power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
most part is thin and often makes toward the extremties of the body and is often full of malignity 't is conveniently expelled by sweat CHAP. XVII Of intermitting Fevers in general AFter continued Fevers intermitting are to be explained Intermitting Fevers But although the Ancients did extend the name of intermitting Fevers more largely and attributed the same to all Fevers which admit of some change of heat and are sometimes exasperated sometimes remitted and so to continued periodicks yet afterwards use brought it to pass that those Fevers only were called intermittent which sometimes cease and come to that apurexy or want of fire The proximate cause of an intermitting Fever is a putred vapour their proximate cause elevated from the putrefaction of excrementitious humours not continually as in continued Fevers but by certain intervalls sent to the heart and heating the same contrary to nature But how it comes to pass The fire place of Intermitting Fevers that the putred vapour is not continually sent to the heart but at certain times is very obscure For the explanation whereof since the knowledge of the place wherein putrefaction ariseth doth not a little conduce and whence the putred vapours are communicated to the heart which Galen calls the Furnace and Chimney in his 2. of the differences of Fevers cap. the last and in his 15. of the method of curing cap. the fourth that therefore is first to be explained But since 't is beyond the bounds of our Breviary of Institutions to reckon up the various and different opinions of Physicians concerning it we will here set down that opinion which we think truest The Chimney or Furnace and place wherein the matter the cause of intermitting Fevers is generated are the Mesaraick veins wherein the matter which sufficeth to irritate each single Paroxism is generated during the time of its interval And that many things which happen about intermitting Fevers do prove namely Loathing Vomitting Dolor of the heart Extension and pain of the Midriffe Intumescence about the Ventricle Bitterness about the mouth Belching and such like for in the beginning of intermitting Fevers pure choller is often ejected by vomit in great abundance which out of the more remote veins could not be evacuated in that manner and about the cava of the Liver Fernelius says he hath found the quantity of a pound by weight after the death of a Patient This choler being cast out the Fever is often cured which is a sign that it is the cause of the Fever and that it is collected in those first ways or passages Which Fomentations also used to the Hypocondries at the beginning of a Paroxysm shews by the mitigation of the trembling and shaking This matter is gather'd together in the Mesaraick veins a long time before it brings forth a Fever but when it begins to putrefie grow hot and be changed its heat being diffused over the whole body it exciteth a Fever which when it is dispersed the fevourish heat and Paroxism ceaseth and the Fever leaveth so long as till new matter which in like manner putrifieth in its due time is generated But although the matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers be generated in the Mesaraick veins and first passages the cause of intermitting Fevers conteined in the vâ—na cava Yet the whole doth not reside and continue included in them but is sent to the vena cava and arteries both during the fit and out of the same Nor is it here necessary to seek for occult and blind passages through which the putred vapours should be sent to the heart during the Paroxism since there are manifest passages enough for the branches of the Gate-vein are inserted into the substance of the Liver and the mouths of these have communion with the vena cava and the arteries going from the heart are joyned in the stomack guts spleen and other parts to the Mesaraick veins Yet 't is probable that the fevourish matter may be communicated to the veins not principally and only in the Paroxism but moreover some part thereof by that passage which is from the Meseraick veins to the Liver continually may be carried to them whence both by Galen 1. de cris cap. 7. and other Physicians a Fever is called a passion of a venemous nature And that is first manifest from the urines which shew evident notes of crudity and concoction in Intermittents Hence also it comes to pass that urines during the Paroxisms are laudable and like to theirs who are well since that the peccant humor is then protruded by nature out of the veins towards the circumference of the body and so the blood in the veins is become purer which again in the intervals of fits is polluted by the vitious humour proceeding from the chimney of the Fever The same is manifest out of those things which happen at the beginning of a fit and at that time which the Greeks call Episemasian for then spontaneous lassitudes stretching compression of pulses and other things happen which indicate that the matter which is to stir the Fever begins to be moved and as it were to swell in those common vessels veins and arteries That vitious humour accumulated partly in the Mesaraick veins partly in the vena cava when in time it putrifieth nature stimulated and irritated oftentimes strives several ways first by vomit and stool afterwards by sweats and urine sensibly to evacuate the same as also through the pores of the skin and by insensible transpiration it may discuss the same being resolved into vapours and steam For since that peccant humour is not exactly mingled with the blood but confusedly nature may easily seperate the same from the good blood and may shake it off each single fit which being discussed since putred vapours cannot any more be communicated to the heart the Fever also ceaseth and apurexie ensueth But because that as long as the Fever continueth some seeds and sparks are left in the granary and chimney Causes of the return of fits and seeing that there is imbecillity in the part 't is necessary that the humour flowing to it although it be good should be defiled with that pollution and excrement which was left as it were with leaven and through the debility of the part be corrupted and so new matter of a future Paroxism be generated And these fits continue and so often return until that those seeds that putrefaction and those sparks are fully taken away from thence and the weakness of that part restored Yet it seems probable that the whole matter which is the cause of a Fever doth not putrifie together in the first Paroxism but that part which is apt to putrefaction in the other fits the rest until the whole be putrified and consumed By these things it is manifest both where the matter that is the cause of putred Fevers is generated Cause of 〈◊〉 how it causeth a fit by what ways it is evacuated and
nutrition is a coagulation of aliment but in augmentation there is a motion of Extension of the whole of every part therof it differs also in regard of the end which in Nutrition is only a restoration of that which is taken away but in Augmentation an acquiring or a getting of a greatet magnitude to exercise perfectly all the necessary actions of our life and lastly in time for Nutrition dureth the whole time of our lives Augmentation to a certain time in our life For man as other living creatures doth not alwayes grow but to the certain time of his age which comes not to passe by reason of the soul which alwayes reteins its force and strength but by reason of the body especially of the bones which in processe of tims are so hardned that they are not apt to any farther extension of growth CHAP. X. Of Generation BUT since man although he be nourished cannot live perpetually and in individuals as other living Creatures also cannot indure to perpetuity The generative power the generative power is granted and given by the Creator of all things that mankind might be preserved and the third kind of Natural actions is Generation which by ejaculation of seed begets his like For although this faculty and Action be common to plants yet in man and other more perfect Creatures it requires greater preparation and distinction of sex as male and semale concur in Generation and it is necessary that both of them do some way help and conduce to Generation and the male not in himself but in another The distinction of Sexes The instruments of generation but the foemale in her self doth generate For the male ejaculates his prolifique sperm into the female womb which mingled with hers is cherished by the same it is also nourished and reteined until it hath the shape of a perfect man For which purpose the Creator hath made necessary Instruments for both Sexes for the male Testicles Vessels preparing and conducting sperm and a yard necessaâ—y to ejaculate it into the part most fit to receive it for the Females Stones seminary vessels and the womb There are two principles which concur to the Generation of a Child the seed of the male and female and the menstruous blood The Principles of generation Seed The seed is a body hot and moist full of that divine Spirit of the first Principles or Elements and proportionable to the Quintessence or Element whereof Stars were made fit for the propagation of the Soul and generation of a living Creature like it self and is getherated in the Stones whither the purest part of the blood Spirits and heat is sent through the Veins Arteries and Nerves from the remote parts of the body and is changed into a white frothy or slimy matter The male and female seed both confer seeing the same Instruments are appointed by nature for generating and semitting of sperm and the same cause efficient and the same â—matter in each for the forms of each alike do manifest themselves in the off-spring Blood although the power and force be greater in the male then the female But the menstruous blood is only the material principle wherefore it is ordered by the Creator that at the time when semales are apt and fit for procreation which for the most part is from the fourteenth till the five and fortieth year of their age that blood which the other parts wants not each month is sent to the womb to supply what may be wanting for a little one or if the female be not great may be by it evacuated Menstruous blood This menstruous blood of it self is not offensive nor is it expelled because it is hurtful but because it aboundeth in quantity but when it becomes pernicious 't is by reason of its remaining too long in the body by its comixture with other humours The forming of the young is caused by the Soul The formation of the young which is in the seed and there shews it self in two actions in putting life into the conception and forming of all the parts and the Soul as Scaliger writeth out of Themistius is its own architect which builds a convenient domicill for its own habitation But it receiveth this power from the Creator whose Instruments and hands as it were the Souls are and he hath given this energy to them at the Creation of them then which nothing can be more wonderful to be thought on The Generative faculty hath two others whereby it performs its Office The Alterative and Formative The Alterative The Formative The Alterative is that which changeth the generative matter into the substance of the young and all its parts the formative is that which Forms all the members and gives them their quantity figure number place and the rest The Instrument which the Soul and formative power useth is the formative or plastick heat or that Spirit proportionable to the Element of the Stars for the seeds being received into the womb are mingled together reteined cherished and the power which lyes hidden in the seed is stirred up by the innate heat of the womb and then a Conception is said to be made Conception and then begins a sending forth of the instruments of the body to be made then is it called a Conception which commonly is said to continue til the seventh day But first of all The order of frameing Firs the membrances whereof are framed two Chorion Amnios The Secondine The Spermatick parts are described together Theumbilisall vessels The Veins belonging to the Navel Two Artcries Urachus The time of formation the membranes about the Child are formed by which the seed is shut in and the Spirit and heat thereof is covered and as it were intrenched They are two in number the first is called Chorion and covers the whole Child and is fastened to the vessels belonging to the Navel by their intervening the whole cleaveth to the womb the other coare doth immediately cover the Child and is called Amnios These two coats in the birth seem to be one as it were and come forth after the Child and are therefore called the Afferbirth But the solid and Spermatick parts shall be explained in the first place and afterwards according to their nobleness and as necessity requires the rest shall be perfectly shewn The Infant in the womb doth not take that nourishment which it receiveth by the mouth but from the Mother for the receiving whereof there are appointed by nature four vessels belonging to the Navel namely a Vein which is a branch which comes from the Gate-vein which is as it were the infants nurse two Arteries branches arisen from the Iliak Vein by which the Infant breaths although later Authors who teach us that the vital Spirits by which the Child breaths proceed not from the Mother but from the Child 's own heart do assign another use to the said Iliak branches to wit that
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ— imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâ—gs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent â—ace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâ—st by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the â—ungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâ—st place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
accustomed to much and profound sleep they have store of excrements thin hair soft whitish and durable and they are seldome or never bald they are comforted by dry things and offended by moiâ—t Those who have a hot and dry braine Of a hot and dry are ingenious and industrious in taking in hand and performing of business the force of apprehension is most exquisite in them and they are fit for motion yet more active for the most part then behooves them to be they are also most vigilant and sleep very little and have few excrements of the brain to those that touch them their head appears hot their face until they come to full ripeness of years is red afterwards the heat decaying more pale they are offended with air and other hot and dry things Those which have a hot and moist brain Of a hot moist if either quality a little exceed the excrements of their heads are many the colour of the head is white mingled with red the veins in the eyes great the hair strait and yellowish and do not easily fall away they are easily hurt by heating things and are pained in the head and many excrements are collected to the other especially if they are moist but if both qualities abound the senses are not so sharp they cannot watch long yet their sleep is not pleasing and continued they have divers dreams and strange ones their heads are obnoxious to many diseases since it collects more excrements then it can discusse they are easily hurt by heating and moistning things and principally by the South Wind but if one quality overcome the other there shall be more evident signs of the one and more obscure of the other which is to be taken notice of in the other temperaments also Those which have a cold and dry brain are too ripe witted but in process of time Of a cold and dry sharpness of the wit and senses abateth and they grow old and dye before their time especially if a distemper of the Heart and Liver concur with that of the Brain the same are unhealthy and are easily offended by external causes by cold aire and error in their dyet the head to the touch is cold nor have they good complexions unless they have the better colour from the hot distemper of the Heart and Liver the Veins of the Eyes do not appear their hair grows slow and is thin and reddish and if the dryness overcome the cold they are well Lastly whosoever have cold and moist brains Of a cold and moist are slow and dull of apprehension and their senses not so sharp they collect many excrements they sleep much and sound they are easily offended with the coldness and moisture of the air and are apt to cold distillations they have long and soft hair and whitish from their childhood they are never bald CHAP. IV. Of the signs of the constitution of the heart IF the heatt be temperate Signs of a temperate heart mediocrity is observed in its motion the Pulse of the Arteries and respiration and those who have such a heart they are endued with good manners not effeminate nor mad headed or angry but humane not covetous nor prodigal but liberal not dissemblers nor proud but candid without haughtiness of mind benigne temperate not precipitate nor medlers nor busie-bodies but mature in counsels not envious but desirous of others good Those who have a hot heart Of a hot their whole body is hot the motion of the heart the pulse respiration through urgent use exceeds all mediocrity in magnitude celerity and frequency they are couragious and swift and unweary of undertaking enterprises and bold in undergoing dangers they are rough and full of brisilely hairs in their brest and the brest in comparison of the head is great The signs of a cold heart Of a cold are contrary to those which are of a hot the whole body is less hot unless the liver be hotter the motion of the heart puise and respiration when custome doth not so require it is not so great and sometimes small and slow if there be a greater recesse to frigidity and such a heart argues slowness to anger fear distrust slothfulness and lingering whence such are effeminare contemners of glory and honour their brests are without hairs and in comparison of their heads little Whose heart soever is dry Of a dry their pulse is hard they are not prompt to anger but being stin'd up to anger are implacable and mad and they can dissemble their anger they are obstinate and covetous the whole body for the most part is too dry unlesse the moisture of the liver correct it Moreover be whose heart is too moist Of a moist his pulse is soft they are apt to anâ—e but easily pleased the habit of the body is dryer except the dryness of the liver resist it The signs of a hot and dry heart are a hard pulse Of a hot and dry great swift frequent great respiration swift and frequent those who have such a heart are fit to take in hand and perform actions couragious and bold apt to anger and unplacable envious proud and if there be excess of heat and drouth are mad cruel unmerciful and sparing none the same are hairy especially in the Brests and Hypocondries the whole body is hot and dry unlesse the constitution of the Liver hinder it the Brest broad and wide The signs of a hot and moist heart are soft pulses Of a hot and moist great swift and frequent and the respiration answers to the pulse so that the brest answers to the heat of the heart and those who have such a constitution of the heart are industrious and prompt to actions and not wild they are apt to be angry yet it is not sharp and durable but placable and this temperature so that humidity do not too much exceed most fit to prolong life but if the humidity doth much overcome the heat putrifaction is easily caused and putted fevers are generated Those who are cold and moist in the heart Of a cold and moist bring forth a soft pulse little slow thin those which have such a temperament are not bold but fearfull and distrustfull effeminate slow and not apt to anger and if they are stirred up to anger it is not violent but easily appeased they are also gentle shame-faced desperate in adversity and altogether endued with a soft and effeminate mind their brests are bare and the whole body and the brest answers to simple constitutions in amplitude Moreover in those who have a cold and dry heart there is found in the pulse hardness smallness thinness Of a cold and dry and slowness and such is their breathing if their breasts be ample they are no ways propense to anger but being stirr'd up and as it were forced to anger retaine it very long they are also covetous and of all others most naked in the brest Yet
making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of
the place wide and the bodyes next over it are heavy Of a thin the cause of a thin pulse is a weake faculty and a hard artery the concomitant causes are leanness of body and thinness and driness of the skin The cause of a swift pulse is the use increased Of a swist the vertue indifferently strong and the instrument soft the cause of a slow pulse is weake power or the use diminished Of a slow or the joyning of both these together The cause of a frequent pulse is the use increased with debility of vertue or hardness of the arterie Of a frequent Thin of a thin pulse strength of vertue with use diminished is the cause Of a vehement pulse Of a vehement weak strength of vertue is the cause of a weake pulse languishing strength proceeding from what cause soever A soft pulse proceeds from the softnesse of the Artery Soft hard a hard from the hardnesse of the same from what cause soever it come CHAP XI Of the causes of the respective differences of Pulses NOw followes what belongs to the respective differences of pulses The causes of inequallity of pulses Of a singular inequality and of an intermitting pulse and first for inequality the cause thereof is a weake faculty and an Artery either obtruded or pressed or too hard or too soft The reason of an intermitting pulse is because the use requires dilatation and the faculty is ready and prepared that it may satisfie the use but either t is loaden with plenty of humours or it is hindred by obstructions or compressure of instruments the same causes of inequality in motion of swiftnesse and slownesse are rendred but they are lighter The cause of Dicrotus or double striking pulse is an unequall distemper of the heart and Arteries Of a Dicrotus or the faculty varied by reason of an unequall distemper which striving by a contrary cause in the middle of its Journy is compelled as it were to begin a contrary motion Unequall pulses under many fingers do proceed either from weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or softnesse of Arteries Declining pulses which are called Myouroi Of Myourey proceed from weaknesse of the faculty whose action by how much the more remore it is from the heart by so much it is the weaker or from the placing of the artery part whereof is more remote from the heart and is placed more in the outside The cause of a congregation of many in equalities together are weaknesse of the faculty whither is oppressed A Sistematicall inequality or distracted or irritated and the fault of the instrument when the artery is either compressed or obstructed or filled pulses are made unequallyunequall from the faculty not weake by its selfe but rather burthened and oppressed Myourei Reciproci Of a deficient and moreover from the ill disposition of the artery and t is either pressed by some body that lyeth on it or some humour or tumour but unequal equally are made by an infirme faculty and indeed reciprocall Myouroi do proceed from a faculty not so weake as those which are deficient Intermitting and intercurrent pulses proceed from the same weakness of the faculty Of the intermittent intercurrent and the instruments compressed and obstructed yet the faculty labours more in an intermitting then an intercurrent and in it doth almost lye still Concerning the causes of unequall compound pulses Caprizantes the cause of an uneven pulses is when the faculty otherwise strong enough but now is oppressed by too great plenty of humours or is hindered by obstruction The causes of surging pulses are weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or exceeding softnesse of instruments Like waves and the faculty is so burthened and oppressed with its load that it staggers and becomes unconstant From the same causes proceeds a vermicular pulse Vermicular formicant only that in a vermicular the faculty is not oppressed but is weak of its selfe but in a formicant t is very faint and the use striving and softnesse of the instrument being joyned therewith The causes of a serrine or serrate pulse is a strong faculty and the use increased Serrate together with hardnesse of the arterie and this pulse is familiar in inflamations of the internall membrances Trembling A trembling pulse is made whilst either the pulse is not perceived by reason of the trembling of the part or it goeth out trembling or when the heart trembles and communicates that affect to the artery The cause of a hectick pulse is somewhat that is fixed and stable and sticks to the solid parts also weaknesse of strength Hectick Rhythmorum The harmony is not changed unlesse the magnitude and celerity of the dilatation and contraction be altered but these are not changed except the use be changed so all the causes of Harmony depend upon the use for if the Diastole be swifter then the systole there is a great heate present then and a great necessity of refrigeration or expulsion of fuliginous excrements but if the systole be swifter and greater then the Diastole there is more necessity of protrusion of fuliginous vapours then of cooling CHAP. XIII Of the causes of varying of Pulses ANd in like manner divers differences of Pulses proceed from causes containing Of the Temperants of a Pulse which are secundary causes and first naturall things those which are hot by nature have a hotter Pulse and that comes from the use increased those which are cold the contrary the Pulses of such as are dry and leane are greater and thinner by much and somewhat more vehement but in grosser bodyes when the Artery is covered with much flesh and cannot be freely distended the Pulse is made somewhat smaller and more frequent Men have a greater Pulse for the most part then women Sex a little duller and thinner women on the contrary have lesse Pulses swifter and more frequent but if a woman be hotter then a man she will have a greater and more vehement Pulse The Pulses of boyes are great Of age very swift frequent in vehemency moderate of youth they are very great and vehement in celerity and frequency moderate Pulses of old men are the least slowest thinest and weakest As for the times of the yeare Time of the yeare in the Spring Pulses are greater more vehement in celerity and frequency moderate in the Summer they are fainter small swift frequent in Autumne weake in magnitude unequall in celerity and frequency in Winter small and moderate slow thin and weake Meate and drink immoderatly taken cause great Meat and drink how to change the pulse swift frequent too vehement unequall and Inordinate Pulses moderate lesser and weaker and in the beginnings swifter and more frequent afterwards slow and thin the use of wine especially makes great Pulses swift frequent and vehement and mutations which proceed from wines suddenly comes and suddenly goes
Naturall rest in the beginning make the pulses lesser Sleep weaker slower and thinner afterwards greater and more vehement and the slownesse and thinnesse by little and little is increased moreover if the sleep be too long they returne againe to pravity and debility and retaine their sloath and thinnesse when a man is stirred up or awakned the Pulses begin to be greater more vehement swifter more frequent equally indeed if a man be awakned by degrees but unequally and troubled if he be suddenly awakned yet a little afterwards the pulse againe becomes moderate long watchings cause little and weake pulses yet swift and frequent at length the faculty being weakned they become dull and thin Exercise and motion moderate cause great pulses Exercise vchement swift frequent but overmuch exercise cause little faint swift frequent when the use may be increased and the faculty debilitated at length they are little slow and thin Moderate use of baths make great pulses swift frequent Baths and vehement but if they exceed measure little faint swifter and more frequent Passions of the mind As for the passions of the mind anger causeth great pulses swift frequent vehement joy makes great pulses thin and slow moderately vehement but if it be overmuch it renders them unequall and inordinate In sadnesse they are little languishing slow thin feare soone makes the swift pulse vehement Inordinate unequall but they are of as long continuance as those are in sadnesse Immoderate evacuations Evacuations because they debilltate the faculty bring forth pulses like to those caused by a weake faculty But as for those things which happen contrary to nature Preternaturall things how they alter the pulse although they are various yet they change the pulse because either they change the use or affect the instruments or faculty in the first place when the faculty is affected many changes are made of the pulses for whether the faculty be diffolved and weakned by those things which dissolve the Spirits and sollid parts such as are soule diseases great distempers vehement and diurnall greifs fastings too great Evacuations or whether they are burthened or oppressed by plenty of humours or by diseases of instruments inflamations or other tumours the pulses are made lesse in the first place and swift frequent feeble afterwards the least most slow most frequent most faint and at length the faculty being almost prostrated intermittent deficient declining vermiculant formicant all which running through the various kind of affects contrary to nature and principally out of the doctrine of feavers are made more manifest CHAP. XIII What the simple differences of Pulses signifie and presage ALthough from the causes of pulses Great pulses what they signify it easily appeares what every pulse signifies and portends yet that we may add something of each in particular a great pulse although principally its familiar use be in increasing a strong faculty and a soft instrument in those which are sick it signifies a hot disease and a great pulse unlesse it be hindered followes all feavers and it cannot be much dilated with the Artery unlesse the power be strong or at least not weake a great pulse in all feavers is good signe A small pulse argues either debility of the faculty or remisnesse of the use or hardnesse of the instruments and indeed if a small pulse shall be also faint t is a token that its weakness proceeds from a weake faculty if small and hard from the Artery if neither debility nor hardnesse be perceived in the pulse it is an argument that it comes from the diminution of the use whence little pulses with a weake faculty foretell death the rest of pulses that are small for the most part presage long and difficult diseases A swift pulse signifies that the use is increased and the vigour stronge A swift or certainly not very weake whence in those that are sound a swife pulse signifies heate stirred up by motion exercises baths and such like causes which if it be also great the strength is not yet debilitated but in those which are sick a swift pulse signifies a hot disease and is proper to those which are feaverish and if magnitude be joyned therewith itshewes that the use is increased with strength of nature but if frequency be adjoyned without magnitude it shews that the powers are weakned if hardnesse of the instrument the use being increased hinders dilatation that hardnesse is to be perceived by the touch A slow pulse shews Slow the contrary to wit little heate and the use diminished and then it is onely thin and the vigour not firme enough and withall it is feeble A frequent pulse signifies the use to be increased Frequent or the faculty weakned or the instrument hard if it proceed only from the use increased it is not faint nor hard and magnitude frequently goes before and then extraordinary great heat is discovered in those that are sick if it proceed from debility or hardness of the artery that is discerned by the pulse Thin pulses are made either through a strong faculty Thin and a soft instrument or from the use diminished in sound bodies it signifies a cold constitution but in sidk a cold disease and coldness of the heart and that which is contained therein and therefore 't is accounted an ill signe A strong and vehement pulse shews a strong faculty Vehement and if its vehemency exceed the bounds of nature it signifies also great irritation A faint pulse on the contrary Faint signifies powers to be dejected and that either by dissipation of spirits and resolution and then it is also smal and if use hinder not slow or by oppression occasioned by plenty of humours and then the pulse also is inordinate and unequal A soft pulse shews softness of the arterie Soft and moreover in a sound body signifies immoderate drinking or dyet over moistning or a bath or idleness but in a sick a moist habit of the body On the contrary hard pulses Hard. shew the hardness of the arterie and indeed either by extending in convulsions Tumours or by repletion of vessels with humours and wind or by drying as in burning Feavers Hecticks consuming Feavers Quartans and other drying causes CHAP. IV. What the other differences of Pulses signifie presage NOw for the other differences of pulses and first Equality and inequality of that of equality and inequality equality although it shew a fixed disposition of matter yet it signifies firmness of nature and therefore affords the better hope but all inequalities are worse and either signifie obstructions of vessels or compressions or aboundance of humours hindring the force and indeed a single inequality is more dangerous then systematick or mixed whence intermitting pulses in one pulse are more dangerous then intermitting in many if both of them proceed from debility of the faculty Uneven pulses Vnalike stirred up Myouri Dicroti therefore being stirred
is a signe it comes from the stomack or that it is not the substance it self but that which it contained in it and is familiar to it that is so ejected so meat drink or chile cast out by reason of a wound shews that the stomack is proforated or that the guts are too thin and if the stomack be hurt the sick wil belch much if the guts the wind goes out by the seat urine flowing out through an Ulcer or wound shews that the bladder uriters or reins are hurt but which of these parts are affected the scituation of the wound discovers The dreggs of the belly ejected through a wound or the smel of the dung perceived in the wound shews that the guts especially the thick are hurt So also of other parts But seeing that the same things may often come forth from many parts the quality of the excrement and manner of its coming out shews which is the part affected if the blood be thinner hotter more florid and comes out leaping it shews that the arterie is cut but if it be thicker and comes out without leaping or dauncing it shews that the veins are hurt blood that comes from the paunch shewing like that wherein meat hath been washed shews that the liver is affected if any come forth only by spitting it shews that the mouth or parts next to it are affected unless perhaps it flow from the head into the mouth if by spittle the chaps or larynx are affected if by cough the wind-pipe or lungs so that it doth not raise a cough by defluxion from the head if by vomit the throat and stomack so that it come not into the stomack from the liver or spleene or other parts adjacent The quantity also of excrements afford signes if much blood is cast out it is a Token of an affect of the lungs if little of the wind pipe That blood which flows from the reins is more from the bladder less Moreover order in excrements is a token of the place affected if first blood and afterwards dreggs are cast out it signifies that the fundament or some gut is affected within if first dreggs come forth afterwards blood it shews the guts are thin or the parts above them are affected so if quitture which is brought forth in the Urine come before it shews there is an ulcer in the gut colon if it follow it shews that the superior parts are ulcerated Thirdly Qualities changed qualities changed also affords signes of places affected red colour of the cheeks signifies inflamation of the lungs the colour of the body but principally of the face pale or yellow shews that the bladder of the gall is not right the flesh and skin being yellow in dicate the bones that are under them to be corrupted a filthy smel exhaling from the nostrils shews that the parts within the nostrils are affected if from the mouth it shews that the teeth chops lungs or stomack are affected if from a wound of the paunch it signifies that the guts are wounded hardness of the right Hypocondrie is a signe that the liver is affected of the left that the spleen is affected Lastly certain diseases pertain to effects following other diseases of the place affected which are therefore called symptomatick or familiar and are discoverers of the primary disease Signes of parts affected by consent But least that we should erre in knowing the place affected by the actions hurt and should take the part which is hurt by consent for the primary affects First the anatomy and functions of mans body and the use and consent of all the parts ought to be known whence a part receives its nerves arteries and veins and from what parts it can send any thing to them and receive any thing through them therefore if in a member sense or motion be hindred and the part suffer no ill we must observe what nerves are inserted therein what muscles move it and whence those muscles take the nerves and t is to be enquired whether those parts have suffered any evil so a nerve being hurt t is easily communicated to the braine the evils of the arteries to the heart the hurts of the veins to the liver and again the braine being affected sence and motion is hurt the heart the vital actions are hurt nutrition is weakned through default of the liver Moreover it is to be enquired whether a part be primarily hurt or by consent of other parts that is known first from â—he precedent causes Namely if a part which is affected be hurt by no evident cause but a part with which it hath consent hath suffered some evil t is probable that that part is affected by consent Secondly if any hurt coheres with the hurt of another member that by increasing of the one the other increased and by the decrease thereof it be diminished and that ceasing it caseth it is a token that such an affect is stird up by consent but from that part where the disease first declined it shews that to be the part affected by consent but by essence that wherein the disease remained longest thirdly an affect by consent doth not presently infect but for the most part by intervals fourthly if two parts are together affected and by applying things that are helpfull to the one or hurtfull the other be helpt or hurt t is an argument that t is an affect by consent Signe that the head is affected But although any one from these Fountaines of signes may come to the knowledge of all parts affected yet that for example sake we may add some in particular first Animall actions hurt afford signes of diseases of the head and braine whither they are diminished or depraved yet this is to be noted of the externall senses and motion hurt since that the braine is not the immediate Organ of those actions but only supplyes animall Spirits t is to be inquired whether the cause of these actions hindred be in the brain or in the proper Organ the excrements also of the braine sent forth through the Emunctories indicate the braine to be affected The signes of diseases of the heart Of the heart for the most part are taken from vitall actions and the qualities changed of the body Actions hurt are respiration which the preternaturall heat of the heart changeth palpitation of the heart the pulses much changed for according as the heart is so is the heate and colour in the whole body The signes of the liver affected Of the liver are first when its action is hurt which is Sanguification a token whereof the urine and dregs of the paunch afford moreover when the habit of the body is changed and their is an ill colour of the the whole body and penury of blood is in the veins sometimes also by default of the spleen or by reason of excrements regurgitating from elsewhere into the veins the colour of the whole body is changed thirdly distribution of blood
the Kidnies Cooling the Reines Mallowes Lettice Purslan Pellitory Barley the foure great cold Seeds Poppy Lettice Fleawort Quinces Pepons Stone-berries Violets Flowers of Water-lillies Camphire Santalls Sorrell Iuice of Lymons Melons Currants Things Heating the Womb Heating the Womb. Mug-wort Mother-wort Bettony Dittany and Origanum Penny-royall alamints Marjerom Sage Time Bawme Summer or Winter Savory Rue Rosemary Bay-leaves Flowers of Camomil Cumminseed Anni-seed Fennel-seed Carrot seed Parsley Smallage Roots of Birthwort Red Madder of Eringo Fennel Parsley Sparagus Burnet Angelica Valerian Master-wort the meate and liquor of the Indian Nut Bay-beerries Iuniper-Berries Cloves Nutmegs Mace Sweet garden flag Cinamon Worm-seed Saffron Galingale Mirrh Castor Things cooling the Wombe Water-lillies Violets Roses Cooling the Womb. Quinces and the Sirrup thereof Purslane Lettice Garden-Endine Hot simples belonging to the joynts the Gout and diseases of the sinews Marjerom one Berry Herbe Lovage Bettony Groundpine Rosemary Sage Bay-leaves Lavender Staechados Mugwort and most of the chephalicks Castor earth Wormes CHAP. V. Of extenuating and preparing of humours OVt of this forme of humours are sought digerent Of cleansing and preparing digestive or preparing things so called all which since they hinder nature in acting take away and change the qualities which resist the action of native heat namely they coole too much those things that are hot and heate too much those things that are two cold they moisten dry things and dry up moist things they attenuate what is thick and incrassate what is thin Namely yellow choler is to bee corrected with cooling Cholers moistning and thickning things Phleagme is to be prepared with heating drying and attenuating things melancholy humors are to bee corrected with things moderately heating moistning and attenuating black Choler is to be prepared with things that are very moistning attenuating And those things are to be used which are fitted to every part according as the humour resides in this or that part cold cephalicks prepare and digest choler in the head cold Thoracicks in the Breast cold Cardiaacks in the heart things cooling the Ventricle in the stomack cold Hepaticks in the Liver Hot Cephalicks prepare Flegme in the head Phlegme hot Thoracicks in the Breast hot things appropriated to the Ventricle prepare flegme in the stomack hot Hepaticks in the Liver things heating the Reines in the Reines hot things appropriated to the Womb in the Womb. These things prepare Melancholy Melancholly and black choller and black Choler Fumitory Buglosse Burrage Spleen-wort Bawme a kind of bind weed growing about flax Venus haire common Germander ground-pine Hops Barkes of Citrons Fennell Rosemary juice of Apples Ceterach Capers Epithymum Violets Butchers Broome the flowres and seed of Tamariske of Basil Ashen Keyes CHAP. VI. Of Emollients Relaxing Rarfying c. EMollients are those things which power our that which is concreate Emollients such are those things which neither are very hot nor exceeding dry many hot in the second degree and something moist and moreover having a clammy or emplastick force such as are the Leaves and Roots of Mallowes and Marsh Mallowes the Roots of white Lillies Orach English Mercury the Seed of Mallowes Sesami a white graine growing in India Flax Fenugreeke Marsh mallowes Fat Figs Simple Oiles the Fat of Hens Sowes Fat Calves Kidds Sheeps Fat and such like almost all Marrowes fresh Butter Wax Pitch Rosin Bdellium Amoniack Storax melted Ladanum Galbanum To these are opposed hardning and binding things Things hardning Loosening which are cold and moist Sengreen or life everlasting purslan Fleawort Ducks-meat Night-shade Things loosening are compared to those things which bind which joyning together humors contrary to nature become hard and are especially those which when certaine matter or a vapour or Wind fills the space of the parts and extends them rarifies them and attenuates and discusses an unsavory spirit and matter such are those things that are moderately hot moisten more largely and are of a thinner substance that they easily penetrate and are not hindred by thicknesse as Lillies Oile of Camomil Flaxseed Fenugreek Fat 's Butter Greazy wool and such like Condensing things Condenseing are of a more watry nature and contract more weakly and moreover they close the thin and externall Pores they contract and condense but they cannot contract the whole part on every side and powerfully such are cold water Purslan Sengreen Fleawort Mouse-eare Ducks meate Thistles green Houseleek the greater and the lesser Stiptick things are cold and astringent Binding and Stopping condensing and of a thick substance for being applyed externally by their thicknesse they stop the pores and by their frigidity and siccity they contract the part and close them into one another of that kind are those which are otherwise called binding or astringent the Barks of Pomegranates Frankinsence Mirobolanes the Roots of Tormentill Rhubarbe Torrified Plantine Horse-taile little double Dazies Blood-wort or Wall-wort the Floures of Pomegranates Flowers of Roses Sorrell seeds as of Plantine Roses Purslan Ciprus-nuts Mirtles Quinces Pares Medlars Mulberries not ripe Ceruises or swallow Pares the fruit of a Cornell or Dogg Tree Oake Apples Kernels of Grapes Cups of Acorns the red juice of Wax or Hony in the Hony-Combs also such juice of Wild Hony Acacia Mastick Vermillion Spode which is soot arising in the rising of Brasse Pearles Coral Bolearmenack Irish flat Allum Lapis Haematites or Bloodstone Iron To condensing things are opposed rarifying things Rarifying and to astringent things opening things rarifying things are those which open the Pores of the Skin and render the passages wider that Vapours may be blowne or breathed out the better such medicines are hot but moderately of thin parts and not drying as Marsh-mallowes English Mercury Dill Flowers of Camomill of Melilot of Elders seed of Fenugreek Flax dry Figs old Oile Butter Opening things are those as dilate the Orifices of the Vessels whence they may be called in generall aperient Opening the mouths of Vessels yet those are principally called aperient which penetrate deeper and attenuate the thick humors and are hot in the second degree endued with somewhat a thicker substance and are not easily dissipated untill they have performed their operation A hemating and to this purpose bitter things are very usefull next to these are attenuating and cutting which divide dissolve and make lesse those attenuate the thick these the viscide and glutinous humours and are moreover of a thinner substance and hot for the most part in the third degree also sharpe and such as appeare biting and hot to the smell or taste or to them both and have a nitrous and salt savour or they are sharpe and bitter such are the five opening Rootes Opening so called that is of smallage Fennell Sparagus Parsley and Butchers broome Grasse Cichory Eringo Rootes Gentian Ferne wild or Garden madder Century the greater Asarabecca Capers of Tamarisk of Ashes Fumetary Wormewood Agrimony Venus
cause a Fever but such a kind of heat it ought to be as can cause such a hot disease as can hinder the performance of natural actions Whence 't is manifest that a Fever is one thing A Fever and feverish heat differ and a feavourish heat another thing A Fever properly is that hot distemper which happens in the living parts of a body and renders them unable to act but the fevourish heat is also in the humors and spirits and stirrs up that hot distemper of the body which constitutes the essence of a Fever CHAP II. Of the causes of Fevers in general ALthough there is but one only cause of a hot distemper of the whole body which constitutes the essence of a Fever namely preter-natural heat kindled in the heart and thence distributed over all the body yet the causes from whence that heat in the heart ariseth are several as Galen of the causes of diseases cap. 2. and in the first book of differences of diseases cap. 3. recites five Motion Putrefaction Contact of some hot thing Cloasure of the pores of the skin or a Retention of a hot stream and lastly Mixture with some hot thing And of these causes some by themselves and some by accident stir up heat First from Motion Motion sithence the Spirits and humours of our bodies are hot from the confluence of them into any part according to the various motion of the body and mind heat is increased which if it be greater and be either kindled in the heart or communicated to the heart a Fever ensueth Secondly Putrefaction excites heat Putrefaction For since all things that do putrifie become hotter and out of putred bodies are exalted many hot vapours thence heat is conveyed to the heart by the veins and arteries and from thence a Fever raised Thirdly contact of a hot thing exciteth a Fever Contact of a hot thing As if the body wax hot by the Sun Fire Bath or Medicine and that heat be sent to the heart a Fever followeth Fourthly if the pores of the skin are closed and a hot stream and hallituous excrements Retention of a hot steam which in concoction are generated in the body and use to be sent out through the pores of the skin be penn'd in heat is thereby kindled and a Fever bred Lastly when hot things are mingled with humours and spirits as meat drink hot Medicines all those communicate that heat which they contained in themselves to the Spirits and humours which if they penetrate the heart and from thence be distributed to the other parts of the body a Fever is thereby kindled And indeed the fourth of these causes or the retention of the hot effluvium is sufficient alone without the rest to cause a Fever But the other causes without this can hardly do it For although from Motion Putrefaction Contact and Mixture with a hot thing hot vapours are stirred up in the body yet if the body freely ventilate and that so much be daily evaporated and emitted of those vapours as are generated a Fever is not easily occasioned but when those vapours are detained a Fever is soon kindled But although these causes if they be powerful Disposition of a body to a Fever may raise a Fever in any body whatsoever yet in bodies inclinable an ordinary power in the causes may suffice to beget a Fever Now they are most inclinable to Fevers which abound with much heat salt and sharp humours For which reason Youths are more apt to Fevers of which you may read Galen 8 Of the Method of healing cap. 8. where the whole order of Inclinations to Fevers are set down 1. Hot and dry 2 hot and moist 3. hot only 4. dry only 5. temperate 6. cold and dry 7. cold only 8. moist only 9. cold and moist Yet to another kind of Fevers other bodies are more inclinable CHAP. III. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general WHereas in a Fever the temper of a body is changed Symptomes of Fevers and rendred hotter hence certain Symptomes of Fevers must necessarily ensue And first of all it is hence manifest that those actions are especially hindred which should be performed by the similar parts as they are such and by the benefit of the temper of each such part no organick part concurring Such action since it is Nutrition and those that are subservient thereunto they are especially hurt in Fevers Yet because the Instruments by which other actions are performed consists of similar parts that imperfection is derived to the hinderance of them as of vital and animal actions Indeed the vital actions are principally hurt in a Fever because the fevourish heat is first kindled in the heart Whence in all Fevers the Pulse becomes more frequent and swifter for since the motion of Pulses in all Fevers may be increased first a thick Pulse as being most facile of all but if that frequency satisfies not the necessity celerity happens which if that be not sufficient then magnitude follows So that the strength be not debilitated The animal actions also are often hurt As for other Symptomes preter-natural heat is observed to offend internally or externally Also the excrements and qualities of a body are variously changed by reason of the hinderances of concoctions CHAP. IV. Of the differences of Fevers in general THe differences of Fevers are taken from their essence Differences or from their accidents Hippocrat 6. Epid. comment text 29. propounds the differences taken from the heat it self of the Fever that some Fevers are biring namely such as strike the hand of them that touch them and by reason of that sharp vapour which is stirr'd up by putted matter it doth as it were prick the hand but a mild one is such as hath troublesome heat but not so violent Moreover the heat oâ— some Fevers at the first touch is not sharp and nipping but if the hand be continued longer afterwards it betrayes itself On the contrary others are quick at first to the touch but if the hand continue longer it is overcome by the hand and a little abated But those are the most proper differences which are taken from inherence in the Subject and the cause of inhering which Fevers are divided into Ephemeraes putred and hectick the truest foundation of which division is that one Fever is in habitude the other in habit for although the fevourish heat in every Fever possess the similar parts of the body yet some are so inherent in the body that they require no cause to cherish them and although they are not fed by the kindling of humours and Spirits nevertheless they will continue which sort are called Hecticks Another hot distemper is so inherent in the similar parts of the body that unless it be cherished by the kindling of humours and Spirits it can no more subsist which Fever is called a Fever in habitude which in respect of the cause is twofold an Ephemera to
which also a Synocha without putrefaction is referred and a putrid There is another thing worth the noting that one Fever is Primary another Symptomatical Primary is that which follows no former disease but depends on its proper cause Secondary or Symptomatical is that which ariseth from the inflamation of any member See Galen 4. Aphor. 7. But of Symptomatical this is to be noted that those which by the ancients were accounted Symptomatical were indeed primary many of them and inflamations of the parts of the Membrane that covers the ribbs of the lungs or chopps rather happened to those parts then the Fever to take it's rise from them Feavers accompanied Which Fevers may be called Comitatae or such as accompany the Fever CHAP. V. Of the cure of Fevers in general NOw to the cure Cure A Fever as it is a Fever being a hot distemper indicates cooling things are to be used Galen 8. Meth. Med. Cap. 1. But because there is no small difference amongst Fevers and that a Fever is often joyned with it's cause regard is to be had of the cause of the same Nay indeed because the cause often offends more then the Fever it self the Fever is so to be cooled as that the cause may not be cherished and those things be detained in the body which ought to be evacuated And oftentimes error is committed in this whilest regard is had only of the heat cold things are administred by which the cause of the Fever being detained the Fever is prolonged Whereas on the other side heating things as likewise either opening or sudocifick things without cooling medicines often with happy success cure the Fever For the cause being taken away the Fever it self ceaseth of it's own accord Whereof more particularly hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the Fever Ephemera THere are two sorts of Fevers whose heat are inherent in our bodies in habitude Feavers in habitude For that the hot distemper of the parts is cherished either by the heat of the Spirits or humors and the humors are inflamed either with or without putrefaction Those Fevers which are sustained by the heat of the Spirits and humours without putrefaction The name Ephemeros are called Ephemerae and Humorales without putrefaction Those which are kindled by putrifying humours are called putred Fevers That Fever which is cherished by the kindling of Spirits is called by the Greeks Puretos Ephemeros by the Lattines Diaria and Ephemera by a name not taken from the nature of the disease but from it's duration In respect of the Essence thereof it may be defined thus Definition It is a Fever arising from and depending on the heating and inflaming of the vital Spirits The proximate cause of this Fever is the heat of the vital Spirits kindled contrary to nature The next cause which being spread over the whole body through the arteries heats the whole against nature That heat is stirr'd up from all those causes before mentioned in the second Chapter only except from putrefaction Remote cause which sometimes immediately sometimes remotely by means of the natural and animal Spirits heat the vital to wit perturbations of the mind sadness fear sollitude anger over much watching too much intentiveness of the mind too much exercise of body grief hunger thirst hot meats and drinks drunkenness crudities in bodies cholerick heat of air fire hot Baths retention of the hot Effluvium inflamations of Kernels and Buboes from the which heat alone without putred vapours is conveyed to the heart according to the vulgar opinion Yet it seemeth not impossible but that those putred vapours by the veins and arteries next to the part affected may be communicated to the heart And so these Fevers should rather be Symptomatical then absolute putred then Ephemeral Those that are hot and dry easily fall into this Fever Disposition of body in whom many hot dry vapours are coliected which are easily inflamed by causes heating them more Amongst the Signs by which this Fever is known and discerned from others in the first place Galen 1 de differ Diagnostick signs Febrium c. 7. saith it beginneth from some procatartick or evident cause which indeed is an inseperable sign but not a proper sign for although a Fever that doth not arise from a manifest cause is not an Ephemera yet every Fever which ariseth from a manifest cause is not therefore an Ephemera 2. Moreover the Urine in substance colour and contents is most like unto the Urine of healthy men or at least recedes not much from them which in an Ephemera which proceeds from crudity it useth to do in which the Urine useth to appear more crude and whiter 3. The Pulse is neerer to a natural one then in any other Fever only that it useth to be extended in magnitude celerity and frequency Yet in regard of the cause which occasioned the Fever some change may be made in the Pulse 4. The heat of this Fever is gentle and weak in respect of other Fevers 5. Nay in the very state and height thereof it is somewhat more gentle and moderate 6. This Fever invades without shakings or tremblings it 's increase and augmentation in heat and pulse is free and equal 7. The declination is performed by moisture or moist evaporation by sweat like theirs who are sound in health which by a little exercise more then ordinary comes forth and a perfect apurexsie follows that moisture so that after the declination no footing is left for the Fever either discernable by Pulse or any other circumstances And in case any footing be left it is a sign that it will turn into another sort of Fever The causes are most perfectly to be known by the relation of the sick which may instruct the Physician whether from passion of the mind exercise of the body or any other evident cause this disease hath been occasioned These causes also affords some signs of themselves which the Physician cannot be ignorant of These Fevers are the shortest of all others Prognosticks and continue not above twenty four hours There is no danger in them unless some error be committed and for the most part they are conquered by nature wherefore Physicians are seldom called to their cures Yet according to the diversity of their causes some are cured more easily others with more difficulty For those causes which are hardly taken away and the humours are apâ— to corrupt a Fever introduced from such easily degenerates into a putred which happeneth when it is extended above four and twenty hours or no sweat appears and pain in the head be present and persevere And it degenerates either into a Synocha without putrefaction if the body be youthful and plethorick or into a putred if the body be cacochymick or into a Hectick if the body be hot dry and lean And the proper signs of those Fevers shew into what sort of them the transmutation will be made Moreover sithence this Fever
of strength do require you may give more drink but sithence drink is to be considered not as drink only but as medicinal hence it comes to pass that at certain times certain drinks are to be chosen Drink considered as drink ought to be given according to the rules for meat But as it is considered as altering by how much the dry heat is more intense by so much the more hotter drinks are to be avoided and the colder to be chosen Yet regard is to be taken of the cause and oftentimes there will be need of attenuating and absterging drinks and not of cooling only and the matter being deeper fastened in the part admits not cooling drink The drinking of cold water is only useful in acute Fevers 't is never proper in intermittent Fair water is often altered with barley which is called a decoction and barley-water Instead of drink Juleps are also exhibited water mixed with Honey Oxymel Emulsions Whey strong beer wine But seeing certain drinks for certain Fevers are most convenient we may more properly handle them severally amongst the different kinds of Fevers of which sorts are peculiar for such a particular Fever then in general to treat thereof The air in all Fevers ought to be pure cold rather then hot yet so temper'd Air. that the drawing in thereof may rather allay the fevourish heat then meeting with a naked body cause it to shut its own pores which hinders the discussion of vapours and sweats and therefore the sick is to be covered with outward garments but such as are light that so the heat may be drawn to the outmost parts of the body Sleep ought to be moderate Rest in putred Fevers is most advantagious Sleep rest Excrements passions of the mind Excrements ought not to be retained beyond measure but to be ejected in due time The passions of the mind ought to be at peace and sadness and anger are to be avoided CHAP. X. Of the differences of putred Fevers HItherto we have spoken of putred Fevers in general The differences of putred Fevers it remains that now we speak of them particularly First their differences are a little more cleerly to be explained And they are taken chiefly from the matter putrifying and the place of putrefaction As for the matter Feversarise either from choller or phlegm From the matter blood or melancholly To which not without reason is added a serous humour especially that Ichor which is very evil easily obnoxious to putrefaction A serous humour and causeth the blood and other humours to putrefie more easily Whence some are of opinion that Ephemeral Fevers which commonly are said to arise from Spirits kindled do all proceed from the ebullition of the serous part of the venous or arterious blood And much more a Synocha without putrefaction although the vital Spirits being heat may first allure the heat to the serous humour The same shew that all Synochaes or Fevers containing as they are called which have no periods as well putred as not putred do arise from the same aqueous and serous humour whether putrefying or not putrefying whereof the Tract of Fevers may be seen Those Fevers which proceed from blood do all keep a certain continuity and equality and are neither exasperated daily From blood Phlegm Choller nor each other day nor the fourth day but those which do arise from Phlegmatick chollerick or melancholy humours all have their periods whether they are continued or intermittent Besides these there are other Fevers Melancholy which although they are exasperated yet have no certain periods such are those which arise from inflammation putrefaction worms corrupted milk From other causes as in Infants blood out of the Vessels chyle and blood imperfect putrefying in the Mesaraicks The matter whereof putred vapours are bred in Fevers From the place is either contained within the vessels or without The vessels which carry the perfect blood as the vena cava and the arteries or the more imperfect as the Meseraick veins within the vessels Whilest blood putrifies in the vena cava there arise continued Fevers whereof some are called Synochaes or containing Fevers others continued instead of a genus and periodick continued If excrementitious humours putrefie in the Mesaraicks intermittent Fevers are stirred up but if imperfect blood putrifie in the Mesaraick veins continued Fevers are raised but calm ones Putrifying matter without the veslels Without the vessels sending putred vapours to the veins and arteries kindles continued Fevers Such are first Symptomatical which proceed from inflammations of certain parts Moreover calmer Fevers which proceed from the stubborness of the guts and their obstructions Thirdly those that are caused by an Ulcer Fistula and all putrefaction Fourthly from corrupt milk as in Infants from blood putrefying without the vessels also the matter of Catarrhs whence they are called Catarrhal Fevers Lastly there are Fevers called Comitatae or Companions which are occasioned from matter putrefying in the veins Fevers accompanied part whereof when nature either expells out of the body which happens in a Diarrhaea Dysentery and a Catarrh or protrudeth into some part which happens in the Meazles Small Pox Stragling pains Quinsey Peripneumonie Phrensie Erisipelas oftentimes Another disease then accompanies the Fever CHAP. XI Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular NOw concerning putred Fevers in particular A primary continued Fever and first we will handle a primary continued Fever A primary continued Fever is that which comes not to apurexie before it be plainly taken away and hath its rise from putred humours contained in the greater branches of the vena cava and arterie For since that thence putred vapours are continually sent to the heart a continued heat is also caused thence until it fully be cured there is no absence of fire neither doth it return by intervalls with tremblings and shaking fits Primary continued Fevers are two-fold Some without any remission or exacerbation of the heat continue from the beginning to the end But there are others wherein the heat before the Fever be throughly cured doth never totally depart yet at certain periods is increased The former are called fiery Synochaes and Fevers containing the other are called Synoches or continued instead of a genus The Fever Synocha putred A Puered Synocha is a Fever which without any slacking or increasing afflicteth from the beginning to the end arising from putrefaction of the blood in the greater branches of the vena cava Although continued Fevers may arise out of vessels of determinate parts yet such are Symptomatical And if they are true Synochaes which have their original from the default of any part as from the womb offending Yet that part only affords an occasion the polluted putredity being communicated that the blood in the greater vessels might corrupt But there are Fevers risen from determinate parts for the most part continued Periodicks So