is necessarye to breake the aer and to make diuers voyces And sometime it happeneth that it excedeth his due forme by diuers affectes by the whyche also it varyeth by names as when it excedeth in lengthe it is of that forme called Columella and when in roundnesse like a grape it is called Vuea or Vuula Upon these pipes are ordeined diuers synewes greate small open and priuye whiche come from the syxte and seuenth payre of synewes of the braine and they are medled with the muscles of the necke and throte with the thyrde and fourthe paire of synewes of Nucha Upon the righte side and vpon the lefte side of the pype of the longes called Arteria aspera are certeine greate and manifest black veines called Guidegi Iugulares and vnder them are ii arteryes of whose cuttinge and persynge the bloude runneth from the hearte and lunges from whence they come Wherby the lunges are diseased and hurte and theyr naturall poure hindered and let and also it bryngeth diseases to the hearte whervpon often times sodaine death foloweth And therefore all the incisions that be made in the throte oughte to be done after the lengthe wherefore it is necessarye that we eschue the veines of the throte and especiallye those that be greate and those that â—e called Iugulares or Guidegi For vnder euerye veine of the throte is hid an arterye in the which there procedeth spirite of life and natural heat immediatlye from the heart and the lunges And therefore it openly apeareth that all cuttings of thys place are dreadfull and perillous Understande that the throte is fastened to the furcle of the brest in the place called Iugulum or Pixis Gulae â–ª whyche is the boxe or holownesse of the throte and the necke is fastened wyth the hynder parte of the seuenthe spondill whych is the fyrste spondill of the brest and also it is fastened with the spade bone of the shoulder that it maye moue the better and the more mightilye when nede requireth That the shape and forme thereof maye also be sene the fayrer and the better And betwene the shoulders behynde at the nether ende of the necke are ventoses vsed for diuers diseases of the heade and the partes therof both wyth scarification and wythoute scarification as in good authors ye shal rede as the experte Chirurgien knoweth by experience THE SECONDE PARTE OF the Anatomy treatinge of the forme and shape of the shoulder and the adiutory of the arme the hande and the fyngers The .i. Chapiter ☞ Of the shoulder and the chanâ—ll bone AFter the neck and the throte as wel on the righte side as on the lefte is ordeined a shoulder called Humerus in greke Omos and of some BrachioÌ„ Wherin there are .iii. bones knyt that by the meanes of that forme and shape the makinge therof may be the more noble and fayre and also the more profytable to mouynge and workynge The firste of these bones is the broade bone of the shoulder whyche manye learned men calle Scoptulum opertum and the Grecians Oâ—oplatan i. humerum latuni and we vulgarlye Spatulam whose forme and fashion in the hynder ende or parte towarde the necke is broade lyke a bakers pele And in hys lengthe he hathe an edge that stretcheth to the heade of thys bone towarde the shoulder passynge endlynge to the broade ende whiche is towarde the necke In whiche brode ende is knit a gristle whiche spreadeth a longe besyde the spondilles of the brest vnto the seuenth spondill of the necke And on the other ende towarde the shoulder this bone waxeth greate in the ende whereof is a holownesse whiche is called the boxe of the shoulder bone Wherein the rounde heade of the adiutorye turneth as it accordeth to necessitye in the workinge of thys member Thys bone was made in this manner that the bones of the brest and of the necke shoulde be the stronger and surer in the shoulder and that the adiutorye shoulde not be dislocate or put oute of ioynte for euerye lyghte cause And by this it manifestlye appeareth that the bone of the adiutory can not be dislocated backwarde In the former parte of the shoulder is ordained a bone called Clauis or Iugulum in greke Cleis and in English the furcule or canel bone which is tyed with the broade bone beinge the seconde of the .iii. bones of the shoulder and it is there sette that this member maye abide the better in hys strengthe and to beare vp that place that it goe not oute forwarde by anye small or lyghte occasion And thys bone is lesse then the broad bone of the shoulder in his knitting that the shape of that place maye be the fairer and the more formable and also that it shoulde not let the mouynge of the adiutorye And so it plainlye appeareth by reason of the beinge lesse of thys bone in that parte that the roundnesse of the adiutorye maye be dislocate forwarde And after these bones there are insensible ligamentes whyche binde and knit those bones together And there is a certeine lygature in the middle of the aforesayde boxe or holownesse entering the round end of the adiutory whych knytteth the said round end with the aforesayde boxe Of the breakinge and ouer stretchinge of whyche succedeth a continuall departinge so that therby the restoringe of the dislocation is letted or hindered In so much that other whyle when the bone is reduced and broughte agayne to hys situation and being after the restoringe therof it will leape or springe oute agayne And vnder the shoulder betwene the arme and the bodye is the place emunctory wheras the hearte dothe sende forthe in the time of Pestilence or other venemous feuers suche thynges as are vnto hym noious and contrarye as experience proueth of the filthye Apostemes that there come forthe at suche tymes in that place The .ii. Chapiter Of the bone adiutorium then of the elbow the arme the hand wyth the number figure and offyces of the bones and other partes in these conteyned THe thirde bone of the shoulder is the adiutory which is rounde wythout and holow within called Brachion .i. humerus â–ª and commonlye Aditorium os Thys bone is greate thyn and in hys holownesse full of marowe of whiche marowe he receiueth necessary moystnesse And his vpper ende is rounde goinge into the bore of the shoulder bone where it is knytte and turneth aboute holdeÌ„ betwene his ligatuues wyth the other two bones in that place as it is a boue sayde The other ende of the adiutorye is fastened wyth the ii cubite bones or fociles whereas he hathe .ii. knottes in forme like pullyes whiche enter into the holowe cuppes and cauities of the two Focilles per Enarthrosin whose names are beneth wrytten wherof the vpper focil or cubite bone is the lesse and stretcheth from the thumbe vnto the ioynte of the elbowe But the
hereafter in the lunges Here also mighte be to greate purpose declared the great secretes of these firste mouinges whiche are in the hearte called in greke Systole and Diastole in latine Contractio Dilatatio whiche are compared in this orbicle of diuers learned men to the primum mobile or firste mouer in the greate orbe For these mouinges are the first cause of all other mouinges as of pulses in the arteries and so of all the rest But because those secretes passe the capacitye of the coÌ„mon sorte and also that I should breake my purpose of briefnes I omit them and wil now speake of the lunges or lightes The. iii. Chapiter ☞ Of the lunges and theyr partes and offyces THe lunges also called in Greke Pneumon and in latine Pulmo are set in the same holownesse which are cold and moist of complexion and is deuided into v. lobes or partes iii. or the ryght syde and. ii on the left And ther is also the pannicle Mediastinum being of like composytion wyth Diaphragma And as Diaphragma deuideth the region of the brest and the partes therof from the belly so dothe Mediastinum deuide the lunges and the brest into ii seueral partes after the lengthe And thys deuisyon of the lunges in partes was ordeined that if one part perishe an other may serue the turne And. iii. kindes of vessels we finde in the lunges worthy of note The firste is an arteriall veine mencioned in the firste treatise chapi 8. comminge from the hearte and brancheth into the luÌ„ges bringyng from the heart liuely spirite and nutrimentall bloud vnto them The seconde is a venal arterye wherof I haue spoken in the firste treatise cha 7. conueying from all partes of the lunges into the lefte ventricle of the hearte freshe aer as well to temper and mytigate the greate heate thereof as also to be made there by mixinge wyth moste fyne bloude pure and liuely spirit by the workynge of the hearte to be sente to the great arterye and from him by all other arteries to all and euerye parte of the bodye The thirde is Arteria aspera throughe whome the lunges drawe in and put forthe aer for whose farther description looke in the ende of the firste chapiter of thys treatise And from the firste spondill of the brest whiche if ye begin to number at the vpper end of Nucha is the. viii spondill of the ridge from this spondill I saye commeth two sinewes which geue felyng and mouing to the whole brest for of them are made the muscles and the mouing synewes of that place And note that some of the mouinge synewes and muscles of the brest moue according to the wil whiche for the moste parte come from the. vi and. vii paire of synewes of the brayn and of Nucha and some synewes moue by the natural makinge of the brest Which is knowne by the disease or sicknesse called Apoplexia The coÌ„dition wherof is suche that before the time of the sycknesse the breste moueth but in the houre of sycknesse it can not moue For in the time of sicknesse in this disease the braine is founde stopped from whence these synewes procede so that by the sayde stoppinge of the braine the animall spirites be suffocate and may not distende in the sayde synewes to do their operation in mouynge The. iiii Chapiter ¶ Of the veines of the brest and their beginnynges and procedinges and howe incisyon shoulde be done in the brest and the partes thereof THe veines that are in the aforesaide skin deuidinge the brest nourishynge those partes come from the seconde branche of Vena caua whiche is the lesse of the two greate veynes that haue theyr begynninge in the holownesse of the liuer Whiche braunche commeth into Diaphragm or the midrife froÌ„ thence it goeth endloÌ„g into thâ— forsayde skyn whiche deuideth the brest called Mediastinum And wyth these goe other veines whiche come from the thirde branche of vnknowne veines in the ryghte eare of the hearte But the arteryes whiche come to the forsayde skyn and the brest procede or issue of a braunche that commeth from the greate arterye whiche groweth in the lefte eare of the heart And euerye arterye brancheth forth vnder the veines so that euerye member that is nouryshed by veynes is quickened and kepte by the liuelye spirite of the arteries whiche procede vniuersally vnder the said veines And know that all the veines and arteries which come openly to the nurishinge of the members of the brest and especially in the vtter part procede in their going according to the length of the ribbes and of the bones of the brest ye and so doe also the greate synewes whiche come to the making of the muscles of the brest hauing their beginnyng of Nucha wythin the spondills of the same Wherfore it euydentlye appereth howe and in what maner the apostemes of these places shoulde be cutte and howe cauteries oughte to be done in the same when nede requireth Therefore as muche as maye be they oughte to be done in those places accordinge to the goinge of the rybbes in lengthe and so shall there no synewe be hurte nor errore committed For when incisions and cauteries be thus done accordynge to the lengthe and that in the vtter moste lowest and moste dependente places of suche worke I saye commeth the spediest shortest and fairest ende of â—urations And moste prone apte and redy to digestion mundification consolidation desiccation c. as experience manifesteth THE FOVRTHE PARTE OF Anatomye whiche declareth the forme and shape of the whole sircuite of the wombe namelye from the mouthe of the stomache vnto the hanches and of the spondilles of that region The. i. Chapiter ¶ Of the region of the bellye and the pannycles of the same and the bones of that parte THe third ventricle is the belly called in latine Venter which albeit that we here recite last is the firste pece of worke to be begun in order of diâ—ection of the bodye least otherwise putrefaction hinder the whole worke It beginneth at the lowest ribbes and endeth in the grindes and share and this whole circuit is verye lose and softe First then vpon all the rest is the vtter skin coÌ„mon to all the bodye In the whiche aboute or very nere the middes of the bellye is seene as it were a little rounde pyâ—te or hole whiche is an ornamente not vnsemelye to that parte commonlye called in Englishe the nauell in greke Omphalos in latine Vmbilicus From whiche a certaine holow tying like in forme to a gutte procedeth infestinge it selfe in the holowe syde of the lyuer The offyce whereof was in the mothers wombe to bringe bothe bloude and spirite from the mother to the liuer of the childe and so from the liuer to all the members of the bodye and also to expel after digestion the superfluous iuyce whiche after the birthe is the vrine and
neruus est aut partibus uicinus aut iis counitus That there is no mouyng neyther payne felte but where there is a sinewe eyther nighe the partes greued or conioyned with them Of the Chorde or Tendon The .v. Chapi THe fyfthe are the Chordes or Tendons called in Greke Tenonta in Latyne Tendines that beare the name of symple members Official and spermatike but they are compounde of Lygamentes and toughe synewes and therefore are they stronge and towghe colde and drye of complexion meane betwene harde and softe or as Galen sayth so much harder then the synewe as it is softer then the Ligament sensible flexible And ther are certayne causes to be consydered why the chordes were compounde as I sayde of synewes and ligamentes together The fyrst is that the synewes beyng altogether sensitiue suffice not alone to susteyn the great labour and trauayle that the tendon necessarylie doth suffer wherefore beyng compounde with the insensyble ligament there is made a temperature betwene sensible insensible that so the mouing may neither be paiÌ„ful nor vtterly without feling And by reason of the synewie substance of the chordes they haue motyue vertue accordynge to the appetyte or will of the soule or desyre of the mynde Moreouer I fynde that these chordes or tendons growe out of the fleshy muscles and that for good consyderation great skyll for on these muscles haue the chordes a restyng place after their great trauayle And these fleshie muscles are clothed with a thin skyn or panicle whiche panicle serueth as well to kepe the fleshe of the muscle in due forme as also that the sayd muscles should moue alone accordyng to the wyll without the disturbance of the partes adiacent or next them And I vnderstande that this musculous fleshe hathe within it manye smalle fybers or thredes of a synewie substance wherein there is noted to be wyll and those thredes come to the composition of the tendons And three properties is to bee noted in the will of these aforesayde muscles that is to saye length wherein is conteyned the vertue attractiue bredthe wherein is the vertue expulsyue and ouerth wartues in whiche is the vertue retentyue and at the endes of those muscles these fybers or thredes gather themselues together agayne and make an other muscle and so haue they their generalle procedynges thorow oute all the bodie Iohannes de Vigo aleagyng Auicen numbereth the muscles to be 531. but here I omytte to declare the profe of the sayde number by resiting them particulerlie accordynge to their places trustynge that this is sufficieÌ„t in this briefe treatyce The muscle is called in Latine Musculus a mure that is of a mouse and therefore in Greke also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for as a mouse is biggest in the myddest smallest at bothe endes so is a muscle And it is lykewyse called a lacerte of the lytle beaste named a Lyzarde and in Latyne Lacertus Thus in thys .v. chapiter I haue shewed aswell the nature aud makynge of the muscles as of the choâ—de or tendon The description of the mnscles by order of anatomye do the Grecians calle Miotomen Of the Pannicles The vi Chapiter Of the Arterie or Pulse The .vii Chapiter SEuenthlye the Artery or Pulse called bothe in Greke and Latine Arteria and in olde Englishe the Wosen whose dissection also the grecians call Arteriotomen is a member symple and spermatike sinewye and holow hauinge his beginnyng at the heart and it bryngeth from the same spirite and life vnto all the members of the body and it is of complexioÌ„ cold and dry And euery artery hath two coates excepte onlye Arteria Venosa called in Englyshe the veÌ„nalle artery because he hathe but one coate as hathe the veyn whose office only is being implanted in the lunges to conuey freshe ayer alwayes to the heart That the great heate of the hearte caused by hys continualle motion maye therby be refrigerate cooled mitigated by entring that least ventricle therof euen as the arteriallâ— veyne called Vena arteriosa which comming as some affirme from the bothome of the hearte on the ryghte syde beareth bloude and spirite from the hart to the lunges to quycken and nourish them And hereis to be noted a notable error or ouersyght in 〈◊〉 booke of Anatomye whereas this arterialle veyne is acounted all one wyth Arteria magna â–ª and allo the offyces bothe of the venalle arterye and the arterialle veyne are applied to the venalle arterye only All the other arteries haue eche of them two coates that the spirit of life in them conteyned maye the better and more certainlye be preserued from hurte outewardlye and also that the sayd liuelye spiryte maye be the better reteyned wythin that it passe not oute before hys tyme tyll all the extreme partes haue it minystred vnto them Where as if it were preuented before it came at them there woulde folowe mortyfication of the members for the arteriall spiryte is more subtyll and pearceth soner vnto the quickenynge of the members then doothe the venalle or nutrimentalle bloude Therefore one coate would not suffyce to carye it to those extreme partes but that it woulde be preuented and wasted by the way before it come to theÌ„ Wherof woulde folowe the incommodities before resited Of the Veyne The .viii. Chapiter EIghtlye the veine named in Latin Vena 〈◊〉 as some wyll because bloude commeth therby to all partes of the body in Greeke Phlebion and the dyssectyon of them Phlebotome is a symple member as is the artery colde and drye of complexion and Spermatyke but as the arterye hathe hys beginnynge from the hearte so hathe the veyne his beginnynge from the lyuer and it bryngeth from thence nutrityue bloude vnto all the members of the bodye to nourishe them wyth And I vnderstande as well by experyence as by that whiche I reade that there is no more difference betwene the veyne and the arterye but that one hauynge two coates and commynge from the hearte is the vessell of vitall and spirituall bloude and the other hauynge but one coate commynge from the lyuer is the vessell of nutritiue bloud And thys is generally in all veines except only the arteriall veynâ— whych as in the seuenth Chapiter I sayd procedeth immediatlye from the hearte And amonge all the veines there are two moste pryncipalle from whyche the braunches of all the reast procede that is to saye Vena porta and Vena Coele whiche some calle Vena Caua â—r Magna and these two haue their beginnings in the lyuer I fynde â—n Regiâ—ine sanitatis salerni the number of veines in mannes bodye to be three hundreth thre score and fyue wyth these woordes Ex tricentenis decies 〈…〉 But I thyncke thys number to be mente of â—â—tayâ—e notable veynes whyche by order of Anatomye maye be made open to the senses and not
as I will here in order expresse beginninge firste at a Sanguin Aposteme and so after of the reaste Of sanguin Apostemes Cap. ii IF bloude abounde ouer all the bodye inflaminge and heatinge the harte and so the bodye and yet not defyled there is ingendred a continuall Feuer called Sinocha but if it be defyled then is the Feuer a continuall Sinochus but if it occupye not all the bodye but onlye some particular member the bloude beinge moste thinne in substance and flowynge in quality it maketh a redde inflaÌ„mation dispersed abrode in all the outwarde face of the member whiche is called Herisipila notha because it is made of bloude reduced like to the nature of choler But if the bloude be grosâ—er naturally in substance and hotte in quality then it maketh Carbunculum Whiche is swarte in colours and hard in felinge in the vppermost parte of coloure lyke ashes whyche commeth of adustion But if the bloude be to muche in quantitye and yet naturall then it maketh Flegmonem The sygnes wherof is redishnesse in sighte because of the similitude of the humore hardnesse for the lightnesse a depe swellinge caused by the matter in the depenesse of the member that is conteyned in the flesh pulsatyon or beatinge by flowinges whiche are caused by heate working in the matter inflaÌ„mation by the presence of heate multiplied and sumtime is made the feuer Effimera speciallye aboute the brâ—dinge of the matter or quytture At which time all the forsayd accidentes are more grenous then when the matter is corrupted and fullye ryped Of Cholericke Apostemes Cha. iii. IF choler beare rule or haue domination in the bodye as sometime it hath either it is putrefied and defiled or not If that whiche is not putrefied be in all the body it maketh Icteritiam If it be in one onely place it maketh Serpiginem or Thiriam And when it is defiled being amonge the veines and continuinge in all the veynes it maketh a continuall tertian But if it be speciallye about the harte or the mouthe of the stomache it maketh a Causon If wythoute the veines It causeth a tertian interpolate But if any suche Choler not putrefied destytute of nature be gathered in anye outewarde member â— it maketh Herisipilam Veram the signes wherof are these A red coloure myxed wyth yelownesse accordynge to the similitude of the matter a swellinge whiche is caused of the fiery lightnesse of the matter whiche ascendeth hardnes it hath caused by the drinesse thereof with a prickynge heate greuynge the hand that toucheth it whyche commeth by the reason of the sharpnesse of the matter Of Phlegmaticke Apostemes Cha iiii PHlegmâ— hauinge domination in the body either it is defiled or vndefiled If it be defiled it is eyther wythin the vessels of the bodye and maketh Anfimerinam continuam sinâ— rigore or else wythoute the vesselles and maketh an interpolate quotidian with rigor Also if it be not putrefied it iâ— either ouer all the bodye and maketh 〈◊〉 whyche is one of the kyndes of Hydropsye or else in one onelye place and maketh in Aposteme called 〈◊〉 or Vndâ—nia The signes whereof are these whitnesse of the likenesse of the matter softnesse as when a man thrusteth in his finger there remaineth a pitto whiche is caused of mouistnesse colde in the feling because the 〈◊〉 wherof it procedeth is colds wyth lytell ache or none because there is no assaulte of heate Neuerthelesse this aposteâ—e is muche more painfulle when it is fully putrefied then it was before because euery aposteme though it come of cold mater after the fulle putrefaction receaueth a straÌ„ge heat â–ª and by this reason is euery exiture that is euery famous apostâ—me iudged to be whotte althoughe it come of a colde cause As the quotidian and quartane feuers are iudged hotte sicknesses and yet they come of a colde matter Of Melancholike Apostemes Chap. v. NOw melancholy superabounding either it is putrefied or not putrefied and beinge putrefied either it 〈◊〉 all the body or one place If it occupye all the bodye either it is externallye and maketh Lepran or else inwardlye And then either the mater is wythin the veines maketh a continual quartane or else wythoute the veines and maketh a quartane interpolate or else in one place onlye and maketh Cancrmâ—â—â— But if it be not putrefied either it is ouer all the bodye and maketh Melanchiron that is the blacke Jaundies or else in one place and maketh a harde Aposteme called Sclirosin Wherof these are the signes hardnes because of the drinesse and grosenesse of the humor without paine because heate is absente for that an insensible comparion of matter occupieth the place and the coloure is like the colourâ— of the bodye or inclininge somewhat to leadinesse for although Melancholy be blacke yet because it is ponderous or heauye the coloure thereof is not presented to the vtter parte of the bodye or skin and in these signes it differeth from the Cancer for a CaÌ„cer which commeth of putrefied Melancholy because it hath gotten vnto it a heate doth ake and burne by reason before shewed and the veines that are about it are diuers for thoughe the humor be melancholike whereof it procedeth yet in the putrefaction thereof it receyueth a straunge lightnesse and heate Whereof the veines comprehendinge the Cancer be of diuers coloures so that they doe assimulate or shewe the likenesse of the disease and for this cause was it called Cancer for that it representeth the forme and shape of a sea Crabbe whyche is rounde and hathe manye feete Of watery Apostemes Cha. vi THe watery Aposteme commeth of aboundance of colde vpon the liuer ingenderinge muche waterinesse and is of the nature of Yposarca Neuerthelesse this waterinesse is somtime gathered together in one onlye place of the bodye and that chieflye aboute the navell the signes and tokens wherof are these The coloure is like the coloure of all the bodye in so muche that if thou felest it with the .ii. fingers of thy .ii. handes puttinge the one finger a good distance from the other thou shalt fele a a floude vnder thy fingers so that thy one finger shall put awaye the water vnder the other and it is ponderous and heauy withoute any akinge I haue healed suche an Aposteme with incision and dryinge of the water in a womaÌ„ that had it about the nauell â–ª which was as greate as two pound weight of breade Of wyndye Apostemes Cha. vii THe wyndy Aposteme is ingendered of a vapor or wynde resolued by the working of feble disoluing heate not of power to consume it whiche vapor is sette betwene the coates of the members and especially in the region of the mouthe of the stomacke and in the gryndes so that many beleue it to be a Rupture that signes
wherof be these It is harde with stiffenesse againste thy finger when thou touchest it and like a bladder it is full of wynde and if thou smyte theron it foundeth and the coloure of the place is not changed from the coloure of the body and knowe that this Aposteme is muche likened to the hard Aposteme made of pure Melancholy before specified But he that caÌ„ decerne the difference of the hardnesse of a stone from the hardnesse of a hogges bladder full of wynde or betwene a harde thinge and a thing extended or stretched maye sone knowe how to discerne the differeÌ„ce betwene these .ii. Apostemes And it is also likened to the waterye Aposteme but the waterinesse whiche is in the waterye Aposteme and the absence of water in the windy Aposteme sheweth difference inough betwene them Of the Aposteme called Botium Cha. viii THere is also another colde Aposteme called Botium whiche is often placed in the throte and it is made in two manners That is either by matter ingedered of hott apostemes or of diuersity of putrefied Phlegme Of whych some haue matter wtin like curded chese some lyke claye and some lyke dregges of Oyle some thicke lyke potage and some other all grainy and full of gobbets of whyche some be mouable in the vpper partâ— of the member onlys vnder the skyn and other vnmouable and infyred in the bothome of the member and yet haue no coloure Of Apostemes of compounde humores Chapi x. BY these thynges that are wrytten of symple Apostemes the knowledge maye be hadde of those that are compound For if Choler be compounde wyth bloude in the ingenderynge of Apostemes the more part beinge bloud it is called Flegmon Herisipilades But if ther be more parte of choler then of bloude then is it called Herisipila Flegmonides and they are knowen by signes aboue specifyed There is sometyme compounde together bloude choler and melancholye and then they make Anthracem The sygnes whereof be these hardnesse diuersitye of colour in the circuite and that thinge it hathe common with the Cancer But yet there is dyfference for in thys thynge is more inflaÌ„mation and feblenesse of harte somtyme swoundynge and tremblyng of the harte with profundity or depenesse of sleape yet not true sleape but abusedlye so called And in the vpper parte is a maner if bladder ashe coloured whych semeth to be drawne down to the lower partes as if it were drawne wyth a thrâ—â—e And thou mayste well knowâ— that it is made of dyuers humores if thou marke the diuersity of the mater which shall be purged after the maturation in the tyme of mundification For thou shalt fynde in the mydest of the toughe matter a harde grosse substance whyche is of the common sorte called the foote or core of the dysease the whyche beinge taken awaye there remaineth an holowe place after the whyche it neadeth nothinge but regeneration of the fleshe and healinge vp of the Vlcer And thys aposteme is malicious by the reason of the admiâ—tion of contrary thinges Also if Melancholye be coÌ„pounde wyth Phlegme Phlegme hauinge the vpper hande it ingendereth Glandules But if Melancholye ouercome the Phlegme it ingendereth Scrophules The signes wherof are these absence of coloure and in feshyon lyke an Almonde also they moue as it weare in swimming and are manye together of one coloure And commonlye they come vnder the arme holes in the throte and in the grindes And what so euer is all ready spoken of Apostemes is spokeÌ„ of those that be made of naturall humores Of Apostemes of vnnaturall humores Capi x. IT remaineth nowe that we speake of apostemes that come of humores vnnatural of the which some be very euel and perilous And who that woulde knowe perfectlye the nature of apostemes whiche come of vnnaturall humores let hym indeuoure him selfe to know the generation of humores in the body aswel those that be natural as those that be vnnaturall And frequentlye marke the Apostemes that come of the same wyth the fashion and coloures of them And the accidents that folow of them wyth also the matters that procede from them And so by good Theoricalle knowledge and long experience he shalle obteine the vnderstandynge therof and otherwise not And hauinge thys let hym geue prayse to almightie God who is the author and geuer of all good knowledge and cunninge And here it woulde be very necessarye to speake of the generation of humores bothe naturall and vnnaturall teaching how they be generate and of theyr matter and substance But that we here omitte because the intention of this woorke is breuity and is but a forerunner to a greater worke whyche by the grace of God hereafter shal be set forthe Vnderstand therfore that of Apostemes made of vnnatural humors some be hotte and some be colde The colde are knottes and knobbes whiche are rounde in forme which are ofteÌ„times in the forehead in the backe of the haÌ„ds and of the fete and in the ioyntes and their matter is glasy Phlegme destitute of heat And soÌ„etyme there is mingled a sweete Phlegme with Scrophules Glandules whereof mention is made before Thâ—re are also made Glandules and Scrophules whiche wheÌ„ they come to rypenesse are called Squamos the mundification whereof is harde and difficille Of Apostemes made of Choler and Melancholye aduste Cha. xi OF Choler aduste and of Melancholye aduste and of the admistion of them together are caused diuers Apostemes after the diuersitie of the quantitie of the humores and they are accordinge to the diuersitye of the place and the varietie of the strength and feblenesse of the member receiuinge to be feared the daunger or perill whereof is more or lesse accordinge to the nobility or ignobilitie of the member and speciallye in the legges of Auicene they are called Canâ—renae If they occupy the depest or lowest part of the member althoughe not all the meÌ„ber it is called of Auicene Ascachilos But if it occupy al the member it is called Herpes this Herpes is made of euel vlcers whereto muche corrupt and venemous matter descendeth And it may also come as Auicene sayeth and as I haue sene by openinge of any feeble or inflated member in the colde aer for by that meanes the extreame partes are mortified because the liuelye heate maye not come there at So that those mortified extremities corrupte the member excepte it be restreigned so that sometime of verye necessitye the foote muste be cutte offe euen to the ioynte to saue the legge Sometime there are also made by the admixtion of the sayde corrupted humores Bladders Formica Miliaris Prima called Ignis persicus The whiche are all diuers after the diuersitye of their coÌ„posytion And of these names is muche diuersitie amonge authores for whiche diuersitye thou needest not care but onlye haue respecte to their coloures and accidentes For almoste to them all belongeth
Phlebotomye belongeth to sanguine men euen so to cholericke men belongeth the purgynge of choler in the bodye And those apostemes that are made of aduste humores nede onlye repercussyon before the vlceration therof and after the vlceration laye no colde thynges in the vlcerate But laye aboute it a defensiue of â—ole Armeniake to defende the ambulation and corrosion Of the Anthrax and Carbunculus ANthrax Carbunculus because one is made of diuers humores and the other of grosse bloude as is aforesayde doe require after Phlebotomye and purgations emplasters and meates and drinckes comfortynge the harte because of their malice especially the Anthrax which is common wyth all other venemous Apostemes Geue therfore to the patient a colde and streighte diete as Pomgranates Aples Peares Quinces and wyne of Pomgranates with .x. partes of coulde water and let him absteine from all kindes of Fleshe if it maye be If not permit hym the Fleshe of Chickens dressed wyth Agresta or wyne of Pomgranates Unto suche also maye Theriacamaior be profitablye geuen But if they haue Stuporem called also Sâ—câ—pen and commonlye swoundynge let them be raised with the greate sowndes of trompetes and timpanies Calling them verye loudlye by their proper names And laye vpon the harte a coulde emplaster made ex Rosarum rubrarum Sandali citrint ana Vncia Vna Fâ—rinae Hordeaceâ— Vnciis duabus Caphurae drachmis duabus Tempered together cum aqua Rosacea Velsucco pomorum Agrestium But if the sore be in the former parte aboute the maÌ„milles or the breste let the same emplaster be layde betwene the shoulder blades But some peraduenture may meâ—uaile at the geuing of Theriacamaior because it is whotte but althoughe it bâ—sâ—me not the breuitye of this worke to dispute of euerye thinge yet because there hathe bene and yet nowe is amonges the auncientes diuers opinions and because some haue doe approue it and some not Thou shalt vnderstand although triacle he whotte yet by hys nobility and moste profitable composition there resulteth a moste worthye spiryte and frendly to man hys coÌ„plexion And therfore we haue found it valiente againste venim bothe whotte and colde and againste venimes that are contrarye to man his nature of the whole kinde It is founde also to moue the bellye and to staye the fluxe and therfore I surelye saye that as euery thinge emonge thinges engendering a common complexion whiche is called Complexio elementalis hathe morouer a proper hid nature whiche is of the whole kynde â–ª of hathe Theriaca beside and aboue the elementary complexion in that doinge and sufferinge of thinges enteringe together hys composition a hidde property against all kindes of venim to man his bodye contrarye And therfore it profiteth agaynste euerye venemous a posteme for the example and profite wherof I saye farther that there came to me in the Citye of Milaine a yonge man broughte by an Apothecarye hys frende hauynge Anthracem in the partes of the face whose malyce was so excedinglye encreased that the whole heade face and necke was incrediblye inflated and the sycke man was euen nowe in the signes of deathe For he hadde no pulse and also he swounded In so muche that I willed the Apothecarye to leade him home to hys house for he is a deade man And the Apothecarye sayd is ther then none other remedye wyth hym Then I a little bethinkynge my selfe saide Truelye if thou haddest of the best Triacle and gauest it him in great quantity perhaps he mighte yet liue but I beleue it not otherwise then verye doubtfullye The apothecarye then ledde hym to hys house scante able to goe and gaue to him of approued Triacle aboute ii drachmes and laide him in a bedde coueringe hym and immediatlye he felle into a swette whiche begane aboute the head and diseased place And wythin a while he swette ouer all and lo hys pulse returned and he was comforted And when hys swette was dryed vp the apothecarye of hys owne motion gaue to hym the same day one drachme more of the same Triacle and so was he healed sauynge that there remained on hym a certaine bladerye Ulcer whiche after was easilye cured And surelye I neuer sawe any other man escape after swoundinge tremblinge of the harte and whiche was the greatest maruelle wythoute pulse But I haue sene an infynite sorte that speaking and fealinge as it weare no grefe weare by me iudged to dye and haue died to the greate meruail of their frendes at the Prognostication And thus muche haue I sayde to thee of Triacle â–ª that thou mayste perchance throughe these woordes deliuer some man from deathe And I beseche the omnipotente God whose name be praysed for euer to graunte me synfulle man throughe his mercy that this my litle boke may be to his honour and the profite of his creatures But now to oure purpose After the comfortinge of the harte and euacuation of the matter the Carbuncle and Anthrax shall be ryped wyth their proper maturatiues wherof I wyl make mention in the ende of thys worke By the whyche remedyes all other furiouse apostâ—mes maye be cured namelye by comfortinge the harte and the member And after vlceration procede wyth the curations that shalle be geuen thee in the Chapiter of vlcers Of colde Apostemes Chapi .xv. COlde apostemes are healed wyth the purging of the bodye to the whych Trocisâ—us de Turbâ—tâ— is a specialle medicyne Whiche wâ—s of oure master as we wyll shewe in the antidotarye after the body is purged make resolution or maturation if râ—soâ—ution can not be madeâ— And in the antidotary thou shalte reade resolutiâ—â—s and maturatines for these apostemes Scrophules Glandules and Nodes And also mundificatiues for the apostemes called Botia ¶ The thirde parte of thys woorke conteineth three Chapiters namelye of Vlcers the Cancer and the Fistula Of Vlcers in generalle Chapi .i. VLcus and Vulnus doe manifestly dyffer â–ª for Vulnus is a wounde or a cutte newly made and an vlcer is a sore corrupte or oulde Althoughe in Phisicke it bee sometimes founde that an olde sore is of some named Vulnus but there Vulnus is taken for Plaga and not properly An Ulcer also differeth from the Cancer and Fistula eueÌ„ as Genus aspecie For euery Fistula is an Ulcer and so is euerye vlcered Cancer but not contrariwise and hereby shall the error of Rogerius Rolandus be manifested who saye that euerye wounde remaining vncured ii or .iii. monethes is not then Vulnus but is called Cancer or Fistula For all sores commyng of vlceratyng Pustules or of the coldnesse of the aer or of anye corruptyon or properlye speakinge by the incision of an aposteme and also all filthye and putrefied sores are vlcers And yet are they properlye neither Fistules nor Cancers For the Cancer and Fistula haue theyr proper differences where in they varye from vlcers as it shall appeare In Ulcers therfore there is some virulencye with
the emunctorye places And thirdlye for all apostemes generallye that growe in glandulous meÌ„bers Theodoricus also defineth it to be a great harde and depe collection of mater expelled from the principalle members to the places aforesayde wyth heate and burning But hereof in Lanfranke I finde no description And note that as of Guido it may be gathered this tumore to haue thys name Bubo of the Owle so called in Latine so is as well the herbe Aster atticus of the curinge Bubonem in the grindes called Bubonium as also those partes it receiuing Bubones Butyrum For the substance and nature of butter loke vnder Lac. Calx viua OR lime vnsleked dothe vehementlye burne and Cauterize But being vtterly extincted it remoueth the eschare and in processe of tyme it wyll make no eschare although it heat and liquify the flesh And being often washed it dryeth much wythout biting It is a kinde of ashes but of substance more subtil theÌ„ the ashes of woode The Grecians calle it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cancer OF the Aposteme Cancer whiche the Grekes calle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with hys causes sygnes and cure hath Lanfrancus so largely and sufficiently spoken that here nedeth no more therof be sayde but onlye to aduertise men of vnderstanding rather to beleue not onlye Lanfranke but also Galen then by fole hardinesse standinge to muche in theyr owne conceytes to deceyue them selues and others by takynge on them thynges vncurable 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est Cancer fluuiatilis The riuer Crabbe as it is a specialle medicine againste venim and the hurts made by virolente beastes so is it of power to draw out thornes and sliuers in the fleshe Cantharis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a certeyne flye of a grene colour Which being geuen wyth other mete diuretike medicines dothe purge the renes and helpeth the difficulty of pissing otherwise it dothe as wel exulcerate the blader inwardly as burne and blister the skin whersoeuer it be applied outwardly Caphura OF Camphora there is varietye of opinyon because the aunciente Grekes wryte not thereof neither anye saue only the Arabians For Platearius denieth it flatlye to be the gum of a tree affirminge it to be the iuyce of an herbe colde and drye in the fourthe degre But Pandactaâ—rius and Antonius Musa Brasauolus alledginge AuicermaÌ„ and Serapionem say it is the gum of a tree or rather saythe Brasauolus the pithe of the same colde and drye in the third degre of a redde and spotty coloure And is by sublimation as by the heate of the sunne or of fire made whyte erre it come to vs takinge the name Camfor amonge the Arabians of Paâ—zor the place where it groweth Or otherwyse because it will hardlye be kepte It coleth inflammations stayeth the fluxes of bloude of the hellye and of the eyes And healeth whot vlcers comforteth the senses and taketh awaye watchfulnesse And because it colynge as before in the third degre yet is easilye set on fyre and yeldeth a cleare flame and also because nothinge is more odoriferous Pandactarius moued belike wyth the common principle that euerye odoriferous thinge is also whotte accompted it a miracle contrarye to the minde of Galen who iudgeth them to erre that gesse the faculties of medicynes by theyr odores For neither is euerye thinge whotte saythe he that smelleth well neither dothe euerye thinge smell well that is whotte Neyther yet oughte any man to pronounce euerye thinge that stinketh coulde nor euerye colde thinge to haue a stynckinge sauore Carbunculus Loke for it vnder this worde Anthrax Cardamomum CArdamomum is of the later wryters distingued into ii kyndes Maius Minus Antonius Musa Brasauolus reconeth .iii. sedes to be amonge the Apotheries vnder that name extant but neither of them as he also noteth agreeth wyth Cardamomo-Dioscoridis who hauynge first shewed from whence it is broughte saythe thus It ought to be chosen whiche is fulle fastened and harde or toughe to be broken for that whiche is not so is iudged olde sharpe in taste and bitterish whose odore greueth the head With thys saythe Brasauolus agreeth iustlye bothe in descriptyon and facultyes Cardumeni Serapionis but so doe none of the former of the Apothecaryes and therfore menne thinke we haue it not Galenus measuringe the qualities of Cardamomum wyth the temperamente of Nasturtii saythe howe muche the more swete and fragrante it is then Nasturtio So muche the weaker is his facultye of heate neyther is it mete to vlcerate â–ª yet hathe it therewyth adioyned a certaine bitternesse wherby it killeth wormes and with vineger mundifieth scabbes strongly Loke more for this in Grana-paradisi Carnes variae THe ingenderinge of fleshe and what it is you maye reade in the nynthe Chapiter of the first treatice of myne Anatomy Fleshe sayeth Galen beinge well sodde maketh good bloude namelye if it be fleshe of good iuyce Of al meates Caro Suum nourisheth moste Carobubula also geueth not a litle nourishmente but is harde to put ouer bredeth bloude to grosse apt to cause melaÌ„cholike affectes And as to yong men in good habite of body the flesh of a grown hogge is better then a pigge so is veale better then beffe and kiddes flesh better then gotes fleshe whych are muche better easier concocted Lambes fleshe is very moist Phlegmatike but mutton maketh worse iuyce and more excrementes The gotes flesh hath a sharpe vicious iuyce Kiddes fleshe is not euel for old persons Caro hircorum is both of iuyce and concoction the worst The like may be sayde of beffe or rammes fleshe but of all these the gelded are the better as the olde fleshe is worse Hares fleshe bredeth grosse bloud but better iuyce then beffe Hartes flesh or buckes flesh is hard to concoct And make as euel iuyce as any of the rest therfore are Hartes flesh Gotes fleshe and beffe profitable neither for old nor yong To yoÌ„g men mutton is admitted though to old men it be not commodious and muche lesse lambes fleshe Euery kinde of flying foule geueth very litle nouryshment in respect of beastes The fleshe of soules is easye to concoct chiefly of that bird called Attagen which some thinke is the woodcoke The fleshe of the blacke bird the owsel the smal sparowes are harder but harder then they is the flesh of the turtle doue the wood doue the ducke But to conclude Cum Cibis etiam aâ—â—â—alium mutantur carnes That is the flesh of beastes fowles are altered by theyr fedinge And therfore are the birdes alowed that are conuersant on the swete hilles in the holesome grauelly woodes and plesant groues as suche as liue in marishes or â—ennes and fede in the water are vtterly eschued Caryophilli Loke at Garyophilli Causon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est febris ardens is one of the continuall feuers and hath to name
holownes whiche is taken in vessells and dryde The scāmonie is praised that is light cleare thinne of coloure most lyke to glewe of lether called Glutinum taurnium Like a musherum with fine pores or fistules suche as is brought frō Mysia a region of Asia And trust not it that will only ware white being touched with the tongue for so will that doe that is adulterate with the iuyce of Tithymali wherof the greatest token is that it burneth not the tongue vehemētly as the right Scāmonie doth One drachme of the iuyce drunke ex aqua pura uel muls◠purgeth downwards choler phlegme Mesues writing of fiue kindes of Volubilis or Conuoluulus describeth the fifth kynde therof whiche groweth in Antiochia Armenia Arabia Turchia to haue a roote like to Bryonia or bigger like a great gourde a stalke .ii. cubites lōg with little narowe leaues formed like a fethered arowe and falling of at euery light occasion hauyng more plentie of mylky iuyce then the reste wherof scāmonie is made and therfore is called the mistres of mylke geuing herbes It is hotte and drye in the seconde degree or rather with Galen in the begynning of the thyrde c. In the chapiter of Scammonium he sayeth that Scāmonie is of purgynge medicines the strongest And after he hath shewed diuers maners of gathering driyng workyng it in paste and sealyng it he sayeth that it should be cleare lyke gummes or whityshe or of dyuers colours chiefly that which floweth first The same touched or rubbed with spittell or water geueth mylke It ought also to be tender brittle and easye to be pouldered lyght and referring the propre odoure of the herbe but that good not stynkyng From the which notes howe muche the more it differeth so much the worse it is It may be kept twenty yeares but the older it is the weaker It is hotte and drye in the thyrde degree bytter and sharpe but not so sharpe as the herbe It cutteth scoureth and purgeth yelowe choler by attraction frō out the bloud euen from the extreme partes so muche is his furious vehemencie It hurteth the harte the stomache the liuer and the guttes and troubleth the other bowelles subuerteth the stomache taketh away appetyte moueth abhorfulnes stirreth thyrste and ought not to be geuē to cholerick persons and such as are apte to take feuers When it is taken heate colde colde frutes colde water long sleape exercise wrath and other vehement affections of the mynde ought to be aduoyded and so goeth he forth to the corrections of the same But nowe whether Scammonia Dioscoridis and Volubilis quinta Mesuae be one herbe vnder two names or not whose descriptions though beyng precysely examined they doe not exactly agree yet are they as you see of no small affinitie And may haue the more for that Mesues dispraiseth for nought both the herbe and the iuyce of his coūtry Wherof belyke he made his description or els perhaps of suche a one as he knewe not otherwyse then by reporte of others For so are ryghte well approued authores some tymes founde to doe I leaue it to the wise and learned to discusse rather then rashly to affirme any thyng wherof I haue neyther sensible knowledge nor iust assurance and that the rather because ryght worthy wryters doe leaue it in doubte But that Scammonium Dioscoridis is as vtterly out of vse as vnknowne there is no doubte For we haue none that maye in any wyse bee compared therto for our best may rather be adiudged Scammonium Iudaicum uel Syriacum whiche Dioscorides estemeth moste vile And farther .xv. graynes of the common Scammonium hath ben sene to purge the belly often or with dyuers stooles whiche by the testimonie of Dioscorides a whole drachme shoulde scarsly doe Wherfore Andreas Marinus wysheth vs diligently to serche out and prudently to vse our owne natiue medicines For we haue in our regions sayeth he medicines that if they were ryghtly knowne and prepared would purge muche more luckily then Scammonium or vnknowne Turbith For if the best beare with it so many nociue qualities as aboue is shewed what then doth the worste wherof we haue the vse Whiche truly moued Brasauolus to wyshe that it had neuer come to the handes of men as a thyng more hurtful then profitable Scarificatio SCarificatio uel cutis Sculptura englishly Scarfication is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoc est Sculpo Rado uel Scarifico to rase garse or scarifie the skynne Schoenanthum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi Schoeni uel Schini flos It is the floure of the swete rushe called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est iuncus odo ratus This rushe sayeth Dioscorides must be chosen redde and newe bearyng fyne flowres with redde fragmentes whiche beyng rubbed in the hande smelleth lyke the rose and byndeth the tongue with a fyery byting The flowres the stalkes and the rootes wherof are in vse The flowre sayeth Galen which we handle doth heate and bynde moderatly neyther lacketh it a subtill nature and therfore Vrinam menses mouet geuen in drinke or in fomentations and profiteth also the inflammations of the lyuer the stomache and the belly But the roote is more adstringente though the flowre also doe bynde with all his partes and therfore is myxed with medicines that are geuen for spytting of bloud Hitherto Galen And for as muche as these flowres are not now brought vnto vs yea and in Uenice rarely sene wherat our merueile may be the lesse synce Galen noteth thē in his time to be very rare The learned phisitiēs haue therfore councelled to vse The tenderest or vppermost partes of the herbe or rushe But our Apothecaries saye they goynge to Uenise are deceyued in Iunco odorato buye eyther in the steade therof or mixed therwith certeyne tender strigges of Iunci◠palustris that is the marshe rushe or rushe of the fennes It is commonly called Pastum uel palca Camellorum or Camelles strawe Scilla 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 called also of some Scylla Cepe muris Cepa marina of the Apothecaries Squilla in englyshe squille or sea onyon hath sharpe feruent and cutting power and heateth in the second degree It mollifieth the belly moueth vrine is good for the hydropsie for the iaundis for the paynes of the belly and the olde cough Whervnto it helpeth much by the minde of Galen to be rosted or sodde rather then rawe for so is his vehemencie diminished Hereof see more in D. Turners herball Scirrhus ▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est durities writen of old Sclirosis is as I gat her of Galen in diuers places a tumore against nature and an affecte of harde and thicke partes Whiche yet to take the lyuer the splene are moste readye harde without peyne and sometyme without sense Whos 's fyrste cause sayeth he in his booke of tumores against nature is double as of grosse toughe phlegme and of the
it behoueth the Chirurgien to haue respecte howe he maketh incisions as in opening of apostemes or otherwise in these places For whye for as muche as all the muscles synewes tendones arteryes and veines of this place namely from the shoulders to the endes of the fingers goe and procede after the lengthe it requireth that the incisions and cauteries of those places shoulde be done alwaies accordinge to the procedynge of the aforsaide members in lengthe And it semeth that the veine Cephalica whyche is in the bought of the arme and sheweth hym selfe in the vpper focile goinge for the betwene the thumbe and the forefinger serueth to the head and the partes therof And likewise the veine that is in the lower parte of the bought of the arme called Basilica whose branche as I saide before appeareth betwene the litle finger and the ringe finger and there is named Saluatella serueth to the liuer and the splene because it procedeth from a parte of the veine that nurisheth the lower members And also the coÌ„mon veine whych apeareth in the midest of the bought of the arme semeth to serue both to the vpper and the nether partes and that because he groweth bothe of the shoulder veine called Humeralis and of the arme hole veyne called Axillaris as it euidently appereth And note that all the veines here specified procede of that parte of Vena concaua that ascendeth vp to the hart putting forthe one greate braunche into the holownesse of the same And after so ascendinge is yet deuided on eche syde into .ii. branches of the whiche one branche spredeth to all the rybbes to Pleura Diaphragma nourishing them The other goeth to the fore parte of the brest and so to the place of the furcle where it is againe triplye deuided Wherof one braunche ascendynge by the necke vp to the heade is deuyded into all partes of the same The seconde goeth to the shoulder and the thirde to the arme hole Of whyche two doe procede all the deuisyons whose names and places of section are here declared wherby it appeareth what coligance and vnity these veines haue with the heade the hart and the liuer THE THIRDE PARTE OF Anatomy which sheweth the shape forme of the furcules and of the ribbes of the brest and the chine bone of that part vnto the mouthe of the stomache The .i. Chapiter ¶ Of the brest and the .xii. turninge ioyntes of that region wyth the rybbes and other bones and partes as Pleura c. VNder the throte in the foreparte therof are ordeined the .ii. bones called Claues Furculae and of some Iugula in english the canell bones which he round wythout and holowe wythin And they are fastened at the one end in the shoulder as I haue shewed in the. ii chapiter At the other end they are fastened together with the vppermoste parte of the brest at the pit of the throte At which pit beginneth the region of the brest holdinge in the forepart of Pectorale called of Galen Sternon whych is constytute but of iii. bones althoughe some number them vii as you se Lanfranke doth accordinge to the. vii longe ribbes of eche side ioyning to them whiche are in dede fastened to those ribbes eche of them to other with a gristelly substance that extendeth it self with a sceâ—lder flexible poynt beneathe those bones like the poynt of a sworde ouer the mouthe of the stomach and therfore is called of dyuers authors in greke Xiphocides and in latin Scutiformis or Ensiformis Whiche by his bowing geueth roume to the stomache and yet by his gristlye hardnesse defendeth it from hurt And in that place or nighe to the same beneth is the mouth of the stomache And this lengthe with the knittinges together of gristlye substances and the makinge of these bones wyth the ribbes in the ridges is proprelye called the brest in Greke Thorax and in Latine Pectus And of rybâ—es there are on eche side .xii. called Costae whyche are fastened wyth xii of the spondils whiche are proprelye the sponâ—ils of the brest and called therefore Metaphreni Vertebrae as the nexte of the spondilles downe warde whiche be .v. in number are called Lumborum Vertebrae the spondilles of the reines And those xii ribbes are bowinge in the maner of halfe a compasse of the which there are vii called Costae Verae which beinge fastened at the hynder endes wyth the spondilles of the backe are byggest in the myddest whose former endes are fastened wyth the gristles of the. iii. bones of Sternon v. of those xii rybbes are shorte and reche not to Sternon as doe the other vii but are only fastened in the spondilles behynde therfore called Costae Spuriae in English fals ribbes or backwarde rybbes because when the formoste endes of them be bowed downe they bow vpward againe For they haue no fastening at the fore endes as haue the. vii greate ribbes whyche are fastened as I sayde ere while wyth the bones of the brest and take their knittinges of them note that alonge the syde vnder or within these ribbes is a pannycle or skyn called Pleura wherin is engendered the inflaÌ„mation called Pleuritis and in Englyshe the pleurisye The. ii Chapiter ¶ Of the hearte ANd wythin those bones that is to saye the bones of the brest the rybbes and the spondilles of the same wythin the holownesse that is made of them I saye is the heart named in Greeke Cardia and in Latyne Cor confyrmed and sette Whiche because he is the pryncipall member of all other members and the beginning of life is thus sette in the myddest of the breaste as â—orde and kinge to all the rest of whome he is obeyed and serued as a prince of hys subiectes And the hearte hathe bloude in hys owne substance wheras all other members haue it but in arteries and veines and in the hearte is the nutrityue bloude made liuelye spirite and caried forth in the arteries whiche in the hearte haue theyr beginnynge as I sayd sufficiently in the firste treatise And the heart is couered with a stronge pannicle called of the latines Capsula cordis and of the Grecians Pericardion And from the hearte procedeth the greate arterie whiche is called in latine Arteria magna from whome brauncheth and procedeth all the other arteries that are in anye member of the bodye by whiche meanes the spirite of life is caried to all the members of the same as it is sufficientlye saide in the firste treatise and the. vii chapiter And the hearte is an offyciall member spermatike and of a lacertous substance The greate ende wherof in his being leaneth and inclineth moste vnto the ryghte syde and the small ende leaneth moste vnto the lefte syde And in the hearte haue the venall arterye and the arteriall veine their begynninges of whose processes and offices I speake immediatlye