whole Body it is of every side encompassed by the Lungs yet its Motion is perceived most on the left Side 1st Because the great Artery is on that Side The reason why it beats more on the left side than on the right and the Cavity of the left Ventricle far exceeds that of the right and in this the Vital Spirit is contained Hence it is vulgarly reputed altho erroneously That the Heart hath its residence on the left Side and some Practitioners apply Cordial Epithems only to the left Side 2dly The Vena Cava being on the right Side and there ascending thro the Thorax the Heart cannot conveniently decline that way It is of a Conic Figure the upper part is called the Basis or Radix of it the lower Muâ—ro Vertex Apex or the Cone of the Heart its primary Action is to be the Fountain of Heat this is manifest by that Disease called a Syncope and other defects of the Heart where its Heat is intercepted for then the Members of the Body destitute do faint and lose their brisk Activity wherewith they were before actuated Hence Cordials profit in such Affects How Cordials help the Heart in Syncope's by exciting the almost extinguisht Heat and stirring up the drooping Spirits this Heat is not caused only by the Motion of the Heart as the Carâ—eâ—ians say it is for there is implanted Heat in the Heart before its Motion and Motion is only the Preserver and not the Producer of Heat in the Heart but this Heat is excited by an Ebullition whereby the Blood dilating it self requires a more ample space and so breaks forth just as the mixture of Lime and Water produces an Ebullition and Flower of Brimstone mingled with Spirit of Turpetine and Salt of Tartar with Aqua fortis causes a great Fervescency 3dly Another great use of the Heart is to turn Chyle into Blood to be the Organ of Sanguification and to perfect and renew the depauperated Blood that returns in the Veins in its Circulation Another use of it is to move continually Hence it keeps the Blood from Putrefaction makes it more elaborate kindles that Vital Flame that 's in it and disperses it as a Nutriment adapted to every part This Motion is called the Pulse The Pulse which is continual and never ceasing stirred up by the Blood flowing into it and the Pulsive Faculty resident therein this consists of Systole Diastole It s Systole Diastole and Perisystole and Perisystole Systole the proper and natural motion of the Heart is a Contraction of it into a narrow compass that so the contained Blood might be forc'd from the right Ventricle thro the Arterial Vein into the Lungs and from the left thro the Arteria Aorta into the whole Body The Diastole which is Accidentary and not so properly called a Motion as the Systole because it is a Passion rather than an Action is a Dilatation of the Heart that it might draw in the Blood thro the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle and thro the Arteriae Venosa into the left Perisystole is the space of rest between the two preceding Motions In every Systole the Heart doth plentifully receive the Blood and in every Diastole it plentifully expels it After Dr. Harvey had found out the Circulation of the Blood laying down such evident and infallible Demonstrations as compell'd all to believe it yet many ignorant of the Fabric and Motion of the Heart thought that a few Drops a Scruple or a Dram at the most of Blood was thrown out of the Heart at every Pulse and so imagined that the Mass of Blood in the Body is many hours yea some days circulating thro the Body Yet I must acknowledg my Self to be a Proselyte of that Learned and Famous Physician Dr. Lower Dr. Lower De Corde who hath wrote an Excellent Book of the Heart and also of Exquisite Dr. Charleton The Circulation of the Blood the Author of Oeconomia Animalis That the whole Mass of Blood doth not only once or twice but very often pass thro the Heart in the space of an hour For if we compute how much Blood flows into the Ventricles of the Heart when it is dilated how much emptied out of it when it is contracted how many Pulses there are in an hour how much Blood there is contained in the whole Body we shall easily evince this Assertion for by Autopsy it appears and by the experience and testimony of Renowned Harvey that in a Healthful Man the left Ventricle of the Heart will at once contain two Ounces and so much is thrown out at every Systole and that there are Two thousand Pulses in the space of an hour which is the least Computation of all for Waeleus and Regius have numbred Three thousand and in some Four thousand Plempius 4450 Slegelius 4876 Rolfincius 4420 and Bartholine on his own Wrist 4400. tho these differ according to the Age Temperament and Diet c. And suppose that in a Man there are Twenty five Pounds of Blood which is a greater quantity than is granted either by Nature or Anatomists for the quantity of Blood contained in a Humane Body seldom exceeds Twenty five pound and is seldom under Fifteen If we suppose two Ounces of Blood received and thrown out at every Pulse and Two thousand Pulses in an hour How often the Blood circulates thro the Body in an hour the number of Ounces that pass thro the Heart in that space make up Three hundred thirty two pound Hence it necessarily follows that the whole Mass of Blood circulates thro the Body thirteen times every hour but seeing so great a quantity of Blood is seldom found in the Body of a sound Man and so few pulses in the space of an hour Vid. Dr. Lower de Corde it is very congruous to reason that the Blood passes thro the Heart more than Thirteen Times in an hour At the Basis of the Heart there are two Processes called Anricula their use is to receive the Blood and Air least it suddenly rush into the Heart and cause a Suffocation there are also on both sides two large Cavities which are called the Ventricles of the Heart of which the right receives the Blood from the Vena Cava to supply the Lungs and sends it into the left Ventricle to make the Vital Spirit and Arterial Blood of that Blood prepared in the right Ventricle and transmitted thro the Septum and the Lungs and of the Air drawn in thro the Mouth and Nostrils prepared in the Lungs and sent thro the Arteria Venosa with the Blood into the left Ventricle of the Heart The use of both these Ventricles is to generate and perfect the Arterial Blood to receive the Venal Blood make it more perfect and expel it thro the Arteries into the extreme parts of the Body and that they may thereby be nourish'd Between these two Ventricles there is an Interstitium or Partition called
the Nutritive Faculty into its three Branches Chylification Sanguification and Membrification or Assimulation that so we may the better understand the Processes of Nature in these Operations Chylification the first branch of this Function called the first Concoction how it is done First we must enquire into the method of Chylification This which is the first Concoction is thus performed When the Food is sufficiently chewed in the Mouth by the Dentes molares those Grinders appointed by Nature for Mastication it is detruded into the Ventricle or Stomach for Deglution is made by Detrusion wherewith the Stomach being replenisht the Appetite being satiate it doth dilate it self and being also endued with a power of Contracting its Membranous Tunicles according to the proportion of the Food received it doth closely and strictly embrace the same on all sides and then shut both its upper and lower Orifice the upper that Vapours may not ascend to the Brains and that Concoctions might be more perfect the lower lest any of the Meat should descend into the Guts before it be converted into perfect Chyle The Meat thus received into and embraced by the Stomach is by and by moistened and diluted partly by the drink received with it and partly by an Acid Humour the Relicts of the last Concoction which being endued with an Incisive Penetrating and Dissolving Faculty doth as it were cut and dissolve the Solid Meat into very small pieces and like an excellent Menstruum extracts a Tincture from its more Laudible and Alimentary Parts This Mixture being advanced Vsque ad Minima to the least Particles there presently succeeds a Fermentation whereby at last the whole Mixture is brought to a new Consistence and Colour not much unlike the Cream of Barley and is that which Physicians call the Chyle The Chyle being thus perfectly concocted is by the Gradual Contraction of the Stomach detruded into the Guts where the Guts by a Perisâ—altiâ— Motion contracting them downwards and this passing by the Intestines it s more pure and defecate parts are distributed thro the Milky Veins and the excrementitious and unprofitable parts are excluded by Stool These Lactean Veins carry the Chyle into the Common Receptacle called Receptaculum Commune and from hence it is transmitted thro the Ductus Thoracici to the Subilavian Branches of the Vena Cava near the extern Jugular Veins their being mixed with the Blood it is by the Ascendent Ttrunk of the Vena Cava soon imported into the right Ventricle of the Heart Sanguification or the Second Concoction The next Branch of the Nutritive Function is that of Sanguification it is in this Concoction that the Chyle receiving yet farther Exaltations by a greater Solution of the more Noble and active Principles once again deposites its old Color and Consistence and so at length becomes perfectly changed into that true Liquor How Chyle is transmuted into Blood which is called Blood for as soon as the Vena Cava hath committed the Matter of Nourishment into the right Ventricle of the Heart the Ferment therein contained working suddenly and throly upon it sets the Active Principles at a great freedom and so inducing a new motion and effervescence into the Blood doth happily impregnate it with Vitality hereby its Nature is exalted and those Natural Spirits contained in it are advanced into Vital or more Sublime and Active ones while the Vital Spirits pre-existent in the Ventricle of the Heart do enkindle the same Heat and cause the same diffusive or expansive motion in the Natural which they themselves have formerly acquired As for the Primary Agent or Efficient occupied in the Office of Sanguification it is not the Liver as Galen and his Sectators fictitiously conceived nor the Veins as some Anatomists have dream'd nor truly the Heart as Aristotle and his Disciples with several late Judicious Writers have asserted but by the Vital Heat residing in the Blood for the Heart borrows all its Activity meerly from the Vital Blood contained in its Ventricles The true Instrument that Nature makes use of in makeing Blood and distributed into them by the Coronary Arteries of which Vital Influx were the Heart deprived some few moments It would surcease its Activity and desist from its Sanguifying Function yea it would become as Torpid and Motionless as any other part of the whole Body so far is it from exalting the Chyle into so Noble a Nectar as the Blood is by any Simular Action of its own Yet we must acknowledge the Heart to be the Center and Chief Place of Residence for this Vital Flame and may notwithstanding be still properly styled the Fountain of Life As the Chyle in the first Concoction was seperated from its Faeces so in this second Concoction the Crimson Juice is depurated from its unprofitable Excrementitious Parts for the blood being an Heterogeneous Substance consisting of several different Principles when those Parts which are most prone to Volatility are dissipated and consumed and when the Sweet and Inflamable Spirits are exhausted certainly the remaining Mass must needs become useless and incommodious to Nature and so degenerating into Excrements ought as soon as may be to be sequestred from the Pure Mass of Blood â— which wholesome Liquor those Excrementitious Parts are no longer deemed fit to remain Ingredients The Excrements secerned from the Blood The Excrements that are seperated from the Blood are Choler Phlegm and Melancholy to which we may add or under these compehend Urine Sweat Tears and the Lymphatic Liquor Choler is a bitter Excrement generated of the Saline and Sulphureous Parts of the Blood exalted by Adustion and seperated from the Blood thro the Parenchyma of the Liver by a kind of Percolation and thence conveyed by its proper Vessels into the Intestines there rendring the Excrement of the first Concoction fluxile being excluded with them This Bilious Excrement is also in a small quantity effused out of the Capillary Arteries and collected in the Meatus Auditorius or Cavity of the Ears and there appears under the Form of that thick yellow and bitter Excrement we call Ear-wax Phlegm is a Cold and Moist Excrement as for its Sapor it is sometimes Salt somtimes Sweet and sometimes Acid to which we may add its Insipidness as another and as for its Consistence it is sometimes thin and serous sometimes thick viscid and mucilaginous and then it is called Glassy Phlegm and when it putrifies and corrodes it becomes Salt and Eruginous it is seperated from the Blood while it is wrought thro the Branches of the Celiacal Arterie terminated in the Stomach and there by Transudation immitted into the Cavity of it where it is found endowed with some Acidity It is also spewed forth out of the Mesenteric Arteries into the Substance of the Guts and transmitted into their Cavity by insensible passages here it is insipid without any Taste at all It also distils from the Brain being excern'd from the Blood either by the
other is united to them The Material or Constitutive Principle of this is now commonly reputed not to be the Blood tho Aristotle greatly contended for it and the School of Physicians hath given its Suffrage to verify this Tenent but a certain sweet mild and balsamic Liquor analogous to the White of an Egg out which a Chicken is formed The next is the Vital Function The Vital Function this is that whereby Vital Spirits are generated in the Heart for the Conservation of Life in the whole Body Life primarily consisting in the procreation of Heat and Spirits and their due Contemperations with the Blood and Members of the Body and hereby vivifying them it is most necessary a living Body should be furnished with them and seeing that they are dissipable and soon ready to be spent the Body would soon be left in a state altogether inactive and liveless were it not supplied by a continual Generation of Vital Spirits By Vital Spirits I mean nothing else but the more fine What Vital Spirits are volatile aetherial sublim'd and subtiliz'd part of the Blood by which the Fermentation and Intern Motion of the Particles in that Liquor is maintained and that in its Circular Motion preserved from Stagnation and Coagulation and when the Body remains in a state of Health a seperation is continually made of all Immiscible and Heterogeneous Bodies which are either taken in with the Aliment or else come in the Blood from the Ambient The Archeus of the Pseudochymists a meer Fiction This is that Vital Flame I before mentioned and it is nothing else that the Pseudochymists do understand by that great Term their Noble Archeus that Vox praeterea Nihil To the Conservation of this Lamp of Life or the Generation of Vital Spirits there are two Actions or Motions subservient viz. Pulsation and Respiration Pulsation how performed Pulsation is not made a Motive Faculty inherent in the Blood either in respect of its Ebullition and Rarefaction or Vection and Attraction but partly by the Influx of the Blood distending the Ventricles of the Heart and partly by that pulsific Faculty residing in that Fountain of Life this Pulsation consists of three parts the Systole the Diastole and the Perisystole or intermediate rest The Systole is the Contraction of the Heart to a narrower compass expelling the Blood contained in the right Ventricle thro the Vena Arteriosa into the Lungs and that contained in the left into the great Arterie and so into all the parts of the Body Hence we may see the reason why the Motion of the Heart is most sensibly perceived on the left side without imagining the Heart to be more situate on that side than on the other The Diastole is a Dilatation of the Heart to receive the Blood in the right Ventricle out of the Vena Cava and into the left out of the Arteria Venosa The Perisystole is a certain quiet or short rest between the Systole and Diastole but of this see more pag. 108. Respiration it s two parts Inspiration and Expiration Respiration is an Act of the Lungs and Thorax consisting of two contrary Motions alternately successive Inspiration and Expiration Inspiration is caused by the Dilatation of the Lungs and Breast that so the Ambient Air might be received Expiration is the Contraction or Compression of those Parts whereby the same Air is expelled just as the Air is received in and expelled by a pair of Bellows The use of Respiration is not as hath been vulgarly held by the Ancients to refrigerate or cool the heat of the Heart for we see Air blown out of a pair of Bellows doth not any way extinguish but promote the accension of Fire but the use of Respiration is as Dr. Charleton saith 1. The use of Respiration in Eight particulars To subtilize the Blood and by the admistion of Air make it more convenient Fuel for the Lamp of Life and matter of Vital Flame 2. Or as Dr. Henshaw ingeniously supposeth To perform the Office of a Tonic Motion which is wanting in the Lungs for saith he In all the Musculary Parts of the Body there is a Natural Contraction of the Fibres whereby the Blood proceeding from the Heart and diffusing it self thro these parts is expelled thence and caused to recede to its Fountain again now the Lungs being a lax spongy and Parenchymous part is devoid of this Motion and certainly did not Respiration supply its defect it would soon be overwhelmed with the redundancy of Blood coming upon them and so a Suffocation of the Animal would immediately ensue 3. It serves for the Creation of Voice whether Articulate or Inarticulate 4 For the distribution of Chyle both out of the Stomach and Guts thro the Venae Lactea into the grand Receptacle and out of that Receptacle into the Ductus Chyliferi 5. For the Exclusion of Excrements 6. For Smelling 7. For Coughing Sternutation Excretion and Emunction 8. To assist the Body in any strange violent Motion The Sensitive Function The next is the Sensitive Function this is that whereby a Man doth exercise his Sense Whether or no Sense be performed by the Influx of Animal Spirits I cannot here determine there being so many almost inextricable difficulties on both sides The Senses are commonly known to be five The number of the Senses The Visive Auditive Tactive Gustive and Olfactive or Seeing Hearing Touching Tasting and Smelling each of which Senses have their proper Organs In every Sensation there are these four things requisite What things are requisite in every Sensation First An Instrument well disposed Secondly A proportionate Object Thirdly An adapted Medium Fourthly A convenient distance between the Object and the Instrument The Loco-motive Function The next Function in order is the Loco-motive whereby a Man performs local and voluntary Motion the Instruments that Nature hath supplied a Humane Body with for the performance of this are Muscles Tendons Ligaments and the Junctures of the Bones The Enunciative Function The Enunciative is that Function whereby a Man expresses the Sentiments of his Mind by his Voice the Organs of this Function are the Lungs the Aspera Arteria the Mouth that the Voice might be at pleasure either intended or remitted the Tube of this Arterie is furnished with Ringy Cartilages the lower of which if when contracted the attracted Air doth meet How a strong and a weak Voice is caused there is instantly caused a strong percussion and hence a great Voice results but by the uppermost a smaller re-percussion is made And hence an acute and squeeking Voice ariseth and that the sound after it is modelled in the Larynx might be articulated Nature hath given us a Throat Tongue Lips Teeth and Nostrils The Generative Function The last of all the Functions is the Generative this was appointed for the multiplying of Mankind it is from the mutual Congress of two Sexes the prolific
the following Discourse to thy Candid Perusal hoping it may be of some Benefit and Advantage to thee Vale G. W. On the AVTHOR BEgon faint Limners with your vain pretence Of Plainly Representing Man to Sense Your Art 's defective you cannot Pourtray This Lively Image vain is your Essay By Lines and Lineaments his Shape t' Express That makes not Man which is his Garb and Dress The Soul 's the Man your Colours are too Dark To give the Features of that Heavenly Spark Learn then of th' Author for he it is that knows To Draw the Man as well as Paint his Cloaths W. B. THE CONTENTS The Introduction Pag. 1 THE Creation of the World Ib. Of Light Pag. 2 Of the Firmament Pag. 5 Of Water Pag. 6 The Cause of the Saltness of the Sea Ibid. How it is made Fresh Ibid. Of the Motion of the Sea Ibid. Of the Generation of Plants Pag. 7 Of the Heavens and Coelestial Luminaries Pag. 8 Of the Suns Motion with the Motion of the Earth Pag. 9 Of Living Creatures Ib. Of the Creation of Man Ib. Mans Analogy with the Great World Pag. 10. CHAP. I. THe two Parts of Man and the Division of this Discourse into its Two Parts Pneumatology and Somatology Pag. 12 CAHP. II. Of the Nature and Definition of the Soul Pag. 14. AN Introduction to this Chapter Ibid. That the Soul is not the Form of Man Pag. 15 But that Vnion is the Form of Man Ibid. Reasons to prove the Soul not to be a Form Pag. 16 17 18 Aristotle's Definition of the Soul ridiculous and pedantic Pag. 19 20 The true Definition of the Soul Its Essence consists in Cogitancy Pag. 21 Cogitancy hath no dependance upon the Body Pag. 23 CHAP. III. Of the Origin of the Soul Ibid. THat the Soul doth not prae-exist Pag. 24 Neither is it propagated ex tracude Pag. 25 Several Arguments against the Souls propagation Ibid. The true Origin of the Soul That it is immediately Created by God Pag. 27 CHAP. IV. Of the Union of the Soul to the Body Pag. 28 THat Spirits stand in need of Bodies to Act in Ibid. c. That the Soul is not united by the Mediation of the Corporeal Soul evinced by several Quaeries Pag. 32 Neither is it only united to the Glandula Pinealis and thence influenced by the Body Ib. But by its extention thro the Body it actuates all its parts Pag. 33 CHPP. V. Of the Immateriality of the Soul Pag. 34 THe Souls Immateriality proved from its Activity Pag. 35 From its Largeness and Discursive Faculty Ib. From Cogitation Pag. 36 Mr. Hobbs his Objection and Evasion Ib. It s Solution Pag. 37 A Digression concerning the Souls of Brutes Pag. 38 39 That Brutes have not Material Souls Pag. 40 Neither are they insensible Mâ—â—â—â—ns Pag. 42 But that Brutes also have Immaterial Souls Pag. 44 An Objection Pag. 45 The Answer Pag. 46 47 CHAP. VI. Of the Immortality of the Soul Pag. 48 THe Immortality of the Soul proved Ibid. From its Nature Ibid. From its Origin Pag. 50 From its Vnion Ibid. From its Immateriality Pag. 51 More Mediums to evince the same Pag. 52 The State of the Soul after Death Pag. 53 That it doth not Sleep Ibid. That Souls assume Vehicles after their Dissolulution from their Bodies Ib. Three Arguments to prove the same Pag. 54 The same evinced by the Testimony of the Ancient Fathers Ibid. The same implicitely evidenced from Scripture and from Moses and Elias appearing upon the Mount and from all other Apparitions Pag. 55 56 Of the Resurrection and new Modification of the Body Pag. 57 CHAP. VII Of the Extension of the Soul Pag. 58 AN Objection aganst the Souls Extension Pag. 59 The same answered Ibid. Arguments to prove a Vacuum Pag. Ibid. A Vacuum demonstrated by experience Pag. 60 The true Nature of Space Pag. 61 Another Objection against the Souls Extension Pag. 62 An Answer to it Ibid. Wherein the Nature of Extension doth consist Pag. 63 A Distinction between Divisible and Discerpible and that the Soul is mentally Divisible the actually indiscerpible Ibid. That the Soul is not Totum in toto totum in qualibet partae Corporis as the Peripatetics assert Pag. 64 Neither is the Soul in an Indivisible point Pag. 65 It s Extension hence undeniably demonstrated Pag. 66 CHAP. VIII Of the Faculties of the Soul Ibid. WHat the Faculties of the Soul are Ibid. How the Vnderstanding and Will differ Pag. 67 The Number of the Faculties Ibid. The Vnderstanding its Formal Object Truth Pag. 68 The Nine Intellectual Habits Ibid. The Will its Object Good Ibid. The Conscience no distinct Faculty Ibid. The Affections not distinct from the Will Pag. 69 How Love is caused Pag. 71 Love the Chief Affection of the Soul Pag. 72 The Memory Pag. 73 CHAP. IX Of the Parts of the Body Pag. 74 ANatomy It s Subject Pag. 75 The Division of the Parts of Mans Body Pag. 76 The Principal Parts Ib. The less Principal Parts Pag. 77 The Simular Parts Ib. The Dissimular Parts Ib. The Division of the Body into its Three Venter and Four Artus Pag. 78 The Lower Venter its Parts Ib. and Pag. 79 The Cuticula Pag. 80 The Cutis Pag. 81 The Pinguedo or Fat Ib. The Muscles of the Belly Pag. 82 The Peritoneum Pag. 83 The Omentum Ib. The Stomach Ib. The Intestines Pag. 84 The Pancreas Ib. The Cause of Agues according to Sylvius Ib. The Liver its Figure and Connection Pag. 85 Its use to secern the Bile Pag. 86 To concoct the Lympha and impregnate it with a Volatile Salt Pag. 87 Its Ducts and Meatus Ib. The Spleen Pag. 88 Its Vse Ib. Helmont's Opinion false Pag. 89 Walaeus the Inventer of its true Function Ib. The Reins Pag. 90 The use of the Capsulae Atrabilariae Ib. The Vreters Pag. 91 The Bladder Pag. 92 An Experiment touching the Coction of a humane Bladder with some Liquors Ib. The Vessels and Organs of Generation why we omit insisting on them Pag. 93 The Middle Venter or the Thorax Pag. 94 The Breasts and their Parts Pag. 95 Some Conjectures how Milk is generated Pag. 97 The Diaphragm Pag. 98 The Cause of Sardonian Laughter Pag. 99 The Ribbs Pag. 100 The Pleura the Seat of the Pleurisie Ib. The Mediastinum Pag. 101 The Pericardium Ib. Whence proceeded that Water that issued out of our Saviour's Side Pag. 102 The Heart Ib. That is not situated on the left side as some imagine Ib. The reason why it beats more on the left side then on the right Ib. How Cordials help the Heart in Syncope's Pag. 103 The use of the Heart Ib. The Pulse Pag. 104 Its Systole and Diastole Ib. and Pag. 105 The Circulation of the Blood Pag. 106 How often the Blood circulates thro the Body in an hour Pag. 107 The Vessels belonging to the Heart Pag. 109 The Lungs Pag. 110 Their use Ib. The Aspera Arteria Pag. 111 The Larynx its Muscles Pag.
Dissect the Bodies of other Living Creatures Democritus by his frequent Dissection of divers sorts of Animals is said to have first found out the proper Seat of the Bile Galen also accustom'd himself to the Dissection of Apes and Monkies Severinus Castellus Bronzerus Panarolus and many others were wont to Dissect the Bodies of dead Dogs But Asellius Dr. Harvey Walleus Bartholine Pecquet De Graaf and others did frequently cut open Dogs while they were alive and hereby found out the Lactean Veins the Circulation of the Blood the Thoracic Veins the Lymphaducts the Ductus Pancreaticus with its Acid Juice and many other useful Inventions by their diligent Scrutiny and Autopsy But our Discourse is to be limited to the Humane Body having chosen Man to be the sole Subject of this Treatise The Body of Man therefore as it is a Totum Quantitativum seu Integrale is divided by Galen and Hypocrates into Continentia The Division of the Parts of Mans Body Contenta Impetum Facientia that is into Solid Parts Humours and Spirits The Body of Man may also be divided either Ratione Finis or Ratione Materiae Ratione Finis The Principal Parts They are either Principal Parts or less Principal Parts The Principal Parts are the Liver the Heart and the Brain and the Vulgarly received Opinion is That the Veins have their Origin from the Liver the Arteries from the Heart and the Nerves from the Brain which they say are the Vessels that convey the Natural Vital and Animal Spirits thro the Body The less Principal Parts are either necessary The less Principal parts which are those without which an Animal cannot live as the Lungs the Ventricle the Intestines the Vesicula Bilaria the Porus Bilarius the Vesica Vrinaria c. Or not necessary as Caro Simplex in respect of the other Parts Ratione Materiae the Parts are either Simple Homogeneous and Simular or Compound Heterogeneous and Dissimular The Simular Parts are Ten. The Simular The Bones the Cartilages the Ligaments the Membranes the Fibres the Nerves the Arteries the Veins the Flesh and the Cutis The Dissimular The Dissimular Parts are the Members of the Body consisting of various Simular Parts They are also called Partes Organicae seu Instrumentales But the Modern and most Rational Division of the Body is into its Venters and Artus The Division of the Body into its Three Venters and Four Artus The Venters are Three the Infimus the lower Venter or the Abdomen which contains the Liver and the Natural Parts the Medius Venter or the Thorax which contains the Heart and Vital Parts the Venter Supremus or the Head wherein is contained the Brain and Animal Parts Having given the Division of the whole Body The Lower Venter its parts we shall now begin with the Lower Venter and this is all that Cavity which within is distinguished from the Thorax by the Diaphragm circumscribed by the Cartilago Ensiformis the Os Pubis Coxendicis and the Os Sacrum the Vertebrae of the Loins and on both sides by the Bastard Ribs the Fore-part of this is called Epigastrium the Lateral superior Part of which is called Hypocondrium which is next to the Inferior Cartilage of the Costae The Middle is Regio Vmbilicalis the two lateral Parts of which Aristotle calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Laxitate and Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Inania The Lower Part is Hypogastrium which descends from the Regio Vmbilicalis down to the Regio Pubis the Lateral Parts of which are called Ilia and in Flexu Femoris ad Pubem Inguina or the Groin Now this Venter consists of Exterior and Interior Parts The Exterior or Continent Parts are either Common which belong also to other Parts of the Body as the Cuticula the Cutis the Pinguedo with its Membrane the Panniculus Carnosus and the Membrana Musculorum propria or Proper only to this Venter as the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Peritoneum The Interior or Contained are those that serve either for Nutrition or for Procreation Those that serve for Nutrition belong either ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Chylification as the Ventricle the Omentum the Pancreas the Intestines with the Mesentery the Lactean Veins with the Common Receptacle and the Lymphatic Vessels or ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Sanguification as the Meseraic Veins the Vena Porta with its branches and the Vena Cava the Liver the Vesicula Bilaria the Spleen with the Vas Breve and the Hemorrhoids the Arteria Celiaca the Veins the Capsulae Atrabilariae the Ureters and the Bladder Those that serve for Generation are Vasa Spermatica the Corpora Varicosa or Parastatae the Testes the Vasa Deferentia the Prostatae the Vesiculae Seminariae and the Penis in Women the Vasa Ejaculatoria and the Vterus Having thus divided the Lower Venter we come now to speak of each of its parts in particular and the first is the Cuticula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Cuticula this is a thin and close Skin void of Life and Sense without Blood made of unxious crass and viscid Vapours condensed by the Circumambient Cold to cover the Cutis it is thicker than the Cutis least there should be too great an efflux of Spirits and Heat it is generated of an Excrement that hath its beginning in the Womb and afterwards its perfection and this is the reason why Infants newly born look so red as they commonly do In Moors and Aethiopians it is black Next to this is the Cutis The Cutis which is the Common Covering of the Body generated of Seed and Blood the Instrument of Touching and the Defence of the Parts that are under it it is perforated in various places for the ingress and egress of that which is necessary those Perforations that are conspicuous are the Mouth the Ears c. The Insensible are the Pores in this ther◠are observed several Nervous Filaments which Learned Cartesius calls the Organs of Sense Cartes de Homine which being moved by External Objects do accordingly make an Impression upon the Brain Under the Cutis is subjected the Pinguedo or Fat The Pinguedo or Fat which is a Simular Body without Sense made of unxious Blood concreted by the Cold of the Membranes for the defence of the whole it is not in those parts where it would hinder a convenient complication as in the Brain the Palpebrae the Penis the Scrotum and the Testium Membranae its Vessels are the three Veins of the Abdomen the Mamillary Veins the Venae Epigastricae elumbis emergentes its use is like a Garment to keep the Body warm to fill up the spaces between the Muscles the Vessels and the Skin to make the Body even smooth and round hence Lean Persons Old and Withered are Deformed Next is the Membrana Carnosa which is connexed to the Cutis by many Veins and Arteries The Membrana Musculorum
be the â—eat of his Archeus and the immediate Organ of the Sensitive Soul and to determinate the Actions of the Vital Soul resident in the Stomach and so the Seat of the Intellect in which Conceptions are formed of Sleep and Dreams of Venery and of divers Diseases which to others are evident to be the effect of the Brain and the Thorax as an Astma a Plurisie an Apoplexy an Epilepsie a Vertigo and an Incubus But the true Opinion of its use is that of Waleus Waleus the the Inventer of its true Function grounded on Autopsy and certain Reasons which is that it doth receive the more Acid part of the Blood no otherwise than we see an Acid Spirit seperated from Things by a Chymic Distillation This Acid Liquor which you may if you please call Melancholy is mingled with the Blood in its Vessels and with the Chyle to attenuate and make them more dilute whence the Spleen being once obstructed there doth presently ensue a coacervation of gross Humours in the Body not because these Crass Humours are not drawn from the Blood by the Spleen but because the Spleen cannot communicate that attenuating Acid Liquor to the Blood and Chyle what of this Acid Liquor is unprofitable for Nutrition is excerned by Urine We come now to the Reins or Kidneys The Reins They have their Situation under the Liver and Spleen near the Spine upon the Muscles of the Loins they have two Caruncles like Glandules thro which the Serum of the Blood is cribrated and two Venters one at the end of the Emulgent Veins and another at the Origin of the Ureters its use is to seperate the serosâ— part of the Blood and evacuate it thro the Ureters into the Bladder and thence thro the Meatus Vrinarius To the exterior Membranes of the Reins do adhere two small Vessels called Capsulae Atrabilariae The use of the Capsulae Atrabilariae these receive a crass excrementitious and bilose Humour seperated from the Blood either by the Liver Heart or Spleen but more especially that which is elaborated in the Spleen and is here reconded being not able to penetrate the angust Passages of the Reins Hence Urines do look black when these Vessels are too replete where often is the Seat of some Morbific Cause especially in Melancholy Effects The Ureters The Ureters are long Vessels or Channels arising from the Reins implanted into the Bladder they are commonly two in number Riolan relates he saw two on each side of a Woman that had the Venereal Distemper Solomon Albertus takes notice of one that had three on one side and but one on the other I my self saw a Woman opened at St. Thomas's Hospital who had two Ureters on one Side having two distinct Originations in the Kidneys and were also in two distinct places inserted into the Bladder one in the Neck of it and the other in the Fundus these are often obstructed by Stones and Gravel and very acute Pains are hereby created The Bladder The Bladder or Vesica Vrinaria is situated in the Hypogastrium between the two Tunics of the Peritoneum in that Cavity that is made by the Os Sacrum Coxendicis and Pubis as in a proper Venter and seperate Abdomen it hath a Constrictive orbicular Muscle in the Neck of it called Sphincter An experiment touching the Coction of a Humane Bladder with some Liquors which hinders the involuntary emission of Urine Borrichius observed of the Bladder this curiosity That if it be boiled in Acid Things it presently turns to a Mucilage or Jelly if in Salt Things it is incrassated in Oleaginous Things as also in Liquors that have an Alkali in them aâ— Salt of Tartar or incinerated Herbs it is neither incrassated nor turned to a Mucilage but is burnt up as if it were laid upon live Coals and quikly is worn to Power from which it is apparent with how much peril to the Bladder either Acid Salt or Oleaginous Things are injected to dissolve or break the Stone The Vessels and Organs of Generation why we omit insisting on them We should now come to the Spermatic Vessels and the Organs of Generation but modesty will not permit me to expose them to the captious and ignorant Vulgar in their Native Language thinking it no way convenient that those empty Heads that have not arrived to that small degree of Literature as to read a Latine or Greek Author should in their Mother Tongue have a prospect of those Things which both Nature and Reason endeavour to conceal from such shallow brain'd Medicastors I mean those Pretenders who stile themselves the Sons of Art and make their brags that they have ascended to the very top and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this Noble Faculty when alas no Name becomes them so well as Quacks and Emperics who have pickt a few blind Recipe's out of some silly pedantic Translation such forsooth as Culpepper that Stargazing Astrologic Coxe-comb who laughs at Learning derides the Works of all the Grave and Learned Men and Nick-names our ablest Physicians or * The Author of Little Venus Unmasked or the Pocky Doctor See his Reflections on several of the worthy Members of the Colledge of Physicians in the Lord Moons Case Gideon Harvey that conceited Emperic or that illiterate Pseudochymist the Author of Medela Medicina But I shall refer the intelligent Reader to the Learned Treatise of De Graaf de Organis Virorum Mulierum We come then now to the Middle Region of this Microcosm the middle Venter or Cavity which is called the Thorax or Breast The middle Venter or the Thorax this is all that Cavity that is circumscrib'd above by the Clavicles below by the Diaphragm before by the Sternum and on both Sides by the Ribs as the lower Venter contains the Natural Parts so this contains the Vital The Parts of this are either the Containing or the Contained and these are either Common or Proper the Common are the same with those of the Lower Venter the Proper Parts are the Mammae Papps or Breasts the Diaphragm the Pleura and the Mediastinum The Contained are the Viscera and Vasa the Viscera are the Heart with the Pericardium the Lungs and part of the Aspera Arteria This Venter hath 44 Muscles to guard and defend it and to dilate and contract the Breast 22 on each side of which 11 are external 11 internal The Mammae or Breasts The Breasts and their Parts are placed in the middle of the Thorax under the Pectoral Muscle both for their vicinity and nearness to the Heart that Fountain of Heat for the convenience of giving Suck and for the adding to the Beauty and Pulchritude of the Body I speak of the Mammae of the Female Sex they are scarce perceptible in those that are young but when the Natural Heat of the Body hath obtained a due augmentation and begins to invigorate the Parts of the Body then these begin to
tumify at the same time when the Menstruums begin to flow In Old Women they grow flaccid and nothing apparent but the very Nipple the Fat and Glandules being all consumed The parts of this are the Papilla and the Mamilla the Papilla is an extuberance in the Center of it called the Nipple the ends of the Nerves and Arteries do concenter in it which is apparent from its exquisite Sense and Red Colour Hence it is compared to the Glans of the Penis for it may be erected by Contact and Suction and doth afterwards become flaccid Cancers and other Tumors about this part by Chyrurgeons are determined to be pernicious Hyppocrates tells us That if in a Woman with-child her Nipples turn upwards it is a Male if downwards a Female that she bears but the confession of Women hath not yet confirmed it It hath a Circle round about it called Areola which in Virgins is of a pale Colour in those that are big and give Suck brown in Old Women black It hath many little perforatons in the middle for the Milk to come forth its use is to enter the Mouth of the Infant that it might suck There is also a titillation in it whereby Mothers and Nurses by a pleasing kind of tickling and some sense of pleasure are inticed to exhibit their Breasts to the Infant The Mamilla is all that part beside the Nipple that swelleth and riseth above the circumjacent it hath many Glandules which in Virgins are more hard in those that are big and give Suck they are more swelled their use is for the preparation of Milk there is a great consent between these and the Womb hence as soon as ever the Infant is Born the Blood is no longer carried to the Womb but to the Breasts and thence Milk is generated hence those that give Suck have very seldom their Monthly Terms and sometimes the Children draw forth Blood instead of Milk yea which is matter of greatter admiration the Menstruous Blood sometimes hath been observed to come from the Breasts and Milk carried thro the Womb and thence evacuated How Milk is generated it is not easy to determine and I will not stay here to debate the Controversy whether it is carried with the Blood by the Thoracic Arteries Some Conjectures how Milk is generated and secern'd there-from by the Glandules of the Mammae or whether the Chyle ascends to the Breast thro the Milky Veins from the Mesentery or whether as the Learned Dr. Wharton thought a peculiar Juice drawn from the Nerves and added to the Chyle doth make Milk The use of the Mammae first is to be a defence to the Heart hence Men of a Colder and more Effeminate Constitution have great Breasts and Women that are almost deâ—â—itute of them have Manlike Voices Secondly They serve for the Generation Segregation or Depuration of the Milk for the Nutrition of the Infant Thirdly For the Adorning and Beautifying the Body The Diaphragm is the partition between the Lower and Middle Venters The Diaphragm it is a singular Muscle of a different Figure and Action from all the rest its Situation is transverse and something oblique declining downwards its Figure is circular its Substance fleshy but in the middle nervous and membranous for the Center appears to be a thin Skin and a nervous Circle instead of a Tendon if this be wounded Death ensues The use of this is to cause a free respiration to help the Muscles of the Abdomen in the expulsion of Excrements and the Foetus to promote the distribution of the Chyle to distinguish the Vital Parts from the Natural to which some add that this is the Seat of Laughter because the Nerves of the Diaphragm have several ramifications in the Muscles of the Lips and the Cheeks hence in the percussion of that part the Muscles of the Face being contracted and Lips with the Cheeks moved Laughter ariseth The Cause of Sardonian Laughter but this is not true Laughter but only that which is called Risus Sardonius for the Spleen is the proper Seat of Laughter according to that Distich Cor ardet Pulmo loquitur Fel commovet Iras Splen ridere facit cogit amare Jecur The Heart doth burn the Lungs do speak the Gall doth Anger move The Spleen doth laugh the Liver stirs up Love Hence Melancholy and Splenetic Persons are more prone to laugh than others In the fore-part of the Chest is the Sternum at the end of which is the sharp pointed Cartilage called Cartilago Ensiformis and on both sides are placed the Ribs The Ribs which are commonly twelve on each side Melancton saith that Adam had thirteen but it is greatly to be question'd Fallopius saith he saw two several times thirteen and Riolan once The upper seven are called Verae true Ribs because they reach the Sternum the five lower ones are called Nothae or Bastard Ribs because of their shortness The Pleura is a thin Skin investing the inward parts of the Middle Region The Pleura the Seat of the Pleurisie as the Peritoneum doth the Lower this is that part that is affected in the Pleurisie tho Late Writers demonstrate that the effect of this part doth only secondarily happen in that Peracute Distemper The Mediastinum is a Skin of the same kind The Mediastinum dividing the Cavity of the Thorax and the Lungs into two distinct parts To this is joyned the Thymus in the Throat or upper part of the Thorax between the division of the Subclavian Veins and the Arteries this is of a glandulous spongy soft and white Substance in Children newly born it is distinguisht by a three-fold and large Glandule but in the adult it is extenuated by heat for want of moisture Its use is to be a prop to the Vessels that ascend by it viz. the Vena Cava the great Artery and their branches spreading into the Arms and Scapulae and to defend them lest they should be hurt by attaching the Bone The Pericardium The Pericardium otherwise the Chamber Chest or Pannicle of the Heart is a Membrane incompassing the whole Heart so far distant from it as may suffice for its motion and the containing that Liquor which is found within its cavity It s use is to be the Domicil of the Heart and to contain in it a Whey and Watery Liquor not unlike Urine to moisten and refrigerate the Heart and so render its motion more facil Whence proceeded that Water that issued out of our Saviours side This is that Liquor that came forth out of the Side of out Blessed Savior when pierced mixed with Blood for it is said Out of his Side came forth Water and Blood The Heart is one of the principal Parts of an Animal The Heart It is not situated in the left side as soine imagine the Fountain of Life it is situated in the middle of the Body that so the Blood and Spirits might fitly be distributed thro the
Septum it hath several Meanders Caverns Windings and Perforations in it to admit the thinner part of the Blood from the right into the left Ventricle of the Heart The Heart hath many Vessels The Vessels belonging to the Heart the chief are the Vena Cava and the Vena Arteriosa inserted in the right Ventricle and the Arteria Venosa and Arteria Magna in the left Ventricle opposite to which within the Ventricles there are eleven Valves or little Doors which when they are open receive the Blood when shut stop it from coming back again The Vena Cava hath a membraneous Circle at its Orifice to strengthen the Heart which is divided into three membraneous Valves called Tricuspides The Vena Arteriosa also hath three Valves which united give the similitude of a Bishops Mitre The Arteria Magna likewise hath three Valves like those in the Vena Arteriosa exactly shut called also Sigmoides The Lungs The Lungs are divided into the right and left part by the Mediastinum that so when one part is shut the other might perform its Office both these parts are subdivided into two Lobes about the fourth Vertebra of the Thorax the upper of which is shorter than the lower their substance is lax spongy and soft that they may easily be extended and receive the Air. Their use Their use is to ventulate and refrigerate the Heart and free it from that fuliginous excrement which it carries off with the Blood thro the Vena Arteriosa it exhibits Breath to Men to make an articulate Voice and to Brutes to make an inarticulate one Sylvius addeth that it condenseth the Air taken in and so represseth the rarified Blood in the right Ventricle of the Heart and so hereby doth allay the aestuation that is excited in it but this is as much as to say the Air taken in doth temperate the heat of the Heart Dr. Henshaw's Aero-Chalinos which is no more than hath been acknowledged by Sylvius's Predecessors Pecquet will have its use to be to distribute the Chyle and detrude it into the Intestines and Lactean Veins but Dr. Henshaw no contemptible Author a Member of the Royal Society saith That the principle use of respiration is to be instead of a tonic Motion to free the Lungs from Blood whereby they would be overflown did they not drive it back again to the Heart as the tonic Motion doth in all the muscular parts of the Body The Fistula Pulmonum The Aspera Arteria Aspera Arteria Trachaea or Wind-pipe is carried streight from the Mouth to the Lungs thro the Neck and at the fourth Vertebra of the Thorax is divided into two parts both of which enter into the Lungs those are also subdivided into two more and these again into two others till at last at the superfice of the Lungs they end in very small ramifications The lower part of the Aspera Arteria is called Bronchus the upper Larynx it is invested with a two-fold Membrane the one External the other Internal it serves both for Inspiration and Expiration to receive and let out the Air as thro a Pipe The Larynx its Muscles The Larynx or the Head of this is the proper instrument of Voice its Figure is almost circular it hath thirteen Muscles four common and nine proper The first pair of the common is called Sternothyroides from the Sternum the second pair Hyothyroides which hath its Origination from the Os Hyoidis the first pair of the proper is called Crycothyroides or rather Thyrocricoides The second pair Crycoaritenoides posticum The third pair Ctycoaritenoides laterale the fourth pair Thyroarytenoides and the ninth Muscle Arytenoides the Cartilages of the Larynx are five the first is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Scutiformis the second 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Annularis because it is round like a Ring the third and fourth which some make but one is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Guttalis it hath two processes in its superior part which joyned together make a little Rimula to modulate the Voice which by some is called the little Tongue or Glottis the fifth is called Epiglottis which shuts the Larynx that so the Meat and Drink may descend the right way In the upper part of the Larynx there are two Glandules called the Tonsils The Tonsils which are of a spongy substance to receive the moisture of the Brain and convert it into Spittle whereby the Fauces the Larynx the Tongue and the Oesophagus are humected Dr. Wharton assigns more noble uses to them viz. To be the Organs of Taste and to promote the Concoction of the Ventricle by a kind of fermentative Vertue because they contract Acidity but the Tip of the Tongue tastes before gustible Objects reach the Tonsils and when these are evilly affected the Taste remains also when these are inflamed the Stomach nevertheless doth concoct At the lower end of the Larynx there are other Glandules called by Dr. Wharton Thyroides on both sides one thro which the Veins are disseminated from the extern jugular their use is to irrigate the Larynx with a fat and viscous not fluid Humidity that the Cartilages might â—o more apt to move and the Voice become sweeter Hence Women have a clearer Voice than Men Why Women have clearer Voices than Men. because in them those Glandules are larger and so afford more of this oleaginous and smooth moisture As the Aspera Arteria â—s the Pipe of the Lungs so the Oesâ—phagus is the Pipe of the Ventricle or Stomach its beginning is at the Mouth where it is called Pharynx and hence it descends streight to the Ventricle under the Wind-pipe it consists of three Tunics it hath four Muscles the first is called Oesaphagus the second Sphenosparyngeus the third Stylopharyngeus the fourth Cephalopharyngeus by these Muscles is perform'd Deglution or Swallowing which is the proper Act of the Oesophaâ—s An appendix to the middle Venter is the Neck The Neck which is a medium between the Thorax and the Head its use is to serve the Oesophagus the Wind-pipe and the Lungs Hence those Animals which want Lungs as Fish also want a Neck it also affords Nerves to the fore-parts as the Shoulders the Cubits the Hands and the Diaphragm for those Creatures that want these Parts have no Neck Thus we have briefly delineated the parts of the two lower Regions of the Body namely the Abdomen and the Thorax we come now to view the upper which is the Head The upper Venter or the Head its Division It is divided into two parts Capillata and Facies Capillata is that part upon which Hairs do grow the fore part of which is called Synciput from the Frons to the Coronal Suture the hinder Part is called Occiput from the beginning of the Sutura Lambdoides to the first Vertebra of the Neck the middle Part between these which is Gibbose is called Vertex the lateral Parts between the Eyes and the
Ears are called Tempora the Temples the superior part of the Face is called Frons The Inferior Parts are the Eyes the Nose the Ears and the Mouth in whch is contained the Tongue and other Parts The Pericranium and Periostium We shall begin with the Pars Capillata or hairy Part of this Venter the extern Membranes of this are two the Pericranium and the Periostium which encompass the Cranium The inward Membrances which enclose the Brain under the Cranium are the Dura Mater and the Pia Mater The Dura Mater and Pia Mater the Dura Mater oâ— Carssa Menynx divides the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum and the Brain into its right and left Parts and so constitutes four Sinus's oâ— Ventricles the receptacles of Blood and Spirits besides these four Sinus's there are three more one at the bottom of the Calx the other two lateral ones Their use is to receive the Arterial Blood The Ventricles of the Brain which is superfluous in the Nutrition of the Brain and the generation of Animal Spirits and from these proceeds that Blood that is evacuated at the Nostrils The outward part of the Brain is called Cortex the inward Medulla The Cortex is soft but of on Ash Colour which some think ariseth from the innumerable Veins there disseminated the Medulla is more hard and compact of a white Colour it hath two Parts the one Globose which hath three Cavities or Ventricles the other Oblong called Medulla Oblongata where is the fourth Ventricle in which the Animal Spirits are generated and here is the Origen of all the Nerves as this Part descends down to the Spine so it is called Medulla Spinalis The Motion of the Brain consisting of a Systole and Diastole The Brain is observed by some to have a Motion consisting of a Systole and Diastole in its Diastole or Dilatation it draws in the Vital Spirits with the Arterial Blood and Air thro the Nostrils In its Systole or Contraction it forceth the Animal Spirits therein elaborated into the Nerves The Cerebellum hath the same Substance Colour Motion and Use with the Cerebrum only it hath several circular Gyrations in an exact Order which the Cerebrum hath not it hath two Processes called Processus vermi-formes whose use is that the Calamus Scriptâ—rius being press'd by the Cerebellum might not be obstructed thereby The other Parts observed in the Brain are the Rete Mirabile the Glandula Pituitaria the Infundibulum the Corpus Callosum the Fornix the Plexus Choroides the Glandula Pinealis c. The Rete Mirabile or Plexus Retiformâ—s is at the Basis of the Cerebrum it consists of Carotid and Cervical Arteries brought up from the Heart to the Basis of the Brain and bring in them Blood and Vital Spirits to this Rete for the first preparation of the Animal Spirits The Glandula Pituitaria The Glandula Pituitaria is of a harder and more compaâ—â— Substance than other Glandules it receives the Excrements of the Brain thro the Infundibulum and throws them out upon the Palate The Infundibulum The Infundibulum is an Orbicular Cavity made of the Pia-mater it hath four little Channels saith Riolan which distil the flegmatic Serum thro their four Foramina or little Perforations it hath two Glandules or Protuberances of the Brain thro which the Infundibulum receives the Serum from the Ventricles they do also stop and impede the great Impulse of that Matter that is carried to the Infundibulum least it should thereby be too much dilated or broken The Corpus Callosum The Corpus Callosum is in the Medulla of the Brain where its Substance is harder and where the two anterior Ventricles make two Extuberances it is distinguisht by a thin lax and wrinkled Membrane called Septum Lucidum because when extended and exposed to the Light it is Pellucid the inferior white part of it where the two Ventrâ—â—â—â— are joyn'd together is of a triangular Figure Between the first Ventricle and the Fornix The Plexus Choroides is formed the Plexus Choroides its Contexture is of Veins and Arteries its use is the same with the Rete Mirabile The Glandula Pinealis its use The Glandula Pinealis is a Glandule of a conic Figure it is called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Conarion by others the Penis of the Brain its use is the same with that of the other Glandules but especially to distribute the Vessels of the Brain Cartes and his Followers imagined the Soul to reside in this part of the Brain Cartesius and his Followers Regius Hogelandus and Meyssonierius say that this Glandule being placed in the middle of the Ventricles which are always distended with Spirits doth receive the Motion of all Objects and the Soul being placed here doth by these Motions apprehend all sensible Species or rather external Idea's which proceed from the five Senses and as it were in the Center of them discerns them all and then by the help of this it sends the Spirits to the Nerves just as all things that are conspicuous in a large Field are in their Order represented in a little Spheric Looking-glass This therefore according to Cartes is the common Seat of Sense and Imagination but because many of the Cartesian Sentiments of the Soul contrary to our Hypothesis depend upon the verity of this Assertion I shall here take occasion to manifest the falsity of it For 1. This is too exile and obscure a Body to represent the Species of all things clearly Eight Reasons why it cannot be the Seat of the Soul for the Species of one thing would impede and hinder the Species of another it being of too small a Magnitude and therefore the Cartesians being conscious of this to make their Hypothesis more plausible make it a great deal bigger in their Cutts and Pictures than really it is 2. The Species of all the Senses cannot arrive hither because the Nerves do not touch this Glandule 3. It is situated in the place of Excrements where they are excern'd thro the third and the two anterior Ventricles and certainly here the Species would be greatly contaminated which Le Forge a Cartesian is forc'd to grant 4. There then would be a great Confusion of different Ideas in this Corpuscle for the Species must remain there otherwise there would be no Memory 5. There is no Duct or Passagâ— from this Glandule to the Nerveâ— neither any communion with the Nerves of the extern Senses 6. This Glandule is bigger iâ— those Animals which the Cartesiaâ— will have to be void of reason 7. It is sometimes found to bâ— full of Sand and little Stones without any hurt to the Reason sometimes it is black and infected how then can it be capable of performing such noble Operations 8. There was never any propeâ—… Motion seen in it but only violenâ—… either of the whole Brain its Concussion or some extern Flatulencieâ—… for it
and next to it most active from this Principle ariseth the variety of Colours and Smells the pulchritude and deformity of Bodies and the diversity of Tastes in a great measure that this Principle is copious in the Blood is evident from this that we are for the most part fed with Fat and Sulphurious Things From the solution of this it is very probable that the Crimson Tincture of the Blood ariseth for sulphureous Bodies do above all others tinge their dissolving Menstruums with a red Colour and when by reason of Crudity the Sulphur is not dissolved the Blood becomes pale and watery and will scarce make red a Linnen Cloth that is dipt in it The Mass of Blood thus impregnated with a considerable quantity of Sulphur together with abundance of Spirits becomes very fermentescible Salt which is a principle of a Nature more fixt than either Spirit or Sulphur neither so disposed for Volatility is that which makes Bodies compact and solid also ponderous and durable it promotes the coagulation of Bodies and Retards their Dissolutions resists Corruptions and Inflamability and because Spirit and Sulphur are too Volatile it fixeth them by its embracing them that this Principle is in the Blood is manifest by its Gusto when the saline Particles in the Blood are not enough exalted by reason of a bad Digestion but remain crude and for the most part fixt the Blood hence becomes thick and unable to perform its due circulation so that from hence arise Obstructions in the Bowels and solid parts and hence Serous Crudities are abundandantly generated but if by reason of the Deficience and Depression of the Spirit the Salt be too much exalted and reduced to a fluor a sharp austere Diathesis doth then accost the Blood such as is observed in Scorbutic Persons and in those that are attended with Quartian Agues Phlegm or Water which is the Vehicle of Sulphur and Spirit and the Medium to unite them together with the Salt for the other Principles being dissolved or at least diluted in this are kept in motion but without it they become stiff and congealed it is upon this Principle that the Fluidity of the blood depends hereby also its Conflagration and Adustion is restrained and its Heat tempered Earth is that which gives Consistency and Magnitude to Bodies by this the too great Volatilization of the Blood and its Accension is hindered Now tho these Principles are those whereof the Mass of Blood be composed yet this doth not at all destroy our former Assertion of the four Humours for while the Blood is circulating in its containing Vessels some of its Parts do continually wax old and new ones do supply their Deficience hence either by Crudity or too much Concoction something of necessity must become useless and Excrementicious which by the Fermentation and Effervescence of the Blood as in the Effervescence and Depuration of Wine it is secerned and seperated from its Mass Thus that watery Humour that is percolated in the Cavities of the Stomach and Intestines is called Phlegm those Particles of Salt and Sulphur and and some other adust ones secerned in the Liver and received by the Vasa Choledocha is that which they call Bile or Choler and the Earthy Feculencies sometimes in the Spleen is that we call Melancholy But these things I shall more fully handle in the subsequent Chapter where I shall Discover something of the Depuration of the Blood CHAP. XI Of the Functions of the Body NOt to tread in the footsteps of the Ancients farther than their Sentiments are agreeable to the Canons of Reason and Experience I shall not here confine my self to proceed in their Method it being inclusive of some particulars altogether ridiculous and exploded by all the ingenious for whoever will so devote himself to all their Tenents must of necessity restrain his mind from believing not only Maxims of undeniable Verity but also demonstrations of infallible Experience Thus those that conform their Opinion to theirs about the Subdivision of the Nutritive Faculty into the Attractive Retentive Concoctive and Expulsive must necessarily thwart their own Experience at least nullifie the constant Rules of Nature in imagining new and fictitious ones viz. By the attractive Faculty they would have us conceive that in the parts of this Body there is resident some charming Vertue whereby the Proxime Aliment is allured to them or that they by a kind of Magnetic Influence do effectually draw unto them the adjacent Nourishment By the Retentive they would have us believe that the parts of the Body finding this Aliment so agreeable and consimular to their Nature are so inamour'd with them as to retain them by voluntary Embraces The Genuine Distribution of the Functions The Genuine therefore and Legitime Distribution of the Functions are into these seven viz. The Nutritive the Vital the Sensitive the Locomotive the Enunciative and the Generative The Nutritive Function First the Nutritive Function forasmuch as Animals can perform those Actions which their Nature is capable of while they continue in that state in which they were first formed the God of Nature hath ordered that a Nutrition should succeed which might dilate and amplifie their slender Fibres by interweaving and assimulating so many more congeners to them as might reduce their Bodies to a convenient magnitude besides which is a great end aspired after by Nature in this necessary Function this greatly conduceth and almost solely serves for the Conservation of the Animals for since the primary Principle of Life in every Animal is a certain vital Flame and indegenary Heat such as is the rectified Spirit of Wine upon Ascention which penetrates and briskly agitates the fluid parts continually feeding upon them as its proper Pabulum or Fuel which Sulphureous and Oily Particles afford Aliment to that lamp of Life this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or innate Heat at first kindled by the Vegetative Soul or rather the Plastic Spirit in the Blood constantly burning in the Heart as in its Fountain or Primary Focus and thence by Diffusion of it self thro the Arteries warming enlivening and cherishing the Parts would soon consume and dissipate all its soluble Particles had it not a constant supply and continual Reparation or Renovation of those decays it causes to exhale and evaporate by a substitution and assimulation of equivalent Particles in the room of those dispersed and absum'd and so at last a Marasmus or Consumption would immediately ensue and the fluid parts being quite exhausted or dispersed and the vital Flame being quite destitute and devoid of Sustenance Life would totally be extinguisht but to anticipate such sad Effects and that this Principle of Life might not become our intern mortal Enemy so soon to destroy us our Mother Nature hath constituted this noble Function How Nutrition is performed which how it is performed is now incumbent upon me a little to explicate and that this may be done in a regular procedure we must subdivide
Palate or Nostrils likwise it falls from the Pituitary Glandules situate about the Basis of the Brain and is also seperated by the Glandulae Sublinguales and other Spongy Parts of the Jaws and Mouth and so becomes Spittle Melancholy is a Cold and Dry Sediment of the Blood in colour Black in Taste sowre and sharâ— seperated by the Parenchyma of the Spleen for the Blood brought hither by the Celiacal Arterie and passing thro many turnings and windings and as it were percolating thro the Parenchyma doth leave behind some salt and earthy parts which after they have undergone some alteration by their mutual Action one upon another by their attrition and justling in their passages thro the several Cells Cavities and Pores of the Parenchyma are by the fresh Blood which continually flows thither by perpetual Circulation carried back thro the Veins into the Mass of Blood in which they serve for a most useful and effectual Ferment and whatsoever of this Acid Humour is unfit to ferment the Mass of Blood it is sent out and discharged with the Serum by Urine and tho this Hypothesis of the Spleen being the Receptacle of Melancholy be by many Anatomists exploded yet Bartholine Waleus and Highmore do still assert it viz. That as the Liver doth secern the Bile so likewise the Spleen doth seperate a certain Acid Liquor from the Blood which may be called Melancholy When this Ferment once grows too Sharp and Acid The true Rice and Origin of Splenetic and Hypochondriac Affects and acquires parts apt to provoke irritate and prick the sensible parts of the Body and the Fixed Salt becomes Fluid it presently infects the whole stream of Blood puts it into violent and disorderly Motions vellicates the Nervous Parts fixes the Spirits puts all the Humours into strange confusion and makes them apt to congeal and stagnate and hence those Hypochondraic Affects which usually molest Melancholy Persons have their Rice and Origin for in those that labour under these Distempers all the Fixed Salts of the Blood which circulate thro the Spleen are there made Fluid and at length come to prevail over the other Principles of the Blood and turn the whole stock of it into a Liquor as sharp as Vinegar or Spirit of Vitriol by which means all the Spirits are depressed and kept under Sowre Belchings and Vomitings ensue violent and irregular Motions and boyling Ebullitions of the Blood which direful Maladies are soonest cured by those Medicines which abounding with Fixed Salts do precipitate the Blood as those extracted from Steel Tartar Vitriol and all Testacious Bodies as likewise Diuretic Remedies for we find by experience that these Medicines do sweeten all sharp Liquors and abate their pungency for the Acrimony of Salt is not blunted by Sulphureous but Saline Bodies by reason that Fixed Salts by an intimate and close Union to the Fluid do obtund their points and edges thus the corroding sharpness of the Spirit of Vitriol is taken away by Salt of Tartar or Wormood and saith Fonseca Salt of Tartar hath a great power in allaying the turbulent Acrimony of Melancholic Humours for by an intrinsic property in attracts all their sharpness Thus if we distil an Ounce of Tartar with two quarts of the strongest Vinegar a Water will arise without any Acidity And truly it is very probable that the reason why Melancholy Persons find so much benefit from Medicines of Tartar is that by sweetning the Blood and Juice in the same manner as that dulcifies Vineger the Tartar frees the Body from those inconveniences which are caused by their pungency and acrimony The way and manner how the Blood doth degenerate from a sweet and balsamic Constitution into a Liquor altogether sharp harsh and unpleasant and how this alteration is effected ought a little to be enquired into As long as the small passages in the Spleen remain free and open and the Substance or Parenchyma of it is not grown so hard and earthy as to alter the Natural Position and Shape of the Pores the supply of a well prepared Ferment is duly and regularly performed but if either from a Natural or Melancholic Constitution or Errors in Diet the Substance of the Spleen be render'd too compact and solid and the Pores and Spaces are altered from their Natural Figure and Magnitude the Saline Particles in their percolation thro the Spleen are so worn and grinded that they are not only seperated from the Sulphur and Phlegm which is necessary for the making of a Ferment but likewise forcibly disjoyned from the Earthy Principle without which they cannot remain fixt but presently become fluid and then instead of a Ferment which should maintain in the Blood an orderly and moderate Ebullition a sharp eager and pungent Liquor is sent into the Blood which puts in into irregular and tumultuous Fermentations and renders the whole Frame and Crasis of the Body disorderly If we consult the Symptoms of Hypochondriac Persons first their Appetite to Meat by reason of the sharpness of the Ferment in the Stomach is often too extravagant yet the Meat is ill digested and much of it turned into sowre Water and hence the Stomach being provoked and convelled by the gnawing Acidity of its Menstruum these persons are troubled with continual Spitting sometimes loathing and vomiting they are usually Costive and their Faeces very black by reason of the Vitriolic Acidity which produces that Colour their Urine is generally high-colour'd like a strong Lie because the Salt not being sufficiently volatilized and breathed out thro the Pores is sent down in the Serum thro the Urinary Passages they find also about their Breast a great Oppression Straitness and Difficulty of Breathing and sometimes fall into Astmatic Paroxisms Moreover They complain of a great trembling and palpitation of the Heart of a great weight and oppression of it which Symptoms proceed partly from the sharpness of the Nervous Juice which grateâ— and vellicates the Nerves and is apt to stagnate in them and partly from the Blood which is not well and regularly fixed in the Heart hence proceed acute and wandring Pains about the Mediastinum and Shoulders and sometimes such as imitate the Cholic and Nephritic Passions Thus tho this Acid Juice according to Helmont and Sylvius may be very useful in some parts of the Body and tho it may serve for a useful Ferment yet too great a quantity of it in the Blood may cause a Disease and indicate an Evacuation but it is now high time for me to return from this Digression Assimulation Membrification or the third Concoction We come now to the third Concoction which is the third Office in the Nutritive Function and that is Membrification or Assimulation this is performed when the Nutritive Juice is sufficiently prepared and by the Impulse of the conveying Vessels is brought near to the parts that are to be nourished and there by an Appositionâ— Agglutination and Transmutation all which must in order succeed each
Seed being emitted from both and treasured up in the Magazine of the Females Womb that the first Rudiments of a tender Foetus do emerge There being abundance of Natures Curiosity under this Head I shall take occasion a little to amplifie hereupon and shall treat of 1. The Nature and Origin of the Seed 2. The Manner and Signs of Conception 3. The Formation of the Child in the Womb and its Position 4. The Manner of its Exit or Coming forth The Nature and Origin of Seed The Seed is a Humid and Spirituous Substance elaborated in the Testicles from the residue of the third Concoction or from the Arterial Blood having a prolific Vertue and concurring to the procreating of the Foetus not only Virtually but also Materially The Efficient cause of Spermification is the Parenchyma of the Testicles these by their hot and moist Temperature and also an Intrinsic Specific Propriety doth convert the Arterial Blood into Sperm which after it is here prepared is reconded in the Seminary Vessels and if there be a redundancy that which abounds is either carried back thro the Spermatic Veins to the Heart or goes to the Nutrition of the Testicles or else is excern'd thro the Lymphaducts for without the Testicles Seed is not unless extraordinarily generated for it is from them that the Seed receives both its Form and Colour and if a Conception happen from one that is castrated it is by reason of some Seed before the Amputation of them prepared and reconded Women also do emit Seed and have likewise for that purpose Testicles given them by Nature In the Seed there are two parts The Spirituous part and the Colliquament The Spirituous Part is that which causeth in the Seed a Turgency and Frothiness by reason of the extream Mobility and Volability of the Spirits The Crass Colliquament is that moist and watery Substance which manifestly appears when the Spirits vanish and evaporate for it then lays down its Whiteness and Spumosity This fruitful Liquor by its prolific Vertue after the Spermatic Contact in Coition doth so affect the Vterus of the Female as to impregnate it with Fecundity and make it also become Prolific which having received this Plastic Generative Power communicated to it from the Male doth put this Power into exercise and so procreateth its own like and truly the Vertue proceeding from the Male doth so largely fructifie the whole Female that it produceth a thoro Change and Alteration as well in the Frame of their Minds as Constitution of their Bodies 2. The Manner and Signs of Conception Conception the Manner of it The Vterus of the Female by the previous Converse she hath had with the Male and his Incitements which he useth to entice her as also by Natures own Inclination and Tendency is adapted for Conception which preparaion of the Vterus consists in this First The Vterus appears thicker and more fleshy and afterwards in the interior Superfice which is the place where the future Conception is to be received groweth more tender answering in Lubricity and tenderness the intern Ventricles of the Brain in some places it hath little Knobs which do swell inward and become exceeding soft the Vterus thus reduced to a state of Maturity and Coition immediately succeeding the Seeds of both Sexes being effused at the same time the Males into the Neck of the Vterus and thâ— Females into the Cavity of her own Matrix the Womb being endued with the property of attracting and drawing to it self the Virile Seed it greedily sucks it in and there the Seed of both Sexes being exactly mixt together and strictly contained within the Confines of the Vterus the whole Body of the Womb doth contract it self and the intern Orifice of it becomes so closely shut that the Point of the sharpest Needle cannot be admitted the two sorts of Seed there reconded are cherished by the Heat of the Vterus and thereby their Heat and Spirit stirred up and the Plastic Vertue which before lay Dormant there is now reduced into Act and hence immediately Conception ensues The Signs of which are these Seven Manifest Signs of Conception 1. A kind of horror and trembling after Coition which is caused by the Contraction and drawing together the Womb. 2. Retention of the Seed If the Seed fall not out again we may Conjecture there is Conception 3. A close Occlusion of the Orifice of the Vterus 4. A Suppression of the Natural Courses 5. A Swelling Hardness and Pain in the Breast 6. A Languid Appetite and Desire of Venery 7. A Nauseating and Loathing of Meat 3. The Manner of the Formation of the Foetus and its Position in the Womb. The Efformative Vertue being now excited by the Heat of the Womb doth wrap up the whole Seminal Matter into two Membranes or Tunics the one is called Chorion and the other Amnios and in seven days time after the Conception the Lineaments of the Spermatic Parts begin to appear for if a Geniture after the seventh day suffer an untimely Exit and be cast into Water there will appear in it three little Bubbles which are the Rudiments of the three Principal Parts and abundance of little Filaments which are the Threds of the other Spermatic Parts All the Spermatic Parts are perfected in Males in the space of Thirty Days in Females in Forty the fleshy Parts in Males are perfect in Three Months in Females in Four and then the Foetus begins to be quick The Spermatic Parts are generated of the Seed of both Sexes but the Fleshy Parts of Menstruous Blood which hath an Influx thither till the whole Structure of the Foetus is compleated The Position and Situation of the Infant in the Womb. The Situation or Position of the Infant in the Womb is commonly found to be thus His Knees drawn up to his Belly his Thighs bent backward his Feet hanging down his Hands elevated to his Head whereof one is placed about his Temples or Ears the other upon his Cheeks in which Parts there are white spots discovered in his Skin as Signs of Confrication his Spine or Back-bone bent-round and his Neck being inflected his Head hangs near his Knees the Embryo is situated with that Position of Parts wherewith we commonly apply our selves to rest with his Head uppermost and his Face directed towards his Mothers Spine but a little before his Birth his Head being bent downwards he dives towards the Bottom and Orifice of the Matrix as if he were seeking his way out Lastly The Manner of its Birth The Manner of its Exit or Birth After the Foetus hath acquired its due Conformation Nutrition and Augmentation not finding a sufficient Aliment and wanting Air to Ventilate the abounding Heat begins to seek a larger Space and being irritated distends the Membranes of the Vterus and endeavours to extricate himself out of that Prison wherein he is so confined and incarcerated and hence results a double Motion one