saws some single The utmost above stand more inward then the rest by much Under the skin are sinewy small veins stretched out answering all the ribs in number and order the ribs are fourteen No membrane fleshly The muscles of the paunch are between the two tunicles of the rim which makes it seeme thicker and grosser as the horny-film of an Ox-ey fleshy in length by that line that answers the navell but not abroad and onely below The kell fastened to the stomack entralls and milt the milt very small hanging on the left side of the stomack and a part of the kell fastened to it The stomack bigger then ordinary for such a small body consisting of a doubled coat the outmost whiter the inmost smoother both thin The guts fastened behind to the back-bone by a thin skin No blind gut all uniforme The bladder very long thin but inclining more to the stomack The liver of seven films the weakest three-parted like a chicken-foot the middle three-cornerd annexed to the hollow vein a litle way by a thin skin The right Rein is higher The left Emulgens longer then the right both sprouting from the great artery not from the hollow-vein Yet I doubt of it By the hollow-vain are here and there reddish and yellow kernells the uppermost on the right side joyns to the liver by small veins The hollow vein sends many sprigs through the loyn-space of muscles to the back bone and the great artery lies under the hollow The seed-vessels descend from the midst of the reins but are parted in two on either side below one branch joyned to the stone reaching without the paunch The yard arising from strings of os sacrum is griâ—tly and hard as a bone writhed at top like an wimble-skind close sharp as a needle The right uritory sit higher into the bladder then the left a fine sinew comes strait down tied to the right side sit into the beginning of the hollow vein Also a small sinew on the left-side descends to the stomacks-mouth The hollow-vein is set into the right ventricle of the heart neare the right lappet which is black and full of blood and greater then the left this is white and bloodles hollow spreading on the right side into the lungs The great artery is set into the hearts left ventricle bending downward The hollow vain on the right passing a little above the lungs-branches it self into six springs rising to the lower jaw On the right side the lungs consist of foure lesser veins on the left of two greater They are most in the North and in the German-Alps Southward and toward Italy They inhabite the roofs of greater houses and beech and firre-woods A Boor told Gesner that in a very high firre-tree he tooke a Mattern and foure welps France hath no such Out of Poland are some brought of a slight dusk-colour Beside other Weezels-food they are said to eat shrubs their dung smels like Musk they are easily tamed Gesner had one that loved his dog that went about with him let loose shee would come to the chaine again and play with him like a cat lying on the back But there is no trusting them therefore some advise to take out their dog-teeth The skin is of use that under the throat makes caps good and wholsome for the head In Canada the women shew their babes in them There are two kinds one tamer of a dark yellow except a white part of the throat which curriers and skinners call Faina Bodies like a cat a litle longer and shorter legged It rooms about the country kills Hens and sucks their egs The other is wilde of a brighter and softer hair and a clay-coloured throat Some inhabite Beech and Oake and Holm-woods some pitch and firre-woods About the Bregantine Lake they shine by night The Zibelline Weezel or Satherius or Sebalus or the Sarmatick and Scythian-Mouse is somewhat lesse then the Mattern of a dark yellow all over except the throat which is ash-coloured Found in the North in the utmost woods of Moscovia in Lithuania white-Russia and neare the Cronion-Sea and in Laucerusa a wood of Scandinavia The Tartars and Laplanders send the best skins The Guinee story tells of store in a Province of Congo they lurke in shady Forrests and catch birds They are very nimble and restles It is said that if you lay the skin under other cloathes in a chest-bottome in three dayes it shall be found uppermost Handle them yet they remain even The long-haired and inclining to black are the best skins You spoyl them if you lay them in the Sun To keep them from the moth shake them oft and lay them up wrapped in wormwood they are very costly Agricola saw fourty sold for a thousand crowns Ambrosine a halfe sleeve trim'd therewith worth foure hundred pound of Bonony-money They of Obdoria offer this Mus-cats-skins to their Idol called Zlata Baba The great Cham of Tartary his Tents are said to be lined with them CHAPTER XII Of the Genetta and the Zibethus or Civet-Cat SOme conceive that Genetta being a Spanish name borrows the name from some place there Others call it a Spanish or Genet-Cat Some a lesser Panther The Oppians suppose it to be a lesser Wolf The whole body is handsomely marked with black spots The whole skin is of a soft and thick hair and downy breathing forth a not unacceptable sent It is found in Spain in waterish places where it seeks the food A winter halfe-sleeve furred therewith is sold for 25 nay 30 pound Bononian mony The Zibet unknown perhaps to the ancients is by the Greeks called Zapetion by others a Zibet-Cat or a Civet-cat a kind of Panther which the ancients thought the only well-sented beast this is thought the same with the Hyena of old It is armed with sharp teeth and hair An arme long from head to dock the legs to the feet a third part of an armes length Hee is about the bignes of a fox coloured like a wolf but black-spotted Hee carries a bag about his privities wherein lies the Civet that is so fragrant Hee hath a wide mouth like the Badger the tongue not quite so rough as a cats They are found in Pegu Congo China Cambaja and in the Ethiopian woods Brought also out of Egypt where they breed plentifully and out of Spain into Italy Hee loves raw flesh and field-mice Cardinal Galeotto feeds them at Rome with chicken-flesh In China hee eats sweet-meats and rice and egs and the sweet wood called Camaron if that be the beast Pigafetta mentions in his journall Scaliger hath seen them so tame at Rome and Mantua that men carry them harmlesly on their shoulders A Florentine Consul at Alexandria had one so gentle that hee played with men taking them by the nose ear lips teeth and did them no harm Ever fed from the first it was with womans breast-milk The sweet excrement lurking as afore is
been kept fasting 8 dayes afore In the left rein saith he I found above a three corner'd passage fastened to the side by a double thin skin in the bowels many long round wormes the lappings that folded in the hair fair ones the gall-bag great the hide thick the flesh smells like a Fox none eat it The Coati is a Brasile-Fox as big as a Cat with short thighs and hands like a Baboon coped-headed Fox-eared the mouth shorter below then above long and sharp muzzled nostrils wide and cloven eyes black the tail longer then the body which he sets up and crooked with ringlets on it raried with shadow and oker Eating he holds his meat in his forefeet He can climb the tops of trees The Laet saith he kept one tame that would take meat out of his mouth but when he began once to gnaw his tail he could not be kept from it till he had eaten it all up and so died CHAP. II. Of the Ape THe Ape in Latine Simiae or Simius from the flat nose or from imitating or his resembling of us Festus calls them Clunas The Greeks Pithekos from being easily perswaded to imitate man Emimoo from the gestures Arimos in the old tongue of the Hetruscis Bates from climing-trees Kalliar by the Laconians Hairy it is above and below back and belly the hair is thick nosed eared toothed like a man two paps on the breast armes like a man but hairy which he can use and turne as wee fingered toed nayl like man but those ruder he steps like us but treads more backward arms short and thighs answerable he hath something hard like a navell slenderer in the lower parts they want a tayl as being two legged creatures the heart is Pyramide-wise some found with two tops veins arteries like ours the vein that goes into the right-lappet of the heart and then into the right breast is in them above the heart those that are joyned to the reins are widest and passe to the stones the substance of the eare is unmoveable In many parts he is like a man and in many unlike as in the breast and arme-muscles and those that move the elbow and thigh those within the hands and feet in the mid-rif lungs as also in the bones for in the loins are six turning-joynts the shoulder-joynt is far from the breast the thighs tend not streight toward the back-bone thence it is that going on the hind-feet hee waggles his feet are hollow the toes much cloven Bred they are in the eastern and other warm parts as in Lybia Mauritania in that part of Mount Caucasus that looks toward the Red-Sea in the Kingdome of Basman in the tract between Egypt Ethiopia and Lybia In the Indian-hills were so many that they scared Alexanders army often In Basman they kill them pluck off the hair all but from the chin dry them and embalm them and sell them to merchants for mermen They like hilly better then low-land therefore they frequent the hils of Enisa They love herbs and barley they go by troops to the ripe eares They eat lice also from men and worms and spiders apples nuts but if the paring or she ll be bitter they cast all away they love flesh also after eating whereof they shed their hair They drink wine too They gender in Spring when day and night is of a length and beare a coupled about the summers solstice The hee is reported to huge one for love and to leave another with the shee and never to looke after it Being led through towns they run a madding after women They hold friendship with daws and conies but dis-agree with cocks tortoyses snails c. A noble man in England kept one that keeps his Rabbits from Weesels When a Parricide was sewd in a sack they used to put in with him a Cock an Ape and Viper that the Ape might fall on the Cock and the Viper avoiding the Cock might seaze the man At Rome one of them spying an Ape on a boys head was so scared that he pist and shit He dares not touch a Snayl They are troubled with the hernia or bursting having a heavy kall and with the falling-sicknesse and inflammation of the liver spleen bladder c. Ill disgestion c. Galen anatomised a leane one and found in the skin about the heart a praeternaturall swelling with moysture in it such as Hydatides writs did use to send forth I say nothing of their biting it is said to be venemous Avicen to prevent rancling prescribes a playster of ashes with hony and bitter almonds They hide their meat in their cheeks whence by degrees they fetch it to chew They are extreame lustfull and will gender with Lions They remember a wrong long some say they soon forget when tamed they shew their young to every one They severally affected at diverse seasons of the yeare jolly and gamesome at new Moon very lumpish and dogged afore So soon as they find approaching death or any infections diseased you may heare from them an unusuall snuffling in the noce Whence Crollius thinks Physitians learn the pulses of arteries they go awray or sideling Some can guide a cart and play at chesse One seeing a nurse wash and winded a child when shee was absent undrest it washt it in scalding water and killed it They are taken by imitating what they see hunters do They never are so tame but that they quickly go wild again They love to play with children and dogs but if you look not to them they shall choak them or breake their necks They will make themselves drunk The Zabeces and Zygantes of Africa eat them Rhasis judgeth it but cold and harsh flesh The heart roasted and boyled with hony-comb is said to sharpen memory They differ in shape colour neck hair and bulk Some have tayls some none some are gray-headed Some among the Orsei in India are white Polus saith some go upright To these may be refered the Orang-outang brought out of Angola presented to Frederick Henry Prince of Orange Tulp calls it a Wild-man long as a child of three years old thick as one of six square bodied nor fat nor slender but very active and nimble having such well trust limbs and great muscles that he durst attempt any thing and do what not all smooth afore and shaggy black behind faced as a man flat and crooked-nosed eared like a man two fair swelling paps were on the breast like a womans for it was a female the navell deep and limmed so like a man that an egge is scarsely liker an egge resembling man in elbows fingers thumbs thighs calves heels Shee walked oft upright and with ease could hoyst up and beare a burden Being to drinke shee with one hand took the can by the eare and put the other under and wiped her lips handsomly after Going to ly down she
Latine name is Felis comes from Phaelos cozener-deceitfull impostor or Ailis flatterer in the Aeolick dialect Phailis called catus Cat from cautus wary In Greeke Ailouros from flattering with the tayl A knowen beast found almost everywhere At first probably wilde The greatest all say are bred in Iberia among the Tartessians they feed on flesh fish Mice birds snakes and kill toads In Cyprus they hunt Vipers and Chameleons They ly in wait also for leverts and spare not their owne kind In Bononia they are known to play with kitlings and then rend and eat them They live six years sometimes ten the gelded longer In Europa they go a caterwalling most what in January and February In India all the year long The females in gendring ever wawl whether for pain or that the Hee scratches them He stands she lies The shee s are most lustfull They kitten after two months or six and fifty dayes The march breed is prefered those in August not for the fleas They kitten five or six at once The Shee is fondest of the kitlins the Hee oft kills them to make the Shee covet others and affect him They hate mice toads serpents Fox-geese eagles rew their own gall sweet smells and wet With rew you may drive them from your Dove-cotes sents of ointments sometimes make them run mad Duck them a while and you drown them On the contrary they willing rub themselves with setwol and delight in mint The Shee casts her kitlins if her male mate be killed We meet with singular passages about their qualities Cats eyes wax and wain with the moon nay the sun and stars breed changes in in their ey-balles In the morning they are stretched out at noon are they round at sun-set duller Cardan imputes it to want of muscles that they cannot govern their eyes as they list They glister by night Carry them in a bag far from home they come back again They stay in the old house though you remove They love to be stroaked subtile they are How slily they steal upon birds How softly they tread and catch mice how they watch them They bury their own dung knowing that the sent discovers them some especially in Spain Holland Brabant eat them as tasting like Hare Their breath is pestilent and breeds consumptions and no mervail for the brains are ranke poyson and made an Uratislavian Girl mad as Weinrichius I thinke relates In Phisick they have place The ashes of the head burnt in a pot and blown into the eyes clears them the flesh sucks weapons out of the body and eases emrods and back-ache the liver burnt to powder easens the stone the gall fetches away a dead child the fat is smeared on gouty parts the pisse stiled helps the thick of hearing the dregs of the paunch with rosin and oyl of roses in a suppository stops womans flux of blood Some mince the flesh and stuf a fat Goose with it and salt and rost it by a soft fire and distill it and annoint gouty joints with successe The fat keeps iron from rusting nothing better There are tame and wild and outlandish cats Among the tame the Spanish are greediest nimblest and have softest skins Among the exotiques or outlandish the Syrian are cheefe and divers round mouthed strong big-breasted large footed and content with a little meat The wild are bigger then the tame their hair thicker and longer dark-coloured the tail thicker They feed on birds and other living things Perfume of rew drives them from trees In Malabar they live on trees nothing so fleet as they They are best at leaping and even fly without wings They stretch forth a thin skin from afore to behind when they would fly and then draw it together and hover in the air when they rest they draw it up to their belly There is also a kind of cat in India black-haired here and there bright hairs the muzzle long ears small thighs short the tail streakt and striped with black and white The powder helps feavers Then there are monstrous cats one sort hath misshapen another six feet In Singui is a beast like a Cat haired like a Deer with many toes two teeth in either chap of the greatnesse of two fingers having a fleshy bladder near the navell full of blood senting like musk We have put the print of it down like a Cat very coped-headed In dissecting a Cat are found these observables The milt resembles the lower part of an oare The neck of the gall-bag hath very swoln veins at the bottome come down streight veins running outward two sinews are on the sides of the sharp artery on either side one descending to the upper-mouth of the stomack sending also branches to the said sides of the sharp artery The said sinews are knit by one common nerve descending awry then are set into the left side of the stomack tied by many strings where the sharp artery first parts appeare great kernels and some small ones white red ash-coloured mixed In the sharp artery are half circles parted as in man but behind wrapped in a double coat the one outward and fleshy the other inner and sinewy sprouting from the circle-brims In the heart are lappets-party-coloured the right more spotted with black and white then the left besides the right is thicker and rounder the left slenderer and longer like the dogs both hollow and stringy In the right creek of the heart is fold like net-worke longer and plainer to be seen then that in the dog but not with such laps The great artery is almost in the midst of the heart inclining to the left side The inner-coat of the stomack is rough all along like the plaits in an oxes paunch turning up into a round Those tunicles are very fast tied to the upper orifice of the stomack the pleats ly crosse The Liver is coloured like that of the dog-fish In the eare-bone a shell a maze a little window a ring a round muscle three small bones and a stirrop but not bored through In the brain are three creeks two round with net-folds In the eye the uvea or thin skin cleaves not afore to the cornea or horne-tunicles whence the lesse dilatation to this greater kinde in that part is the uvea coloured like a pale leaf The optick nerve is almost in the midst inclining downward the outter thick skin somewhat covering the eye as in the Cock In the Heecat we observe that there is something peculiar about the spermatique vessels testicles c. A white streake the third part of a finger broad descending by the right side of the paunche lies under the muscles of the Peritonaeum the membrane is very thin the Peritonaeum under the ensie forme or sword is fat The Kall is very fast tied to one right liverstring and to the spleen and stomack and the gut duodenum like a
c. 1. testifies that they have bending joynts in the lower part of their hinde legs but as concerning the bending of their leggs some report otherwise as that they have no joynts but their legs is one entire bone which they cannot bend and that falling they cannot rise again But others as Pliny for one deliver that they have behind short joynts and within bending hams like a man and indeed experience hath taught us so much Their feet are round like a horsehoofe but broader the bottomes being some 18 inches round Vertoman likens them to a table-trencher form'd of an hard black wide skin Their toes are misshapen five in number but not parted and scarsely distinguisht the hoofs are not like claws They have two paps under their shoulders not on the breast but on the side it is hidden in the shoulder-pits Their Genital is like a horses but small no way answerable to their bulk Pliny saith that they gender averse the face turne from each other Their testicles are not seen outwardly but lurke within about the reins whence they engender the sooner Ctezias trifles in saying their seed is as dry and hard as amber Pliny saids they have foure bellies Aristotle that their gut is windding and turning that they seeme to have foure bellies and therein meat is found Galen makes it very wide and most like a horses their entralls resemble a swines Their liver is foure times as great as an oxes the rest of the inwards are answerable except the milt this is lesse then proportion would require Pliny makes their lungs foure times greater as an oxes Aristotle denies that he hath any gall in his liver yet if you cut that part where it uses to bide some gally moysture more or lesse will spurt out Galen also avers that there is choller in his bladder The same tooke a bone out of the heart of one that he cut up and he observes that it hath two ventricles in it and not three as Aristotle saith Whereof Aelian thus The Elephant is said to have a double heart and sense that by the one he is anger'd by the other appeased as the Moors report See the description of a couple in Aldrovandus They are found in Africk Asia and the neighbouring Islands And in Africk in a Forrest behind the Syrtes or quicksands in the deserts-bordering on Sala a Town of Mauritania in Lybia Getulia and the Forrests near mount Atlas c. The Symbari between the Arabian Mountains and the Nile live on the hunting of them There were huntings of them appointed by Ptolomaeus Philadelphus King of Aegypt in the Aethiopia of the Ophiophagi or Serpent-eaters As for Asia King of Parthia kept D. C C. King of Audata a 1000. The King of the Palibroti 9000. The King of Chrysaeum Parasanga Asanga had 300 armed In Taprobana are vaster and more warlike accounted then in India as Onesicritus a Governour under Alexander the Great relates In Zeilan are at this day very great ones and very ingenious The Siamensian King is said to keep 12000 whereof 4000 stand ever armed against any sudden surprizes and chances Under the great Mogul his command are 50000. In Mosambique Isle and in Benomotapa are found whole herds of them To the Isle Zanzibar also resort many Merchants to buy Yvory They delight much in moyst and marishy places they love rivers especially in hote countries for they can endure no cold As concerning their foed they feed on fennygraffe on leaves of trees on stumps the fruits of the mose-tree and on the roots of the Indian fig-tree They devour sometimes earth and stones But eating it brings them diseases unlesse they first chew it The tame ones are fed with barley and they will sometimes devour nine Macedonian bushels thereof at once There was one shewed at Antwerp that gobbled up foure bushels of apples on one day They write that they are much taken with musckmelons Water but muddy and troubled is their drink Wine also made of rice and other grain and so among us That at Antwerp souped up at once more then 16. pound and did that so often that it seems to come near the proportion whereof Aristotle writes Yet they can well bear thirst and can goe without drinking eight dayes together About their coupling the time and manners writers report diversly Pliny out of Aristotle saith the male begins at five years old the female at ten Aristotle assignes to both the 20 years and anotherwhile the twelfth to the female when soonest and the fifteenth when latest you shall find in Solinus that they couple averse from each other Horace of Canida agrees with him that the female sits then the male covers her See Albertus the Great and Aristotle about the circumstances the desire to couple in the water especially c. They never couple but in secret The male three years after seeks out the same female and never more after In two years they couple five dayes and no more saith Solinus out of Pliny nor returne they to their herd till they have wash'd themselves in fountain-water In coupling-time they rage most and â—â—row down the Indians stables It is also doubted how long the shee carries her burden Some say a year and six moneths some say three years some say ten Arist. H. A. l. 6. c. 27. writes two years Strabo 16 months at least at longest 18. Diod. Sic. and Aelian say the same Some say resolutely eight years They bring forth sitting on their hind legs with pain The Birth comes into the light with the head formost saith Aelian They bring but one at once as we read in Arist. and Diod. Sic. Every foure years one birth say Cadamustus and Scaliger The birth is as great as a grown hog or a calfe of three months As soon as it is brought forth it can see and goe and sucks with the mouth and not with the trunk They suck till they be eight years old They hold enmity with the Rhinoceros the Lyon Tiger Ram Hog Serpent Dragon they hate some colours and fire Of the Rhinoceros thus Pliny In Pompey his sports was a Rhinoceros seen A born enemy to the Elephant he whets his horn on the stones and prepares for fight wherein he aimes most at the belly which he knowes to be softest They are of equal height only the legs are somewhat shorter of one then the other Among the westerly Ethiopians the Lyons will fasten on the young Elephants and wound them but if the dame come they fly The Tiger flies at the Elephants head and with ease chokes him If he be in a raging fit the very sight of a Ram makes him gentle The grunting of a Swine terrifies him Of their combating with Dragons and their perpetual discord Pliny writes that the Dragon clings about him as on a knot he finding himself overmastered with
horns very stubborn and not easily broken The tongue when pluckt out will pant a whole day The skins that hang down the throat are called palezar the dew-lap See the Greek names in Varrinus The teeth are continued and twice changed Those of two years old change teeth saith Pliny They want the upper-row they chew therefore with the four fore-teeth as hath been said Their peezel is very stiffe They have two udders between their legges Pliny saith four calling it seems the teats which are four udders Their arse gapes saith Horace Their taile is long the hair short The flesh dry and duskish The sinews hard and stubborn though not so long as the Bulls The blood full of strings therefore hastily congeals and hardens The ham-joynt not so fast as that of other beasts therefore he drags his feet more especially when he is lean and old It is said they have a stone in the head which they spit out when they look to be slaughtered Austin reports they have one also in the liver and reins Pliny saith there is a bone in his heart The milt is very long and blacker then the Swines especially when he grows old The reins resemble mans each as it were made up of many The ancles greater then the Camels In the Heifers second ventricle is found a rough sand-stone round as a ball very light Aldrovand had two of them in his study one reddish the other black for that was taken out of a red this out of a black Ox since it is sprung from haires that they lick in in chewing the cud as it sometimes happens they with licking themselves swallow something that gathers into an ovall chapt being mixt with flegme wee need not discourse much of the place where they are found For their meat they devour all that the earth yeelds especially grasse çitisus pease knot-grasse sedge willow oke-leaves olive-bows reed black-elder vines barly hirse wheat acornes date-kernels wild olive missle-toe these the most delight in All know grasse to be their feed in Summer and hay in Winter In the province of Narbon in Fount-Orges grows an herb so gratefull to Oxen that they will plunge themselves over head and eares to seek it They will do the like in the River Loïr about Veluin and in the Sebusian Fish-ponds And in the ditches pools and black waters thereabout grows a grasse with long reddish leaves flooting on the water after which they are so greedy that they will wade belly-deep and duck in the whole head to feed thereon which fattens them strangely and the Cows that fed there yeeld much more milk then neerhand Citisus breeds much and sweet milk but while it flourishes it is not so good but dries up milk Pease are commended but not sowed in March because it makes them wild-headed Pliny says that not onely that that is sowen in March is hurtfull to oxen but also that that is sowen in May is hurtfull to Oxen but also that that is sowen in Autumne makes them sleepy steep it and it is corrected Therefore Democritus prescribes such to be given them monthly in their drinke to strengthen them five bushells serves a yoak of oxen Clave grasse or three leaved fattens a carrion lean ox and cures a sick one Therefore wild Trifoly is diligently sowen in many parts of Spain especially in Valentia Yet it must be given sparingly else it dries milke and turns all the meat into blood fat and flesh Lotus gives best nourishment and sweetest and being sowen once in fallow ground flourishes many yeares after Elm-leaves especially those of Attinia the Romans held much of If you give it them dayly and then another sort of leaves they will be weary of them Virgil mentions willows nor hath Lucretius forgot them Fig-leaves if they may be had are very good for them yet oke-leaves and wild olive that is not thorny are thought better Black elder leaves bring a flush of milk Barly chaffe and that of other grain Hirse is sowen in Italy for them saith Porta fitches are given them in stead of pease ground in a hand-mill and weakned a little in water in Spaine Baetica A bushell of pulse serves to put an Ox into good case weakned three dayes in river or sea-water it grows sweet and then dried again is laid up for this use Acornes are advised to be gathered after seed time and cast into water and a half bushell to be given in spring to each Ox It is meet about the fall of the leafe to give each yoke of oxen 24 bushells The greater make them unhealthfull and when ever you give it if they have it not 30 dayes together they get the spring scab The Babylonians give their Oxen datekernels soakt in water and to their sheep They are fattened by misletoe They feed also on fish among the Paeonae who dwell by the Prashian marishes Neither do they abstain from Hemlock whether green or dry Nor doth eating of frogs do them any harme Briefly they delight to drinke clear water nor doth muddy hurt them About their manner of feeding see Aldrovand and writers of husbandry For their age the Cow lives 15 years at most the male 20 they are at their best at five Their age is knowen by changing their teeth the foreteeth they cast within a year and eight or ten months then after six months by degrees they loose the next till within three yeare they have changed them all when they are best disposed and so hold out to fifthteen At best their teeth stand fair long and even but growing old they diminish wax black and rot The Helvetians judge of their Cows age by certain circles almost at top of their horns they are three at five years old after more Some thinke they get a circle with every calving About their gendring lust coupling and calving I meet with these observations The Bull feeds with the Cow only in engendring time they couple with the elder twice a day with the yonger oftner and that with one and the same and quietly A geld one hath egendred saith Aristotle One Bull may serve 15 Cows Varro allows many more Hee abstaines from the cows that are with calf at first and as it were voluntarily divorces himself as it is to be seen in Epire especially where for most part hee is not to be seen for three months but feeds by himself The Cows salacity is famous See Aristotle about the excesse and signes of their lust as also Aelian H. A. l. 10. c. 27. About what heats then see Columella R. R. l. 6. thither I refer the reader for I list not to translate such stuffe The Cows are knowen to be with calf when their termes cease within 2 3 4 half a months space They goe 10 months and in the tenth they calve they bring forth nothing alive sooner saith Pliny Some say they calve when the tenth
purse or bag The bladder fastened above to the Peritonaeum and below to the streight gut The stones are covered with foure skins the outmost called scrotum the next dartos the third erythroides or the red the fourth is the inmost There is somewhat also considerable in the vessells preparing and conveying the seed c. Wee saw the uriteres descending from flat or hollow of the reins to the bladder-neck also the milk-veins tending toward the bunchy-part of the reins both sprouting from the body of the hollow-gut but the left is higher then the right and all most twice as long The straight-gut is tied to the beginning of the tayl by a middle-string it hath veines and sharp kernels Wee saw the mid-rif and meseraicks and sweet-breads being a kernelly substance Wee saw the blind-gut a thumb-breeth long the other guts are uniform but winding and brittle The reins large bigger then a great nut wherein are a few creeks through which the pisse is strained We saw the vein porta with it's meseraick and Spleen-branch hereout sprouts the coeliacus a branch compassing the stomack and conveys the melancholy humour thither to provoke appetite We saw the vein ascendent pearcing the mid-rif and reaching the heart and set into the right side thereof Wee saw the peerles vein-branched from the hollow vein by the heart and turning backagain and descending by the backbone on the right side which sends forth sprigs to the ribs to nourish them The liver is distinguished by six strings out of the midst of two of them on the right side goes the gall forth the bottome shews like a bolt-eye The gall-bag hath two branches the one passes from the liver to the duodenum carrying the dregs away The other running back to the bladder to be kept there In the duodenum foure fingers below the pores called cholidochi is found a worme little but of the bignes of the ureteries from the sides of the ascendent hollow veine descends a sinnew to the fleshy ringlet of the diaphragm and another on the left side proped with the thin skins of the sharp artery conveying feeling to the diaphragm We saw the turnagainsi news which propagated from the sixth conjugation of sinews are set in at the head of the sharp artery the one on the left turning upward about the great artery the other about the branches of the arterie tending toward the throte the heart with a double lappet on the right and left side the right is greatest and blackish the left of the colour of the heart The heart hath a right venticle to beget vitall spirits and a left one whether the vein-blood is conveyed and it hath foure large vessells the first is the hollow ascending vein which is set into the left eare the third the arteriall vein containing blood having a double coat whence it hath the name this is set into the lungs to nourish them The fourth is a vein-vein-artery set into the left ventricle of the heart to convey to the brain blood prepared there to beget animal spirits In the right venticle are lappets or partitions which keep in the blood and so in the left The lungs have six fins Wee saw the inner-muscles about the larynx or the head of the sharp artery which being inflamed breed a squincy There are kernells in the yard like a Cats-tongue Wee marked the passage leading to the bladder The Cats brain-pan hath red streaks like veins the inner-eare is rarely fashioned whereof they have such use to listen and looked and prey by night Herein we marked the communion between the great artery and the great vein where the first parting is into the bowels I beleeve it is common to all living creatures what I observe in the tame Cats-back bone for with the own membranes it being covered at the end that which answer the hard menynx the inner sends forth nerves from it self but since there are companies of them like strings we note that they having passed a little way meet as in one knot as we in top of grain And since those severall strings are covered with the same skins if you strain one you spoyl the other till they come to the knot In one rib of the house cat was noted a round knob like a tree-knot the midst whereof being broken asunder was porose and full of pits with drops of blood My fellow dissecters doubted whether it was the breach of a bone in anatomizing or some error in the first shaping and superfluous stuffe In a man on the flat part of the forehead bone that lies between the two eybrows ly equally on the right root of the nose Bruize but that bone or peirce it you find two long pits passing sidelings above under the skull and below blind ones with partitions These are doubtlesse the chambers of smelling where the breath is as also in the ear which is but of late discovered That which strengthens my opinion is that in a hound these cells are broader and more conspicuous then in man dogs excelling in sent This is not found in a Monky perhaps because he needs not excell in that sense THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS THE FOVRTH BOOKE Of the Fourfooted Creatures that have toes and spring of an Egge THE FIRST TITLE Of the skined ones CHAPTER I. Of the Frog ARTICLE I. Of the VVater-Frogs THus far of the Fourfooted beasts that bring forth living broods those that lay egges follow These are either skined or shelled Those that are covered with skin are the Frog Lizard Salmander Chamaeleon Crocodile c. The Frog is either the water or Land-frog Called Rana either from the summer-croaking ra ra or the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to cry out In Greek Batrachos from his shrill voyce and Boox c. By the Cypriots Brouchetos the Ionians Bathrakos the Phocians Brianchone by those of Pontus Babakos by the late Greeks Bordakos and Gurinos and Brinoi and Parphusides from their puffed-cheeks with croaking It is an Amphilium living both in water and on land afore not fleshy but behind the hinder-legs nature hath made thick and longer the fore-legs They have five toes long skined between to help their swimming The Shee is biggest they have no neck the belly white the tong as infants tied afore but loose by the throat the milt small the liver imparted into three laps whereunder on each side part of the lungs is seen frothy not very bloudy the guts knotly the testicles and other parts like those of other beasts In England are no green ones but they abound in Germany Italy especially in Bononia They swarm so in the waterish places of Egypt that they would destroy all if the storks did not devour them They are said to be dumb in the Island Seriphus and Cyrene perhaps because the water is cold They are in streams but delight in puddles where bulrushes reeds and sea-gras grows They are ever found
them and spiders with their webs intangle young Lizards in holes and crevises of walls and strike them dead also toads Scorpions and Serpents with which they fight whence called Ophiomechi They love flesh of shellfish and dittany which is their refuge after combating with Serpents and man they lvoe and protect him from serpents They will lick the spittle out of your mouth greedily In time they loose their fight and recover it againe either by course of nature or by the sun in whose beams they ly lurking till they be recovered They lurk the six winter-months under ground and there lay up store The female is greatest They go in couples and defend each other and are mad at any that take their fellow They forget the eggs they lay cut an egge in two it is not lost by reason of the glewy humour they naturally cleave again as may be seen by the scarre Their tayle are said to grow again though oft cut off It is not true that a dried one turns Viper At Paris have been seen some as big as a great fish Some have three tayls and some two heads Torn in twain it cures a Scorpions bite and eaten it is good against the Salamanders poyson The oyl of them drowned and boyled in oyl with Sheep-dung is a good anointment for swellings of the neck and face morfew and pimples The powder with crematartar and candy-oyl helps dim sight the green are best The brain helps Syffusions The head bruised to a poultise and laid on alone or with long aristolochia root of reed bulb of Narcissus draws out arrows and thorns stick they never so fast The heart burnt and mixt with dreges of wine benums that you shall not feel the chirurgions probe The blood keeps rickets from growing if you annoint infants-thighs carefully therewith and is good if they be bursten the dung is put into the medicine for horses strangury Kill one in a mans-pisse it abates your lust ARTICLE II. Of the green and the Brazen-coloured Lizard THe green Lizard or Chloorosaura is called also the Greater and the Serpent-fighter they worstling serpents They haunt hote places as Italy where coming of many abroad at once presages a sickly time In summer they bide in trees and croak like frogs and have two tails The figure below shall save a labour to describe them It is usefull in Phisick ty it on thirty dayes for neck-swellings and then change it Childrens burstings are cured by a bite then shoot him through with an arrow and bloat him Boyled alive with wine and given fasting it helps wheesings and sod with oyl face pimples With tarre and an old sows grease it takes away tendernesse of Horse-hoofs It makes the hair black And it renews hair See in Ambrosine the ointment for the falling sicknesse The ashes help exulcerated neck-swellings The bones help them in a swound after you powder him alive in a stone pot and the flesh fall off There is a Lizard with brasse-coloured streaks down the back called Ziglis Samiamithon and Seps a serpent because the flesh it bites rots and Tarantula but amisse It resembles the small Lizard and is coloured like the serpent Caecilia It is bred and lives among the stones in Syria Lybia and Cyprus It beares young as the viper doth but carry egs in the belly as other animals that lay egges Fabius Columna killed one in a French camp and cutting it up found fifteen young within her some hath a thin transparent skin some none cut it in two it cures a bite Galen praescribes it among pickled meats ARTICLE III. Of Indian Lizards POINT I. Of the Senembi or Igvana THere are many kinds of Indian Lizards the most famous are the Senembi or Igvana the Portugees miscall it Cameliaon and the Dutch worse Legvan long from the mouth to the tail end three foot eight fingers compasse ten fingers The whole skin of a delicate green with black and white spots chequered like chamelet it is scaly the greatest scales are on the back thighs and tail and here all equall From the neck to the tail end a new of plain ones like saw-teeth and green the head about two fingers long and scaly the scales greater then elsewhere the neck a finger and half long five thick their eyes large clear and blackish nostrills wide the teeth many small black short tongue thick the head on each side black spotted a gullet hanging as fish gills or a crop down to the breast most part blackish that he can gather up and let hang out when vexed or frighted From the mouth to the crop it hath bristles and on the back it hath four thighs and four feet on each five toes all scaly the fore-thighs are shortest and slenderest four fingers long and the middle toes shorter then those on the hinder-feet the nayls black and crooked like bird-claws c. The hinder-thighs like a mans calf the foremost not the dock five fingers thick and so the tail thinner and thinner and ending like an aul One being kill and flead yet waged after and the heart taken out leaped it had in either side above ten egs some as big as a cherry some lesse the fat plainly seen as a Hens in the stomack was much fruit especially sweet Limons which was the usuall food They eat also meal and Mandioca-water They can fast two or three months together The flesh is well tasted boyled and long fried with butter it tasts as well as chicken or cony It hath heart lungs liver gall-bladder reins bladder genitals as other beasts a large liver a double stomack one afore receiving the food whence a gut as big as the little finger and about ten fingers long whereto is knit the other ventricle that disgests food hence passe the other to the strait gut In the fore-stomack of one was found great store of Mandoa meal and Angolas milt raw the hindermost the greater was stufâ—d with half disguested meat whereto cleaved many mites as in cheese the last gut held the dung Being flead and the taile cut off it stird yet five or six strokes on the head could not kill it till a cut was given in the neck the tayl-flesh is stringy and sinewy Anno 1641. was a stone taken out of a Senembies stomack as big as a reasonable hen-egge and so shaped but not so round but squatter without smooth bright within made up of coasts like an onjon to be pilled off within it was bright gray hard as a Bezoar-stone they fit in trees and are taken in lines that the Brasilians know how to fit a club which the beast spying wonders at but stirres not suffring it self to be ensnared and taken else he is very swift the younger are all over green the elder party-coloured or ash-hewd In their heads are sometimes found small stones that lessen and void the stones in the reins forthwith either by the juice drawn out of a dram
elsewhere none it hath blood only in the heart and about the eyes the bowells are without spleen The lungs take up almost the whole body Thus Arist. and Pliny Others write that from the midst of the head backward there sticks out a three cornered part bony and the rest afore is hollow as a pipe the brims on both sides sticking out bony and sharp as a saw-teeth It moves not the ey-balls it is ever gaping hath a long tongue like that of an earth-worm at the tip is a spungy glewly knot wherewith it preys In stead of teeth and gums it hath one continued bone knaged the upper-lip is shortest the throat and artery like the Lizards the heart as big as a house-mouses the liver hath two lappets the left greatest the gall-bag as big as a barly corn cleaving to the left liver-lappet bowelled as a Lizard the forefeet very different from the hinder the forefeet having three toes inward two outward the hinder three outward and two inward It is from the snowt to the dock seven or eight fingers long five fingers high it hath about sixteen ribs bending between the bottome of the belly and the ridge of the back and it is spotted like a Leopard the teeth stand comlily he hath but one gut with bendings the excrement moyst unlesse near the fundament the liver parted on the bunchy side pouring the blood into the hart that hath ears and not veins the lungs being puffed passes into a thin skin reaching round almost through the whole body there is no rim at the belly bottome onely a thin skin severing the right from the left parts He hath no milt no bladder no reins to be seene but small bits of flesh that it may be are genitals the tongue is near a foot long They are in Asia Africk India and Madagascar They sit on the garden hedges at grand Cair by the banks of Nile as also on bramble-bushes Of old they were thought to live on air but they prey on flies locusts but they fancy most the worms in meal tubs They keep above for fear of serpents and vipers They use their tongue as a trunk darting it forth with that nimblenesse that you can hardly perceive it by the means of a small forke bone planted on either side the ends of the jaws the tongue is hollow like a gut which he can infold and unfold at pleasure at the end is a slimy bit of flesh to prey withall Peirescius kept eight of them to observe their breeding there were in one female within a thin skin above a hundred egges some as big as an olive kernell all yolk no white seen in them yet resembling milk They hold enmity with the hauk which will dy it is thought if he but tast a Chamaeleon and a crew also unlesse bay-leave fence him The Elephant is fabled by Solinus to swallow them they being of the colour of the leaves and they cost him his life unlesse he help himself by wild olive Fear of vipers and serpents makes him live on shrubs and trees His spittle let down on a serpents head like a limed thread kills him Wild figs make him wild who is otherwise harmlesse He turns his whole dy about sits high ever gaping when dead hee is pale In winter he hides himself as Lizards use By nature he admirably changes colour but in eyes and tail and whole body according to the colour of what lies next except red and white yet Ambrosine affirms from a Gentlemans testimony that he changes to white But Peirescius his eight changed not colour Whether they be green or ash they put on a black if you turn them to the sun or fire It is strange that their eyes being combined move not but one looking any way the other is fixed or bends the other way which deflection comes from the four pullies in them there being no distinction of Iris but only a ball wherein the horny part ends which is glistring and various as the rest of the body Those of Cochin eat them They bind many together and sell them being bought they are cast into the fire and roasted Flea one the flesh is very clear which they seeth in a liquour like our butter Sod away with oyl in a new earthen pot it drives away an Epilepsy It makes a rare oyntment for the gout see the composition in Trallianus The tongue hanged on helps memory and women in child-birth the gall stops fluxes The hart wrapt in black-wool first shorn helps a quartan ague to omit fables about raising storms making mute c. with the heart tongue c. you must know it is Pliny who though learned and usefull studied too much to delight men In Egypt they are pale In Arabia much smaller and of another colour as bright yellowish and red-spotted Wee have given here the shapes of the pale and black Chamaeleons CHAPTER VIII Of the Crocodile HE is a kind of Lizard so called from dreading the shores The Aegyptians terme him Chempsa the Turks thence Kimsak Kircher Picharouki Statius the Pharian wild-beast others Tenchea In Arsinoë Suchus in India Cayman It resembles a Lizard it is of a Saffran colour but white-bellied and there soft-skined elsewhere musket proofe Some have been seen six and twenty cubites long By Panama there are some of above a hundred foot The head is broad the snowt as a swines the gape reaches to the ears the eyes sharp and piercing and like a hogs he hath a rew of great bright strong teeth like a comb about sixty in all more in the upper jaw and sticking out seen when the mouth is shut The tongue cleaves and is uselesse The under jaw he stirs not the testicles cling to the inner-loyns The back-bone is made up of sixty turning joynts tied by as many sinews the claws are very sharp bending somewhat toward the sides the tail is of the length of the rest of the body wherein is a finne of seven fingers to the end M. Scaurus was first who in his Edil-ship shewed five in his plays in an Euripus made for the time They are found in Africa Asia and America especially in Nilus and neighbouring pools in Niger in Ganges about Bengala in the river Bambotus near Atlas and not far from Chalcedon but small ones They love warm waters In Peru are none till you come to Pacra then they are frequent Some live in miry plashes on fish but are most greedy after mans flesh They prey also on beasts on land There was one taken that had swallowed three young ones About Arsinoë they were held holy and nourished of old by the Priests with bread flesh and wine Some gave them dainties rost-meat and mingled drinks The Shee lays sixty egges as big as Goose-egges and by a kind of divination where the Nile when it swells comes not Shee lays and hatches sixty in sixty daies Gyllius