other by these incisures cuts and wrinckles but they appeare only either vnder the belly or vpon the backe aboue and go no deeper neither yet round the whole compasse of the body But a man shall perceiue in them certaine rings or circles apt to bend and wind to and fro and those so plated and plaited one ouer another that in nothing elswhere is more seen the workmanship of Nature than in the artificiall composition of these little bodies CHAP. II. ¶ The industrie and subtiltie of Nature inframing these Insects IN bodies of any bignes or at least-wise in those of the greater sort Nature hadno hard pieâ—…e of work to procreate forme and bring all parts to perfection by reason that the matter wherof they be wrought is pliable and will follow as she would haue it But in these so little bodies nay pricks and specks rather than bodies indeed how can one comprehend the reason the power and the inexplicable perfection that Nature hath therin shewed How hath she bestowed all the fiue senses in a Gnat and yet some therebe lesse creatures than they But I say where hath she made the seat of her eies to see before it where hath she set disposed the tast where hath she placed and inserted the instrument and organ of smelling and aboue all where hath she disposed that dreadful and terrible noise that it maketh that wonderfull great sound I say in proportion of so little a body can there be deuised a thing more finely cunningly wrought than the wings set to her body Marke what long-shanked legs aboue ordinary she hath giuen vnto them See how she hath set that hungry hollow concauitie in stead of a belly hath made the same so thirstie and greedy after bloud and mans especially Come to the weapon that it hath to pricke pierce and enter through the skinne how artificially hath shee pointed and sharpened it and being so little as it is as hardly the finenesse thereof cannot be seen yet as if it were of bignesse capacity answerable fâ—…amed it she hath most cunningly for a twofold vse to wit most sharpe pointed to pricke and enter and withall hollow like a pipe for to sucke in and conuey the bloud through it Come to the Wood-worme what manner of teeth hath Nature giuen it to bore holes and eat into the very heart of hard Oke who heareth not the sound that she makes whiles she is at her work For in wood and timber is in manner all her feeding We make a wonder at the monstrous and mighty shoulders of Elephants able to carry turrets vpon them We maruell at the strong and stiffe necks of buls and to see how terribly they will take vp things and tosse them aloft into the aire with their hornes We keepe a wondering at the rauening of Tygres and in the shag manes of Lions and yet in comparison of these Insects there is nothing wherein Nature and her whole power is more seene neither sheweth she her might more than in the least creatures of all I would request therfore the Readers that in perusing this treatise they will not come with a preiudicate opinion nor because many of these silly flies and wormes be contemptible in their eies disdaine loath and contemne the reports that I shall make thereof seeing there is nothing either in Natures workes that may seeme superfluous or in her order vnworthy our speculation CHAP. III. ¶ Whether Insects do breath and whether they haue bloud or no DIuers haue denied that they breath at al and vpon this reason they ground their position Because they haue no arterie or wind-pipe annexed or reaching to any instrument within of respiration And they be of opinion that they liue indeed as plants herbes and trees howbeit say they there is a great difference betweene hauing life and drawing wind or vitall breath And by the same rule they affirme that they haue no bloud which is in none that bee without heart and liuer Neither do any things breath which want lungs And from hence ariseth a world of other questions thereupon depending For the same men deny statly that these creatures haue any voice notwithstanding so great humming of bees singing sound of grashoppers and such other whereof we will consider in due time place accordingly Verily for mine owne part the more I looke into Natures workes the sooner am I induced to beleeue of her euen those things that seem incredible Neither do I see any inconvenience to thinke that these Insects may as well draw wind and breath without lungs as liue without such noble and principall parts as are requisite for life in other creatures according as we haue already shewed in the discourse of fishes and such like that liue in the sea how soeuer the quantitie depth and heights of the water may seeme to impeach and stop their breath For who would easily beleeue that some creatures should flie at libertie and liuing as they do in the mids of wind and aire yet want wind and breath themselues that they should haue a sense and care to seek their liuing to engender to worke and to forecast for the time to come and howbeit they haue no distinct members to carry as it were in a ship their seuerall sences yet that they should heare smell and taste yea and be indued with other singular gifts besides of Nature to wit wisdome courage skill and industrie Indeed confesse I must that bloud they haue none no more haue all creatures that liue vpon the land howbeit a moist humor they haue somewhat like vnto bloud which serues them in stead thereof Like as in Cuttels of the sea there is found a certain blacke liquor in stead of bloud and in all the sort of Purples and such shel fishes that excellent iuice which staineth dieth so as it doth Semblably in these Insects whatsoeuer humor it is whereby they liue the same may well enough go for bloud and so be called all the while that euery man hath liberty to giue it what name he thinketh fittest As for me my purpose is not to judge and determine of these doubtfull quillets and their causes but to set down and shew the nature of such things as be cleare and apparent CHAP. IIII. ¶ The substance of the body in these Insects THese Insects so far as a man may perceiue seeme not to haue either sinewes or bones no chine nor gristle no fat no flesh ne yet so much as a tender and brittle shell as some Sea-fishes haue nor that which may be truly called a skin but a certain corporal substance of a middle nature between all these for their body without is like a dry thing and yet more tender and soft than a sinew whereas in all other parts the matter is to be accounted rather drie than hard This is the very substance whereof they consist and nothing haue they besides For within there is nought vnlesse it be in some
shal see it stain vessels of brasse yea they wil becom black againe and lose their brightnesse if they be touched therewith No maruell then if the venome and poison of serpents proceed from the Gall. They that vse to feed of worme-wood growing in Pontus commonly haue no gall Rauens Quailes and Feasants haue their gall ioining to their kidnies or rather to their guts of one side and no more and some to the guts only as Pigeons Haukes and Lampreies Few birds there be that haue gall in the Liuer As for Serpents and Fishes they haue the greatest gals of all others for the proportion of their bodies Most of them haue their gall along their guts throughout in manner of the Hauke and the Kite Moreouer in all Whale fishes their gall is fastened to the liuer and so we see it lieth in the Seales whose Gall is singular good for many purposes Oxe Gall in limming giueth a golden colour The Soothsaiers haue dedicated it to Neptune the mighty power of water Augustus the Emperor found two Galls in a beast that he killed for sacrifice vpon that very day whereon he obtained that famous victorie at Actium Some say that the lobes or fibres in the smal Liuers of certaine Mice and Rats are commonly found to be as many as the Moone is daies old in euery moneth and looke how many daies you reckon of her light so many may you count the fibres aforesaid Also that their liuer groweth at mid-winter when daies be at shortest In the kingdomes of Grenada and Andalusia in Spaine Connies are many times found with double Liuers The land Frogs of Toads kind haue one lop or lappet of the liuer which Ants will not touch because of the poison therein as is supposed Liuer of all things may be kept and preserued longest and we reade in chronicles that there haue bin found in some cities long besieged Liuers in salt or pouder which had continued a 100 yeres Serpents and Lizards haue long Liuers In that sacrifice which Caesina Volaterranus killed Dragons were seen to issue from among the Entrails and the Liuer and this turned to be a lucky presage And verily why should wee think this report or any other in sacrifices to be incredible considering that vpon the very day that K. Pyrrhus was slain the heads of the beasts being slain for sacrifice notwithstanding they were cut off from the bodies moued forward vpon the ground and licked vp their owne bloud The vpmost inwards of a man to wit the Heart and Lungs are diuided from the other entrails beneath by certain pellicles or rims of the Midriffe which the Latines call Proecordia because they are drawne and set before the Heart as a defence and the Greeks Phrenes true it is that Nature in great prouidence hath inclosed all the noble and principal parts within seuerall skins and coats of their owne which might serue in stead of sheathes and cases for their better defence but in this partition of the Midriffe shee had a more particular regard to the propinquitie of the Stomack and Belly lest that the vitall parts being so neare should be oppressed and suffocated with the streams and vapors of the meat therin boiling To this parr are we beholden for our quick wit this membrane of the Midriffe we may thank for our ready conceit and vnderstanding to which effect charged it is with no flesh but composed of fine subtile sinews The same likewise is the very especiall seat of mirth as we may perceiue euidently by tickling vnder our armeholes vnto which it reacheth and as in no place of mans body the skin is more fine and tender so it taketh as great pleasure to be tickled and lightly scratched there And herupon it is that in solemne combats of sword-fencers at vtterance with the sharp as also in field battels we haue many a time seen men wounded and thrust through the Midriffe to die laughing To proceed in our Anatomy all creatures hauing a Stomack or Read are not without a belly vnder it As many as chew cud haue the same double or two fold the rest one and no more and looke who want bloud are without it also For some there be that haue one entire gut that beginneth at the mouth and by a certaine way redoubleth and returneth backe againe thither and namely the Cuttill and the Polype In man it is annexed to the bottome of the Stomack like as in a Dog And in these twaine onely narrower it is in the lower part which is the cause that none but they do vomit for when their bellies be full the streight passage beneath keepes the meat from descending and so it returneth vpward which cannot happen to them that haue it wide and large whereby the meat is sooner sent downe into the guts beneath Next to the bag of the Stomack men and sheep haue the small guts called Lactes through which the meat passeth in others it is named I le Next vnto which are the greater guts that reach into the Paunch and in man they are full of windings and turnings which is the reason that as many as haue a great space between the Stomacke and the Paunch are more hungry and greedy of meat than others And those who haue the fattest and most greasiest bellies most commonly are the grossest of capacity and vnderstanding Some fouls likewise haue a two-fold receptacle for their meat the one is the gizzer craw or gorge wherein they bestow at the first their meat when they take it new the other is the true stomacke indeed into which they send out of the former the victuals already altered prepared and in good forwardnes of concoction And such be Hens and Pullein Coists or Stock-doues House-doues or Pigeons and Partridges All the rest in manner want the said gizzer but in stead thereof haue a wider gorge where-through the meat passeth into the stomack as Choughes Rauens and Crowes Some againe there bee that haue neither one nor other but be far different from the rest and these haue their bellie hard to their gorge and especially such as haue long neckes and narrow as the bird Porphyrio The paunch or bellie of those beasts which are whole houfed is hard and rough And in land beasts it is in some thicke toothed and set full of sharp pricks in others it is framed rugged likewise plaited crosse in manner of lattice readie to catch and bite whatsoeuer Those which haue not teeth in both chawes nor yet chew cud do in this bellie concoct and digest their victuals and out of it they send the meat into the paunch where the guts lie This member in the mids is in all creatures fastened to the nauill and in man it is like vnto that of a swine hauing toward the neather part a great gut named Colon and this is it which giues occasion to the intollerable paine of the colique This Gut in dogs is very streight and narrow whereupon they haue
yere as much whereupoâ—… he is not able to liue aboue 100 yeares for want of Heart as the Aegyptians be of opinion whose manner is to preserue the dead bodies of men spiced and embalmed It is reported of some men that they haue hearts all hairy and those are held to be exceeding strong and valoâ—… Such was Aristomenes the Messenian who slew with his owne hands 300 Lacedaemoniaâ—… Himselfe being sore wounded and taken prisoner saued his owne life once and made an escape out of the caue of a stone quarrie where he was kept as in a prison for hee got forth by narrow Fox-holes vnder the ground Being caught a second time whiles his keepers were fast asleep he rolled himselfe to the fire bound as he was and so without regard of his owne bodie burnt in sunder the bonds wherewith he was tied And at the third taking the Lacedaemonians caused his brest to be cut and opened because they would see what kind of Heart hee had and there they found it all ouergrown with hair Moreouer this is obserued in perusing the inwards of beasts That when they be wel liking and do presage good the Heart hath a kind of fat in the vtmost tip thereof howbeit this would be noted That according to the Soothsaiers learning their Heart is not alwaies taken for a part of the bowels or intrails for after the 123 Olympias when Pyrrhus king of Epyrus was departed out of Italy what time as L. Posthumius Albinus was king sacrificer at Rome the Soothsaiers and Wisards began first to look into the heart among other inwards That very day when as Caesar Dictator went first abroad in his roiall purple robe and tooke his seat in the golden chaire of estate he killed two beasts for sacrifice in both of them the intrailes were found without any Heart whereupon arose a great question and controuersie among the Augures and Soothsaiers How it could be that any beast ordained for sacrifice should liue without that principall part of life or whether possibly it might lose it for that present only Ouer and besides it is held for certaine that if any dye of the trembling and ache of the heart or otherwise of poison their heart will not burne in the fire And verily an Oration there is extant of Vitellius wherein he challengeth Piso and chargeth him directly with Poysoning of Germanicus Caesar vpon this presumption for he openly protested and prooued That the heart of Germanicus would not consume in the funerall fire by reason of poyson But contrariwise Piso alledged in his own defence the foresaid disease of the Heart called Cardiaca wherof as he said Germanicus died Vnder the Heart lie the Lights which is the very seat of breathing whereby we draw and deliuer our wind For which purpose spungeous it is and ful of hollow pipes within Few fishes as we said before haue any Lungs other creatures also that lay egs haue but smal and the same full of froth and without bloud wherupon they be not thirsty at all which is the cause likewise that Seales and Frogs can diue so long vnder the water The Tortoise also albeit he haue very large Lungs and the same vnder his shell yet there is no bloud therein And verily the lesser that the lungs be the swifter is the body that hath them The Chamaeleons lights be very big for the proportion of his body for little or nothing els hath he within it Next followeth the liuer which lies on the right side In that which is called the head of the Liuer much varietie and difference there is For a little before the death of Marcellus who was slaine by Anniball as he sacrificed there was found a Liuer in the beast without that head or fibres aforesaid and the next day after when he killed another for sacrifice it was seen with two When C. Marius sacrificed at Vtica the same was likewise wanting in the beast being opened Semblably when prince C. Caligula the Emperor sacrificed vpon the first day of Ianuarie at his entrance into the Consulship the Liuer head was missing but see what followed in that yeare his hap was to be slain Moreouer his successor Claudius within a month before he died by poison met with the like accident in his sacrifice But Augustus Caesar late Emperor of famous memory as he killed beasts for sacrifice the very first day that he entred vpon his imperiall dignity found in 6 of them 6 liuers which were all redoubled folded inward from the nethermost lobe or skirt beneath wherupon answer was made by tâ—…e Soothsayers That within one yere he should double his power and authority The foresaid head of the Liuer if it chance to be slit or cut presageth some euill hap vnlesse it be in case of feare and pensiuenesse for then it betokeneth good issue and an end of care and sorrow About the mountaine Briletum and Tharne also in Chersonesus neere vnto Propontis all the Hares ordinarily haue two Liuers and a wonderous thing it is to tell if they be brought into other countries one of the said Liuers they loose Fast to the Liuer hangeth the Gall yet all creatures haue it not And about Chalcis in Euboea the sheep are quite without Gall. But in Naxus they all haue two Gals and the same very big The strangers that come into both those parts think the one as prodigious monstrous as the other Horses Mules Asses Deere both red and fallow Roe-bucks Swine Cammels and Dolphins haue no Gall. Some Mice and Rats there be which haue it And few men there are without howbeit such are of a stronger constitution more healthfull longer liued Howbeit some are of opinion That all horses haue Gall not annexed to their liuer but within their bellie and as for the Deere aboue said it lieth as they think either in their taile or els their guts which by their saying are so bitter that hounds and dogs by their good wils would not touch them Now this Gal is nothing els but an excrement purged from the worst bloud therefore bloud is taken to be the matter thereof Certain this is that no creatures haue Liuers but such as likewise haue bloud And in truth the Liuer receiueth bloud from the heart vnto which it is adioined and so conueigheth and destributeth it into the veins Black choler lying in the Liuer causeth fury and madnesse in man but if it be all cast vp by vomit it is present death hereupon it commeth that we terme furious and raging persons by the name of cholericke or full of Gall so great is the venome of this one part if it reach once to the seat of the mind and possesse it Nay more than that if it be spred and dispersed ouer all parts of the body it infecteth it with the yellow jaundice yea and coloureth the very eies as it were with Saffron Let it out of the bladder or bag wherin it is ye
drie as that which will not thicken at all Also which is the grossest bloud and heauiest which the lightest and thinnest and last of all what creatures liuing haue no bloud at all THose that haue much bloud and the same fat and grosse are angrie and chollericke The bloud of males is commonly blacker than that of females yea and more in youth than in old age and the same in the bottome and lower part setleth fatter and grosser than aboue In bloud consists a great portion and treasure of life When it is let out it caries with it much vitall spirit howbeit sencelesse it is and hath no feeling The strongest creatures bee they which haue the thickest bloud but the wisest those that haue thinnest the more fearefull that haue least but dull and blockish altogether which haue none at all Buls bloud of all other soonest congealeth and waxeth hard and therefore poison it is to be drunke especially The bloud of Bores red and fallow Deere Roe-buckes and all Buffles will not thicken Asses bloud is most fatty and grosse and contrarily mans bloud is thinnest finest Those beasts which haue more than 4 feet are bloudlesse Those that be fat haue small store of bloud because it is spent in fatnesse Man only bleeds at the nose some at one nosthrill alone others at both and some againe void bloud downward by the Hemorrhoids Many there be that cast vp bloud at certaine times ordinarie by the mouth as not long since Macrinus Viscus late pretor of Rome and vsually euerie yeare Volusius Saturninus Prouost of the citie who notwithstanding liued vntill hee was aboue fourescore and ten yeres old Bloud is the only thing in the body that increases presently For so we see that beasts killed for sacrifice wil bleed most freshly in greater abundance if they dranke a little before Those creatures that lie hidden in the earth at certaine times as we haue said before haue no bloud in all that while vnlesse it be some few and those very smal drops gathered about their hearts A wonderfull worke of Nature that it should be so as also that in a man it should alter and change euer and anon so as it doth vpon euery small occasion and the force and strength thereof varie not only for defect and want of matter to disperse abroad but also for euery little motion and passion of the minde as shame anger and feare For one while it sheweth pale another whiles red more or lesse in much varietie of degrees In case of anger it wil shew one color of shame and bashfulnesse appearing in another In feare doubtlesse it retires and flies backe in such sort as a man knowes not what is become of it so as many in that fit haue ben stabbed and run thorough and yet bleed not at all one drop but this suddaine change of colour happens to men only For in other creatures which as we haue said do alter their hue it is an outward colour that they take from the reflection of certain places neer vnto them man alone hath this change from within himselfe To conclude all maladies and death especially consume the bloud CHAP. XXXIX ¶ Whether in Bloud resteth the soueraignetie or no Also of the nature of Skin of Haires and the Paps SOmâ—… measure not the finenesse of spirit and wit by the puritie of bloud but suppose that creatures are brutish more or lesse according as their Skin is thicker or thinner and as the other couertures of their bodie be either grosse and hard or thin and tender as we see for example in Oisters and Tortoises They affirme moreouer that the thick hide in Kine Oxen and the hard bristles in Swine impeach the entrance of subtile aire and fine spirit into their bodies in such wise that nothing can pierce and passe through which is pure and fine as it should be And hereto they bring men also as a proofe who are thicke skinned and more brawnie for to be more grosse of sence and vnderstanding as who would say that Crocodiles were not very wittie and industrious yet their skin is hard enough And as for the Riuer-horse his hide is so thicke that thereof jauelines and speares are turned and yet so industrious is that beast that in some case he is his owne Physician and he hath taught vs to open a veine and let bloud The Elephants skin is so tough and hard that therof be made targuets and shields of so good proofe that is is impossible to pierce them thorough and yet they are thought to be of all four-footed beasts most ingenious and wittie Wherefore conclude we may that the skin it selfe is sencelesse and hath no fellowship at all with the vnderstanding and especially that of the head and whersoeuer it is of it selfe naked and without flesh be sure if it be wounded impossible it is to consolidate the wound and namely in the eie lids and bals of the cheekes All creatures that bring forth their young quicke are hairie those that lay egs haue either feathers as birds skales as fishes or else be couered with shels as Tortoises or last of all haue a plaine skin and no more as Serpents The quils of all feathers be hollow Cut them they will grow no more plucke them they will come againe Insects flie with thin and brittle pellicles or membranes The sea Swallowes haue them euermore moist and drenched in the sea As for the Bat he is afraid to wet them and therfore flies about housen his wings besides are diuided into joints The haires that grow forth of a thick skin are commonly hard grosse but euermore thinner and finer in the females In horses and mares they grow at length vpon their mains Lions also haue them long about their shoulders and foreparts Connies haue long haires about their checkes yea and within-forth as also in the soles of their feet and so hath the Hares according to the opinion of Trogus who thereby collecteth that hairy men likewise are more letcherous than other The hairiest creature of all other is the Hare In mankind only there grows haire about the priuy parts and whosoeuer wants it man or woman is holden for barren not apt for generation Haires in men and women are not all of one sort for some they bring with them into the world others come vp and grow afterwards Those they haue from their mothers womb do not lightly fall and shed and least of all in women Yet shal ye haue some women to shed the haire of the head by occasion of sicklinesse as also other women to haue a kinde of down vpon their face namely when their monethly fleurs do stay vpon them In some men the later kind of haires to wit of the beard c. wil not come of their own accord without the help of Art Four-footed beasts shed their haire yerely and haue it grow again Mens haire of their heads groweth most and next to it
a planet and bones broken 17. Against Melancholic and those whose braines bee troubled with fansies the lethargie dropsie wild fire or tetter and the paines or ach of the sinewes apt remedies 18. To staunch bloud to cure vlcers or old sores cankers and scabs 19. Medicines appropriat to womens diseases 20. Strange and wondrous things obserued in sundry beasts In summe here be reported medicines stories and obseruations to the number of a hundred eightie and fiue Latine Authours alledged M. Varro L. Piso Fabianus Verres Antias Verrius Flaccus Cato Censorius Servius Sulpitius Licinius Macer Celsus Massurius Sextius Niger who wrate in Greeke Bythus the Dyrrhachian Ophilius the Physitian and Granius the Physitian Forreine Writers Democritus Apollodorus who wrate a book entituled Myrsis Miletus Artemon Sextilius Antaeus Homer Thcophrastus Lysimachus Attalus Xenocrates who wrote a booke called Diophros and Archelaus likewise that wrote such another Demetrius Sotira Elephantis Salpe and Olympias of Thebes fiue women and midwines Diotimus Iolla Miction of Smyrna Aeschines the Physician Hippocrates Aristotle Metrodorus Icacidas the Physitian Hesiodus Dialcon Caecilius Bion the authour of the booke Peri Dynamaean Anaxilaus and king Iuba ¶ IN THE XXIX BOOKE ARE CONTAINED medicines from other liuing creatures Chap. 1. The first beginning and originall of the Art of Physicke when Physicians began first to visit Patients lying sicke in their beds the first Physitians that practised the cure of sick persons by frictions ointments baths hot-houses c. Of Chrysippus and Erasi stratus their course and manner of practise of Empiricke Physicke of Herophilus and other famous Physitians how often the Art and state of Physicke hath altered the first professed Physician at Rome when it was that hee practised what opinion the ancient Romans had of Physicians finally the imperfection and faults in that Art 2. The medicinable vertues and properties obserued in wooll 3. The nature of eggs and the vertues thereof good in Physicke 4. Remedies in Physicke receiued from doggs and other creatures that are not tame but wild also from foules and namely against the stings of the venomous spiders Phalangia 5. Of the Ostrich greace and the vertues therof of a mad dog also remedies had from him a lizard geese doues and weasils 6. Medicines against the falling of the haire and to make it grow againe to kill nits to recouer the haire of the eye-lids to cure the dimnesse and rednesse and generally all diseases and accidents of the eyes as also the swellings and inflammations in the kernils vnder the eares In sum there be medicines and other things worth obseruation in this booke to the number of fiue hundred twentie and one Latine Authors alledged M. Varro L. Piso Verrius Flaccus Antias Nigidius Cassius Hemina Cicero Plautus Celsus Sextius Niger who wrote in Greeke Caecilius the Physician Metellus Scipio Ovid the Poet and Licinius Macer Forteine Authours Philopater Homerus Aristotle Orpheus Democritus Anaxilaus Physitians Botrys Apollodorus Archidemus Anaxilaus Ariston Xenocrates Diodorus Chrysippus the Philosopher Horus Nicander Apollonius of Pytane ¶ IN THE XXX BOOKE ARE CONTAINED medicines for liuing creatures such as were not obserued in the former Booke Chap. 1. The beginning of the black Science Art magicke when it began who practised it first and who were they that brought it into request and reputation Also the rest of the medicines taken from beasts 2. Sundrie kinds of Magicke the execrable and cursed parts plaid by Nero and of Magicians 3. Of Wants or Mouldwarps of liuing creatures as well tame as sauage which affourd remedies and those are digested in order according to the diseases 4. How to make the breath sweet against mols and spots disfiguring the face remedies for to cure the diseases of the throat and chaws 5. Against the Kings euill and namely when the swelling is broken and doth run to ease the pain of the shoulders the heart and the parts about it 6. For the diseases of the lungs and liver also to cure the casting and reiection of bloud vpward 7. Remedies for the bloudie flix and generally for all diseases of the bellie and the guts 8. For the gravell and stone for paines of the bladder for swelling of the stones and the groine of apostems or swellings in the kirnels and emunctories 9. Against the gout of the feet and paines of other ioynts 10. Remedies against many diseases that hold the whole bodie 11. Against the jaundise the phrensie fevers and dropsie 12. Against the wild fire carbuncles fellons or vncoms burnes scaldings and shrinking of the sinews 13. To staunch bloud to allay swellings in wounds also to cure vlcers greene wounds and other maladies diverse remedies all taken from liuing creatures 14. To cure womens secret maladies and to helpe conception 15. Many receits and remedies huddled together one with another 16. Certaine miraculous things obserued in beasts In summe this booke sheweth vnto vs medicines and memorable obseruations 54. Latine Authors cited M. Varro Nigidius M. Cicero Sextius Niger who wrate in Greeke and Licinius Macer Forreine Writers Eudoxus Aristotle Hermippus Homer Apion Orphens Democritus and Anaxilaus Physicians Botrys Horus Apollidorus Menander Archimedes Ariston Xenocrates Diodorus Chrysippus Nicander Apollonius Pitanaeus ¶ THE XXXI BOOKE SHEWETH MEDICINES gathered from fishes and water creatures also it deliuereth vnto vs strange and wonderfull things as touching the Waters Chap. 1. Admirable matter obserued in the waters 2. The difference of waters 3. The nature and qualitie of waters how to know good and wholesome waters from them that be naught 4. The reason of some waters that spring on a suddain so likewise cease and giue ouer 5. Many historicall obseruations of waters 6. The manner of water conduits and how to draw them from their heads when and how waters are to bee vsed which naturally are medicinable how farre forth navigation or sailing vpon the salt water is good for the health medicines made of sea water 7. Divers kinds of salt the preparing and making thereof together with the vertues medicinable of salt and other considerations thereto belonging 8. Of the fish Scamber or the Mackrell of fish pickle of Alex a kind of brine or fish sauce 9. The nature of Salt and the medicines made of it 10. Sundrie sorts of Nitre the handling and preparation thereof the medicines and obseruation to it pertaining 11. The nature of Spunges This booke comprehendeth medicines and notable obseruations 266. Latine Authours alledged M Varro Cassius of Parma Cicero Mutius Cor. Celsus Trogus Ovid Polybius and Sornatius Forreine Writers Callimachus Ctesias Eudicus Theophrastus Eudoxus Theopompus Polyclitus Iuba Lycus Apion Epigenes Pelops Apelles Democritus Thrasillus Nicander Memander the Comicall Poet Attalus Sallustius Dionysius Andreas Nicreatus Hippocrates Anaxilaus ¶ IN THE XXXII BOOKE ARE CONTAINED other medicines behind from fishes and water creatures Chap. 1. Of the fish Echeneis his wonderfull propertie of the Torpedo and the Sea-hare maruellous things reported of the red sea 2. The naturall industrie
enemy no more therefore the dolphins also enter the riuer Nilus in despight of the Crocodiles that take themselues for kings there as if this riuer were their peculiar kingdome but seeing they be otherwise inferiour to the Crocodiles in strength who alwaies driue them away from preiding or feeding there they deuise to ouermatch him in slie craft and subtilty and so kill him And in truth they haue certain fins or wings as it were vpon their backe as trenchant keene as kniues properly made as it were for this porpose For surely all creatures are herein naturally very skilfull and cunning to know not only their owne good and what is for them but also what may hurt and annoy their enemies Ware they be what offensiue weapons they haue and of what force they are they are not ignorant of fit occasions and opportunities to take their vantage ne yet of the weak parts of their occurrents by which they may assaile and conquer them the sooner Thus the Dolphins knowing full well that the skin of the Crocodiles belly is thin and soft make as though they were afraid of them as he comes and so diue vnder the water vntill he be gotten vnder his belly then punch and cut it with the foresaid sharp-pointed finnes Moreouer there is a kind of people that cary a deadly hatred to the Crocodile and they be called Tentyrites of a certaine Isle euen within Nilus which they inhabite The men are but small of stature but in this quarrell against the Crocodiles they haue hearts of Lions and it is wondrous to see how resolute and courageous they are in this behalfe Indeed this Crocodile is a terrible beast to them that flie from him but contrary let men pursue him or make head againe he runnes away most cowardly Now these Islanders be the only men that dare encountre him affront Ouer and besides they will take the riuer and swim after them nay they wil mount vpon their backs and set them like horsmen and as they turne their heads with their mouth wide open to bite or deuour them they will thrust a club or great cudgell into it crosse ouerthwart and so holding hard with both â—…ands each end thereof the one with the right and the other with the left and ruling them perforce as it were with a bit and bridle bring them to land like prisoners when they haue them there they will so fright them only with their words and speech that they compel them to cast vp and vomit those bodies againe to be enterred which they had swallowed but newly before And therefore it is that this is the only Isle which the Crocodiles wil not swim to for the very smell and sent of these Tentyrites is able to driue them away like as the Pselli with their sauour put Serpents to flight By report this beast seeth but badly in the water but be they once without they are most quick sighted All the 4 winter months they liue in a caue and eat nothing at all Some are of opinion that this creature alone groweth all his life and surely a great time he liueth The same riuer Nilus bringeth forth another beast called Hippopotamus i a Riuer-horse Taller he is from the ground than the Crocodile he hath a clouen foot like a boeufe the back maine and haire of an horse and he hath his neying also His muzzle or snout turneth vp his taile twineth like the Bores and his teeth likewise are crooked and bending downward as the Bores tusks but not so hurtfull the skin or hide of his backe vnpenetrable whereof are made targuets and head-pieces of doubty proof that no weapon wil pierce vnlesse it be soked in water or some liquor He eateth downe the standing corne in the field and folke say that he setteth downe beforehand where he will pasture and feed day by day and when hee sets forward to any field for his reliefe hee goeth alwaies backeward and his tracts are seene leading from thence to the end that against his return he should not be forelaid nor followed by his footing CHAP. XXVI ¶ Who first shewed the riuer-Horse and Crocodiles at Rome Also the medicinable means found out by the said dumbe creatures MArcus Scaurus was the first man who in his plaies and games that he set out in his Aedileship made a shew of one water-Horse and foure Crocodiles swimming in a poole or mote made for the time during those solemnities The riuer-Horse hath taught physitions one deuice in that part of their profession called Surgerie for he finding himself ouer-grosse fat by reason of his high feeding so continually gets forth of the water to the shore hauing spied afore where the reeds and rushes haue bin newly cut and where he seeth the sharpest cane and best pointed hee sets his body hard vnto it to pricke a certaine veine in one of his legs and thus by letting himselfe bloud maketh euacuation whereby his body otherwise inclining to diseases and maladies is well eased of the superfluous humor and hauing thus done hee stoppeth the orifice againe with mud and so stancheth the bloud and healeth the wound CHAP. XXVII ¶ What physicall Herbes certaine creatures haue shewed vs to wit the harts and stags the Lizards Swallowes Torteises the Weasell the Storke the Bore the Snake Dragon Panther Elephant Beares stocke-Doues house Doues Cranes and Rauens THe like deuice to this namely of clisters we learned first of a Fowle in the same Egypt called Ibis or the blacke Storke This bird hauing a crooked and hooked bill vseth it in stead of a syringe or pipe to squirt water into that part whereby it is most kinde and wholsome to auoid the doung and excrements of meat and so purgeth and clenseth her body Neither hath dumbe creatures directed vs to these feats onely practised by the hand which might serue for our vse to the preseruation of our health and cure of diseases for the hart first shewed vs the vertue of the herbe Dictamnus or Dittanie to draw arrowes forth of the bodie Perceiuing themselues shot with a shaft they haue recourse presently to that herbe and with eating thereof it is driuen out again Moreouer being stung with the Phalangium a kinde of spider or some such venomous vermin they cure themselues with eating Crai-fishes or fresh water crabs There is a certain herbe called Calaminth most soueraigne and singular against the biting of serpents wherewith the Lizards when soeuer they haue fought with them cure their wounds by applying it thereto Celendine the greater a most wholsome herbe for the eie sight Swallowes taught vs how to vse for with it they helpe their yong ones when their eies be â—…ore and put them to griefe The land Torteise by eating of a kinde of Sauorie or Marjerome called Cunila bubula armes himselfe against poyson when he should fight with serpents The Weasell vseth Rue as a preseruatiue when hee purposeth to hunt for Rats in case hee should
haifer approach neere vnto them they will stand gazing at 〈◊〉 and neuer regard the hunters neere by or if they happen to spie him they will looke at his very bow and sheiâ—…e of arrows as at strange and wondrous things They passe the seas swimming by flocks and whole heards in a long row each one resting his head vpon the buttockes of his fellow next before him and this they do in course so as the foremost retireth behinde to the hindmost by turnes one after another and this is ordinarily obserued by those saylers that passe from Cilicia to Cypres And yet in their swimming they descry no land by the eye but only by their smelling haue an aime thereat The males of this kind are horned and they aboue all other liuing creatures cast them euery yeare once at a certaine time of the Spring and to that purpose a little before the very day of their mewing they seek the most secret corners and most out of the way in the whole forrest When they are pollards they keep close hidden as if they were disarmed and all this they do as if they enuied that men should haue good of any thing that they had And in very truth the right horn they say can neuer be found as if it had some rare and singular vertue in Physicke A strange and maruellous thing considering that in the parks they change them euery yere insomuch as it is thought verily that they hide them within the earth But burne whether of them ye will the left as well as the right this is certain That the smell and perfume thereof driueth serpents away and discouereth them that are subiect to the fits of the falling disease A man may also know their age by their heads for euery yeare they haue one knag or branch more in their horns than before vntill they come to six after which time they come new euer alike so as their age cannot be discerned any more by the head but the marke is taken by their mouth and teeth for as they grow in age they haue few or no teeth at all ne yet grow the branches out at the root whereas all the while they were yonger they vsed to haue them breake forth and standing out at the very forehead After they be guelded once neither cast they their hornes which they had before neither grow there any if they had none when they were libbed At the first when they breake out againe like they be to the glandules or kernels of dry skin that new put forth then grow they with tender stalks into certain round and long knobs of the reed mace couered all ouer with a certaine soft plume downe like veluet So long as they be destitute of their hornes and perceiue their heads naked they go forth to reliefe by night and as they grow bigger and bigger they harden them in the hot sun estsoons making proofe of them against trees and when they perceiue once that they be tough and strong enough then they go abroad boldly And certainly some of them haue been taken with green Iuie sticking fast and growing in their hornes remaining there since the time that they ran them when they were but tender against some trees for triall whether they were good or no and so chanced to race the Iuie from the wood of the tree You shall haue them somtime white of colour and such an one was the hind that Q. Sertorius had about which he persuaded the people of Spaine to be his Sooth-sayer to tel him of things to come This kind of Deere maintaine fight with serpents and are their mortall enemies they will follow them to their very holes and there by the strength of drawing and snuffing vp their wind at the nostrils force them out whether they wil or no and therfore there is not so good a thing again to chase away serpents as is the smoke and smel of an Harts horn burnt But against their sting or biting there is a singular remedy with the runnet in the maw of a fawne or Hind-calfe killed in the dams belly It is generally held and confessed that the Stag or hind liues long for an hundred yeres after Alexander the great some were taken with golden collars about their necks ouergrowne now with haire and growne within the skin which collars the said king had done vpon them This creature of all diseases is not subiect to the feuer but he is good to cure it I haue known great ladies and dames of state vse euery morning to eat the venison of red Deere and thereby to haue liued a great age and neuer had the ague but it is thought this is a certain remedy and neuer faileth in case the stag be strucken starke dead at once with one wound and no more CHAP. XXXIII ¶ Of the shag-haired and bearded Stagge like to a Goat as also of the Chameleon OF the same kind is the Goat hart and differing only in the beard and long shag about the shoulders which they call Tragelaphis and this breedeth no where but about the riuer Phasis Africke in a manner is the onely countrey that breedeth no stags and hinds but contrariwise it bringeth Chamaeleons although India hath them ordinarily in greater number In shape and quantitie it is made like a Lisard but that it standeth higher and streighter than the Lisards do vpon his legs The sides flank and belly meet together as in fishes it hath likewise sharp prickles bearing out vpon the back as they haue snouted it is for the bignesse not vnlike to a swine with a very long taile thin and pointed at the end winding round and entangled like to vipers hooked clawes it hath and goeth slow as doth the Tortoise his body and skin is rough and scaly as the crocodiles his eies standing hollow within his head those be exceeding great one neere vnto the other with a very small portion betweene of the same colour that the rest of the body is he is alwaies open eied and neuer closeth them he looketh about him not by mouing the ball of his eie but by turning the whole body thereof he gapes euermore aloft into the aire and is the onely creature aliue that feedeth neither of meat nor drinke but hath his nourishment of aire onely about wilde fig-trees he is fell and dangerous otherwise harmlesse But his colour naturally is very strange and wonderful for euer and anon he changeth it as well in his eie as taile and whole body besides and looke what colour he toucheth next the same alwaies he resembleth vnlesse it be red and white When he is dead hee looketh pale and wan very little flesh he hath in head and chawes and about the ioint where his taile is graffed to his rump but in all the body besides none at all All his bloud is in his heart and about his eies among other his bowels he is without a spleen Hidden hee lieth all winter long as Lisards do CHAP.
XXXIIII ¶ Of the Buffe or Tarandus the Lycaon and the Thos IN Scythia there is a beast called Tarandus which changeth likewise colour as the Chamaeleon and no other creature bearing haire doth the same vnlesse it be the Lycaon of India which by report hath a maned necke As for the Thoes which are a kinde of wolues somewhat longer than the other common wolues and shorter legged quicke and swift in leaping liuing altogether of the venison that they hunt take without doing any harme at all to men they may be said not so much to change their hew as their habit and apparell for all winter time they be shag-haired but in summer bare and naked The Tarandus is as big as an oxe with an head not vnlike to a stags but that it is greater namely carrying branched hornes clouen hoofed and his haire as deep as is the Beares The hide of his backe is so tough and hard that thereof they make brest-plates He taketh the colour of all trees shrubs plants floures and places wherein he lieth when he retireth for feare and therefore seldome is he caught But when he list to looke like himselfe and be in his owne colour he resembleth an Asse To conclude strange it is that the bare body of a beast should alter into so many colours but much more strange it is and wonderfull that the haire also should so change CHAP. XXXV ¶ Of the Pork-pen THe Porkpens come out of India and Africke a kind of Vrchin or hedge-hog they be armed with pricks they be both but the Porkpen hath the longer sharp pointed quilles and those when he stretcheth his skin he sendeth and shooteth from him when the hounds presseth hard vpon him he flieth from their mouthes and then takes vantage to launce at them somwhat farther off In the Winter he lieth hidden as the nature is of many beasts to doe and the Beares aboue the rest CHAP. XXXVI ¶ Of the Beares and how they breed and bring forth their young THey ingender in the beginning of winter not after the common manner of other foure-footed beasts but lying both along clasping and embracing one another then they goe apart into their dennes and caues where the she beare thirtie daies after is discharged of her burden and bringeth forth commonly fiue whelps at a time At the first they seem to be a lump of white flesh without all form little bigger than rattons without eies wanting haire only there is some shew and apparance of claws that put forth This rude lumpe with licking they fashion by little little into some shape nothing is more rare to be seen in the world than a she beare bringing forth her yong and this is one cause that the male beares are not to be seen in 40 daies nor the femall for 4 moneths If they haue no holes and dens for the purpose they build themselues cabbins of wood gathering together a deale of boughes bushes which they couch and lay artificially together to beare off any shower so as no raine is able to enter and those they strew vpon the floore with as soft leaues as they can meet withall For the first 14 daies after they haue taken vp their lodging in this manner they sleep so soundly that they cannot possibly be wakened if a man should lay on and wound them In this drowsinesse of theirs they grow wondrous fat This their grease and fat thus gotten is it that is so medicineable and good for those that shed their haire These 14 days once past they sit vpon their rump or buttocks and fall to sucking of their fore-feet and this is all their food wherof they liue for the time Their yong whelpes when they are starke and stiffe for cold they huggle in their bosom and keep close to their warm breast much like to birds that sit vpon their egs A strange and wonderful thing it is to be told and yet Theophrastus beleeueth it That if a man take bears flesh during those daies and seeth or bake the same if it be set vp and kept safe it will grow neuerthelesse All this time they dung not neither doth there appeare any token or excrement of meat that they haue eaten and very little water or aquositie it found within their belly As for bloud some few small drops lie about the heart only and none at all in the whole body besides Now when spring is come forth they go out of their den but by that time the males are exceeding ouergrown with fat and the reason therof cannot be readily rendred for as we said before they had no more but that fortnights sleep to fat them withall Being now gotten abroad the first thing that they do is to deuoure a certain herbe named Aron i. Wake-robin and that they do to open their guts which otherwise were clunged and grown together and for to prepare their mouths and teeth again to eat they whet and set the edge of them with the yong shoots and tendrons of the briers and brambles Subiect they are many times to dimnesse of sight for which cause especially they seek after hony combs that the bees might settle vpon them and with their stings make them bleed about the head and by that means discharge them of that heauinesse which troubleth their eies The Lions are not so strong in the head but beares bee as weak and tender there and therfore when they be chased hard by hunters put to a plunge ready to cast themselues headlong from a rocke they couer and arme their heads with their fore-feet and pawes as it were with hands and so jump downe yea and many times when they are baited in the open shew-place we haue known them laid streaking for dead with one cuffe or box of the eare giuen them with a mans fist In Spain it is held for certain that in their brain there is a venomous qualitie and if it be taken in drinke driueth men into a kind of madnesse so as they will rage as if they were bears in token whereof whensoeuer any of them be killed with baiting they make sure work and burn their heads all whole When they list they wil go on their two hinder feet vpright they creep down from trees backward when they fight with buls their manner is to hang with all their foure feet about their head and hornes and so with the very weight of their bodies wearie them There is not a liuing creature more craftie and foolish withall when it doth a shrewd turne We finde it recorded in the Annales of the Romans that when M. Piso and M. Messala were Consuls Domitius Aenobarbus and Aedile Curule vpon the 14 day before the Calends of October exhibited 100 Numidian beares to be baited chased in the great Cirque and as many Aethiopian hunters And I maruell much that the Chronicle nameth Numidian since it is certain that no bâ—…rs come out of Africke CHAP. XXXVII ¶ Of the Rats of
a truth it is hard to judge whether of them twaine plaied the beast more the father or the sonne But that it seemeth lesse pride and prodigalitie to swallow down the throat the greatest riches of Nature than to chew and eat at a supper mens tongues that is to say those birds that could pronounce our language CHAP. LII ¶ The engendring of birds and what foure-footed beasts lay egges as well as they THe generation of birds seemes alwaies to be after one the same manner And yet therein is to be found some strange extraordinarie worke Like as there be four footed beasts known also to haue eggs namely the Chamaeleons Lizards and such as we named among Serpents Of foules those that haue hooked clawes and tallons are but barren that way and lay few eggs Only the Kestrell laieth foure at a time And verily Nature hath well prouided in all the kind of foules That the mightier should be lesse fruitfull than the weaker and those that flie from the other The Ostriches Hens Partridges and Linnets are great laiers As touching the manner of their engendring it is performed two waies for either the female couche th downe as doe our hens or else stand vpon their feet as doe the cranes Of eggs some be white as those of Doues and Partridges others be pale and yellowish as those of water-foule some be spotted as those of the Turkie-hens others againe red and such egs Feasants lay and Kestrils All birds egges within the shell are of two colours In water-foules the yolke is more than the white and the same is more wan and duskish than in others The egges of fishes are of one colour and therein is no white at all Birds eggs are brittle shelled by reason of their heat Serpents eggs are more tough because of cold but they of fishes are more soft and tender for that they be so liquid Those of fishes and such creatures as liue in water haue round eggs ordinarily others be long and pointed at one end in the top Birds lay their egges with the rounder end comming forward their shell is soft whiles they be warm and a laying but presently they harden by piecemeale as they come forth Horatius Flaccus is of opinion that the longer the egge is the better tast it hath The rounder egge prooues to be the hen commonly the rest will be â—…ockes There is found in the top or sharper end of an egge within the shell a certaine round knot resembling a drop or a nauil rising aboue the rest which they call a Kinning CHAP. LIII ¶ The engendring of egges the sitting of birds and their manner of generation SOme birds there be that tread all times of the yeare and lay egs but only two moneths in mid winter and of those pullets lay more than old hens but they be lesse especially the first and last of one laiter So fruitfull they be that some of them wil lay threescore egs ere they giue ouer some euerie day others twice in one day and some will ouer-lay vntill they be so weâ—…ry and feeble withall that they will neuer lay more but die withall The little short legged grig hens called Hadrianae that came from Hadria are counted best Doues lay conuey ten times in the yeare some of them eleuen and in Aegypt there are found that giue not ouer in the twelue months euen at mid-winter in December Swallowes Ousels Quoists or Ringdoues and Turtles lay and sit twice in the yeare other birds ordinarily but once Thrushes and Blackbirds build their nests of mud and clay in trees and bushes one by another so neere as if they were linked together and lightly they eâ—…gender in some corner out of the way After the hen is troden within ten daies the egs commonly knit within her bellie are come to perfection readie to be laid Howbeit if hens haue some wrong done vnto them or if a man chance to pluck a feather or quill from a pigeon at that time or do them some such jniurie it will be longer ere they lay All egs haue within them in the mids of the yolk a certaine drop as it were of bloud which some thinke to be the heart of the chicken imagining that to be the first that in euerie bodie is formed and made and certainly a man shall see it within the verie egge to pant and leape As for the chick it taketh the corporall substance and the bodie of it is made of the white waterish liquor in the egge the yellow yolke serues for nourishment whiles the chick is vnhatched and within the egge the head is bigger than all the bodie besides and the eies that be compact and thrust together be more than the verie head As the chick within growes bigger the white turneth into the middest and is enclosed within the yolke By the 20 day if the eggs be stirred ye shall heare the chick to peepe within the â—…erie shell from that time forward it beginneth to plume and gather feathers and in this manner lies it within the shell the head resting on the right foot and the same head vnder the right wing and so the yolke by little and little decreaseth and faileth All birds are hatched with the feet forward contrarie to other creatures Some hens there be that lay all their egs with two yolkes and of them be hatched two chickens otherwhiles as Cornelius Celsâ—… writeth but the one of them is bigger than the other Howbeit others say it is impossible that one egge should come to two chickens Moreouer it is held for a rule that â—…here should not be put vnder a brood-hen aboue 25 egs at one time to sit vpon After the mid-winter hens begin to lay and sit The best brood is before the spring Aequinoctiall Those that be hatcâ—…ed after mid-summer neuer come to their full and kind bignesse and euermore the later the lesser CHAP. LIV. ¶ The infirmities and impediments incident to brood hens and the remedies THe best egs that can be put vnder hens when they sit are they that were laid ten daies before at the vtmost for neither old eggs nor yet very new laid are good for that purpose After that a hen hath sitten 4 daies take an eg from vnder her hold it in one hand by the narrow end and look between you and the light with the other ouer it if it be cleare through and of one colour it is supposed to be naught and will neuer proue a chicke and therefore put another in place thereof Another experiment there is by water the addle egg wil flote aboue as empty the sound and good will sinke to the bottom and such therefore being full are to be set vnder the hen We ye would try whether an egg be good or bad in this case our countrey wiues say you must not shake them in any hand for if the vital veins parts be broken blended together they will neuer proue Moreouer this is alwaies to
pure virgins and haue not sacrificed vnto Venus The haire growing beneath the ventricles of the brain vnder the crown of the head like as also about the temples and eares falls not off quite Man alone of all creatures groweth to be bald I speake not of those that are so by nature Men women and horses wax gray haired Men and women both begin at the forepart of their heads to be grislie and afterwards behind Men and women alone be double crowned Some creatures haue the bones of their skull flat plain thin and without marrow and the same vnited or ioined together by certain sutures or seams indented toothed on either side which run one into another The ruptures and cracks of the brain pan cannot be consolidated and saundred perfectly again but if the spels and pieces be gently taken out and but smal there is no danger of death for in their place there will grow a certain callous cicatrice or fleshie substance that will supply in some sort that defect Bears of all others haue the tendrest suls and Parrats the hardest as we haue said before in place conuenient Moreouer all liuing creatures that haue bloud haue likewise brains yea those in the sea which we call Soft-fishes although they haue no bloud at all as namely the Pour-cuttles or Polypes But man for his bignes and proportion hath most braine of all other and the same is the moistest coldest part he hath within his body Infolded it is within two tunicles or kels both aboue and beneath whereof if the one be pierced and wounded to wit Piamater there is no way but present death Also men commonly haue more braines than women And both of them haue neither bloud nor veines therein as for that which is in other creatures it wanteth all kind of fat The learned Anatomists who haue searched diligently into the nature of things do teach vs a difference between the brain marrow of bones for brains in the boyling and seething wax hard In the midst of the braine of all creatures there be certaine little bones Man alone in his infancie hath his brain to pant and beat and fully settled it is not nor confirmed before that he begins to speak Of all parts necessary for life it is placed highest and next vnto the cope of head and heauen both without flesh without bloud without filth ordure And in truth it is the fort and castle of all the sences vnto it all the veines from the heart do tend in it they all do likewise end It is the very highest keep watch-tower and sentinell of the mind it is the helme and rudder of intelligence and vnderstanding Moreouer in all creatures it lieth forward in the front of the head and good reason because all our sences bend that way just before our faces From our braine comes sleepe from thence proceedeth our nappes our nods our reeling and staggering And looke what creature soeuer wanteth braine the same sleepeth not Stags by report haue within their heads twentie little wormes to wit in the concauity vnder their tongue and about that joincture where the head is graffed to the chin bone Man alone hath not the power to shake his eares Of flaggie long and hanging eares came the syrnames first of the Flacci families houses in Rome There is no one part of the bodie costeth our dames more than this by reason of their precious stones and pendant pearls thereat In the East countries men also as wel as women think it a great grace and brauery to weare earings of gold As touching their proportion some creatures naturally haue bigger or lesser than others Deere only the fallow as well as the red haue them slit and as it were diuided In Rats and mice they be hairy To conclude no creature hath ears but those that bring forth their yong aliue and none of them are without saue onely Seales Dolphins Vipers and such fishes as were called Cartilagineous and gristly And these all in stead of ears haue certaine holes oâ—… conduits except the foresaid gristly fishes the Dolphins and yet manifest it is that they do heare wel enough For delighted they be with musick and vpon some great noise and sudden crack they are astonished and then easily taken But maruel it is how they should heare as they do neither can I comprehend the reason and means thereof no more than I am able to shew how they do smell for no Organs and Instruments haue they thereof to be seene yet there is not an hound vpon the land sents better nor hath a finer nose than they Of all fouls the Like-owle and the Otus alone haue feathers like eares the rest haue only holes to heare by And after the same manner skaled fishes and serpents In Horses Mules and Asses and all such as serue either pack or saddle the ears are tokens of their courage more or lesse and will shew what stomack is within them If they be tired and weary they hang down flaggie be they afraid you shall perceiue them to wag too and fro in heat of fury they stand pricking vp in sicknes they lie downe Man only of all creatures hath a Face and Visage the rest haue either muzles and snouts or else bils and beakes Other creatures haue Foreheads also as well as men but in mans alone we may see reade sorrow heauinesse mirth and joy clemencie and mildnesse cruelty and seuerity and in one word guesse by it whether one be of a good nature or no In the ascent or rising of the forehead man hath Eie-brows set like to the eaues of an house which he can moue as he list either both at once or one after another and in them is shewed part of the mind within By them we denie by them wee grant These shew most of all others pride and arrogancie Wel may it be that pride doth appeare and settle in some other part yet here is the seat place of residence True it is that in the heart it beginnes but hither it mounteth and ascendeth here it resteth and remaineth No part can it find in the whole body more eminent and hauty and withall more steepe than the browes wherein it might rule and raigne alone without controlment Next vnder the browes is the Eie the most precious member of the whole body which by the vse of light makes difference between life and death Yet hath not Nature giuen eies to all creatures Oisters haue none and for some other shel-fishes it is hard to say whether they haue any or none As for Scallops if a man stir his fingers against them as they lie gaping open they wil shut as if they saw And the shel-fishes called Solenes giue backe if any edge-toole come neere vnto them Of foure-footed creatures Moldwarpes see not at all a certaine shew and forme they haue of eies to be seen if a man take off
impeached But some men there be which haue their tongues so at commandement and so artificially they can handle it and their throat together that they are able to counterfeit the singing of all birds and the voice of any other creature that one cannot know and discerne them asunder As touching Taste which is the judgement of meats and drinks to wit What smack and tallage they haue all other liuing creatures find it at the tip of their tongue only but man tasteth as wel with the pallat or roofe of his mouth The spungeous kernels which in men be called Tonsillae or the Almands are in swine named the Glandules That which betweene them hangeth downe from the inmost part and roofe of the mouth by the name of the Vvula is to be found in man onely Vnder it there is a little tongue which the Greekes call Epiglossis at the root of the other and the same is not to be found in any creature that laieth egs A twofold vse it hath lying as it doth between the two pipes Whereof that which beareth more outward and is called The rough Arterie or the Windpipe reacheth vnto the lungs and heart And as a man doth eat and swallow downe his meat this foresaid little flap doth couer it for feare lest as the spirit breath and voice passeth that way the meat or drink if it should go wrong to the other conduit or passage might indanger a man and put him to great trouble The other is more inward called properly the Gullet or the Wezand by which we swallow down both meat and drink and it goeth to the stomacke first and so to the belly This also the said flap doth couer by turns to wit as a man doth either speake or draw his breath lest that which is already passed into the stomacke should come vp againe or be cast vp vnseasonably and thereby impeach a man in his speech the Windpipe consisteth of a gristly and fleshie tunicle the Wezand of a membranous or sinewie substance and flesh together There is no creature hauing a necke indeed but it hath also both these pipes Wel may they haue a gorge or throat in whom there is found but the gullet only but nape of neck behind they can haue none As for those vpon whom Nature hath bestowed a neck they may with ease turn their head about too and fro euery way to looke about them because it is composed of many spondyles or turning round bones tied and fastened one vnto another by ioints and knots The Lion only together with the Wolfe and the Hyaena haue this necke bone of one entire and straight peece and therefore stiffe that it cannot turne Otherwise it is annexed to the chine and the chine to the loines This Chine likewise is a bony substance but made round and long and fistulous within to giue passage to the marrow of the backe which descendeth from the brain Learned men are of opinion That this marrow is of the same nature that the braine is and they ground vpon this experience That if the thin and tender skin that incloseth it be cut through a man cannot possibly liue but dieth immediatly All creatures that be long legged haue likewise in proportion as long necks So haue also water-fouls although their legs be but short But contrariwise yee shall not see any birds with long necks that haue hooked tallons Men onely and Swine are troubled with the swelling bunch in their throats which many times is occasioned by corrupt water that they drinke The vpper part or top of the Wezand is called the Gorge or the gullet the nether part or the extremitie thereof is the Stomacke There is another fleshie concauitie of this name vnder the windpipe annexed to the chine-bone long it is and wide made in fashion of a bottle flagon or rather a gourd Those that haue no gullet are also without a stomack a necke and a wezand as fishes for their mouths and bellies meet The sea Tortoise hath neither tongue nor teeth with the edge of his muffle so sharpe it is he is able well enough to chew all his victuals Vnder the Arterie or wind-pipe is the mouth of the stomacke of a callous or gristly substance thicke toothed with prickles in manner or a bramble for the better dispatching of the meat and these notches or plaits grow smaller and smaller as they approch neerer to the belly so as the vtmost roughnesse thereof in the end is like vnto a Smiths file Now are we come to the Heart which in all other liuing creatures is scituate in the very midst of the brest in man only it lies beneath the left pap made in maner of a peare with the pointed and smaller end beareth out forward Fishes alone haue it lying with the point vpward to the mouth It is generally receiued and held that it is the first principall part which is formed in the mothers wombe next vnto it the braine and the eies last of all And as these be the first that die so the Heart is last In it no doubt is the most plenty of heat which is the cause of life Surely it euer moueth and panteth like as it were another liuing creature by it selfe couered it is within-forth with a very soft yet a strong tunicle that enwrappeth it defended it is besides with a strong mure of ribs and the brest bone together as being it selfe the principall â—…tresse and castle which giues life to all the rest It contains within it certaine ventricles and hollow reâ—…s as the chiefe lodgings of the life and bloud which is the treasure of life These in greater beasts are 3 in number none there is without two This is the very seat of the mind and soule From this fountain there do issue 2 great vessels master-veins or arteries which are diuided into branches being spred as wel to the fore-part as the back parts of the body into smaller veins dominister vitall bloud to all the members of the body This is the only principall part of the body that cannot abide to be sick or languish with any infirmity this lingereth not in continuall pain no sooner is it offended but death insueth presently When all other parts are corrupt and dead the Heart alone continueth aliue All liuing creatures that haue an hard 〈◊〉 heâ—…t are supposed to be brutish those that haue small Hearts be taken for hardy and valiant 〈◊〉 â—…riwise they are reputed for timorous and fearfull which haue great Hearts And the biggest Heart in proportion of the body haue Mice Hares Asses Deere Panthers Weasels Hyâ—…es in one word all creatures either by nature fearefull or vpon feare hurtful In Paphlagonia Partridges haue two Hearts In the Hearts of Horses Kine Buls and Oxen are otherâ—…hiles bones found The Heart in a man groweth yerely two drams in weight vntill it be 50 yeares of age and from that time forward it decreaseth from yere to
the bone which is the very heart and best of the wood All trees whereof the wood is ouer dry beare fruit but each other yeare or at leastwise more in one yere than another as namely the Oliue tree a thing obserued more in them than in those that haue a pulpous and fleshie substance as the Cherry tree Neither are all trees indifferently furnished with store of the said fat or flesh no more than the most fierce and furious beasts As for the Box Cornel and Oliue trees they haue neither the one nor the other ne yet any marow at all and but very little bloud Semblably the Servis tree hath no heart the Alder no carnositie and yet both of them are stored wel enough with marow which is their pith no more than canes or reeds for the most part In the fleshy substance or wood of some trees there are to be found graine and veine both And easie it is to distinguish the one from the other for commonly the veins be larger and whiter contrariwise the grain which the Latines cal Pulpa runneth streit and direct in length and is to be found ordinarily in trees that wil easily cleaue And hereupon it commeth that if a man lay his eare close to one end of a beame or piece of timber he shall heare the knocke or pricke that is made but with a pen-knife at the other end be the piece neuer so long by reason that the sound goeth along the stieit grain of the wood By this means also a man shall find when the timber doth twine and whether it run not euen but be interrupted with knots in the way Some trees there be that haue certain hard bunches bearing out and swelling like to kernels in the flesh of a Swines necke and these knobs or callosities haue not in them long grain and broad veine as is aboue said but only a brawny flesh as it were rolled round together And to say a truth when such knurres and callosities as these be are found either in Citron or Maple trees men make great account of them and set no small store by that wood All other sorts of Tables when the trees are clouen or sawne into plankes are brought into a round compasse with the grain for otherwise if it were slit ouerthwart to make them round against the grain it would soon breake out As touching the Beech the graine of it runneth crosse two contrary wayes like combe teeth but in old time the vessels made of that wood were highly esteemed As for example Manius Curius hauing subdued his enemies protested and bound it with an oath That of all the booty and pillage taken from them hee had not reserued any thing for himselfe but onely a cruet or little Ewer of Beech wood wherein he might sacrifice vnto the gods There is no wood but floteth aloft the water and waueth in length like as that part which is next to the root is far more weighty setleth faster downe and sinketh Some wood hath no veins at all but consisteth only of a meere grain streight and small in maner of threds such commonly is easie to be clouen There is again wood that hath no such direct graine and that will sooner breake out than cleaue and of this nature is the Oliue and Vine-wood Contrariwise the whole body and wooddy substance of the Figge tree is nothing but flesh The Mastholme Cornel Oke Tretrifolie Mulberry Ebeny and Lotus which haue no pith and marrow with in as is beforesaid are all heart All wood for the most part turneth to a blackish colour The Cornel tree is of a deep yellow wherof are made the faire Bore-speare staues which shine again and be studded as it were with knots and chamfered betweene both for decencie and handsomnesse The Cedar Larch and Iuniper wood is red CHAP. XXXIX ¶ Of the Larch tree the Firre and the Sapine the manner of cutting or falling such like trees THere is a female Larch tree which the Greeks call Aegis the wood whereof is of a pleasant colour like to hony Painters haue found by experience that it is excellent good for their tables both for that it is so euen and smooth not apt besides to chink and cleaue as also because it will endure and last for euer And that part they chuse which is the very heart of it and next the pith which in the Fir tree the Greekes call Leuson In like sort the heart of the Cedar is hardest which lieth â—…xt to the pith or marrow aboue named much after the maner of bones in the bodies of liuing creatures when the muddy carnositie is scraped off and taken away The inward part also of the Elder by report is wondrous hard tough and they that make thereof staues for Bore-speares prefer it before any wood whatsoeuer For it standeth only vpon skin and bone that is to say of the rind and heart As touching the falling and cutting downe of trees to serue either in temples or for other vses round and entire as they grow without any squaring as also for to barke them the onely time and season is when the sap runs and that they begin to bud forth otherwise you shal neuer be able to get off their bark for bark them not they wil rot and become worm-eaten vnder the said barke and the timber withall wax duskish and blacke As for the other timber that is squared with the axe and by that means rid from the barke it would be fallen or cut downe between mid-winter and the time that the wind Favonius bloweth or if we be forced to vse the timber before and to preuent that time trees may be fallen at the setting of the star Arcturus or of the Harp-star before it Finally the vtmost and last time thereof is at the summer Sunnested But forasmuch as most men be ignorant of these seasons and know not when these starres aboue named do either rise or fall I will hereafter shew the reason both of the one and other in place conuenient For this present as touching the time of felling trees the common sort make no more scruple but thinke it sufficient to obserue that no trees which are to be hewne square for carpenters work be cast down and laid along before they haue borne their fruit As for the hard and sauage Oke if it be felled in the spring it will be subiect to the Worme but cut it down in mid-winter it will neither warp ne yet cleaue and chink being otherwise subiect vnto both namely as well to cast and twine as to rift and gape a thing incident to the Cork wood be it cut down in as good a season as is possible Moreouer it passeth to see how much the age of the Moon auaileth in this case for it is commonly thought that timber would not be fallen but in the wain and namely in the last quarter from the 20 day of the Moon till the thirtieth And this is generally receiued
hearbe Dictamnus 210. k cure themselues with craifishes ibid. Harts and Hinds are cured by the Artichoke 211. c Harts See Stags 214. g. h Hastie apples See Apples Mustea Hasell nuts See Filbards Haulme See Straw Hawkes 272 f. their kinds 274. k. where they breed on the ground ibid. l Hawkes and men catch birds together 274. m and part the prey equally ibid. of Haire 332. i k Haires and stones engender in mens bladders 344. g Haires out of a thicke skin are grosse and hard 347. a they grow long vpon Horses and Lions ibid. swallowing downe of an Haire the death of Fabius a Roman Senatour 159. e Haires of Connies long on their cheekes ibid. Hairie men more lecherous than others ibid. Haires come not sometime without the helpe of art 347. b Haire of the head in men groweth most ib. it groweth not at the cut end but from the root ibid. Haire groweth vpon dead bodies 347. b Hairie beasts except the Asse and the sheepe are troubled with lice 329. b Haires white 232. h H E Heads adorned with crests tufts and combes 331. a Heads cut from the bodie licked vp their owne bloud 242. h. Heart in man and beast how it is scituate and made also to what vse it serueth 340. g. h Heart of fishes pointeth vp to the mouth ibid Heart first formed in the mothers wombe 340. a. it dieth last ibid. h. it panteth like a liuing creature by it selfe ibid. h. the treasure of life ibid. the seat of the mind and soule 340. h Heart cannot abide paine ibid. paine of it bringeth present death ibid. Hearts they that haue little are valiant ibid. Heart of a man how much it groweth yearely 340. f. how long it groweth ibid. when and how much it decreaseth ibid. Hearts of some men all hairie 340. i Hearts hairie shew strange and valorous men ibid. Heauen full of pourtraits 2. g Heauen and World all one 1. c Heauen in the motion thereof an harmonie 2. h Heauen called Coelum and why ibid. Heauen diuided into sixteene parts by the Tuscanes 7. a See more in World Hebre riuer 53. b Heouba her tombe and name thereof 79. a Hedgehogs how they engender 302. l Hedysmata 381. d Helix of three sorts 481. a Helix a kinde of Yuie 480. k Hellenes whence they tooke their name 76. h the three names Homer gaue vnto them ibid. Helena a Meteor so called 18. l Heliotropium turning alwaies with the Sunne 20. h Hellespontias the name of a wind 23. b. the time of it ibid. Hellespont sometime a land 40. l Helix a kinde of Willow or Oysier 485. i Heliotropium the hearbe a direction vnto the Husbandman 593. f Hemeris a kinde of Oke 459. b Heneti from whence the Uenetians 175. b house-Hens seeme religious 292. m Hens or Pullets great layers 298. i Hens bring vp Ducklings 299. e Hens which be kindly 300. g grig-Hens ibid. b Hens and Puslein first crammed 297. a Hens fat how they are knowne ibid. b Hephaestij mountaines in Lycia 47. c Hepsema what it is 416. l Hercules pillars 48. i Hercules his altar 96. l Hermotinus Clazomenius his ghost 184. 〈◊〉 Hercules his sphere the planet Mars so called 6. g Hercules Rusticellus who so called 166. l Hercynia forrest 455. e. the wonderfull trees that are there growing 455. f Marcus Herennius a Counsellor struck with lightening in a cleare day 25. f Hermaphrodites See Androgini Hermines See Menuver Heroum what it is 273. f Herophilus a renowned interpreter of Physicke 345. b Herons of three sorts 301. l. they engender with great paine ibid. and lay with as much ibid. Hesperius a mountain in Aethyopia 47. c Hexametre verse who first deuised 189. c H I Hiera an Island of Aetolia neere Italy And the burning thereof 47. d Hiera Island 40. g Hierapolis citie 104. l Himantipus what kind of birds 295. d Himilco his nauigation 33. a Hinds their nature and manner of breeding 213. d Hinds and stags how they engender 302. m Hinuti what they be 224. h Hinus what it is ibid. i Hippanis a riuer in Pontus it bringeth downe bladders 330. l. wherein it enclosed the flie Hemerobion ibid. Hipparchus his Ephemerides what they contained 8. l his inuention conceruing the Eclipse of the Sunne and Moone 9. d Hipparchus his opinion of the stars his praise and opinion of the soule 16. e. he sindeth out a new starre rising in his time 16. m Hipparchus 49. c Hippaee a kinde of crabsish 252. l Hippaeus a kinde of Comet 15. f Hippocrates honoured like Hercules 17 h. he foretold of a pestilence ibid. Hippocentaur borne in Thessalie 157. f Hippomanes what it is 222. k Hippophestar good to purge the body for the falling sickenesse 496. k Hippoglottian 452. m Hippuri a sort of Lobstars 245. b Hirpiae certain families wherein they be all witches 155. c 155. e. Hispalis a Colonie 52. h Hiues of Lanterne hornes 318. k driuing of Hiues 317. b. what must be left for the Bees ibid. H O Holmes three at Tiber very old 458. l a Holme tree of a wonderfull age 495. b a Holme tree of a monstrous bignesse 496. h a Mast-Holme tree of two sorts 458. l Holothuria fishes of the nature of plants 264. g Holydaies vnto Uulcan 48. g Homers Ilias couched within a nut-shell 167. b thicke Hony nothing commendable 317. b thin Hony will not thicken ibid. Hony engendreth in the aire 317. b. when it is engendred ibid. of what mater ibid. how it is corrupted ibid. it is diuerse according to the tokens of good hony ibid. regions 316. h a Honey-combe eight foot long ibid. i Honey-combes best about Sunne-stead in Summer 316. i Honey when it is most gathered 317. a Honey in some sort hurtfull for Bees 321. d Hondearia a kind of Plums 436. m Honey apples See apples Melimela Honey who made first 188. l Hornes of great bignesse 331. f How they stand and to what vse they are put ibid. d. e what beasts haue hornes 331. b Hornes of sundry shapes ibid. Hornets whether they haue stings or no. 322. k Horologies how deuised 191. b. c. d Horses wild 200. g Riuer-Horse his description and properties 209. f inuented Phlebotomie or bloud-letting 210. i Horse of Caesar Dictatour 221. a Horse entombed by Augustus Caesar. ibid. Horses entombed at Agragentum 221. a a Horse loued by Semiramis ibid. a Horse reuengeth his masters death 221. b Horse furniture and harneis who first inuented 189. c Horses loath to couer their dams ibid. Horse-fight who first deuised 189. c Horces of seruice vsed to daunce to Musicke 221. 〈◊〉 their kind affections to their masters ib. their docilitie ibid. their perceiuance ibid. d. desiring of praise ibid. e. their age 222. h. their breeding ibid. Horses where they be worth a taelent of gold 148. h Horses subiect to many diseases 222. m Horses age how it is knowne after their shedding of teeth 358. i. Horses and men alone haue teeth
Lions gentle to those that submit themselues 201. d Lions spare women and babes ibid. Lions entreated with faire language 201. e. their disposition knowne by their tailes ibid. f. their generosâ—…tie and magnanimitie 202. g. whereat they be affrighted 202. i their diseases and remedies ibid. Lions first shewed at Rome in the cirque 202. k. how they be taken ibid. l Lions yoked and put to draw at Rome 202 m a Lions thankefulnesse 203. d Lions die with tasting Leontophonus ibid. or drenched with the vrine 217. f of Lips 336. l Liquor falling from heauen 316. m. how good ibid. Lisards their nature 218. k Lisimachus strangled a Lion 202. m Liuer lieth on the right side 341. b Liuers found in sacrifice without the head or fibres ibid. seene with twaine ibid. what they foreshewed ibid. Liuers insacrifice found inward to the number of six 341 b Liuer found cut presageth ill hap ibid. c Liuer receiueth bloud from the heart ibid. d Liuer of Mice and Rats groweth at mid Winter 342. g hath so many fibres as the Moone is daies old ibid. Liuers continued in salt a hundred yeares 342 h who Liued a long time 180. l Liuia Augusta made triall by an egge whether shee went with a boy or a girle 299. d Liuia Drusilla August a presented with a bâ—…y branch in a Hens bill falling into her lap 453. c Lizards tender skinned and foure-footed 336. h Lizards how they engender 302. m. they deliuer their eggs at their mouth 305. 〈◊〉 L O Lobae the stalkes of Millet 558. i. Lobstars want bloud 252. i. they cast their coats in Spring ibid. dieth for woe 270. g Lobstars their nature 252. i Locry a free state with the description of their country 73. c. Locupletes i. Rich men why so called 550. i Locusts how they vtter their voice 353. a Locusts and Grashoppers haue no eies 334. g Locusts lay egges in Autumne 327. b. their young creep on their wings ibid. c. the mother of them dieth at the bringing forth of her young ibid. c. they can kill serpents ib. d Locusts in Indaea three foot long ibid. they are caried away with wind 327. d. they flie many daies without rest ib. foresee a famine ib. e. darken the sunne with their flight ibid. burne corne with their blast ibid. Lollia Paulina how shee was adorned with pearles 256. k the price of them ibid. Lomentum 568. m Lora what it is 417. e Loretum a place 454. g Lote tree Capillata and why so called 495. a Lote trees of long continuance 494. m. 495. a Lotophagi people 397. b Lots taken for a god 4. k Lotus tree in Affrick 397. a. the description thereof ibid. the fruit ibid. b. it serueth for meat and drinke 397. c Lotus the hearbe ibid. Lotus tree wood ibid. Lotus of Aegypt 397. c. d. the strange nature of the head and floure ibid. e. the root feedeth hogs ibid. f Lotus tree why it is regarded much at Rome 476. k. the description thereof and the vses ibid. of the Lousie disease Pherecides died 184. g L V Luceia acted on the stage a hundred yeares 181. c Lucentum a towne of the Latines 53. d Lucerna a shining fish 249. d Lucifer why so called 6. i Lucina the name of Diana and whereupon 494. m Lucini men so called 335. e. why so called ibid. Lucius Martius 48. h Lucius Cossitius turned from a woman to a man on the very mariage day 158. h Lucius Sylla vnworthily named Foelix 177. d Lucius Metellus onely suffered to ride in his coach vnto the Senat. 138. h. thought most happie ibid. g Lucius Apronius his sonne how fat he was 334. l Lucius Opimius and Quintius Fabius when they were Consuls an arch seen about the Sunne 17. e Lucius Portius and Marcus Acilius when they were Consuls a round circle about the Sunne ibid. Lucullus resisted by the muddie slime Maltha at Samosatis 46. m Lungs are but in few fishes 335. e Lungs that are little cause the body to be swift 341. a Lupi a sort of spiders 323. d. they spin not ibid. Lupine a direction to the husbandman 594. g Lupine meat medicinable 272. g Lupines not easily mowed downe 571. c simpathie betwixt Lupines and the Sunne ibid. d. wonderfully affectionat to the earth ibid. Lupines sow themselues ibid. e Lupines sowing is as good as soile or compost 571. f. 572. g Lupines steeped mens meat ibid. Lupines how to be kept ibid. Lupines profitable to be set in ground 508. g Lucae-bones what they be 195. b Lusitania whence it hath the name 51. f Lusitania the description thereof 88. i Lutarius a kinde of Barble 246. h Lutense a kinde of Pelagiae purples 259. a L Y Lyncurium what it is 217. f Lycus riuer 268. b Lyrare what it is 579. f Laestrigones monsters of men 154. g. Lycion what composition it is 362. h M A MAcrobij and other people liuing long 156. l. m Macedonia the description thereof 77. a Macer 362. the medicinable vertue of the rind ibid. Machlis what manner of beast 200. g Macius Island sometime ioined to Euboea 4. i Macrinus Vistus how he vsed to bleed 346. g Maeander riuer where it now runneth by goodly medowes in times past was all sea 39. e. the description thereof 108. h. Maenander how he loued his studie 172. m Magnesiae the description thereof 36. m Magnesia Island 40. k Magna what it is 383. c Maid child in Rome became a boy 158. h Males in all beasts stronger than females 352. k. some are excepted ibid. Males haue more teeth than females 338. g Maladies and death consumes bloud 346. i Maldacon See Brochos Malacha See Brochos Maleus a mountaine 36. g Maladies of trees what it is 541. c Malis bonis what it meaneth 555. d Malobathron a plant 378. l. the description thereof ibid. and the kindes ibid. m Malobathrum the leafe 379. a Malt made stronger drinke in old time 428. h. i Maltha a slimie mud so called 46. m Maltha a kinde of mud in a pond of the citie Samosatis ibid. the strange nature of it ibid. Man how long he groweth 345. b Mans brest onely broad and square 343. e Man onely bleedeth at the nose 346. g Man onely two footed 349. b Man onely hath a cannell bone and shoulders ibid. Man onely hath palmes on his hands 350. l Man in Aegypt hath foure eies 354. h Man for his proportion hath most braine 352. b. hath more braines than woman ibid. Man his braines onely panteth and breatheth 333. a. they are not setled before he speaketh ibid. Man onely wanteth power to shake his eares 333. b Man onely hath face and visage 333. d. his forehead declareth his nature ibid. Man onely borne without teeth 337. e Man than whom nothing more proud and wretched 4. m Man the best gift he hath bestowed vpon him that he can rid himselfe by death out of his miseries 5. a Mans flesh sacrificed and eaten 154. g
on it bestow his seed with muck and mould heaped thereupon the roots will grow so big as to fill vp the said hole full Howbeit in briefe Radishes are best nourished and maintained in salt grounds and therfore with such kind of brakish waters they vse to be watered which is the reason that in Aegypt there are the sweetest and daintiest Radishes in the world for that they are bedewed and sprinckled with Nitre And verily it is thought that they will lose all their bitternes whatsoeuer if they be corned or seasoned with salt yea and become as if they were sodden and condite for be they boiled once they proue sweet and serue to be eaten in stead of Nauewes And yet Phisicians giue counsell and prescribe That they should be eaten raw in a morning with salt when a man is fasting for to gather into the stomack the sharp humors and excrements that charge the belly entrails and thus taken they are of opinion that it is a good preparatiue to vomit and to open the passages well for to auoid those superfluities They giue out also That the juice of Radish roots is singular good and necessarie for the midriffe and the praecordiall parts about the heart and namely that nothing else but it was able to cure a Phtisicke or vlcer of the lungs wich had setled deep and taken to the heart The experiment and proofe whereof was found and seen in Aegypt by occasion that KK there caused dead bodies to be cut vp and anotomies to be made for to search out the maladies whereof men died It is reported that the Greeks as they be otherwise vaine in al their actions so highly preferred the Radishes before other meats in regard of theigo od nourishment that wheras in an oblation out of the garden-fruits to be offered vnto Apollo in his temple at Delphos they dedicated the Beet in siluer and the Rape or Turnep in lead they presented a Radish in beaten gold A man may know hereby that Manius Curius the great General of the Romane armie was not that countreyman borne whom the Samnite Embassadors when they brought to him a great present of gold vpon condition to surcease arms which he meant to refuse and not accept at their hands found rosting of a Rape or Turnep root at the chimney fire according as we find in the Annals and Chronicles of the Roman history To come again vnto our Radishes Moschian the Greek writer so highly esteemed this root that he compiled one whole booke of the Radish and nothing els Indeed Radishes are thought excellent good with meats in Winter time howbeit they alwaies wear and marre their teeth who eat of them and yet I assure you they wil polish Iuorie which is nothing els but the Elephants tooth Between a Vine and a Radish there is by nature a secret enmitie and exceeding great hatred in somuch as if Radishes be sowed neere vnto her she will writh and turne away sensibly from them Touching other sorts of cartilage or pulpous plants in the garden wherof I haue before spoken they be all giuen to run much to pith and to be of a more woodie substance A man would maruell therefore that they should all tast so strong and sharpe as they doe Of which there is one kind of wild Parsnep growing of it selfe which in Greek is called Staphylinas A second sort is set of a plant with the root and sowed of seed either in the prime of spring or els in Autumne howsoeuer Hyginus would haue them to be put into the ground in Februarie August September and October and that the plot where they are to grow should be digged and delued very deep This root beginneth to be good at the first yeres end but better it is if it be two yeres old howbeit both the one and the other is counted wholsommer in Autumn than at any other season of the yeare especially boiled and serued vp betweene two platters and yet dresse them so well as you can they will not be rid of that strong ranke and churlish smacke which it hath As for Hibiscum it differeth from the Parsnip aforesaid onely in this That it is more slender and smaller rejected altogether from the table and condemned for no good meat howbeit medicinable and vsed much by the Physitian A fourth kind there is beside resembling also the Parsnip which our countreymen the Latines name the French Parsnip but the Greekes Daucus i. the yellow Douke or Carot which they haue subdiuided into foure speciall sorts The Skirwirt root or white Parsnip which indeed would be written among other Physicke plants was likewise in great name and credit by the meane of the foresaid Emperour Tyberius who was very earnest to haue them yearely brought out of Germanie and euer he would cal for them at his own table And indeed about Gelduba a castle situat vpon the riuer Rhene in Germanie there was an excellent kind of them that grew to be passing faire from whence he was serued whereby it appeareth that this plant loueth cold regions well These roots haue a string in manner of a pith or sinew running all the length thereof which the cooke vseth to take forth after they be sodden yet for all that there remaineth still in them a great deale of bitternesse howbeit being wel tempered delaied with a sauce of mead or honyed wine and so eaten with it euen the same bitternesse turneth to a good and pleasant tast The greater Parsnip Pastinaca hath the like nerue or string aforesaid such only I mean as are a yere old The right season to sow the Skirwirt or Parsnip Siser is in these moneths to wit Februarie March Aprill Aegust September and October The Elecampane hath a root shorter than the Skirwirts or Parsnips aforesaid but more musculous and fuller as it were of brawn bitterer also in which regards if it be taken simply alone it is aduerse and contrarie to the stomack but joined confected with some sweet things among it is very holsom And many deuises haue bin practised with it to take away that harsh and vntoward bitternesse which it hath wherby it is become toothsome and pleasant enough for some there be who stamp it drie and so reduce it into a pouder then they mix it with some sweet liquid syrrup and being thus tempered serue it vp Others seeth it in water and vinegre mingled together and so keepe it condite Infused also it is many waies and afterwards either preserued in cuit or incorporat with hony in manner of a conserue or els with dried Raisons of the Sun or last of all with faire and fat Dates Moreouer diuers there be who after another sort make a confection therof namely with Quinces with Soruises or Plums mixing therwith one while Pepper another while Thym. And I assure you this root thus confected as is aforesaid is singular good for faintings and especially quickneth the dulnes and defect
those fruits of the earth aboue named but displeased rather and taking scorne that such plants which grow farther from the Cope of Heauen and began long after trees to come vp and shew themselues should seeme to haue so many vertues hath likewise furnished the fruits hanging vpon her trees with their properties and those of no small operation and effect in Physicke And in truth if we consider and weigh the cause aright she it was that affoorded to mankinde the first food from those her trees inducing vs thereby to lift vp our eies and looke to Heauen-ward yea and she giueth the world to vnderstand that if Ceres and Flora both should faile she with her goods only were able euen still to sustaine and feed vs sufficiently And to beginne with the Vine which ought by right to be ranged in the highest ranke of all those plants that beare the name of Trees This bountifull Ladie not satisfied herein that shee had done pleasure vnto man in furnishing him with â—…oble perfumes odours and delicate Ointments by meanes of the grape verjuice the Vine-floure Oenanthe and namely the wilde Vine Massaris in Africke according as I haue discoursed more at large heretofore hath therefore bestowed vpon Vines those medicinable vertues in greatest measure and withall vsed these remonstrances vnto men in this manner Call to minde quoth shee how many benifits and pleasures thou receiuest at my hands Who is it but I that haue brought forth Wine that sweet juice of the Grape Who but I haue giuen thee Oyle that daintie liquour of the Oliue From mee come Dates and Apples from mee thou haste all Fruits of such varietie that vnpossible it is to number them Neither doe I deale by thee as dame Tellus doth who bestoweth nothing vpon thee without labour and sweat of thy browes nothing I say but before it doth thee any good requireth tillage by Oxe and Plough thrashing with flaile vpon the floore or trampling of beasts feet vpon the mow and then the Mil-stones to grinde it Such adoe there is and so long a time first before thou canst enioy the benifit thereof for thy food But contrariwise whatsoeuer commeth from mee is ready at hand there needes no intreating of the Plough nor any great labour and industrie to haue and inioy my fruits for they offer themselues of their owne accord yea and if thou thinke much of thy paines to climbe or to put vp thy hand and gather them loe they are readie to droppe downe and fall into thy mouth or else to lie vnder thy feet See how good and gracious Nature hath beene vnto vs herein and â—…ow shee hath strouen with her selfe Whether she should profit or pleasure man more yet I take it that she affected Commoditie rather than Delight For to come vnto the vertues and properties of the vine The very leaues and tender burgeons thereof applied with barley groats do mitigate the paine of the head and reduce all inflammations of the bodie vnto the due temperature The leaues alone of the vine laid vnto the stomack with cold water allay the vnkinde heats thereof and with barley meale are singular for all gouts and diseases of the ioints The tendrils or young branches of the vine being stamped and applied accordingly drie vp any tumors or swellings whatsoeuer Their iuice iniected or poured into the guts by a clystre cureth the bloudy flix The liquour concreat which is in manner of a gumme issuing from the vine healeth the leprie and all foule tettars scabs and manges in case the parts affected were prepared and rubbed before with salniter The same liquor or gumme is likewise depilatorie for if the haires be often annointed with it and oyle together they will fall of but the water especially that sweateth out of greene vine branches as they burne hath a mightie operation that way insomuch as it will fetch off Warts also The drinke wherein young vine tendrils haue lien infused is good for those who reach vp and spit bloud as also for women who beeing newly conceiued and breeding childe haue many swawmes come ouer their heart and be â—…ft soones subiect with faintings The vine barke or rinde likewise the dried leaues stanch the bleeding in a wound yea and doe consolidate and heale vp the wound it selfe The iuice drawne out of the white-Vine beeing stamped greene and Frankincense together take away shingles ring-wormes and such like wilde-fires if it bee applied thereto The ashes of the vine-stocke vine-cuttings and of the kernels and skinnes of grapes after they be pressed applied with vineger vnto the seat or fundament cure the piles swellings fissures chappes and other infirmities incident to that part but incorporate with oile-Rosat Rue and vineger they helpe dislocations burnes and swellings of the spleene The same ashes strewed with some aspersion or sprinckling of wine vpon S. Anthonies fire without any oyle doe cure the same as also all frets and galls betweene the legges and besides eat away the haire of any place The ashes of vine-cuttings besprinckled with vineger are giuen to drinke for the diseases of the spleene so as the Patient take two cyaths thereof in warme water and when hee hath drunke it lie vpon the spleene side The very small tendrils of the vine whereby it climbeth catcheth and claspeth about any thing being punned and taken in water staieth and represseth vomiting in those whose stomacks vse ordinarily to be kecklish and soone to ouerturne The ashes of vines tempered with old hogges grease is singular to abate swellings to cleanse fistulous vlâ—…ers first and soone after to heale them vp cleane likewise for the paine of sinewes proceeding of cold and for contraction and shrinking of the nerues also for bruises being applied with oyle Moreouer they eat away all excrescence of proud flesh about the bones beeing tempered mith vineger and niter and last of all mixed with oile they heale the wounds made by scorpions or dogs The ashes of the vine-barke alone cause the haire to come againe in a burnt place How grape veriuice should be made when the grapes are young and nothing ripe I haue shewed in the Treatise of Perfumes and Ointments It remaineth now to discourse of the medicinable vertues thereof and first to begin withall It healeth all vlcers that happen in moist parts and namely those of the mouth Tonsils or Almond-kernels on either side of the throat and of the priuie members the same is soueraigne for to clarifie the eie-sight it cureth the asperitie and roughnesse of the eie-lids the fistulous vlcers in the corners of the eies the clowdes ar silmes that shadow and couer the sight the running sores in any part of the body whatsoeuer the corrupt and withered cicatrices or scars and the bones charged with purulent and skinny matter Now if this veriuice bee too tart and eager it may be delaied with honey or wine-cuit and so it is good for bloudy flixes and the exulceration of the guts for those who
giue wine in drinke Vpon which treatise or book of his an infinit number there were who haue written their Commentaries As for me according to that grauity which beseemeth Romanes and to shew affection and loue to all liberall Sciences I will not discourse thereof as a Physician but with great care and diligence write so distinctly as a deputed judge or arbiter delegat to determin of mans health and the preseruation thereof To dispute and reason of euery seuerall kind were a endles peece of work and so intricat as I wot not how a man should rid himselfe out of it if he were once entred so repugnant and contrarie are the Physicians one to another in that argument To begin first with the wine of Surrentum our ancients haue held it simply for the best aboue all others But our later and more moderne writers haue made greater account of the Albane and Falerne wines In summe euery one hath iudged of the goodnesse of wine according to his owne conceit and fantasie a most vnequall course of proceeding without all reason and congruitie to pronounce definitiuely vnto al others that for best that pleased and contented his owne tast most And yet set the case and say they were all agreed and of one opinion as touching the most excellent wines How is it possible that the whole world should enioy the benefit thereof since that great lords and princes themselues haue much adoe to meet with pure and perfect wines without one sophistication or other In good faith the world is grown to this abuse that wines be bought and sold now at an higher or lower price acording to the name and bruit that goeth onely of the cellars from whence they come whereas in truth the wines were marred and corrupted at the first in the very presse or vatt presently after the vintage and grape-gathering And therefore it is that now adaies a wonderfull thing to be spoken the smallest and basest wines are of all others least sophisticate and most harmelesse Well how soeuer it be and admit the noblest kinds of wine are most subject to those bruings and sophistication which make indeed the ods that is yet those wines beforenamed to wit the Falern Albane and Surrentine do still import and carrie away the victory and prise from all the rest by the generall voice constant sentence of al writers As touching the Falerne wine it is not wholesome for the body either very new or ouer old a middle age is best and that begins when it is fifteen yeres old and not before This wine is not hurtfull to a cold stomacke but I cannot say of a hot stomack If it be taken alone and pure of it selfe in a morning and drunke fasting it doth much good to them who haue bin troubled with a long cough or vexed with a quartan ague And verily there is not a wine that stirreth the bloud and filleth the veines so much as this It staieth the laske nourisheth the body How beit generally receiued and beleeued it is That this wine dimmeth the eye sight and doth no good to the bladder and neruous parts And indeed the Albane wines agree better with the sinews And yet the sweet wines that come from the vineyards of the same tract are not so whole some to the stomack but the harsh and hard austere wines of this kind be in that regard better than the Falerne wines aboue said And in one word these Albane wines help digestion but little and in some sort stuffe and fil the stomacke But the Surrentine wines charge not the stomacke any jot nor yet fume vp in the head nay they restrain and represse the rheumaticke fluxions both of stomacke and guts As for the wines of Caecubum they bee now past date and none of them are made any more But those of Setinum that remaine still and be in some request doe mightily aid concoction and cause the meat for to digest In a word Surrentine wines haue most strength the Albane drink harder and the Falerne be more mild and nothing so piercing as the rest The Statane wines come not far behinde these aboue named As for the Signine wine out of all question it is simply the best to bind the body stop a vehement flux thus much for wines and their properties in particular It remaineth now to speake of their vertues in generall First and foremost wine maintaineth and fortifieth the strength of man engendreth good bloud and causeth a fresh and liuely colour And herein verily consisteth the principall difference betweene our temperat climat within the heart as it were and middle part of the world from those intemperat Zones on either hand And looke how much the distemperature of the two Poles worketh in the inhabitants of those parts and hardneth them to endure and support all kind of trauell so much doth this sweet and pleasant liquor of the grape enable vs to abide and suffer the like labour And because we are entred into this theame note thus much moreoner That the drinking of milke nourisheth the bones of beere and ale and such like made with corne feedeth the sinewes and neruous parts but of water maintaineth the flesh and brawnie muscles onely Which is the cause that such nations as drinke either milke ale beere c. or sheere water are nothing so ruddie of colour nor so strong and firme to vndergoe painefull trauell as those whose ordinarie familiar drink is wine And in truth as the moderat vse of wine comforteth the sinews helpeth the eyesight so the ouer liberal taking thereof offendeth the one and enfeeb leth the other Wine recreateth refresheth the stomack wine stirreth vp the appetite to meat wine allaieth sorrow care and heauinesse wine prouoketh vrin and chaseth away all chilling cold out of the body Finally wine induceth sleep and quiet repose Moreouer this good property hath wine To stay the stomack represse vom its taken into the body and without-forth applied with wooll embrued and bathed therein to dissipat and resolue all swelling apostumes Asclepiades was so addicted to the praise of wine that he bashed not to make comparisons pronounce that the power and puissance of the gods was hardly able to match and counteruaile the might and force of wine Moreouer this is to be noted that old wine will beare a greater proportion of water than new and prouoketh vrine more although it withstand and allay thirst lesse Sweet wines do not so much inebriate and ouerturne the brain as others but they flote a loft in the stomacke whereas austere and hard wines be lighter of digestion and sooner concocted The lightest and smallest wine is that which soonest commeth to his age and sheweth it most quickely The wines which by age and long keeping lay downe their verdure and become sweet are lesse hurtful to the sinews than others The grosse fattie and blacke wines are not so good for the stomack howbeit they be most nutritive for
liuing creature whatsoeuer will touch the roots vnlesse it be Spondylis and that is a kind of serpent which indeed spareth none As for this one point namely that the roots of herbs be lesse in force and of weaker operation in case the seed bee suffered to ripen vpon the plant no man maketh any doubt as also that their seeds be nothing so effectuall if incision were made in the roots for to draw juice out of them before the said seed is fully ripe Furthermore this is known found by experience that the ordinary vse of all simples doth alter their properties and diminish their strength insomuch as whosoeuer is daily accustomed vnto them shall not find when need requires their vertue powerfull at all either to do good or to work harme as others shall who seldome or neuer were acquainted with them Ouer and besides all herbs be more forcible in their operations which grow in cold parts exposed to the Northeast winds likewise in dry places than in the contrary Also there is no small difference to be considered betweene nation and nation for as I haue heard them say who are of good credit as touching worms and such like vermin the people of Egypt Arabia Syria and Cilicia be troubled infested with them wheras contrariwise some Graecians Phrygians haue none at all breeding among them But lesse maruel there is of that considering how among the Thebans and Boeotians who confine vpon Attica such vermine is rife and common and yet the Athenians are not giuen at all to ingender and breed them the speculation whereof carrieth me away again vnto a new discourse of liuing creatures and their natures and namely to fetch from thence the medicins which Nature hath imprinted in them of greater proofe and certainty than any other for the remedy of all diseases Certes this great Mother of all things entended not that any liuing creature should serue either to feed it selfe only or to be food for to satisfie others but her will was and she thought it good to insert and ingraffe in their inward bowels wholsom medicines for mans health to counterpoise those medicinable vertues which she had ingrauen and bestowed vpon those surd and sencelesse herbes nay her prouidence was such that the soueraigne and excellent means for maintenance of our life should be had from those creatures which are indued with life the contemplation of which divine mysterie surpasseth all others and is most admirable THE TVVENTY EIGHTH BOOK OF THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS CHAP. I. ¶ The medicinable vertues of liuing creatures HAuing discouered as well all those things which are ingendred between Heauen and Earth as also their natures there remained nothing for me to discourse of saue only the Minerals digged out of the ground but that this late Treatise of mine as touching the medicinable properties of Herbs Trees and other plants draweth me quite a side from my purpose and haleth me back againe to consider the foresaid liuing creatures themselues euen the subject matter of Physicke in regard of greater meanes found out euen in them to aduance Physicke and cure diseases For to say a truth since I haue described and pourtraied both Herbes and Floures since I haue discouered many other things rare and difficult to be found out should I conceale such meanes for the health of man as are to be found in man himselfe or should I suppresse other kind of remedies which are to be had from creatures liuing amongst vs as wee doe if they may benefit vs especially seeing that our very life is no better than torment and miserie vnlesse we be free from paine and sicknesse No verily and far be it from me that I should so do But on the contrary side I will do my best indeuor to performe and finish this task also how long and tedious soeuer it may seem to be for my full intent and resolution is so I may benefit posteritie and doe good to the common life of man the lesse to respect the pleasing of fine eares or to expect thanks from any person And to bring this my purpose about I mean to search into the customes of forre in countries yea and to lay abroad the rites and fashions of barbarous nations referring the readers who shal make scruple to beleeue my words vnto those Authors whom I alledge for my warrant And yet herein this care I haue euer had To make choice in my reports of such things as haue bin held and in manner adjudged true by a generall consent approbation of all writers as coueting to stand more vpon the choice of substance than the variety and plenty of matter But before I enter into this argument I thinke it very necessary to aduertise the Reader thus much That whatsoeuer I haue heretofore written of liuing creatures concerneth the instinct of Nature wherewith they be indued and certain simples whereof they haue giuen vs the knowledge for surely as much good haue they done vnto vs by the medicinable herbs by them found out as possibly they can by the remedies which themselues do affoord from their own bodies But now it remaineth to shew simply the medicinable helpful properties in themselues which notwithstanding in the former treatise were not altogether left out and passed ouer And therefore this my present discourse of those creatures howsoeuer it is in nature different yet it dependeth of the other Begin then I will at Man himselfe to see what Physick there may be found in him to help his neighbor In which first entrance of mine there presenteth it selfe vnto mine eie one object that troubleth and offendeth my mind exceeding much for now adaies you shal see them that are subiect to the falling euil for to drink the very bloud of fencers and sword-plaiers as out of liuing cups a thing that when we behold within the same shew-place euen the tygres lyons and other wild beasts to do we haue it in horrour as a most fearfull and odious spectacle And these monstrous minded persons are of opinion That the said bloud forsooth is most effectuall for the cure of that disease if they may sucke it breathing warme out of the man himselfe if they may set their mouth I say close to the veine to draw thereby the very heart bloud life and all how vnnaturall soeuer otherwise it be holden for a man to put his lips so much as to the wounds of wild beasts for to drinke their bloud nay there be others that lay for the marow bones the very braine also of young infants and neuer make strange to find some good meat and medicine therein Ye shall find moreouer among the Greeke writers not a few who haue deciphered distinctly the seuerall tastes as well of euery inward part as outward member of mans body and so neare they haue gone that they left not out the paring of the very nailes but they could pick out of them some fine Physicke as
for the leprosie which disease the liuer also of a calfe applied hot doth cure like as goats gal healeth the foule white lepry called Elephantiasis but an oxe gall and sal-nitre mixed therwith taketh away the lepry and the filthy dandruffe appearing in the skin The vrine of an asse taken about the rising of the Dog-star clenseth the face from all spots so doth the gall as well of an asse as a bull vsed alone by it selfe after it hath bin well broken and tempered in water and the old skin of the face taken off but then the patient must forbeare to goe abroad either into the Sun or wind The like effect hath buls tallow or calues gall incorporat with the seed of Sauorie and the ashes of an Harts horne if the same be burnt at the beginning of the Dog-daies Asses grease is a soueraigne thing to reduce vnto a fresh and natiue colour any skars or places of the skin blemished with the stooles remaining of ringworme tettar and leprosie The gal of a buck-goat incorporat with cheese sulphur vif and the ashes of a spunge and brought to the consistence and thicknesse of honey taketh away moles and pimples Some make choise rather of old galls which hath been long kept to vse in this case mingling therewith hot brans to the weight of one obolus and four times as much of hony but first the said spots and specks ought to be plied well with chaufing and rubbing The suet of the same Goat tempered with Gith or Nigella seed Brimstone and Floure-de-lys root is verie effectuall for this purpose Semblably it is good for the chaps in the lips if it be incorporate with Goose grease Deeres marrow rosin and vnquencht lime I finde it recorded in some Authors that they who are giuen to haue red pimples appearing in their face are disabled for exercising any sacrifices belonging to Art Magicke If the tonsils throat and windpipe be either inflamed or exulcerat they finde much ease by cow milke or goats milke so the patient gargarize therewith warme as it commeth new from the beast or otherwise made warme againe afterwards but goats milk is the better of the twain if mallows be sodden therein and a little salt For blisters in the tongue and throat the broth made of tripes is very good to be gargarised and more particularly for the inflammations and sores incident to the tonsils or almonds of the throat the kidnies of a fox dried are singular if they be beaten into pouder and reduced into a liniment with honey The gall of a bull or goat mixed with hony serueth right well for the squinancy The liuer of a grey or badger tempered with water and made in manner of a collution rectifieth a strong and stinking breath the cankers also and sores in the mouth are healed with butyr If a thorne fish-bone or any other such thing sticke in the throat take the dung of a cat rub annoint the place wel without-forth the same by report will thereupon come vp againe or passe downeward As for the swelling wens called the kings euill either the gall of a bore doth scatter and dispatch or else of a boeufe if the place affected be annointed therewith warme for hares rendles tempered with wine and put into a linnen cloth is good to be applied vnto the same onely when they be sore and run The ashes also of the houfe both of horse and asse incorporat with oile water and hot vrine into a liniment so applied doth resolue them before they be broken Of the same effect is the ashes of an Oxe or Cowes clee applied vnto the place with water as also their dung laid too very hot with vineger In like manner Goats sewet with quicke-lime or their dung sodden in vineger and the genetoirs of a fox For this purpose there is much good done with sope an inuention deuised by the French for to colour the haire of the head yellow made it is of tallow and ashes the best of all other is that which they make of Beech-wood ashes and Goats suet and the same after two manner of waies either thicke and hard or else liquid and soft but the one as well as the other is verie much vsed in Germanie and a great deale more indeed by men than women The crickes and pains in the neck are much assuaged by rubbing the nape of the necke with butter or beares grease if the same be stark and stiffe there is nothing in the world better than beasts tallow the which together with oile is very good for the kings euill beforesaid The painfull cramp that draweth a man back so as he cannot bow his head forward which convulsion the Greeks name Opisthotonos is much eased by infusing into the eares the vrine of a shee goat or with a liniment made with their dung and bulbe roots If the nailes be bruised it is passing good to tie about them the gal of any beast whatsoeuer As for the risings and sore excrescences about their roots bulls gall dissolued in hot water and so applied easeth that grieuance some there be who put thereto brimstone and alumne of each a like weight Moreouer it is said that a wolues liuer taken in a draught of wine warme cureth the cough also a bears gall mingled with hony or the ashes made of the vppermost tips of a beasts horne likewise the froth or slauer of an horse mouth and some say that be the cough neuer so bad it will make an end thereof in three daies drinking Semblably the lights of a stag together with the throat dried in the smoke and afterwards puluerized and brought into a loch or liquid electuary is good for the cough to be taken ordinarily euery day and for this purpose the lungs of the spitter in this kind of red deere is thought to be more effectual In case a man spit bloud the ashes of Harts is much commended and the rendles of an hares maw taken in drinke to the weight of a third part of a denier with Terra Samia and Myrtle wine cureth it perfectly The ashes likewise of Hares dung drunk in wine late in an euening staieth the cough which is busie in the night season also a perfume made with the hair of an hare dischargeth the lungs of those tough and viscous humors which stick vnto them and are not otherwise easily remooued The purulent vlcers in brest and lungs remaining after a pleurisie or peripnewmony the strong and stinking breath also proceeding from the lights are cured most effectually with an electuarie made of butter boiled with a like quantity of Attick hony vntill it look reddish if the patient take thereof euery morning the measure of one ligula or spoonfull some in stead of hony chuse rather to put thereto the rosin of the Larch tree If one do reach or cast vp bloud it is said that cowes bloud taken moderatly and with vineger is of great force and efficacy to stay the same
stop a lask and knit the belly for the flux proceeding from the imbecilitie of the stomacke for the dysenterie or bloudy flix for the ventosities and inflation of the belly for ruptures the straining vpon the seege without doing any thing for the wormes in the guts and for the cholique TO stay the running out and extraordinary loosnesse of the belly these medicines following be conuenient Imprimis the bloud of a stag Item the ashes of an harts horne the liuer of a bore fresh and without any salt at all taken in wine likewise the liuer of a sow rosted or of a male goat sodden in one hemine of water the crudled rennet in a hares maw drunk in wine to the quantity of a cich-pease or in water in case the patient haue an ague Some there be who put gall nuts thereto others content themselues with Hares bloud alone sodden with milke Also the ashes comming of horse dung drunke in water the ashes of that part of an old bulls horne which groweth next to the head strewed into a draught of water In like manner Goats bloud sodden vpon coles A Goats skin or fell haire and all boiled together yeeldeth a decoction which is good in this case to be drunke Contrariwise to loose the belly the runnet found in a Colts maw the bloud of a femal goat or els hermarrow or liuer are thought conuenient laxatiues Item a plaster made with a wolues gal together with the juice of a wild Cucumber and applied to the nauil Also a draught either of Mares or Goats milke taken with salt and hony The gall of a she-Goat is good for this purpose if it be taken with the iuice of Sowbread and a little Allum But some there be who think it better to put thereto salnitre and water Buls gall stamped and incorporat with Wormwood made into a round ball and so put vp in stead of a suppositorie will giue a stoole and make the body soluble Butter eaten in any great quantity is good for those who haue a flux occasioned by the weaknesse of the stomack and a dysenterie or bloudy flix so is a Cowes liuer the ashes of an Harts-horn taken to the quantity of as much as three fingers will comprehend in a draught of water likewise the rennet of an Hare wrought in dough for to make bread or if the patient do voyd bloud withall the same ought to be incorporat in parched Barley meale The ashes of a Bores Sowes or hares dung is good to spice a warme potion of wine in these infirmities Moreouer an ordinary Veale broth as it is commonly giuen is counted one of the remedies for these kind of fluxes abouenamed whether they come of feeble stomacke or exulcerat guts But if the patient drink Asses milk for this purpose it will be the better if hony be put thereto Furthermore the ashes of an Asse dung taken in wine is as effectual in operation as the rest for both diseases As also the first ordure of the Asse fole which we termed Polea in the former chapter The cruds or rennet of an horse fole maw called by some Hippace is soueraign for such lasks yea though the patient did shere bloud vpon the stoole The ashes also of horse dung and the pouder of Horse teeth is said to be singular yea and Calues milk sodden and so drunke But if the flux do proue to be a dysentery Physitians giue aduise to put therto a little hony if gripes come thick they prescribe the ashes of Harts horn or buls gall tempered with Cumin seed and the fleshy substance of a Gourd to be laid in maner of a cataplasme to the nauill The tender cheese curd of Cowes milke clysterized is passing good both for the stomack flux and also for the bloudie flix In like fort the butter made of Cows milk taken to the quantity of foure hemins with two ounces of right Terpentine either in the decoction of Mallowes or oile of Roses The suet of a Calfe or beasts tallow is likewise an ordinary remedy in these cases But diuers there be who seeth the marrow forth as well of the one as the other with meale wax and a little oile yet so as the broth be clear that it may be supped off Their marrow also is vsually incorporat in the past whereof bread is made and so taken with great successe Goats milke sodden vntill the halfe be consumed is reputed also a proper medicine And in case the guts besides be wrung griped there would be put thereto a little vnpressed wine of the first running called Mere-goutte howbeit some there be who think it sufficient for to appease the torments of the wombe to drinke Hares rennet but once in a draught of wine warm but the wiser sort and those that deale more warily think it good withall to make a liniment of goats bloud incorporat with barley meale and rosin therewith to anoint the belly And they also aduise their patients for any violent flux of the belly whatsoeuer to apply thereto soft cheese but if the flux be from the stomack or dysentericall they prescribe old cheese to be grated and giuen to the patient in wine with this proportion that in 3 cyaths of wine there be a third part of cheese Goats bloud boiled with this marrow is singular good for the dysentery or bloudy flix The liuer of a female goat rosted is a soueraign medicine for the fluxions of the stomack but it were better if the male Goats liuer were taken in drinke after it hath bin sodden in some green and austere wine or with oile of Myrtles reduced into a cataplasme and so laid to the nauill some seeth the same in water from six sextars to one hemine and put Rue thereto Others rost the milt of a goat male or female it skilleth not and vse it for the same purpose or else they take the suet of a buck goat with bread that hath bin baked on the harth vnder the embers But aboue all they hold that the suet taken from the kidnies of a she goat so drunk alone by it selfe is a singular remedy for these infirmities but they inioin the patient presently therupon to drink a little cold water Yet there be others who ordain the same suet to be boiled in water with fried barly groats Cumin Dill and vineger mixt all together And they giue order to such as haue the stomack flux to anoint their bellies with Goats dung sodden with honey And for both these fluxions as well from the stomack as the vlcer of the guts they prescribe the rennet of a Kid to the quantity of a Beane for to be drunk in Myrtle wine also a pudding made of the bloud thereof which kind of meat we call in Latine Sanguiculus Moreouer for the dysenterie they ordaine to iniect into the guts by a clystre Buls glue resolued in hot water For any ventosities Calues dung is holden to be singular good for to resolue them if
Stellio is growne to be a reprochfull tearme among vs. Well to meet with this skin of his as craftie as he is to beguile men of it they vse to obserue in hot summer daies his nestling hole into which he is wont to retire himself and ordinarily they find it to be in some hollow crannies about doors windows or else vnder vaults and sepulchres when they haue espied where it is they wait for the prime of the Spring they set iust against his hole certaine little cages or leaps made of clouen and sliued reeds and the same wrought and wouen good and thicke and in very truth he delighteth to get betweene the streights and narrow passages of the staues and windings whereof the said cages are made for by means therof he may the better slip himselfe out of that coat which cloggeth his body and maketh him vnweldie and thus in getting through the said lattices he leaueth the same behind him but after he hath thus done hard bested he is for back he cannot the same way again for to eat the said slough Certes there is not a medicine preferred before it for the falling sicknes and yet good reckoning there is made of the brains of Weazles which haue bin kept and dried yea and of the liuer so prepared if they be reduced into pouder and so taken in drinke yea their very genetoirs and bagg or matrice wherein they beare and breed their young or their maw likewise saued dried and condite with coriander seed are singular good for this maladie as I haue heretofore noted and so are their ashes Some are of opinion that it is good eating of them whole as they be especially the wild kind without any such preparing dressing but others esteem ferrets to be as effectual as they for the falling euil Moreouer it is said that the green lizard eaten with some sharp sauce that quickneth appetite is singular good in this case but the heads and feet must be first taken away Moreouer the ashes of shel-snailes together with line-seed nettle-seed brought into the form of a liniment with hony cure those throughly of this disease who are ali ouer annointed therewith But I like better yet that for this maladie one should carrie about him the taile of a dragon bound within a buck or does skin to some part of his body with the sinews of a stag or hind or els to tie vnto the left arme the little stones that be taken out of the craw or gisier of yong swallows for it is said that so soone as the old swallow hath hatched her birds she giueth them such little stones to swallow downe but in case this dose be taken in the very beginning and that the first time that one is falne of this disease there be giuen to him for to eat the yong swallow that the dam hatched first he shall be deliuered from it clearly and neuer haue more fits But at any time after swallowes bloud and frankincense or els the heart of a swallow fresh killed cureth them that be surprized with this malady if they swallow the same downe Moreouer it is said that the little stone found in a swallows nest if it be but applied vnto man or woman that is falne of this sicknesse it will raise them out of the fit and bring them againe to themselues immediatly but if they carry it tied to any part about them they shall neuer haue fit againe Much talke there is also of a kites liuer that it should be of singular operation to this effect if it be eaten as also of a serpents old skin which she hath cast off that it wil do no lesse The heart of a vulture stampt together with the own bloud and giuen in drink 3 weeks together worketh wonders in this disease So doth the heart of the yong bird of a vulture if the patient weare it about his arme or hang it at his necke but then they giue counsel to eat the flesh of the vulture it selfe especially when he hath eaten his ful of mans flesh Some of them ordaine the brest of a vulture to be drunk but it must be out of a caup or maser made of the wood of Cerrus and others there be who to this purpose cause the stones of a cock to be kept and dried and the same to be giuen to the patient in water and milk after he hath abstained fiue daies from drinking wine To conclude there haue bin of them that prescribed vnto their patients in this case 2â—… of these sandy or reddish flies but they must be dead ones for to be taken in drinke howbeit if they were but of a feeble complexion they gaue fewer of them CHAP. XI ¶ Against the Iaundise and Phrensie Against Feauers and the Dropsie THe excrement ingendred in the eares called commonly Eare-wax mightily with standeth the jaundise so doth that ordure also which gathereth about the vdders tears of sheepe and goats if the patient drink thereof to the weight of one denier in two cyaths of wine with some myrrh though it be neuer so little the ashes of a dogs head calcined taken in honied wine one of these sows or Cheeslips with many feet in one hemine of wine earthworms in honied vineger with myrrh be all excellent for the said disease Moreouer it is said that a hen with yellow feet is very good therfore in case the said â—…eet be clensed and washed first in faire water afterwards bathed and rinsed in the wine that the patient is to drink The brains of a Partridge Aegle or other birds of prey taken in three cyaths of wine is very proper also therefore The ashes of dates those also of the entrails of stock-doues giuen in honied wine to the quantity of three spoonfuls are soueraigne in this malady likewise the ashes of sparrows burnt in a fire made of vine-wood work the same effect if they be taken in mead to the quantity of 3 spoonefuls A bird there is called in Greeke lâ—…terus of the yellow colour which the feathers carry which if one that hath the jaundise do but looke vpon he or she shall presently becured thereof but the poore bird is sure to die for it I suppose that this is the same bird which in Latine is called Galgulus As for the Phrensie it seemes that the lights of a mutton applied hot round about the head and so kept fast is soueraigne to bring their heads againe into temper who are besides themselues Say that true it were that not only the brains of mice giuen inwater to drink of the ashes of a weazil but also the flesh of an vrchin kept in salt ordried are very good for such as are bereft of their right wits who will venture to giue them these medicines be they neuer so certain and assured For as touching the ashes verily of Scrich-owls eies calcined which these Magitians so highly commend for the phrensie I take it to be one amongst many other
named Phycos in Greeke Perileucos is a stone so called by occasion of a whitish lace that seemeth to go from the mouth of the gem downe to the very bottome The gems Paeantides which some name Gemonides are said to conceiue and to bring forth other ltttle stones but a singular vertue they haue to help women that be in trauell of child-birth Such be found in Macedonie neere vnto the monument or sepulchre of Tiresias and that which they bring forth seemeth like vnto water growne to be congealed into yce The Sunnes gem is white and after the manner of the Sunne whose name it beareth it casteth forth shining raies round about on euery side Sagda is a stone which the Chaldaeans find sticking to ships and they say it is greene as Porrets or Leekes Samothracia the Island yeelds vs a pretious stone of the owne name blacke of colour light in hand and like to rotten wood As for Saurites it is found by report in the belly of a green Lizard slit open with the edge of a cane or reed Selenites is a pretious stone white transparent yeelding from it a yellow lustre in manner of hony and representing within it the proportion of the Moone according as shee groweth toward to the full or decreaseth in the wane against the change This admirable stone is thought to be found in Arabia Siderites is much like to yron and supposed it is That if it be brought among them that are at some variance or controuersie already in law it will breed discord and maintain dissention still Of this Siderites is made another stone which is engendred in Aethyopia called Sideropoecilos for the sundry spots therein Spongites is like vnto a spunge euen as it carrieth a name respectiue vnto it Synodontites commeth from the braine of certaine fishes called Synodontes The stones Syrtitae be found in the shore of the Syrtes in Barbary yea and in Lucania shining with the colour mixt of saffron and hony but within they containe certaine starres which haue but a dim and duskish light The stone Syringites is hollow throughout in manner of a pipe and is like vnto a straw betweene two joints Trichrus that commeth out of Affricke is blacke howbeit if it be rubbed it yeeldeth three kinds of humours from it to wit from the root or bottome blacke out of the mids like bloud and in the head white Telirrhizos is of an ash colour or reddish and yet the bottome thereof is a louely sightly white Telicardios is much esteemed in the realme of Persia where it is engendred in colour it resembleth tbe heart and they call it there in their language a Spot The stone Thracia is of three kinds the first green the second more pale and the third full of spots of bloud Tephritis although otherwise it be of the color of ashes yet it represents a new Moon croisant and tipped with hornes Tecolythus seemeth like to the stone or kernill of an Oliue It is not raunged in the number of pretious stones but whosoeuer licke thereof shall find That it will breake the stone and expel it The stone called Venus haire is exceeding black and shining how it maketh a shew of red haires sprinkled among Veientana is a gem proper vnto Italie found about Veij a citie in Tuscane this stone is blacke and crossed through the middest with a white path Zanthenes as Democritus writeth is found ordinarily in Media in colour it resembleth base gold Electrum and if a man doe stampe it in Date wine and Saffron together it will relent in manner of wax and cast a most sweet and pleasant smell Zmilaces is a stone which the riuer Euphrates yeeldeth like to the marble of Proconnesus but that in the middest it hath a greenish colour Finally Zoronisios is engendered in the riuer Indus commonly it is called the Magicians gem more of it I find not written CHAP. XI ¶ Of certaine pretious stones taking their names from the members of mans body from beasts also and other things BEsides those gems comprehended vnder the Alphabet there be more pretious stones also comprised after other sorts of distinction according to diuers significant varieties for some there be which bear the names of certain members of the body as for example Hepatites of the liuer Steatites of the sundry sorts of fat grease or tallow of each beast Adad Nephros is a stone worshipped among the Aegiptians so is Theudactylos also As for Adad hee is the chiefe god among the Assyrians The stone Triophthâ—…lmos groweth together with the Onyx stone and representeth three eies of a man together There be gems take their names likewise of beasts to wit Carcinias of the colour which the sea-crab hath Echites of a Viper Scorpites either of the color or form of a Scorpion Scarites of the fish Scaurus i. a Gilthead Triglites of the Barble Aegopththalmos of a Goats eye like as another for the resemblance that it hath to the eie of a swine Geranites tooke name of a cranes color euen as Hieracites of the Hawkes of Faulcons color Aëtites resembles the color of that Aegle which hath a white taile Myrmerites sheweth the forme of a Pismire creeping within the stone so doth Cantharias of Beetles Lycophthalmos hath the resemblance of a Wolfes eie and consists of 4 colours the outward parts are tawnie enclining to a bloud red in the middest there is a black enclosed within a white circle as like to the said eie as possibly can be The stone Toas is like to a Peacock euen as the gem Chelonia to the Tortoise In Hammochrysos there is a resemblance of sand as if sand gold were entermingled Cenchrites is made like to the graines or seeds of Millet scattered here and there Dryites hath a great affinity with the stock of a tree and the same will burn after the maner of wood Cissites is white and in that white shining seemeth to be clasped euery where with leaues of yvie Narcissites likewise is distinguished and parted with veines of yvie Cyamea is black but being broken it yeelds out of it a resemblace of a Beane Pyren is so called by reason of an oliue stone or keruill which it resembleth within this stone there appeare otherwhiles as it were fish bones Chalazias as it carrieth the name of haile so it representeth as well the color as the shape thereof but as hard it is as the Diamant It is reported also that if it be put into the fire yet it wil continue cold not alter a whit The fire stone Pyrites is verily black but rub it with your finger you shal find it to burne Polyzonos is a black stone of it selfe but many white fillets it hath about it Astrapias is white or blue like Azur yet from the middest thereof their seeme to shoot raies of lightening In the stone Phlegontis there appeare a burning flame within and neuer commeth forth In the Granat named Authracitis there is a
whereby the Readers paines to mend or be offended with them is taken away This I thought good to giue notice of least any should thinke them omitted not amended Tit. 1. Rom. 1. 2. Reg. 11. Cant. 2. Psâ—…l 19. â—…om 〈◊〉 Gen. 〈◊〉 Gen 3. Rom. 8. Psal. 119. 147. * Magnus * Polyorceteâ—… * i. Titus * Suavissimâ—… * Maximus * Namque tâ—… solebâ—…s Mâ—… esse aliqâ—… 〈◊〉 â—…gas * 〈◊〉 It seemes that Pliny read thus in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pâ—…tare namque Nâ—…gas esse aliquâ—…d meas soleâ—…as whiâ—…h indeed was but an haâ—…d composition and couchâ—…g of the woâ—…ds * 〈◊〉 or rather Septies out of Suetonius * For Domitian Vespasian was reputed an excellent Poet. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…issus * Coutaining aâ—…l â—…gs as Tyâ—… Tullâ—…us did * A manuel to be carried alwaies in hand * 〈◊〉 * A Table or Index * Apelles faciebat * Homeromasâ—…ges * If women may be allowed to controll mens writings we may be wearie of our liues and goe haÌ„g our selues well enough * i. As touching the worke of Bees * A woman who was a Midwife * A Womaâ—… * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * Here let ChristiaÌ„s take heed and be thankefull to God for the light reuealed vnto them out of the holy scriptures Saturne Iupiter Mars The Sunne Uenus Mercury The Moone Pogonias Acontias Xyphias Disceus Pitheus Ceratias Lampadias Hippeus * Galaxi Typhon Lampades Bolides Docus Chasma * Some takeit for Ruds or Wert-wort others for Turn-sol or the Marygold * Valent * Somer 30. * Or 100000. * Macron-Tichos * Iesse than 3 quarters of a miles * Or Gadiz * Septem or aâ—… some râ—…ad Sepâ—…um i. a parke or enclosure * It seemeth that this clause is to be set in the beginning of the next chapter * Or 1500 paces i. a mile and a half The citie â—…piter * Rachobeâ—… * Natoliâ—… Archipelago Mouth of libralâ—…ar * At this day the Moschouites white black Rusians Georgians Amazonians the lesse Taâ—…tatie * Euen at this day they set abroad their wares with the prices vpoÌ„ the shore and goe their waies theÌ„ the forâ—…in merchants come and lay down the money and haue away the merchandise and so depart without any communication at all * Babâ—…l So as it appeareth that euery dais journy was aboue 32 miles * Or rather Nahal Nalca i. the kings riuer Cap. de bonne Esperance * Languedoci * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * Ten foot and an halfe * Such an one as little Iohn for so the nick-name signifieth Carneades according to Cicero and Quinâ—…ilian Olympia Nemaea Pythia Isthmia * Or Victorie * i. The Lubernes or Luzernes * i. Luzernes or Libards * i Turn coats Or rather instead of tazâ—… that sharemen vse * In the beginning of May. * England * 40 millions * 10 millions * 60 millions * 3 lib. 2 shil 〈◊〉 d. â—…erl * 31 lib. 5. shil * 3 lib. 18 shil 2. d. 〈◊〉 Alluding to the word Amethyst which resists drunkennesse * Diable de Mer. * 3 wine gallons and three quarts for Quadrans is 3 Cyathi i. the 4 part of Sextarius Sextariusis a winâ—… pint a halfe or 18 ounces * Or the sea diueâ—… * Locustae Congrum ex Arist. lb. 8. c. 2. histor animal * The Saker as some thinke * A kâ—… 〈◊〉 Fâ—…l 〈◊〉 Fot kâ—…ng of Duâ—…kes and Mallaâ—…ds * The mountaine Storke * Some take it for the Ospray * The pretious stone Aeetites * Names of Ensignes 468 lib. 15. sh. 〈◊〉 * 3 sh. i. d. â—…b * The Bistard or Horn-owle * Lumbardie * For as Arist. reporteth it nestleth in mans doung * Chlorion * 12. lib. 19. sâ—… †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * i 60000â—… Sestertâ—… 150000 〈◊〉 * Or â—…ather in the crown and broader end as our Wiues say * A Criell or dwarfe Heron. * Bittor * A Carion Heron * Resembling our English mastiues * Which is found vntâ—…ue by experience * Rore 〈◊〉 or Sea-dew Rore mariâ—… * Being decâ—…ued with the Homonyâ—… of the word Cerinthus which hath a double signification * Chenopodeâ—… * Or rather in Caria * Oâ—… Foâ—… â—…he head Crests tufâ—…s and combes Hornes Subulâ—… * With vs it is â—…therwise Haire * Or rather Alpine Brain pan Braines * Ossicula some reade Osculâ—… holes Eares Face or Visage Forehead Eie-browes The Eie * 〈◊〉 * â—…uci * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eie-lids Bals of cheeks Nose-thrils Lipâ—… Mouth Bills The Chin Iaw The Teeth The Tongue The flap Epiglossis The Winde-pipe and Wezand pipe The Necke The Chine-bone The Stomack The Heart * In thâ—…ee â—…undry battels The Lights or Lungs The Liuer The Gall. The Midriffe The Bellie or Paunch with the Guts * Aristotle saith foure fold The Cawle or Kell The Splene Kidnies Brest ribs The Bladder The Matrix * Incientes Tallow and grease Marrow Boues and Gristles Growth Sinues Cord ligaments Veines and Arteries * Apodes Triorchis * 200 * White sugar candie or rather 3â—… and a seruple * or Adorarld i. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which serueth for perfuming in temples * i. S. Iohnâ—… wort * Folium * Samsuchus * Susinum * Telinum * Xylobalsamum CarpobalsamuÌ„ Antonie Leâ—…dus Octaâ—…ius * called Lenten figs. * L. Petilius Liuie * Or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * Opietâ—… * Quasi duris aciniâ—… * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plutarch * Amethystos Cgâ—…mell * 15 according to Ful. Vrsinus * Bud. 22. Sest * i. an ounce and a halfe * an ounce and a halfe * 12 congios * Vide lib. 36. Cap. 21â—… * not the thrice gallant knight * Whereupon he was called Biberius Mero for Tiberius Nero. i. Malt. Zâ—…us and â—…urm Ale â—…nd Beere * i. Indiuisible of â—…o smal that it cannot be cut * As our hors plums * or Caluae 〈◊〉 Bsld. * Scrupulosa câ—…rtic is interioris circa â—…ucleos quoque ferruminatione * Mushroms * Minimae quod miremur uvis Others distinguish thus Minime quod miremur uvis to this sense whereas in grapes and that may be a wonder there is none such * not Fxotica Turneb * i. wine quartâ—… * Virgei annuli But Turnebusâ—…eadeth â—…eadeth Uirgae â—…aculi i. staues or Iauelines made of their â—…reit bought And Experâ—…es â—…erri i. not headed with yron * 〈◊〉 The Low-countries of Zeland c. * As the manner was to receiue the Hieronicâ—… * Palimpissa i. Stone-pitch 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * Chap 39. of his booke * Pliny herin is deceiued For the Line Tree with vs is coÌ„parable to the highest Okes in talnesse * Taken by some to be our Aspe Ex Theophr 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * Solstitium * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…rugiperda * To wit by caprification All this