colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of
of a Synocha with putrifaction OF the Nature of a Fâ—ver Chap. 1. p. 1. Of the causes of Fevers in general ch 2. p. 3. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general ch 3. p. 4. Of the differences of Fevers in general ch 4. p. 5. Of the Cure of Fevers in general ch 5. p. 6. Of the Fever Ephemera ch 6 p. 6. Of an Ephera of more days and of a Synocha without putrifaction ch 7. p. 10. BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers OF putred Fevers in general ch p. 12. Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 2. p. 15 Of the signâ— of putred Fevers in general ch 3. p. 16 Of the Cure of putred Fevers in general ch 4 p. 17. Of breathing of a Vein ch 5. p 18 Of Purging ch 6. p. 19 Of co-coction and separation of Humors ch 7. p 22 Of Sudoâ—ificks and Diureticks ch 8. p. 23 Of Diet in putred Fevers ch 9. p. 24 Of the differences of putred Fevers ch 10. p. 27 Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular ch 11. p. 28 Of a Causus or Burning Fever ch 12. p. 31 Of continued periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ch 13. p. 33 Of a continued Quotidian ch 14. p. 36 Of the Fever Epiala p. 38 Of the â—yncopal Fever p. 39 Of a continued Quartan ch 15. p 40 Of Symptomatical Fevers ch 16. p. 41 Of Intermitting Fevers in general ch 17. p. 46 Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian ch 18. p. 55 Of a Quotidian Intermittent ch 19 p. 61 Of an intermitting Quartan ch 20. p. 62. Of compound Fevers and Semi-tertians ch 21. p. 67 BOOK III. Of a Hectick Fever OF the nature of a Hectick Fever ch 1. p. 71 Of the signs of a Hectick Fever ch 2. p. 72 Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever ch 3. p. 73 BOOK IV. Of the Plague and of Pestilential and malignant Fevers OF the Nature of the Pestilence ch 1. p. 75 Of the causes of the Pestilence ch 2. p. 77 Of Contagion ch 3. p. 79 Of the signs of the Plague ch 4. p. 81 Of preservation from the Pestilence ch 5. p. 82 Of the Cure of the Pestilence ch 6. p. 85 Of the nature of a pestilent and malignant Fever and the difference of them from the Plague ch 7. p 89 To what kind of Fevers pestilent and malignant ones pâ—rtain ch 8. p 90. Causes of a pestilent malignant Fever ch 9. p 91 Signs of malignant and pestilent Fevers ch 10 p. 92 Of the cure of malignant and pestilential Fevers in general ch 11. p 93 Of a malignant Fever with the Measles and Small Pox ch 12. p. 97. Of the Spotted Fever ch 13. p. 105 Of the English Sweat ch 14. p. 108 Of the Vngarick Disease ch 15. p. 110 Of a malignant Fever with the Cramp ch 16. p. 114 Of a malignant Fever with a Catarrh and a Cough and the Squincy ch 17. p. 116 Of the Cure of Symptomatical Fevers ch 18. p 118 Book I. Of Fevers in General and of an Ephemera and of a Synocha with Putrefaction CHAP. I. Of the Nature of a Fever THat which is called by the Latines a Fever The name of a Fever by the Greeks from fire is called the fiery distemper Hippocrates plainly calls it fire if it be very vehement as being by the consent of all men a hot distemper For although some Germans call it Daskalte yet that appellation belongs not to every Fever neither doth it express the nature of a Fever but only signifieth Cold An intermitting Fever may be so called A Fever is a hot distemper of the whole body atising from heat kindled contrary to nature in the heart It s definition and nature and by the mediation of the Blood and Spirits conveyed through the veins and arteries to all the parts and hindring natural actions unless it be prevented For a Fever is generated when as Galen 1. Aphor. 14. hath it The native heat is become fiery Generation of it For seeing that all the parts of the body have a certain temperature and all of them are actually hot every one according to its own degree and thereby are rendered fit to perform natural actions If in the heart from whence the vital heat is diffused over all the parts of the body each part receiving its due temper from thence a certain preter-natural heat be kindled and spread over the whole body so that to the natural temperature of the parts some degrees of preter-natural heat are added and that actual heat shall be increased a certain excess of heat and a hot distemper is kindled in the whole body which is called a Fever Which distemper indeed formaliter as some say is contrary to nature and is called a Fever but materialiter 't is not altogether contrary to nature for unless there had been before some degrees of natural heat extant the supervenient heat could not constitute this degree of heat And indeed a hot distemper only constitutes a Fever Driness is no part of the Essence of a Fever for although all fevourish heat tend to driness yet that driness is not sickness in all Fevers neither is the body by fevourish heat rendred unfit to perform its natural actions it is so by driness in every Fever that the natural actions are hindred but although the fevourish heat always tend to driness yet oftentimes the disposition of the body wherein that heat acteth and moisture therewithal hinders the production of a disease by driness The adequate Subject of a Fever is the whole body The Subject or certainly most of its parts but the principal is the heart as being that wherein that heat is first kindled and from thence communicated to all the other parts of the body unless it be hindred nor can a Fever be generated unless the heart first become hot Indeed the whole body is the Subject of a Fever in regard of the similiar parts and as it is indued with actual heat which is as it were kindled by the innate and influent heat For this heat when it is changed and converted into a fiery heat from a temperate and moderate a Fever is stirred up The immediate cause of a Fever is heat kindled in the heart contrary to nature The proximate cause and diffused over all the body For as the heart whilest it is well and according to nature is the fountain of natural heat and disperseth the same over all the body so if it grow hot contrary to nature it distributes that unnatural heat over all the parts For although a Fever may be kindled by the inflamation of other parts likewise yet that happens not unless that heat be first sent to the heart and afterwards from thence to all the parts of the body whence it comes to pass that in every Fever the Pulse is changed Nevertheless every kind of heat in the heart is not sufficient to
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ— imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâ—gs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent â—ace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâ—st by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the â—ungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâ—st place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
here you are to be admonished Whether mens manners are according to their temperature that those things which are spoken of signes of the moral actions by Physitians are not of acquired manners and such as are compleated by education discipline and custome but are to be understood of the native and congenite manners which Galen calls Hormas and when Physitians tell us that manners follow the constitution of the body that is to be taken of the native and ingenite manners not such as are acquired CHAP. V. Of the signs of the constitution of the Liver IF the Liver be temperate Signs of a temperate Liver the habit of the whole body is in the middle betwixt being too fat and too lean the colour of the body is rosie and for the most part the rest of the signs appear which are found in a temperate body the Urine is excellent If the Liver be too hot Of a hot yellow Choller abounds and in middle age black or chollerick and adust blood the Veins are broad and ample the whole body more hot the Belly and Hypocondries rough and hairy and those which have such a constitution of Liver are carried away by pleasures especially by meat and drink they are offended with hot meats and drinks and hot air but cold air and cold meat and drink help them their Panch is dry they are thirsty unless the coldness and moisture of the stomach hinder it and they are very obnoxious to het diseases In a cold Liver all things are contrary the veins are strait Of a cold the blood colder and hence the whole body colder except the heat of the Heart hinder it the belly smooth The signs of a dry Liver Of a dry are little blood and thick hard veins and the habit of the whole body thin or lean The signs of a moist Liver Of a moist are abundance of blood and that thin and watrish and the whole body more moist The signs of a hot and dry are amplitude and hardness of veins Of a hot and dry and hotter blood thicker and dryer the Hypocondris are exceeding rough and the whole body hotter and dryer But if the Liver be hot and moist Hot and moist more store of blood is generated and that of an indifferent consistence the veins are great and broad and soft and the habit of the whole body moister and softer the Hypocondries hairy enough and if either quality do much exceed those who have such a constitution fall into many diseases which proceed from putrefaction If the Liver be more cold and moist Cold and moist crude and pituitous blood is generated the veins are narrow and the whole body if the heart hinder it not is colder and moister and the Hypocondries are void of hair Moreover the signs of a cold and dry Liver are little blood and so the nutrition not so happy Cold and dry less store of hair and the whole body is colder and dryer unless perchance the heart do correct the frigidity of the Liver CHAP. VI. Of the signs of the temperature of the Testicles THose whose Testicles are in good temper are fruitful those whose Stones are too hot are lecherous Signs of temperate Testicles Hot. and apt for Venus betimes and fruitful also and beget boyes and they also have hair in their privy parts betimes and have beards also very young Those who have cold Stones are not apt for Venus Cold. nor fruitful and if they do generate they rather procreate Females then Males and their genital parts are more bald and have lesse hair and they slowly or never put forth a beard Those who have moist abound with much seed Moist but watry and have broad beards Those who have dry ones generate little seed Dry. and that indifferent thick and are apt to have little beards Those who have hot and dry Testicles generate thick seed and are fruitful and are timely stirr'd up to Venus Hot and dry and yet are easily hurt by Venue they beget Males unless the sluggish nature of the woman hinder it hair comes betimes in the genitalls and plentifully and in all the parts neer upwards in the parts nigh the Navel downwards to the middle of the Thighs Those who have heat and moisture Hot and moist do more abound with seed they affect Venus moderately and can easily brook it if the constitution of the rest of the body agree nay sometimes they are offended by retaining of the seed they generate as well Males as Females and are no so rough about the Genitals Those whose Testicles are cold and moist begin to use Venus late Cold and moist neither are they prone to Venus and they are also unfruitful or if they generate fruitful seed 't is more fit to procreate Females then Males and the seed is thin and watry Lastly Cold and dry those that have cold and dry Stones Generate thick seed and but little and are more hurt after Coition then cold and moist ones CHAP. VII Of the signs of the constitution of the stomach A Temperate Stomach shews it selfe moderate in all things Signs of a temperate Stomach it desires so much as it can concoct and concoct it well and neither corrupts soft meats which are easie to be digested noâ— leaves hard meats unconcocted and crude nor is it easily hurt by meat that overwhelms it But a hot Stomach concocts better then it desires Of a hot it digesteth meat hard and difficult to be concocted happily bur on the other side it corrupts soft meats and such as are easie to be digested and brings forth a nitrous crudity 't is delighted with hot meats and drink and that so powerfully that it is not hurt by the moderate use of cold things but is preserved from the farthest decay which will be preserved by heat Thirst is greater then the desire of meat A colder Stomach more greedily desires then it can concoct Cold. and principally cold meats and such as are hard to be digested are not easily well concocted by it but easily grow sower in it and a little after eating pleantifully a sense of heaviness is perceived about the Stomach and floating and loathing and sometimes vomit A moist Stomach doth not easily thirst Scoist it is not easily hurt by much drinking ' tis-delighted with moist food and easily brooks hunger A dryer Stomach is more thirsty Dry yet unless the thirst arise from some part neer thereunto it is hurt by too much drink it desires dry meat From these signs of the simple constitutions of the Stomach may easily be collected the signs of the mixt construtions CHAP. VIII Of the signs of the constitution of the Lungs THose who have hot Lungs do much dilate their brests in breathing they are thirsty Signs of hot Lungs and the thirst is not allayed unless it be in long time and with cold things Cold Lungs are much
is a signe it comes from the stomack or that it is not the substance it self but that which it contained in it and is familiar to it that is so ejected so meat drink or chile cast out by reason of a wound shews that the stomack is proforated or that the guts are too thin and if the stomack be hurt the sick wil belch much if the guts the wind goes out by the seat urine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound shews that the bladder uriters or reins are hurt but which of these parts are affected the scituation of the wound discovers The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound shews that the guts especially the thick are hurt So also of other parts But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts the quality of the excrement and manner of its coming out shews which is the part affected if the blood be thinner hotter more florid and comes out leaping it shews that the arterie is cut but if it be thicker and comes out without leaping or dauncing it shews that the veins are hurt blood that comes from the paunch shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed shews that the liver is affected if any come forth only by spitting it shews that the mouth or parts next to it are affected unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth if by spittle the chaps or larynx are affected if by cough the wind-pipe or lungs so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head if by vomit the throat and stomack so that it come not into the stomack from the liver or spleene or other parts adjacent The quantity also of excrements afford signes if much blood is cast out it is a Token of an affect of the lungs if little of the wind pipe That blood which flows from the reins is more from the bladder less Moreover order in excrements is a token of the place affected if first blood and afterwards dreggs are cast out it signifies that the fundament or some gut is affected within if first dreggs come forth afterwards blood it shews the guts are thin or the parts above them are affected so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before it shews there is an ulcer in the gut colon if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated Thirdly Qualities changed qualities changed also affords signes of places affected red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs the colour of the body but principally of the face pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right the flesh and skin being yellow in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted a filthy smel exhaling from the nostrils shews that the parts within the nostrils are affected if from the mouth it shews that the teeth chops lungs or stomack are affected if from a wound of the paunch it signifies that the guts are wounded hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected of the left that the spleen is affected Lastly certain diseases pertain to effects following other diseases of the place affected which are therefore called symptomatick or familiar and are discoverers of the primary disease Signes of parts affected by consent But least that we should erre in knowing the place affected by the actions hurt and should take the part which is hurt by consent for the primary affects First the anatomy and functions of mans body and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves arteries and veins and from what parts it can send any thing to them and receive any thing through them therefore if in a member sense or motion be hindred and the part suffer no ill we must observe what nerves are inserted therein what muscles move it and whence those muscles take the nerves and t is to be enquired whether those parts have suffered any evil so a nerve being hurt t is easily communicated to the braine the evils of the arteries to the heart the hurts of the veins to the liver and again the braine being affected sence and motion is hurt the heart the vital actions are hurt nutrition is weakned through default of the liver Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt or by consent of other parts that is known first from â—he precedent causes Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause but a part with which it hath consent hath suffered some evil t is probable that that part is affected by consent Secondly if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member that by increasing of the one the other increased and by the decrease thereof it be diminished and that ceasing it caseth it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent but from that part where the disease first declined it shews that to be the part affected by consent but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect but for the most part by intervals fourthly if two parts are together affected and by applying things that are helpfull to the one or hurtfull the other be helpt or hurt t is an argument that t is an affect by consent Signe that the head is affected But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected yet that for example sake we may add some in particular first Animall actions hurt afford signes of diseases of the head and braine whither they are diminished or depraved yet this is to be noted of the externall senses and motion hurt since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions but only supplyes animall Spirits t is to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain or in the proper Organ the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected The signes of diseases of the heart Of the heart for the most part are taken from vitall actions and the qualities changed of the body Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth palpitation of the heart the pulses much changed for according as the heart is so is the heate and colour in the whole body The signes of the liver affected Of the liver are first when its action is hurt which is Sanguification a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford moreover when the habit of the body is changed and their is an ill colour of the the whole body and penury of blood is in the veins sometimes also by default of the spleen or by reason of excrements regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins the colour of the whole body is changed thirdly distribution of blood
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
to be ejected by the panch that being closed 't is cast out of the mouth with the meat For the other publike concoction Symptomes of Sanguification which is made in the Liver Sanguification is either abolished when for the most part there is no change of the Chyle and in stead of good blood serous and Petuitous is generated or else it is diminished when halfe raw blood is elaborated or it is depraved when hot and adust blood is generated The Symptomes which belong to the evacuation of the excrements of the second concoction Symptomes about making Water Iscury Dusury A Strangury Incontinency of Urin. Diabetes Bad milk are an Iscury or suppression of Urine or stopping of Water or a Dusury or difficulty in making Water a Strangury or dropping of Urine when it comes away drop by drop and that there is a continual irritation to expel Urine Incontinence of Urine is when it goeth from us against our wills Diabetes or plentiful making Water is when whatsoever is drunk cometh away by Urine not changed at all or altered very little Hitherto belong the Symptomes which belong to the generation of milk when too much or none or not enough is generated or it proves scurvey and is coagulated and curdled Hitherto we refer the Symptomes Gonorhaea Flux of Months which belong to the other concoctions as the running of the Reins suppressions of Courses diminishing dropping flowing in too great plenty the Flux of the Womb. Increasing is hindered when either the whole body Symptomes of encreasing or some part is not encreased enough and ceaseth to encrease before it comes to its just magnitude or it encreaseth too much and grows to too great a bigness Lastly there are some hurts of the generative faculty Symptomes of generation for generation is either taken away when no Children are generated or diminished when few and weak ones are begotten or depraved when Monsters or a Cripple or any way an imperfect thing is begotten and because to the generation of mankind there is required male and female joyned hitherto belongs impotency in men extinction of lust in women barrennesse and other Symptomes of this kind CHAP. V. Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty FOr the Symptomes of the vital faculty there is a palpitation of the heart a Lypothymy Palpitation of heart or an absence of Spirits for a short time or an Aphyxy or no Pulse Palpitation of the heart is when there is a depraved motion of it swifter then it ought to be when the heart leaps and strives to fly from that which troubles it A Lypothymy A Lypothymy or want of vital spirits is when the Pulse beats swift on a sudden and then ceaseth to beat at all or is suddenly taken away with a small slow and weak Pulse to which some add an Eclusie or absense of the vital soule A Syncope again is a motion depraved A swooning Absence of Pulse when the Pulse is much lesser slower and weaker then a Lypothymy An Asphuxy is a total absence as it were of the Pulse and the highest degree of swooning and neerest to death of the other preternatural differences of Pulses we will speak in another place Respiration which is caused by the heart Respiration hurt Taken away Depraved Shortbreathing Shorter Shortest either is wholly taken away Which Symptome the Greeks call Apnoia or is depraved which they call Dyspnoia besides these the respiration is either too great or too small too often or too seldome too swift or too slow equal or unequal And lasty of swift and slow breathings there are some differences according to more and lesse for the first degree is a Dusopme the second is an Asthma the third is an Orthopnie when the sick are forced to fit upright to breath Of the Symptomes of the external senses FOr as much as belongs to the external senses Symptomes of sight first of the sight that either is wholly lost as in blindness the Disease called Amagrosis or it is diminished in the disease which is called Ambluopia and dimnesse of sight or Muopia which is to see as Mice do that is to discern objects which are neer us and seeming lesse to us then they are Depravation of sight Nutolopea is when any one sees well by day but very bad in the evening and not by night or the sight is depraved When these things which are white seem red or yellow those things which are strait crooked those things which are whole seem halfe and perforated those things which are single double when Cobwebs appear before the eyes and Flyes and Gnats when shinings and glistnings appear which the Greeks call Marmarugase The hearing is either taken away Symptomes of hearing which disease is called Deafness when the diseased can neither hear a great nor smal sound or it is diminished when loud sounds are heard but with difficulty small sounds not at all which disease is called hardnesse of hearing the Greek name Barucoia Ducecoia Hypocophosis or it is depraved when there is a hiding in the ears which disease the Greeks call Ecos and Sorigmos i. c. a hiding a whistling a hissing The smel is hurt when it is abolished Symptomes of smelling diminished or depraved when things seem to stink have in them no ill smell Moreover the taste is either plainly taken away or else diminished or depraved Of tasting when a thing seems to taste otherwise then it doth The touch is either wholly lost and can feel nothing or is diminished Of feeling which is called Numness or 't is depraved as in pain or itching hitherto also belongs want of sense in the teeth CHAP. VII Of the Symptomes of the Internal senses THe Symptomes of the Internal senses are watchings and sleepings when either of them are contrary to nature Symptomes of the common sense Too much watching Too much sleep as likewise dreams the error in watchings are when men either sleep not at all for a long time or if they do they sleep too little Sleep is opposite to watching if it be too much which comes to passe when it is natural but not absolutely such but longer either from the repletion of the head by vapours and exhalations as in drunkenness or by the consuming of the heat and spirits through too much labour But preternatural sleep is such as doth proceed from a morbifique cause which is a Cataphora or a Coâ—na that is a diminution of the action of the common sense which as it were a wreathing neither suffers the Animal Spirits to be diffused into the external senses nor being entertained by them doth know and judge aright of other objects A Coma is two-fold Coma two-fold Somnolent Vigilant somnolent and vigilant somnolent is that which is oftentimes called an absolute Coma with which disease those that are affected the eyes being shut do sleep sound and too much but a vigil is when the sick have a
latter is occasioned two wayes either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine 't is necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine or because although the vital spirit be good and pure neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious which changeth the pure vital spirit into a black animal spirit The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual solitation Of mad Love to which anger is often joined arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so or seem so to be for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person nor can the mind of a man be compelled to love that which he is unwilling to love and that Philtra doth not cause love but madnesse also as experience often teacheth The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits Madnssâ—e such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine or hot vapours mingled therewith which black Choller will set foreward sometimes in the veins of the head only other times in the whole body especially in those that are great with child and when it resides about the womb whether they are generated of fervent blood or adust colour or dryed Melancholy The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves is called Lycanthropie Lycanthropie if it proceed from a natural cause and not from the Devil It ariseth from the depravation of the imagination and ratiocination and the blood of living creatures being drunk may be very powerful to cause the same yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us by spittle by receiving their breath with our mouths by eating the flesh of ravenous animals whence Wolf-madness also Dog-madness and Badger-madness do arise as Hydrophobie which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body but principally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Physitians do witness and then the disease is not to be referred to madness because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures do not appear in these but onely the diâ—eased are adverse to all liquid things and neither can swallow liquid things but also at the sight and noise of them they fall in danger of swooning and death which nature is peculiar to this poyson nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities But the disease of Tarantators Of Tarantulas and a company of S. Viti occasioned by the venemous biting of a Tarantula and the Chorea of S. Viti so called hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Taâ—antula begotten in mans body and indeed is the cause of the Symptomes of the rest of the poysons in general but because they dance in this manner that is proper to this poyson onely neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occuâ—â— manner by the force of musick and this little creature is harmoneous and delights in musick CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty IN the first place the cause of a Palsie Cause of the Palsie or deprivation of motion in one part or more is the defect of animal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine as happens in an Apoplexy sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion and sense therein they are not admitted through default of the Nerves and spinal Marrow namely when they endure some cold distemper and moist especially yet sometimes hot and dry or are dull or are cut or knockt or beaten or are made narrower or by obstruction or compression by reason of some humor or tumor or tubercle whether they are in the Nerves themselves as after wounds of the Nerves and contusions of the same scars do arise or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion by a stroak or a fall by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres or being bound Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion Cause of taking away motion the cause whereof besides that of the Nerves even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion a vitious disposition and disease namely if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move oâ— cannot rightly be removed out of their place through ill conformation fracture relaxation if the ligaments which come about the joints and continue in motion in a natural state are broken cut asunder eroded attenuated or become softer or on the contrary are dryed hardned and filled witk a hard and knoty substance if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much and their native heat be as it were dulled or moistned by some humour contrary to nature or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned if any tumor knot bunch hard flesh ariseth in them if they are wounded if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion that they become longer then they were or wont to be or as it were broken with bonds or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles and parts appointed for animal motion Of Laziness but since this slownesse is two-fold voluntary and against our wills the one comes without much exercise and labour from vitious humours burning the parts appointed for motion the other which is also called Excicrative comes after too much labour and motion the parts serving for motion being dried and the spirits consumed The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty Of Trembling which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength and some defect of animal spirits whether they are not generated by reason of some distemper of the brain or defect of the vital spirits either scattered or consumed both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations long fasting watchings long and tedious sicknesse too much Venery or through diseases of the Nerves as distemper especially cold contracted by what meanes soever or want or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives or by straitnesse but lesse then in a Palsie The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the expulsive faculty Of
is hindred which is known by the leannesse of the body and flux of the belly fourthly a perception of gravity in the right Hypocondrie as also a tumour encompassing the liver When the stomach is ill disposed t is known by its Of the Stomach actions hindred such are the appetite hurt the concoction vitiated which is perceived because those that are sick either are sensible of paine after meate or the stomach is blown up with wind or are troubled with belching loathing vomiting also if the dejection be slower or swifter without any fault of the liver then is fit the stomach is to be suspected Of the brest The first signe that the brest is affected is difficulty of breathing the second a cough the third paine lastly those things which come out by coughing as blood quitture Lastly Of the windpipe the signes of the affects of the Windpipe are the same but principally they are taken from the change of the voice somtimes also a cough is joyned more may be read of these things in the practicall part CHAP V. How to know Symptomes ALthough Symptomes for the most part are obvious to the senses Signes of Symptomes Of the naturall faculty lying hid yet somtimes they lye hid and had need have signes which are taken from causes and effects nutrition if it be not rightly performed the body is extenuated and growes leane if augmentation be not rightly perfected the body is lesse nourished if the generative faculty be hurt either none or weake Children are generated attraction and retention being hurt are known from their effects especially digestion is known by the excrements of its concoction so that which is in the stomach by the dregs of the belly that which is in the liver and veines by the urine those excrements which are in the brest by the spittle lastly the expulsive faculty is known to be hurt if those things are retained which ought to be expelled The vitall faculty is known to be hurt by the changed pulse of the heart and Arteries Of the vitall Of the animall As for the animall faculty the Physitian knows the depravation of the principall faculties from the words and deeds which are different from comlinesse and congruity In the same manner also other animall actions may be known to be hurt from their effects THE THIRD BOOK PART THE THIRD Of the Prognostick SIGNS CHAP. I. Of the severall kinds of Prognostick Signes YEt there remains the Prognostick Signs by which we may know those things which are to come Of what things are to be foreknown in the sick which may happen to thesick For the Physitian ought especially to know before hand three things concerning the Patient First what the event or the end of the disease will be Secondly at or about what time the disease will have an end Thirdly how or by what means Of Prognostick signs Of each of these before we speak in particular we must speak in generall of the Prognostick Signs and we will premise some things of knowing the times of diseases Namely some signs are of crudity and concoction others of life and death others criticall or judicatory The signs of concoction and crudity are Urines Of concection of crudity of life and death Criticall Excrements of the Paunch spirtings and spaulings and catharrous matter The signs of life and death are those which are sent forth with Urine and Excrements of the Paunch also swears easie and difficult respiration easie or difficult induring of the disease the pulse the face and comly lying down like unto what they were wont and the contrary to these Moreover criticall signs are such as shew sudden mutation and perturbation and some of these are both signs and causes as Vomit Excrements of the Paunch much Urinc blood flowing from the Nose the Parotides or swelling of the Gumms or about the Chops setling of humours in one place and then in another which are called dissolving by Hippocrates because they put away the disease some are only signes of a Delirium watching stupidity paine of the head difficulty of perception out of quiet difficulty of breathing and darkness arising and appearing before the eyes a noise of the eares shinings before the eyes unvoluntary teares a troublesome night without any reason agitation of the lower lip great stifness the face and eyes looking red a retraction of the Hypocondries a loathing but there is not the same force and reason of all these signes the signes of concoction are never ill at what time soever they appeare nay the sooner they appear the betterr but judicatory Signes are not accounted good unless in the height or state of a Disease so neither are those good which are wont to indicate those in the beginning of a Disease Signes of concoction some are proper to one sort of diseases as spittle to the diseases of the breast others are common to many kind of diseases such as Hyppocrates 1. Aphor. 12. reckons the Urine excrements of the Paunch sweats The excrements of the belly are signes of that concoction which is perfected in the belly but the Urine of the concoction which is made in the Liver and arterious vein For when the Urines afford proper signes of the parts through which they pass as of the Reines Arteries Bladder Yard we must have a care least we are deceived in univerfall and acute diseases by those particular and proper signes of those parts and what is spoken of Urines may also be said of excrements of the Paunch CHAP. II. Of those kinds of Signes by which the times of Diseases may be known IT is exceeding profitable to know the times of diseases Signs of the times of diseases but especially the state but the signes of times are taken first from the form and Idea secondly from the time of the year and other such like things Thirdly from the comings or fits and circuits increasing and decreasing Fourthly from the Symptomes of diseases or from the Essence and Idea the causes and those things that precede the disease and by the Symptomes and those things that accompany a Disease As to the form of a Disease From the Idea of a disease by how much the motion of a Disease is swifter by so much it is nigher to its height and is a token that the Disease will be shorter but by how much the flower the Disease is moved by so much the more remote it is from the state Secondly Time of the year Region Temperant of bodies In respect of dyet that Disease which happens in the Summer is neerer to its height that which happens in the Winter is more remote In hot Regions Diseases are more acute and short but in cold longer those that are hotter by nature are subject to hotter Diseases and so shorter those that are colder to more cold and consequently more lasting hotter and dryer Victuals generate hot humours and thereby shorter Diseases colder and moister
softest and hardest next the most frequent but not swift nor great only amongst extreames the most vehement is the best yet we must diligently observe alwayes whither the change of the pulse arise from the disease or come from externall causes Hereunto belongs the Palpitation of the heart swounding and falling downe as it were dead which indicate dejection of the vitall faculty and great danger if they happen through some disease of the heart it selfe Respiration Respiration of it be naturall signifies neither the brest nor heart not midriffe to be any way affected with paine nor any adjacent parts Galen 1. prog Apho. 25. and moreover it hath great force in signifying tokens of health when one is sick in a feaver especially if other good signes are present Hip. ib. on the contrary preternaturally respiration although it be not allwayes mortall yet t is alwayes evill but worst of all if it be joyned with other ill signes great and swift breathings signifie great store of fuliginous vapours yet the organs apt and the faculty hitherto strong a great and slow pulse happens only to those that are disturbed in mind a great and frequent pulse snew pain or inflamation of the part serving for breathing little and swift respiration shews plenty of fuliginous excrements but with paine or inflamation of some of the organs appointed for breathing a little and slow pulse shews not many vapours with paine or inflamation of some instrument of respiration and with other ill signes portends not a little danger little and obscure respiration is perpetually evill and signifies dissolution of strength but little and thin is the worst of all because it indicates the greatest debility of the faculty and if a cold breath proceed from the mouth and nostrills it is very destructive but the worst of all and the nearest to death is when it extends is obscure and sublime wherein the brest is much dilated and sometimes the Shoulders and grisly part of the nostrills but that which is inspired is very thick and most frequent but the worst respiration of all is that which is made with ordure Moreover for what belongs to the Symptomes of the naturall faculty Symptomes of the naturall faculty what they presage their perfection is known by their operations of which it shall be spoken hereafter but that we may speak here something of the desire of meate and drink to have a good appetite to meat and that proceding from a naturall cause and as Hippo. 2. Apho. 33. writes in every disease to take easily whatsoever is offered is a good signe on the contrary an ill appetite of meate is bad 7. Apho 6. not to thirst also in hot and burning feavers wherein the tongue is filthy and black perpetually signifies mischeif and a delirium or dissolution of the desiring faculty or of them both but as it is an ill signe not to thirst so t is a good signe to thirst in hot diseases also to thirst immoderatly and over much is notgood CHAP. VI. Of the signes of life and death which are taken from excretions and retentions AMongst exerements urines principaly use to be observed Prognostick from vrine but although it is spoken of already what they shew above part the first See 2. cap. 21. yet here we may breifly comprehend those things which portend to death or life namely that urine is best which is most like that of a sound person from this the rest differ in substance colour quantity and contents As to the substance the goodnesse of the substance with a good colour promiseth health thin urines with a good colour promise health yet they shew a disease which requires longer time for concoction Thin and red urins signify a crude disease 2. prog 30. but thick which are made so after the beginning of a disease are also good if they were thin before much urine if it be made on a criticall day is good which somtimes is profitably made with sharpnesse and paine Troubled urine not setling in the bottome because the strength of the diseased persists argues for the most part the disease to continue long if imbecility of the fick be present it denotes their death but those which grow cleare are better As for the colours of waters a pale red a light safron colour and a kind of cleer clay colour are good neither is a reddish colour with a reddish and light sediment to be found fault with but on the other side bright shinning urines and white are evill and especially if they appeare such in Phrensies 4. Agho 72. principally if they are so in the beginning of a disease and continue so long thin and red signify the disease is crude and moreover t is dangerous if they continue so long black urine in acute diseases unlesse they are emitted on a criticall day allwayes denote great danger after black the oyly are the worst yellow and green also are nought and green urines if they appeare so suddenly in men that are in other respects sound with biting of the heart t is a signe they have drank poison and they are in danger of death but in feavers they are mortall signes especially if they appeare in the beginning of the discase As for the quanity Hippo. 3. Epid. com 3. tom 4. condemnes thin urins made in great quantity as also much urine thick not residing and no way helping and all urines are made in great quantity in the beginning are disliked small quantities of urines in acute feavers are also nought As to the contents those urins are evill which have no sediment and nothing that swimmeth in the urinall in the middest of the urine nor a little cloud unlesse the sick hath fasted long or watched or laboured or because the body is exceeding full of choler thick waters also without a sediment are dangerous and a sediment representing the forme of thick brain is evill but worst of all if it reside in a manner like scales of Fish but if it be thin and white t is vitious but that which is furfuraceous or like Bran is worst of all Hippo. 2. prog 28. a nubecula or little cloud which is carried in the Urine if it be white t is good if black t is nonght t is evill also for the sick to make water and not know of it Secondly Of dejection of the helly the dejections of the belly afford us signes two manner of waies first as they shew the concoction of the stomack and guts also as they manifest the humours flowing from other parts to the guts As for the first kind that ejection is best if it be gentle and constant and sent forth at that time when it is wont to be in the best health if quantity be according to what hath been eaten 2. Apho. 13. The latter is good if it be criticall and with signes of concoction in the state of a disease and happen on a criticall day and ease the sick 1. Apho.
qualities and afford better juice Either the parts of living Creatures are taken as food or those things which are taken from them yet are not the parts of living Creatures and amongst the latter the first is Milk which is of a cold and moist or rather of a temperate and moist nature and yeilds nourishment the best by much if it be rightly concocted in the stomach and be good in its self There are three parts of milk Parts of milk the butirous the serous and the caseous the butirous is of an oylely and hot substance the serous is watry yet having some mixture with saltnesse but the caseous is cold and try and indeed Cowes milk is the fattest and thickest and contains more butter then the milk of other Animals and therefore nourisheth more and is most agreeable to us and hath more of the caseous part then Ewes milk Gotes milk is in the middest betwixt these Sound Animals only generates good milk but sick generate vitious Dry Herbs also cause the milk to be thick but green and such as are full of juice makes better wherefore the milk at the latter end of the Spring is best for by how much the thinner it be and more serous by so much it is the easier concocted and sooner passeth through the belly Best milk Antter and obstructs lesse but it nourisheth least the best milk therefore is that which is of a good smell and sweet to the tast of a middle consistence neither too thick nor to thin nor serous nor caseous overmuch of a white colour which yeilds good aliment and that plentifully and constantly enough especially for lean bodies as being that which is elaboured by so many concoctions and is become familiar to our nature that t is easily truly concocted as in unwholsome bodies t is casily corrupted in a cold stomach it easily growes sowre in a hot it is turned into an adust smell and choler and causeth pain in the head wherefore it is hurtfull to those that are sick of putred Feavers and to such as have paines in the head as also to those which are troubled with diseases of the eyes or are obnoxious to breed gravell those that are obstructed in the Liver and inflamed in the Hypocondries 5. Apho. 64. but the worst corruption thereof is when it is coagulated which may be prevented if any Salt Sugar ot Honey be added to it It is most conveniently taken on an empty stomach nor are other meats to be eaten presently after especially the use of Wine after milk is unwholsome As for the parts of milk Butter is used in our Countries instead of food and sawce t is hot and moist and almost of the same nature with Oyle yet it nourisheth more and is a sawce for many things t is used more advantageously then Oyle t is pleasant to the tast t is easily concocted and nourisheth much yet it agreeth not with those that have a moist and slippery stomach yet t is far better to be taken before other meats then after nor is it so agreeable to hot natures t is most conveniently eaten with bread Sowre milk is colder and agreeth not with colder stomachs Sowre Milk but with hotter especially in the Summer and in very hot weather Cheese is hardly concocted and yeilds thick nourishment Cheese and therefore stops the belly opens the Pores and affords matter fit for the generation of stones but that which is old affords ill nourishment the new yeilds better the new and salt is as yet cold and moist and of a flatulent nature the worst is the oldest that which is of a middle age which is neither hard nor soft and is moderatly sweat and fat is the best but whatsoever it be t is alwaies to be eaten after other meats and sparingly but since there is great differences of Cheeses according to the nature of living Creatures and of place and pasture That of the Ewe is the best t is easier concocted then others and affords better nourishment Cowes milk is next to this in goodnesse the Goates is worst of all yet that Cheese is better when the buterous and caseous parts are not separated but are made altogether into Cheese but those Cheeses are worse which are made of the caseous part only of the milk The serous part of the milk nourisheth least Whey and is instead of Medicine rather then aliment yet t is most fitly used for the evacuation of serous and adust humours it consisteth of two parts the one salt and participating of acrimony and is altogether hot which is the lesser part the other is watry and is the greater part for which it is called cold and moist whey Eggs but especially of Hens are food with us Eggs. an Egg consists of two parts the Yolk and the White those are moderatly hot and moist and of the best nourishment these cold and dry which afford also much nourishment and that lasting enough but hard of concoction The newest Eggs are the best and nourish most and soonest and yeild good aliment but the stalest are the worst and the corruption of Eggs the worst And they do not so well agree with those whose Liver or stomachs are filled with vitious humours and in Cholerick and hot stomachs they are easily corrupted and turned into choler As for the dressing of them they are best when they are soft and to be supt beeing boyled in seething water but those which are roasted in ashes are not so good those that are boyled till they are hard although they afford more solid nourishment yet they are worse but the worst of all are those which are fryed in a Frying-pan especially in Oyle Honey is of a hot and dry nature Honey in the second degree yet that which is whitest is not so hot and is more commodious for those that are sound but all honey is medicinall aliment convenient for old men and those of cold natures but because it easily turnes into choler t is not fit for hot natures nor for the Liver but t is good for the Lungs otherwise it hath a cleansing faculty Sugar and resists putrifaction Sugar although it be not taken from living Creatures but is made out of Reeds hath a great agreement with honey yet t is lesse hot and dry then honey and therefore t is profitably mingled both with hot and cold things yet in those that are very hot it easily turnes into choler otherwise it hath an abstersive faculty without sharpnesse Aliments which are taken from the parts of Animals are many Food from the parts of Animals Feet which both according to the kinds of living Creatures and according to their parts do vary The feet of Animals of what kind soever are cold and dry they have little flesh and scarce any blood they yeild a cold juice dull and glutinous by reason whereof the broath of boyled feet is congealed The Heart is of a hard and dry nature
infusion or decoction but when you would bind and corrobarate t is best in the substance there is also an extract prepared hereof but such a one which scarce purgeth stronger then when it is taken in the substance t is given in the substance t is given in the substance to two drachms in infusion to halfe an ounce Turpentine moves not only the belly Turpentine but the bowells and especially cleanseth the reines t is given with the powder of Rhubarbe or Licorish and Sugar made into a Bolus or with the yolke of an egg and some convenient water therewith wrought in a Morter and reduced into a milky liquor t is given from halfe an Ounce to six drachms Aloes is hot in the second degree Aloes and dry in the third exceeding bitter it opens the mouths of the veines and therefore is hurtfull to such as are apt to a Flux of blood or such as are with child and Hecticks and no way safe for those that are hot and dry extenuated t is most conveniently taken prepared and extracted and Rosated as they call it by reason of the bitternesse of it it is not easily given in drinke but in pills most properly it is given from halfe a drachm to three drachms Fleabane Fleawort or Flea-wort the seed of it is cold and dry in the second degree t is given in infusion rather then in the substance from a drachm to three drachms Stronger Purgers of Choler SCammony is hot and dry in the third degree Scamony it primarily drawes choler next Phlegmaticks humours and unlesse it be well corrected it frets the guts by its Acrimony causeth gripings opens the Orifices of the vessells and causeth a Flux of blood it hurts the stomack Liver and Heart inflames the Spirits and stirs up feavers and therefore we seldome use it alone and least that it should offend fat things are to be added Tragacanth Bdellium Oyle of sweet Almonds seed of Fleabane Cinamon Spike Galangale Fennell seed Quinces Mastick the juice of Violets and Roses t is commonly corrected by boyling it in the substance of a Quince and so prepared t is called Diagrydium there is also prepared of it an extract or Rosin it is scarcely fit to be given to those that are weake although it be corrected the dose of Dyagridium is given from five to fifteen graines some give a scruple Asarabecca purges choller by the Paunch Asarabecca yet it rather stirs up vomit it attenuates opens obstructions and provokes sweats and therefore is profitable for Hydropick and Icterick persons and such as are troubled with the Spleen and Quartan Agues t is given in the substance from halfe a Drachme to two Scruples or a Drachme in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce The milder purgers of Phlegme MYrobolans Mirobolanes Chebula Emblica Bellirick Chebulae which principally are good for the Braine and Liver according to some evacuate also black choller emblick which are appointed for the heart Spleen and Liver as also Bellirick are cold in the first and dry in the second degree and bind and therfore are not safely given in obstructions nor when Phleagme tenaciously cleaves to the guts but in fluctuations and in a loosenesse and when there is need of astriction and corroborating they are prepared according as we have shewed before of the Citron Myrobalams there is also the same Dose to be given Agarick purges onely thin and aqueous Phlegme Agarick but not viscide and principally evacuates the excrements of the Braine and Lungs opens obstructions of the bowells yet is not so commodious for the stomack and therefore the third part of Cloves Nutmegs Galingale Sal gemmae Ginger are to be added t is given in the substance to two Drachmes in in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce Mechoacan also purges Phlegme Mecoacan but principally serous and aqueous humors and therefore is excellent in Dropsies t is corrected with the third part of Cinamon Anniseed Mastick t is given from a drachme to two drachmes in the substance in infusion to halfe an ounce The stronger Purger of Phlegme TVrbith is hot in the third Turbith and dry in the second degree and drawes out thick and viscide Phlegme even from the remotest parts t is hurtfull to the stomack and causeth loathing and Vomit and is not to be given to children old men nor Women with child and when t is exhibited it is to be corrected with Ginger Mastick Pepper Cinamon Fennel Galingale nor must you eat fish after you have used it the Dose is from 2. scruples to 4. scruples in the substance in infusion or decoction from 2. Drachmes to 3. Drachms to 6. Drachms The seed of wild Saffron Seeed of Carthamus purgeth Fleagme and Water by Vomit and Stoole and is very good for the breast and such as have Asthmaes but it is an enemy to the stomack and therefore it is used with the third part of Cinamon Galingale Mastick or Anniseed t is given in decoction from three Drachmes to six Drachmes Coloquintida Coloquintida which is hot and dry in the third degree drawes out Flegme from the most profound and more remote parts Turbith cannot evacuate but is a most vehement medicine and offends the stomack and Guts when there is a Feaver and moreover it useth to be sod being bound up in a skin t is seldome used alone but instead thereof Troches made thereof which they call Alhandals are wont to be used t is corrected with Cinamon Tragacanth Mastick Bdellium and other Cordiacks Hepaticks and Stomaticks t is given to 15. graines or a Scruple Hermodactiles purge thick Phlegme especially from the joynts Hermodactiles and therefore is good for the Gout t is corrected with Cinamon Ginger Mints t is given in the substance from 2. scruples to a Drachme and halfe in infusion or decoction to 3. Drachmes Euphorbium is hot and drying the fourth degree Euphorbium it drawes away thick and tough Phlegme but more powerfully aqueous humours it is a violent medicine and t is reckoned by some rather among poysons then purgers t is corrected by cordials and stomaticks Oyle of sweet Almonds Saffron Mastick by the sowernesse of a Lynion or Cytron the highest Dose of it is 10. Graines Opopanax heates in the third Opopanax and dries in the second it drawes away thick and viscide Phlegme from the more remote parts and joynts t is corrected with the third part of Ginger Spike Cinamon or Mastick t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Sagapenum is hot in the third Sagapenum and dry in the second degree and purges clammy and thick humours from the Bowels Braine and more remote parts especially of old men hurts the stomack and Liver it is corrected as opopanax the Dose is from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme The milder Purgers of Melancholy and black humours INdian myrobolans are of the same nature with the rest of them
from the braine into the Palate and mouth and that by their whole substance or by their heate and Acrimony which poure out and melt excrements and stimulate the expulsive faculty of the braine to expell such are made of Mastick Raisins Hyssop wild Marjerom sweet Marjerom Penneroyall Caster Cubebs the barkes of the Rootes of Capers Ginger Fennell flowre white and black Pepper Mustard-seed Turbith Staves-acre CHAP. XIX Of things causing spittle THose things which helpe to evacuate humors in the breast and lunges when they are therein contained Expectorating things ought to be cutting and attenuating and somewhat sharpe that they may render what is thick thin and what adheres by reason of viscidity may be cleansed least the thinner parts being resolved the thick should be left behind and become unfit for expulsion nor should they be too sharpe least they should stir up the cough such are made of Hyssop Venus haire Scabious Raisins Horse-hoofes the Roote of Elecampane Birth-wort Angelico Flowerdeluce Wake-robbin Squills Licorish Raisins of the Sun Injubes Sebestens Almonds Figs Pistack-nuts the feed of a silke worme Garden Cresses Water-cresses Hartwort Nettle-seed Sperma ceti CHAP. XX. Of Medicines killing and expelling wormes LAstly those things may conveniently be referred to this ranke which kill wormes Killing wormes whither they doe it by bitternesse or by a peculiar or occult force such are century the lesser Wormewood the Herbe Lung-wort Mints the leaves of Peach-Trees Rue Purslan Sorrell Lyons-Tooth Cynae or Santonici an Herbe like Southernwood the stalkes of Leekes Orach Plantaine Lupines Rootes of Grapes Ferne Gentian Elecampane bitter Almonds Peach-stones Aloes Syrup of Pomgranates Citrons Hearts-horne prepared Bole armenick Myrrh whither they are taken inwardly or externally applyed to the Navill CHAP. XXI Of drugs good against Poyson IN the last ranck of Medicines Drugs good against Poyson we will place those things which resist Poyson which are called Alexiteria or Alexipharmaca all of these if we rightly weigh the matter performe that which they doe either with their whole substance as they say or else by some occult propriety Medicines against Poyson are two-fold some are generall and common which resist all manner of Poysons and strengthen and comfort the heart and vitall Spirits so that they cannot easily take infection others are particular which oppose some peculiar sort of Poyson Common Antidotes against Poyson are Angelica Common Antidotes Carduus Benedictus Valerian Dittany Scabius Divells-bit Swallow-wort Burnet Tormentill Rue Germander Sorrell Worme-wood Plantine Marigolds Speed-well or Fluelin Vipers-grass Zedoary Gentian Juniper-berries Citrons Bezoar stone Unicornes-horne Harts-horne Bole armenick Irish-slat Of those Alexipharmicks which resist particular Poysons Proper many are delivered by Dioscordies in his sixth booke CHAP XXII Of the manner of finding out the vertue of Medicines WE come to the knowledge of the faculties of these Medicines two wayes by reason and Experience How the vertues of Medicines may be found out and indeed especially by experience for the force of some Medicines as acting in their whole substanâ— is found out only by experience and although reason may seeme to perswade some things yet unlesse it be confirmed by experience it is to be rejected truly those indications are not plainly to be rejected which are taken from externall passions of things from the place and Aire from colours and smells and remarkeable signes yet in many things they faile unless experience be joyned nay experience alone often sufficeth for those things which are cleerly manifest to our senses leave nothing of doubt yet if that which is found by experience can be confirmed by reason Manner of experiments that is by much the most certaine knowledge but when reason seemes to be adverse to experience t is better to cleave to experience yet experience ought not to be taken rashly nor to be taken from one example but many observations and those are choicely to be collected which may be done if the medicine acting and the body or subject suffering be diligently considered In medicines especially such as are taken from Plants the substance quantity quality age time of gathering native place and such like are to be considered and especially to be regarded whether it have got any strange and acquired quality but it ought to have its owne vertue whole and entire The subject is mans body and all medicines are said to be such not absolutly nor in respect of other things but in regard of mans body whence it comes to passe that experience ought to be made of the primary qualities in a temperate man in others for the most part especially those that are sick and those that are affected with me simple discase and not a compound least experience should be put out of its course nor is it enough that experience be made once or in one body but observation ought to be made in many that are alike in Temperament age sex structure of body it is also to be considered whether any Medicine performes any thing primarily and by its selfe or by accident THE FIFTH BOOK PART I. SECT II. OF CHYRVRGERY CHAP I. Of Chyrurgery in generall AFter we have spoken of the faculties of the medicines it remains that now we speake of Chyrurgery and that we propound all the operations which are made by the hand and Chyrurgicall instruments in mans body for the recovering of healths sake we will propound the operations which often are the matter of helpe Chyrurgerys what But although the word Chyrurgery which signifies manuell operation may be taken of all actions which are done by the hand yet according to Preheminency t is taken for that part of Physick in particular which by the artificiall use of the hand cures diseases of mans body which are contrary to nature and so Chyrurgery is imployed only in the externall parts of the body and exercised in those internall parts also to which the hand and Chyrurgicall instruments can reach Sith hence three things are required to performe an action the Agent the Subject patient and those things by which the action is made in Chyrurgery also these three are to be considered Discription of a Chyrurgeon the Agent is the Chyurgeon which Celsus in his seventh Book and the beginning of that Book thus describes a Chyrurgeon ought to be a young man or a middle aged man with a strong hand stable and never shaking and as ready with his left hand as with his right sharpe quick and cleere sighted not daunted in courage not pittifull as he is willing to cure whom he takes in hand one that may not by the clamour hasten his motion more then the matter requires nor losse then is necessary let him cut but let him performe all things as if no others paine could trouble him by their crying The subject is mans body The subject the knowledge exactly wher of and the figure of every part and their scituation and concoction is
a continued Quartane and debilitates nature exceedingly it lasteth till the fourtieth day oftentimes and beyond it Most part of the cure is the same with that of a continued Quartane Cure and because the humour the cause of the Fever is contained in the vena cava and there mixed with the blood in the beginning those things that open the first passages being first exhibited a vein is to be opened afterwards phlegm is to be concocted and evacuated Yet you should heat and attenuate more sparingly then in intermittent Fevers but to moisten more and adde those things which may allay the heat of the putrifying humours such as are in other cases convenient against choller The humour being prepared purging is to be used and a purge should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be given the next day after the fit which at first should be gentle but if nature order no Crisis stronger may afterwards be given Diureticks and Sudorifiques may also be given after concoction but such as are not so hot and those given in intermittent Fevers and when the strength is much debilitated confortatives are to be exhibited prepared of Burrage Bugloss Balm flowers of Rosemary Gilliflowers Confection of Alkerms and such like Such Diet is to be appointed as in intermittent Quartanes Diet. yet the diet should be thinner and cool more then in intermittent Fevers since that the heat is greater and the height neerer the use of the smaller sort of wine although it may be allowed yet it must be taken more sparingly then in intermittents and if the heat be greater wholly abstain from wine CHAP. XVI Of Symptomatical Fevers BEsides these continued primary Fevers which have hitherto been explained Symptomatical Fevers there are yet other continued Fevers called Symptomatical and accidental which happen upon some other disease which hath gone before and which follows as a Symptome the disease and is taken away at the cure of the disease and so these Fevers follow other diseases which being taken away they cease Whence the Ancients also as Galen teacheth 4. Aphor. 73. said those only were fevourish which were sick without an inflammation or other distemper but those that did febricitate by reason of an inflammation of the side lungs or any other part they did not call them fevourish but Pleuretick Peripneumoniack Hepatick or other such like names But there is not only one sort of these Fevers Differences yet the principal and most usual is that which follows an inflamation of some internal part neer the heart or which hath consent with the heart when from blood powred into the inflamed part and putrifying vapours are communicated to the heart and heat it which in a Pleurisie Peripneumony and Angina happens as we are commonly taught But although it cannot be denied but that from the inflamation of these and other such like parts Symptomatical Fevers may arise and that the Fevers ensuing the inflammations in accidental wounds do prove it yet if we diligently consider it all those Fevers which are commonly called Symptomatical are not such but primary For first putrefaction is kindled in the vena cava whence a continued primary Fever is stirred up Fevers accompanied but because nature is burthened with the weight of those peccant humours she useth to force them as much as it could out of those greater vessels and from a publique and Kingly seat as it were into lesser veins and smaller parts of the body the blood with those vitious humours being diffused into those lesser parts causeth inflammation And it is manifest by this because a Fever for the most part precedes inflammation it doth not follow it and oftentimes the matter passeth from one part to another whence changes of diseases are made Hence these Fevers are properly called by Platerus Comitatae rather then Symptomatical and such Febres Gomitatae are not only those which have an inflammation of any part accompanied with them but also those to which other evils are annexed namely a Diarrhea a Dysentery Spots Measles the small Pox wandring pains the Gout of the joynts or running Gout Catarrhs For all these evils do arise when nature being oppressed with the weight of its burthen of peccant humours it protrudes some part of them out of the vessels A Fever of this kind is also accompanied which is an Erysipelas Erysipelas or Rose called by the Germans Rose for this Fever doth not proceed from an inflammation of an external part but this evil accompanies the Fever for when the thinner and hotter blood burneth in the vessels by what means soever putrifies and is corrupted and acquires a vitious quality which principally is caused by anger and fear nature being stimulated protrudes the same to some external part of the body whence this evil invadeth with a trembling and quaking and whilest the matter striving to go outwards ceaseth on the Glandules under the Arm-pits and about the groin some of the humour that is stirred up sticks there and pain and swellings are there perceived till at length it manifests it self in the leg or some other external part which may be known by the heat pain and rosie colour But we do not assent unto Platerus in that he says that all those Fevers are simple and pure continued and are without any putrefaction The Urines that we may pass by other things do manifestly shew putrefaction which hath the same tokens of crudity and concoction as in other putred Fevers and nature sometimes critically sometimes Symptomatically expells the matter offensive to it for it doth not only expel by insensible transpiration and by a moist steam which useth to be in Ephemeraes and Synochaes which are without putrefaction Some of these Fevers whether they arise from an inflammation of the parts or whether they have that as a companion Differences of Fevers are called Phlegmonides which principally proceed from blood but those which arise from Erysipelas or inflamation are called Erusipolatodes and inflame fires Phlegmonides Typhodes Lipyriae To these belong the Fever that leaves fire as it were behind it which burneth so exceedingly that all the interals are as it were burnt but the external parts grow cold and that during the whole course of the disease and this Fever ariseth from an Erisipelas or inflamation of any internal part but principally of the stomack and from blood and Spirits meeting in the part inflamed The second kind of Symptomatical Fevers which is called Lenta proceeds not from any inflamation of the bowels Febrelentae but from some obstruction and hidden putrefaction that is from matter without the vessels spread over the substance of any of the interals or at least impacted and putrifying in the capillar veins dispersed neer the substance of the interals and hath its rise from the substance of the interal decaying whence there is so great quantity as that when the matter is gotten into larger and wider vessels
vapours cannot be transmitted to the heart and so a Febris Lenta is stirred up which therefore is unequal and keeps no certain order This Fever is the gentlest of all and molesteth not the sick with any grievous Symptome so that the sick oftentimes thinks himself well In the mean while the strength decayes that the sick can scarce go forward and the body is no ways refreshed by aliment but wasteth by degrees whence sometimes this Fever is accounted with an Hectick and therefore when there is any suspition of this Fever in the first place we must diligently search the Hypocondries and Hypogastries to try whether any tumor be to be discerned in any of them some signs of putrefaction also will appear in the urine and discover themselves in the Pulse This Fever is more durable and goes beyond the terms of other Fevers and often endeth not in fourty days nor is it gone until the humour fastened to the interal be consumed The third sort of Symptomatical Fevers is Fevers from putrefaction of interals that which ariseth from the putrefaction of any interal from whence putred vapours through the veins inserted might be sent to the heart heat that and might stir up a continued Fever whereby the body by degrees might be extenuated and wither And this Fever is sometimes more violent sometimes more mild according as the putrefaction is more or less This often happens in putrefaction of the lungs in such as are Phthisical so 't is found that the Caul or Kell Mesentery Womb and other parts are corrupted and thence a Fever kindled In like manner from Fistulaes penetrating into the internal parts a Febris lenta being stirred up it is observed that some do consume and waste The fourth kind of Symptomatical Fevers is when either from corrupt milk From corrupt milk Putrified blood Worms which often happens in Infants or from blood putrifying somewhere without the vessels or from worms putred vapours are communicated to the heart that is heated and a Fever irritated To these may be referred that Fever which ariseth from crudity which is familiar amongst little children from their eating of sweet things which hath with it a tumor and inflammation of the Hypocondries which the Germans call Das Herngespam from the abundance of crude humours collected in the stomack and neighbouring parts which begin to putrefie and are turned into wind Diagnâ—stick signs Symptomatical Fevers properly so called are known by this that they come after diseases of private parts and the first sort of these Fevers is known from hence because it follows an inflammation of some certain part as on the contrary Fevers called Comitatae first appear and invade with rigor and trembling to which afterwards a Fever happens But those Lentae or slow Fevers are known by their slow heat wherewith notes of putrefaction in the urine and pulse appear the sick are weak scarce able to go the body wasteth by little and little and the Fever is lengthened for the most part beyond fourty days they are tormented by the use of purging But when the cause of these Fevers is hidden 't is very hardly to be distinguished and therefore the Hypocondries and other internal parts are to be observed with great diligence and we are to enquire whether any tumor or pain be to be found there But those which arise from the putrefaction of any part are more easily known nor indeed can the corruption of the part be hidden unless it be ignoble So that Fever which proceeds from corrupt milk or blood is easily known by its signs as also that which ariseth from crudity is manifest from their loathing things blowing up and swelling of the Hypocondries Although these Fevers in respect of themselves for the most part are not dangerous because they are mild The Prognostick yet in regard of their causes on which they depend we ought to doubt whether they are dangerous or not as also whether they are long or short for those which follow an inflammation of any part are short since that the inflammation it self cannot be long but the danger of them depends on the inflammation The Febres Lentae are for the most part long and often continue more then fourty days And although not by their violence yet by their duration they debilitate the strength they are cured also with difficulty because their cause pertinaciously inheres in some interal Those Fevers are very dangerous and seldom curable which come from the corruption and putrefaction of any part because the part can seldom be cured But those Fevers which proceed from corrupted mill and blood worms or crudity are often acute and dangerous and bring with them grievous Symptomes as Epilepsies Convulsions yet they last not long neither are they hard to be cured but the cause being taken away they cease The way of cure ought to be aimed at by striking at the cause whereon it depends The Cure If therefore a Symptomatical Fever depend on an inflammation of any part the cure is to be directed to the inflammation it self which being cured the Fever ceaseth And therefore most remedies which are convenient to asswage inflammations are here useful Yet in regard of the part affected the way of cure sometimes differs the part affected is diligently to be weighed Whereof it shall be spoken in the cure of particular affects The Febres Lentae since they proceed from extraordinary obstructions of the bowels require opening attenuating and deterging medicines And such are to be chosen as are appropriated to each part and such as strengthen the tone of the interals which for the most part is debilitated yet by intervalls gentle purgation may be used Neither are Diureticks to be omitted in their season Externally also if the part affected will bear it Emollients and Discutients are to be applied If the Symptomatical Fever proceed from the corruption and putrefaction of any part that cure is to be instituted which agreeth to Ulcers and Fistulaes of the internal parts If it be occasioned by corrupt milk or blood Worms or crude and corrupt meats we are to endeavour that those causes be taken away conveniently either by vomit or cleansing and evacuating medicines and together to resist putrefaction and fevourish heat In the cure of accompanied Fevers we are to look no less to the Fever then that conjunct disease or companion and the metion of nature is not to be impeded The cure of accompanied Fevers least the peccant humour retained in the body should cause more danger and therefore although it be not profitable to hinder an inflammation when 't is beginning Yet the humour that is the cause or that evil is also to be evacuated which is most conveniently done for the most part by breathing of a vein which together affords evacuation and revulsion Yet it shall be profitable also to empty the firft passages since that oftentimes the matter is gather'd together in them and since the matter for the
most part is thin and often makes toward the extremties of the body and is often full of malignity 't is conveniently expelled by sweat CHAP. XVII Of intermitting Fevers in general AFter continued Fevers intermitting are to be explained Intermitting Fevers But although the Ancients did extend the name of intermitting Fevers more largely and attributed the same to all Fevers which admit of some change of heat and are sometimes exasperated sometimes remitted and so to continued periodicks yet afterwards use brought it to pass that those Fevers only were called intermittent which sometimes cease and come to that apurexy or want of fire The proximate cause of an intermitting Fever is a putred vapour their proximate cause elevated from the putrefaction of excrementitious humours not continually as in continued Fevers but by certain intervalls sent to the heart and heating the same contrary to nature But how it comes to pass The fire place of Intermitting Fevers that the putred vapour is not continually sent to the heart but at certain times is very obscure For the explanation whereof since the knowledge of the place wherein putrefaction ariseth doth not a little conduce and whence the putred vapours are communicated to the heart which Galen calls the Furnace and Chimney in his 2. of the differences of Fevers cap. the last and in his 15. of the method of curing cap. the fourth that therefore is first to be explained But since 't is beyond the bounds of our Breviary of Institutions to reckon up the various and different opinions of Physicians concerning it we will here set down that opinion which we think truest The Chimney or Furnace and place wherein the matter the cause of intermitting Fevers is generated are the Mesaraick veins wherein the matter which sufficeth to irritate each single Paroxism is generated during the time of its interval And that many things which happen about intermitting Fevers do prove namely Loathing Vomitting Dolor of the heart Extension and pain of the Midriffe Intumescence about the Ventricle Bitterness about the mouth Belching and such like for in the beginning of intermitting Fevers pure choller is often ejected by vomit in great abundance which out of the more remote veins could not be evacuated in that manner and about the cava of the Liver Fernelius says he hath found the quantity of a pound by weight after the death of a Patient This choler being cast out the Fever is often cured which is a sign that it is the cause of the Fever and that it is collected in those first ways or passages Which Fomentations also used to the Hypocondries at the beginning of a Paroxysm shews by the mitigation of the trembling and shaking This matter is gather'd together in the Mesaraick veins a long time before it brings forth a Fever but when it begins to putrefie grow hot and be changed its heat being diffused over the whole body it exciteth a Fever which when it is dispersed the fevourish heat and Paroxism ceaseth and the Fever leaveth so long as till new matter which in like manner putrifieth in its due time is generated But although the matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers be generated in the Mesaraick veins and first passages the cause of intermitting Fevers conteined in the vâ—na cava Yet the whole doth not reside and continue included in them but is sent to the vena cava and arteries both during the fit and out of the same Nor is it here necessary to seek for occult and blind passages through which the putred vapours should be sent to the heart during the Paroxism since there are manifest passages enough for the branches of the Gate-vein are inserted into the substance of the Liver and the mouths of these have communion with the vena cava and the arteries going from the heart are joyned in the stomack guts spleen and other parts to the Mesaraick veins Yet 't is probable that the fevourish matter may be communicated to the veins not principally and only in the Paroxism but moreover some part thereof by that passage which is from the Meseraick veins to the Liver continually may be carried to them whence both by Galen 1. de cris cap. 7. and other Physicians a Fever is called a passion of a venemous nature And that is first manifest from the urines which shew evident notes of crudity and concoction in Intermittents Hence also it comes to pass that urines during the Paroxisms are laudable and like to theirs who are well since that the peccant humor is then protruded by nature out of the veins towards the circumference of the body and so the blood in the veins is become purer which again in the intervals of fits is polluted by the vitious humour proceeding from the chimney of the Fever The same is manifest out of those things which happen at the beginning of a fit and at that time which the Greeks call Episemasian for then spontaneous lassitudes stretching compression of pulses and other things happen which indicate that the matter which is to stir the Fever begins to be moved and as it were to swell in those common vessels veins and arteries That vitious humour accumulated partly in the Mesaraick veins partly in the vena cava when in time it putrifieth nature stimulated and irritated oftentimes strives several ways first by vomit and stool afterwards by sweats and urine sensibly to evacuate the same as also through the pores of the skin and by insensible transpiration it may discuss the same being resolved into vapours and steam For since that peccant humour is not exactly mingled with the blood but confusedly nature may easily seperate the same from the good blood and may shake it off each single fit which being discussed since putred vapours cannot any more be communicated to the heart the Fever also ceaseth and apurexie ensueth But because that as long as the Fever continueth some seeds and sparks are left in the granary and chimney Causes of the return of fits and seeing that there is imbecillity in the part 't is necessary that the humour flowing to it although it be good should be defiled with that pollution and excrement which was left as it were with leaven and through the debility of the part be corrupted and so new matter of a future Paroxism be generated And these fits continue and so often return until that those seeds that putrefaction and those sparks are fully taken away from thence and the weakness of that part restored Yet it seems probable that the whole matter which is the cause of a Fever doth not putrifie together in the first Paroxism but that part which is apt to putrefaction in the other fits the rest until the whole be putrified and consumed By these things it is manifest both where the matter that is the cause of putred Fevers is generated Cause of 〈◊〉 how it causeth a fit by what ways it is evacuated and
't is called a Hectick with wasting or marasmodes A Hectick also is somtimes simple and alone somtimes 't is joyned with putrifaction CHAP. II. Of the signs of a Hectick Fever A Hectick Fever is known by its continual heat causing no pain Diagnostick signs as being equal and Hectick which indeed at the first touch is weak afterwards it appears sharper It is perceived more in the Arteries then the other parts And moreover the heat after taking food within an hour or two is increased and the Pulse either is changed as to greatness or swiftness yet so that its ascending appears strong and free and none of those things precede which forego the fits of putred Fevers most commonly and this mutation of pulse and heat endures until the aliment be distributed The pulse also in this Fever is little Signs of differences frequent and moderately swift and by how much the more the strength receiveth this Fever by so much the more the body is consumed and the strength debilitated so that the sick can scarce lift up the eye-lids and together with it in the second place fatness in Urine swims like cobwebs Lastly The same things which appear in an hippocratical face as 't is described by Hippocrates are also discerned in a marasmodes or Hectick with wasting A Hectick with a Putred Signs of a Hectick with a Putred and an Intermittent conjunct is known from hence That the fit declining the heat nevertheless although remiss some is left thereof and there is great languishing of the strength and all the other parts are more temperate only the parts where the arteries are become hotter and the pulse loseth not its swiftness and frequency and the sick takes food but is not strengthned thereby A Hectick joyned with a continued putrid Fever is difficult to be known yet it may be known from hence namely because the dry calidity remains after the end of the declination or of the whole Fever or its periods and the body is more extenuated then otherwise it useth to be the Urine also becomes oylie as may appear It is hard to know a Hectick in the beginning of it Prognosticks 't is not so difficult to cure at the first but that which is neerer to wasting or a consumption is easily known but hardly cured and at the last it becomes plainly incurable CHAP. III. Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever LAstly concerning the cure Indications and Cure The hot and dry distemper indicates cooling and moistning the strength requires preservation and whatsoever of the humid and solid parts is consumed and dried is to be restored with moistning things and indeed moistning things are more safe but in giving cooling things we must be cautious lest that the native heat already being weak should by that means be extinguished But if a Hectick Fever have a Putred one joyned therewith the Hectick cannot be cured unless the other Fever be first taken away Medicines cooling and moistning are Violets Burrage Medicines Bugloss Waterlillies Roses Endive Succory Mallows the four greater cold seeds Poppy Out of which several medicines for present use may be prepared Externally A Bath of fair water may be used most profitably External things of which Galen 10. Meth. Medend cap. 10. Which that it may moisten the more Mallows Violets Bearsbreech may be added 't is convenient also to use a Bath of warm milk After the Bath let the body be anointed but principally the spine of the back with oyl of Violets sweet Almonds Water lillies Roses Cooling and moistning medicines may be also applyed both to the Breast and Liver as also to the Reins But the greatest hope of cure consisteth in Diet Diet. The Ayr should be temperate or moderately cold Meats should be cooling and moistning easie of concoction and of good juice having in them few excrements and such as is not presently dispersed In the first place Milk is profitable which as Galen 4. de Simp. Medic. Facult cap. 17. teacheth 't is cold and moist easie of concoction of the best nourishment and hath great power of moistning and refreshing the substance of our bodies Which lest it should be coagulated in the stomack some Sugar or Salt should be mixed therewith and it should only be taken in such a quantity as may well be concocted by the stomack Strengthning and Restorative Broths are also profitable of which 't is spoken else-where as also food of Almonds Pine and Pistack nuts the four greater cold seeds and of white Poppy But meats in such as are sick in Hecticks should be given in small quantity but often by reason of the imbecility of their strength Their drink in our Countries should be Ale or Beer or Water and Wine white and sweet Their sleep should be somwhat longer If a Putred be joyned with a Hectick we must endeavour that the Putred Fever may be first taken away yet the Hectick not to be neglected lest that whilst we use remedies only for the Putred Fever the Hectick may be encreased if we use means only to cure the Hectick the Putred may be increased The Fourth Book Of the Plague and of Pestilential and Malignant Fevers CHAP. I. Of the Nature of the Pestilence HItherto we have finished the essential differences of Fevers it remains that we now should speak of the accidental Amongst which the principal and most necessary to be known are those that enfold the Pestilence pestilential Fevers and malignant And indeed concerning the Plague with which What the Plague is although not alwaies yet most commonly a Fever is joyned That name is most noted to be attributed to the most pernitious and destructive of all others But what the nature of that disease is amongst Authors is much controverted For first of all sithence various and several kinds of diseases and symptomes may appear in the Plague Yet because they are also often perceived without the plague the nature of the plague is not to be placed in so many diseases and symptomes differing in specie but in some peculiar sort Nor doth the being epidemical or contagious constitute the nature of the pestilence since other diseases also may be universal and contagious But since that this is granted by all The plague a disease of the heart that the Plague spreads most when many are infected together with the same disease and they die and others are infected Hence it may easily appear that the plague is primarily a disease of that part on the which life depends chiefly and the which being hurt a man is in very great danger of his life namely the heart the fountain of life and store-house of vital heat For although the humour wherein the venome inhereth may subsist in divers parts whence the same diseases and symptomes in every pestilence are not the same to appearance yet in what place soever it subsisteth it hath a peculiar antipathy with the heart and thereby destroyeth a man so suddenly
it for they say that this filth being left in the body doth lie still like unto leven until stirred so that the whole blood boyls like new wine and so whatsoever is in it of impurity is seperated and sent to the out-side of the body and they therefore say so because they observed that almost all men at some time are troubled with the Pox or Measles and those which have had them once or twice for the most part are free from them ever after Others are against this opinion and say that it proceeds from some occult celestial cause whose impression children being more infirm are apter to take then those that are strong and in years neither do they think it probable that Infants are nourished in the womb with unclean blood or that this impurity can lie hidden so long in mans body since 't is known that not only Infants but youths nay such as are well in years and old men also some times fall sick of the small Pox which formerly have been sick of Fevers and troubled with scabs in whom in case any impurity had been in the blood it ought to have been then taken away But in regard both opinions contain difficulties in them and both seem to be held up with probable arguments let us joyn them together for if the Pox and Measles are epidemical and infectious 't is not to be denied but that they then arise from a certain peculiar malignant disposition of ayr Then Infants as being more tender sooner are infected although it cannot be denied that from an external cause an infirmity lying hidden within may be brought forth into action yet if the power of the malignity be greater those of ripe years may somtimes be afflicted But if the Pox or Measles come forth scattered here and there 't is probable that they proceed from the impurity of the womb whereby a vitious disposition of the body is contracted by the party in the infancy especially if there be no fault in the Ayr for although an infant in the womb be nourished with the purest blood of the mother yet when it becomes bigger and wanteth more nourishment it cannot be but that it must draw some of the depraved humours which are cumulated in the womb with it Whence it is known that Infants have been born sick of the small Pox or had them come forth presently after they come into the world Yet 't is not impossible but that from ill Diet the same vitiousness may be contracted as from the menstruous blood in the womb and that may happen to those that have had the small Pox twice or thrice although it may likewise happen by reason of the first pollution and defilement of which some reliques were left The small Pox and Measles alwaies come forth with a Fever Whether any and what Fever may be joyned with the Small Pox and Measles for they are stirred up by a certain crisis and that ebullition not only happens to the subcutanial veins but also to the greater whence heat is communicated to the heart and a Fever is kindled and that Fever is made a putred Synocha as may appear by the equal heat and the matter contained in the Pox and that which is gentle often vanisheth within a few days neither is it regarded by Infants nor the standers by but that which is more vehement if the disease be to determine with safety will abate when the Pox comes forth somtimes these Fevers become pestilential and then many Infants are extinguished And thus the small Pox and Measles are generated from internal causes yet external causes likewise do often concur as humours corrupting in this manner or lying hidden have force of moving The first is Ayr by reason of the influence of Stars or causes otherwise so disposed as that they may corrupt the humours in this manner Moreover contagion when a certain sickly effluvium or steam from bodies diseased of the small Pox or Measles is communicated to another body and causeth the same disease therein But of Poxes and pushes there is certain differences as hath been said in substance quantity and quality According to substance some consist of this some of that humour according to quantity some are big and many others small and few according to quality some are white others red yellow livid violet colour c. Some come out suddenly others slowly some are presently healed and vanish others continue long some afflict only the external parts of the body some the internal also But when the Pox or Measles are coming Diagnostick signs there is present pain in the head eyes and throat an itching of the nostrils sneezing terror in sleep fits like epileptical ones pain on the back burning and pricking in the skin difficulty of breathing a dry cough trembling of the feet yawning retching palpation of the heart which actions so hurt proceeds from the ebullition of the blood and fuliginous vapours sent from the heart and dispersed over all the body Their Urine is often like unto theirs who are in health the peccant matter being thrust out to the extremities of the body yet somtimes 't is troubled by reason of the great ebullition of humours the hemorrhodes of the Nose are frequent tears use to fall from the eyes of their own accord or the eyes shew as if they were ready to weep somtimes vomiting happens the face and eyes are red the skin rough the voice hoarse and lastly a Fever by the ebullition of humours is kindled If these signs therefore for the most part are present and are encreased on the third or fourth day and certain red spots appear in the skin 't is a sign that the Pox or Measles are at hand and this suspition is increased if the Pox reign thereabouts A little afterwards those specks are exalted like grains of Mellet and afterwards changed into pustules full of quitture and are become Pox or are extended abroad and small tubercles are made and the Measles are produced The nature of humours is principally known by the colour Signs of Causes and of the part affected for if the pox proceed from a cholerick humour mixt with blood they are more red and do itch more from Flegm they are whiter from melancholy blacker somtimes likewise they are of violet colour green lead colour and with greater corruption of humours If they possess not only the skin but also the internal parts the Fever is greater thence comes great difficulty of breathing straitness of the breast a greater cough pain in the stomack and guts most vehement Small Pox and Measles are numbred amongst acute diseases Prognosticks and are terminated within fourteen days they come forth commonly about the fourth day they increase till the seventh the height is manifest the eleventh and from thence to the fourteenth is the declination but the drying of them continueth till the twentieth day somtimes The Fever adjoyned the magnitude of symptomes the manner of the
nutrition is a coagulation of aliment but in augmentation there is a motion of Extension of the whole of every part therof it differs also in regard of the end which in Nutrition is only a restoration of that which is taken away but in Augmentation an acquiring or a getting of a greatet magnitude to exercise perfectly all the necessary actions of our life and lastly in time for Nutrition dureth the whole time of our lives Augmentation to a certain time in our life For man as other living creatures doth not alwayes grow but to the certain time of his age which comes not to passe by reason of the soul which alwayes reteins its force and strength but by reason of the body especially of the bones which in processe of tims are so hardned that they are not apt to any farther extension of growth CHAP. X. Of Generation BUT since man although he be nourished cannot live perpetually and in individuals as other living Creatures also cannot indure to perpetuity The generative power the generative power is granted and given by the Creator of all things that mankind might be preserved and the third kind of Natural actions is Generation which by ejaculation of seed begets his like For although this faculty and Action be common to plants yet in man and other more perfect Creatures it requires greater preparation and distinction of sex as male and semale concur in Generation and it is necessary that both of them do some way help and conduce to Generation and the male not in himself but in another The distinction of Sexes The instruments of generation but the foemale in her self doth generate For the male ejaculates his prolifique sperm into the female womb which mingled with hers is cherished by the same it is also nourished and reteined until it hath the shape of a perfect man For which purpose the Creator hath made necessary Instruments for both Sexes for the male Testicles Vessels preparing and conducting sperm and a yard necessaâ—y to ejaculate it into the part most fit to receive it for the Females Stones seminary vessels and the womb There are two principles which concur to the Generation of a Child the seed of the male and female and the menstruous blood The Principles of generation Seed The seed is a body hot and moist full of that divine Spirit of the first Principles or Elements and proportionable to the Quintessence or Element whereof Stars were made fit for the propagation of the Soul and generation of a living Creature like it self and is getherated in the Stones whither the purest part of the blood Spirits and heat is sent through the Veins Arteries and Nerves from the remote parts of the body and is changed into a white frothy or slimy matter The male and female seed both confer seeing the same Instruments are appointed by nature for generating and semitting of sperm and the same cause efficient and the same â—matter in each for the forms of each alike do manifest themselves in the off-spring Blood although the power and force be greater in the male then the female But the menstruous blood is only the material principle wherefore it is ordered by the Creator that at the time when semales are apt and fit for procreation which for the most part is from the fourteenth till the five and fortieth year of their age that blood which the other parts wants not each month is sent to the womb to supply what may be wanting for a little one or if the female be not great may be by it evacuated Menstruous blood This menstruous blood of it self is not offensive nor is it expelled because it is hurtful but because it aboundeth in quantity but when it becomes pernicious 't is by reason of its remaining too long in the body by its comixture with other humours The forming of the young is caused by the Soul The formation of the young which is in the seed and there shews it self in two actions in putting life into the conception and forming of all the parts and the Soul as Scaliger writeth out of Themistius is its own architect which builds a convenient domicill for its own habitation But it receiveth this power from the Creator whose Instruments and hands as it were the Souls are and he hath given this energy to them at the Creation of them then which nothing can be more wonderful to be thought on The Generative faculty hath two others whereby it performs its Office The Alterative and Formative The Alterative The Formative The Alterative is that which changeth the generative matter into the substance of the young and all its parts the formative is that which Forms all the members and gives them their quantity figure number place and the rest The Instrument which the Soul and formative power useth is the formative or plastick heat or that Spirit proportionable to the Element of the Stars for the seeds being received into the womb are mingled together reteined cherished and the power which lyes hidden in the seed is stirred up by the innate heat of the womb and then a Conception is said to be made Conception and then begins a sending forth of the instruments of the body to be made then is it called a Conception which commonly is said to continue til the seventh day But first of all The order of frameing Firs the membrances whereof are framed two Chorion Amnios The Secondine The Spermatick parts are described together Theumbilisall vessels The Veins belonging to the Navel Two Artcries Urachus The time of formation the membranes about the Child are formed by which the seed is shut in and the Spirit and heat thereof is covered and as it were intrenched They are two in number the first is called Chorion and covers the whole Child and is fastened to the vessels belonging to the Navel by their intervening the whole cleaveth to the womb the other coare doth immediately cover the Child and is called Amnios These two coats in the birth seem to be one as it were and come forth after the Child and are therefore called the Afferbirth But the solid and Spermatick parts shall be explained in the first place and afterwards according to their nobleness and as necessity requires the rest shall be perfectly shewn The Infant in the womb doth not take that nourishment which it receiveth by the mouth but from the Mother for the receiving whereof there are appointed by nature four vessels belonging to the Navel namely a Vein which is a branch which comes from the Gate-vein which is as it were the infants nurse two Arteries branches arisen from the Iliak Vein by which the Infant breaths although later Authors who teach us that the vital Spirits by which the Child breaths proceed not from the Mother but from the Child 's own heart do assign another use to the said Iliak branches to wit that