being seen you shall lay bare the bones of the lower Mandibles from their upper junctures unto the middle of the chin in which they are firmly united by one juncture the aforesaid bones are also united on both sides to the Head by one loose juncture about the ears you shall also note their Situation Number Figure Colligancy and quantity their substance complexion and helps lye open they endure passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of the Throat and of the Gula. THe Mandibles being seen remove Guttur a gutta quia voces sunt quasi gutta fluentes sermonis them with diligence with a crooked Knife Saw or other Instrument wholly from their place that you may the bettâ—â— see the Throat and the Gula yet keep the Tongue unhurt and the bone Lambda that you may see the Colligancy of these members the Mandibles being removed observe the situation of the Throat and of the Gula and of the bone Lambda which is placed near unto the root of the tongue and the top of the throat howbeiâ—â—â—u may not stirre these membâ—â—â— unless you shall first see the muscles of them but before you may see them you must give way to the Anatomy of the Throat and of the Gula for those members are so fastned to one another by Pannicles and Ligaments that one cannot be shewed without the other The Throat depending under the Jawes even unto the Lungs possesseth the formost situation first that by its hardness it might be a defence to the Gula Secondly because by that situation it is more direct to the Lungs and so doth serve it better and more easily Thirdly it is formost because the Gula is longer than it which if it should bee before the throat it should either bee obliqued from the end of the Throat unto the Stomack and the swallowing had been ill or because there should also have been some inconvenient hollowness from the end of the Throat unto the Stomack toward the back And the Throat is a body very long round hollow as a Cane whose substance is compounded of many annular Cartilages yet they are imperfect circles like those Bracelets called Armilla and they are like the letter C. and therefore they are called Cartilagines C formes C like Cartilages and Semicirculares but they are bigger than a half circle and in the part not Circular they doe meet with the Gula by means of a soft pannicle and somewhat hard being perfectly Sphaerical covering and fastning them within and without and beyond the pannicle on the inside covering the throat from the top to the bottom there are 〈◊〉 Ligaments filling the throat toward the Gula where the Cartilages are uncompleat nevertheless those Cartilages without the â—â—â—nicle are properly the instrument of voyce The upper part of the throat is commonly called Epiglottis Laringa and Nodus Gutturis and sometimes Gurgulio and it is called 〈◊〉 Bronchii Gutturis but thâ—â—est of it is often called an Arteâ—â— and a Spiritual Organ or Pipe and the Vocal Artery and the sharp Artery and the cane of the Lungs and it is called Faringa à findendis vocihus of cleaving of Voyces or of Fando of speaking and Gargar and Gargarean but Laring a for the most part bâ— the interpreter of the Books of Galen De utilitate partiâ—m in the Latine tongue Laringa is taken for the upper part of it but the lower part is commonly called Trachea and Guttur called so Garriendo of chattering because that chattering cometh from thence and Avicen Prima priâ—â— capitis de musculis gutturis â—â—derstandeth by Guttur this member but Nona tertii by Guttur he understandeth that space which is behind the Palate in which the passage of meat and of breat which of the Latines is called Faâ—â— or Fauces This member is also called Bronchium or Bronchum for the likeness of a certain Fish and also of an Earth-worm called Bronchâ—â—â— whose body is long Cartilaâ—â—â—â—ous or scaly and annular as is Viper The lowermost part of this member is divided into two parts one on the right another on the left which entereth into the upper part of the Lungs and from hence it is divided into infinite Fiâ—ers unto it all growing alwayes lesse through the whole substance of the Lungs through the center of it to the extreams carrying and re-carrying spirit to the Heart in that manner which it appeared in the demonstration of the Lungs This member is not of one Carriage only but of many convex without and hollow within united one near another at a certain â—â—nce by Ligaments and Panâ—â—â—â—s that by meanes of the Fiâ—â—rs of the Pannicles which are longitudinal and the Nerves of their Muscles it might bee extended and drawn back in its motions and it is moderately hard and light that it might bee shrill and in the deprived of sence that it â—ight resist outward things hurting it and it is round because it is lesse apt to bee hurt and their Cartilages toward the Gula are incompleat that by their hardneâ—â— they