tables that thoroughe theyr spongiosite they myghte drawe theyr nouryshment And they ben full of pores that the moyst fumes ascendynge from the brayne maye vapoure out wythout the hurte of the brayne The hed was made of sondrie bones to the entente that yf one parte were hurte it shulde not be commucated to the other And that the Anatomie of membres cōtained in the head might be more euidently declared it is profitable after that ye haue taken awaye the flesche of the sculle of the eyebrowes to diuide the brayne panne with a sawe circularely For incontinently assone as it is opened ye maye see the inner table full of pores and glassie as the outwarde and ye may see also the saide true commissures to whiche the pannicle called dura mater is knyt and ioyned Nature hathe produced thies commissures for foure causes The first is that the veynes maye entre by them whiche brynge nourishement to the brayne The seconde that the fillettes or thredes of the sinowes procedynge from the braine maye comme out and gyue felyng to the partes lying aboute The thyrde that the vapoures ascendyng to the braine may haue passage The last that the pannicle dura mater maye be holden vp that it greue not the braine By the middele or sagyttalle commyssure there passe two veynes procedynge frome the liuer and entre in vndre the sculle lyke wyse by the hole of the bone called basilare theyr commethe an Arterie procedynge frome the harte and ascendeth in to the heade vntil he ioyne hymselfe to the sinowes and veynes afore sayde Of whiche the harde pannicle called dura mater is cōpouned and is ioyned to the commissures procedynge wythout them by certaine lytle synnowes and as it were heres so that those synnowes and heere 's or thynne thredes commynge out of the commissures make a pannicle whiche couereth all the sculle and is called Gingiua mater or Pericraniū Pericraniū Therfore it was conuenient that an Arterie shulde ascende vpwarde frō the hart for if hys pulsatiue mouynge and subtile bloode shulde haue gone downewarde it wolde haue descended to hastely Therefore it is moderated by mountynge or goynge vpwarde Neuertheles it was mete that the veyne shulde goe downewarde frome the ouer parte to the nether that the grosse bloode myght easely descende Also the sayde veynes synnowes Pia mater and arteries ioyne them selues together agayne as it is sayde and make a pannicle verye thynne and subtile called pia mater whiche couerethe al the braine And than the sayd veynes and arteries goe downe to the braine and gyue it lyfe nourischement and vitall spirite procedyng from the harte And asmuche more as the braine receaueth of that vitall spirite so muche more perfecte ben the animall spirites The brayne is a substaunce full of marye diuided in to three vētricles of whyche there is one in the fore parte which is greater than the other three The brayn◠The seconde is in the myddest The thyrde hath hys resydence in the hyndre parte And therfore after Galenes iudgemēt it is the foundation of imagination and of deuysynge and of remembraunce Rasis also affyrmethe that the thyrde ventricle is the fountayne of the senses and voluntarie mouynge The Nuke is as it were a streame descendynge from the sayd partie The Nuke and the synnowes that comme frome the same are as it were lytle ryuers commynge out of a greate streame And moreouer the sayd Rasis sayeth that whan the heade sprynge that is the brayne is endammaged al the ryuers namely synnowes descendynge frome the same be also endammaged by the reason of participation But yf anye harme chaunce to the ryuers the foūtayne is not alwaye hurted but the places wherunto the synnowes are directed The substaunce of the braine is whyte and full of marye and softe and of a colde and moyste qualyte In whyche qualytee it differreth frome the maryes of other bones For it was not ordayned to nourishe the sculle but to conteyne the brayne to preserue the same And the pryncypall vtilyte of it is to tempre the heate of the vitall spirites procedynge frome the harte that the animall spyrites myght be made Of vētricles We sayed before that the brayne hathe three ventricles and the former and the hynder after the opinyon of Anatomistes ben diuided in the myddell that is to saye in the ryght syde and in the lyfte and the sydes of them ben wrapped aboute wyth the sayde pannicles goynge here and there vnto the fundation by whiche the ryght parte is diuyded frome the lyfte In the fore parte that is in the fyrste ventricle consysteth fantasie Fantasie whyche retaynethe the semblaunces of thynges receaued by syght and hearynge In the hyndre parte consisteth the vertue imaginatiue Imaginatiue vertue whyche apprehendethe thynges receaued reteyned by fantasie In the middel ventricule resteth the commune sense Commune sense whych apprehendeth the semblaūces of thinges brouze vnto hym by particulare senses and therefore it is directed to that place and there is ended And hereby appeareth the profite of this ventricle which serueth to imagination or fantasie to the cōmune sense and was produced that it shulde gyue sense animal spirite to al the instrumētes of felyng Also the accidētes which may chaūce to this ventricle ben apparant as solution of continuite euyll complectiō the payne of migraime whan there is anye hurte in the ventricle and some tymes it sufferethe Apostemes hote colde Yf the Aposteme be hote and cōsiste in the pānicles it is called Sirsen Syrsen Yf the Aposteme be colde it is called Lethargus Lethargus and inducethe forgetfulnes And yf by chaunce there be an Aposteme in the substaūce of the braine it is called a mortal Aposteme There maye also chaunce to them a disease by reason of the euyll composition with yf it bee vtterly stoppynge ether it is by vapoures Vertigo and than causeth Vertigo or scotome which is a darckenīg of the syght and a swymmyng in the head as though all thynges turned aboute Or yf it be of an euyll humour than it causeth astonishement and the Palsie Palsye And yf al the ventricles of the braine be stopped with the substaunce of the braine Apoplexie they cause a cōtinuall apoplexie Also the braine is diuided in to foure partes the former the hynder the right the lyfte in the former parte bloode raigneth in the hyndre parte flegme in the right cholere in the lifte melancholie And therefore the former parte is hotest ¶ The seconde ventricle AFter that we haue spoken of the fyrst ventricle and of the seate and complection of it and of the vtilities and diseases that maye chaunce to the same it is conuenient that we speake of the seconde vētricle In the ende of the first ventricle there ben two smal partes or substaūces after the maner of the nastrelles of a man whyche ben to the ventricle as it were a bedde
fallynge sycknesse c. The Apothecaries are wonte to shewe a whytyshe roote called of them Meon or men for that that Vigon calleth pauce Pecten Pecten is vsed of Vigon for the bone ouer the priuie membres Pectorall Pectorall Pertaynyng to the brest Pericranium Bycause that Vigon speaketh obscurelye aboute the Anatomie of the heade we thought good here to adde somewhat The skynne that lyeth vnder the fyrste skynne of the heade and compasseth aboute the sculle is called pericranium For peri in greke sygnifyeth aboute cranion a scull There ben thre seames or cōmyssures in the heade Wherof two ben ouerthwart of whych one is in the foreparte of the heade called Stephanea or coronalis the other is in the hynder parte of the heade and is called lambdoides bycause it is lyke thys lettre Λ called lambda in greke The thyrde is stretched frō the myddel of the hynder vnto the myddell of the former and is called in greke Obeliaea in latyne sagittallis The fygure of these seames representeth thys letter Η. The bones whyche ben sette at the eares on both sydes bene called Petrosa in Greke lithoeide bycause they bene lyke stoones About the temples there are two seames called in greke lepidoeides that is lyke scales Whan the brayne pan is remoued there appere two rymes or thynne skynnes called in greke meninges The more outwarde of these two is grosser defendeth the brayn that it be not hurte agaynst the sculle it is called dura mater This rime is bored thorough aboute the bones called in greke Ethmoeide for that that they ben perced lyke a strayner or syffe and spongreide bycause they ben ful of bones lyke a sponge Vigo calleth them Basilaria The inner ryme ioyned euen vnto the brayne is thynner and weaker than the other and it is lyke the skynne wherwith a chylde is wrapped in the moothers woumbe and therefore the grecians calle it Choroeide In latine it is called tenuis membrana and pia mater The brayne it selfe is deuided into .ii. partes the former and the hynder The former is greater softer than the hinder and is deuided of dura mater The hinder brayne lyeth to the other and therfore the egiptians call it Paregcephalida the latynes bycause it is lesse than the other haue named it cerebellum The two ventricles of the former brayne labour out and finishe the animalle spirite and sende it in to the hindre brain to cause remembrance Wherfore it was nede full that a passage shulde be from thē vnto the hynder brayne some cal this passage the common sense some the third ventricle There leneth one this passage of the brayne a lytle particle or piece after the manner of a vaulte bounchy without and hollowe with in that there may be free space to motion and mouynge The bodye or substance that adioyneth to this passage where the sayde passage hath his begynnyng is called conarion in greke bycause it resembleth a pyne apple named conos There lye aboute in the sydes of the sayde myddle passage rounde bodies or substaunces called in greke Gloutia bycause they bene lyke the buttockes of a man some lyken them to the stones But ther lieth ouer the passage of the brayne a particle which obteyneth a circumscription lyke vnto a woorme engendred in wood And therfore the Anatomistes calle that bodye or substance that couereth the hole passage Excrescentiam vermicularem that is the worme out growyng There procede oute of the myddle ventricle or chamber two as it were condute pypes deriuyng superfluyties vnto the roofe of the mouth and cummyng to an hole called infundibulum that is a tunnelle bycause it is large aboue strayt beneth There ben seuen payre of synnowes whiche growe from the brayne The fyrste .ii. pertayne to the eyes and gyue them facultie of seyng these are holowe and softer than other synnowes and they ioyne them selues togyther agayne before they enter into the eyes they are deuyded representynge this greke letter Υ. The other payres are declared in Vigo Finally rhete mirabile or the merueylouse nette is made of these arteries which come into the head wheras they passyng ouer the scul meete at the fundation of the brayne For there nature hathe prepared for this nette as it were a chambre beyng enuyroned with the hard ryme dura mater Into whiche place not a lytle portion cōmeth of the arteries called carotides or head arteries whiche arteries afterwarde ben dyuided in to a plētuous generation and so by those goyng as it were lattese wyse a form of a nette is fasshoned Nowe that we haue spoken suffycyently of the anatomie of the heed we wyll also speake somewhat of the other principall membres and fyrste of the herte The herte The hert on both sydes aboute the fundament of it hath as it were eares The ryght eare with a notable braunche is ioyned vnto the hollowe veyne and vnto the ryght vētricle of the herte The left eare is ioyned to the mouth of the veynie arterie called ve nosa arteria and to the left ventricle of the hert For the hert hath two ventricles or chābres aryght and a lefte chambre and they bene deuyded and parted atweine through which pertition there ben holes by which blood is conueyed into the left ventricle In eche of the ventricles there are two vessels For a noble veyne entreth into the ryght ventricle which bringeth blood from the lyuer and distributeth it to all the veynes within without the hert And there cōmeth out of the same ventricle an arterious veyne which caryeth blood to the longes It is called arteriosa vena bycause that in respect of his vse it is a veine but in respecte of his two tunicles or skynnes it is an arterie A veynye arterie is planted in the left ventricle which bryngeth ayre from the lōges to the herte And it is called venosa arteria bycause that yf ye regard his vse it is an arterie but yf ye regarde his tunicle or skynne which is syngle and one onely it is a veyne The greatest arterie of all called aorta the heed spryng of all other issueth out of this ventricle whereof one parte goeth to the canell bone and the other is wrythed to the backe bone The liuer The liuer for the most parte is deuyded into fyue lappes called lobi Howebeit in some it hath but two in some foure in some none but is al togyther round From the hollow parte of the greater lappe a lytle pype deriueth cholere to a bladder called cistis cholidochos whiche hangeth by the sayde lappes From the bunchie part of the liuer there issueth the greatest veyne of all the body and it is called the hollowe veyne The stomake The inner skynne of the stomak being thynne hath streygth filmes the outwarde whiche is grosser hathe ouerthwart filmes Fyrst than the stomake draweth meate stretchyng out the streyght fylmes Secondlye it retayneth and embraceth the meate be-being drawē in with the ouertwhart fylmes And it
where vpon it stretcheth it selfe in length whan it receaueth Imagined thynges And afterwarde it is drawen together lyke an erthe worme which thing it doeth whaÌ„ the vertu extractiue thynketh vpoÌ„ apprehended and determined thynges vntil the sentence be pronounced And it prolongethe it selfe lykewyse whaÌ„ remembraunce of thynges declared is apprehended by the thyrde ventricle Of thes two substaunces one is as a redde worme as it is afore declared and it may stretche forthe and drawe backe The other is as it were a knockle whiche closethe it selfe and openethe And this was ordayned of nature that the apprehended semblaunces shuld not passe from one veÌ„tricle to another whaÌ„ a man wil cease from exterior operatioÌ„s of the senses or thynkyng and deuysyng The saide seconde ventricle is smal and thynne and it passethe frome the fyrste to the last and toucheth bothe And therfore it is an instrument of two vertues namely of thynkyng and diuidyng and of inferrynge one thynge of another And the seconde vertue is to iudge to discerne true thynges from false ¶ Of the thyrde ventricle ¶ The thyrde ventricle hathe hys seate in the hyndre parte of the heade And in substauÌ„ce it is harder than the other wherfore the synnowes which growe out of it or out of the Nuke which is the vicarie of the sayd veÌ„tricle ben of harde nature And the ryme called pia mater is not ioyned with thys ventricle as with the other bycause it is harde ynough of his own nature The substauÌ„ce of the other is softer than of this therfore nature wolde that pia mater shulde ayde the other to coÌ„teyne the brayne It is made after the figure of a steple that is large beneth sharp aboue that it miÈt retayn in his large parte pronouÌ„ced sentences kepe theÌ„ secretly as a chest whyche couereth a treasure his coÌ„plection is colde and drie ComplectioÌ„ the coÌ„plection of the seconde veÌ„tricle is hote moyst The Nuke wrapped in two pannicles procedyng from the braine hath his begynnyng of this laste ventricle goethe downe by the hole of the bone called Basilare passethe by the middest of the spondeles vntill he touche the ende of the backe bone The said Nuke is like mary of semblable substaunce as the braine is and hath the same accidentes that the braine hathe It is necessarie to knowe that seueÌ„ payre of synnowes haue theyr generation immediatly of the brayne after the length therof and thirtie payre which passe thorough the middle of the nuke and one which hath not a felowe Further more in the extremite of the fyrst seconde veÌ„tricle in desceÌ„dyng Lacuna There is a hole called Lacuna that is a syncke in the middest wherof there is a lytle hole which coÌ„meth to the rouffe of the mouth by which superfluites beÌ„ purged it procedeth directly frome the seconde ventricle and passeth by the bone called Basilare lykewyse the paÌ„nicle named Dura mater is bored thorough in the fore parte vndre the bone of the foreheade that by it the superfluites of the ventricles might be purged by the conduyctes of the nose And another reason there was that by the conduycte of the nose the vertue of smellynge myght be made perfaicte And rounde aboute the sayd coÌ„duycte ben certayne rounde pieces of flesche standynge out whyche after Mondine ben produced to sustayne the veynes and the Arteries whyche mounte vp frome rhete mirabile to the sayde ventricles and therefore there ben glandules or kernelles hard by the Rhete mirabile Rhete mirabile The sayde Rhete mirabile is lyke a nette and is therefore called Rhete for this pannicle is compouned onlye wyth Arteries as Guido hathe declared saying that in certayne places an Arterie is diuided froÌ„ a veyne as in the middle of the arme and in Rheti mirabili ¶ The .iiij. Chap. of the Anatomie of the necke and of the throte WE haue declared in the former chapiter the Anatomie of the heade It is nowe requisite that we speke of the face of the necke of the eyes of the throte theyr partes And fyrst we must knowe that there ben in the throte two conduyctes Of whiche by one the meate and drincke passe Meri descendyng in to the stomake is called Meri or Oisophagus in Englishe the Gulle beynge coÌ„pouned of two thynne skynnes and of synnowie small thredes or fylmes Of whyche skynnes or Tunicles the one is verie synnowie in the parte touchynge the palate or rouffe of the mouthe The other is fleschie full of muscles whyche in the outwarde parte is ioyned to the pannicle of the stomake Trachea Arteria The other conduycte called Trachea Arteria or the wesaunde is that by whiche the wynde or Ayre is conueyed to the longes The fyrste conduycte called Meri is situated vpon fyue spondiles of the necke behynde and goth downewarde tyll he be ioyned to the middriffe whiche is a skynne compassynge the longes And after the opynion of Rasis The throte of that conduycte Meri the stomake procedethe The throte is the begynnynge of the sayde conduyctes in whyche there is an emptie place where the two Amigdales ben Amigdales that is to saye two pieces of flesche after the facion of two Almondes one in the right syde and the other in the lyfte And thes Amigdales ben fleschie synnowie that they may be the stronger for they gyue entraunce to mete and dryncke that they maye easely passe in to the conduycte called Meri or the Gulle and they helpe the ayre to go in to the weasauÌ„d by the Epiglotte The Epiglotte is a certayne eminence Epiglotte whych appeareth in the throte in the toppe of the wesaunde produced of nature for thys purpose that in eatynge and drynckynge nothynge entre in but the ayre And whan anye thynge goethe in it makethe a manne to coughe tyll it be out agayn And the vtilite of thys partycle is thys that by the meane thereof the bodye drawethe and retayneth ayre accordynge as it is necessarye and it helpethe also to fourme and fascion voyces In the fore parte as we haue sayde is the Trachea Arteria or wesaunde compouned of gristellye rynges ioyned one to another hauynge an inwarde pannicle whyche tyeth the sayde rynges one to another whyche ben verye rough in the inwarde parte and are ioyned to the throte gulle beynge a lytle separated the one frome the other The throte gulle is made lyke a cane compouned of veynes Arteries and synnowes procedynge of the syxe payre of synnowes whyche coÌ„me from the fore parte of the braine And on the ryght and the lyfte syde there ben certayn instrumeÌ„tal veynes called Guidegi vpon the which great Arteries are situated Guidegi And therefore the cuttynge and pryckynge of them is dangerous by reason of the nyghnes and affinitie that they haue with the lyuer and the harte For often tymes a man dyethe by suffocation or chokynge whan the veynes of the poulse
ben prycked Vuula Semblably the Vuula was produced cheifly to forme the voyce in retaynynge the ayer accordynge to the wyll of man And also to purge the superfluites of the brayne and it hangethe iustly betwene the two Amigdales or almandes as it were a grayne of a Pyne apple and it is of a spongious and rare substaunce ¶ The .v. Chap. of the Iawes and the Teethe AFter the opinion of Anatomistes the teth bē xxxij Incisorii in nombre Of whych some ben Incisorij that is cuttynge and they serue to cut the meate Canini The other ben called Canini sharpe as the teethe of a Dogge and they are cōmunly called the eye teeth for theyr rootes goe welnygh to the eyes Molares There ben some which be called Molares bicause they grynde the mete as a mille corne and they begynne the fyrste digestion There ben .xvi. in the ouer iawe they ben compouned of .xiiij. bones whose compositiō is vnknowen And that iawe is couered wyth a pannicle procedynge out of the fore part of the foreheade whyche pannicle is called Pericranium Consequentelye the sayde iawe takethe parte of the synnowes of the thyrde payre procedynge frome the brayne and of the secōde parte of the Nuke The skynne of the face commethe of the Pericranium and takethe parte of the thyrde payre and parte of the fourthe and fyfte payre of synnowes procedynge frome the brayne wyth certayne veynes and Arteries and stretcheth it selfe ouer all the face and therefore the sayde synnowes cause the felyng and mouyng of all the face It is conuenyent to knowe that all the teethe ben knytte wythe lygamentes and pannicles procedynge out of the foresayde pannicle The nether iawe is compouned of two bones and aboute the chynne it is ioyned together lyke a sawe and is knytte to the other And we wyll make a chapitre of them and of theyr dislocation or displacynge ¶ The .vi. Chap. of the tonge and of the eares THe tonge is a mēbre ryght necessarye whyche nature hath produced in the mouth Tonge and it is spongious and fleschie compouned of sinnowes Lacertes Veynes Arteries and Ligamentes And the roote of it is planted in the bone called Os Laude and is tyed wyth manye ligamentes The synnowes of it procede of the syxt payre of synnowes cōmyng from the braine and receaue felyng thereby and mouynge of the .vij. payre of synnowes commynge frome the brayne Vndre the tonge there ben two veynes whyche appeare whan the tong is lyfted vp The cuttyng where of is verye profytable for manye passyons of the throte whyche we wyll speake of in the cure of a quynce And the tonge was pryncipally ordayned to speake and to conueye the meate in to the mouthe And it is verye necessarye to the arte of Phisicke For by taste we obtayne the knowlege of manye thynges called Simples And the synnowes of tastyng comme from the fourthe and syxte payre of synnowes of the brayne And in that ther ben .ix. lacertes procedynge frome the bone called Laude and frome the addytion sagyttall There is vndre the tonge glandulous or kernelly flesche in whyche there are two lytle oryfices or mouthes which purge the spittell lyke a strayner The Eates In the extreme ouer partes of the iawes the eares ben situated aboute the bones called Verualia and are founded vpon the bones called Petrosa whyche ben harde and bored thorough After the bone called Mendosum or False there ben manye innolutions or inwrappynges in their passage goynge inwarde tyll the fyfte payre of synnowes of the brayne be touched And by the vertue of them the power of hearynge is gyuen to the eares And therefore the sayde Synnowes ben hollowe that they maye the better heare all soundes And aboute the eares and extremitees of the iawes nature hathe produced a cartilage or grystell whyche fynyshethe the eares And at the extremytees of the sayde eares there ben synnowes and smalle threedes of veynes and Arteryes produced circlewyse Therefore the incisyon or cuttynge of them must be done after the maner of an halfe circle There ben afterwarde in the right and lyfte syde of the Necke behynde the eares two veynes procedynge frome the liuer vndre the whyche there are Arteryes procedynge frome the harte and mounte vp by the commyssures or seames of the heade as it is a foresayde vnto the brayne And whan they haue done theyr effecte in the heade they retourne towarde the eares And they conduycte some parte of the sede to the reynes and extende to the vessels of sede And thys is the cause that he canne not engendre that hathe the veyne vndre the eares throughly cutte Lykewyse nature hathe produced in those partyes of the necke two as it were lytle neckes one in the ryght syde another in the lyfte and theyr foundacyons ben planted in the bones of the heade And therefore they ben of the nature of lygamentes and they procede frome bothe the sydes of the backe bone vnto the ende of the same they ben called longe neckes And so they ben the restynge bedde of all the synnowes procedynge from the Nuke ¶ The seuenth Chapytre of the Anatomie of spondyles or of the chyne bone A Spondele is a bone bored thorough whiche maketh the backe bone and thorough the hole thereof the Nuke passethe frome one ende to another Spondeles And the sayde spondele hathe manye addytions or particles descendynge and ascendynge whyche successyuely ioyne them selues one to another tyll they come to the extremyte of the backe And thys ordynaunce of dyuerse portyons or pyeces is as it were the conseruatyon of the Nuke And out of eche side of those spōdiles sinnowes issue which bene dispersed in to sōdrie partes of the body as we shal shewe here after Moreouer there ben foure partes of spondiles in the backe as Galene witnesseth the firste is the necke the secōde the spondiles of the shoulders the thyrde the loynes Os sacrū the fourth Os sacrū or the hyppe In the firste parte there ben .vii. spōdiles in the seconde xii in the thyrde .v. in the fourthe .vi. But of the muscles sinnowes and veynes of the necke we wyl speake in theyr propre chapiters ¶ The .viii. chap. of the Anatomie and figure of the eyes SEynge that the eyes bene righte profitable to mans body Of the eyes we must serche diligently the anatomy of the same that when we know the disposition of them their cōplectiō we maye more easely helpe thē Their situatiō is manifeste to euery bodye Nature hath ordeined two that the body might be guyded the better and that yf one shulde be put out the other might cōduict the body And they ben mēbres cōpouned of seuen skinnes thre humours I wyl declare first their cōposition after this sort First frō the fore parte of the brayne procede two sinnowes beyng holowe cōmyng from the first paire of sinnowes of the brayne Nerui optici which assone
the veynes And nature hathe ordeyned them to be harder for a iust cause For as long as the lyfe of man endureth the arteries moue coÌ„tinually And vnder the sayd paÌ„nicle thre lytle skynnes grow within and ende wythout which nature hath ordeyned to receaue that that commeth out of the herte In the lift veÌ„tricle there ben fouÌ„de ii holes Of whiche one is the mouth wherout procedeth the greate arterie of whych al the arteries of mans body haue theyr generation Moreouer vpon the same mouth thre pannicles are situated whych begynne wythin and ende without that they may answere be bowed back to that blode and spirite that coÌ„meth from the hert whyche blode forthwyth is diuided of nature through out al the substauÌ„ce of the hert in moderate quaÌ„titie and the rest of the blode is sent to the nouryshment of the herte and it is thynned in the substaunce of the hert and in the middle pytte it is digested and purifyed and whan it is purifyed it is sent to the lyfte ventricle where of the blode there is a spirite engendred more pure and subtile than any bodie made of the foure elementes And there is another hole whyche is the mouthe of an ample veyne goyng to the longes And thorowe the holownes of it the ayre is sent from the longes to the herte In whych seconde hole there bene only two pannicles procedynge wythout and endyng wythin whyche God hath profitably ordeyned to conduicte ayre to the herte In the lyfte veÌ„tricle there is fouÌ„de an arterie hauynge onlye one tunicle named arteria venalis Arteria venalis whyche conueyeth subtile bloude procedynge froÌ„ the herte to the longes by whose substaunce it is dispersed it is the nouryshmeÌ„t of the longes And the hert hath two litle particles additamentes or pieces lyke smal eares which susteyn it One is in the ryght syde thother in the lyfte ¶ Of the longes THe longes is a membre of rare and thynne substaunce Longes spongious and is tyed wyth a PaÌ„nicle called mediastyne whych couereth the harte that the bones of the brest touch it not And there is a cane or pype ouer the longes called Trachea arteria wherof we haue spoken before The profytte of the cane is to drawe colde ayre whyche ayre compasseth aboute mannes bodye vntyll it come to the herte to teÌ„pre hys great heate And by the same Cane the superfluities of the herte may passe out Wherfore the coldnes of the ayre that compasseth aboute mannes bodye is of greate vtilitie For it tempreth the herte wythout whych the vital spirites shuld be choked Therfore nature hath produced inspiration and respiration that the herte myght be duely blowed vpoÌ„ and that the ayre might be puryfyed by the longes before it come to the herte ¶ Diaphragma or the midriffe DIaphragma or the mydryffe is one of the membres that bene conteyned in the coÌ„cauite of the brest Midriffe whose begynnynge procedethe from the ouer part of the brest and in descendyng it stretcheth it selfe large and longe tyl it come to the .xii. spondyle of the backe And it is a grosse Pannycle and musculous in the neyther part and seperateth the spiritual membres froÌ„ the membres nutrityue and it hath allyaunce wyth the brayne by the meanes of the synnowes whyche procede from the same Nature hathe ordeyned the midriffe that by hys continuall mouynge it myght blowe vpon coole the hart as the belowes of a smyth wheÌ„ they bene opened they receyue ayre wheÌ„ they ben closed they dryue the wynde to the fyer And for two raysons solution of continuite can not be restored in it The fyrste is bycause of hys continuall mouynge The seconde is bycause it is full of sinnowes and is subtile THe Pannicle called mediastyne is in substaunce lyke the mydriffe Mediastine diuidynge the breste after hys lengthe therfore it passeth thorow the middest of the loÌ„ges And it is tyed wyth the spondiles of the backe and susteyneth the longes Thys diuision was made thorowe the myddest that the hurte of one part shulde not be communicated al aboute ¶ Of Pleura PLeura is a thynne Pannicle Pleura sensible whyche couerethe the ribbes In whyche often times there is engeÌ„dred an aposteme called a Pleuresie ¶ The anatomie of the bellye and hys partes Chap. x. VEnter or the belie is communely takeÌ„ in two sortes The bellie firste for the stomacke the throte gulle secondelye for the region coÌ„teynyng the nutritiue membres And we must knowe that the conteynyng partes ben Myrach and Siphac as perteyninge to the fore parte as perteyning to the hyndre parte they ben the bones of the fyue spondiles the skynne and the lacertous fleshe Mirach is compouned of foure thinges of skynne of fatte Mirach of a fleshy Pannicle and of muscles growynge out of the herte Siphac is a simple Pannicle very harde coÌ„pouned of synowes Siphac fylmes or as it were small heares and ligamentes ioyned wyth a Pannicle Therfore there is a great difference betwene Mirach and Siphac For Mirach hath many partes that maye be seperated and so hathe not Siphac Membres contâ—yned The membres that bene called coÌ„teined arne .vii. the zirbus the guttes the stomake the liuer the mylte the MeseÌ„terium the reynes Of the blader and of the figure of the matryce we wyl speake herafter in the anatomie of the hanches ¶ The stomake Stomake THe stomake is a membre compouned of thre sinnowye tunicles hauynge many fylmes or as it were small threedes or heares accordyng to his length and bredth And it procedeth from the ouer parte of the midriffe hauynge the figure of a rounde gourde The necke is longe in the ouer parte leanynge to the lifte syde and the botome of it is conteyned wyth a gutte called Duodenum Yea and the botome of the stomake is the begynnynge of the guttes It is tyed behynde to the spondyles of the backe wyth stronge sinnowye ligamentes whyche extende them selues accordynge as the stomake requireth And the stomake was princypally ordeyned for the fyrst digestion And there bene in it foure natural vertues that is to saye Attractyue whan there is appetyte of meate digestyue retentyue and expulsyue Of whyche vtilites it shulde be longe to entreate nowe ¶ Of the liuer Liuer The lyuer is sette in the ryght side Vnder the ouer rybbes towarde the hynder parte And it is a fleshy membre of thynne substaunce hauing the semblance of congeled bloude And it is hollowe in the inwarde parte towarde the stomake and bounchye wythout after the figure of the mone whan she is more than halfe ful The concauite is toward the stomake and the bounching towarde the midriffe And out of the hollownesse Porta there groweth as it were a cane or pype called porta And it is a greate veyne made of spermatique or seede mattier Out of whych after Rasis there growe .vii. veynes of them infinite as the rootes of a
speake of the mēbres in the belly called conteynynge And fyrst of Siphac Siphac Siphac is an harde pannicle growynge out of the midriffe which descendeth towarde the spondyles of the backe And the stomake and the guttes bene susteyned by the sayde pannicle and it endeth in the nether parte of the bellye And of the sayde Siphac the two didimes ben engēdred which descende to the stones ouer the bone called os Pectinis Didimes And the didymes ben thin skynnes which compasse the stones holde them hangyng And through the myddest of them certaine veynes arteries passe By whiche the seede is conduicted to the stones and so cōueyed to the yarde by these didymes two lytle braunches ascende from the stones which are called the vesselles of seed ¶ Of the stones THe stones ben nombred amōg the principal membres The stones which nature hath made for generacion And they ben of glandulos and whyte flesh And they are also of gret felyng by reason of the participacion that they haue with the sinnowes of Siphac and by reason of certayne small fylmes or thredes procedynge from Mirach Therfore whan the zirbus or caule descendeth with the didymes it stretcheth them oute beneth And it is the cause of greate payne so that the paciente thynketh that his guttes be rent from the fat ¶ Of the yarde and of the blader The yarde THe yarde is a membre very ful of sinnowie lacertes with many ligamentes veynes and arteries It is hollowe and that holownesse is ful of ventosite or winde engendred in the pulsyng veynes by which ventositie the eleuation of the same commeth This eleuacion procedeth chefely of the arteries whiche come from the herte for the herte gyueth volūtary motiō to the sayd arteries The ligamentes of the yarde procede frō the bones of the thighes And the synnowes growe frome the nether parte of the nuke and by reason of those sinnowes the sayd yard is of great felynge The veynes of it procede out of a greate veyne descendynge from the lyuer And the arteries procede of a great arterie descendynge from the hert whan the herte gyueth voluntarye motion to them And the sayde veynes and arteryes ben greater and euydenter in the yard and vnder the tonge then in anye other place of the body Therfore bycause of the synnowes it hath participacion with the nuke bycause of the veynes and arteries it hath particypacyon with the herte and the lyuer And about the yarde in the extremitie therof there is found symple flesh as we haue sayde And thus the partes of the yarde ben euydent and the profyte namelye to conserue kynde The qualitie of the sayde yarde by reson of the partes compouninge it is colde and drye The blader is a vessel compouned of two tunicles ordeyned of nature to receyue the vrine It is situated betwene the ouer part of the two bones of the thighes and the arse hole And in his mouthe called the necke of the blader there ben lytle muscles which draw the necke togyther and kepe in the vrine The vrine is conduicted from the reynes to the bladder by two emunctories or clensers called Pori vritides whiche whan they touche the bladder Pori vritides they entre throughe one of the forsayde pannicles and afterwarde they passe bytwene two tunicles of the blader tyl they come to the necke thereof In which place they pearce through an other tunicle and descende to the concauitie of the bladder conueynge the vrine thyther ¶ The Matrice or wombe THe matrice is situated betwen the blader The matrice and the gutte called intestinū rectum it is very synnowye that it may stretche out whā a woman is with chylde It hath also two ventricles which ende at one mouth and it hath lytle additions of flesh called the two hornes of the matrice and behynde them the two stones of a woman ben situated And the sayde stones ben smaller and broder than a mans but they ben not so lōg And the seed of a woman descendeth to them through the myddest of the matrice The necke of the matrice is stretched to the wycked of a woman and this necke is to the woman as the yarde is to a man Furthermore the mouthe thereof is strayte and harde in maydens hauynge fyue lytle veynes which breake whan a maiden is defloured The matrice The matrice of a woman with child is so closed that the poynt of a nedle can not entre in And therfore the accustomed purgations come not forth For whan they issue out it is a sygne that the chylde is not in helth as Hippocrates wytnesseth And whan the tyme of deliueraūce is come or whā an aborcemēt chaūceth the necke of the matrice so stretcheth out that the chylde may passe throughe The generacyon of a chylde is of Sperma or seed and it is noryshed with menstruall bloude And the fourme of a male chylde is sooner fynisshed than of a woman whyle the chylde is in the matrice certaine veynes come to the same by which the infaunt receyueth his noryshment we wyl not declare here howe it receyueth hys norysshment for that pertayneth more to phisitions than to Chyrurgeins Neuerthelesse thus moche ye shall knowe that the sayd veynes by which the chylde receyueth nourysshmente breake whan the tyme is come that the chylde shal be borne ¶ The .xiii. and .xiiii. Chapter of bones and of the muscles of all the bodye WE sayde in the first Chapiter of simple membres that there bene in mans body two hūdred fourtie and eight bones besides the bones called laude and Sisamina bycause the Chyrurgians name them cōmunely in latin we thought good so to ordre them in latin as it foloweth A Os coronale .i. B Ossa parietalia .ii. C Ossa petrosa .ii. D Os laude .i. E Os basilare .i. F Ossa paris .iiii. G Ossa nasi .ii. H Ossa colatorii .ii. I Ossa mādibule superioris .xx. K Ossa mandibule inferioris .ii. L Spondilia vera et mēdosa .xxx. M Ossa furcule .ii. O Ossa vtriusque spatule .ii. P Os vtriusque adiutorii .ii. Q Os vtriusque focilis .ii. R Ossa rasete manuum .xviii. S Ossa pectinis manuum .x. T Ossa digitorum manuū .xxx. V Os focile minus brachiorū .ii. X Caste vere et mendose .xxiiii. Y Ossa thoracis .vii. Z Os cordis .i. Os Epiglottale .i. 9 Ossa ancarum .ii. a Ossa coxarum .ii. b Rotula genuum .ii. c Minor canna tibiarum .ii. d Os chaab tibiarum .ii. e Os nauicularis tibiarum .ii. f Ossa pectinis pedum .viii. g Ossa calcanei pedum .ii. h Maior canna tibiarum .ii. i Ossa caude .iii. k Os pectinis .i. l Ossa digitorum pedū .xxviii. m Dentes .xxxii. ¶ The .xiii. Chapter of muscles WE said before that the muscles of mānes bodye bene in nōbre .431 Muscle A muscle is a membre cōpouned of flesh synowe ligamente synnowye fylmes and of a Pannicle couerynge the sayde partyes And
the milt An other Here foloweth an other cerote good for the same purpose ℞ of the rootes of holyhocke ℥ iiii of the rootes of whyte lyllyes ℥ ii of the rotes of langedebefe ℥ i. and. ss Seethe thē all in fatte brothe of capons hēnes or other flesh than stampe them and strayne them and adde to the straynynge of oyle of camomyll of dyl an̄ ℥ ii ss of oyle of cappares ʒ vi of hēnes grese of duckes grese ana ʒ x. of calues grese ℥ ii ss of the mary of calues legges ℥ i. of buttyre ℥ iiii of the leaues of Rue m̄ ss of the floures of rosemarye of smalage leaues of euery one the thyrd parte of an handful of vynegre one cyath of the foresayd decoction li. ii Let the grese oyles marye boyle agayne vnto the consūption of the decoction and vynegre than with suffycyent whyte waxe and the foresayde straynynge and diaquilō make a cerote at the fyre in good forme addynge of saffran ℥ i. ss vse it vpon the milte after the maner of a playstre Thus endeth c. ¶ The .vii chaptre Of scrofules and fugilles which bene engendred vnder the arme holes and in the flankes Of scrophules fugils SCruphules and fugilles ben often engendred vnder the arme holes .c. For the curation whereof the remedyes wryttē in the Chaptre of scrophules are sufcyent Neuerthelesse for a more ample doctryne The cure of a fugill we wyll brefely declare the maner of curyng a fugille Fyrste ye shal make a depe hole in the myddest and put in it two graines of arsnyke For it mortifieth the carnositie with the thynne skynne that contayneth it yf it be applyed ones or twyse Also quycksyluer sublimed is of the same vertue whan the place is mortifyed ye must procure the fall of the escare and so procede as in the cure of scrophules The cause of fugylles Fugilles are engendred of grosse and flegmatike matters and they bē lytle depe swellynges of red coloure vnmouable in toutchynge and of lytle payne Sometymes they come to fylth or corruption we haue healed them often after theyr vlceration separatynge the good flesshe from them rounde aboute Incision with a sharpe instrument and putting into the incision of our poudre of mercurie euery daye a lytle vntyll we se the botome Afterwarde we were wonte to plucke vp the fugyle wyth lytle sharpe tenacles hauynge some hollownesse lyke a spone Yf any thynge remayned afterwarde we mundifyed it or rather rooted it vp with a trocisque of minium after oure description or wyth our poudre of mercurie or with a ruptorie of capitel Thus we ende this present chaptre for which the name of God be praysed ¶ Here begynneth the thyrde booke ¶ The fyrst treatyse is of woundes from the heed to the feete ¶ The fyrste Chaptre Of flesshye woundes and of the commune disputation of woundes in generall and of the cure of the same A woūde as aūcient and later doctours testify is a solutiō of continuitye fresh A wounde and blodye and wyth out putrifaction chesti made in softe partes Solution of continuitie is a passyon cōmune to mēbres symple Solution of continuitie and membres compounde neuerthelesse more proprelye to membres symple than compounde as Auerrois testifyeth The other partes of the diffinition that is to saye fresh or newe blody and without putrefactiō ar put for a dyfferēce of vlcers with putrefactiō And we added in softe partes for a dyfferēce of breakynges or brusinges in harde membres wherfore Iohannitius sayth in the diffinition of chyrurgerie that chirurgerie is double one worketh in soft partes the other in harde The kyndes of solutiō of continuitie take theyr dyfferēces of thre thinges The fyrste taketh his dyfference of the nature of the membre in which it is as Galene testifyeth sayinge Some woundes are in sēblable partes some in instrumentall Of those that are in semblable partes some are in soft partes some in harde som in meane where as he sayde in softe partes he vnderstode in the flesshe and in the fatte And by harde partes he vnderstode the bones and the ioyntes and grystles by the meane partes he vnderstode the sinnowes ligamentes arteries and veynes And of woundes that chaunce in instrumentall membres some are in the principal membres as in the hert the liuer the brayne some in mēbres seruyng to the same as trachea arteria meri the blader Some in instrumentall membres not seruynge to the principall membres as in the eares the nose the eyes Causes of 〈◊〉 solution of continuitie The causes of euery solution of cōtinuitie as Haliabas witnesseth are thynges sensible or insensible Thinges insensible are these staues swerdes stones c. Thynges sensible are the bytynges of serpentes or other venimous beastes or of men c. Seing that we haue suffycyentlye spoken of the kyndes and causes of solution of cōtinuitie in mēbres simple cōpounde it is conuenient that we declare the deuysion of the sayde solution of continuitie Solution of continuitie is double namely simple and compound The symple is that that is without losse of the substaunce of the parte where it is For the cure whereof one onely intention is requyred that is to saye vnition or conioynyng of the partes seperated or sondred Compounde is that that is with the losse of the substaunce of the parte where it is To whose cure there are necessarily two thynges requyred One is generatiō of the lost substaunce The other is to ioyne the partes that bene sondred whan the lost substaunce is restored by conuenient medicines Lykewyse we saye generally that euerye wounde is compounde Woundes compounde that hath any thyng ioyned vnto it without remotion whereof the wounde can not be healed as woundes caused by brusynge whiche are apostemous and be with solution of continuitie and therfore for theyr curatiō you must not procede by the waye of the fyrst intention at the begynning bycause of the bruse For Galene sayeth that euery brused wounde must be putrifyed A digestyue 〈…〉 woundes and turned into quytture or mattier For the curation of these woundes at the begynnynge ye shall vse a dygestiue For that swageth payne and seperateth the matter altered through contusion or brusynge from the hole partes After the same maner a wounde that is altered by the ayre must be handled Furthermore there are woundes cōpounde that ben payneful apostemous altered through the ayre all other in which any thīg not naturall is conneyted as a pece of yron a pece of wode or a stone which can not be in the wounde without hurt thereof And of these flesshye woundes some are superficiall some depe The superficial are easely healed for they requyre onely conuenyent byndinge The depe are eyther accordynge to the length of the place or accordynge to the bredth They that are made accordynge to the length are more easelye cured thā the other bē caused by cuttyng thynges as
in the hynder They that are in the hynder parte ben more daungerous then the other for many causes namely bycause of the multitude of greate veynes and arteries that passe by the lengthe of the backe and also for the multitude of the synnowes whyche descende from the nuke and moreouer bycause of the lygamentes whych haue coniunction wyth the harte and bycause also that the pannicle called Mediastinum and the mydryffe ben nyghe to that parte Sometyme a wounde in the sayde parte thoughe it be not penetraunte or persynge is deadlye But it is not mortall or deadlye in the former parte yf it perse not wythin the breste The sygnes of the penetration or persynge of suche a wounde wythout the hurte of the inner membres bene these Ayer cōmeth out of the wounde the patiente hathe greate payne to breathe and felethe griefe in the sore place wyth ponderositie or heuynes chyefelye aboute the small rybbes You maye moreouer knowe whether the wounde persethe by the applycation of coton well toosed vpon the orifyce of the wounde and by the holdynge of a lytle candell burnynge nyghe to the wounde for the flame thereof shal be moued and lykewyse the coton yf the patiente holde hys breathe stoppynge hys mouthe and nostrelles The sygnes also by whyche you shal knowe whether the harte be hurte ben these there issueth oute of the wounde blacke bloode the extreme partes bene colde and death foloweth incontinently after For Auicēne sayth that the harte can not endure solution of continuitie without the approchynge of death Sygnes of the woūdyng of lunges The sygnes that chaunce when the lunges bene hurte are these effusion of bloode full of fome continuall coughe dyfficultie of breathynge and payne of the rybbes Midriffe The sygnes that declare the midryffe to be hurte Mediastinū or the pannicle called Mediastinum bene these dyfficultie to fetche breathe continuall coughynge sharpe pryckynges in the sore place heuynes of the sayd place and perturbation of reason whych can be restored by no medicine and moreouer the patiente fyndethe hym selfe worse and worse euerye daye and wyth fieuers Also you maye knowe the putrefaction of the bloode in the inner parte Sygnes of putrifyed bloode by the stynckynge of the patientes breathe by the continual inquietnesse of the patient and by the increasynge of the fieuer and other euyll accidentes afore rehersed Galene sayeth yf bloode be shedde in to the belly besyde nature it commeth necessarely to putrefaction When it is putrefyed it is wonte to engendre greate paynes fieuers and heuynes of the place wherfore we affyrme that the sayd accidentes chaunce accordynge to the quantitie of rotten bloode in the inner parte Nowe that we haue knowlege of woundes percynge and of the hurte of the inner membres it remayneth that we come to the curation of the same whether they bene persynge or not But before we speake of the curation we wyll declare the dyscorde that is betwene the doctours of thys tyme concernynge the same There ben many that commaunde to shutte incontinently the penetraunt wounde and to procede wyth desiccatiue thynges aswell wythin as wyth out to cause incarnation sayenge that yf the sayd wounde be not shutte the ayer wol entre in vnto the harte more ouer that the vitall spirites woll issue out by the wounde whyche thynge myghte hurte the patient Agayne many ben of a contrary opinion and commaunde to kepe the wounde open And yf the wounde be not large they saye it must be enlarged that the blood maye issue out affyrmynge that yf the bloode whyche is in the inner parte yssue not out by the orifyce of the woūd it maye engendre many euyll accidentes and corrupte the inner membres Wherfore to auoyde suche accidentes they commaunde to kepe the wounde open Vigo hys iugement In my iudgement they whyche cōmaūde to kepe the woūde open maynteyne a surer opinion then the other for many reasons Fyrste bycause of the commune bruyte For yf the patient shulde dye the people wolde say that the retaynynge of bloode caused hys deathe whyche is true Lykewyse bycause the bloode beynge retayned causeth some fistula and other accidētes whych brynge the patient to death To come to the curation we saye that the curation of a wounde penitraunt is accomplyshed by foure intentions The cure The fyrst is ordinaunce of diete The seconde euacuation of matter antecedent The thyrde purgation of the blood whych is entred in to the inner parte The fourth mundifycation of quytture cause by the sayde bloode and after mundification incarnation of the place Touchynge the fyrste and the seconde intention ye shall procede as it is declared in the former chapitres excepte that yf the patiēt be very weake and hath euel accidentes as soūdyng in such case you may gyue hym wyne and other thynges that comforte nature Furthermore bycause that difficultie of breathynge happeneth to the patiente ye shall gyue hym meates sodden with rootes of perseley and fenell And for the comfortation of hys harte and stomake ye maye mengle wyth the meates of the patient a lytle cinnamome and saffran Item it is very profytable to vse often at the begynnynge A decoction that helpeth breathynge thys decoction whyche helpeth respiration or breathynge and kepeth of catarrhous matter whyche happeneth in the sore places ℞ of cleane barley m̄ i. of the rootes of langdebeefe ℥ ij of cleane liquerice somewhat stamped ʒ x. of the commune seedes ℥ i. of iuiubes and rasines ana ʒ x. of penidies ℥ ij ss of suggre cādy of syrupe de duabus radicibus ʒ x. of fyne suggre ℥ iij. Let them boyle altogether wyth suffycient rayne water vntyll the barley breake thē strayne them Let the patiēt vse here of as we haue sayd for it is merueylous good Prouided alwayes that the patiente haue conuenient digestiues and purgations accordynge to the qualitie of the humour as is afore declared Item seuen or eyght dayes after the woūde besyde the meates declared ye may gyue the patient fleshe and wyne of good odour mengled wyth sodden water of the decoctiō of cinnamome and coriandre Yf the patient haue a fieuer he must eate the fleshe of chyckens and hennes kyddes flesh and veale boyled wyth perseley and altered wyth the foresayde thynges Lykewyse you shall procede when you wyll purge the quytture of the inner parte Also you maye gyue the patient potage made of the brothe of the foresayd fleshe with perseley buglosse borage laictuce and beetes It is good for the wounde for the breath and for the taste and engendreth good bloode When you wyll mundifye the wounde and drye vp the quytture thē the sayde fleshe is better rosted thē boyled Also byrdes that lyue in woodes and meddowes maye well be suffered but not waterfoule Item there bene some whyche commende that the patient vse stiptike meates but not at the begynnynge but when the bloode and quytture are purged For yf you gyue them at
greate prouocation to the seege but can do nothynge It commeth of teinein which signifyeth to stretche Tension Tension stretchynge Terra sigillata Terra sigillata is an earth dygged oute of certayne caues in the Isle Lemnos And bycause it was sent from thence beinge sealed it was called Sigillata Some thynke that we haue not the thynge thoughe we retayne the name Terebentine Mainarde sayeth that the true Terebinthina was broughte oute of the Isle called Chios and out of Libia and Pontus But nowe in the stede of it we vse Rhasyne of the fyr or sapyne tree Terminatio ad crisim Crisis sygnifyeth iudgemente and in thys case it is vsed for a sodayne chaunge in a disease Thys chaunge is wonte to happen foure maner of wayes For eyther the patient is immedyatly delyuered of hys disease or is moche better at ease or dyeth incontynentlye or becommeth moche worse The fyrst of these chaunges is called Crisis the seconde Elleipes that is wantynge the thyrde cace that is euyll the fourth ateles that is vnperfyte Hereafter it appeareth that those chaunges which happen by litle and lytle are not properly called Crises but lises that is solutions or loosinges Trachea arteria The wesaunde pype is called Trachea bycause it is rough Transuersalis Transuersalis crosseouer Trifera Trifera is an electuarie made of myrobalanes gynger cloues c. for wyndynesse rawe humours c. Trociskes Trochiscos in Greke is a lytle whele Amonge the apothecaries it is a confection made of sondrye pouders and spyces by the mene of some lyquoure In latyne they call it Pastillum Tunecis Some thynke that Tunici is the herbe that dioscorides calleth polemonium and some take it for the floures of gillofloures Polemonium after Dioscorides descryption hath leaues lytle bygger than Rue but longer In the toppe of hys braunches it hath as it were Iuye berryes in whyche there is a blacke seede The roote is dronken with wyne agaynst venyme Tutia Tutia is called in Greke Pompholix that is to saye a bubble For it is that that bubbleth vp in brasse whan it is boyled and cleueth to the sydes or couer of the fornace And that that synketh and is as it were the asshes of boyled brasse is called Spodium For spodos in Greke sygnifyeth the dust and asshes wherof spodion is a diminutiue Turbith Musa sayeth that Turbith is the seconde kynde of spurge Some thynke that Turbith is taken out of a plant whyche hath leaues lyke the leaues of the myrte tree Varices VArix is the swellynge of a veyne somtymes in the temples sometyme in the base parte of the belly somtymes about the stones but chefelye about the legges Ventoses They vse this worde Ventosa for Cucurbicula that is a cuppynge or boxynge glasse Ventricles Ventricles Lytle as it were mawes chambres holes Vermicularis Vermicularis the lesse housleke it groweth vpon houses Vesicatorie Vesicatorie Bladderynge blysterynge Viscum One kynde of Viscum is byrdelyme made of honye and oyle An other kynde is called Damascene and commeth from Damasco Mysteltowe also is called Viscum Vlcers Vlcers Sores Volubilis There ben many kyndes of volubilis one hathe whyte floures lyke belles and wrappeth it self in hedges Another crepeth on the grounde wyndeth it selfe aboute herbes The germaines call volubilos winde bycause I thynke it wyndeth and wrappeth it selfe aboute bushes or herbes I founde it englished in an olde wrytten boke hyehone Vitis alba Vitis alba hath leaues and braunches like a set vine and twyneth it self aboute brambles wyth hys tendrelles as a vine byndeth it selfe to trees and it hathe clusters of redde coloure lyke grapes wherwyth men were wonte to courie skynnes The name soundeth a white vine and it is called moreouer brionia There is another called nigra vitis or a blacke vine it hath leaues like yuie catcheth trees which grownigh vnto him with his tendrelles it beareth clusters fyrste grene and afterwarde blacke when they ben rype and it is called in latine bryonia nigra and vua taminia Vngula Vngula is a sinnowye eminence of the skynne of the eye called coniunctiua beginning at the greater corner of the eye and procedyng vpto the apple of the eye and when it is increased it couereth the apple also Vndimia Vndimia is a barbarouse terme in greke it is called oedema in latine tumor For it is a softe swellynge wythout payne Vital spirites A spirite is a subtile fyne aerye and cleare substaunce produced of the thynnest and fynest parte of bloode that vertue and strength maye be caried from the principal parte to the rest The physitions teache that there ben thre kindes of spirites animal vital naturall The animal spirite hath his seate in the brayne and is spredde in to all the bodye by synnowes gyuyng facultie of mouynge and felynge It is called animal bycause it is the first instrument of the soule whych the latines call animam And it is ingēdred of the vital spirite caried vp thither by arteries and there more parfectly digested and elaboured For whych purpose nature made the merueylouse nette in the brayne as it were a chaungeable and manifolde mase The vital spirite is conteyned in the harte and is caried to the partes of the bodye to cause naturall heate It is engendred of inspiration and of exhalation or outbreathinge of bloode The natural spirite dwelleth in the lyuer and in the veynes Howbeit some alowe not the addition of this spirite beyng contented wyth the other two Nowe that we haue declared the spirites we wil speake somewhat of the natural faculties There ben thre faculties I call a facultie the cause wherof action or doynge procedeth whych gouerne man and are distributed to the hole bodye as it were from an hedspringe namely animal vital and natural The animal facultie is the whyche sendeth felynge and mouynge vnto al the bodie from the brayne by sinnowes as it were by lytle pypes or conduytes moreouer it nourisheth vnderstāding therfore the Greciās cal it logisticē The vital facultie gyueth lyfe from the harte by arteries vnto all the bodye the Grecians call it thymoeides that is fitte to be angry or couragious wherby it appeareth that the hart is the headsprynge of natural heate The natural facultie gyueth nouryshment to al the partes of the bodye from the lyuer by veynes and is called of the grecians epithymetice that is couetynge or appetyng and also threptice that is nouryshynge And it hath foure vertues attractiue retentiue alteratiue and expulsiue The attractiue vertue is the whyche cā drawe such iuyce as is agreable to the part the iuce is agreable and fryndlye to the parte whyche is apte and fit to be made lyke to the sayd parte and to fede the same This facultie ministreth matter wherby euerye parte is nouryshed and is as it were an handmaide to the retentiue vertue The retentiue vertue is the whyche retayneth the drawen iuyce vntyll the alteratiue vertue hathe chaunged it in to the nature of the parte that is nouryshed and so it serueth the alteratiue vertue The alteratiue vertue is that whyche altereth chaungeth and boyleth that that is drawen and retayned a certayne space and finallye maketh it like and ioyneth it to the parte that is nouryshed The expulsiue vertue sondreth straunge and vnprofitable thynges from concoction and dryueth superfluities out of euery part of the bodye leste they taryenge to longe in the bodye shulde rotte and putrifie And thys also is a seruaunte to the alteratiue vertue Vitriolū romanū Musa sayeth that vitriolum romanum is that that Dioscorides calleth Misy whyche is founde in mynes hath the colour of golde and is harde and when it is broken it sendeth out the golden sparcles shinynge lyke sterres It hathe vertue to purge to heate to scoure awaye euyll corruption lyenge in the corners of the eyes when vitriolum is put wythout the addition of thys worde romanum Some vnderstande therby chalcantum whyche ye shall seke in the lettre C. Vuea One of the skynnes of the eye is called vuea bycause it is lyke the stone of a grape Vuula In the extreme parte of the rouffe of the mouthe there appeareth hangynge a lytle peece of fleshe whyche some call columellam some vuulum that is a lytle grape Xylobalsamū The woode of bawme is called xylobalsamum the frute carpobalsamū the iuyce or liquor opobalsamum zeduarie zeduaria is thought to be a roote of hote and drye temperamente whyche they seeth in wyne for the cough for paynes of the stomake c. Of wieght Libra or a pounde is deuided in to twelue ounces Here ye shal note that those apothecaries erre whyche for a pounde put sixtene ounces into theyr medicines For that is the marchauntes pounde The fourthe parte of a pounde is called quadrans in latine the thyrde triens the sixte sextans wherfore quadrans or a quarterne is the weyght of thre ounces Triens of four Sextās of two An oūce maketh viii .. drāmes a dram .iii. scruples And as the comune practicioners say .lx. barley cornes make a dramme Granum is the weyght of a grayne Manipulus signifieth an handfull Here folow the notes of these weyghtes A graine gr A scruple ℈ A dramme ʒ An ounce ℥ A quarterne Qr. A pounde li. Halfe. ss An handful m̄ Ana. is vsed for euerye one In number n̄ FINIS