complexi c. and this Apartiment is guarded before with the pectoral Muscles the Subclavii Triangulares and on the sides with the intercostales externi interni This rare Story being beautified with excellent Housholdstuff is fortified before with the Bones of the Sternon as with a Breast-plate and encircled on each side with Twelve Ribs as so many bony Arches conjoyned behind to Twelve Vertebers of the Back making a fair Colume curiously wrought with fine carved work of acute transverse and oblique Processes as the various Centers of motion into which great variety of Muscles are implanted This noble Apartiment hath its inside adorned with the choice Hangings of the Pleura The parts of the middle Apartiment and Mediastine Contextures of numerous Fibrils running in various positions finely interwoven with each other making a soft Membrane to guard the tender Compages of the Lungs and Heart from grating against the more hard substance of the Ribs and Vertebers of the Back 'T is floored below with the arch of the Midriffe and Seeled above with the highest Ribs and the Clavicles and within the Cavity of this Apartiment is placed the noble Furniture of the Thoracick Ducts and Blood-vessels and of the Heart and Lungs as in a safe allodgment The Utensils of this Apartiment The Thoracick Duct or Chyliferous Duct are the Thoracick Ducts the Conduit-pipes of Chyle and the ascendent and descendent Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava the greater Channels of Blood and the Heart is an Engine of motion by which the vital Liquor is impelled up and down the Sanguiducts for its refinement and the Lungs Midriffe and intercostal Muscles are Organs of Respiration fanning the flame of Life and exalting the generous Liquor of Blood by the nitrous and elastick Particles of Air. The Thoracick Duct cometh from the upper region of the common receptacle as a round Tube The Thoracick Duct is covered with a thin Tunicle The progress of this Duct and is covered with a thin transparent Membrane and enclosed with the Pleura about the middle of the Spine upon which it resteth and afterward is reflected toward the right side of the Artery and then ascendeth farther under the great Artery and about the fifth and sixth Verteber of the Back doth bend toward the Left side and below the intercostal Arteries and Veins doth climb under the Pleura and Thymus to the Left subclavian Vein into which it dischargeth the Chyle The composition of the Heart which associates with the Blood and is carried by the Vena Cava into the Heart adorned with a pyramidal Figure and consisteth of various parts Auricles Valves Ventricles variety of Vessels Arteries Veins and Nerves tendinous and carnous Fibres embroidering the Ventricles within and the Coronary Arteries and Veins enamel the surface of the Heart The Auricles of which one is seated in the right side by the Cava and the other in the Left by the pulmonary Vein are furnished with numerous oblique Fibres which diversely contract the right and left Auricle thereby immediatly impelling the Blood into both Sinus whose Fibres being irritated by the quantity and heat of the vital Liquor do draw those of the Ventricles into consent The Valves called Tricuspides by the Antients are seated round the Orifice of the Vena Cava in the right Ventricle The Valvulae Tricuspidales and are not endued with a triangular or tricuspidal Form as it hath been formerly imagined they are thin Membranes interwoven above and below with many Ligaments which terminate into a few more large Cords inserted for the most part into the Septum adjoyning to the right Ventricle and very few of them are implanted into the inside of the Wall belonging to it these Valves check the motion of the Blood out-of the right Ventricle into the Vena Cava The Valves called Semilunares resembling great C C are seated near the Orifice of the pulmonary Artery The Valvulae Semilunares to intercept the current of Blood out of the Lungs into the right chamber of the Heart The fleshy Fibres are most large in their Origens The dimensions of the carnous Fibres of the Heart as in so many Trunks adjoyning to the Tendon of the Auricle near the Base of the Heart and grow less and less as they branch themselves in an oblique or spiral position toward the Cone The most inward ranks of Fibres besetting the inside of the right Chamber of the Heart are greatest and strongest and the second rank is more small and weak And after the same manner the most inward lair of carnous Fibres have greatest dimensions and the next ranks smaller and smaller as they approach the outside The Interstices or Areae of the fleshy Fibres being interwoven with each other in a kind of Network are some of a Rhomboidal and others of an oval Figure and others resemble Parallelograms The Valves called Mitrales The Valves called Mitrales placed in the Left Ventricle and are somewhat like those of the Right Chamber encompassing the Vena Cava only they are larger and thicker and have their Origen and upper part strengthened with a cartilaginous Expansion and have their Skirt membranous to which are affixed many Ligaments which end into greater Cords implanted into fleshy Columns of a kind of pyramidal Figure as they are greater in their beginning and smaller toward their termination which close in a kind of obtuse Cones near the Cone of the Heart There are also many Ligaments which arise out of the Tendon encircling some part of the Left Auricle near the Base of the Heart and pass down the Wall of the Left Chamber The Ligaments of the Heart and end in some few larger Ligaments which are fastned to the head of a strong pyramidal Columne The fleshy Fibres are much greater in this Ventricle then those of the other and are placed more close to each other and have their Areae or Interstices less and fewer The Heart being a curious contexture of divers parts The use of the Heart may be styled a rare Engine of Motion making good the current of the Blood by Arteries branched into all parts of the Body as so many Channels going from the Center toward the circumference The Arteries These Arteries are Tubes consisting of two Coats beset with many circular fleshy Fibres which narrowing the bore of the Arteries do press it forward toward the surface of the Body The Veins chiefly terminating into the right Ventricle of the Heart The Veins as into a large Trunk are so many Sanguiducts bringing the Blood back again from the circumference to the center from the more outward parts to the Heart these Vessels also as well as the Arteries as I humbly conceive are furnished with many annular carnous Fibres which by their frequent Contractions do assist the motion of the Blood from the ambient parts to the more inward recesses of the Body The composition of the Lungs The Lungs being Organs of Respiration are a fine contexture of many Tubes Arteries
mixtion being dissolved The Chyle is improved by new Ferments in the Guts a milky Liquor is extracted and conveyed to the Intestines where it meets with bilious and pancreatick Juyce rendring the Chyle more perfectly concocted appearing by its greater thinness and whiteness which is afterward transmitted by the peristaltick motion of the Guts The Chyle is farther matured in the Glands of the Mesentery and compression of them by the Midriffe when it is brought from an Arch to a Plane in Inspiration into the milky vessels of the Mesentery through which the Chyle passeth into its Glands where it receiveth a farther elaboration by a select Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves coming from the mesenterick Plexes and is afterward admitted into the extremities of the second kind of milky Vessels by which the Chyle is imparted to the common Receptacle where it incorporates with the Lympha which renders it more thin and capable of motion through the Thoracick Duct into the subclavian vessels The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart and the Blood is also refined in the Lungs wherein it confederates with the Blood and is afterward carried through the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart where the Chyme espouseth a more intimate union with the Blood as being broken by the strong contractions of the Muscular Fibres into small Particles against the Walls of the Right chamber of the Heart where it is advanced by a Juyce dropping out of the Nerves and then it is impelled with the Blood through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it is embodied with a Liquor coming out of the terminations of the pulmonary Nerves and with the nitrous and elastick particles of Air opening and refining the Compage of the Blood and clothing it with a florid Red and then it is transmitted by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The Chyme is mixed more perfectly with the Blood in the Left Ventricle The Blood is improved in the Glands of the Spleen and Liver where the Chyme is more perfectly united to the Blood as violently thrown against the inside of the said Ventricle in whose bosom the Blood is embodied with some drops of fine Liquor exuding the extremities of the Cardiack Nerves and then is impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta down the Back into the Artery implanted into the Glands of the Spleen where it incorporates with a mild Juyce distilling out of the terminations of the Splenick Nerves and is afterward carried by the Vena Porta into the substance of the hepatick Glands where the Blood is farther advanced by a Ferment coming out of the extremities of the Hepatick Nerves disposing it for a secretion of the bilious and lymphatick Recrements from the more refined Particles of the Blood which are received into the Cava and transmitted to the Heart and the bilious Particles by proper vessels into the Ductus Cholidochus and Bladder of Gall and Lympha into the Lymphaeducts The Bood maketh its progress through the descendent Trunk of the great Artery a little below the Splenick The Blood is exalted in the Renal Glands into the emulgent Artery implanted into the body of the Renal Glands where it mixeth with some fine drops of Juyce spued out of the extremities of the Renal Nerves whereupon the Blood is exalted and disposed for a secretion of the serous and saline from its more select parts which are entertained into the Origens of the emulgent Veins and the watry Faeces into the urinary Ducts The vital Liquor being carried through the Trunk of the great Artery a little below the emulgent is received into the Spermatick Arteries implanted into the Glands of the Testicles where the albuminous part of the Blood being embodied with a Liquor exuding the terminations of the Testicular Nerves is entertained into the Extremities of the Seminal Vessels where it obtains the first Rudiment of Seed The production of Seminal Liquor and is then carried into the Seminal vessels of the Parastats wherein it acquires a farther elaboration and is afterward transmitted by the deferent Vessels into the seminal Vesicles and Prostats as so many Repositories of this generous Liquor The vital Juyce being defaecated from its bilious and lymphatick Humors in the hepatick Glands The Blood is severed from Bile in the hepatick Glands and from watry Faeces in the Renal. and from the pancreatick Recrements in the Glands of the Pancreas and from watry and saline Faeces in the Renal Glands and being enobled with the reliques of Seminal Matter in the testicular Glands and being also exalted in all the said Glands with a choice Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves is returned by various Branches of Veins taking their Originations in the several Colatories of the Blood terminating into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence through the right chamber of the pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein as well as the Lungs the Blood having espoused a Liquor coming out of the extremities of the Nerves is impelled through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and carotide Arteries into the Glands of the Cortex where the albuminous part of the Blood being impregnated with volatil saline Particles The Animal Liquor is produced in the cortical Glands adhering the sides of the vessels of the Brain and the nitrous and elastick Atomes of Air is received into the Origens of the nervous Fibrils and by them transmitted through the Corpus callosum Fornix Corpora striata Medulla oblongata and Spinalis into the numerous Nerves as so many out-lets of the Brain leading into the three Apartiments giving to all parts of the Body Sense Motion Nourishment and Life as the Animal is a main Element constituting the vital Liquor Having given a short and fine sight of the curious structure actions and uses of the parts of Man's Body I will give a farther account of them as they are the subject of our Faculty which consisteth in Praesenti sanitate tuenda amissa restituenda Life is founded in a union of two essential parts Life is constituted in the union of essential parts of Body and Soul and hath the enjoyment of Life which if taken in a strict Notion relateth to the Body as its most proper Subject but if considered in a more comprehensive conception is inclusive of the Soul too as it is the first principle of both Life and Health as the Soul imparteth the chief Essence to the Body Health consisteth in a due union of disagreeing Particles as its great perfection upon which dependeth the Emanation of its free and excellent Operations which speak Health to the Body whereupon it is defined a power of exerting its Functions according to Nature flowing from the good costitution of all its parts And so Galen stileth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And as Parts are similar wherein every Particle
the Cutaneous Glands assumeth a psorous disposition and after breaketh out into wheals into the Cutaneous Glands where it being stagnant is not able on the one side to be discharged outwardly through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin nor inwardly to be received on the other into the extreamities of the Veins so that by its long deteinment in the Papillary Glands the extravasated Liquor doth not only assume a psorous Indisposition but also a vitriolic corrosive quality whence arise divers asperities of the Skin This Ferment acquireth a Septick Indisposition by a long stagnancy in the Cutaneous Glands producing a Leprous Scurf caused by various eruptions of this depraved Matter breaking out into Wheals or Pimples rendring the amiable surface of the Body unpleasant to the Eye proceeding from a matter putrescent in the ambient parts of the Body where in a long Stagnation it acquireth a kind of septic quality corroding the Skin and neighbouring fleshy parts affecting them with the horrid diseases of Leprous Scurfs and Cancerous Ulcers which move a great compassion in the condoling Spectator And not only this irksome disease of the Itch springeth from an intrinsick Cause the depraved quality of the Glandulous Liquor derived from the Stagnation of it and from the impurities of the Blood imparted to it in motion but also from an outward procatartick cause by Contagion wherein the secret miasmes are most readily conveighed from some Diseased Person through the Pores of the Skin of one Person to the Pores of another thereby infecting the Glandulous Liquor lodged near the surface of the Body This psorous Disease is imparted by contagion from subtle parts streaming out of the Body and making the like impressions in another as being received into the Pores of the Skin And this virulent Infection derived from ichorous Pimples is most easily communicated from body to body by the quick operation of the Contagious Ferment consisting in subtle Particles always streaming out of the Body and by the indisposition of the Glandulous Liquor receptive of these infectious steams proceeding from a neighbouring diseased Body making the like impressions in another in which the Liquor of the Cutaneous Glands being made up of Nervous and Serous Liquor flowing from the Nerves and Arteries is compounded of different subtle Particles very obnoxious to Fermentation So that the active Effluvia of this Contagious Distemper do freely insinuate themselves through the minute meatus of the Exterior Skin into the Cutaneous Glands and from thence received into the lesser and greater Venous Tubes and into the right Cistern of the Heart and then through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and afterward impelled through greater and lesser arterial Channels into all the parts of the Body and therein imparting from the Center to the Circumference this nasty contagious Ferment with the Blood into the Cutaneous Glands where the infected Serous and Nutritious Liquor is secerned from the more pure parts of the Blood and emitted through the Excretory Vessels to the surface of the inward Skin and one Particle crowding another forward do raise up the outward Skin into Pustles full of purulent Matter which being Concreted is turned into numerous Scabs Lastly The Leprosie is a Cutaneous Disease proceeding from a Mass of Blood highly corrupted with virulent Miasmes and Acide Saline and Sulphureous Particles which though moving in association with the Vital Liquor yet cannot be so far subdued as broke into small Particles and volatilized by frequent Circulations that these Acide Saline and Sulphureous Atomes might be assimilated into Blood whereupon the Heart being highly aggrieved with these Recrements impelleth them with the Purple Liquor into the substance of the Cutaneous Glands wherein the Serous are secerned from the Alimentary Particles of the Blood which is returned by the Veins and the watry impraegnated with degenerated Saline and Sulphureous parts are conveyed by the Excretory Ducts to the surface of the â—kin where the most Liquid parts of these Recrements being evaporated the acide saline do Coagulate like Tarter incrusting the Skin which being rubb'd or scratch'd the concreted saline parts fall off like scales of Fish and the serous parts ouse out of the Skin which being dried up thereupon follow new saline accretions casing the Skin with another Crust CHAP. VII Of the Cure of Cutaneous Diseases HAving Treated of the Pathology of the Skin it may seem Methodical to say somewhat of the Cures belonging to Cutaneous Diseases among which the Measles and Small Pox lead the Van which are different Disaffections in reference to their several Aspects as various Tumours and as proceeding from divers Causes the one beginning in redness and driness disappearing in a Roughness the other commencing in Red Pimples grow after wards greater and come by degrees to Maturation appearing in numerous white Heads of small Tumours which at last determine in dry Scabs These Diseases of Measles and Small Pox though different upon many accounts yet they are both attended with Cures much alike in many cases both in a slender and temper Diet and the administration of gentle Cordials If Nature be slow in throwing out the matter of the Diseases from the Center to the Circumference by Arterial Trunks Branches and Capillaries into the small Cutaneous Glands and from thence by Excretory Vessels Dyarrhaeas and Disenteries are to be suppressed in the Measles and Small Pox and by gentle Astringent Cordial Medicines throwing out the Matter from the inward to the outward parts into the surface of the Body And in both Diseases a violent Looseness and Bloody-Flux gentle Cordials are to be advised to suppress these irregular motions which pervert the proper Course of Nature in diverting the matter of the Diseases from the surface of the Body to the inward Recesses wherefore upon this account quiet Diaphoreticks are to be mixed with Astringents at once to check the irregular and promote the regular motion of the disaffected Humours the Causes of these Diseases In the greatest Cases that can happen in these Diseases wherein they are accompanied with internal Inflammations of the Lungs in a Perikneumonia of the Plura in a Plurisie of the Membranes of the Brain in a Phrenitis of the Diaphragme in a Paruphrenitis or of the Muscles of the Larynx in a Quinsie or in any other internal Inflammation a Vein is to be opened that the most urgent and eminent Disease may be first opposed A Vein is to be opened in the Measles and Small Pox when they are accompanied with dangerous Inflammations of the inward and noble parts which will prove fatal without dispute if the Patient be not speedily relieved by Blood letting which will much advance the eruption of the Matter offending in the Measles and Small Pox wherein the sick Person being of a Plethorick Constitution is oppressed with an exuberant Mass of Blood highly obstructing the free motion of it and the Succus Nutricius in association with it
wherein ariseth a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements founded in different Liquors made up of Acids and Alkalies of several Salts and Sulphurs some Volatil and others more fixed which being of disagreeing dispositions make great contests to perfect each other according to the good contrivance of Nature wisely ordering that the gross parts should confine the more restless and active which else would breath themselves by the Pores of the Body into the Air as akin to them and the more Volatil Saline and Sulphureous do exalt the more gross and fixed in their converse with them Whereupon the different principles of the Blood like disagreeing Lovers The different Principles are the chief ground of Fermentation do tune each other by amicable Disputes ending in a happy Reconcilement whereby they espouse each others Interest and Perfection So that the Homogeneous parts of the Blood do by a near union Assimilate each other and the Heterogeneous Atomes that cannot be reconciled in Assimilation are turned out of Doors as unprofitable for Nutrition by the Excretory Vessels of the Liver Pancreas and Kidneys The Chyle being transmitted by the Thoracic Vessels into the Subclavian Veins associateth with the Blood and is conveyed with it by the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle is mixed with the Blood and broken into Minute Particles as dashed against the Walls of the right Chamber The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart caused by a brisk contraction of the Heart whereupon the Chyle being more embodied with the Purple Liquor in the Heart is conveyed from the right Ventricle by the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it meeteth the inspired Air impraegnated with Elastick and Nitrous Particles The Blood is refined by Air in the Lungs which do much refine the Blood and render it fit for the entertainment of the Vital Flame the preservative of the noble operations of the Body by a due and kindly Fermentation wherein the Blood being exalted the Similar parts being of one nature do intimately associate to preserve themselves and being embodied with the Nervous Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves as a proper instrument of Fermentation to assist the assimilation of Chyle into Blood and a fit Nutriment for the more solid parts and to constitute due Ferments for the Viscera while the Recrements in being troublesome and disserviceable to the Body are secerned from the Blood in the Glandulous parts of the Viscera and Membranes and thrown out of the Body by various Excretory Ducts Thus having given an account how the Fermentation of the Blood is performed by various Liquors consisting of Heterogeneous Elements and by the Comminution of it into small Particles in the Chambers of the Heart and how it is refined as inspired with Air in the body of the Lungs and afterward defaecated in the Glands of the Viscera and Membranes whence it obtaineth a laudable disposition My aim at this time is to give my Sentiments how it degenerates many ways from its due Qualifications thereby producing Hydropick Diseases when any of the requisite conditions constituting a good Mass of Blood is deficient perverting the excellent aeconomy of Nature The first Cause producing an ill Mass of Blood A pituitous Matter is the first cause of an ill Mass of Blood as hindring its due Fermentation is a pituitous Matter which I apprehend is a crude Chyle conveyed to the Mass of Purple Liquor which being of a viscous nature acquired by the faint Heat and ill Ferment of the Stomach not duly opening the compage of the Meat and not Secerning and elaborating the Alimentary Liquor which being transmitted into the Mass of Blood doth vitiate and clog it in being unfit to repair its decays as thick and clammy so that it cannot be perfectly Assimilated Whereupon when the pituitous Humour is extravasated in great exuberance in the Spaces interceding the Vessels caused by a quantity or thickness of an unassimilated Liquor not received into the Extreamities of the Veins whereupon the Muscular parts are swelled called a Leucophlegmatia by reason the pituitous Recrements of the Blood insinuating themselves into the substance of the fleshy parts do sever the numerous Vessels from each other and lift up the Surface of the Body and extend its habit beyond its natural Shape and Size The second Cause of a depraved Mass of Blood The second cause of a vitiated Blood is fixed Salt and Sulphur producing an Anasarca may be taken from its Elements of fixed Salt and Sulphur not exalted by reason of a dispirited Mass of Blood overcharged with great store of Recrements watry mixed with earthy Particles whence the Vital and Animal Functions grow faint loosing the quickness and agility of their Operations because watry Humours mixed with fixed Saline and Sulphureous Atomes do depress the fine and volatil parts of the Blood keeping it low and unapt for a due Fermentation Serous Humours do vitiate the Mass of Blood so that the serous Humours depressing the Purple Juice with which they associate are impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices seated between the fruitful Vessels wherein it being despoiled of its Motion doth settle in the body of the Muscles because the unprofitable Recrements do abound as extravasated in the empty Spaces by reason the small Orifices of the Veins cannot give them a due reception and make good the Circulation of Liquors in the Muscular parts The third Cause of the ill disposition of the Blood Gross Air depresseth the Vital Liquor proceedeth from the depression of the Vital Flame derived from the thick and gross Air and moist Vapours exhaled by the heat of the Sun out of the Marshes or Fenny Grounds much depressing the Nitrous and Elastick parts of Air the vital heat and spirit grow languid and serous Recrements superabound which are transmitted into the substance of Muscular parts growing soft and tumid as overmuch extended by watry Humours which are so excessive in quantity that they cannot be admitted into the Veins whence ariseth a Leucophlegmatia a swelled habit of Body A fourth Cause is derived from the abscesses of the Viscera Purulent matter flowing out of the abscesses of the Viscera do spoil the Blood vitiating the Mass of Blood which happen sometime in the Heart labouring with a purulent Matter impelled out of the left Chamber into the common Trunk and thence into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thenby smaller and smaller Branches into the habit of Body which groweth Tumified as depraved with corrupt Matter producing a Leucophlegmatia primarily flowing from an abscess of the Heart An instance may be given of a Woman long troubled with an Anasarca who being opened after Death many Abscesses were found in the Heart and a purulent matter in the great Artery derived from thence and by the assistance of many great
being Cut presently appeared a number of large Glands besmeared with a fatty stinking corrupt Matter A fifth swelling of the Abdomen A fifth Swelling of the Peritonaeum deduced from a pituitous Humour is a Steatome derived from a pituitous Humour or indigested Chyme resembling Fat in consistence when Concreted impelled out of the Misenteric and Caeliac Arteries into the Cavity of the Belly where it acquireth a greater Consistence as being long Extravasated and is afterward enwrapped in a Coat produced out of the most clammy part of the pituitous Matter A Wife of an ordinary Tradesman was long afflicted with a swelled Belly which robbed all parts of the Body of its due Nourishment and at last was freed from the burden of her great Belly by Death the Exit of all Sickness and Trouble And then her Belly being opened a large Tumour was discerned enclosed in a soft Membrane which being pierced an Unctuous Matter presented it self not unlike Fat whence it may be judged a Steatome lodged between the Peritonoeum and Intestines All these Tumours flowing from different Liquors and Recrements The several seats of a Dropsie distending the Belly obtain the appellative of a Dropsie commonly called Ascitis which most properly denoteth a quantity of Watry Tumours enlarging the Belly sometimes lodged within the Peritonoeum and Muscles of the Abdomen and other times between the Coats of the Peritonoeum A young Woman had her Belly much Swelled proceeding from a quantity of Watry Recrements or rather Serous Liquor A Dropsie causing an Atrophy which more encreasing made an Atrophy of the whole Body and at last cut off the Thread of her Life and the Muscular parts of the Belly being opened a great Tumour offered it self which being Cut a source of Serous Liquor did issue out which was placed between the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Peritonoeum and oftentimes in the Duplicature of it The antecedent cause of an Ascitis The antecedent cause of an Ascitis is a large quantity of Watry or Serous Humours associated with the Blood and was impelled out of the left Cistern of the Heart into the Common and then into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidneys wherein the watry Recrements being not secerned from the Blood and discharged by the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis the petulent Matter accompanying the Purple Liquor returneth again by the Emulgent Vein and Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and by the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Chamber of it and from thence into the Trunk of the Aorta and afterward by the Extreamities of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries into empty spaces of the Abdomen Which groweth Tumefied by great proportions of Watry and sometimes Serous Liquor secerned in the Glands of the Caul and Peritonoeum and thence conveyed through the Pores of the Coats relating to the adjoyning parts into the Spaces interceding the Peritonaeum and Abdominal Muscles and between the Rim of the Belly Omentum and Intestines and into the Spaces between the Membranes of the Caul The Extravasation of the Blood depressed with too great a proportion of Watry Liquor is the cause of an Ascitis because the Veins are not able to entertain it Whereupon the Watry Particles are separated from the red Crassament in the Colatories Dr. Lower's Experiment to prove an Ascitis in a wounded Dog belonging to the Membranes adjoyning to the Cavity of the Belly Which Learned and Ingenious Doctor Lower my worthy Friend and Collegue hath Demonstrated by an Experiment made in the Thorax of a Dog wounded between the seventh and eighth Rib and the Cava being tied with a straight Ligature the Serous or Watry parts of the Blood were discovered in a large quantity in the opened Abdomen which I conceive proceeded from the Arteries inserted into the Glands of the Peritonoeum and Caul wherein the watry Particles are secerned from the Purple Liquor and conveyed through the Pores commensurate to the watry Atomes into the empty spaces of the Belly while the parts of the red Crassament being disproportioned in Figure and Size to the Pores of the Membranes are either contained in the Arteries or received into the Extreamities of the Veins Whereupon we may well judge the Continent cause of an Ascitis The continent cause of an Ascitis to be the watry Recrements distilled out of the Terminations of the Arteries and lodged in the Cavity of the Belly from whence it is very difficult for the watry Humours to make a retreat into the Veins when they are Extravasated in the Vacuities running between the Rim of the Belly and Muscles of the Abdomen or between the Peritonaeum Caul and Intestines The antecedent cause of Diseases belonging to the Rim The antecedent cause of a Dropsie and Cavity of the Belly is fetched from the Matter at a distance from the spaces of the Abdomen while the Watry Humours do circulate in the Vessels as being in a perpetual Motion but when the watry Recrements do quit their confinement of the Arteries and Veins and settle themselves in the Cavity of the Belly as a fixed Allodgment they are a Conjunct Cause of a Dropsie The Procatartic causes of an Ascitis The procatarctick cause of an Ascitis are principally the too free eating of great variety of Meats making a crude watry Chyle caused also by depraved Ferments of the Stomach and above all the taking frequent draughts of strong Liquors of divers sorts of Wine and Spirits which confound the heat of the Stomach and Blood and produce a quantity of watry Humours which being associated with the Blood do render it full of serous Recrements and deprave its disposition and by relaxing its Compage doth make the watry parts fit for a separation from the Purple Liquor in the terminations of the Arteries so that the Circulation of the red Crassament being intercepted the Serous Particles are severed by the bond of Mixtion being in some manner dissolved and then most easily transmitted through the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries into the empty spaces of the Belly The cause of an Ascitis from the suppressed Haemorrhoids Sometimes an Ascitis taketh its Origen from a suppression of the Hemorrhoids by which the Faeces of the Blood being deteined in the Body do vitiate its Constitution and hinder the Elaboration of Chyle and Assimilation of it into Blood and there by filling it full of Serous Particles do render it Crude and Watry whence the Vital Liquor having its union violated tendeth to a Dissolution and then the Watry parts grow fit to part with the Purple and distil through the Terminations of the Capillary Vessels into the Interstices being between the Rim of the Belly the Caul and the Guts A Noble Lady about Five and Forty years of Age made use of Excellent Medicines prescribed in a good Method which were not Crowned with a happy Event
farther Discourse I will divide the parts of the Body into Fluid and Solid as they may give an illustration to our ensuing Sentiments Liquors acted with Vital and Animal Spirits are the immediate organs of the Soul and solid parts and Muscles are Systemes of various Vessels The first are the more noble parts which being Liquors impraegnated with Vital and Animal Spirits are the immediate ministers of the Soul and give Life Sense and Nourishment to the whole Body And all Solid parts are dedicated to their service and the Muscular Glandulous and Membranous Substance are several Systemes of Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts as so many various Channels conveying different fluid bodies from part to part that by keeping them in perpetual motion they may be rendred Active and Spirituous and free from Putrefaction the ill consequent of Stagnation The more solid parts of Bones Bones are endued with Arteries Veins and Nerves are endued also with the Terminations of Arteries Veins and Nerves inserted into their substance imparting to it Life and Nourishment and are subservient to the fluid parts of the Body as they support the Muscular Glandulous and Membranous parts of it which are composed of great variety of Tubes as so many Conduit Pipes of several Liquors So that the generous Juices the remote Matter Fluid parts are the more essential and the solid the organical parts of the Body or the more immediate subject of Life and Sense are the essential parts of the Body and the more solid substances of it are Organical as paying a duty and service to them and are parts belonging to the Mouth in which the Chyle is prepared as receiving its first rudiment by Mastication and Impraegnation with Salival Liquor and is farther Elaborated in the Stomach and Intestines and afterward is assimilated into Blood in the Sanguiducts and Ventricles of the Heart from whence it is carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery and Vena Porta into the Liver the Colatory of Bilious Humours received into the Choledock Duct and Bladder of Gall as the Receptacles of them and afterward the Blood is impelled by the Emulgent Arteries into the Kidneys the secretories of watry Recrements transmitted into the Uriters and Bladder of Urine Whereupon very much of the Body if not the whole are either parts preparing or perfecting Chyle or transmitting it from part to part or Channels Exporting and Importing Blood or Colatories of it or Receptacles of gross and thinner Recrements or preparatories of Seminal Liquor the Testicles or of Animal the Cortical Glands of the Brain from whence Nerves are propagated conveying Liquor to all parts of the Body The Chyle the materia substrata of Blood The Aliment is first prepared in the Mouth is prepared in the Chamber of the Mouth consisting of various parts of a Cavity surrounded with strong Bones and enclosed on its sides with the Cheeks and fringed in its entrance with the Lips and the greater part of its Circumference is guarded with two Semicircles placed in the upper and lower Mandible The Mouth and its adjacent parts beset with a double row of Teeth This fine Apartiment is adorned above with a bony concave Roof curiously arched and suited with the more soft Glandulous substance of the Palate and is founded below with the arched Bones of the lower Mandible enclosing the moving floor of the Tongue sporting it self by the help of Muscles in various Postures ordered for the Articulation of Letters and Words the product of conjoined Elements of Speech So that the Mouth may be stiled a fine Room of Entertainment The Mouth may be called a Dining Room in which we are treated with variety of Meat and Drink appointed for Meat and Drink Discourse and the best of Musick being that of the Voice and as to the first part of the Entertainment the Mouth may be called a Banquet-House furnished with several sorts of Meat and Drink to which we are invited by Hunger and Thirst as by Natures pair of Officers and afterward Treated with variety of pleasant Tastes seated in the Tongue to court us to our Advantage to the use of proper Aliments to support our selves with Pleasure and Delight My aim in this Chapter is to Treat only of some parts relating to this small Apartiment the Lips Cheeks Gooms and Teeth Which I will God willing Treat of in order The Lips are composed of a delicate †Ta. 2. Fig. b b. The Lips are a spungy Flesh invested with a thin Skin soft thin Flesh with which the Cutis is so curiously blended that it may be stiled a Muscular Skin or a Skinny Muscle These Fringes of the Mouth are invested without with a thin Skin and more inwardly with a thicker Membrane common to the Gulet and Stomach whose Fibres being contracted in Vomiting the motion is thence communicated by the mediation of a Common Membrane to the upper Lip causing a Tremulous Motion the forerunner of Vomiting And the Lips are not only composed of a Skin and Membrane The Lips have minute glands mingled with its flesh but also of most tender Flesh interspersed with numerous Minute Glands of several shapes and sizes which being obstructed by gross Recrements lodged in their substance do produce Scrophylous Tumors which I have frequently seen in the Evil. The Lips are furnished with a company of Capillary Arteries which being dispersed through the Carnous Membranes do give them that lovely Red Colour which render them very acceptable to the Eyes of the Spectators These beautiful Confines of the Mouth have many Nervous Fibres to give them Sense and Motion and are seated between the Arteries and Veins the last of which are ordered by Nature to give reception to the Purple Liquor and reconvey it to the Cava and impart it to the right Ventricle of the Heart The Lips have divers Organs of Motion some common and others proper The first pair of Muscles of the Lips the last are five pair beside the Orbicular Muscle The first pair according to Bartholine Diemerbroeck take their boad origination from the upper Mandible which Learned Fallopius assigneth to the Angles of the Eyes and passing down a little obliquely are inserted into the upper Lip near and into the Alae of the Nose and this Muscle by many Fibres doth make various Contractions whereby it doth move the upper Lip and Nostrils upward The second pair of Muscles appertaining to the upper Lip The second pair of Muscles borroweth its small and fleshy origen from the upper Mandible where the Cavities of the Cheeks are seated and being overspread with store of Fat do terminate on both sides into the upper Lip almost in the middle and in an equal distance from the first and third pair of Muscles and do elevate the upper Lip The third pair of Muscles The third pair of Muscles stiled by Riolan Par Zygomaticum being round and fleshy taketh its beginning
a free and open Inflation of it without any appulse of the Finger Consonants abstractly taken are Mutes and like Ciphers without Figures have no value of themselves receiving their significancy from association of Vowels because Consonants denuded of Vowels either preclude all Sound or at least give a check to it Consonants are rendred significant by the association of Vowels they being Articulated by the apposition of one organ of Speech to another Hence ariseth the easiness of uniting Consonants to Vowels because it is more facile to pass from the appulse of one organ of Speech upon another to the Aperture Vowels make Speech intelligible and easie as passing from an appulse of one organ of Speech upon another to an aperture of the Mouth then to go from stop to stop without an Aperture and the Articulation of some Consonants is caused by the closure of the Mouth which is made by the Temporal Muscle drawing up the lower Mandible with Lips joyned to it till it kiss the upper and the Aperture is successively produced in the pronounciation of Vowels derived from the secret motions of the Tongue with the free passage of the Breath in an open Mouth caused by the contraction of the Digastrick Muscles pulling the lower Mandible and Lip downward Again Besides the significancy and easiness of Speech Vowels are also easie in reference to free play of breath in an open Mouth in Vowels which is more close in the forming of Consonants proceeding from the joyning of Consonants with Vowels there is also less expense of Breath made or at least a freer play of it every Consonant being framed by a stop of one organ of Speech upon another hindreth Respiration detaining the Breath within the Mouth whereas the Vowels are pronounced with open Lips wherein we entertain a free entercourse of inspired and expired Air. CHAP. VIII Of Spittle HAving spoke of the nature and situation of divers Conglomerated Glands Oral Glands emitting Liquor into the Mouth it may not seem altogether amiss to Treat somewhat of the several Liquors such and such Recrements emitted by Excretory Vessels into the Mouth comprehended under one general term of Spittle A fourfold matter of Spittle consisting of a fourfold distinct Matter The first called Bronchus a pituitous Matter coughed out of the Lungs The second is Coriza Narium The third Mucus Tonsillarum The fourth Saliva which I handle chiefly in reference to Mastication and Digestion of Aliment Bronchus is a crass viscid Humour Bronchus is a clammy matter derived originally from the ill concocted Chyme often deriving its origen from an ill Concoction of the Stomach producing a crude Chyle which being conveyed by the Mesenterick and Thoracic Lacteae to the Subclavian Vessels is thence transmitted by the Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart where the Milky Humour is so gross and clammy that it cannot receive so exact a comminution into small Particles by the motion of the Heart whereupon the Chyme remaining unmixed to a great degree cannot be well turned into Blood and is squeesed out of the right Ventricle by the contraction of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery where although this Lacteous Juice receiveth a farther Comminution yet remaineth so unassimilated that the more Minute Capillary Veins of the Lungs cannot give a reception to this gross clammy Matter The crude Chyme separated from the Blood in the Lungs is discharged by a Cough out of the Bronchia and Aspera Arteria commonly called Pituita which is impelled with the Blood by the Pulsation of the Artery into the Interstices of the Vessels where this gross Recrement is streined from the Blood and forced into the Branches of the Bronchia which being irritated forcibly contract themselves to throw out this unwelcome Guest with the Breath out of their more Minute Ducts into the greater Channel of the Aspera Arteria whose lower region being first Contracted by its right and Circular Fibres The pituitous Matter is ejected the Bronchia by the contraction of the right and circular Fibres and then the upper move higher and higher with great quickness till this pituitous Matter is discharged into the Mouth and at last spit out This Recrement of the Blood is as I conceive more thin and frothy when it is first landed out of the substance of the Lungs into the Bronchia where it acquireth a greater Consistence and is endued with various Colours as White speaking its race from the Lacteous Humour as also with Yellow and Green proceeding either from the mixtures of Purulent Matter in Ulcers of the Lungs or from the impurities of the Serous Liquor of the Blood from whose red Crassament the Ulcerous Pituitous Matter is tinged with Red and thrown up in violent Coughs But if the Chyme be so far attenuated by the Motion of the Blood that it can be entertained with it into the Pulmonary Veins it is afterward communicated to the left Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled by a brisk Motion first into the Common Trunk and afterward into the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta The second kind of Spittle the Mucus Tonsillarum is the gross Matter severed from the Blood in the substance of the Tonsils as in a Colatory and by the External Carotides terminating into the Tonsillary Glands in whose substance as by a Colatory the Blood being depurated from its grosser Recrement called by Doctor Wharton Mucus Tonsillarum is returned by the External Jugulars while its Recremental Mucous part stayeth behind being lodged sometime in the substance of the Tonsils where it being more thickned is at last Exonerated by hawking through the smaller Excretory Vessels into a greater Channel terminating into the Mouth Furthermore The Tonsils being accommodated with divers Fibres issuing from the Nerves of the Third Fourth and perhaps from the Fifth pair of Nerves These Glands being not endued with Motion A Nervous Liquor doth impraegnate the serous parts of the Blood and is the nourishment of the Tonsils nor with much of Sense a small portion of Nerves would be sufficient for them unless they were designed to some other use which is to convey as I conceive Nervous Liquor into the substance of the Tonsils where a Defaecation being made the purer part is ordained for their Nourishment and the less pure and in some degree profitable Particles of the Recrement are returned into the Lymphaeducts while the more gross being longer deteined and incrassated in the substance of the Glands are at length ejected by the Excretory Vessels terminating near the Root of the Tongue and these Faeces of the Nervous Liquor make a considerable part of the Mucus of the Tonsils The third kind of Spittle The third kind of Spittle is Mucus Narium is that Recrement of the Nostrils called Coryza sometimes exuding out of the terminations of the Capillary Arteries and Fibres of Nerves inserted into the inward Coat of the Nose and other
Balneo Mariae enclosed in its anterior Region with the Liver and its bottom is seated in a cavity of the Spleen both which Viscera are enobled with a soft Heat flowing into them with the Blood by reason a vital influence doth arise from a dispensation of the Blood into all parts of the Body Whereupon the Stomach entertaining Blood primarily impraegnated with Life doth grow warm and vigorous giving a due tone and Tenseness to the various Fibres of the Stomach by which the ventricle applieth it self close to the Aliment and by warming it doth reduce its less powerful qualities into Act and exalteth the various dispositions of the Ferments Various Animals have different degrees of Heat in their Stomachs Moreover it may be worth our notice that divers Animals according to the several constitutions of their Stomach do claim various degrees of Heat as Dogs Wolves Hawkes and Birds of prey have intense and Fish more remiss and truly a moderate Heat being not culinary but vital is most agreeable to the Ventricles of Animals as giving them strength and vigor and thereupon is more conducive to the production of Chyle by reason immoderate Heat rather torrefieth and forceth out the Earthy and Excrementitious parts whereupon the colliquation and extraction of the Alimentary Liquor is best managed by a soft Heat upon which account we may well resemble the preparation of Aliment to the stewing of Meat in some liquid Substance by a slow Fire and so we Cook Gruels made with Oatmeal or Barley as also Jelly which do somewhat aemulate the coction of Chyle and by virtue of agentle Heat we extract divers kinds of Tinctures and the concoction of Meat is likewise performed by the assistance of a kindly Heat resident in the Stomach intenerating colliquating and dissolving solid substances in liquid Bodies as it happens in the concoction of Alimentary Liquor in the Ventricle So that the Still of the Stomach is well seated by Nature The Alimentary Liquor is extracted in the Stomach by Colliquation in a most advantageous place every way surrounded with warm parts above with the vital flame of the Heart on the Right side with the Liver on the Left with the Spleen and on the hinder Region with the great Vessels of the Aorta and Vena cava in its Anterior part with the Caul Whereupon all these parts being Systems of numerous Vessels filled with warm Vital Liquor do advance the cold membranous constitution of the Stomach with their ambient heat thereby exalting the Ferments ordained to Concoct the Aliment enclosed within the fine Walls of the Stomach And seeing the warmth of the Ventricle is derivative from the heat and motion of the Blood it may seem pertinent briefly to discourse the Vital Liquor constituted of Principles affected with Saline and Sulphureous Particles which are active Elements imparting Intestine Motion to the Blood very much hightned by Local Motion in its Flux and Reflux to and from the Heart the most noble Muscle and hath for its Antagonists all the Muscles of the Body the original of the Motion and chief heat of the Blood impelled into the substance of the Stomach by the Caeliack Arterie The Blood being received into the right Ventricle of the Heart The Blood consisteth of saline and sulphureous Particles the Elements of Intestine Motion and is impraegnated in the Lungs with Air inspired with Nitrosulphureous Atomes and is also exalted with volatil and saline parts of Liquor dropping out of the extreamities of the Neâ—ves into the Chambers of the Heart is impelled by its strong Contraction into the Pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs where it meeteth Air impelled by the numerous Branches of the Bronchia and embodieth with its Nitrosulphureous Particles as some Principles producing the Intestine Motion of the Blood which is received into the Pulmonary Veins and thence into the left Chamber of the Heart wherein it being briskly dashed against its Walls the Intestine Motion and heat of the Vital Liquor is much intended and farther exalted by a Liquor impraegnated with Volatil Saline Particles dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves inserted into both Ventricles of the Heart into and out of which the Blood is every moment Imported and Exported by Venous and Arterial Tubes as the proper Channels of Vital Liquor whose Intestine Motion and heat is much improved by its impulse from and retrograde Local Motion to the Heart wherein it is Expanded and Rarefied and being thence moved in greater and less Cylinders it acquireth a new Fermentation when its fixed parts are rendred more and more Volatized and exalted to a due Maturity wherein the Compage is opened and the Spirituous and Sulphureous parts are so far set at liberty as to communicate a soft heat to the Stomach in order to the Concoction of Aliment And furthermore the Blood consisting of divers Heterogeneous principles of Spirit The Blood acteth as made of Heterogeneous principles Salt and Sulphur diluted with Watry and Earthy Particles as it is also associated with Chyme a different Liquor the Materia Substrata of Vital Liquor whereupon the Blood gaineth an Effervescence derived from the different actions of these contrary Agents which enter into the List one with another and have various Conflicts caused by Acids and Alkalys composed of different Salts and Sulphurs which after divers contrary Operations receive such due allays as are agreeable to the nature of Blood by which it acquireth a due temper of heat and Fermentation which being dispensed to the Stomach are great Instruments of Chylification produced by the regular Intestine Motion of Meat and Drink the great supports of our Nature CHAP. XXVII The Pathologie of the Heat relating to the Stomach HAving Discoursed the heat of the Ventricle The heat of the Stomach is rendred faint by too great a quantity of watry and ill Diet. as it dependeth upon the natural temper of the Blood I will now Treat somewhat of the heat of the Stomach derived from its unkindly Ebullition which sometime runneth too low proceeding from ill Diet and watry Aliment assumed in too great a quantity producing an undue Concoction of it in the Stomach whence the Blood is endued with a cold and watry Indisposition whence floweth a low Fermentation and heat in the Chambers of the Heart and the various Vessels carrying Rivulets of Blood to and from the Heart in which the faint Intestine Motion proceeding from an undue preparation of the Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach produceth a cold temper in the whole Body a troublesome Breathing in the Lungs and a languid Pulsation of the Heart and Arteries as in ill habits of the Body in Chronick Diseases and in Dying Persons But on the contrary the Blood is overacted with too high an Ebullition The heat of the Stomach is rendred too high from hoe Liquors inflaming the Blood proceeding from the overmuch Indulgence of our selves in high Meats and hot Liquors vitiating the
Muscle annexed to the lower Margent of the Os Sacrum dressed with many annular Fibres which being contracted do purse up the perforation of the Anus thereby giving a stop to the involuntary exclusion of gross and flatulent Excrements and beside the Sphyncter may be found some semilunary Valves which do not exactly close up the Anus and do not touch each other except when the Anus is shut up by the Sphyncter these semilunary Valves may be more clearly seen in Dogs and Cats then Men. This Intestine is also accommodated with two other Muscles beside the Sphyncter named Levatores Ani which are derived from the Os Coxendicis The Muscles called Levatores ani and the ligament of the Os Sacrum which is ordained by nature to keep the Intestinum rectum in its due place and to reduce it when it is forced down by a violent expulsion of hard and gross Excrements or when relaxed by some great indisposition The Rectum goeth in a straight course from its Origen The Rectum hath no Circumvolution to its utmost extreamity from the sixth Joynt of the Os Sacrum to the Anus without any circumvolution by reason it is not destined for a long stay of Excrements whereupon it is destitute of the ligament making Connivent Valves which would give a check to the passage of the Faeces The Guts are Enamelled with divers Vessels Arteries Veins Nerves The Vessels of the Guts and lacteal Tubes The Arteries and Veins relating to the Intestines are the Caeliac The Arteries or the Caeliac and upper and lower Mesenterick the upper and lower Me senteric Branches and the Haemorrhoidal The Caeliack Artery is a very eminent Branch springing out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta little above the Midriffe which is principally ordained by Nature for the Stomach The reason of the name of the Caeliac Artery whence it receiveth its denomination of Caeliack 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Ventriculo and when this Artery hath imparted its Branches to the Stomach Liver Bladder of Gall and Caul it communicateth also many divarications to the Duodenumr to the Origen of the Jejunum and some part of the Colon to all which Guts Veins The Origen of the Caeliack Artery associating with the Caeliack Artery and arising out of the ascending Trunk of the Cava are derived in fruitful ramifications which return the Blood by the Porta into the Cava and thence to the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart The upper Mesenterick Artery The upper Mesenterick Artery accompanied with Veins sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta a little below the Caeliack doth adorn with numerous ramulets the Jejunum Ileon and that part of the Colon which passeth from the Concave surface of the Liver to the Right Kidney And afterward the Veins associates of the upper Mesenterick Artery do reconvey the vital by the Porta lodged in the Liver where the Blood is depurated from its bilious Faeces before it is received into the numerous Extreamities of the Cava In the anterior parts of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta The lower Mesenterick Artery hath also Veins for its associates before it is divided into the Iliac Branches ariseth the lower Mesenterick Artery near the Os Sacrum and is dispersed into the Colon seated in the Left Side and into the Intestinum rectum from its Origen to the Anus The lower Mesenterick Veins every where accompanying the Arteries do return the Blood toward the greater Branches of Veins and Right Ventricle of the Heart to make good the circulation of the Purple Liquor The lower Mesenterick Artery being dispersed in numerous Branches into the Intestinum rectum make the Internal Haemorrhoidal Arteries The Haemorhoidal Arteries are accompanied with Veins and are accompanied in the same Gut with fruitful devarications of Veins which being opened by the application of Leeches to the margent of the Anus the Spleen Kidneys and Mesentery are very much freed from gross Humours embodied with the Blood The Fluxes of the Haemorrhoides is very beneficial to nature because the internal Haemorrhoidal Vessels do arise out of the Trunk of Blood-vessels a little below the Splenick and emulgent Branches and so may divert the Blood in its course down the Descendent Trunk into the lower Mesenterick and Haemorrhoidal Vessels whose terminations being opened by Nature and the Blood being freely evacuated by Stool doth cure many Diseases which do proceed from the suppression of its wonted evacuation of which case Hypocrates giveth an account in his Sixth Section and Twelfth Aphorisme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 If a long flux of Blood by the Haemorrhoides be cured An inveterate Flux of the Haemorrhoids is not to be Cured without Blood-letting unless one vein be kept open there is danger of an ensuing Dropsie or Consumption that is if the noisom humours be suppressed which nature is accustomed to discharge by the lower Mesenterick Artery called the internal Haemorrhoidal then the ill mass of Blood being transmitted by the Porta into the Liver doth pervert its Crasis and beget an Ascitis Or if a natural evacuation of ill Blood be stopped by Astringent Medicines in the external Haemorrhoidal Artery arising out of the Hypogastrick Branch the Blood hath a recourse by the external Haemorrhoidal Vein and by the Ascendent Trunk of the Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery and Parenchyma of the Lungs whereupon the Blood consisting of saline and acid Particles doth easily Corrode the tender Compage of the Lungs and produce an Ulcer often determining in Death The Guts are not only endued with Arteries and Veins The Nerves of the Guts sprouting out of the Par Vagum but Nerves too as they are fine Contextures of most acute Sense integrated of numerous Filaments curiously interwoven which are derived from the eight pair of Nerves anciently called the Sixt and Par Vagum and from the intercostal Branch of Nerves constituting the middle Mesenterick Plex which Doctor Willis resembleth to the Sun sending forth various Fibrils as so many Rays into all regions of the Intestines The Guts do all claim a share in the origens of the Lacteal Vessels The origen of the Lacteal Vessels out of various Guts of which some are rooted in the Duodenum and very many in the Jejunum Ileon Colon and some few in the Rectum all which Guts are perforated by the Lacteae into their Cavities through which they receive the Alimentary Liquor when it is extracted and separated from the Faeces and first convey it to the Glands of the Mesentery and afterward to the common Receptacle Great variety of Glands may be discovered in the Intestines The Guts are beset with numerous Glands as Learned Doctor Grew hath well observed and after him industrious Pejerus some few small Glands are seated in the Duodenum and Jejunum and many more and greater toward the Extreamity of the Ileon near the
Pancreatick Liquor Stomacick pains proceeding from a four Pancreatick Liquor transmitted into the Stomach whence also is derived a Dog-like Appetite being forced into the Stomach by the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Guts may produce great Stomacick commonly and improperly called Colick Pains which often proceed from the four Liquor perverting the Concoction of the Stomach by a great Effervescence of the Aliment producing Flatulent Matter puffing up the Coats of the Ventricle making great Tensive pains by overstretching its Carnous and Nervous Fibres This Acid and Pancreatick Humour being injected into the Stomack by the unkindly motion of the Intestines maketh a depraved Dog-like Appetite caused by an unnatural Ferment making disorderly Vellications of the Fibres The four Liquor of the Pancreas carried out of the Guts through the â—actâ—ae with the Chyle and afterward with the Blood through the Subclavian Veins and Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart causeth Palpitations Lypothymies and Syncopies and this soure Liquor carried by the Pulmonary Artery into the Lungs maketh a difficulty of Breathing and being impelled through the ascendâ—nt Trunk of the Aorta and Carotice Arteries vitiates the concoction of the Nervous Liquor in the Brain and being transmitted into thenerves of Muscular parts preduceth Convulvulsive Motions whence ariseth a perpetual desire of Meat to gratifie the troublesome Sollicitations seated in the Fibrous parts of the Stomach This acid Ferment making an unkindly Ebullition of the Chyle in the Intestines is productive of Vapours and Windy Matter which being Transmitted with the Chyle through the Lacteae and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins and from thence through the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart in which it being mixed with the Blood doth produce a great Effervescence giving sometimes Palpitations which are over-frequent Pulsations proceeding from this acid Pancreatick Liquor afflicting the Carnous and Nervous Fibres of the Heart which being over-acted in often repeated and violent Trembling Motions do cause Lypothymies and Syncopies And this four Liquor of the Pancreas being confederated with the Blood is carried out of the right Ventricle of the Heart through the Pulmonary Artery into the Parenchyma of the Lungs where it is hardly admitted into the small Extreamities of the Pulmonary Veins whence ariseth a great difficulty of Breathing making frequent inspiration of Air which enoble the ill qualified Blood with Spirituous and Elastick Particles to make good the Circulation into the left Ventricle of the Heart out of which the Blood being also associated with this sour Pancreatick Ferment is impelled first through the common and then through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the Dura and Pia Mater and ambient parts of the Brain where it vitiates the Concoction of Animal Liquor and by afflicting the Fibrous contexture of the Coats and substance of the Brain produceth Convulsive Motions commonly called the Falling Sickness Farthermore The Animal Liquor infected with acid Pancreatick Juice is transmitted by the Fibres of the Brain into the Trunks of Nerves propagated into the Muscles whereupon their Nervous and Tendinous Fibres are highly irritated and drawn into Convulsive Motions This four Liquor of the Pancreas being transmitted by the Arteries with the Blood into the substance of the Muscles giveth a pain to the Nervous Fibres and produceth a Rheumatism and being carried by the Arteries into the substance of the Membranes encomâ—assing the Joynts maketh an Arthritis and being impelled with the Blood by the Emulgent Artery into the Kidney and from thence with the Urine through the serous Ducts Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder maketh the Strangury The acid Pancreatick Liquor mixed with the Blood and carried by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Guts is productive of Diarrhaea's and Dysenteries to expel the acid offensive Particles of Pancreatick Juice confederated with the Nervous Liquor And if the unkindly four Liquor of the Pancreas be embodied with the Blood and carried by the Arteries into the substance of the Muscular parts it giveth great Pain by aggrieving the tender Coats of the Nervous Fibres producing a Rheumatism And if this Acid Juice of the Pancreas mixed with the Vital Liquor is impelled by the Arteries into the substance of the Membranes covering the Joynts and Bones of the Limbs it maketh a vexatious pain by highly afflicting this tender Membranous Contexture consisting of many Nervous Fibres curiously interwoven this painful Disease is called the Arthritis or Joynt-Gout And if this sour Liquor incorporated with the Blood is carried by the Emulgent Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Kidney and there secerned from the Purple Juice and Transmitted with the Serous Liquor through the Urinary Ducts and the Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and from thence through the Ureters into the Cavity of the Bladder to whose tender Compage these acid Particles of the Pancreatick Liquor offer a great Violation as it is framed of Nervous and Carnous Fibres which frequently contract themselves with great pain to discharge the troublesome acid Particles of Urine This Disease hath the Appellative of the Strangury The Acid Liquor being blended with the Chyle in the Guts is carried with it through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Lacteal Ducts Subclavian Vessels and Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart and from thence through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the lest Ventricle and afterward this soure Pancreatick Juice associated with the Blood is impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Mesenterick Arteries belonging to the Intestines whose Terminations being opened the serous parts of it infected with the said acid Particles are severed from the Purple Liquor in the Glands of the Guts and discharged into their Cavity whereupon the Intestines having their Nervous and Carnous Fibres much irritated do briskly contract and expel the Contents of the Guts whence ensueth a Diarrhaea But if the said acid parts confaederated with the Blood and Transmitted by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Glands of the Guts be very fierce they are immediately thrown without any Secretion of the Serous parts from the red Crassament of the Blood into the Cavity of the Intestines whence ariseth an Ulcer of them proceeding from the soure parts of the Pancreatick Liquor disaffecting the Extravasated Blood and corroding the tender frame of the Guts which I conceive may be one cause of a Dysentery Last of all I apprehend this Acid Juice of the Pancreas The acid Liquor mixed with Bile in the Guts produceth Atrabilarian Humours the causes of Hypocondriacal and Melancholick Distempers to be a great agent in Hypochondriacal and Melancholick Distempers proceeding from Atribilarian Humours which may arise from the mixture of Bilious and Pancreatick Juice as Learned De Graaf hath well observed Tractatu de Succ. Pancreat Pag. 134. Cum itaque neque Hepar neque Pancreas neque etiam Ventriculus atram illam Bilem ad Intestinum hoc demandasset suspicari
gestari indicantibus Eo ipso Anno quo obiit diebus circiter quatuordecem ante obitum menti pristinae restituta tandem interiit Aperto à me post obitum ipsius Ventre tantam copiam aquae putridissimae faetidae in ipsa capacitate Abdominis inveni ut integras duas omas nostratis mensurae facile adaequare si non superare potuisset Consideratis summo cum studio diligentia internis Corporis visceribus nihil aliud observare potui quam hepatis gibbam partem livido plane nigro quodam colore infectam Lienis viscus per medium dissectum grumosi ac putrefacti Sanguinis instar comparuit solidiore ipsius substantia quasi colliquefacta The Cure of an Inflammation relating to the Liver as it proceedeth from a quantity of Extravasated Blood The Cure of an Inflammation of the Liver borrowed from stagnated Blood lodged in the Parenchyma of the Glands doth indicate a Vein to be freely breathed to make good the Circulation of the Blood and to divert the course of it into the Liver and a Clyster may be Administred made of Emollients and Discutients and gentle Purgative Medicines which are to be celebrated in the beginning of the Inflammation in which Bleeding is most successful which may be repeated in a Plethorick Constitution In a high Inflammation Cooling Medicines are to be Advised which contemperate the hot Mass of Blood in the form of Liquids And in case of Evacuation when the Peccant Matter is Concocted gentle Purgatives may be Administred of Senna Cassia Tamarinds c. as also Purgative Mineral Waters given by themselves or in Posset-Drink which are endued with a Diuretick quality and also Apozems made of the Roots of Dogs-grass wild Asparagus the Four Cooling Seeds of the leaves of Strawberries Betony and Winter Cherries may be very beneficial as they are Cooling and Diuretick let them be sweetned with the Syrup of Five opening Roots But above all things Bleeding if the strength of the Patient will admit it is often to be celebrated to hinder Abscesses Ulcers and Gangraenes Decoctions of China Sarsa Parilla mixed with Vulneraries are very useful in Abscesses and Ulcers the sad consequences of Inflammations of the Liver which most commonly determine in Death not to be subdued by the power of Art And as to Dropsies I refer you to former Discourses wherein I have professedly Treated of them The Liver also is very often disaffected with the Jaundies The Jaundies proceeding from an obstruction of Porus Bilarius produced by obstructions of this Bowel caused by Choler mixed with indigested Chyme or effecte Pituitous Matter which being not discharged by the Terminations of the Caeliack and Mesenterick Arteries terminating into the glandulous coats of the Stomach and Guts are returned by the Veins and associate with the Blood and are carried by the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and afterward by the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Chamber and then by the common and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery into the Stomach Spleen Mesentery c. and from thence by the Porta into the glands of the Liver where this indigested Chyme is separated with the Choler from the Blood and rendreth it so clammy that it cannot be entertained into the Roots of the Excretories appertaining to the Bladder of Gall and Choledoch Duct whereupon the glands of the Liver are clogged with Extravasated Choler The Blood in a Jaundies is mixed with Bile in the Vena Cava upon the stoppage of the Porus Bilarius which acquireth an Effervescence by its stagnancy and growing Acid is endued with a piercing sharp quality whereby it openeth first the Roots of the Vena Cava and after is carried through its Branches and Trunk into the Heart and is thence transmitted with the Blood into the ambient parts of the Body which are attinged with its Yellow attire disguising its elegant Surface The Jaundies are sometimes generated by the straightness of the Extreamities of the Excretory Vessels relating to the Bladder of Gall and Choledoch Duct whence they are made uncapable to give reception to the streams of Bilious Recrements secerned in the substance of the Glands so that the Cholerick Matter is impelled by the motion of the Diaphragme compressing the glands of the Liver into the more open Roots of the Cava and vitiate the constitution of the Blood The third way of producing the Jaundies A Jaundies proceeding from an obstruction of the Hepatick Duct into the Duodenum is the Obstruction of the passage of the Choledoch Duct into the Duodenum which is closed up by a gross Pituitous Matter lining the Guts So that the Choler severed from the Blood in the body of the Glands and received into the Roots and transmitted by the Branches ending into the Choledoch Duct cannot be discharged through the stopped passage of common Trunk terminating into the Guts Whereupon the Excretories of the Porus Bilarius being full cannot admit any more Choler into their Extreamities whence the Bile is stagnant for some space in the substance of the Glands and afterward is transmitted with the Blood after it is made thin and piercing by Intestine Motion into the Roots of the Cava and carried into the Branches and Trunk of the Cava by degrees infecting its Mass in the Viscera and Ambient parts of the Body An Obstruction of the Liver causing the Jaundies A Jaundies coming from divers Stones lodged in the Choledech Duct sometimes happeneth upon divers small Stones lodged in the Choledoch Duct intercepting the current of Choler into the Guts which being filled and its Branches do impede the admission of new streams of Bile into their Extreamities whereupon the Bilious Recrements embodied with Blood have an accession into the Origens of the Cava implanted into the glands of the Liver and thereby do stench the Mass of Blood The stoppage of Choler produced by Stones in the common Trunk doth despoil the Guts of a Fermentative Juice which much assisteth the concoction and refinement of Chyle which being crude is transmitted through the Mesenterick Thoracick and Lacteal Vessels into the Subclavian Veins where it entreth into society with the Blood and destroyeth its laudable Constitution often productive of a Dropsie As to the Jaundies The Cure of the Jaundies derived from gross Bile and viscid Pituitous Matter proceeding from grossness of Bile and Pituitous Matter unfit to be admitted into the small Extreamities of Excretory Vessels belonging to the Liver it doth indicate gentle Purgatives as Tinctura Sacra Pilulae Hierae cum Agaric Aloes Rosat quickned with Extractum Rudii c. And Apozems prepared with the Roots and Leaves of Salendine the great and Centory the less and Shavings of Ivory Rine of Barberry Trees and Chimical Preparations as Cream of Tartar Vitriolated Tartar Spirit of Salt Chalybeat Wine doth also open the Obstructions of the Liver proceeding from gross Choler and Phlegme and some of
Figure seated in its fleshy circumference but another Nervous kind of smaller Circle placed within the other and if it be curiously inspected it cannot be called a true Circle by reason it is more expanded in its Origen and terminates after a manner into an acute Angle As to its Fabrick The Compage of the Midriff it may be styled a Compage made up of Membranes Arteries Veins Nerves Carnous and Tendinous Fibres finely interspersed with each other The Diaphragm is composed of a double Membrane The upper Membrane the uppermost facing the middle Apartiment may duly claim its birth or origen from the Pleura and is a Texture finely wrought with variety of small membranous Filaments intermingled with Nervous The lower Membrane is somewhat more thick than the other The lower Membrane and borroweth its rise from the rim of the Belly and framed of divers Membranous Nervous and Tendinous Fibres running in various positions finely spun and closely struck and curiously interwoven So that they seem to make an entire piece which fronteth the upper region of the lowest Apartiment The Midriff hath also many Felshy Fibres The Fleshy Fibres of the Midriff which impart motion to it and thereby enlarge the inward Perimeter of the Thorax in order to give reception to the expanded Lungs in inspiration These Fibres beset the Circumference and give it a red hue and render it more thick about its confines and in its Center or white expansion it is furnished with many Tendinous Fibres which are main Integrals constituting the beginning The Tendinous Fibres as some will have it or the Termination or Tendon of this Muscle as others imagine The Tendinous Fibres pass through the Center to the Circumference as so many Rays and about the Foramen enclosing the Origen or left Orifice of the Stomach are seated many Circular Fibres which being convulsed do cramp the beginning of the Ventricle with repeated Girks vulgarly called Hiccops The Diaphragm is also accommodated with variety of Vessels The various Vessels of the Midriff The Arteries two Arterial branches styled Phrenick which are derived from the great descendent Trunk of the Aorta and do shade the Coats of the Midriff with numerous great and smaller Divarications The Veins which are accompanied with many Venal branches having the same appellative with the Arteries and export Blood from the Diaphragm toward the Cava to make good the circulation of Vital Liquor hastning to the right Ventricle of the Heart This circular Muscle The Nerves different in figure and way of motion is endued with many Nerves derived from the Rowl relating to the Neck and from divers vertebral Branches as also from the par vagum which are propagated through the whole substance of this part as being very considerable in the Tunicles and Center of it as being Nervous and of a most acute Sensation It is endued with three Perforations The three Perforations of the Midriff The first according to Learned Vesalius receiveth the great Artery and Nerves of the par vagum passing into the Liver Spleen Kidneys Intestines The second Foramen inclining toward the right side is seated about the Tendinous part and giveth admission to the ascendendent Trunk of the Cava in its ascent toward the right Ventricle of the Heart The third Formane of the Midriff bendeth toward the left side to give reception to the Oesopaghus or rather Origen of the Stomach with some Nerves of the par vagum implanted into it Learned Casparus Bartholinus The Midriff is a double Muscle according to Bartholine The upper Muscle pleaseth himself very much in a new discovery of the Diaphragm to be compounded of two Muscles adorned with a Semicircular Figure The upper is fastned in one Extremity to the bastard Ribs and the other is implanted into the Aponeurosis making the Center of the Midriff composed of divers tendinous Fibres besetting the upper and lower Membrane in which the Midriff somewhat resembleth the Digastrick Muscle as having a Nervous expansion or body interceding the Carnons Circumference as Learned Steno imagineth The lower Muscle as the Learned Author supposeth taketh its rise from the Vertebres of the Loins and doth not come from the other nor touch it The lower Muscle only by the interposition of the Aponeurosis in which the Tendons of both Muscles do intermingle One Argument by which the Author endeavoureth to prove the Midriff to be a double Muscle is because the lower is furnished with proper Blood-vessels and Nerves and hath Veins not only from the Cava the same with the upper Muscle but Lateral branches that discharge themsels into the Adipose Vein which are accompanied with Arteries derived from the Loins And the lower Muscle in its upper region is encompassed with circular Fibres running round the Perforation of the Midriff entertaining the origen of the Stomach in which a Hiccop is made by the Convulsive motions of the diaffected Fleshy Fibres The upper Muscle saith he is accommodated in its circumference with many Carnous Fibres coming from every Rib which seem to be so many origens of distinct Muscles The Carnous Fibres of the upper Muscle The plain of the ranks of Fibres called by him inaequaliter aequales is seated in the interior region of the upper Muscle where the Tendon is implanted into the Ribs And the Tendon of the lower Muscle maketh the Center of the Diaphragm and the Parallelogramms of Fleshy Fibres are sometimes attended with Tendinous and other times with Carnous sides This simple Muscle may be called the Shorter Diagonal as it maketh obtuse Angles with the Tendinous sides by reason the longer Diagonal maketh acute Angles with the said sides And the lower Muscle of the Midriff hath almost the same fabrick with the upper and different in this The frame of the lower Muscle is almost the same with the upper that the distance of the ranks interceding the Carnous sides is somewhat greater in the lower than in the upper Muscle and the ranks observe the same distance in both Muscles in reference to their Tendinous sides The lower Muscle is made up of many Carnous Fibres running in right lines which coming out the right and left circumference The Carnous Fibres of the lower Muscle are implanted into the Tendinous center of the Midriff In Beasts and other greater Animals in which all parts of Nature are very conspicuous by reason of their eminent greatness the Lateral Region of the Diaphragm may be seen to be fastned not to the Sternon but Ribs The Lateral region of the Diaphragm is fastned to the Ribs and at each of them an Elongation of a Fibre may be discovered which is continued with the upper part of the transverse Muscle relating to the Abdomen whereupon I humbly conceive that this Abdominal Muscle hath great affinity with that of the Midriff The Trigastrick Muscle So that there may be a kind of Trigastrick Muscle as Learned Bartholine
small Nerves from the left recurrent Nerve and also Lymphaeducts as Learned Rudbeck will have it proceeding from the Trunk ending near the Heart The Figure of the Capsula holdeth great conformity with that of the Heart and is much more enlarged toward its Base The Figure of the Pericardium and groweth more narrow near its Cone So that the Pericardium is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal figure In this Capsula Serous Liquor is contained as in a Cystern The Liquor contained in the Pericardium which some account to be Alimentary and others Excrementitious as being a Watry humor proceeding from the steams of the Blood arising like Clouds and condensed against the inside of the Pericardium Learned Steno deriveth its Origen from the Lymphaeducts coming from the Conglomerated Glands in his Books de Musculis and Glandulis p. 41. Quocunque corporis Animalis loco aquosus quidam naturaliter reperitur humor ejus superficiem oblinens eandem superficiem Lymphaticorum pertusam ostiis a Conglomerata Glandula oriundorum unde colligere liceret eandem aquae Pericardii esse originem but with the leave of this great Author I humbly conceive that the Liquor lodged within the confines of the Pericardium doth not arise from the Lymphaeducts which is a thin watry Liquor but this of the Capsula Cordis is the Serous part of the Vital Juice The Origen of the Liquor contained in the Pericardium as I apprehend by reason it being exposed to the Fire will Coagulate like the white of an Egg which sheweth it to be the more soft and albuminous Particles of the Blood Renowned Dr. Lower doth fetch the Liquor contained in the Capsula Cordis from its Glands as he hath in the first Chap. de Cordis situ structura p 5 6. Quare ut aquae hujus fontem alibi quaeramus advertere oportet naturam in variis corporis partibus ubi operis aut functionum eadem aut par ratio est iisdem plerunque Machinis atque instrumentis uti quemadmodum glandulas Lacrymalis ad humorem suggerendum quo Oculi illinantur atque madefiant absque quo sicci motus inhabiles evaderent pariter juxta Cordis basin diversas Glandulas constituit è quibus humor intra Capsulam exstillat vacuo isto spacio huc illuc agitatus Cordis superficiem undique alluit quo promptior facilior ejus motus redderetur CHAP. XII Of the Diseases of the Pericardium and their Cures THe Pericardium as composed of many Coats furnished with numerous divarications of Vessels is rendred obnoxious to variety of Diseases as Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Tumors c. The inflammation of the Capsula Cordis The cause of an Inflammation of the Pericardium is derived from a source of Blood coming out of the Terminations of the Coronary Arteries of the Heart inserted into the substance of the Pericardium in which it is Extravasated as not being received into the Extremities of Phrenick Veins by reason of its great plenty or grosness whereupon it being stagnant in the empty spaces of the Vessels loseth its laudable temper and bounty by gaining an unkindly Ebullition This part confining on the Heart easily affected with an unnatural effervescence productive of an acute Fever Syncope Palpitation imparted to the Blood first derived from the substance of the Pericardium into the Origens of the Phrenick Veins and from thence to the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart and afterward into the Lungs where it creates a great difficulty of Breathing a dry Cough a great Plogâ—sis c. Thirst and sometimes with a pain in the Thorax toward the Sternon as the Pericardium is affixed to the Mediastine So that this Disease is taken for a Pleurisie Zacutus Prax. adm Lib. 2. Observat giveth a History Quidam in aetate florente acuta febre est prehensus cum siti ingenti anxietate Respiratione celerrima frequenti Thoracis incendio tussi sicca Syncope Cordis tremore levissimo in Thorace dolore Sternum versus cum angustia summa pulsu duro inaequali Hic pro Pleuritico Curatus triduo è vita sublatus Sectio à morte palam fecit fuisse Pericardii Inflammationem nam tota fere tunica livida rugosa visa est in multis partibus asperitudines apparuere Milliaceae nigrore infectae omnia ab adurente calore profecta The Curatory Indication of this Disease being a quantity of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the Pericardium The opening of a Vein is good in an Inflammation of the Pericardium doth denote the Mission of Blood with a free hand to make good the Circulation of the stagnant Blood in the parts affected That it may be received into the Phrenick Veins and take off the Inflammation of the Pericardium Bleeding also satisfieth the preservatory Indication in lessening the cause of the Disease by taking away the exuberant quantity of hot Blood and by diverting its current from the Pericardium by opening a Vein in the Arm. Cooling Juleps and Apozemes are very proper in being given with temperate Cordial Powders which do cool the Mass of Blood by Sweat and a free Transpiration as discharging the hot steams of the Vital Liquor by the Pores of the Skin Sometimes an Inflammation may proceed from a great Contusion of the Thorax affecting the Capsula Cordis whence ariseth first an Inflammation Another cause of an Inflammation of the Pericardium coming from a Laceration of the small Arteries pouring out so great a quantity of Blood into the Interstices of the Vessels that the minute Origens of the Veins are not capable to give a reception to it So that the Extravasated Blood losing its motion the Albuminous part degenerates into a Pus which often Corrodeth the Membranes of the Pericardium and produceth an Ulcer which vitiateth the Liquor encircling the Heart A Husband-man overturning a load of Hay by his imprudent Conduct An Instance of an Inflammation of the Pericardium proceeding from Contusion some part of it fell upon his Breast which thereupon was highly afflicted with pain and the Patient was afterward infested with an acute Fever flowing from the Contusion of the Pericardium which proved fatal unto him and the Thorax being opened and his Heart inspected the Pericardium was found full of Pus in which the Heart did swim as in a noysom Lake giving it a stench and suffocation The Pericardium is sometimes swelled A Dropsie coming from too great a quantity of Liquor contained in the Pericardium as overcharged with too great a quantity of Serous Liquor making a kind of Dropsie whereby the Capsula being of tender Membranous Compage is highly discomposed with pain and the Heart compressed with a load of Liquor so incumbent upon it that its branches cannot admit a due Dilatation to give reception to the Blood which is attended with a pain of the Breast a trembling of the Heart and a Dropsie of the whole Body A
in an opposite posture and ascend to the Base and being inserted into its Tendon do constitute the inward wall of this Chamber And the external Fibres of this Cavity are not carried from the Base to the Cone The external Fibres of this Ventricle do take their progress from the Base to the Cone The several ranks of Fibres have different progresses but quit their progress in the middle way and creeping under the superior Fibres do climb up obliquely to the Tendon of the opposite side And another rank of the Fibres having a contrary progress do meet about the Cone of the Heart and have mutual Convolutions So that the Fibres seated in the exterior wall of the left Ventricle do rencounter those of the inward about the Extremity of the Cone Whereupon it is very visible to a clear Eye The different Fibres have one joynt-motion to lessen the Cavities of the Heart that the Fibres besetting the outward and inward wall of the left Chamber of the Heart to be continued though they may seem to have a contrary progress yet they all concur to accomplish the same motion and do constring and bring inward the opposite Tendons and by drawing themselves closer to each other do lessen the Cavities of the Chambers of the Heart and squeese the Blood out of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta And this is worthy our remark Divers Fibres do end in the Fleshy Columns That all Fibres do not terminate into the Tendons of the Margent encircling the Ostia of the Chambers of the Heart but many do end in the great Fleshy Fibres called Columns which do emit many Tendons into the Mitral Valves conjoyned with the Tendon lodged in the Base of the Heart And having discoursed the various ranks and Progresses of the Carnous Fibres surrounding the sides and walls of the Heart The spiral Fibres besetting the Cone of the Heart it may seem not improper to treat of the Fibres enclosing the Cone of the Heart which seem to be adorned with somewhat of a Spiral or winding Circular Figure as resembling the circular motion of the Blood And as the inward Fibres of the Ventricle have a progress opposite to that of the outward so the Fibres of the inward part of the Cone proceed in a different method to the outward as they are framed in spiral Circumvolutions about the Cone of the Heart And because the Blood is to be impelled out of the left Chamber of the Heart into the Aorta The Fibres of the left are more thick and strong than those of the right and by smaller and smaller Branches into the most remote regions of the Body Therefore Nature hath most wisely provided far more thick and strong Fibres for the left Ventricle than for the right which protrudeth Blood only out of it into the adjacent parts of the Lungs So that if we truly survey the substance of the Heart The Parenchyma of the Heart is different from that of the other Viscera we shall find it not to be a Parenchyma holding similitude with that of the Lungs Liver Spleen or Kidneys the first being a system of Vesicles of Air Bronchia Blood-vessels and the other a company of innumerable Glands as most of the Viscera are being so many Colatories of the Blood secerning it from its Bilious Serous or other kind of Recrements But the Heart is a true Muscle of the same nature with those of the Limbs as it is most manifest to Autopsy if the Fleshy Fibres of the Heart be rendred more firm and compact by boiling and then the Heart will appear to be an Organ made up of many ranks of strong Fibres adorned with a Prismatick Figure of the same hue consistence The fleshy Fibres mutually conjoyned by Ligaments and strength as being united to each other by the mediation of many strong Membranes and Ligaments †T. 15. F. 1. f f. iiii with those of the Limbs and after the same manner are not capable to receive much greater dimensions in length and its Fibres cannot be severed from each other at any great distance without Laceration of the Membranes conjoyning the many rows of fleshy Fibres and when they act are rendred hard and tense as having their ranks drawn closer together whereupon the Compage of the Heart becometh more firm and rigid and the Cavities of the Ventricles more narrow whereby their Contents are discharged The Fibrous substance and constitution of the Heart The substance of the Heart is different from that of other Muscles is different from that of other Muscles as having a more solid firm uniform Compage Coated with a more bright Red than the Flesh of other Muscles which is more loose and flabby whose more weak Prismatick Columns may be more easily dis-joyned from each other by a less violent Laceration of their thinner Membranes Again The Configuration of the Fibres of the Heart The Fibres of the Heart are spiral is not the same with other Muscles as not being truly equidistant but crooked and spiral full of many Circumvolutions surrounding each other Under the Coat encircling the Heart A rank of Fibres coming the Base of the Heart and it 's Tendinous entrances is derived a rank of fleshy Fibres from the Base of the Heart and from its Circular Tendinous substance into which the Vena Cava and Pulmonary Vein do terminate in both Ventricles of the Heart These outward ranks of Fibres do at first tend in a direct course toward the Cone and afterward being variously Implicated have a Retrograde progess toward the inward recesses of the Ventricles Under this outward row of Fibres is seated other ranks The ranks of fleshy Fibres are tied to each other which are carried in oblique and spiral postures toward the Cone and make many intersections being interwoven with divers other ranks of fleshy Fibres †T. 15. F. 1. iiii and from thence are reflected toward the outward Compage of the Heart with winding Circumvolutions and transverse Bandages whereupon they seem to Constitute the inward Columns to which the Cords †d d d. of the Tricuspidal Mitral Valves are affixed The most inward fleshy Fibres are most large near their Origens The Fibres are most great in their Origens as so many Trunks adjoyning to the Tendons of the Auricles and grow less and less as they branch themselves in oblique or spiral Positions toward the Cone of the Heart And after the same manner the most inward rank of fleshy Fibres seated in the inside of the Ventricles are greatest and most strong The inward Fibres of the Ventricles are most large and the more outward the least The ranks of fleshy Fibres are mutually conjoyned by strong Membranes Ligaments and Fibrous Branches and the neighbouring Lairs as they more and more approach the ambient parts become less and less
in dimensions The Carnous Fibres are placed on each side of the Columns and intersect each other after the manner of Latise-work and are firmly tied to each other by strong Membranes Ligaments and Fibrous branches †T. 15. F. 1. iiii which keep the various ranks of Fibres close to each other as mutual Auxiliaries So that they cannot part when they are engaged in a joynt action producing the Systole of the Heart The Areae or Interstices lodged between the intersections of fleshy Fibres The divers empty spaces of the fleshy Fibres are most of them Rhomboids and some of them Oval and others Parallelograms †T. 15. F. 1. k k. Many Ligaments do arise out of the Tendon encircling some part of the left Auricle near the Base of the Heart and pass down the Wall relating to the left Chamber †F. 2. g g. Ligaments sprouting out of the Tendon of the left Auricle and end in some few larger Ligaments which are sometime fastned about the top of a strong pyramidal Column which I conceive is made up of many fleshy Fibres giving strength to the Ventricle in reference to Motion For the present I will not treat of Arteries and Veins of the Heart but refer them to a subsequent discourse The Heart is inchased in every Region The Fibres of the Heart derived from the recurrent Nerves with various Nerves and Nervous Fibres partly proceeding from the recurrent Nerve which about the Nodes of Reflection transmit many branches into the Posterior and Anterior Compage of the Heart as also into its Surface Whereupon it is adorned with two eminent Plexes distributed into it the upper and greater passeth between the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery The upper and greater Cardiack Plex proceedeth from the Par vagum and Nerves arising out of Intercostal branch according to Dr. Willis and taketh its rise from great branches derived in each side from the Par Vagum And also many considerable Nerves of the Heart do arise out of the Intercostal branch as Learned Dr. Willis will have it which most Ingenious Dr. Lower very Skilful in the discovery of the Nerves as having a curious and dextrous hand in Dissection denieth in these words Cum propagines nervosa à solo octavi paris Nervo in Cor humanum inferantur These Cardiack Nerves have great Divarications through the numerous ranks of fleshy Fibres besetting the whole substance of the Heart and are inferted into the Walls relating to both Chambers and into the outward Membrane every where encompassing and guarding this excellent Muscle of the Heart CHAP. XVI Of the Auricles of the Heart THe right and left Ventricle of the Heart are adorned with an Auricle as with two Appendages and in truth are two little Hearts The Auricles of the Heart as having peculiar Fibres if not Blood-vessels and Nerves and are Auxiliary Muscles subservient to the greater Machine of the Heart and are like two Servants waiting at the doors of the Chambers to convey the Blood more readily into the greater Cisterns or Lakes of this rare Engine of Motion The right Auricle is affixed to the right side of the Base of the Heart and doth cover the termination of the Vena Cava and not its Origens as Great Vessalius conceiveth which hath its length somewhat answering that of the right Auricle This Auricle is endued with somewhat of a Pyramidal Figure The right Auricle of the Heart is endued with a kind of Pyramidal Figure The Auricles when filled with Blood have an equal Convex Surface and when lank have many Asperities or wrinkles as some will have it because it hath an oblong Base ending into a more acute Cone and is not far extended above the Base of the Heart The Base of this Auricle being distended with Blood hath a Longitude far exceeding its Latitude and its outward surface doth much vary according to its Repletion by reason when the Auricle is distended it is endued with an equal Convex Surface and when it is rendred lank as being emptied by the contraction of its Fibres the Surface is full of roughness as endued with many wrinkles and its Surface is outwardly bedewed with watry Liquor in which it is akin to the ambient parts of the Heart The inward surface of this Auricle encircling its Cavity holdeth great Analogy with that relating to the Ventricles of the Heart and is smooth only where the Vena Cava doth terminate and for the most part is rough and full of Furrows as consisting of many implications of Carnous Fibres So that it seemeth in some sort to outdo the Ventricles in eminent Asperities and the dimensions of the Auricles are rendred greater or less as distended or emptied of Blood And hath its Connexion after this manner as I humbly conceive The Connexion of the right Auricle The left side of its Base is conjoyned to the Confines and extreme parts of the substance of the Heart where the anterior Region of the Vena Cava is lodged in the right Sinus and the right side of the Base is connected to the body of the Vena Cava according to the length of its insertion into the Heart to which the Auricle is so united in its Anterior Region as it seemeth to make one body with it and in all other parts the Auricle seemeth to be free from all Connexion and is lodged as well as the body of the Heart within the Confines of the Pericardium to which it is no where affixed by the interposition of any Membrane The left Auricle of the Heart is in conjunction with the termination of the Pulmonary Vein and is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal The Connexion of the left Ventricle or rather Oval †T. 15. F. 1. b b. Figure whose Cone is more acute than that of the right Auricle and is not carried upward as is the Cone of the other Auricle but bendeth somewhat sidewise toward the left The left Auricle in persons of more mature years or rather in old age The lest Auricle is lessened in persons of old age groweth much less in dimensions than the right Auricle and the Orifice seated in the termination of the Pulmonary Vein to which the left Auricle is conjoyned which is more narrow than that of the Termination belonging to the Vena Cava to which the right is affixed The outward Surface of the left when rendered turgent with Blood is like the right Auricle in its smooth Convex Figure and the left doth very much resemble the other in its inward Surface as furnished with many Furrows and Roughnesses The left Auricle also observeth much Analogy with the right in its Connexion The left Auricle is very like the right by reason as the right is conjoyned to the termination of the Vena Cava in one side and to its Body in the other so the left Auricle in the right side of its Base is tied to the
substance of the Heart near the egress of the Pulmonary Artery and in the left side of the Base of the said Auricle to the body of the Pulmonary Vein The Auricles are accommodated with Arteries The Vessels of the Auricles Veins and Nerves of which the last are divaricated through the substance of those Muscles before they enter into the body of the Heart and are derived from the Par Vagum The Auricles are furnished with many ranks of fleshy †T. 15. F. 1. b b. Fibres from divers Muscular Columns The fleshy Fibres of the Auricles very much resembling those in Figure which are lodged in the Ventricles of the Heart These intermedial Fibres are carried with an oblique course and are inserted into the opposite Tendons by reason they being seated in the Base of the Heart are also imparted to the Auricles and upon these Tendons the fleshy Fibres do rest as upon a Prop or Fulciment And on the other side the right Auricle where it is concerned with the Vena Cava is guarded with a hard Tendinous Circle into which the fleshy Fibres are implanted Now I will discourse somewhat of the use of the Auricles The use of the Auricles of the Heart and respite the greatest part till I treat of the Motion of the Heart and compare the Auricles with the Ventricles wherein it may be observed that the Auricles have not the same Analogy which passeth between the Ventricles moving together with equal pace by reason a greater proportion of Blood ought not to be impelled by the contraction of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery than can be received out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Chamber of the Heart So that an equal quantity of Blood must be entertained into both Cisterns of the Heart and thence be distributed by a due measure through the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs and by the Aorta and its Branches and Ramulets into all parts of the Body The motion of the Blood being so constant and orderly in the Ventricles it may be worth our disquisition why the Auricles do not observe the same Analogy with each other in dimensions which Nature ordained as I humbly conceive upon this account by reason the current of the Blood is more slow out of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle The Cavity of the right Ventricle is more large therefore it is is requisite that the Cavity of the right Auricle should be more enlarged as receptive of a larger proportion of Blood thence to be injected into the right Ventricle sufficient for its Repletion by reason the Blood in Expiration is more speedily squeesed by the pressure of the Lungs out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Ventricle whereupon the motion of the Blood is more highly accelerated and therefore a less Cavity will suffice in the left Auricle CHAP. XVII Of the Ventricles of the Heart HAving discoursed of the outward Walls of the Heart it may be fit now to shew you the inward Recesses and Chambers commonly called the Ventricles the one being seated on the right and the other on the left side as the Cisterns of Vital Liquor from thence transmitted by the one into the Lungs and by the other into the great Artery and afterward by smaller and smaller Branches into all parts of the Body The right Chamber of the Heart hath thinner Walls The right Ventricle of the Heart and a more large Cavity than the other and is endued not with a round but rather a Semicircular Figure not extending it self to the Cone This Ventricle in its right side is adorned with a Convex and it s left with a Concave figure The Orifice of the Vena Cava transmitting Blood into the right Ventricle The Tricuspidal Valves is guarded with a Membranous Circle divided into three Valves looking inward commonly called Tricuspides from their Triangular figure as some imagine though in truth they are not endued with this shape but have the appellative of Tricuspides by reason each of them hath three Fibres as so many Ligaments by which they are fastned to the fleshy Columns relating to the Septum of the Heart These Valves give way to the stream of Blood coming out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Cavity of the right Ventricle and do hang pendulous as some conceive in the Contraction of it to shut up the termination of the Cava to intercept the Retrograde motion of the Blood into it The Wall of the right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left The right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left and narrowed only with a Semicircular Contraction according to its Figure whereupon the Furrows of this Ventricle are more shallow and the Carnous Fibres more small as being an Appendage of the other more strong Ventricle And least the right Chamber of the Heart having a slight enclosure should be overmuch distended by great Rivulets of Blood beyond its due tone So that the Carnous Fibres should be so far weakned as not to be able to Contract themselves in order to discharge the troublesome current of Blood into the Lungs Nature hath wisely framed a round Muscle about its middle Region proceeding from the Septum Cordis which is very conspicuous in the Heart of Bruits and in that of Man three or four Fibres may be discovered which supply the place of this Muscle found in the Heart of some other Animals Before I quit the discourse of the right Ventricle The Valves are seated near the Orifice of the Cava and fastâ—ed to the Carnous Columns I deem it convenient to speak somewhat more of the fine Valves seated near the Orifice of the Cava and to consider their Mechanism in which their use may be seen That their Papillae or Columns are rendred Prominent beyond the Surface of the inside of the Ventricle and that some of these Valves are seated in the opposite side and that the Columns are placed in a side opposite to the Membranes to which they are affixed as Learned Dr. Lower hath observed The Columns having this Fabrick The Fibres of the Columns are relaxed and the Valves extended in the Systole of the Heart according to some Anatomists are so seated that the Membranes might keep some distance from the sides of the Ventricle that they being lifted up in every Systole of the Heart by reason the Fibres of the Columns are relaxed might hang croswise in the middle of the Ventricle and being beaten backward by the Retrograde motion of the Blood they might be so expanded that the extended Membranes might shut up the recourse of the Blood into the Orifice of the Cava as some Learned Authors have observed And if these Tricuspidal Fibres should immediately arise out of the sides of the right Ventricle and lean closely upon the inward surface of the Heart they could not be receptive of the recourse of the Blood
and thereby be elevated whereupon the Vital Liquor would return by the same passage it was admitted into the right Ventricle and so frustrate the design of Nature in order to transmit Blood into the Pulmonary Artery to make good the Circuit of Blood through the Lungs into the left Ventricle This Hypothesis is grounded upon the drawing the Cone toward the Base of the Heart in its Systole whereby the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal Fibres are conceived to be relaxed and the Membranes expanded but with deference to these Anatomists I humbly conceive it more consonant to Autopsy that the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer each other in the Systole of the Heart and not the Cone to the Base So that the Ligaments of the Valves are not relaxed The Cone of the Heart is not brought toward the Base in its Systole but the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer to each other and the Membranes distended but the Valves every way encompassing the Orifice of the Cava have their inward Cavities contracted and rendred close by having the sides of the Membranes nearly to meet each other by the Systole of the Heart So that the Valves become as Damms intercepting the current of Blood in its motion toward the entrance of the Cava and promote it toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery in order to import it into the Lungs Hence the use of these Tricuspidal Valves may be easily discovered if the fleshy Colmuns The use of the Tricuspidal Valves swelling out of the side of the right Ventricle be curiously considered and an injection of Liquor being made into it by a Wound you may discern by the contraction of the Membranes a Damm to be made at the Orifice of the Vena Cava upon the motion of the Injected Liquor towards it These Valves also giving a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood The mixture of Chyme with Blood in the right Ventricle do make a greater mixture of the Chyme with the Blood when it is dashed against these Membranes and so forced by the Systole of the Heart toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery Having given some account of the right I will now endeavour to shew you a prospect of the left Ventricle The left Ventricle is endued with a Pyramidal Figure which taketh its rise in a large Base and Gradually Terminates into a Cone somewhat resembling that of the Heart And as to the inward surface of the Ventricle it is adorned with an Orbicular Figure by reason the Septum relating to the inward Recesses of the Heart seated in the left side where it formeth the right side of the left Ventricle is endued with a Concave Surface and not with a Convex as it is found in the right Chamber of the Heart The left Ventricle is encircled with a round Wall of an equal thickness The left Ventricle hath greater dimensions than the right and less in compass in point of Latitude and greater in length than the right Ventricle The left Chamber being consigned by Nature to a stronger impulse of the Blood as it is imported by the great Artery and its greater and less Branches into the remote parts of the Body doth very much exceed the right Ventricle in the thickness of its Walls The thickness of the Wall of the left Ventricle needeth the right and is furnished with stronger Fibres and greatness and strength of its fleshy Fibres and the Carnous Columns and their appendant Membranes do much transcend the like furniture of the right Ventricle in largness and firmness by reason as the Vibration of the left Ventricle is much more impetuous in the Systole so it is requisite it should have greater fleshy Fibres as stronger instruments of motion to sustain the vigorous Pulsations made by strong contractions of the Walls encircling the left Ventricle in order to throw the Blood into the Orifice of the Aorta and least the Vital Liquor should have recourse again out of the common Trunk of the great Artery into the left Cystern and out of it into the Lungs The Great and All-wise Architect hath appointed three Membranes adorned with a Semicircular Figure stopping the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein and that of the Aorta So that the Blood by the interposition of these Fludgates cannot have any reflux out of the left Ventricle into the Lungs nor out of the Aorta into the neighbouring Sinus The left Ventricle is accommodated with far greater Muscular Fibres The left Ventricle hath deeper Furrows than the right and deeper Fissures than that of the right that the Walls of the Heart might be more strongly contracted in its Systole that the inward Surfaces of the Ventricles might be brought nearer to each other and therefore Nature hath assigned more deep Furrows to the left because more strong Vibrations are requisite in this Sinus to impel the Blood more briskly first into the common Trunk and thence into the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and by their branches into all regions of the Body And because the Walls of the left Ventricle are chiefly made up of oblique Circular Fibres The reason of the deep Furrows in the left Ventricle which are every way contracted into themselves to make the sides of the Vetricle to meet which could not be so closely performed and the inward Surfaces of the left Sinus be brought so near to each other unless these deep Fissures were fitted for this motion In the left Ventricle are seated the Mitral Valves The Mitral Valves do encompass the Pulmonary Veins which in truth are Membranes akin to the Tricuspidal Valves and are endued with no regular Figure whose Margents are waved into various inequalities no ways resembling a Mitre and do encircle the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein †T. 15. F. 1. c c c. The Carnous Columns †T. 15. F. 1. e. e. seated in the left Ventricle are adorned with a Pyramidal Figure whose Bases encline toward the Mitral Valves The Carnous Columns are endued with a Pyramidal Figure and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the fleshy Columns have two three or more Branches inserted into the Mitral Valves †T. 15. F. 1. d d d. The use of the Mitral Valves is The use of the Mitral Valves to hinder the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Vein as the Mechanism of the Valves doth clearly denote as they every where immure the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein †T. 15. F. i. c c c. which is shut up close when the sides of the Valves are brought near each other by the compression of the Walls of the left Ventricle in the Systole of the Heart wherein the Reflux of the Blood is intercepted by the closely-conjoyned Membranes of the Valves into the Pulmonary Vein and the Blood impelled into the
being opened to inspect the cause of her death the Brain was found to be free from any disaffection and the Vena Cava to be filled with concreted Blood which rendred the right Ventricle empty of it which proved satal to this young Virgin Another cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope often attended with a fatal stroke may arise out of so great a torrent of Blood A second cause of a Lypothymy carried into the Ventricles that the Heart is not able to discharge it out of the right into the Pulmonary Artery nor out of the left into the Aorta whereupon a suddain Suffocation the Heart immediately ensueth and the motion of the Blood wholly taken away Sir Robert Fen a worthy Gentleman An instance of this cause and Servant of King Charles the First of most blessed Memory being subject to great Passion was so highly surprized with Fear upon the occasion of a conceived imminent loss that he fell down dead in a moment which was as I humbly conceive caused by a great sourch of Blood suddainly impelled into the right Ventricle and Suffocated the Heart A third cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope A third cause of a Lipothymy may be deduced from a grosness or concretion of Blood proceeding from an over-fibrous disposition that is from numerous Films and Vesicles containing gross Atoms of Blood full of fixed Saline Particles Coagulating the Blood in the Ventricles often producing a Polypus inducing these ill accidents of the Heart These symptoms may also be caused by some fleshy Excrescence filling up either of the Ventricles So that they are not receptive of Vital Liquor These symptoms may proceed from an Excrescence filling up either Ventricle of the Heart whereupon the Heart loseth its use and motion as being designed by Nature to transmit Blood into all parts of the Body A Woman of great Honour and Birth was frequently tortured with a pain of the Heart and great Fainting Fits which could not be taken away by the power of Art and at last the pain and Lipothymies growing more and more afflictive Death became the best remedy And afterward her Body being opened and her Heart inspected a black Flesh substance somewhat resembling a Medlie in figure was discovered in the left Sinus of the Heart Another cause of these ill symptoms of the Heart A Syncope and Lipothymy may come from Purulent Matter or Ulcer of the Heart may be taken from a Purulent Matter flowing from an Ulcer of the Heart tainting and distoning the mass of Blood passing through the Ventricles whereupon the Fibres of the Heart grow faint and at last lose their Contractions proceeding from a vitiated dispirited corrupted Blood received into their inward Compage whence follow Lipothymies Syncopes and Death it self A Citizen long afflicted with a high Hypocondriacal passion and an acute Fever accompanied with Lipothymies and Syncopes determining in a happy departure as the period of pain and misery his Body being Dissected the Cavity of the Thorax was found full of a thin red faetide humor which was also lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart flown from an Ulcer These severe accidents of the Heart do often arise out of the Ulcers of the neighbouring parts as the Lungs Pleura Mediastine Midriff Liver These symptoms may arise out of Ulcers of the adjacent parts Spleen Pancreas which being oppressed by Ulcerous Matter do transmit it by smaller branches of Veins peculiar to the said Viscera into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart whereby its Fibres are highly discomposed by Pus imbibed into them with the Blood These most troublesom accidents of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of its Motion A Syncope and Lipothymy coming from Malignant steams of the Blood in Pestilential Fevers are often produced in Malignant Fevers by Venenate Steams corrupting the native disposition and distoning and destroying the Spirituous parts of the Blood whereupon it groweth Concreted in the great Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart So that the poysonous steams being received with the Blood into the substance of the fleshy Fibres do weaken if not take away their Contractions whence ensue Lipothymies and Syncopes the forerunners of Death Another cause of these dreadful Symptoms may be derived from the indisposition of the Brain The symptoms may come from the indisposition of the Brain either not generating a sufficient quantity of Nervous Liquor to invigorate the Nerves of the Heart or else if it be generated cannot be transmitted to the Cardiack Nerves caused by some obstruction of them whereupon the Fibres are not able to play their parts in the scene of repeated Motions as not impregnated with Animal Spirits which may be one cause of Lipothymies and Syncopes speaking a conclusion to Life And the motion of the Heart is not only lessened in Lipothymies The Palpitation of the Heart and abolished in Syncopes but depraved also in Palpitations which are sometimes so great that the Cone striketh the left side near the Pap with so great a violence that it may be plainly seen felt and heard too at some distance The Mechanick cause of an erection of the Heart whereby it striketh the Breast The cause of the Heart striking the lest side proceedeth very much from the oblique situation of the Heart and disposition of the Fibres which are obliquely and spirally wreathed and brought round from the right toward the left side of the Heart and this posture of the Fibres is very much assisted by the conformation of the Heart as the left Wall is more short and less Carnous and crooked in the left Ventricle of the Heart than in the right which is encompassed with two Walls as Learned Borellus hath observed Unde ait ille in Systole erigi debet Cordis mucro versus sinistram partem pectoris eamque percutere potest pro gradu violentiae qua erigitur Hoc salvari quoque potest vel adjuvari ab erectione Cordis oblique jacentis vel à situatione dispositione Fibrarum quae oblique spiraliter circumducuntur à parte dextra basis Cordis versus sinistram partem Verticis unde in inflatione Fibrarum anterius versus sinistram partem sic percussio fieri potest The erection of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of Nature wherein the Mucro of the Heart maketh violent strokes upon the left side is called Palpitation The Palpitation proceeding from too great a quantity of Blood which may be derived from many Causes one may arise from too great a quantity of Blood which the Heart being unable wholly to discharge in every Systole is so oppressed as to make strong and frequent Contractions of its Fibres wherein the Cone of the Heart being elevated maketh strong Appulses upon the left side to discharge the exuberant Blood by most brisk Vibrations A second cause of the Palpitation of the Heart The second cause of the Palpitation may
be taken from an undue fermentation of the Blood may be fetched from an undue fermentation of the Blood as consisting of unactive and too much depressed Elements hindring the Intestine motion of the Vital Juyce which is often found in Cachectick bodies in the Scorbutick Distempers of Men and Women wherein the dispirited mass of Blood is apt to Coagulate in the Ventricles of the Heart So that the Heart is forced to make many brisk and often repeated Systoles and erections of the Cone against the left side A third cause of this Disaffection may take its rise from the great effervescence of the Blood proceeding from a high Fermentation of it A Palpitation of the Heart arising out of an effervescence of the Blood as composed of too much exalted saline and sulphureous Particles often found in Hypocondriacal and Hysterical Distempers Wherein the Fibres of the Heart being highly aggrieved with the fiery heat of overmuch fermenting Blood do produce vigorous Constrictions of the Ventricles and strong Vibrations of the Cardiack Cone against the Thorax The fourth cause of this disorderly Convulsive motion of the Heart The Palpitation of the Heart proceeding from the indisposition of the Brain may be derived from the indisposition of the Cortex of the Brain in which an ill Animal Liquor is generated as partly consisting of exalted Saline and Oyly Particles produced from ill Blood whose Albuminous part is the Materia Substrata of Nervous Juyce which is transmitted through the Fibrous parts of the several processes of the Brain into the Origens of the eighth pair of Nerves and from thence into the Cardiack branches whereupon numerous Nervous Fibrils inserted into the Carnous Fibres being highly irritated by an ill Succus Nervosus do draw the Fibres into violent irregular Convulsive motion So that the elevated Cone of the Heart maketh many impetuous strokes against the Thorax As to the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart arising from too great a quantity of Blood clogging the Heart Blood-letting is good in a Palpitation of the Heart flowing from an exuberance of Blood and putting the Fibres upon irregular Contractions it denoteth a free mission of Blood which will speak an Alleviation to great Vibrations of the Heart An instance may be given of this disaffection in a Knight a Pensioner of his Majesties who being endued with a Plethorick constitution was often afflicted with a great Palpitation proceeding from an exuberant quantity of Blood evidenced in a high Pulse oppressing the Heart and was immediately freed from this troublesome Distemper in opening a Vein by which a large proportion of Blood was immediately discharged and the Patient relieved The irregular motions of the Heart derived from the want of Fermentation of Blood Bitter Medicines are proper in a Palpitation of the Heart produced by improper Ferments do indicate bitter Medicines which Corroborate the Stomach and Anti-Scorbutick Medicines mixed with Chalybeates which rectifie the fixed saline and sulphureous parts of the Blood and endue it with proper Fermentative Principles A Mercers Wife in Covent-Garden endued with a thin Body a weak Pulse and an ill Concoction of Stomach was often highly afflicted with Palpitations of the Heart proceeding from the defect of a good Intestine motion of the Blood whereupon it grew depauperated and the Patient liable to fainting Fits and a great difficulty of Breathing which were much alleviated by bitter Decoctions Pearl Julaps Spirit of Hartshorn and Chalybeates given in Apozemes made of opening Roots Sarsa Parilla Pine and Fir and at last by the drinking Tunbridge Waters The Palpitation of the Heart arising out of the Blood over acted with too high an Intestine motion of the Blood Testaceous Powders are good in an undue fermentation of the Blood produced by exalted saline and sulphureous parts doth denote Testaceous Powders as Pearl Crabs Claws Crabs Eyes Coral and the like which do dulcifie the mass of Blood given with temperate Diuretick Apozemes and discharge the fixed saline Particles by Urine and attemper the hot Atoms of Blood In this case also Chalybeates mixed with temperate Anti-Scorbuticks may be given with good success Dr. An instance of the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart derived from an ill fermenting Blood Huit a Person of great Vertue Learning and most eminent Loyalty for which he was Murdered in the time of Usurpation was affected with a hot Scorbutick habit of Body and highly discomposed with great Palpitations of the Heart taking its rise as I humbly conceive from too great a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of active Heterogeneous Elements whereupon I advised him to take Testaceous Powders taken with cooling Julaps and temperate Cordials mingled with Pearl as also Chalybeate Syrups taken with Diureticks and temperate Anti-Scorbutick Apozemes by which the Patient God be praised was perfectly recovered The fourth kind of irregular motion of the Heart being Convulsive Cephalick Medicines are proper in the Convulsive motions of the Heart as produced by an ill Succus Nervosus transmitted into and irritating the Cardiack Nerves doth denote proper Medicines to refine the Albuminous part of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Animal Liquor and also Cephalick Medicines to Corroborate the Brain and Nerves of the Heart Palpitations of the Heart are accompanied also with Convulsive motions of the Nerves seated in divers parts of the Body A second cause of the Convulsive motions of the Heart and chiefly about the Base of the Heart which is backed by the Sentiments of Learned Dr. Willis encircling the Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava to hinder the immediate flux and reflux of the Blood and its great effervescence and Stagnations produced by vehement passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and Joy which highly disorder the various Nerves inserted into the Coats and make irregular motions in the Arteries and especially in the Aorta near the Heart whereby its Nerves are drawn into Consent and are productive of Convulsive Motions Another cause of the unkindly motion of the Heart may proceed from the frequent Pulsation of the Arteries caused by the Carnous Fibres A third cause of Cardiack Convulsions irritated by the Convulsive motion of the great company of Nervous Fibrils implanted into the fleshy Fibres of the Trunks relating to the Arteries which renders their repeated Contractions very violent whereupon the Blood is impetuously moved first through the Arteries and then through the smaller and greater branches of the Vein into the right Ventricle of the Heart So that the Carnous Fibres are highly sollicited to make many irregular Motions which are in truth Convulsive in order to discharge the great torrent of Blood into the Pulmonary Artery which being highly aggrieved by impetuous streams of Purple Liquor doth make irregular Contractions to discharge the exuberant source of Blood into the Pulmonary Vein which draweth the Heart into a Sympathy as the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery is implanted into the right Ventricle of
Pulses and small Masses of Blood and in Persons sick of Fevers and in Footmen who run violently whose Hearts are acted with frequent Pulsations the streams of Blood are carried more impetuously through the Caverns of the Heart into the neighbouring Arterial Channels On the other side in Chacochymick Habits of Body as in Hypocondriacal Scorbutick Dispositions and in divers Chronick Diseases the Heart is affected with faint Pulsations as often obstructed in some parts with gross faeculent and dispirited Blood and the Fibres being Languid the Systole must be week rare or unequal and sometimes intermittent so that a much less proportion of Blood passeth through the Heart in a sick then in a vivid healthy Man having quick equal and strong Pulsations And I most humbly conceive It is difficult to compute what quantity of Blood passeth through the Heart in several Ages Sexes Temperaments that it is not possible to give a true estimate of the Motion of the Mass of Blood in several Ages Sexes Tempers in what time it is certainly performed only this may be maintained as a great Truth that the current of Blood runneth more hastily through the Heart of healthy and strong Animals whose hearts are furnished with large solid Fibres The vital streams run more quick in the greater Cylinders of Arteries whose Trunks adjoyn to the Heart then in the smaller Channels seated in the Ambient parts at a great distance from the vital machine of Motion If any curious Person shall desire a farther account of the quick passage of the Blood through the Heart An argument to prove the quick Motion of the Blood through the various Blood Vessels and various arterial and venal Tubes into all parts of the Body it may be made clearly appear by the association of Blood with the Saline watry Particles which are carried by the Emulgent Arteries in great quantities into the Renal Glands wherein the serous Recrements are Secerned from the Vital Juice and transmitted by the Urinary Ducts Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder so that if free Draughts of Wine or Ale be received into the Stomach they will be conveyed through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Milky Vessels into the Subclavian Veins where the potulent Matter mingleth with the Blood and is transmitted through the Vena Cava Right Ventricle Lungs and Left Chamber into the common Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Descendent Trunk and Emulgent Arteries into the Kidneys so that the potulent Liquor is carried through several stages of various parts and Vessels in a great proportion and in a short time conveyed out of the Body Whereupon the serous part being but a small portion mixed with the Blood and transmitted with it through many Sanguiducts in great quantity in a very short space doth render it most conspicuous that the Blood hath a very hasty Current through the Heart and other parts of the Body And it may be farther evidenced by an Experiment The Motion of the Blood through the Vessels is very hasty that the streams of Blood running through the Chambers of the Heart and other Channels of the Body are very quick by opening the Carotide Artery in the Neck Whereupon the greatest part of Vital Liquor will be let out in a very short space The Blood consisting of innumerable fluid minute Bodies The Motion of the Blood is performed in different Channels of Veins and Arteries being in perpetual Motion runneth after the manner of a River in a constant Current out of the Cavity of the Heart by various Sanguiducts as so many Channels confining its streams as within Banks into all parts of the Body The Veins are the primary Ducts in which the Blood beginneth its Motion in the Womb in the Ambient parts of the colliquated Seminal Liquor The Motion of the Blood beginneth in the Veins enlivened by the heat of the Uterus where the Blood receiveth its first Formation in a rough draught and is afterward conveyed through a Vein formed out of the united Filaments of the Seed to the beating point of the first Rudiment of the Heart and is thence impelled through an Artery as another kind of Sanguiduct arising near the Heart to which it is united out of the Filamentous parts of the Seed conjoyned in a round Concave Figrâ—e after the manner of a Cylinder And when the Viscera and the other more Ambient parts of the Foetus by divers processes of Generation do arrive to greater and greater Maturity the Rivulets of Blood grow greater and the Cysterns of the Heart grow more ample and the various venal and Arterial Tubes become more numerous and enlarged The Origen of Venal Branches seated in the more remote parts from the Heart in a formed Embrio receive Blood The Blood doth not pass in an Embryo through the Lungs and import it out of the Vena Cava by a large Foramen endued with an Oval Figure into the Arteria Venosa and from thence into the Left Ventricle of the Heart And in a new born Infant when respiration is celebrated the current of Blood is diverted another way and passeth out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle from whence it is transmitted through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs and then received into the Origens of the pulmonary Veins and afterward through the Left Chamber of the Heart into the common and Ascendent and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and branches into the upper middle and lower Apartiments And afterward the Blood being discharged into the substance of all parts of the Body is brought back again by innumerable branches of Veins inserted into the Descendent and Ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Cistern of the Heart This rare Engine of Motion may truly deserve the Appellative of a noble and well contrived Blood-work consisting of Cisterns and Ducts in some sort resembling a Pump furnished with appendant Pipes This Machine of Motion hath its Cisterns filled with vital Liquor which is received into the Pores of many ranks of Fibres whereby they becoming swelled do approach more and more toward the Center and draw the Wall of the Ventricles close together which dashing against each other made by brisk Contractions of Fibres irritated by a plenty of rarefied Blood do by a strong Compression overpower the resistance of the Blood in the Ventricles and of the incumbent Blood contained in the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries Whereupon the Blood being forced as by a Pump out of the Ventricles into the Sanguiducts as out of Cisterns into appendant Pipes doth make a Current by pressing one part of the Blood after another which is not solely performed and acted by the impulse proceeding from the Systole of the Left Ventricle by reason the Arteries as consisting of many Coats made up of divers Fibres are endued with a pliable disposition and subject to be dilated by Blood injected into
Body through the Veins of the lower Limbs and Muscles and Viscera of the lowest Venter and through the ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the larger Cistern of the Right Ventricle of the Heart Perhaps some may object against this Hypothesis by reason the Valves are seated in the inside of the Veins to aid the progress of the Blood tending to the Heart lest it should make a retrograde Motion toward the Origens of the Veins To which I take the freedom to make this Reply that the Valves are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood The Valves of the Veins are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood toward the Heart through the ascending Branches and Trunk of the Cava and through the Branches of the Jugulars and descendent Trunk of the Cava when the impulse of the Blood caused by the Systole of the Heart and Arteries groweth faint in the Termination of the Carotide Arteries and Interstices of the Vessels of the Membranes and substance of the Brain so that when the Blood is received into the Veins at a great distance from the Heart it is necessary that that the slow Motion of the Blood toward the Heart should be hightened by the Cantractions of the circular Fibres encompassing the Veins seeing the Valves of the Veins do only hinder the Motion of the Blood toward the extremities of the Veins and are not able to promote it all along their less and greater Cavities ending in the Right Ventricle of the Heart In fine I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Omnipotent Agent who hath mechanically contrived the Motion of the Blood by the great Apparatus of Organs in giving a constrictive power to the great Blood-work of the Heart and in several appendant Tubes of Arteries and Veins acted by various fleshy Fibres as so many Machines lessening the greater and smaller Cavities of the Heart and different Sanguiducts whereby the resistance of the Blood is countermanded by a strong Compression and its Flux and Reflux are maintained to and from the Heart to impart Life Heat and Nourishment to all parts of the Body The Motion of the Blood being a great instrument of the preservation of Humane Nature is consigned to many ends The production of Blood the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits the depuration of the Blood in various parts of the Body and the formation of seminal Liquor in the Testicles The First and main end of the Motion of the Blood The main end of the Motion of Blood is Sanguification The manner of production of Blood is Sanguification which is produced by Chyle assimilated into Blood as more and more mixed with it in the Heart Lungs Arteries and Veins The manner how the Blood may be produced is this The Chyle being associated with Lympha in the common Receptacle is carried through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it confederates with the Blood and is transmitted with it through the Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is dashed impetuously against its Walls by the strong Contractions of fleshy Fibres highly compressing the Chyle confused with the Blood and breaking it into small Particles and then the Chyle somewhat mingled with the Blood is carried through the greater Trunk and smaller and smaller Branches and capillary Arteries where the Chyle receiveth a greater Comminution which is made by a great Compression by reason in inspiration free draughts of Air are received into the Bronchia and Appendant Vesicles whereby they being much dilated do Compress the Sanguiducts and break the Chyle confederated with the Blood into smaller Particles then in the Right Chamber of the Heart and in expiration the Diaphragme being brought from a Plain to an Arch and the Ribs from Rigâ—t to more obtuse Angles do press down the Lungs whereby the cavities of the greater and smaller pulmonary Vessels are narrowed and the Chyle being in conjunction with the Blood is squeezed into small Particles as protruded first through the small Terminations of the capillary Arteries and straight Interstices of the Vessels and through the more minute Origens of the pulmonary capillary Veins Branches and greater Trunk into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle being more embodied with the Blood is farther beaten as by a Pestle into many minute Atomes against the sides of the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence the Chyle mingled with the Blood is carried through the numerous Divarications and minute extremities of Arteries and Veins wherein by their innumerable circular Fibres the Chyle receiveth greater and greater comminution till it is perfectly assimilated into Blood as making many circuits in an hour through the Heart Lungs Arteries Veins in which the Chyle in its progress with the Blood is more and more exalted by the elastick Atomes of Air in the Lungs and with spirituous and volatil saline Particles in its Converse with the vital Liquor till the Chyme receiveth its ultimate Disposition and Form The Second end of the Motion of the Blood The second end of the Motion of the Blood is in order to the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain The nobler part of the vital Liquor is impelled out of the common Trunk of the Aorta into its ascendent Trunk and from thence carried through the internal greater and less Carotide Arteries passing through the Membranes and inserted into the Cortical Glands of the Brain wherein the more delicate the albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red crassament and turned into animal Liquor inspired with exalted Spirits as it s more choice and refined Particles The Third end of the Motion of the Blood is its refinement from its Recrements in its passage through the Interstices of the Vessels or Glands The Third end of the Motion of the Blood lodged in the Muscles Viscera and Cutis The mass of Blood consisteth of two Essential parts the Red Crassament The constituent parts of Blood and albuminous Juyce associated with Lymphatick Bilious and potulent Liquor which are secerned from it by its motion through many different Glands as so many Colatories seated in different parts of the Body The Blood being impelled by many branches of Arteries into the substance of the Lungs and the minute Glands of the Muscles Spleen Liver wherein the Blood and Motion hath its Lympha secerned from its nobler Liquor and conveyed into the Lymhaeducts of the parts seated below the Diaphragma into the common Receptacle and into the Lymphaeducts of those above into the subclavian Veins The vital Liquor is transmitted out of the Left Ventricles of the Heart through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Caeliack Artery into the Stomack and Spleen and through the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines afterward the Blood is re-conveyed from the Stomack Spleen
is not only exalted by gentle intestine Motion but more and more hightened by local too which is first of all performed in the seminal Liquor and as being a fluid Body cannot govern it self so that it is put under anothers dispose the covers of Membranes every way encircling it to confirm and secure it from extraneous Matter about these Membranes The Blood beginneth its first stage of Motion caused by the ambient heat of the neighbouring parts which colliquates the more spirituous portion of the seminal Liquor which becoming vital near the confines of it is afterward propagated in a gentle stream by channels cut through the viscide Matter uniting themselves in the Punctum Saliens as in a small Cistern so that the original of the Motion belonging to the vital Liquor is caused by extraneous heat without any impulse made from the Circumference to the Center from the outward part of the seminal Liquor adjoyning to the Amnion and Chorion passing through minute Ducts the first rudiments of Veins ending in the Vesicula Pulsans where by its tremulous Motion beginneth the first impulse of the Blood making Rivulets through different Channels of Arteries growing smaller and smaller toward the ambient parts of the seminal Matter whereupon this may be called the retrograde Motion of the Blood impelled by the Punctum Saliens from the Center to the Circumference But the first Motion springeth from the ambient parts of the colliquated Seed where the first rudiment of the Blood is discernible before the rough draught of the veins is made And when the Veins Heart Arteries Lungs of the Faetus are perfectly formed a greater current of Blood is transmitted out of the Vena Cava by the Foramen ovale in arteriam venosam and so conveyed into the Left Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled into the Trunk of the Aorta And after the Foetus is born it is receptive of greater proportion of Aliment which being concocted in the Stomach is afterward imparted to the mass of Blood which being highly increased inlargeth its territories and quitteth the Anastomosis with which the Vena Cava correspondeth with the venous Artery so that the Foramen Ovale being shut up after the Foetus is born the Blood hath a free access to the right Chamber of the Heart before uninhabited which being straightened by the contraction of fleshy Fibres throweth the stream of Blood into the pulmonary Artery which is thence conveyed by the Veins into the Left Ventricle and afterward by the mediation of the Ascendent and Descendent Trunks of the great Artery and their fruitful branches to all parts of the Body giving them Life and Heat which is primarily excited in the vital Liquor from the heat of the Vterus which reviving its faint innate Heat colliquates and more and more expandeth one part of the Infant Blood after another by raising its gentle flame by soft Motion The heat of the Blood is exalted by Motion toward the Vesicula Pulsans by whose repeated Motions the heat of the Blood groweth more and more exalted as the Heart becometh more perfect and abler to make more strong vibrations the chief instruments of vital heat to which I conceive the intestine Motion of the Blood may somewhat contribute as the sulphureous Particles have an inbred heat and constant volatil inclinations to their flight were they not inclosed within the confines of Channels and detained by groser parts of other Elements which are enobled by the warmth and subtilty of the Sulphureous spirits ever acting upon the passive Elements subduing and raising them to some greater degree of assimilation by intestine Motion which in some manner is productive of innate heat in the Blood which is hightened or depressed according to the greater or lesser intestine agitations of the volatil sulphureous Particles which would soon grow faint and extinguished were they not supported and advanced by the repeated Motions of the Heart Blood as well as other Liquors is constituted of sulphureous and saline Particles The various principles of the Blood as its integral parts whence it may be reasonably inferred that the Blood compounded of them must consist of several unequal parts some subtle others gross some volatil others fixed Whereupon the vital Liquor is more or less disposed to Fusion and Attenuation as the more Intense or Remiss heat acteth upon the various Elements of the Mass of Blood and colliquates and attenuates the more subtle and less fixed parts rendring them more and more spirituous by divers periods and progressions so that these highly attenuated and exalted Particles are Entituled Spirits by reason of their great subtilty and agility not as they were Bodies existing of themselves separate from the purer and volatil saline and sulphureous Particles with which the vital Spirits have great affinity and concur as integrals of the Blood as being its more noble subtle and active parts sustained and exalted by Motion and Heat which being deficient these spirituous parts of the Blood lose their vigor and activity as being condensed and coagulated with the other more gross and fixed parts which is most conspicuous in extravasated Blood as being soon destitute of Heat as well as Motion Having in some sort described the Motion of the Blood and Heat as an effect and consquent of it I conceive it proper now to render you some account of the composition of it as it may be diversly considered according to the several Liquors some being constituent or Elementary others Vehicles or Recrements of the Blood as to the first the Red Crassament is fraught with hot oily Particles and the albuminous Liquor is impregnated with more mild volatil Salt The disagreeing Airy Earthy Oily and Saline Principles are founded in the different Christalline and Purple Liquors which are associated with Lymphatick and Potulent Matter the divers Vehicles of the Blood and as they concur in fusion making up the mass of vital Liquor cannot incorporate with each other without Solution and Liquation and more particularly no Oily Matter can embody with a Saline except they receive a most exact comminution A Comminution is made of the various Elements of Blood by a brisk Motion against the sides of the Ventricles breaking them into small Particles in some liquid substance as a Menstruum or Vehicle which is very well accomplished in the Ventricles of the Heart by a brisk Motion of dashing the Blood against its walls caused by many impetuous vibrations made by the repeated Contractions of the strong Fibres of the Heart so that all the different Elements of the Blood when they are reduced to minute Particles consisting of divers Figures and sizes do meet with Pores in the different Liquor answering them in proportion and the Magnitudes and Figures of the Elementary Atomes and Pores of the Blood are so exactly modelled in a fit likeness so that the configured Particles are embodied with each other in a most strict and near union of mixtion And Lastly
begin with Broth new laid Eggs poched and afterward to eat Fish easie of digestion before the free eating of Flesh A Malignant Fever proceedeth from Air infected with poysonous steams whereupon the mixtion of the Blood is dissolved and the various Elements severed from their intimate union and the Purple Liquor Concreted and the more serous Precipitated and the Animal Juice vitiated which is accompanied with a great difficulty of breathing a Delirium Convulsive Motions Vomitings universal Horrors tremblings of the whole Body Syncopes Lipothymies vid. greater or less fainting Fits c. This Fever is called Malignant or Pestilential by reason of its venenate nature in which it resembleth the operation of Poyson taken into the body which produceth the same symptoms and is akin to this Fever in the types and periods of its Paroxysms Of this case I will give you a most remarkable instance of a Patient of mine basely poysoned by a Servants Mother contrary to all duty and gratitude putting a quantity of Powder of Arsenick into Coffee-water A Knight of the Bath An instance of a Gentleman Poysoned which had the same types and periods with a Malignant Fever a Person of great Fortune Vertue and Honour about eleven a Clock the Third day of October 1676. drunk two dishes of Coffee and immediately Vomited with great violence and so continued about ten hours in which he conceived he vomited thirty times which was accompanied many hours inwardly with a great heat and thirst with an universal horror or coldness affecting the whole surface of the body which was acted with general Convulsive motions of the Muscles and trembling of the Nerves and Tendons whereupon his strength was so dejected in a very few hours that his Legs could not support him and his Pulse grew quick weak and sometimes intermitting he laboured also with a great difficulty of breathing which was now and then for some short time intercepted and then returned again he was also afflicted with a high Flatus distending his Stomach and Guts productive of great tensive pains These symptoms or some of them at least affected him from the taking of the Coffee till Wednesday at noon and then had some alleviation till about two on Thursday morning and then many of the former accidents returned much aping a Malignant Fever and afflicted him till about eleven a Clock on the same day and then had ease all the afternoon and fore part of the night till two the next morning and then the Fever and symptoms were renewed and held him till about eleven the same day so that this Malignant Disease and symptoms lasted at first for two days and nights and afterward lasted but nine or ten hours in Four and twenty for six or seven days more and upon the application of proper Cordials and great Doses of Oriental Bezoar he had free Sweats for five or six days together which brought out an innumerous company of Pimples full of Serous Liquor besetting the whole surface of the Skin which spake a period to the Disease to the Glory of God and the Joy of his Physician and Friends CHAP. XXVII Of the Diseases of the Heart and their Cures HAving done with the various kinds of Fevers I will now with your permission Treat of other Diseases relating to the Heart The cause of an inflammation of the Heart beginning with an Inflamation which proceedeth from a quantity or from thickness of Blood impelled out of the beginning of the Aorta into the Coronary Artery and out of the terminations of its Capillaries is transmitted into the empty spaces of the Vessels appertaining to the fleshy Fibres of the Heart where it groweth Stagnated as not being in a capacity to be received into the minute Origens of the Coronary Veins whereupon it being some time extravasated in the carnous Fibres of the Heart doth gain an unnatural Effervescence highly discomposing the Motion of the Fibres in order to make good a due Systole of the Heart whereupon ensueth an Intermittent Pulse flowing from an exuberant quantity of Blood lodged in the Ventricles as not able to be discharged by the contraction of the weakned inflamed and tumefied carnous Fibres which produce Lypothymies Syncopes and palpitations of the Heart If the Blood be long extravasated in the fleshy Fibres of the Heart it loseth its Native bounty as wanting intestine and local Motions and degenerates into a corrupted condition whence ariseth an Abscess An abscess of the Heart derived from a collection of Matter lodged in the empty spaces of the Vessels belonging to the carnous Fibres of the Heart which being Corroded by the Acrimonious Particles of the Pus do discharge it into the more enlarged Cavity of either Ventricle whereupon an Abscess becometh an Ulcer An Ulcer of the Heart which is a Flux of Pus or sanious Matter out of the substance into some Cavity of the inward parts or thrown out of the Confines of the Body by the corruption and perforation of the Cutis and Cuticula An instance may be given of an Ulcer of the Heart flowing from an Inflammation and Abscess in a Citizen An Instance of the Ulcer of the Heart afflicted with the deadly symptomes of a Fever Lypothymies Syncopes c. and the Thorax and Ventricles of his Heart being opened were found to be filled with thin stinking sanious Matter To prevent this fatal stroke The Cure of an Inflammation caused by Abscesses and Ulcers of the Heart the only way is timely to take off the Inflammation before the Disease getteth too great a Head which is done by free and repeated Bleeding in a plethorick Constitution which emptieth the Coronary Vein into the Vena Cava and Right Ventricle whereby the Coronary Blood-Vessels may be in some degree emptied and the Stagnancy of the Blood in the Interstices of the Vessels taken away by the reception of it into the extremities of the Vein As to the Fever cooling and opening Apozemes The Cure of a Fever relating to an Inflammation of the Heart mixed with gentle Diureticks are very proper which do cool and attenuate the hot and gross Blood and take off its aptness to Stagnate by promoting it s more dull Motion As to Syncopes and Lypothymies attending Inflammations of the Heart Pearl Emulsions are very advantageous adding to each Dose many drops of Spirit of Hartshorn of Salt Armoniack succinated Compound Spirit of Lavender Spirit of Saffron c. The Ventricles of the Heart are liable to many Obstructions The obstructions of the Ventricles of the Heart proceeding from divers causes proceeding from variety of Matter sometimes with Stones produced by a Lapidescent quality of the Blood turning the Tartar of it composed of many Saline and some earthy Particles into a hard stony substance lodged in the Chamber of the Heart whereupon the contracted Fibres cannot perfectly close with each other to squeeze the Blood out of the Right Ventricle into the pulmonary Artery and
out of the Left into the Trunk of the Aorta whence arise an Intermittent Pulse Lypothymies Syncopes and Palpitations caused by a quantity of Blood lodged in the Cisterns of the Heart threatning a Suffocation These sad symptomes are also attendants of an obstruction of the Heart produced by Caruncles growing in the Ventricles generated out of gross red Filaments of Blood united together in the form of Vessels interlined with reliques of the Red Crassament so that these concreted parts of Blood seem to resemble a fleshy substance which being adherent to the walls of the Ventricles made of fleshy Fibres do intercept their Contraction and give a great check to the motion of the Vital Liquor The Ventricles of the Heart are also liable to an Obstruction coming from a white Concreted Mucous Matter The Ventricles of the Heart obstructed by a Polypus The cause of a Polypus called a Polypus from the likeness it hath with a Fish in Figure The cause of it is as I humbly conceive the white Fibrous part of Blood which maketh a crust or clammy membranous substance when extravasated consisting of many long Threads somewhat resembling nervous Filaments which do much contribute to the Body and Compage of the Blood by which it Concretes when it hath lost its Motion and Heat as extravasated These oblong Filaments in an ill mass of Blood not wel attenuated do not wholly pass the Ventricles of the Heart and do stop while the more thin and Spirituous well attenuated parts of Blood do run into the Lungs so that by degrees the gross Fibrous parts do more and more associate and being Concreted do clog the Cavities of the Heart and sometimes through these Fibrous gross parts of the Blood having their Compage loose as not perfectly coagulated the more subtle and fluide pars of the vital Liquor do insinuate and make a Channel and make good the Circulation through the Right Ventricle into the Lungs and afterward by the access of new gross Fibrous parts the Filamentous passage is wholly closed up and the Polypus compleated filling up the Right Ventricle pulmonary Artery Vein and Left Ventricle If any Man shall doubt the truth of this Concretion of Blood in a Polypus Concreted Blood is made up of many White Filaments as being made up of many white Filaments or little Cells in which the serous and Red parts of the vital Liquor are lodged he may discover this Fibrous Contexture after the manner of a membranous Compage made up of open Fibres when the Blood is despoiled of its Red aray by frequent washings in fair water whereupon the white Filaments giving solidity to the Blood may be clearly discerned as also the many vesicles entertaining the Albuminous parts of the vital Juyce as so many small repositories making a kind of reticular Compage which is replenished with a Diaphanous and more light Liquor If a more deep inspection be made after the Ambient parts have been viewed into the more inward recesses of extravasated Blood where the concreted Particles grow Red the Fibrils may be seen interspersed with divers Sinus immuring the Red Atomes of Bloood and if a farther search be had into its lower Region it becometh hued with a Purple or deep Red beset with the ultimate production of more loose large vulgarly and improperly called Melancholick Blood And the whole extravasated Mass both in the bottom middle and crust or surface is intermingled with a concreted Serum coated with a pale Ash-colour somewhat resembling the White of an Egg And moreover if the extravasated Blood be highly inspected many oblong Appendices or Filaments may be seen passing through the whole Compage to which the numerous Vesicles containing the Serous and Red Particles of Liquor are appendant That the Truth of this Hypothesis may be farther illustrated The mass of Blood is Fibrous how all the parts of the Blood may be styled Fibrous in reference to its many Filmes beset with divers Sinus you may take a Polypus generated in the Left Ventricle of the Heart sometimes bespotted with Red specks and other times endued all over with a deep Red or Purple colour proceeding from the Red Crassament of Blood setled in many Vesicles or encompassed with divers thin Films A Polypus is also faced with a White Crust or high clammy Skin under which is seated a Red Concreted substance interlined with many Fibres resembling the Red parts of Blood I have seen a Third Polypus different from the former Another kind of Polypus which had its outward and interior Recesses clothed with White and its Ambient parts inclosed in a White Membrane which proceeded from the Serous or Chymous parts of the Blood severed from the Purple Particles which were composed of White Filaments and Vesicles containing a White Concreted Liquor making up the Body of the Polypus which clogged the Right Ventricle the pulmonary Artery Vein and Left Chamber of the Heart which I saw in the Heart of worthy Dr. Timothy Clarke one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary Dissected by Learned Dr. Walter Needham in the presence of renowned Dr. Croyden and Dr. Belvoir The Fibres of the Blood if diluted with Liquor An Experiment how to discover the nature of Blood as streaming out of the Vein and received into hot boiling Water grow less and if they be much boiled the Filaments of the Blood are conjoyned and coalesce into a thin Tunicle very much resembling that which encircleth the coagulated substance of a Polypus A Polypus flowing from the Chymous Serous A Polypus derived from various Matter or Red part of the Blood Concreted is more easily and commonly generated in the Trunks of the Vein and in the Right Chamber of the Heart then in the Arteries and Left Ventricle by reason the Blood after it is much divested of its thin and spirituous Particles expended in nutrition and transpiration in the habit and cutaneous parts of the Body and when a gross mass of Blood is confounded with Chyle in the subclavian Veins its White Fibrous Particles being precipitated by the contiguity of Heterogeneous Atomes are apt to coagulate in the Right Ventricle before the depauperated Blood mixed with crude Chyle is exalted and attenuated by the association of nitroaereal Particles in the substance of the Lungs The production of a Polypus holdeth some Analogy with that of the Stone of the Kidneys and other parts The similitude in the production of a Polypus with that of the Stone as the Stone is made up of divers thin Concreted Laminae closely conjoyned and lodged one above another The generation of a Polypus may in some manner resemble this of the Stone as it is a Compage integrated of many thin Filmes somewhat like the flakes of a Stone to which are appendant several Sinews containing Serous and Red Particles of Blood which being Concreted in the intermediate spaces of the Pellicles do increase the Body of the Polypus which is more and more
the Vena Cava in the Heart of this Fish The tricuspidal and mitral Valves is encircled with tricuspidal Valves in the Right Ventricle and the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein seated in the Left is immured with mitral Valves in the Left Ventricle The Orifices of the pulmonary Artery and Aorta The semiluâ—ary Valves are enclosed with semilunary Valves which are Concave Membranous Compages beset with many Semi-circular and Right Fibres The Hearts of Fish The Heart of 〈◊〉 Thornback and its allodgment except those of a Cetaceous kind are lodged in a small Apartiment a little below the Mouth not far from the Gills This Chamber of the Heart in a Thornback Skaite Fireflair and other cartilaginous Fish is immured in its upper Region if considered as it swimeth with a Cartilaginous or Bony cieling enwrapped above and below with a White Membrane to secure the Heart from a violent compression which would intercept the Motion of the Blood in swallowing of whole Fish This Receptacle The Figure of the Repository of the Heart or Allodgment entertaining the Heart of a Thornback is endued with a round and somewhat depressed Figure much larger then the Heart to give it a free play in order to frequent Motions The Heart of this and most other Fish dressed with Gills The Figure of the Heart of a Thornback is adorned with a triangular or rather tricuspidal Figure and hath the Aorta arising out of the Base of the Heart guarded with a Cartilaginous substance The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular The Figure of the Heart of a Skaite The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular or tricuspidal Figure †T. 29. c. and hath but one Auricle lodged under the Heart and runneth cross-wise †d. as dissected in a supine posture and above it as the Fish swimmeth This Fish hath a Gland hued with a yellow colour The Auricle of the Heart besetting the great Artery near the Mouth where it emitteth its Branches into the Gills A common Trunk ariseth immediately out of the Base of the Heart †e. and out of the great Artery do sprout a tripartite Branch †F. on each side The common Trunk of the Artery and after a little space ariseth out of the common Trunk a tripartite Branch †G. The tripartite Branch of the Artery which are inserted into the Gilâ—s †H. from whence are propagated numerous Ramulets fringing their bony Semi-circles The Heart of a Dog-Fish called by the Latines Galaeus levis The tripartite Branch is adorned with an inverted pyramidal Figure its Base †32. D. is naturally seated upward and its Cone †C. downward The Figure of the Heart of a Dog-Fish and hath but one Auricle seated under the Heart †e e. according to the posture of Dissection This Fish as well as other hath a common Trunk †A. coming immediately out of the Base of the Heart and hath many Branches †B. B. springing out of it The Heart of a Lamprey is encircled with a Cartilaginous integument as being the pericardium †T. 38. a. a. suitable to the Heart in Figure The Pericordia of a Lampry The Heart in this Fish is very remarkable as seeming to be double consisting of a Right and Left Lobe which is manifest to Autopsy the First is seated in the Right side of the Heart †B. in an Auricle The Right Lobe of the Heart or Auricle which is not placed as in other Fish under the Base of the Heart but maketh its progress all along the Left Ventricle and seemeth to constitute another Heart which being pricked made no motion but the Left Lobe †C. or Ventricle The Left Lobe of the Heart or Ventricle being wounded with the point of a knife made many vibrations and was quiet before it was pricked The Heart of a Salmon The Heart of a Salmon is adorned with a triangular Figure which is found in most Fish and hath only one Auricle into which the Vena Cava is implanted †T. 15. T. 5. a a. in which being opened many greater and less Branches †b b. may be plainly discovered somewhat resembling the Right Auricle of more perfect Animals These Fibres are interspersed with many Areae or Interstices endued with different shapes and sizes †c c. The Ventricle in this Fish is strengthened with Columns †d d. much assisting the contraction of the Heart and hath a great company of fleshy Fibres †e e. seated in several ranks one lodged above another as in other Animals between these Fibres are placed many Interstices †f f. after the manner of Network finely wrought in various Figures and Magnitudes This Ventricle is guarded with a Tendon †g g. seated in the inside near the Base of the Heart into which the carnous Fibres are inserted The Trunk of the Aorta arising out of the Base of the Heart being opened two Semi-lunary Valves †h h. may be seen which intercept the retrograde Motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the Ventricle This Trunk the of Aorta is inwardly Embroidered with various Branches †ii of fleshy Fibres which render the inward surface full of unevennesses and much alike the Left Auricle of the Heart impelling the Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Arterial Branches leading into the Gills The Heart of a Viper †T. 41. F. 1.1 is different in shape from other Animals The Heart of a Viper as its Origen hath small Dimensions and its Termination much greater somewhat resembling a Bladder which beginneth in a Neck and endeth in a far larger extent and its origination adjoyneth to the Termination of the Liver The obtuse Cone or Base of the Heart †T. 41. F. 2. relating to a Snake The Heart of a Snake opened is seated immediately above the Origen of the Lungs and the Heart endeth in an acute Cone The Auricle of the Heart †h. running in length and not cross-wise as in Fish embraceth a great part of the Right Side of the Heart out of whose obtuse Cone or Base ariseth the Trunk of the Aorta †i. i. CHAP. XXX The Hearts of Insects THe heart of a Silk-worm is seated among the Muscles The Heart of a Silk-worm and its Situation implanted into the Incisures and passeth all along the Back from the head to the Extremity of the Body so that its Pulsation may be obscurely discerned in the Ambient parts by the apposition of the hand as a Learned Anatomist will have it I have seen the frequent Vibrations of the heart when it hath been laid bare by opening the Body Learned Malpighius saith The Compage of the Heart It is a Compage made up of thin Membranes which in their first rudiments are
Diaphanous and afterward grow opace as being rendred Yellow and afterward Brown or deeply Red which are Died with the vital Liquor hued with several Colours And I humbly conceive with Deference to this great Author That the heart of this admirable Animal The Membranous substance of the Heart is interspersed with carnous Fibres is not only made up of a Membranous substance but of fine carnous Fibres too besetting the Ventricle which is thereby contracted in its frequent Systole impelling the vital Juyce out of the Chamber of the heart into the entrance of the great Artery which being encircled with fine Membranous Valves doth intercept the retrograde current of Blood out of the Aorta into the Ventricle of the heart The hearts of most Animals end in a Conick Figure but in this not one Cone can be seen nor one continued Cylindrical Cavity may be discovered to be endued with equal Dimensions running through the White Body of the heart from one Extremity to the other The Heart hath many oval small Tubes like so many little Hearts but there may be found a Duct made up of many small oval Tubes which seem to constitute so many hearts mutually conjoyned giving assistance to each other in order to impel the vital Juyce into the origen of the Arteries The heart of an Ephemeron The Heart of an Ephemeron and other Insects as well as Silk-worms Bees Caterpillars Grashoppers Locusts and the like Insects are seated near the Back and hath a Ventricle beset with fine fleshy Fibres which make the Motion of the heart by their Contractions whereby the Liquor of Life is impelled out of the Ventricle of the heart into the Origen of the Aorta and from thence through many Arterial Divarications into all the parts of the Body CHAP. XXXI Of the Arteries of the Heart HAving spoke of the Heart and Blood it may be now methodical to discourse the Arteries and Veins as so many Membranous Cylinders exporting and importing Vital Liquor from and to the Heart The Arteries of the Heart are Trunks attended with smaller and smaller Branches and Ramulets as so many fine Tubes of different sizes transmitting Blood into the Heart Lungs and other apartiments of the noble fabrick of Humane Body The Heart is furnished with three Arteries the Pulmonary the Aorta The Arteries of the Heart and Coronary The first being inserted into the upper part of the right Ventricle hath its Orifice leading into the Lungs whose substance is adorned with numerous Divarications The Origen of the Pulmonary Artery is beset with Tricuspidal Valves The Orifice of the Pulmonary Arteries hindring the reflux of Blood out of the Lungs into the right Chamber The Aorta hath its Orifice placed about the left Ventricle The Orifice of the Aorta which first conveyeth Blood into a common Trunk which hath its first entrance guarded with Semilunary Valves to give a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the right Ventricle The Orifice of the great Artery is contrived with great Artifice lest the Blood conveyed with a brisk Impulse should be unequally distributed into the parts of the Body and therefore Nature hath made the Arterial Channels of Blood somewhat winding so that it cannot be transmitted with a rapid current into the Brain lest it should overflow it and destroy the Animal Functions by an Apoplectick Fit To obviate this destructive disease the All-wife Agent hath so ordered the Trunk of the Aorta not far distant from the confines of the Heart that the Rivulets of Blood should not be carried in a straight course but in a kind of Meander into the Axillary and Cervical Arteries And in the middle space between the left Ventricle and said Arterial Channels the great Artery taketh its progress with a Circumvolution that its crooked Angle might sustain the first brisk impulse of the Blood and divert the greater stream toward the descendent Trunk of the Aorta which else would be imported with great violence through the ascendent Trunk into the Carotide Arteries and make an inundation of the Brain The Coronary Artery sprouteth out of the Trunk of the Aorta The Coronary Artery immediately after it taketh its rise out of the left Ventricle of the Heart before it perforates the Pericardium and encircleth the Base of the Heart and transmitteth many branches toward the Cone especially in the left Side This Artery receiveth Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta and transmitteth it into the substance of the Heart and chiefly toward its outward surface which is then discharged out of the Parenchyma of the Heart into the Extremities of the Coronary Veins and afterward into the Trunk of the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart If any be so curious as to make a search into the first formation of the Arteries I humbly conceive they are produced after this manner The first production of the Arteries The Vital Liquor receiveth its first Rudiment in the Seminal Matter wherein the most select part being Colliquated by heat doth separate from the more gross and not move promiscuously at large but is confined within proper Channels which first take their progress toward the rough draught of the Heart by whose motion it is impelled through the Retrograde Tubes which are the first origens of the Arteries as being produced out of the more clammy Particles of the Genital Matter concreted into Concave membranous Vessels importing Vital Juice into the ambient parts of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor to give it life and heat in order to the rough draught of the parts belonging to several Animals Arteries as to their Figure are Cylinders having oblong round concave bodies fitted for the reception and transmission of Vital Liquor from the Center to the Circumference from the Heart to the ambient parts of the Body Their substance is framed of numerous small nervous and membranous Filaments interspersed with fleshy Fibres closely conjoyned to each other The substance of the Arteries produced originally out of the more tensil and clammy parts of the Seminal Liquor These Fibres intersect each other in various postures some being right others oblique and a third transverse This Hypothesis of Fibres integrating this membranous Tube may be proved as I humbly conceive by reason if the Vessels were made of one continued concreted substance without the texture of various Filaments their Coats would not be distended with a quantity of Blood without Laceration So that the numerous minute Filaments being tough and flexible being of a firm pliable nature can give way and grow swelled by a large proportion of Liquor immitted into this membranous system of Fibres without any violation of their round minute Bodies The Compage of the Aorta The first Coat of the Aorta and its Branches is composed of four Coats The first and outward Tunicle is propagated from the Pleura in the middle Apartiment and from the rim of the
Belly in the lowest and is destitute of it when it enters into the Viscera This Coat is of a Nervous constitution as integrated of many Nervous Fibres finely spun and curiously interwoven with each other after the manner of Network wrought in the inside The second Coat of the Arteries is affixed to this retiform Tunicle The second Coat of the Aorta and is a Membrane beset with numerous minute Glands overspreading its inward surface and is adorned in its upper side with a retiform plex of divaricated Fibrils this Tunicle as I conceive is propagated from the Coat investing the Heart to which it is continued The third Tunicle of the Arteries is more firm and thick The third is endued with many fleshy Fibres then the outward especially in the common Trunk of the Aorta conjoyned to the left Ventricle of the Heart that it might contain the hot spirituous thin blood immediately received from the left Ventricle without the dissipation of its Volatil Spirituous parts and as the Arteries are more distant from the Center of the Body they grow more thin and soft This Coat is furnished with many transverse or rather circular fleshy Fibres which are very conspicuous in the common Trunk of the Aorta relating to a great Beast Learned Rolfinchius conceived the substance of the Arteries to be wholly Membranous as not having any fleshy Fibres Lib. 6. Anatomes Cap. 4. Ait ille nos statuimus substantiam Arteriarum esse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membraneam neque apte posse referri ad aliquam dictarum partium sed esse propriam sui generis similitudine tamen Coloris Crassitiei aemulari Cartilagines Fibrae in hac Arteriarum substantia non dantur propriè dictae but with deference to this worthy Author I humbly conceive this Conjecture opposeth Autopsie for we may easily discern the fleshy Fibres in the common Trunk of the Aorta when boiled Farthermore I apprehend that the fleshy Fibres of the Arteries may be clearly evinced by Reason because if the Arteries were not beset with Carnous Fibres when they are dilated by a great quantity of Blood in strong Pulsations they would remain in the same distended posture had they not a power to restore themselves to their former tone by the power of Fibres And I farther believe that the cause of an Aneurism that when the second Coat of the Arteries and its Fibres being broken the Blood hath a recourse to the outward Tunicle which being soft is easily distended whence ariseth oftentimes a large beating tumor The fourth Tunicle of the Arteries as Great Galen hath observed The fourth Coat of the Aorta is as it were a thin membranous Tunicle resembling a Spiders Web which is visible to a curious Eye making inspection into the inward recesses of the great Artery and seemeth to be the off-spring of the inward Tunicle investing the inside of the left Ventricle as being a continuation of that thin Coat This Tunicle is Membranous as composed of many Fibres of the same kind some of which being carried in length do intersect the annular fleshy Fibres according to right Angles As to the substance of the Arteries some hold it to be wholly Nervous Some hold the substance of Arteries to be wholly Nervous as being composed of many Fibres which cannot be the sole off-spring of Nerves by reason the Arteries are endued with little or no sense Others conceive the Compage of the Arteries to be Cartilagineous by reason many great Anatomists have found the Arteries near the Heart to be grisly and sometimes bony but this is preternatural and cannot be termed the true and proper substance of the Arteries which is chiefly made up of many Membranous Fibres endued with an obtuse sense and these Fibres are peculiar to the Coats of the Arteries and Veins and to no other Membranes relating to the Body The Arteries seem to have a double motion Diastole and Systole The Arteries have a double motion Systole and Diastole The first I humbly conceive is produced by the systole of the Heart highly contracting the Ventricles impelling the Blood out of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta and so into all Arteries but the manner how the pulsation of the Arteries is made in all parts of the body in the same instant is hard to be understood Learned Dr. Harvey expresseth it after this manner That the pulsation of Arteries is performed by the impulse of the Blood The manner of the Pulsation of the Arteries according to Dr. Harvey at the same time affecting all the Arteries as when an immission of Breath is made into the great cavity of a Glove at the same moment all the Fingers are distended In Lib. de Motu Cordis Cap. 35. Ait ille Denique Arteriarum Pulsum fieri ab impulsu sanguinis è Ventriculo sinistro eo pacto quo cum quis in Chirothecam inflat omnes digitos simul videt distendi Pulsum aemulari To which I make bold with the Great Author's leave to speak this Reply That the Simile of immission of Breath from the Hand to the Fingers doth not hold by reason the distance is very small between them so that the Breath may be immediately conveyed from one part to the other which cannot be so easily effected in the motion of the Blood from the left Chamber of the Heart into the Extremities of the Arteries which are seated at a great distance from each other Learned Diemerbroeck backeth this Hypothesis by a farther argument That the Blood being hot and thin as it is rarefied and easily moveable and thereupon may be impelled from the Heart into the Arteries filled with Blood Ait ille Anatomes Lib. 6. pag. 807 Sanguinem Arteriarum esse rarefactum calidum tenuem hinc facile mobilem eumque é Corde impelli in Arterias simili sanguine antea repletas unde pauxillum quid è Corde in Arteriam magnam propellitur mox ab illo pauxillo etiam necessario totum quod omnibus Arteriis inest simul propelli sicque omnes Arterias eodem tempore simul distendi si in Orbe stanneo vel Scutella deponatur circulus Globulorum Contiguorum unus eorum manu promoveatur seu impellatur ille proximum alter tertium sic deinceps omnes eodem momento promoventur impelluntur ita se habet in Arteriis in quibus una parte sanguinis mota moventur omnes This famous Author Illustrates the Motion of the Blood in the pulsation of the Artery by the motion of many Bullets put into a Vessel wherein one being moved all do move So that by this instance he concludeth that the Bullets move at once which seemeth to contradict Reason and Sense because though they be Contiguous yet they press one another forward by a successive motion and is done so quickly as it seemeth to be but a moment
this variety of Membranes can hardly be demonstrated by the evidence of Sense as being so fine and close struck that they elude the most quick Eye yet they being considered by Reason may be rendred manifest as being wisely instituted by Nature to conserve the due tone of the Veins when much distended by an exuberant quantity of Blood of which they being freed have a power to reduce their Coats to their former Primitive more easy posture 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tenuis rare est haec venarum tunica teste Galeno lib. 6. cap. 10. De usu partium Hanc ut reliquarum partium similarium Idem lib. 10. Methodi medendi cap. 21. Seu ultimo Vbi hane venarum tunicam Membranosam Fibrosam Carnosam Constituit The inward Coats according to Galen is Membranous Fibrous and Carnous 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In singulis simplicium ac primarum quas vocant partium ut 〈◊〉 dissectionibus es contemplatus alia portio substantiae est veluti Fibrosa alâ—â— Membranosa alia Carnosa sicut exempli causa cum vena unicam tunicam habeat eam tenuem licet Fibras in ea inâ—eniet multas quae sunt araneosis quibusdam intersitis contextae quibus utrisque propria venae substantia adnascitur This Hypothesis of Great Galen may be plainly proved by Autopsy in the Vena Cava of large Animals adjoyning to the Right Side of the Heart The fleshy Fibres of the Cava and I humbly conceive that other parts of the Trunk and branches of the Cava are beset with fleshy Fibres too which are much smaller in those places then about the termination of the Vena Cava whereupon they are not so easily seen And I humbly conceive the annular fleshy Fibres The use of the fleshy Fibres of the Veins encircling the Tunicles of the Veins are of a very important if not necessary use to further the circulation of Blood which else would be very slow in the Veins were they not assisted with circular fleshy Fibres which contracting themselves do very much promote the motion of the Blood in all Veins and more particularly its ascent in the ascendent Trunk of the Cava toward the Right Ventricle of the Heart And this Hypothesis may be farther confirmed that the fleshy Fibres are of great importance to give vigor and strength to the coats of the Veins which being highly dilated by great torrents of Blood or by a quantity of gross vital Liquor have their inward coat broken with its annular Fibres so that it groweth so relaxed that it cannot contract it self by reason the Fibres are lacerated which is very conspicuous in varicibus venarum a Fibris circularibus disruptis provenientibus The Veins have many Valves affixed to their inward Concave Surface The Valves of the Veins and are framed of a thin compacted membranous substance derived as I apprehend from the interior Tunicle of the Veins They are adorned with a semilunary Figure The Figure of the Valves and are for the most part single and sometimes double and sometimes treble as some conceive seated against each other which are found only in the great Veins of large Animals Some Anatomists have discovered Three Valves seated opposite to each other in a triangular Figure The set number of the Valves feated in the inside of the Veins The number of the Valves cannot be counted cannot be recounted by reason the eminent Valves placed in the great Veins can only be discerned and the infinite number of minute Valves besetting the small Veins can no ways be discovered but it is very clear to Reason that there be such Valves which are consigned to a great use to give a check to the retrograde motion of the Blood toward their Origens which else would destroy its circuit toward the Heart which is absolutely necessary to preserve the choice vital Flame And seeing the Veins and Arteries are both Channels The motion of the Blood is first made in the Veins importing and exporting rivulets of Blood to and from the Heart it may be worth our consideration to assign the Vessels in which the motion of the Blood is commenced and carried to the Heart as the great machine of Motion which I humbly conceive is first performed in the Veins by reason they have their first rudiment in the seminal Liquor before the Arteries were formed because the Veins first received the Blood formed originally in the ambient parts of the colliquated Seed and so conveyed it to the beating point and afterward the Arteries were framed to make good the retrograde Motion of the Blood began in the Heart and carried on to the circumference of the genital matter And as many small Rivulets of Water begin in little Ducts and afterward meet in the large channel of a River conveying a great torrent of Water so in like manner the minute streams of Blood begin their Motion in numerous capillary Veins and are afterward transmitted through greater and greater Branches and Trunks till they arrive to the greater Cistern seated in the Right Ventricle of the Heart CHAP. XXXV The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures THE Veins being the associates of the Arteries are near akin to them as they are both Channels transmitting Blood from part to part and both much alike in Figure as they are both Cylinders endued with oblong round concave Bodies whereupon these different Ducts are much related to each in affinity of Diseases and the Veins as well as Arteries are disaffected with Obstruction Compression Laceration and Varices too which is a Disease peculiar to the Veins and as being a swelling arising from stagnant Blood hath some little Analogy with that of an Aneurisme An obstruction of the Veins The obstruction of the Veins arising from Blood making a more general unnatural distention then that of the Varices which make particular swellings especially in the smaller Branches doth arise from the grossness or quantity of Blood dilating the Veins which happeneth mostly in the ascendent Branches of the Cava wherein the weight of the Blood much hindreth its ascent toward the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart whereupon its pulse groweth faint and languid upon the defect of a due proportion of Blood to give spirits to and fill the Pores of the fleshy Fibres with its warm juyce The Cure of this Disease in reference to a quantity of Blood Bleeding is proper in the obstruction of the Veins and Purgatives are proper in a grossness of Blood obstructing the Cavity of the Veins doth indicate the opening of a Vein with a large Orifice and a free mission of Purple Juyce In relation to this Dilatation of the Veins caused by grossness of a Faeculent Blood Purging Medicines accompanied with antiscorbutick Apozemes and Chalybeat Tinctures Syrups Powders given in a fit Menstruum are very proper to attenuate and refine the thick dispirited mass of Blood disaffected with a melancholick Constitution An obstruction
or Orbs of Air are connected to the sides of the Bronchia The connexion of the Vesicles of Air. as being a part of them in reference to their continued inward Membranes and do participate the same structure They are adorned for the most part with an orbicular Figure The orbicular Figure of the membranous Cells as being the best and most capacious wisely instituted by Nature as I conceive for the greater reception of Air in inspiration and the more easy exclusion of it in expiration These fine round Machines of Air take their Origen from the inward coat of the Bronchia The Origen of these Cells as being alike in Substance Texture and Use So that these round Cells or membranous Expansions take their rise from the inward Recesses of Air-Tubes and are propagated through the whole substance of the Lungs and at last terminate into the Coat investing the ambient parts of the Lungs The substance of these Orbs The substance of the Vesicles of Air. which constitute a considerable part of the Lungs are chiefly Membranous and are a fine contexture made up of numerous Fibrils passing in various Right oblique and transverse Positions which give strength to these thin Expansions which would be lacerated when distended with Air were they not framed of many Fibres made in different postures close struck and curiously interwoven with each other These receptacles of Air are not only endued with membranous Fibres The Vesicles of Air are endued with fleshy Fibres but fleshy too which being annular as those of the Bronchia are derived from them and have a power of contracting these Cells to squeeze out the Air in expiration and throw the gross Chymous or phlegmatick Matter lodged in them into the Bronchia in Coughing and afterward into the Wind-pipe and Mouth Ingenious Des Cartes conceiveth these Vesicles of Air The use of the membranous Cells according to des Cartes according to their variety of Figure to be consigned to a double use the one to retain the inspired Air and the other to expell it These sentiments of this Learned Author are more witty then profound by reason both the Bronchia and these appendant Cells of Air are constituted by Nature First to be Receptive and after to be Expulsive of Air and not to have a distinct Office at the same time to be some of them Repositories of Air and others to throw it out in expiration The Pulmonary Artery springing out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart The pulmonary Artery and inclining toward the Bronchia is divided into a Right and Left Trunk out of which do sprout on both sides an innumerable company of minute Bronchia making numerous inosculations Associates of the divarications of the Bronchia and are afterward dispersed into the Lobules of the Lungs and being also companions of the Bronchial Artery and pulmonary Veins do often touch each others Coats and making great Complications do at last encircle the small orbicular Vesicles and shading them with a fine Network do swath their circumference to enliven and corroborate their fine Compage The pulmonary Vein borroweth its rise from the substance of the Lungs in small Capillaries encompassing the Vesicles of Air The pulmonary Vein belonging to the Bronchia with fruitful Ramulets accompanying the Arterial Divarications which often uniting and parting again after a small distance do make a kind of reticular Plexes or Masshes these pulmonary Veins do answer those of the Arteries almost in number and order and do much contribute to the fine contexture of small Vessels with which the orbicular Cells are enamelled And the substance of the Lungs is not only framed of numerous Divarications of Arteries and Veins but of Nerves too which do take their Origen from the Par Vagum or eight pair of Nerves and are propagated not only into the outward Membrane enwraping the exterior parts of the Lungs The Nerves of the Lungs but are also distributed into the body of the Lungs and do also associate with the pulmonary Artery and Vein when they make their Divarications over the surface and over the orbicular vesicles of Air. The Lympheducts of the Lungs are small Tubes The Lympheducts of the Lungs clothed with most fine Diaphanous Tunicles which are affixed with minute Membranes to the Coats of the pulmonary Vein and then tend to the inward recesses of the Lungs and after pass out of them and are at last inserted into the common Thoracick Channel into which they discharge their Lympha the recrement of the Blood separated from it in the substance of the Glands which are very numerous in the Lungs and is afterward conveyed into the extremity of the Lympheducts If a greater inspection and deeper search be made into the substance of the Lungs the Compage of them may be discovered to be in part composed of numerous Lobules of which every one is immured within a proper Membrane distinguishing them from each other by several thin Walls as so many different boundaries These small Lobes of the Lungs are endued with divers kinds of Blood-vessels furnishing them with many Divarications accompanying the branches of the Bronchia The Lobules may be discerned if the Lungs be blown up and held up against the Light whereby some transparent Interstices may be discovered according to most ingenious Malpighius his observation whereupon a gentle incision being made and by tracing the Interstices the Lobules may be found adhering to the sides of the Bronchia and Blood-vessels from which they may be severed with a tender touch and may be seen to be invested with proper Tunicles and in truth are nothing else as I humbly conceive but many Systemes of various Vessels confined within peculiar Coats for the better security of the numerous minute Vessels branched through the body of these Lobules and to keep them in a due order for the better circulation of the Blood The Figure of these Lobules is in some sort Conical as having greater dimensions in the middle and ending into an obtuse Cone resembling somewhat of a Cypress Nut. And it will be difficult to describe the Situation Origen and Insertion of the Lobules by reason they are branched with the appendant vessels on every side of the Bronchia after the manner of the branches sprouting out of the trunk of a Tree and these ramifications are terminated into the outward surface of the Lungs which ought to be plain and equal and sometimes these Lobules are affixed to the extream Angles of the adjoyning Branches that their due Situation Union and Connexion may be preserved whereupon these Lobules are seated sometimes in the lower Region of the Windpipe and other times in the sides or extreme parts of it Next to the Lobules their Interstices present themselves as the subject of our Discourse which are not meerly empty Areae but are endued with extended Membranes sometimes parallel to themselves and sometimes angular which are not propagated from the ambient
up the Cavity of the Breast in time of Inspiration This Hypothesis is very highly made good by Learned Mr. Boyles most excellent Experiments in his well contrived Machine wherein the minute Animals died when the greatest part of Air was drawn out by art Whereupon it may be reasonably deduced that Air endued with such degrees of thinness and grosness beyond which on each side it is rendred unfit for Respiration As to the thinness of it an evident Experiment is given by the said Experiment of the most Ingenious Author in which the most part of the Air being exhausted out of an Air-pump so that almost nothing but Aether remained as divested of the Particles of Air for the most part so that its reliques lost their Elastick power and are made uncapable of Motion into the greater and lesser Cylinders of Air in order to Respiration CHAP. LII Of the use of Respiration THE Lungs being in it self a Compage consisting of variety of Organs is attended also with many neighbouring parts assistant to its several motions as being a noble as well as useful Machine of Air ministerial to Respiration the great preservative of Life This excellent operation of Breathing is consigned by Nature to variety of uses as it is made up of divers alternately repeated acts of Inspiration and Expiration consisting in the various motion of Air playing to and fro in the Diastole and Systole of the Lungs The inspired Air is profitable to Smelling Tasting and to the local motion Fermentation and mixture of the Blood with the Chyme as also to the motion of the Chyle and Lympha The Expired Air is conducive to Speech Voice Coughing Sneezing and Spitting and the Air being detained in the Lungs doth promote the excretion of Urine and grosser Excrements and also facilitates the Birth of Children The Antients have conceived the use of Respiration was only to cool the Blood The use of Respiration is to cool the Blood but if we well consider how Nature is supported in its vital flame of Life we shall find the Blood by which it is maintained to have a greater need of Heat then Coolness to make good its local Motion and Fermentation Hippocrates the Great Master of our Art did attribute a necessity to Respiration in reference to conserve Life saying that we can live some time without the entertainment of Aliment but we cannot continue our Life many moments without constant Draughts of Air immitted freely into its greater and less Tubes to spin out the thread of Life by frequent repeated acts of Respiration whose necessity chiefly appears in preserving the circulation of the vital Liquor It is a received Opinion that Respiration is ordained by Nature Another use of Respiration is to transmit Blood through the Lungs for the transmission of Blood through the Lungs from the Right to the Left Chamber of the Heart And I most humbly conceive that the Grand Architect hath made such a multitude of Divarications of Arteries and Veins propagated through the whole Compage of the Lungs to convey the stream of Blood as through different Channels from one ventricle of the Heart to the other to promote the circuite of Blood through the Lungs which is very much assisted by the contraction of them in expiration compressing the Arteries and Veins whereupon it is squeezed out of the Terminations of one into the Origens of the other Hence a reasonable account may be given of strangled Persons either Hanged Drowned or Suffocated by a large quantity of serous Liquor falling from the numerous conglobated salival Glands of the Tongue Palate and adjacent parts into the Wind-pipe and its smaller Cylinders intercepting the current of Air and mass of Blood through the Lungs which compress the Blood-vessels by their weight as narrowing and closing their Cavities so that they are not receptive of vital Liquor which maketh a stagnancy of Blood in the substance of the Lungs and Right Ventricle of the Heart as Learned Dr. Harvey discovered in a hanged Felon as he writeth in his Epistle to Riolan Se in cadavere humano noviter strangulato auriculam Cordis dextram pulmones sanguine plurimum distentos atque infarctos reperisse testatur That this Hypothesis may be clearly understood Dr. Croon's Experiment to proâ— the Air to assist the motion of Blood how much the inspired Air concurreth to the motion of the Blood I will propound some experiments The First shall be that of most ingenious Dr. Croon my worthy Collegue when Professor of Gresham Colledge before the Learned Fellows of it who so strangled a Pullet that the least spark of Life did not seem to remain and afterward some Air being immitted by Art in the Mouth and Wind-pipe the Pullet revived by virtue of inspired Air giving a new motion to the stagnated Blood in the Lungs Another Experiment I will make bold to propound Another Experiment at the Colledge of Physicians of a Dog opened alive in the Theater of the Colledge of Physicians London That when the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragme were wounded and the currents of Air stopped in relation to its motion into the Lungs the pulsations of the Heart grew very faint and almost wholly ceased whereupon the Nosel of a Bellows being put into the Mouth of the dying Dog he presently revived at the immission of Air into the Lungs and the Heart was restored to more vigorous pulsations which continued some time as long as Air was injected by Art into the greater and less branches of the Wind-pipe Another Experiment was shewed by my worthy Friend Dr. A Third Experiment of Dr. Gudlter Needham at Gresham Colledge Gualter Needham a Learned Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians London at Gresham Colledge before the Honourable and Learned Mr. Boyle and many other Fellows of the said Society The Experiment was acted upon a Dog hanged which being opened his Heart seemed to be free from all Motion whereupon most ingenious Dr. Needham immediatly put a Pipe into the Thoracick Duct and injected Air immediately into it whereupon the Heart and Blood recovered their motion so that the Air mixed with the Blood did speedily render it fluid and did sollicite the vital Liquor stagnant in the Right Ventricle of the Heart and Lungs to a new motion and progress And in great difficulty of breathing Bleeding relieveth Respiration in a Squinancy even almost to suffocation in Squinancies and inflammations of the Lungs a free mission of Blood being celebrated by opening a Vein with a free hand the vital Liquor setling in the substance of the Lungs doth acquire a renewed circulation by freeing them partly from their load and by having the Tubes of Air more open as released from their compression lately produced by stagnancy of Blood in the substance of the Lungs Upon this account Men executed Persons hanged have been restored to Life by Bleeding having been immediately let blood freely have been restored to Life by making good the
circulation of the vital Liquor stopped in the Lungs whereupon they play again anew and receive fresh draughts of Air to impregnate the Blood with its spirituous nitrous and elastick Particles to give a new circuit to it through the Lungs and Heart to preserve the soft flame of Life Another Use assigned to Respiration A Second Use of Respiration is the comminution of the Blood as being made up of heterogeneous Particles by reason the Chyle is transmitted through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it first confederates with the Blood with which it is afterward carried through the descendent Trunk of the Cava into the Right Ventricle where the Chyle mixeth with the Blood and is afterward communicated by the pulmonay Artery to the substance of the Lungs and then to the Veins wherein the Chyle espouseth a more intimate union with the Blood as having an exacter Comminution accomplished by various Compressions of the Blood-Vessels made by the distended Pipes and Sinus in Inspiration and by the weight of the Lungs leaning upon the Arteries and Veins in Expiration so that the Blood of the Lungs appeareth more Red as the Chyme is more perfectly assimilated into vital Liquor in the Lungs then in the Right Ventricle of the Heart which being opened in a Dog some hours after he hath been dead the Blood is seen to run confused with the Chyme whereupon it is often cloathed with a Whitish array and when the Chyle is carried with the Blood into the Lungs it receiveth a more perfect mixture and the clammy parts are more attenuated and fitted for motion as they are exalted with the elastick and nitrous parts of Air which do much contribute to conserve the heat of the Blood as they do open and dilate it A Third Use of Respiration may be conceived to give a principle of Fermentation to the Blood A Third Use of Respiration by reason it is a Liquor consisting of many different Elements of Saline Sulphureous and Spiritous Particles which being acted with nitrous Particles of Air impelled into the substance of the Lungs and mixed with Blood do render it more Fermentative upon a double account First the Aethereal Particles impregnated with subtle Influxes emaning from the Sun and other Planets do insinuate into the body of the vital Liquor and do very much exalte the more fixed and gross parts of the Blood which is also enobled by Air consisting of many volatil Steams some Oily and Balsamick others Saline and Watry breathing out of the Pores relating to the Bodies of Animals Vegetables and Minerals The Effluvia flowing from different Bodies have various tempers as composed of several Elements whose Particles are endued with different sizes and shapes which being embodied with Air and received into the Blood by Inspiration do raise its intestine Motion The Intestine Motion of the Blood is raised by the Elastick Particles of Air. which is also much intended by the Nitrous Elastick parts of this noble fluid Body which by reason of its more subtle parts doth easily insinuate it self into the loose Compage of the Blood and exalt its more sluggish fixed parts in a due Fermentation while it passeth through the spungy substance of the Lungs Farthermore it is agreeable to Reason the kindly and soft Effervescence of the Blood ariseth from its fermentative Principles as consisting of different crude Liquors of Lympha and Chyle and other various Elements Whereupon the vital Liquor is not a Jejune and poor but a rich opulent Liquor endued with Particles of different Figures and Magnitudes which are apt to Ferment by reason the Blood is perpetually repaired by an alimentary Liquor streaming out of the Thoracick Ducts which being crude passeth through the Subclavian Vessels the Cava and Right Ventricle of the Heart and pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it encounters Air whereupon the Chyme mixed with Blood is broken into small Particles and assimilated into it whereby the Blood groweth Florid and Frothy as espousing Air exalting its Crude Saline and Sulphureous Particles with Nitrous Elastick Atomes The Antients have fancied hot Fumes to be secerned from the Blood flaming in the Heart in Expiration through the Aspera Arteria into the Mouth but this being a temperate heat seated in the Blood cannot emit such fierce fuliginous vapours as hath been formerly conceived by reason the mild heat of the Blood cannot so colliquate burn and scald it as to send out such fiery Exhalations Wherefore I conceive it more probable to affirm that watry Steams or Vapors are mixed with the effaete Particles of Air which do not stream from the Heart but distill from the Glands of the Wind-pipe into whose Cavity they are transmitted by secret passages and sometimes these Vapors are impregnated with Saline Particles which irritate the inward tender Coat of the Lungs whereupon the Right and Circular Fibres of the Wind-pipe are contracted to discharge by Coughing these troublesome guests the salt Vapours of the Blood with the impetuous Motion of expired Air. CHAP. LIII Of a Cough and Consumption THE Nervous Liquor having lost its kindly mild temper The cause of a Cough and being associated with ill qualified Lympha doth confederate with the Blood in the Lungs and produce a severe Cough made by the irritated Fibres of the Bronchia which are sometimes acted with violent Convulsive Motions proceeding from the acide indisposition of the Blood as mixed with depraved nervous Liquor Sometimes the Lungs may be disordered by the obstruction of the Lymphaeducts The ill affection of the Lungs produced by the obstruction of the Lymphaeducts caused either by some viscous Humour intercepting the course of the Lympha whereupon the tender frame of these fine Vessels may be broken and discharge their Liquor into the substance of the Lungs and from thence into the Bronchia and their Cells whence they being provoked by a quantity of Liquor will endeavour to expel it by Expectoration and if the Lympha be disaffected with Acide Particles derived from the Acrimony of the Blood it may corrode the membranous Compage of the Lungs so that the Bronchial and Pulmonary Arterial Branches may discharge some part of the Blood into the Receptacles of Air wherein it being stagnant and putrefied will generate a tabid disposition in the Lungs The suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood The suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood are sometimes the cause of a Cough either by the Haemorrhoides Menstrua or Nostrils do prove often very disadvantageous by reason the ill parts of Blood which were wont to be discharged by the said Vessels of different parts have recourse to the Lungs and irritate a Cough ambulatory to a Consumption The suddain occlusion of the pores of the Skin A suddain occlusion of the pores of the Skin may produce a Cough caused by the coldness of the ambient Air or by a shower of Rain or by the leaving off a
Womb. which is very improper seeing the Atrabilian Humor is not first generated in the Womb which is only occasional in point of an ill mass of Blood produced by the suppressed purgation of the Menses whereupon the vital Liquor groweth degenerate as being depressed with gross saline and sulphureous Particles which being associated with the Blood imparted by the carotide Artery into the substance of the cortical Glands doth make an ill nervous Liquor the vehicle and ground of the Animal Spirits And as to the Spleen it is vulgarly apprehended to be the subject of the Atrabilarian Humors The Spleen by divers is apprehended to be the subject of Atrabilarian Humors commonly called Hypocondriacal Melancholy by reason of the Blood being filled with many Faeces is not depurated in the Glands of the Spleen whereupon the Ferments of the Blood are spoiled and being carried with it into the substance of the Brain doth produce an impure Animal Liquor vitiating its more volatil Particles commonly styled Spirits causing a melancholick distemper Sometimes this sad Disease is conceived to be propagated from all the apartiments of the Body as in a Scorbutick habit wherein the mass of Blood hath lost its tone and bounty as being tainted with gross saline and sulphureous parts which are not severed from the vital Liquor in the various colatories of Blood the Spleen Liver Kidneys consisting of numerous Glands the systems of innumerable and various vessels the secretories of the vital Liquor from several kinds of Recrements especially as being saline and sulphureous which being not separated from the mass of Blood have a recourse to the Brain and defeat the production of good nervous Liquor and Spirits the ground of this Atrabilarian Malady This Disease sometimes proceeds from a sanious Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart An observation according to the said Case This Disease sometimes ariseth from a sanious and mucous Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from the Gangreen of the Liver and Spleen and from the jugular Veins full of adust black Blood A Servant of a Merchant labouring under a melancholick affection was so afflicted with a deep sadness that she perpetually wished for death always treating her self with Sighs and Tears After death the Head being opened and the Coats taken off the veins of the Brain appeared full of black Blood and the Right Ventricle of the Brain was discovered to be stuffed with Blood made up of many concreted Filaments and in the Left Ventricle was lodged a quantity of sanious mucous Matter And afterward the Thorax being opened and the Heart Dissected a quantity of black Blood gushed out and the Lobes of the Lungs were livide and being opened a sanious corrupt Matter distilled out of their substance And the lower Apartiment being laid open the convex part of the Liver was discoloured with a livide hue and the middle of the Spleen was defaced with a blewish colour about the surface and its more Interior Recesses being inspected were found to be of a laudable colour and substance This dreadful Malady sometimes proceedeth from black corrupt Humors Melancholy sometimes cometh from corrupt Humors in the Stomach lodged in the bosom of the Stomach attended with a Scirrhus of the Pylorus and a Scirrhus of the Mesentery of which some part is concreted into a hard strong substance A person of Honour being endued with a cholerick Constitution An Instance of this Case and of a thin habit of Body found a great weight in the bottom of his Stomach attended with faetide Belchings and much Flatus making a noise in its passage found the Intestines and distensions of the Hypocondres accompanied with great Fear and Sadness and deep Thoughts and a weakness of the Animal Faculty and after a proper course of Physick had been administred to satisfy all Indications according to Art nothing proved successful in this desperate Disease And after he had yielded to Fate his Body being Dissected and the distended Stomach being opened in the bottom of it was seen a black corrupt Matter resembling Ink and the Pylorus was found to be Scirrhous shutting up the passage out of the Ventricle into the Guts And the Mesentery was discerned to be also Scirrhus and some part of it was concreted by a lapidescente Juyce into a hard Matter somewhat like Stone And a melancholick distemper of the Brain may take its rise from menstruous Blood debased by gross saline and sulphureous Particles when the natural Channels are stopped in the Uterus Melancholy flowing from the obstruction of the Vterus so that it cannot be discharged monthly by the Cavity of the Body and Vagina of the Womb so that the terminations of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries carrying Blood into the substance of the Uterus and the secret Meatus leading into the bosom of the Womb being obstructed the vital Liquor is received into the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Veins and transmitted through the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the Blood-vessels of the Lungs into the Left Chamber of the Heart and conveyed afterward through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands wherin the Blood tainted with a fermentative and Atrabilarian Disposition and not discharged by the Uterus doth take off the purity of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits and deprave the upper and lower Animal Functions often attended with deep sad and despairing imaginations highly torturing the unquiet minds of Patients as fancying themselves Eternally unhappy An Instance may be given of this case in a Gentlewoman committed to my care of a Sanguine Constitution who walking in the Fields presently after a free evacuation by Sweat was surprized with cold blasts of Wind shutting up the cutaneous Pores and stopping her Menstrua which were then in motion whereupon the ill-affected Blood had a recourse to the Heart producing great Fears and despairing Thoughts and quick pulsations and afterward the Atrabilarian Blood being impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Brain did infect the Liquor and Spirits with saline and sulphureous Atomes and pervert the operations of her imagination Memory and Reason accompanied with dreadful passions rendring her most unquiet in the sad apprehensions of infernal fire and pains which all cease upon repeated Bleeding in the Foot and by application of Leeches to the Haemorrhoidal Veins and a course of cordial and cephalick Medicines perfectly restoring her by Gods assistance and blessing to the former use of all the Faculties of her reason and inward and outward Senses to the great joy and satisfaction of her Friends and Relations and the Glory of the All-Wise and Sovereign Physician of Body and Soul As to the cure of Melancholy in a general notion The cure of Melancholy is in a great part effected by the defaecation of the Blood in reference to its
wondrous Works and the excellent Wisdom of the Creator It is my intendment to treat Anatomically of a Humane Body Humane Body the noblest subject of Anatomy which being apprehended under a comprehensive Notion is an universal Organ subservient to all the more noble and meaner faculties and operations of the Soul made up of great variety of Parts disposed in admirable Order so that the Inferior in their several Stations and Capacities pay a duty of subjection and obedience to the Commands of the Superiour And as preliminary to a clearer understanding of the Anatomical Disquisitions The qualification of Humane Body I will premise somewhat of the parts of the elegant Fabrick of Mans Body and their Qualifications under the notion of Solid and Fluid Soft and Hard Rare and Dense Rarefaction and Condensation Transparent and Opace Fermentation floweth from different principles promoted by various Ferments Gross and Subtle And of Fermentation flowing from these different Qualities and of the various ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquors and of Air impregnated with variety of corporeal Effluxes productive of fermentative dispositions in Fluid Bodies which are refined by secretion ambulatory to percolation made in the Glands lodged in the Membranes Viscera and Muscular parts as so many colatories of Liquors always making various Circuits from part to part So that this rare machine of Humane Body is ministerial to divers uses and operations of Life The description of Humane Body as a System of many parts disposed in excellent order Sense and Motion and may be mechanically described a Systeme of many excellent and meaner parts contrived in a well disposed order with a mutual dependance to advance each others Welfare and Interest A division of the Body into Spermatick and Sanguineous parts not proper And are divided by some into Spermatick and Sanguineous which division seemeth to me somewhat improper because they borrow their first rudiment from seminal Liquor and not out of Blood primarily because Blood it self is originally produced by Colliquation out of the ambient parts of genital Juice which is plainly visible in the white of an Egg disposed step by step to the production of a Chicken and solid parts of the muscles and parenchyma of the Viscera are stiled improperly Sanguineous because denominations are derived a majori and then the substance of the Muscles and Viscera must have the appellative of spermatick parts and are collective bodies composed of several parts generated and nourished out of seminal and nervous Liquors and are tinged only with red caused by Blood passing through the spaces of and adherent to the coats of the Vessels as a thin accretion which being of a superficial thickness may be taken away by frequent scrapings and repeated washings with fair Water whereby the aggregate bodies of many membranous tubes modelled in various sizes may be spoiled of their adventitious scarlet and be reinvested with their native whitish veils Wherefore the parts of the Body may admit another division more agreeable to Reason and the nature of the things into Similar and Dissimilar A most proper division of the Body into Similar and Dissimilar parts The first are so denominated because every Particle hath one definition or nature with the whole every part of a Fibre participateth the like substance with the whole These Similar parts are reputed Eleven in number as Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Fibres Nerves Tendons Veins Arteries Lymphaeducts and Flesh but most of these if not all do not merit the title of Similar as appearing so only to sense upon a superficial view and upon a more strict survey are found to be composed of different Particles as Flesh is an aggregate body bound up with all sorts of Vessels conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many minute thin Membranes whose interstices grow big with vital Liquor and Membranes Veins Arteries and Nerves are made up of many small Filaments interspersed with vital or nervous Liquor and Tendons are framed of ligamentary and nervous Fibres the one sensible and the other insensible Dissimilars are so called because they consist of many parts of disagreeing substance and are much more considerable than the Similars who are integrals of the Dissimilar these being Limbs or at least small Machines integrating the greater Organ of Humane Body of which they are instruments upon which account these Dissimilars are termed Organical Organical parts of the Body as consigned to be ministers of Natural Actions and to that end they are accommodated with a determinate and sensible Conformation consisting in a decent Figure just magnitude due number and proper situation of parts all which do conspire and joyntly contribute to render a part Organical in celebrating the operation of Life Sense and Motion And those Organick parts may be subdivided into Fluid and Solid A subdivision of Dissimilar parts into Fluid and Solid The Fluid parts are the Liquors of the Body The first are the more excellent as the instrumental efficient causes of the rational Sensitive and vegetable Functions and are those select Liquors of the Body the Alimentary Vital and Animal all which have their proper Channels The Alimentary is conveyed from the Stomach through the Intestines and lacteal Vessels into the common receptacle and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it associateth with the Vital Liquor thence transported through the Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart and from thence by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart out of which it is impelled by various Arteries into all parts of this great Machine and then it is reconveyed again by numerous Veins into the right cistern of the Heart And the Nervous Liquor generated in the cortex of the Brain is dispersed thence through small fibrils for the most part integrating the body of the Brain into the trunks of Nerves seated in the Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis and from thence propagated by greater and lesser nervous Channels into all the parts of the Body These liquid substances are easily contained The Fluid parts or Liquors are confined within Vessels or Channels and bounded within the Channels encircled with membranous Coats and are very extravagant when left to their own conduct and therefore these Liquors as Fluid Bodies being boundless in their own nature are confined within the inclosure of Vessels and do configure their soft pliable substance to the more firm concave surface of their Channel And I conceive the fluid quality of these choice Liquors doth arise from hence because their numerous Particles have a loose compage The Description of Fluid Bodies or Liquors to have a loose compage made up of numerous Particles fit for motion and may be easily parted from each other which necessarily supposeth many spaces interceeding the fruitful atomes compounding liquid bodies rendring them very ready to move truly about the little surfaces which encircle them And these Liquors
glands percolating the Blood which is transmitted through the fruitful branches of the Porta The Blood percolated from the bilious mass in the Glands of the Liver and discharged by the excretory Vessels into the Intestines into the substance of the Liver where the blood receiveth a farther percolation in its numerous minute glands in which the bilious parts of the Blood are severed and discharged by divers excretory Vessels into the Vesicula fellea and the Porus bilarius into the Intestines and the purer streined part of the purple Liquor is conveighed into the Branches of the Cava and so transmitted into the Heart The vital Liquor being impelled through the descendent trunk of the Aorta The Blood depurated from watry and saline recrements in the glands of the Kidneys The Blood percolated in the glands seated in the ambient parts of the Body and not received into the Caeliac and Mesenterick Arteries is in some part protruded by the emulgent Arteries into the bodies of the Kidnies in whose small glands the vital Liquor is separated from its watry and saline impurities and the depurated parts of the Blood are returned through the Cava into the right lake of the Heart and afterwards by divers tubes of the Lungs into the left Cistern from whence as the center of the Body the Blood as by greater and less Channels transmitted into the ambient parts of the Body all bestudded with innumerable small glands percolating the Blood and perpetually emitting insensible transpiration and sometimes watry saline Particles upon violent Motions and in great distempers and effervescences of the Blood To the Most HONOURABLE CHRISTOPHER DUKE of ALBEMARLE And EARL of TORRINGTON and CHANCELLOR of the most Famous University of CAMBRIDGE And to Dr. Blithe Vice-Chancellor and to the Professors Heads Fellows and Scholars of Colleges in the said University VNiversities being Nurseries of Piety and Learning have Kings and Nobles for their Nursing Fathers who out of their Generous Inclinations to do Acts of Honor highly to encourage the Republick of Learning have founded Colleges as so many Societies skilful in variety of Arts and Sciences to refine and improve the rough intellectuals and degenerate Morals of illiterate and ill principl'd men In our Illustrious Schools of most vertuous Education are celebrated frequent Devotions wherein the Students do dedicate themselves to the Author of all knowledge and perfection And the Professors and Lecturers do read privately in Societies and publickly in the Schools many Lectures in Logick Natural Philosophy Mathematicks Metaphysicks and several sorts of Tongues and in Divinity as the Consummation of the rest And I am bound in Duty to do Justice without Flattery to our Vniversities having seen many in Foreign Countries that they are the most Famous and Flourishing that ever I had the happiness to see as having the most Magnificent Buildings and the greatest Endowments and number of Learned Professors of Arts and Sciences and Students who have the best method propounded to them of obtaining Learning whereby they are rendred the greatest Proficients in reference to Piety and good Literature accomplishing their Intellectuals and Morals I have had the advantage to see many Vniversities in France Italy and the Low Countries which are very Eminent for the Faculty of Phisick as having many Professors highly versed in the Practical Part who carry the Students as their Associates to their Patients demanding of them what their Diseases are and with what Methods and Medicines they are to be Cured When the Students have given their Judgment the Professors speak their sense in reference both to the state of the Diseases and their Cures And to speak Ingeniously without doing injustice to Foreign Nations I humbly conceive the Phisitians of our Famous Vniversities and the most Renowned College in London are not inferior to any if not the best in point of Theory and Practise And the Members of the Vniversities are not only Masters of Learning but of a Liberal Education too as being Gentlemen as well as Scholars endued with Generous Principles and a most Compleasant humour treating Strangers as well as Friends with all Civility and Kindness imaginable The way of Living of which I have had Experience for many Years is with great Delight and Satisfaction in a most Friendly Converse of Scholars entertaining each other in their younger and disinterest years with kind Looks and pleasant Language as so many expresses of entire Love and most affectionate esteems I have Dedicated this Epistle to both Vniversities as being one in Piety Learning and Education Thus wishing them from my very Heart and Soul that they may flourish in Religion and all Arts and Sciences as long as the Sun and Moon endureth that they may be improved in Gods Service to his Glory which is the Earnest Prayer of Your most Obliged and Obedient Servant SAMUEL COLLINS Anatomical Disquisitions Relating to the Bodies of Men Bruits Birds Fish Insects and Trees A TREATISE OF THE Four Common Integuments And more particularly of those of the LOWER APARTMENT OF A HUMANE BODY The First Book the First Part. CHAP. I. Of the Outward Skin I Account it my Duty upon this great Subject Mans obligation to speak an homage of Wonder and Eucharist to his Maker for his wondrous Works of Humane Body before I Treat of its admirable Artichecture to speak a due homage of Admiration and Eucharist to the most holy Name of the All-wise and Powerful Architect in declaring the great Wonders of his most Glorious Works God blessed for ever God's goodness the only motive to Create the World the First and Supream Beeing as diffusive in Goodness as infinite in Perfection was not pleased that all Being should essentially and solely dwell in Himself Created two noble Fabricks the Heavens and the Earth the one his Throne and the other his Footstool the two great Monuments of his Superlative Grace and Glory full of all variety of his Creatures as so many Emanations of his Essence wonderfully constituted in Weight Number and Measure The admirable Chain of the Creation God's Glory the end of the Creation which is a Scale made of many degrees of Entities one subservient to another is beautified with many fine Links of Entities one inclosing another and all Beginning and Ending in Him their Author and Perfection And all his Creatures do court and serve each other in an excellent Order as Fellow Members of that great Body the Universe for their great Subsistence and Preservation The Inanimates serve the Vegetables the Vegetables the Sensitives the Sensitives the Rational under whose Power and Government they are placed as their Lord and Master and the grand Architect as a Wise and Generous Lord of his numerous Families hath furnished his upper and lower Houses the Heavens and the Earth with all kinds of Housholdstuff and Provisions to entertain Man his Steward and their Master in a great Equipage and Splendour Wherefore Man being ordained to be the great Master-piece
Circles of Cells full of Diaphanous Liquor and run horizontally being most commonly graced with an Orbicular Figure and resemble many round bedes set one by another The Bark of Trees having some likeness with the Skin of Animals The Bark of Trees is fastned to the Wood by many Cortical Fibres as the Skin of Man is conjoyned to the Body by the mediation of fruitful Fibres or Ligaments is contiguous to the Wood to which it is fastned by the interposition of many Cortical Fibres as the Skin is conjoyned to the Flesh by the mediation of innumerable thin Membranes and the Vessels appertaining to the Bark do often embrace each other and afterward are inserted into the Cuticula Whereupon I conceive it proceedeth that the Bark of many Trees are laticed with divers Fissures of different Figures and Magnitudes somewhat resembling the manner of Quadrangles of unequal sides And the said Fissures present us with several Postures and windings of the Vessels in their braces which is the cause that the Cuticle of some Trees peel off in a kind of Rings because the Vessels are lodged after the same position in the Bark in which divers braces and parting 's of the Vessels do much resemble the fine Network of the Skin made by the several unions of numerous Segments configuring the Vessels placed in the Cutis of a Humane Body CHAP. V. Of Pathology specified in many Disaffections and Diseases of the Cuticula and Cutis the outward and inward Skin HAving described the rare contexture of the Cuticula and Cutis of the finer and thicker Vestments encircling the Body of Man consisting of various Vessels and Fibres rarely interspersed and interwoven with each other and accompanied with numerous minute Glands discharging the hot steams and watry and saline parts of the Blood in Sweat through the excretory Vessels terminating into the Pores of the outward Skin and the comparate Anatomy of the Skin in Fish Insects and Plants My aim at this time is to Treat of the cutaneous symptomes as shadows attending different distempers and of various Diseases lodged principally in the inward and somewhat affecting the outward Skin which being thin and insensible is less obnoxious to Diseases and more liable to Symptoms This beautiful Vaile is sometime deformed in its surface with a yellow hue in the Jaundies The Skin is tinged with Yellow in the jaundies primarily caused by the obstructions of the cholidoc Duct not discharging the bilious parts of the Blood percolated by the hepatic Glands into the Duodenum whence the Liver being oppressed with too great a proportion of choleric Matter lodged first in the interstices of the Vessels is sollicited to throw it off with the mass of Blood into the extremity of the Cava through whose Trunk it is conveyed into the right Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled by the pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and afterwards through the greater Trunks and smaller Branches in the cutaneous Glands as so many colatories of the Blood in which a secretion is made of the thinner part of the bilious Humours and transmitted through the excretory Ducts of the Skin to the surface of the Body defacing its white Robe new died with Yellow derived from bilious Humours severed from the Purple Liquor And sometimes this fine vaile of the outward Skin is bespeckled with various unnatural colours The Skin is discoloured in scorbutick distempers malignant severs and the Plague with Red Purple Livid and Black Spots which are sometimes critical and other times symptomatical imparted to it by scorbutic distempers malignant Fevers and the Plague marking the sick with Red Purple Livid and Black Characters as so many emblems of different Diseases flowing from the less or greater indisposition of the Blood dispersed into the cutaneous Glands by which some thin Particles being severed from the mass of Blood are discharged through the excretory Ducts into the Confines of the Body variegated with different spots Which sometimes prove critical as giving alleviation to Patients and are good omens of Recovery and other times are ill symptomes speaking a desperate sickness and as so many Black Characters in which we may plainly read the fatal stroke of death The Skin is also obnoxious to divers Swellings Ulce Scabs and Scurfes according to variety of Diseases And so I pass from Shadows to Substances from Symptomes to Diseases produced à vitiata conformatione partium affectarum in cute whose elegant texture is highly disordered and its beautiful Figure defaced in unnatural colours Asperities Inflamations Swellings Ulcers incident to the Skin in the Measles Small Pox Scarlet Fevers St. Anthonies Fire or Erysipelus Itch Tetters Leprosies and the like The Measles and Small Pox are somewhat alike in Nature and Cure The description of the Measles and are both called by the Grecians in a general name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but the Small Pox are stiled more peculiarly by the Title of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whereupon the small Pox are some times complicated with the Measles as having affinity with each other which I saw in a Kentish Gentlewoman in whom the pimples of the Skin were interspersed with various red Asperities the marks of the Measles and blew spots the Shades of a more fatal Disease The Measles are much less then the other in bulk and are asperities or small risings of the Skin accompanied with a continued Fever arising as I conceive from ebullition of Blood which is transmitted by the capillary Arteries into the cutaneous Glands when the impure parts of the Blood are percolated and thrown through the excretory Ducts into the Skin highly tinged with a Red hue and rendred rough by some extravasated particles insinuated into the secret passages of the Skin whereupon it is made unequal by many minute protuberancies which soon grow ripe and disappear The Small Pox is a much greater and more troublesome distempers The description of the Small Pox. The symptomes of the Small Pox are the pain of the Head and Back attended with the pain of the Head and Back the forerunners of this noisome Disease the first arising from the Blood having recourse through the carotide Arteries to the Membranes of the Brain which are highly afflicted with its great effervescence and the pain of the Back proceedeth also from a great ebullition of Blood whose Compage being very much expanded by unnatural heat puffeth up the descendent Trunk of the Aorta whereupon the adjoyning vertebral Nerves are much discomposed and tortured with pain The Throat is very much inwardly swelled in the small Pox which is derived from the Matter of the Disease carried by the carotide Arteries into the tonsillary Glands which being tumefied do discompose the fauces and entrance of the Gulet and lessening its cavity do make a difficulty of swallowing Another symptome a concomitant of this vexatious distemper A sore throat and Cough are attendants of the Small Pox. Great
to another do lessen the former Dimensions affecting the Muscles before their Contraction So that the Muscles consisting of a double Tendon The Fibres being contracted in Muscular Motion the Muscle is shortned by bringing one Extreamitie as much as may be toward the other seated in each Extreamity are accompanied with Carnous Intermedial Fibres which being contracted inward do shorten the bodies of Muscles by bringing both their Extreamities nearer which being fastned to two different Terms the one moveable the other immoveable the moveable Extreamity upon the abbreviation of the Muscle in contraction must necessarily be drawn toward the immoveable Term as the Center of Motion Some learned Men do consign the motion of Muscles to Inflation Some attribute the manner of Muscular motion to a kind of Inflation deduced from the Volatil parts of Nervous Liquor inspired with Elastick Particles of Air insinuating themselves into Spaces interceding the Filaments of Carnous Fibres puffing them up and enlarging the Bulk of the Muscles But I suppose it more reasonable to believe that the Nervous Fibres are invigorated only by the spirituous Elastick Particles of the Animal Spirits not blowing up but irritating only the tender Filaments which being of most acute sense do contract themselves toward the inward Recesses of the Muscle Muscular motion is performed by irritation of the Fibres made by the Spirituous and Elastick parts of the Nervous Liquor and by drawing the Carnous Fibres close together do render its body more stiff and less by emptying the Vessels and the substance of the Muscle of its fluid parts which I imagine is thus effected In the Contraction of a Muscle the Carnous parts having a recourse inward do compress the Vessels and their Spaces passing between them and do first briskly squeese the Vessels impelling the source of Blood out of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels and from thence into the Capillary Veins and their greater Branches till the Blood passeth through the Trunk of the Cava The motion of the Blood is quickned by motion of Fibres compressing the Blood Vessels into the right Chamber of the Heart into which an extraordinary quantity of Blood is speedily imported in violent motion of the Body performed by quick and strong contractions of various Muscls which making compressions of numerous Sanguiducts do immit so great a torrent of Blood into the Heart that it is not able to discharge this Luxuriant Liquor by ordinary Pulsations and therefore it doubles and trebles the Vibration to satisfie the importunity The Muscles of the whole Body are Antagonists to the Muscle of the Heart caused by the over-hasty motion of Antagonist Muscles which are those of the whole Body in reference to the Heart thereby drawing the Lungs into strong and violent Motions that they might receive more frequent draughts of Air and attenuate the Blood and by Expiration to protrude it through the Lungs to free them from a sudden Suffocation So that it is very evident that the Muscles by the motion of their Carnous Fibres inward do straighten the Cavities of the Vessels and squeese not only the Vital Liquor out of the Arteries and Veins but the Nervous also out of the Filaments of Nerves whereupon the body of the Muscles must grow less upon the protrusion of their fluid parts and the body of the Muscle is not only lessened in greatness but in length too produced by the corrugation of the Carnous Fibres as learned Doctor Lower doth most reasonably assert So that the length of the Muscle is abbreviated when one Extreamity is fixed and the other left at liberty to play The Muscle being abbreviated pulleth the Limbs toward the center of motion and upon the contraction of the Muscle it being shortned the moveable part doth pull the Limbs to which it is fastned toward the quiescent term as the Center of Motion upon which the motion of the Muscle is supported Having taken the freedom to speak of the Mechanick parts of the Muscles founded in the Tendinous and Carnous Fibres and the Motion of them in a general Notice it followeth now in course to explain their more particular Motions how they relate to this and that Muscle and how a single or some few Muscles or more in confaederacy move and all the rest lie quiet I confess the causes and manner how this is accomplished is very intricate and perplexed are very little understood as depending upon the secret and unintelligible operation of the Soul in the Organick parts of the Body which how they are acted by that more Divine Principle and how an Immaterial Essence can espouse so near a union with a Material as to animate and move it arbitrarily It is very obscure how some Muscles should move at pleasure and others not and how such an intimate correspondence can be held between two such disproportioned Natures is so obscure and profound that it is very difficult if not impossible to be fathomed and how the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 should at its pleasure single out one or more Muscles and engage them to Motion and the rest of the Muscles of the whole Body rest unaffected Ingenious Regius hath ventured on a new Project as I conceive to salve the Phaenomena of this Motion by assigning it to two several Valves seated within the Nerves which being opened by the determination of the Will give the Animal Spirits an inlet into particular Muscles and these Valves being shut up give a check to the influence of the Spirits and so the Soul should not act in emission of Animal Spirits issuing from the Brain and Spinal Marrow but by opening and shutting these Valves And so our Divine part should play the part of an Organist in opening and shutting such Valves placed within the Organ procuring such Wind continually impelled out of the Bellows to pass according to his pleasure into this and that Pipe which he commandeth by pressing down the keys with his Fingers and opening the Valves appendant to the Keys and according to this phancy peculiar Filaments should be communicated from the Brain when the operations of the Soul are most eminently celebrated to every Valve of the Nerves opened and shut according to the commands of the Will This opinion The opinion of the Nervous Valves is contrary to sense supposing the motion of particular Muscles to be determined by the opening and shutting of Nervous Valves is built upon the flux and reflux of the Animal Spirits from and to the Brain and Spinal Marrow which seemeth very improbable seeing that which produceth the various determination of single Muscles and in a moment of time openeth and shutteth the Valves in the different contractions of several machines of Motion cannot be caused by the meer influx of Spirits which can only open the Valves and there can be no reflux of Spirits which when they are once entred into the Nerves they cannot be recalled by the power of the
and small branches into the spaces of the Vessels residing in the Muscular parts Another instance may be given of an Anasarca proceeding from an Abscess of the Liver In a young Man a long time diseased with a swelled habit of Body falling into a Jaundies and afterward into a great Bleeding of the Nose which spake a close to his Life who being opened a great Abscess was discovered in his Liver A third may be given of a Leucophlegmatia Repelling Medicines outwardly applied are unsafe if Universals be not first prescribed arising out of an Ulcer of the Lungs proceeding from the repelling of ill Humours affecting the Skin of the Head by the undue application of Topicks without the administration of Universals as Purging Bleeding Sweating c. A Child of ten Years old born of noble Parents was afflicted with a Scabby Head which is familiar to Children imprudently Cured by an old Woman applying drying and repelling Medicines whereupon the Saline Particles being received into cutaneous Jugular Veins with the Blood and then was carried by the descendent Trunk of the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so by the Pulmonary Arteries into the Lungs which were Ulcered by the saline Particles of the Blood repelled originally from the Scabby Head with which the purulent Matter being imported by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and thence dispersed by Arterial Trunks and Branches into the Muscular parts of the Body produced an Anasarca A Branch of a noble Family was often afflicted with a great difficulty of Breathing tending to Suffocation which at last gave an end to his Breath Whereupon the Abdomen being opened a great Liver presented it self and a Spleen divided into many Lobes which is rare the Intestines turgid with Wind and grosser Excrements and his Breast being opened his left side was full of serous Blood and the left Lobes were fixed to the Ribs Purulent matter the continent cause of an Anasarca and both were vitiated with various Colours of Green and Black and the substance of his Lungs was filled with purulent Matter the origen of the Anasarca dispensed into the habit of the Body The more remote Causes of the Anasarca The remote causes of an Anasarca may proceed Ab excretis retentis either from too great an expense of Humours or from natural Evacuations suppressed or from too slender a Diet not duly repairing the constant decays of the Blood or from too great a quantity of Recrements or from Heterogeneous Elements too much depressing the Liquor of Life As to the first The first remote cause is ab Excretis it ariseth Ab excretis from great Haemorrhages of Blood either pumped out of the Lungs by violent Coughing springing a Leak in some Vessel or flowing out of the Membranes of the Brain by Vessels inserted into the Coat covering the inside of the Nostrils or by great Fluxes of Vital Liquor by the Haemorrhoides and in Women by the Arteries of the Uterus Whereupon the Blood being largely expended through extravagant Evacuations is dispoiled of its more noble and volatil Particles and thereby groweth Depauperated and unable to raise a good Fermentation to subdue and assimilate the Chyle into its own Nature whence the Blood is oppressed with a great quantity of gross Recrements and watry Particles productive of a Leucophlegmatia The second remote Cause may be deduced The second remote cause is a Retentis A retentis from the suppression of natural and accustomed Evacuations either of Blood by the Haemorrhoides or of the Menstrua in Women bringing an Ascitis and frequently an Anasarca flowing from an exuberant Mass of Blood which by hindring its Circulation filleth it full of watry Recrements which else would be transmitted to the Kidneys and discharged by the Ureters into the Bladder depraving the Ferment of the Stomach and the other Viscera spoiling the elaboration of the Chyle made thereby uncapable to be turned into laudable Blood An Anasarca may be also produced by stopping up Issues which run freely without due evacuations by Blood-letting and Purging And a Dropsie may also ensue by the undue Application of Topicks in Cutaneous Diseases wherein the offensive Humours being repelled by Cold Astringent Medicines do highly infect the Blood with Recrements perverting its due Fermentation An Excretion also of a small quantity of Urine and a suppression of large Evacuations of watry Humours by Sweats in full Bodies do render the Blood watry and dispose the Body for an Anasarca The chief Indications that occur in order to the Cure of this Disease The first Curatory Indication is by all proper Medicines to evacuate the serous Recrements of the Blood and crude Humours stagnant in the empty Spaces of the Vessels and to prevent the generation of new watry Matter The second Preservatory the cause of the Anasarca whereupon care must be taken that the Glands of the Viscera may be so disposed as to make a secretion of the several Recrements of the Blood and discharge them by their proper Excretory Ducts and that the Ferments of the Stomach may be so well qualified as to open the Compage of the Meat and extract a good Alimentary Liquor and that the Blood being freed from its crude and indigested Particles may be exalted by volatil Salts and Sulphurs and by good Ferments of the Nervous Liquor that the Vital Liquor may be restored to its native Constitution and thereby may be acted with a good Fermentation and assimilation of the Chyle into Blood transmitted into and associated with it A vital Indication is not necessary to be satisfied in this Disease by reason weakness producing Lypothimies Syncopes do seldom happen in an Anasarca whereupon Restoratives are not requisite but rather Evacuating Medicines because an Anasarca is caused by a superabundance of watry Excrements lodged in the habit of the Body upon which account it may seem rational to advise a sparing Diet as very beneficial in this Disease by reason the great quantity of Serous Humours is much lessened by Abstinence and transmitted by the Secretory Glands of the Kidneys through the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters and so into the Bladder of Urine As to the Curatory Indications they are satisfied by Catharticks The Curatory Indication is satisfied by Purgatives and Diureticks assisted with Diureticks thereby expelling the watry Recrements of the Blood circulating in the Vessels and lodged in the Interstices of them whereupon a strong Hydragogues being administred and received into the Stomach they quickly pass through the Intestines and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where they are mixed with the Blood and do highly put it into a Fermentation and by opening the Compage of it do dispose the watry Particles for a separation and by carrying them down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta to the Mesenterick Arteries out of whose Extreamities they are discharged into the Intestines
of the Testicles And Dr. Glysson Dr. Wharton and Dr. Willis have discovered the Succus Nervosus and the last of them its production into the cortical Glands of the Brain Dr. Grew and Malpighius the Vessels of Air Sap Milk Resine Turpentine c. in Plants Dr. Croone discovered the Muscles called Pterigostaphylini to belong to the Palate and not the Uvula and hath very well explained the nature and use of the parts of the Ear Sir George Ent hath Dissected many Animals and made new discoveries of parts not mentioned by other Anatomists and more particularly in the Rana Piscatrix Dr. Lower and Steno found out the spiral Fibres and many other ranks disposed in great order in the Heart Dr. Charlton Sir Thomas Millington Dr. Lawson Dr. Tyson and all the Fellows of our Colledge are very skilful in Anatomical Dissections of Animals wherein they have laid open many Secrets of Nature Vpon this account I have given you the trouble of a History of New Discoveries made by most Learned Anatomists in the Body of Man and other Animals in curious Dissections that you may see the great Vse and Dignity of Anatomy and of your Glorious Theater consigned to it wherein all our Learned Exercises are celebrated to the advancement of Natural Philosophy and the Republick of Learning to which I have contributed my Mite Thus making my most Humble Addresses to the Almighty Creator Redeemer and Preserver That out of his infinite Goodness he would be Graciously pleased to return all your ample Favours to Me and our Society sevenfold into your own Bosome and to Grant you all Felicity in this World and Eternal Glory in the World to come which is the earnest Prayer of SIR Your most Faithful And most obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS The First BOOK The Third PART CHAP. I. Of the Spleen I Have spoken of the several parts in which the Chyle The manner of concoction of Chyle by various Ferments in the Mouth Stomach and Guts and its distribution through the Lacteal and Thoracick Ducts and Subclavian Veins into the Mass of Blood and so conveyed through the Heart Lungs and other Vessels into the Spleen the Materia Substrata of Blood is prepared and perfectly Concocted and first of the Mouth in which as a Room of entertainment we treat our selves with variety of Meat and Drink which being broken into small Particles impraegnated with Nitro-aereal Atomes and Salival Liquor destilling out of the Oral Glands are conveyed through the Gulet as a Gallery into the Kitchin of the Stomach where the prepared Aliment is farther Cooked by the natural heat and Serous and Nervous Ferments ousing out of the Terminations of Arteries and Nerves implanted into the glandulous Coat of the Ventricle and thence transmitted through secret passages into its Cavity wherein the said Ferments embody with the broken Aliment consisting of different principles preinspired with Elastick and Volatil Airy Particles and intenerated with Salival Liquor whereupon a Fermentation ariseth in the Stomach making in some manner a dissolution of the Compage of Meat by Colliquation out of which a Milky Tincture is extracted in the Ventricle and transmitted into the Guts wherein it associateth with new Ferments of Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor giving a farther Concoction to the Chyle as rendring it more attenuated and white which is afterward dispensed through the Mesenterick Lacteal Vessels into the common Receptacle and from thence through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where the Chyle confederates with the Blood into which it is assimilated by degrees and is imported by the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart by whose contraction made by Carnous Fibres the Vital Liquor is coveyed through the Lungs by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and there some streams of Blood are impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery a Branch of it into the Spleen which is my Province at this time So that having discoursed of the several parts The Blood is refined in the Spleen in which the Chyle is generated and dispensed by many Vessels into the Blood and by various Intestine and Local Motions is assimilated into it My Task is now to give you an account how the Purple Liquor the perfection of Chyle is percolated and refined in the Spleen And to that intent as ambulatory to it I will handle its Membranes Situation Connexion Colour Figure Magnitude Vessels Substance Glands and their Uses to which I will add at last its Pathology and its Cures The Spleen is lodged in the Left Side The situation of the Spleen not directly opposite to the Liver as being placed somewhat lower and farther distant from the Diaphragme in the middle between the Vertebres and the Cartilages of the Bastard Ribs according to Vesalius upon which the Spleen leaneth and is guarded with the Ribs it hath a Cavity in its Head bending toward the Right Side which giveth a reception to the Protuberance of the adjacent part of the Stomach when it is extended This part of the Spleen is more hollow in Bullocks Hogs and Dogs then in Men and in those Animals the Cavity of it embraceth the Convex Surface of the Stomach the third part of a Circle In its upper and Convex Region The connexion of the Spleen it is loosely tied to the Midriff and in its lower part to the left Kidney by the mediation of thin Membraneous Fibrils derived from the Rim of the Belly and the Spleen in its hollowish part it is fastned to the Caul and Neighbouring parts and in a healthy Body it doth not descend below the lowest Rib But in an ill Constitution the Ligaments being relaxed or broken by which it is affixed 〈…〉 Midriff Left Kidney and Caul The Spleen hath been observed 〈◊〉 Cabrolius to fall down into the Cavity of the belly and by Riolan to reâ—â—â— upon the Womb in a Woman of Paris The Spleen of a Foetus The colour of the Spleen is hued with a bright Red resembling in Colour that of the Liver but in young Men it is of a more deep Red and Persons of Elder Years inclineth to a blackish or deep Purple which is more black in some Bruits and is more light in Hogs and Ash-coloured in divers Fish The Spleen is thicker in its top The dimensions and figure of the Spleen and more thin toward its bottom ending in a kind of obtuse Cone and is called by some Anatomists Viscus Linguosum from resembling a Tongue in Figure which is more eminent in the Spleen of Bruits it hath a Convex Surface without toward the Left Side and Midriff and a flattish in the lower Region and is hollow toward the Right Side to give admission to the Protuberance of the neighbouring parts of the Stomach into its Bosome and is endued with a white Line running the whole length and with some Asperities where it giveth reception to
the defect of a kindly natural heat and good Ferment Crude Urine proceeding from an unkindly natural heat the Vehicle of the Chyle and Blood groweth crude and thin resembling fair Water in Colour produced by the want of Saline and chiefly Sulphureous parts not well cocted and embodied with the Potulent Matter of the Vital Liquor which is very manifest when we take too free Cups of Drink irritating Nature by violent Pulsations of the Heart and Arteries to discharge the watry parts clogging the Blood by the Kidneys before they are sufficiently confaederated by a due digestion with Saline and Sulphureous parts to give them an Amber Colour But if the watry Recrements of the Vital Liquor The cause of a red and gross Urine be embodied with the Elements of the Blood too much exalted by its intense heat and ill Ferments the Urine becometh Red and gross So that the Potulent parts of the Alimentary Liquor tinged with a Lixivial disposition in their first Rudiment in the Stomach are afterward imparted to the Blood with which its thin Vehicle is associated and is receptive of a farther Coction and deeper Amber Colour as it is endued with more Saline and Sulphureous Recrements by reason the Effaete and Adust parts of the Vital Liquor though for the most part discharged into the Bladder of Gall and Hepatick Duct yet some proportion of the Sulphureous and Saline Faeces is embodied with the serous Vehicle of the Blood and by Coction affecteth it with a deep Lixivial Tincture especially upon great Fasting and a high Ebullition of the Blood in acute continued Fevers On the other side Urine groweth very Pale The cause of a pale Urine after the over-much Indulgence of our Appetites with great and frequent draughts of Beer and Wine which being received with crude Chyle into the Blood do give it a quick Motion by which the Potulent part is impelled into the Kidneys before it hath received an Amber hue produced by the Saline and Sulphureous superfluities of the Blood Having given an account of the Quantity and Colours of Urine it may seem pertinent now to Discourse somewhat of its Contents or Hypostasis and its matter and manner of Production The Vital Juice being in perpetual motion to give it heat and Life The Hypostasis of Urine as also refinement in its passage through divers Colatories and last of all Nutrition too while the Blood is impelled out of the Terminations of Arteries into the Interstices of various Vessels before it is received into the Roots of the Veins to make good the Retrograde Motion of the Blood into the right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart whereupon I humbly conceive Nutrition is performed by the motion of the Blood through the substance of the Viscera Membranes and Muscular parts wherein the Vital Liquor being some small time extravasated in its motion between the Vessels from the Termination of one to the beginning of the other during which passage some soft and albuminous parts of the Blood embodied with the Succus Nutricius are received into the innumerable Pores of the Vessels and Assimilated by a kind of accretion into their substance and the parts improper for Nutricion as being too crude and gross do embody with the watry superfluities of the Blood which being carried down the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Arteries into the Glands of the Kidneys a secretion is made of the Potulent parts of the Blood The white contents of Urine and the reliques of the third Concoction which being of a clammy nature do easily incorporate with each other and do produce the White Contents of the Urine inclining to the bottom of the Urinal Learned Doctor Willis The contents of Urine as to its substance maketh the Contents of Urine to be a Composition of many long small Filaments interwoven and complicated with each other produced by various motions upward and downward this and that way whereby they mutually embody Of which the Renowned Author giveth a farther account Pag. 11. De Urinis Filamenta ista sunt longa tertia etiam asperitatibus quibusdam veprium instar praedita ut hinc inde commota facile se invicem corripiant inter se complicentur non aliter ac si matracio aquae-pleno plurimos injicias pilos ac deinde vas istud diu conquassando circumducas pili primo sparsim innatantes brevi post tempore se mutuo comprehendent ac in unam fasciolam colligentur pari uti videtur ratione Filamenta quae Hypostasin constituunt calore Spiritibus Urinae insitis varie hinc inde agitata se invicem implicant protrudunt donec mutuo omnium implexu in unam nubeculam coeunt quoniam Filamenta illa sunt compacta Caeteris contentis solidiora pondere suo versus fundum subsidunt This Hypothesis may be probably reinforced by reason of the Filaments seated in the Blood which being endued with a laudable disposition fit for Nutrition is affected with many white Fibres because the Blood let out of the Vessels being immitted into warm Water the red Crassament is diluted and the long white Filaments may be discovered to swim on the surface of the Water In ill Hydropick Constitutions of Bodies the Blood being clogged with watry Recrements is despoiled of its well digested Filaments whereupon the Urine is destitute of all Hypostasis or groweth turbid and confused which is caused by a quantity of gross reliques of Concoction filling up the Pores of the Urine A good and laudable Hypostasis A good Hypostasis of a white colour is of a white Colour proceeding from the remains of Nutricion which is repaired by the Crystalline part of the Blood embodied with the Nervous Liquor which being both of a whitish aray give the same Tincture to the Hypostasis which is their more crude Particles disserviceable to Nutricion as being not capable to be received into the innumerable Pores of the solid parts in order to be turned into their substance It is of a kind of equal Consistence not gross in one part The figure of the Hypostasis and thin in another and hath a kind of round or rather as I conceive an Oval Figure when the Urine is confined within the sides of a Urinal and hangeth in the body of the Urine somewhat tending towards its lower Region The Consistence of Urine in healthy Persons is of a middle nature The good consistence of Urine between Thick and Thin somewhat resembling a high bodied Langoon white Wine or well-brued Ale as Doctor Willis will have it consisting of many well dissolved particles of Salt and Sulphur and some Earth broken very small and lodged in the innumerable Pores of Urine So that if they be destitute of Saline Sulphureous and Earthy Particles as it is often found in great Drinkers the Urine hath a thin pale colour but in other Bodies that have foul Masses of Blood the Urine groweth thick and
Liquor fenced in with a circle which is not yet obliterated whose ambient parts are interspersed with Rivulets confined within Minute Vessels tending toward the Amnion When the Hen hath sate a day and night When the Hen hath sate a day and night many Globules appear the Rough-draught of the Vertebres of the Spine the Cicatricula is very much enlarged in the obtuse part of the Egg and the draught of the Chicken groweth more conspicuous and is lodged in the Colliquament endued with a long Head and many Globular rudiments of the Vertebres making up the Spine which now beginneth to be made hollowed and fit for the entertainment of the Spinal Marrow and the Wings do seem to discover themselves in the manner of a Cross and three larger Vesicles may be discerned to be seated in the extremity of the Spine which are the first lineaments of the Brain and also two Globules the rudiments of the Eyes as Learned Malpighius hath observed About thirty and thirty six hours About thirty six hours the Vesicles seated on the top of the Spine are become more fair the Vesicles seated in the top of the Spine and the Globules the ruder draught of the Vertebres of it appear more evident and the Umbilical Area is shaded with Varicose Vessels which are first Coated with a yellowish and afterward with reddish hue In the Head furnished with two Appendages the Eyes discover themselves and many Circles immuring other several Areae do contain within them five Vesicles the uppermost is filled with a dark and crystalline Liquor the rudiments of the Brain After the Hen hath sate fourty hours upon an Egg After fourty hours sitting of the Hen the Cicatricula is painted with variety of colours the circles immuring the Seminal Liquor in the Cicatricula make a greater and more clear shew at which time they are elegantly painted with variety of colours somewhat resembling the Rain-bow and the figure of the Eye as having a protuberance not unlike that of Cornea this Prominence encircleth a most transparent Colliquated Liquor somewhat akin in colour to that of the watry humour of the Eye This fine sight of the Cicatricula is very elegantly described by great Harvey Secunda ovi inspectione Exercitatione decima sexta Ait ille Praeterito die secundo dicti Cicatriculae circuli conspectiores atque ampliores fiunt ad magnitudinem unguis digiti annularis interdum medii quibus tota macula in duas regiones aliquando tres easque diversis sane coloribus obscure distinctis dividitur oculi figuram plane referens tum protuberantia aliqua qualis in Cornea tunica visitur tum magnitudine tum etiam humore transparente lucidissimo intus contento Cujus centrum pupillam repraesentat sed puncto quodam albo in centro existente tanquam aviculae alicujus ocellus suffusionem sive Cataractam ut vocant in medio pupillae pateretur ob quam similitudinem oculum ovi nominavimus Now the fine compage of the little Foetus beginneth more clearly to sport it self in the pure Crystalline Liquor The little Foetus groweth more completed in which the Spine cometh to larger dimensions and the Orbicular Globules relating to the Vertebres are more completed and the Vesicles of the Brain approach nearer to the substance of it and the lineaments of the Eyes consisting in two little Orbs arrive greater perfection and the Beating-point the first draught of the Heart now beginneth to discover it self in manifest different motions The outward Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle The Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle having an Aperture toward the Heart which hath an Aperture bending toward the Heart or Dancing-point which in its contraction doth impell the whitish liquor into the right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart and from thence into the left and is then transmitted into the Aorta from whence one Trunk is propagated into the Head and another all along to the extremity of the Spine transmitting many Ramulets into the Umbilical region wherein they often associate and part again in the manner of a reticular plexe which is also very eminent in the numerous branches of other Blood-vessels The Beating-point being endued with successive motions of Constriction and Dilatation The Beating-point hath alternate motions of Constriction and Dilatation which doth plainly evince it to be the Heart whose ambient parts are enclosed within thin Muscular walls not as yet clothed in Red which is its best and native aray when brought to due perfection The Vital Liquor first arayed in whitish and afterward in a darker and reddish colour appeareth first in the terminations of the Umbilical Vessels before it is transmitted into the right auricle and ventricle of the Heart not formed The Blood first appeareth White and is afterward made Red. whence it may be inferred with great probability that the Blood receiveth its first rudiment in the ambient parts of the White The Blood is first generated in the ambient parts of the Colliquated Liquor and is afterward imparted to the Heart lodged in the center of the Body and I humbly conceive That the first draught of the Vital Juice is a kind of the Colliquated Seminal Liquor which after some Fermentation is endued with a yellowish and afterward with a reddish hue before it is transmitted from the Circumference toward the center of the transparent Liquor in which the Beating-point playeth up and down as sporting it self in successive motions So that Vital Liquor is by divers steps clothed with Purple before the Heart beginneth its Pulsation And like as in the production of Seeds the Eggs of Plants The Plants have their first production out of different Elements a Sap or transparent Seminal Liquor is first conveyed out of the Earth as out of a fruitful Womb impregnating the Seed out of whose bosom the Germina the first Shoots Trunks Leaves and Flowers are formed by variety of Sap and Air-vessels big with several fermentative concreting Elements which produces the different Integrals making the curious compage of Plants in like manner the Foetus of other more perfect Animals and Birds too is generated of many Juices consisting of different principles producing several Intestine motions The Foetus of Birds is generated of many Juices as out of different principles by which the various parts of Animals receive their first draughts and afterward their more admirable finishings wherein we may see and adore the great works of God and Nature in the divers processes of Generation whereupon we may plainly perceive the Foetus of Birds to have its parts gradually sprouting out of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor made up of many fermentative Elements by whose opposite motions the Blood arriveth greater and greater degrees of perfection at last putting on its purple robe before it maketh its perambulation in several gesses through all the parts of the
the left side and as to the length of the Thorax the Base of the Heart is much nearer to the first Vertebre than the Cone to the twelfth and moreover the Base of the Heart is more distant from the upper Bone than from the lower the Sword-like Cartilage And its Base may be more truly said to be placed in the middle of the Thorax in reference to its left and right side and the upper region of the Base is equally distant too in relation to the Sternon as being measured by a right line whereupon the Base will be found not to incline to either Extremity of the Sternon And farthermore the Hearts of Bruits are seated more truly in the middle of the Thorax than this of Man The Connexion of the Heart is made principally by the Vena Cava and Aorta which fasten its Base to the backside of the Thorax The Connexion of the Heart and it is tied also to the Pericardium and Diaphragm by its interposition The greatness of this noble Viscus is various in several Ages The dimensions of the Heart and it hath greater dimensions in Man if regard be had to the proportion of his Body than in any other Animal and it is commonly in Persons of mature age six fingers longs and four broad and it hath been observed to be less and more firm and compact in daring men of Eminent courage than in Cowards who are said to have flabby great Hearts The Heart is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure The Firgure of the Heart as being more enlarged in its Base and ending in a Cone somewhat resembling a Pine Nut and is not perfectly Orbicular as being somewhat more depressed in its anterior and posterior Region and more Protuberant on each side The Surface of the Heart is for the most part smooth The Surface of the Heart only it hath some little inequality in reference to the Blood-vessels which are divaricated through its Ambient parts and admitteth some Asperities in relation to its Fat This Noble Machine of Motion may be truly styled a Muscle The Heart is a true Muscle as being furnished with all its parts disposed in a most Elegant order and is Compounded of Carnous Fibres Nerves Tendons Arteries Veins c. This excellent Muscle being beautified with a kind of Circular Figure in point of its Circumference and Pyramidal in reference to its length is furnished with divers rank of Fleshy Fibres which do not take their progress in right Lines but in oblique before they are inserted into their Tendons to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves with greater force as making their approaches nearer to each other whereupon the body of this Eminent Muscle groweth more strong rigid and tense as being highly invigorated in its Contraction And in a well boiled Sheeps or Bullocks Heart The Tendon of the Heart into which many fleshy Fibres are inserted being divested of its Vessels and Auricles a strong Tendon may be discovered which encircleth the Margents about the right and left entrance into its Ventricles Into this Tendon as Learned Dr. Lower hath well observed many Carnous Fibres integrating the Ambient parts of the Heart are Inserted with an oblique position And not only the outward region of the Heart The Ventricles of the Heart are beset with many Fibres but the inward recesses of the Ventricles too are beset with Fleshy Fibres carried in Flexures except some few Fibres which climb directly upward through the outward surface of the Ventricle and are inserted into the Base of the Heart The other Fibres which beset each Ventricle of the Heart The various Fibres of the Ventricles are carried in opposite Positions have a double rank and order and are carried in a contrary progress by reason the Fibres lodged under these right ones do climb up obliquely from the left side to the right and terminate into the Base of the Heart and do very much resemble the winding Cavities of the Ear in their Spiral Circumference Other Fibres are also seated under the Ambient Fibres which pass in an opposite posture to the former and as the other treated of before run from the left side toward the right So these arise out of the right side of the Heart and take their progress toward the left in oblique manner and encircle both Chambers of the Heart and ascend to the Base of the left side and make many Spires in inverted positions to those Fibres that proceed from the left side of the Heart This extraordinary Muscle is made up of divers ranks of fleshy Fibres Divers ranks of Fibres may be discovered upon the Excarnation of the Heart which present themselves to our Eye one after another upon the Excarnation of a boiled Heart The first rank appear as soon as the Tunicle is taken off and these lodged more deeply cannot be discovered unless the Heart be divested of its outward row The tracts and windings of these Fibres may be discerned as if we were led by a thread The Fibres do somewhat resemble a Skain of Thread as Learned Dr. Lower phraseth it but by reason some threads being less fine are wound into a Skain and seem at the first sight to resemble the complicated Fibres not made up after the same order as threads in a Skain but have very different Progresses observing various methods which very much thwart each other So that the Tunicle of the Heart being removed some may fancy that all Fibres of the Heart are carried obliquely from the Base of the Cone in one continued Duct but upon a more curious search he shall find Most of the Fibres are reflected when they have the length of the Heart that few of them do make half the length of the Heart but a little space after they have arose out of the Tendon they are reflected under the superior rank and then wholly disappear And moreover it is remarkable that the Ambient rank of Fibres are not all extended from the Base to the Cone of the Heart but some of them when they have arrived to the middle of its Circumference or rather Length are reflected in the manner of an Arch and are inserted with an oblique Duct into the Tendon of the other side and Ventricle The right Ventricle being cut off let us consider the Mechanism of the left which in some sort holdeth Analogy with the right and is different by reason the double rank of Fibres in the left Chamber of the Heart hath an inverted order terminating into opposite Tendons The double rank of Fibres of the left Ventricle do terminate into opposite Tendons because the outward Fibres being carried the whole compass of the Ventricle in the left side do climb up with Spiral Flexures and end into the Base of the Heart But the more inward Fibres of this Ventricle which have the same elongation with the outward in reference to the Cone are carried
open entrance of the Aorta to make good the motion of the Vital Liquor into all parts of the Body The Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart are partly made up in its lower Region of many Semicircular Fibres The Semilunary Valves of the left Ventricles and in their upper with many right fine Fibrils filling up the Surface of these Valves †T. 15. F. 2. d d d. which are three in number encompassing the Orifice of the great Artery of which the greatest is seated in the middle †T. 15. F. 2. a a a. The use of these fine Valves is to hinder the recourse of Blood out of the Orifice of the Aorta into the Cavity of the left Ventricle The use of the Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart which may be clearly proved by the structure of the Valves which being Concave bodies seated in the entrance of the great Artery are receptive of the Blood entertained into the Aorta and moving toward the left Ventricle So that Blood being detained in these Valves as so many Receptacles doth impede its motion backward toward the left Chamber of the Heart and at the same moment the Cavity of the Aorta being straightned by many Circular Fibres doth impel the Blood more and more forward toward the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta to promote the Circulation of the Purple Liquor into the several Apartiments of the Body When the Blood is received out of the left Ventricle into the Cavity of the Aorta Nature hath provided Semilunary Valves affixed to the mouth of the great Artery which do detain some parts of the Blood beaten back by the Pulsation of the Arteries in their Cavities The use of the Semicircular and right Fibres relating to the Semilunary Vavles as so many Membranous Cells beset with divers Semicircular and right Fibres which do Contract themselves and narrow the hollowness of the Semicircular Valves and help to impel the recoiling Blood forward into the common Trunk of the great Artery and afterward into the greater and smaller Arterial Branches to give Life and Heat to all regions of the Body CHAP. XVIII Of the Motion of the Heart THe Heart is the most noble piece of Houshold-stuff The Heart is a Machine of Motion belonging to the middle Apartiment as it is a rate Machine of Motion ordained by Nature to make good the Circulation of Blood the great Preservative of Life whereupon it may justly claim to it self a Prerogative of being the chief Muscle of the whole Body as it is in perpetual motion and thereupon hath most strong Carnous Fibres considering its small bulk So that its Flesh is very solid firm and uniform tinged with a bright Red and its Prismatick Columns are so strongly conjoyned that they cannot be easily severed from their Membranes and numerous Tendinous Fibres And above all the fleshy Fibres of the Heart are so linked together in each Ventricle that they will hardly admit any separation And moreover the Fibres of this rare Engine of Motion The Fibres do not always run parallel but in irregular Lines being as it were so many minute Muscles have a different disposition and configuration from those of other Muscles as they do not run in parallel but more irregular Lines as variously intersecting each other sometimes in Obtuse and other times in right Angles and make their progress in various positions vid. right obliâ—ue transverse and spiral The Walls belonging to the Chambers of the Heart The Walls of the Heart are made of divers ranks of Fibres are framed of divers ranks of Carnous Fibres as so many Machines of Motion seated one above another which are not only affixed to each other by the interposition of strong Membranes or Ligaments but are also firmly and mutually tied by the mediation of fleshy Fibres This curious Fabrick of the Heart is contrived with wonderful Artifice speaking the infinite Wisdom of the Grand Architect and under the Membrane immediately encircling the Heart and from its Base and from the Tendinous Circular Orifices in which the Vena Cava and the Pulmonary Vein do Terminate and from the Origens of the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery is propagated a rank of fleshy Fibres The first rank of fleshy Fibres and their progress which observe a kind of equidistance from each other and passing in right Lines toward the Cone where they being variously interwoven are reflected toward the inward Walls of the Ventricles Under this outward row are seated other more inward ranks of fleshy Fibres running in oblique and spiral postures which tending toward the Cone do bend backward before they arrive its point and decussate each other with various Plexes and afterward do pass inward in oblique and spiral wreaths being in conjunction with many ranks toward the Base of the Heart and do partly make the inward Columns of the Ventricles to which the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal and Mitral Valves are affixed and the most inward ranks of these strong fleshy Fibres do integrate the Walls of the right and left Chambers of the Heart Their inward fleshy Fibres are large The inward fleshy Fibres of the Heart like so many Trunks where they are implanted into the Tendon about the right Auricle near the Base of the Heart and afterward grow less and less as they branch themselves in oblique and spiral positions toward the Cone The most inward Lair of Carnous Fibres have greatest Dimensions The most inward rank of Fibres are the greatest and the next ranks grow smaller and smaller as they more and more approach the Circumference of the Heart and all the rows of Fibers are curiously interwoven and strongly tied to each other by many Ligaments and fleshy Fibres which I have often clearly viewed upon Dissections Whereupon the many ranks of Fibres being firmly and mutually conjoyned do joyntly assist each other as one Compage in order to move the Heart which is made inward toward the Center in which the most strong Fibres are seated as most able to Contract the Ventricles of the Heart and make the more brisk impulse of the Blood into the Origens of the Arteries The Areae The Areae of the fleshy Fibres are adorned with various Figures or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres interwoven with each other in a kind of Network are endued with variety of Figures some resembling Rhomboids others Prismes a third Ovals and a fourth have several irregular shapes and different magnitudes And these fleshy Fibres have not only divers empty spaces interceding their numerous intersections The fleshy Fibres are beset with many small Pores and Plexes but the Fibres themselves are beset with numerous minute Pores capable to receive Vital Liquor which distendeth the Compage of the Fibres rendring it tense and rigid Learned Borellus Borellus his Illustration of the Motion of the Heart Mechanically by a Clue of moistned Thread
of strong Ligaments and by the entercourse of Fibres which mutually unite their several ranks So that when the Fibres grow tense and rigid by the free reception of drops of Blood through their fruitful Pores into their inward Compage the intermedial spaces of the Fibres are lessened and seeing the bodies of the Fibres being enlarged in dimensions cannot have recourse outward as being confined by the ambient parts of the Heart not capable to have their Convex Surface dilated the distended Fibres must of necessity be more and more drawn inward as they approach the Center of the Heart till the Concave Perimeter is first lessened and then taken away to discharge the Blood into the Orifices of the adjoyning Arteries for the support of the whole Body Farthermore The Septum of the Heart being thick is not easily Contracted the Septum or Partition-wall of the Heart being thick is not easily Contracted as made up of many Spiral Fibres which hinder the motion of its Extremities toward the Middle So that it is more easie according to the Mechanism of the Heart for the Walls by approaching each side of the Septum to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles than for the Extremities of the Septum to be drawn toward the Middle Farthermore to illustrate this discourse of the Motion of the Heart I will add that the outward Perimeter of the Heart being not alterable as guarded with a multitude of Spiral Fibres and the more inward ranks acquiring greater dimensions by having their spongy substance distended with the reception of a quantity of Blood must be drawn inward by making more Corrugations as they approach the Center whereupon the sphaere relating to the Ventricles of the Heart must be lessened as being filled up by the enlarged Fibres of the Heart which being inwardly imitated by a large proportion of Blood imbibed into their inward Recesses and outwardly by a compression made by a current of Blood bearing upon the Walls of the Heart do often Contract inward appearing in repeated Vibrations to ease their Intrals and outward Surface from a load oppressing them by discharging it into the neighbouring Vessels And it is very conspicuous that the Motion of the Heart is exerted by fleshy Fibres moving in several ranks toward the Center by various Corrugations straightning the inward Perimeter of the Ventricles by making an Incision into the Ventricles whereby a Finger being immitted into either of them is highly pinched by the strong Contractions of the fleshy Fibres more and more approaching the Center The Cavities of the Ventricles are lessened in the Pulsation of the Heart And it is also agreeable to Ocular demonstration that at the same time when the divers ranks of fleshy Fibres are carried more and more inward in various Flexures toward the Center to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles that the outward Perimeter of the Heart is neither Distended nor Contracted which I plainly saw in a Dog Dissected alive in the Theatre of the Colledge of Physicians in London And the Heart is a Machine of Motion The motion of the Heart is performed by Carnous and Tendinous Fibres not as acted alone by fleshy Fibres qua pure praecise tales but as accompanied with Nervous and Tendinous Fibres which are inserted into and mixed with Carnous and are great Auxiliaries if not principal Actors in the repeated Systoles of the Heart This may be clearly proved by a Ligature made upon the eighth Pair of Nerves in the Necks of Animals whereupon the Heart will be highly afflicted with great Palpitations faint Pulsations and difficult Breathing caused by the current of Nervous Liquor inspired with Animal Spirits much intercepted in its progress toward the Heart by a strong compress of the eighth pair of Nerves The Nervous Liquor is enobled with Animal Spirits seated in the Brain The Carnous Fibres are acted by Nervous as endued with Animal Liquor and Spirits whence they are rendred tense being a system of numerous Fibres as in a Fountain from which many constant streams of Animal juice are gently transmitted through several divarications of Nerves relating to the eighth pair and Intercostal Nerves into the fleshy Fibres and Tendons of the Heart which are rendred Tense with their Nervous Liquor expanded and invigorated with the Subtle and Elastick Particles of Animal Spirits as well as the Carnous Fibres are swelled with innumerable drops of Vital Liquor received through many Pores into their spongy substance whereby the many Lairs of fleshy Fibres fastned to each other by strong Ligaments and the mutual union of fleshy Fibres interceding them do more and more Contract toward the Center and cause the Walls of the Ventricles to make brisk Appulses upon the Blood and by a violent Compression force it out of the Cisterns of the Heart into the adjoyning Sanguiducts CHAP. XIX Of the Pathology of the Motion of the Heart HAving given a History of the Motion of the Heart Mechanically performed by the Contraction of various ranks of fleshy Fibres associated with many Tendinous and Nervous Fibres My design at this time is to speak of the Pathology of its Motion as it is after a manner abolished diminished or depraved The two first irregular Motions of the Heart may be comprised in a Syncope The Syncope and Lypothymy of the Heart do differ gradually and Lipothymy which do not formally or essentially differ but only gradually secundum Magis Minus as the first is higher than the latter So that they being both symptoms attending the Motion of the Heart are near akin to each other as proceeding from the same causes as affected with higher or lower degrees vid. From the defect of Blood or too great a quantity or from its grosness or Concretion or from Corruption or lastly by the defect or fault of the Animal Spirits The defect of Blood in the Heart The first cause of defect of Blood may proceed from a weak concoctive faculty of the Stomach derived from a want of due Ferments and kindly heat in Chronick and acute diseases whereupon a small quantity of Chyle the Materia substrata Sanguinis is produced Another cause of the defect of Blood in the Heart The second cause of the Penury of Blood may be deduced from an obstruction of the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava caused by some Fleshy substance or by some concreted Blood intercepting the current of Blood into the right Cistern of the Heart or by the same causes in the Pulmonary Vessels giving a check to the motion of Blood out of the Lungs into the left Ventricle An Instance may be given of the hindred circulation of Blood produced from its Coagulation in the Trunk of the Vena Cava in a Maid of Fourteen years old who after she had been highly afflicted for a day with a great heaviness and a vertiginous indisposition and frequent Syncopes took her farewell of her Friends and her miserable life and afterward she
the Heart A fourth cause of the inordinate motion of the Heart may be deduced from the Nerves A fourth cause of Convulsive motions in the Heart animating the Carnous Fibres of the Arteries which do interrupt the equal and natural course of the Blood by reason the Cavities of the Arteries are very much narrowed by the Convulsion of the Nerves inserted into the Carnous Fibres whereupon the impulse of Blood is stopped as in the disorder of the Nerves in great passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and the like which cause great consternation and confusion So that it is probable that the Trunk of the Aorta being very much lessened by the Convulsion of the Nervous Fibril drawing the Carnous seated in the Coat of the great Artery adjoyning to the left Chamber of the Heart much hinder the motion of the Blood out of the Heart into the Aorta whereupon the Ventricle of the Heart being highly distended by overmuch Blood will cause many violent Pulsations or Convulsive Contractions to discharge the exuberant quantity of Blood into the Orifice of the great Artery Persons subject to immoderate passion of Anger Grief Joy and those that are much afflicted with Hypocondriacal and Scorbutical Diseases are very obnoxious upon every light occasion and sometimes without any provocation to passions and convulsive motions of the Heart called vulgarly the Palpitations of it as having the Cardiack Nerves affected with a gross Succus Nutricius proceeding from ill humors in a Cachectick body oppressed with Acide Ferments of the Blood acted also with gross saline Particles Palpitations of the Heart also proceed from a great quantity of Blood ready to suffocate the Heart and put the Fibres of the Heart into inordinate Motions as well as the Nerves highly irritated by an exuberance of Blood compressing of the Heart and thereby hindring the passage of the Nervous Liquor in the Interstices of the Filaments often productive of Convulsive motions afflicting the Heart These irregular motions are also generated in the origen of the Nerves when they are disordered with some Acrimonious Matter vellicating the Fibres seated in the ambient parts of the Brain As to the Cure of these Convulsive Motions producing a great exuberance of Stagnant Vital Liquor in the Heart it denoteth frequent opening of a Vein to sollicite the motion of Stagnant Blood to abase its quantity And in reference to the cause of Convulsions seated in the Nerves producing the palpitation of the Heart Cephalick Apozemes Electuaries Spirit of Hearts Horn Spirit of Amber Succinated c. may be of great use CHAP. XX. Of the Motion of the Blood HAving given my Sentiments of the Structure and Motion of the Heart I will now Treat of the Motion of the Blood as the End and Complement of the other by reason the Heart is designed by Nature to be a rare Engine of Motion to make good the circulation of the Vital Liquor The All Wise and Omnipotent Agent created Man as the Soveraign of this lower Orb after his own Image and inspired him with the Spirit of life conserved by Motion of the Blood and to this end the Grand Architect hath framed a fit Apparatus of Organs the Heart as a noble Blood-work furnished with numerous appendages of Channels as so many Sanguiducts the Veins and Arteries to import and export streams of Blood to and from the Heart as a choice Engine to promote the Motion of the Blood the great preservative of Life In order to the better understanding of the Motion of the Blood these Considerables may seem to offer themselves to our notice First The manner how this Motion is accomplished Secondly What quantity of Blood passeth through the chambers of the Heart in a short space of time Thirdly The Cisterns and Ducts through which this noble Liquor floweth out of the Heart first into the Lungs and after runs into all parts of the Body And Lastly the end to which the Motion of the Blood is consigned The manner of the motion of the vital Liquor The Motion of the vital Liquor is performed by the Diastole and Systole of the Heart the First is rather a Laxament than a Motion wherein its Fibres are relaxed by streams of Blood expanding the cavities of the Heart which being received through numerous Pores into the inward Compage of the fleshy fibres do enlarge their Dimensions and put them upon greater and greater Contractions as they more and more approach the center whereby the Concave surface of the Ventricles grow less and less as they approach nearer and nearer to each other In the Diastole of the distended fibres The Ventricles of the Heart are distended with Blood in the Diastole and emptied by a Systole the Ventricles are dilated with a quantity of Blood filling up their Cavities and in the Systole their concave Perimeter is taken up with fleshy fibres having imbibed innumerable drops of Blood whereupon the inward swelled walls of the Heart being drawn close to each other do squeeze the drops contained in the pores of the Fibres and the greater streams of Blood lately received into the empty spaces of the Ventricles into the neighbouring Arteries to make good the Motion of the Blood As to the manner how the motion of the vital Juyce is managed out of the Cistern of the Heart into the adjacent Sanguiducts The manner how the Motion of the Blood is made in the Blood-Vessels some conceive it to be acted mechanically by a spiral wreathing of the Fibres after the same manner as water is squeezed out of wet Cloaths by a greater and greater winding them round whereby the drops of liquor lodged in the many interstices of the Filaments do quit their Allodgments but it may be proved by Reason and ocular Demonstration that there can be no such straining the Blood by the constriction of the Ventricles of the Heart by the same Organs and the same mechanical action by reason the filaments of the Cloth were laxe before their Contorsion as having many interstices obtaining a repletion by many drops of Water but afterward when the Cloth was variously modelled into divers wreaths the filaments were forced to make many Circumvolutions about the body of the Cloth whereupon the threads were not only lengthened into oblong Gyres but were also lessened in bulk and rendred more tense but the repletion of the Cavities of the Heart with Blood was made in a different manner from that of the Interstices of the Filaments of the Cloth filled with Water in which the Threads require greater Dimensions in length but the Fibres of the Heart are rather contracted according to the nature of all Muscular Fibres and the Cavities of the Heart grow greater in breadth as being expanded by the repletion of Blood and above all the Pores of the Fibres and Cavities of the Ventricles are not emptied by any Contortion as it is made inward in the Filaments of Cloth when the Water is squeezed out of their Interstices
but the Blood is strained out of the Pores of the Fibres and Ventricles of the Heart not by various wreaths but by many corrugations of the Fibres more and more contracting as they come nearer and nearer to the Center of the Ventricles whereby their Walls are brought close and briskly dash against each other produced by the strong Contractions of many ranks of Fibres tied together by firm Ligaments and a mutual entercourse so that the sides of the Cisterns of the Heart by joynt appulses being dashed against each other do squeeze out the Blood not by Contorsion of the Fibres as when the Water is wrung out of the Interstices of a wet Cloth by the force of many Circumvolutions but by the mutual Contacts of many ranks of contracted Fibres running close to each other whereby the Concave Perimeter of the Ventricles is taken away and the Blood squeezed after the manner of a Presse into the adjoyning Blood-Vessels Learned Borellus is of an Opinion Borellus Opinion that the Constrictive Power of the Heart is less then the resistance of the Blood that the constrictive power of the Heart is less then the resistance which the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart as this renowned Author hath it Tomo 2 do De motu animalium Propos 70. P. 139. Potentia Cordis Musculum constringens minor est resistentia quam exercet sanguis in ventriculis ejus Contentus in proportione subsesquiatera which if true as I humbly conceive the Blood would be stagnant in the Ventricles as over-balancing the power of the Fibres by the resistance of its Elastick Particles countermanding the Appulses of the Fibres upon the Blood in order to its Compression and Exclusion which contradicteth Experience and Autopsy because the Fibres of the Heart do more and more contract as they come nearer to the Center of the Heart till the Concave Surface is reduced toward a Plain whereby the constrictive power of the Fibres do so highly compress the Blood that they wholly overpower the resistance it maketh in the Ventricles by impelling it into the neighbouring Sanguiducts The External Fibres of the Heart The reason of the Authors said Opinion as the said Learned Author apprehendeth do act after the manner of a Rope encircling a Globe or Cylinder so that the power contracting the External Fibres of the Heart hath the same proportion in reference to the resistence of the compressed Blood as a Semidiameter to the circumference that is saith he in the recited Page that the power of the Fibres is less by a Sixth part then the resistance of the compressed Blood Praeterea ait ille At Fibrae Cordis profundiores Externarum partes cavae agunt rugas plicas inflando adeo actione Cunei vel Emboli impellunt directo motu a peripheria ad Cordis centrum Sanguineum ei inclusum Quia vero in hac actione aequalibus momentis per eosdem diametros eodemque tempore fit impulsus repulsus ergo potentia Fibrarum internarum aequalis resistentiae Sanguinis ab eis Compressi So that here this Great Author granteth a greater constrictive power to the Fibres of the Heart then in the beginning or proposition of the Chapter where he saith it is inferior to the resistance the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart to which I have given my reply above for which I humbly beg pardon in not complying with his Learned Sense which I submit to the most Candid and Judicious Reader The manner of the Motion of the Blood having been discoursed The proportion of Blood which passeth through the Heart every Pulsation now followeth in order the Quantity of Blood that passeth through the Heart every pulsation which some Anatomists have made very inconsiderable as being a Scruple Drachme or half an Ounce And I humbly conceive that the Heart of greater Animals as endued with more large Cavities are receptive of a greater proportion of Blood of which the chief part if not all is discharged in every Sistole In every Diastole the Cisterns of the Heart are filled with Blood The Ventricles of the Heart are filled every Diastole and emptied every Systole and are emptied every Sistole into the adjoyning Sanguiducts by reason the Walls of the Ventricles are so closely conjoyned by the strong contractions of the Fibres that the Blood must be wholly squeezed out of the greater Cavities of the Heart into the smaller Cylindres of Arteries in every Pulsation This assertion may be made good in the Dissection of live Animals An Experiment in the Dissection of live Animals wherein the Cone of the Heart being cut off and a Finger immitted into the Left Ventricle it will be found to be highly pinched by the strong Contraction of Fleshy Fibres narrowing the Cavity of the Ventricle whence it may be clearly inferred by the same reason that the Blood contained in the bosom of the Heart must be discharged by a powerful Compression in every Systole This Hypothesis may be farther proved by ocular Demonstration upon the opening the Bodies of Frogs Eels Vipers Snakes c. The Motion of the Blood made good by Autopsy in live Animals wherein it may be plainly discerned that their transparent Hearts turn pale every Systole as having their Ventricles empty of Blood and their hearts grow Red again in the Diastole as filled with streams of Purple Liquor tinging them with a more vivid colour And by Analogy of Reason the Cavities of the Hearts of greater Animals are filled with Blood in every Diastole and emptied in the Systole though it cannot be discerned by reason of the thick and opace fleshy Walls within which the chambers of the Heart are enclosed These Premises being granted it will not be difficult to compute what quantity of Blood passeth through the Cysterns of the Heart into the Sanguiducts in the space of an hour and upon a supposition that Two Ounces of Blood as transmitted out of the Left Ventricle in every Pulsation as Great Dr. Harvey and Renowned Dr. The quantity of Blood received in every Diastole is wholly discharged in every Systole of the Heart Lower have observed and that all the Blood received every Diastole into the Cisterns of the Heart is discharged by every Sistole into the adjacent Sanguiducts and that in the space of an hour Two thousand Pulses being counted it will follow of necessity that Four thousand Ounces of Blood are carried through the bosom of the Heart in Threescore Minutes So that the said quantity of Blood doth amount to Three hundred thirty and two pound and it being supposed that a Man is furnished with Twenty five pound of Blood which is a liberal proportion it may be inferred The whole Mass of Blood doth probably pass Twelve times through the Heart every hour that the whole Mass of Blood doth circulate through the Ventricles of the Heart above Twelve times in an hour and oftner in Men that have quick
the Heart but the Brain that a Fever doth not proceed from an inflammatory indisposition of the Blood or from its putrifaction or from an unnatural fermentation arising out of the Heterogeneous Elements of mixed Saline and Sulphureous Particles but from the sharp Spirits or Atomes of the nervous Liquor as it may be seen Parte Al era de Motu Animalium Pag. 460. Spiritus Ait ille seu succi nervei solito redditi acriores nervos cor irritantes sunt causae productivae primae immediatae excandescentiae febrilis This famous Author confirms his Opinion Pag. 466. Comprobatur ex febrili motu qui exoritur dum pus conficitur in pustulis ulceribus in quibus succi pravi pus efficientes fermentantes non per venas ad cor sed per nervos ad cerebrum traducuntur Quod suadetur ex eo quod Cor nihil fere afficitur a contactu similium succorum fermentatorum ut patet ex transitu puris pleuritici per Cor. Quare praedictus succus fermentatus pustularum qui valde mordicare nervos ibidem definentes potest facile veneficam suam qualitatem cerebro hinc Cordi commotionem communicare potest ejusque rithmum alterare febremque efficere to the beginning of the Paragraph that the fermenting Pus of Ulcers is not carried to the Brain by Veins but by Nerves which he after instances in a pleuritical Pus I take the boldness to speak this return that the terminations of the Nerves being very small or not capable to receive a purulent Matter which is gross and convey it through the straight Interstices of the Filaments to the Brain which is attended with a greater improbability by reason the constant Motion of the nervous Liquor from the Brain through the Nerves must necessarily resist the retrograde Motion of the Pus or else a contrary Motion of different Humors must be admitted at the same time in the same vessels which I humbly conceive implieth a Contradiction that the nervous Liquor should have a Flux from the Brain and the purulent Matter to it at the same time through the same Nerves About the middle of the said Paragraph the Renowned Author saith that the Heart is little or nothing affected with the passage of the Pus which is transmitted to the Right Ventricle by the veins of the Pleura and Cava and not by Nerves to the Brain and with deference to this Author that I am not of his Opinion because I have seen one Mr. Echins a Patient of mine afflicted with a great Fever and Faintness when in an Ulcer of the Lungs the purulent Matter was conveyed by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta Emulgent Artery Vein and Ureters into the Bladder and from thence excerned with the Urine through the Urethra so that I saw a great quantity of Pus setled with the Urine in the bottom of the Urinal Ingenious Borellus proceedeth to give a farther account how the nervous Liquor degenerates and becometh the cause of a Fever In fine Pag. 471. The Authors Opinion that a Fever doth proceed from a nervous Liquor stagnant in the Nerves by reason their terminations are shut up either by a quantity of Blood or viscous Matter obstructing the extremities of the Nerves Animadverto quod succi illi destinati at Nervis expellantur deponanturque in Glandulis fieri potest ut casu aliquo detineantur in eisdem Nervis obturatis nimirum meatibus ostiolis Nervorum in Glandulis desinentium ob plethoram vel ob gluten aliquod in eis contentum hi vero succi retenti in Nervis degenerare facile possunt fermentatione quadam in alienam naturam animali noxiam In this Paragraph he sheweth how the nervous Juyce being stagnant in the Interstices of the Nerves terminating into the substance of the Glands doth acquire an ill nature by reason the extremities of the Nerves belonging to the Glands are shut up as I conceive either by compression produced by a quantity of Blood lodged in the Glands in a plethorick Constitution or by some viscid Matter like Glue obstructing the terminations of the Nerves so that they cannot transmit the nervous Liquor into the Glands Whereupon it having lost its Motion groweth sharp which being granted the difficulty will yet remain how this ill nervous Juyce can be transmitted to the Brain which sendeth a perpetual Flux of Liquor first into the origens of the Nerves seated in the Cortex and from thence through the several Trunks and Branches to the Fibrils ending into the substance of the Glands so that this constant motion of the Liquor flowing from the fountain of the Brain in divers soft streams through the Interstices of the Filaments to the terminations of the Nerves doth hinder the reflux of Liquor from the extremities of the Nerves toward the Brain as I have more largely proved above Whereupon the stagnated acrimonious Liquor would with greater probability produce Convulsive motions in the tender compage of the Nerves to disburden themselves through this extremity into the body of the Glands rather then recoile by a contrary Motion through the Interstices of the nervous filaments into the Brain and by other Nerves be thence conveyed to the substance of the Heart and raise a Fever This Great Author to make good his Hypothesis This Author denieth a Fever to be derived from the effervescence of the Blood denieth a Fever to proceed from the fermentation or effervescence of the Blood whereby the Heart is not irritated to make frequent pulsations as he hath it much after this sense Parte Secunda de motu animal Pag. 446. Febris Ait ille non accenditur a sanguine alterato fermentatoque neque ob mordacitatem ejus Cor irritatum Febrilem excandescentiam efficit But by the leave of this excellent Author I humbly conceive that a Fever proceedeth from the unnatural intestine motion of the Blood as it is made up of different Liquors and Elements associating with the Nervous Chymous and serous Juyces and the animal Liquor comming from the Brain is transmitted through the Nerves into the substance of the Muscles and Glands of the Viscera and all other parts of the Body where its near part confederates with the Blood and if its Recrement is not conveyed into the Lymphaeducts the nervous Liquor groweth sharp and much disordereth the Crasis and due Fermentation of the Blood and disposeth it to a Fever If the Chyme being crude and not easy to be assimilated The indigested Chyme is a cause of a Fever meeteth with a mass of Blood too highly impregnated with sharp and sulphureous Elements ariseth an ebullition of the Blood oftentimes productive of a Fever The serous Particles of the Blood being watry and saline The watry and saline parts of the Blood incline to a Fever being too exuberant as not severed from the purer parts of the vital Liquor
enlarged by the accretions of new Fibres and Saline Particles of crude Blood Most ingenious Malpighius proveth this Hypothesis by a remarkable instance communicated to him by Learned Borellus Ait ille in hujus confirmationem licebit his exarare mirabilem Polypi structuram magnitudinem Florentiae in sene sexagesimum quartum annum agente inopinatò defuncto observatum à Doctissimo viro Jo. Alphonso Borello mihi humanissime Communicatam In Aorta prope Cor quae in tumorem excreverat ad mensuram duorum pugnorum Polypus consimilis magnitudinis repertus est absque appendicibus Caudis ejus autem moles membranosis tunicis ad invicem super impositis absque Continuitate consurgebat quae crassitie non superabant vulgarem chartam haedinam super his producebantur filamenta quaedam alba quae foliorum fibras seu vasa aemulabantur quae omnia ab albidiori trunco dependebant Tunicarum Polypum efformantium color cinereus erat cum rubicundis quibusdam maculis ita ut tota haec structura brassicam capitatam aemularetur Out of this History it may be clearly inferred that the production of a Polypus is made of many Filmes seated one above another whose Interstices being kept open by an interceding current of Blood do somewhat resemble the Leaves of Plants as the Membranes of the Polypus are composed of divers united Filaments not unlike the Fibres branched through the foliage of Trees Some do entertain themselves with an opinion that the Membranes of the Polypus hath divarications of Blood-Vessels which may seem somewhat probable by reason the small streams of Blood may be confined within the united Fibres as within so many Tubes or Vessels and after this manner Vessels may be formed in the Colliquaments of Seed in the Vterus of Animals and in false Conceptions and in the ascititious Glands and all other fleshy excrescences This Disease when it hath arrived a height A Polypus when it cometh to a hight is incurable is incurable as obstructing the greater Trunks of Blood-Vessels and the Ventricles of the Heart whereupon the current of Blood is intercepted the fore-runner of death so that a Polypus admitteth no curatory indication as the Disease is mortal and therefore it concerneth the Professors of Physick to be careful to prevent this fatal malady in a timely taking away the cause consisting in a gross mass of Blood made up of over-fibrous Particles productive of a Polypus whose preservatory indication denoteth in reference to the procatartick Cause a Serene Air Diet easy of Digestion and moderate exercise and in relation to the antecedent cause Antiscorbutick Diuretick and Chalybeat Medicines and chiefly Turnebridg Knawsborough and the German Spaw Waters which put the Blood into a kindly Fermentation in attenuating its grossness by a due precolation from bilious recrements in the Hepatick Glands and from fixed Salt a main cause of Concoction in a Polypus in the Glands of the Kidneys In the beginning of this Disease In the beginning to prevent a Polypus Purging and Bleeding is good Bleeding and Purging will speak a great advantage to the Patient by taking away the gross Faeculencies of the Blood and by promoting its circulation through the greater and less Tubes of Blood-Vessels and through the more enlarged Cisterns of the Heart in which the Disease is principally seated CHAP. XXVIII Of the Hearts of great Animals THe Heart of other more perfect Animals have much conformity with that of Man in relation to Situation Connexion Figure The Heart of great Animals are much akin to that of Man and Substance The Hearts of greater and less Beasts The situation of the Hearts of other Animals are conceived to be lodged about the middle of the Thorax which must be meant of their Bases and not of their Cones as somewhat inclining toward the Left Side and the Hearts of Brutes have their Situation much nearer the middle of the Breast then that of Mans. The Hearts of other Animals as well as Mans The Connection of the Hearts of Animals The Figure of their Hearts are Connected to the Back by the Trunks of the Vena Cava and Arteria Magna The Hearts of more perfect Animals are endued with a round pyramidal Figure and Cetaceous Fish with a flattish pyramidal shape And these of most Animals have a Compage encircled with a thin Membrane and made up of variety of Vessels and many ranks of fleshy Fibres interspersed with tendinous and nervous Fibrils conjoyned to each other by the interposition of strong ligaments and carnous Branches that they may not be divided but assist each other in joynt Contractions in the Systole of the Heart Learned Thomas Bartholine giveth an account The contexture of Nerve about the Cone of the Heart belonging to a Hog that he discovered in a Hog an elegant contexture of Nerves about the Cone of the Left Ventricle corroborating the fleshy walls of the Heart and further discerned many perforations about the bigness of a Brisle which passed quite through the Septum of the Heart from the Right to the Left Ventricle where he found a Membrane covering the holes to intercept the regress of any Liquor from the Left to the Right Chamber of the Heart The Heart of a Pig being opened The Left Ventricle of a Pig the Left Ventricle may be discovered to be adorned with various ranks of carnous Fibres enwrapping each other as also the mitral Valves †T. 15. F. a a. encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Veine The carnous Columns †b b b. of this Ventricle are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals and have many Ligaments †d d d. arising out of the tops of these Columns implanted into the mitral Valves These Columns have many Ligaments †c c c. seated near their small Extremities fastning them to each other The Heart of a Lion is bigger then that of other Animals †e e e. according to the proportion of his Body The Heart of a Lion And hath a very hard and firm Compage as Learned Borichius affirmeth endued with a thick wall in the Right Ventricle and may be observed in a Dissected Lion the Septum to be extended the whole length of the Heart and not to exceed Paper in thickness and both Ventricles to be stuffed with a glutinous Polypose Matter and one Valve only to be set before the beginning of the Aorta The Heart of a Land Tortoise resembleth Fish in its Figure The Heart of a Tortoise as tricuspidal and also in one Ventricle and Auricle which is very eminent in this Animal and being blown up is threefold as big as the body of the Heart and is hued with a Blackish colour and the Heart with Red. A Camels Heart is wonderful The Heart of a Camel in reference to its dimensions as being Nineteen transverse Fingers in length and Seven in breadth and is adored with a very acute Cone
considering the great bulke of the Heart CHAP. XXIX Of the Hearts of Birds THe Hearts of Birds have great affinity with those of greater and more perfect Animals The Hearts of Birds are alike those of greater Animals both in Figure Situation Connexion and Substance as having fleshy tendinous and nervous Fibres as large as other Animals considering the proportion of their Body and the part of the Septum adjoyning to the Right Ventricle is smooth as for as any Prominency but the interior part of the Septum is Fibrous The Lungs and Aorta are furnished with Semi-lunary Valves which are open to give admittance to the Blood passing out of the Right Ventricle into the Lungs and out of the Left into the Aorta and on the other side these Semi-lunary Valves do hinder the regress of the vital Liquor out of the Lungs into the Right Chamber and out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The Ingress or Orifice of the Right Chamber of the Heart hath no tricuspidal Valves which are found in great Animals but a fleshy Valve endued with a Semi-lunary Figure supplying their defect A fleshy Valve supplying the defect of the Tri-Cuspidal Valves in Birds and resteth straight upon the entrance of the Ventricle facing the Right Auricle and is open as giving a Reception to the Blood coming out of the Termination or Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Right Cistern of the Heart which being filled with Blood this Carnous Valve shutteth up the entrance of the Right Ventricle so close that the Blood cannot possibly recoil into the Orifice of the Vena Cava And though the Right Ventricle in one side seemeth smooth and plain yet the Left Chamber of the heart in Birds of a small size is every where fibrous and also furnished with fleshy Columns which are more prominent then the other Fibres as having greater Dimensions and the Left Ventricle is accomodated with mitral Valves so well contrived by Nature that the Blood cannot have any recourse into the Lungs when the Left Ventricle of the Heart is contracted which may be experimented by cutting of the Cone of the Heart and by injecting Water into the Left Cistern so that the mitral Valves are swelled and joyned close together whereby the entrance of the Lungs is so stopped that it hindreth the passage of the Water into the pulmonary Vein and forceth it all into the Orifice of the Aorta which treateth the Eye with a pleasant sight The Heart of a Goose is beautified with a kind of Pyramidal crooked Figure The Heart of a Goose which is flattish on each side and its Base leaneth toward the Right and its Cone toward the Left side which is connected to the Back by the interposition of the Vena Cava and Aorta And by reason in this and other Birds there is no Intersepiment passing between the Heart and Liver as in greater Animals and Fish The Cone of the Heart insinuates between the Lobes of the Liver which are hollowed in the inside with two Cavities to give reception to the Heart as within Sockets wherein it hath free play in its various alternate Motions The Heart of a Pidgeon The Heart of a Pidgeon is large if a regard be had to its small Body and is adorned with a Pyramidal Figure as well as other Birds its Base is connected to the Back by the mediation of the Vena Cava and Arteria Magna and its Cone is affixed by a Membrane to the Left Lobe of the Liver Learned Borichius saith the Heart of this Bird is seated in the middle of the Breast but with deference to this renowned Author I have seen in a Pidgeon which I have Dissected the Heart bending in its Base toward the Right and in its Cone toward the Left Side The same Author saith he discovered a little hole into which he immitted a Hogs Brisle which passed clean through the Septum of the Heart into the middle of the Left Ventricle Swans Eagles Bustards Estridges c. The Hearts of most Birds have their Base inclining toward the Right and their Apes toward the Left have one kind of situation of the Heart as the Cone pointeth toward the Left and the Base inclineth toward the Right Side The Apex also both in greater and smaller Birds is lodged in the Cavities as in cases made in the inside of the Lobes of the Liver for the Heart to play up and down in its Diastole and Systole The Left Auricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck as well as other Birds The Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck. being opened is found to be composed of many lairs of fleshy Fibres lodged one within another †T. 15. F. 4. a a. And the mitral Valves †b b. may be seen in the Left Ventricle encompassing the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein hindring the refluxe of Blood out of the Left Ventricle into the Lungs The Heads of the Carnous Columns are Crowned with divers Branches of Ligaments †c c. implanted into the mitral Valves These Carnous Columns being beautified with a Pyramidal Figure †d d d d. have many Ligaments †e e. making their progress crosswise which fasten the many Columns to each other and keep them in their proper place CHAP. XXIV Of the Hearts of Fish THe Heart of a Porpess holdeth great Analogy with that of Man and Quadrupeds The Heart of a Porpesss The Pyramydal Figure of the Heart The Auricles of the Heart beset with ranks of Fibres interspersed with several Figures and is beautified with a pyramidal Figure beginning in a Base and with a pyramidal Figure beginning in a Base and terminating into a Cone it is endued with two Auricles one seated in the Right and the other in the Left Side and are furnished with many lairs of fleshy Fibres intersecting each other and interspersed with many Areae of divers Figures interceding the numerous Fibres The substance of this Heart is made up of many ranks of Carnous Fibres tied to each other by the mediation of Ligaments Membranes and Fibrous Branches to preserve them from starting out of their natural Situation in their constant and sometimes violent Contractions the Fibres besetting the Ambient parts are more small and grow greater and greater as they more and more approach the inward Recesses of the Heart This Fish also is like in its Heart to other more fleshy perfect Animals The Right and Left Ventricle adorned with fleshy Columns in reference to the Right and Left Ventricles which have many fleshy Columns adorned with a pyramidal Figure whose Bases are seated toward the tricuspidal and mitral Valves and their points toward the Cone of the Heart Out of the tops of the Columns do sprout many Ligaments which are inserted into the tricuspidal and mitral Valves encompassing the Orifices of the Vena Cava and pulmonary Vein The Extream of
whereas in truth it supposeth more And in like manner the Blood is carried out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the common Trunk of the Aorta wherein it meeteth with a continued stream of Blood which by degrees is moved by divers Channels into all parts of the Body which cannot be effected any other way than by undulating Motion by pressing one part of the Blood forward after another from the beginning to the Terminations of the Arteries So that these Sanguiducts being propagated in many Flexures by reason of their numerous Divarications must necessarily give such a check to the over-hasty current of the Blood that it cannot be impelled from the Heart at one moment through all the Arteries which are seated at a great distance from the Center Whereupon I conceive that the motion of the Blood out of the left Chamber of the Heart making the Diastole vulgarly thought first in the common Trunk and afterward in the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and divers crooked branches of the lesser Arteries is not the cause of the pulsation of the Artery which is performed in a moment in one brisk continued motion and not successively by way of Undulation which supposeth many Instants in which one part of the Artery is elevated after another as it groweth distended by a great stream of Blood The manner of the Pulsation of Arteries So that I imagine the pulsation of the Arteries doth proceed from the vigorous contraction of the right and left Ventricle of the Heart to which the Trunks of the Pulmonary and great Artery are affixed whereupon their Trunks being briskly strook by the pulsation of the Heart their continued Coats being ever distended with Vital Liquor have the Vibration immediately imparted to them in all parts after the manner of an Impulse made upon one part of an extended Musical string the same stroke is immediately transmitted to every part of it as the whole string is made up of one continued substance of a twisted Gut So that I conceive the Diastole of the Artery taken in a strict notion is not made by the successive motion of the Blood first produced in the Heart and then carried out of it into the common Trunk and afterward into the Arteries furnishing all parts of the Body but by the Systole of the Heart first making a Vibration in it which I have seen in a Dog dissected alive in the Colledg Theater imparted in the same moment to all parts of the Arteries which is the Pulse commonly felt in the Wrist and is at the same instant in all parts of the Body The Systole of the Arteries is their proper motion The Systole of the Arteries made by circular fleshy Fibres as made solely in them by their peculiar power without the assistance of the Heart causing the Diastole flowing from the vigorous motion tension and contraction of the numerous strong fleshy Fibres of the Heart but the Systole of the Arteries is a motion distinct from their Diastole formed by the transverse or rather annular fleshy Fibres of the Arteries whereby their cavity is narrowed and the Blood pressed through their Channels with a greater quickness The contraction of these circular Fibres causing the Systole of the Arteries doth very much contribute to the motion of the Blood flowing primarily from the Impulse made in the Ventricles of the Heart by strong contracted fleshy Fibres lessening their Cavities whereupon the Blood is squirted as by a Syringe out of the Right Chamber of the Heart into the Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery and out of the Left into the Aorta The current of the Blood is hastned upward especially in the Capillary Arteries of the Brain and then into all other parts of the Body which is very much promoted by the motion of Carnous Fibres encircling Artery else the Blood would have but a slow current upward through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries and especially in the small Capillary Arteries of the Brain in which the Blood would become stagnant if its motion were not quickned by the Systole of the Arteries produced by the Contraction of the fleshy circular Fibres CHAP. XXXIII The Pathology of the Arteries THe Arteries The obstruction of Arteries coming from a grosness of Blood being so many Cylinders as oblong round concave Bodies consisting of many Coats are liable to many Diseases some of which relate to their Cavities and others to their Tunicles As to the Cavities of Arteries their disaffections proceed chiefly either from Obstruction or Compression the first may be derived from the grossness of the Blood stagnant in small Branches or capillary Arterys intercepting the current of the vital Liquor in these obstructed Channels The obstruction of greater Arteries may be produced by some carnous substance The obstruction of the Arteries proceeding from a carnous Increscence adhering to some parts of their inward Coats and so clogging their Cavities that they are rendred dis-serviceable in order to the transmission of Blood from part to part Sometimes the course of Blood is wholly hindred by gross concreted Chyme The obstruction of the Arteries derived from concreted Chyme mixed with Blood lodged in the pulmonary Artery which I have often seen in Dissections of the heart and Lungs labouring with a Polypus proceeding from a White gross coagulated Matter stuffing up the Ventricles of the Heart and pulmonary Vessels Dr. Timothy Clark a Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians in London and one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary was afflicted with a high continued Fever attended with a great Thirst and difficulty of Breathing and a small quick Pulse the forerunner of a fatal stroke After which his Body being opened the Viscera of the lower Venter were ill affected with great Obstructions and the Ventricles of the Heart being opened were found filled with a thick White concreted Substance which also stuffed up the pulmonary Artery the immediate cause of his death The Cure of these Diseases Bleeding is good in obstruction of the Arteries propagated from obstruction of Arteries caused by gross concreted Blood and Chyme may be effected by Blood-letting and by aperient Diuretick Medicines mixed with well prepared Chalybeats which do correct the gross clammyness of the depauperated Blood and Chyme by rendring it Flud Volatil and Spirituous which hindreth its coagulation by making it thin and apt for Motion as readily complying with the impulse of the Heart made by the fleshy Fibres contracting its Chambers Another Disease to which the Arteries are incident in reference to their Cavities The lessening the Cavity of the Arteries by Compression may be deduced from Compression whereby the bores of the Arteries are so much lessened that they cannot freely or not at all make good the circulation of the Blood through the disaffected vessels so that the neighbouring Arteries sprouting out of the same Branch do supply their defect as having their Cavities free and
sides doth resemble a Globe or rather two Globes clapt together and not endued with one plain entire Figure but many divisions and unevennesses in which Nature seemeth to sport it self with great variety of Ridges and Furrows The unevennesses of the Cerebellum Rises and Falls Hills and Dales in which the numerous Plexes of Arteries and Veins lye intrenched to fortify themselves against outward Assaults of Strokes and Falls to prevent the ill accidents of Contusions and Lacerations The Brain is variegated with irregular Anfractus The Lamellae of the Cerebellum but the Cerebellum is ranged with more uniform ranks of Lamellae †T. 50. F. â— g g g g g g. adorning its surface in parallel lines It s former and latter region is determined into the Processus Vermiformis T. 50. F. 1. â— â— and the little Circles and as they approach these terms The Processâ—â— Vermiformis of the â—erebellum as in the two Poles are most short and from thence as they approach the top as to the Aequator the parallel Lines grow longer in the Sphaere The colour of the Lamellâ— These Lamellae as they confine on the Surface are Cortical and of a cineritious colour but the more inward are Medullary being of a Whiter hue And these Cortical and Medullary little Circles are so variegated and intermingled with each other that it is very difficult if not impossible to part them These Medullary Veins resolve themselves on both sides of the Cerebellum into two large Meditullia which are of the same colour but somewhat of a more solid substance then the Corpus callosum of the Brain The Cerebellum in some Animals is composed of an orderly Fabrick The orderly progress of the Lamella in some Animals and 〈◊〉 regular in others one part exactly answering another in uniformity and all the Lamellae running about the Surface of the Cerebellum in a parallel manner observe the same distance and proportion But in other Animals there be Globuli as it were Episphaeres adorned with lesser Circles which are fastened to a prime Sphaere beautified with greater Circles within and the smaller Circles may be called Excentrick as the Lamellae are disposed in a different Series from those great ones of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum is a Compage finely made up of a great number of Arteries springing from the Vertebral and Veins from the Jugular The vessels of the Cerebellum these vessels are seated for their better security in the Interstices of the Lamellae and being curiously branched through the Pia Mater do oftentimes acost each other being interwovenlike Net-work and at last do terminate into the Fourth Sinus This rare structure is not only composed of Arteries and Veins but also of innumerable company of nervous Fibrils as so many Laminae or Layings placed in excellent order one by another ending toward the confines of the Cerebellum The nervous Fibrils of the Cerebellum resembleth a Tree in which they are more eminent then in the Brain and present us with a pleasant prospect representing a fine Landscip consisting of many different Divarications resembling a Tree having several Ramifications and Expansions of Frondage and Foliage one sprouting out of another the smaller out of greater Fibres out of Stalks Stalks out of Twigs Twigs out of Boughs Boughs out of Arms and Arms out of Trunks The Trunks and Bodies of Nerves belonging to the Cerebellum are planted in the Processus annularis and Medulla Spinalis These Trunks being composed of numerous Fibrils divaricated through the substance of the Medulla of the Cerebellum do derive themselves from the Cortex as so many Roots out of which the innumerable Branches of nervous Filaments do spring The structure of the Cerebellum is framed of two lateral parts The lateral part of it resembling two Globes somewhat resembling two Globes joyned together and confining on the Processus Vermiformis which consisting of diverse transverse and winding Particles united with a thin Membrane do in some sort represent Worms frequenting rotten Wood from whence they borrow their denomination of Processus Vermiformis The Anterior of these being protuberant in the Fourth Ventricle adjoyneth to the Processus Natiformis of the Brain but the Posterior part of the Processus Vermiformis by reason of its blunt point doth terminate into the substance of the Cerebellum Some Physicians are of an Opinion The Distention and Contraction of the Processus Vermiformis but upon what account I cannot conjecture that this Process is distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum hath no Ventricles no Plexus Choroeides passing the length of their Cavities but hath somewhat resembling that Plex The Cerebellum is beset with many Glands made up of many vertebral Arteries and Jugular Veins beset with diverse Glands somewhat larger then those of the Plexus Choroeides so that these Vessels accompanied with numerous minute Glands are rendred conspicuous when the Cerebellum is divested of the Pia Mater and then on either side of the Processus Vermiformis may be discovered Branches creeping upward and springing from the vertebral Artery lodged under the lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and the jugular Veins transmitted from each lateral Sinus The use of these Arteries and Veins seated in the whole Compage The uses of the Arteries and Veins of the Cerebellum but principally in the hinder part of the Cerebellum I conjecture to be this that the more serous part of the Blood might be protruded through the extremities of the Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands and the more watry Recrements might be received into the Veins and pass toward the Heart in the circulation But if there be so great a quantity of serous Liquor separated in the substance of the Glands that it cannot be re-conveyed into the small extremities of the Jugulars it exudeth as I conceive and distilleth into the Fourth Ventricle lying under the Processes of the Cerebellum and Caudex of the Medulla oblongata and is from thence conveyed through the Cerebellum The Neck of the Cerebellum which is very much smaller near its union with the Brain and may be styled the Neck of it where it hath its Origens †T. 50. F. 1. h h. and is there more protuberant then in its Posterior Regions which grow more and more enlarged as they approach the terminations †ii of it where the Lamellae are greatest and are more and more lessened as they tend to the Origens of it The Cerebellum consisteth of Two great Provinces †T. 50. F. 1 b b b b. seated on each side of the middle protuberance and each of these Provinces may be divided into Three lesser Circuits or Stories the greatest of them †e e e e. is next thetermination and the middle †d d d d. is smaller then the Posterior and greater then the Anterior
Fibrils as so many Sets placed in excellent order one by another ending toward the Cerebellum in which they are more eminent then in the Brain and present us with a pleasant prospect representing a fine Landscip consisting of many Divarications resembling a Tree The Divarications of Vessels resemble a Tree having several Ramifications and Expansions of Frondage and Foliage one sprouting out of another the smaller out of the greater Fibres which shoot out of Stalks Stalks of Twiggs Twiggs out of Boughs Boughs out of Arms and Arms out of Trunks The Trunks and bodies of Nerves belonging to the Cerebellum The Nerves of the Cerebellum are planted in the Processus Annularis and Medulla Spinalis these Trunks being composed of numerous Fibrils divaricated through the substance of the Cerebellum and do derive themselves from the Cortex as so many Roots out of which the innumerable Branches of nervous Filaments do spring Some Physicians are of an opinion Some imagine the Processes are distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum but upon what account I cannot conjecture that those Processes are distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum which hath no Ventricles no Plexus Choroeides but hath something resembling that Plex made up of many vertebral Arteries and jugular Veins beset with diverse Glands somewhat larger then those of the Plexus Choroeides so that these Vessels accompanied with numerous Glands are rendred conspicuous when the Pia Mater is stripped from the Cerebellum and then on either side of the Processus Vermiformis may be discerned Branches creeping upward and springing from the vertebral Artery lodged under the lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and the jugular Veins transmitted from each lateral Sinus The use of these Arteries and Veins seated in the whole Compage The use of the Arteries and Veins of the Cerebellum but principally in the hinder part of the Cerebellum I conjecture to be this That the more serous Blood might be protruded through the Extremities of the Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands that the more watry Recrements might be received into the Veins and pass toward the Heart in circulation But if there be so great a quantity of serous Liquor severed in the substance of the Glands that it cannot be reconveyed into the small Extremities of the Jugulars it exudeth and as I conceive distilleth into the Fourth Ventricle lying under the Processes of the Cerebellum and Candex of the Medulla oblongata and is from thence conveyed through the Infundibulum into the jugular Veins confining on the Glandula pituitaria The Cerebellum though it be a distinct Body within it self The Cerebellum is like the Brain in many Respects and separate from the Brain enwrapped within the Coats of the Dura and Pia mater proper to it yet it holdeth an alliance in similitude of Colour Substance Disposition and Correspondence in its converse both with the Brain and Medulla Spinalis The Connexion of the Cerebellum to whose lower region it is fastned by the interposition of the Pia Mater and entertaineth an entercourse with the Medulla oblongata by the mediation of Two Processes called by Dr. Willis Pedunculi each of which saith he is formed of Three Processes The Pedunâ—â—lus Cerebelli is made up of Three Processes In utroque Pedunculo cerebrum sustentante tres distincti Medullares Processus reperiuntur horum Primus e protuberantiis orbicularibus emissus oblique ascendit Secundus recte e cerebello descendens per priorem decussatim transiens Medullam oblongatam circundat Tertius Processus e postica cerebelli regione descendens Medullae oblongatae inseritur ejusque truncum velut Chorda ascititia exauget And the Pons Varolii like a Bridge The Pons Varolii passeth transversly over the Base of the Medulla oblongata closely twining about it like a wreath and encircling it like a ring is therefore styled the annular Process and as I conceive is framed after this manner as soon as the middle Process of the Cerebellum creeping down in a straight course landeth at the sides of the Medulla oblongata doth not seem to embody immediately with it but enlarging it self into greater Dimensions courteth the Surface of the Medulla with the embraces of many circular Fibres whereupon the Processes of the Cerebellum issuing from either side and brought down from the top of the Medulla oblongata toward its Base do meet and embody themselves constituting that circular Prominence commonly called the Processus Annularis Thus having given a rough draught of the several Anfractus Lamellae or Circles Processes Plexes of Arteries and Veins attended with many minute Glands as also the numerous ranks of nervous Fibres branched in excellent order through the Cortical and Medullary Compage of the Cerebellum I conceive it not amiss to finish this rougher draugth in giving you Natures design in framing this great variety by speaking the several uses of it The use of the various parts of the Cerebellum the chiefest being that of the Cerebellum common to it and the Brain consisting in the procreation of the Animal Spirits made of the more active and spirituous parts of the Animal Liquor the vital Liquor being impelled out of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta into the vertebral Arteries is conveyed out of their terminations into the substance of the Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Cerebellum where the delicate part of the Blood is percolated from its more gross and fiery Particles which are separated and returned by the Jugular Veins toward the Heart while the more mild nutricious parts impregnated with volatil Saline and spirituous Particles commonly named the Animal Spirits are transmitted into the roots of the Fibres implanted into the Cortex and thence propagated by the same continued Fibres into the Medulla of the Cerebellum by whose Processes it is conveyed into the Nerves derived from the Processus annularis and also by other Fibres communicated from the Cerebellum to the Nerves of the Medulla Spinalis which is lodged within the Skull Learned Dr. Willis assigneth a peculiar Office The Nerves of the Cerebellum assigned by Dr. Willis to be instruments of involuntary Motion distinct from that of the Brain to the Cerebellum to preside and influence with Animal Spirits the Nerves consigned to all involuntary Motions and natural Actions which he discourseth in the Fifteenth Chapter of his Book De Cerebri Anatome Quod nempe Cerebellum sit Spirituum Animalium in quadam opera designatorum peculiaris scaturigo penus abipso cerebro distinctus Et Cerebelli officium esse videtur Spiritus Animales novos suppeditare quibus actiones involuntariae cujusmodi sunt Cordis pulsatio respiratio ratio 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alimenti concoctio Chyli protrusio multae aliae quae nobis insciis aut invitis constanti ritu fiunt peraguntur These
creepeth down without any eminent ramification till it arrive over against the first or second Rib A Plex of the Par Vagum out of which many Fibres are propagated to the Heart The rise and progress of the recurrent Nerve where it formeth another Plex out of which numerous Fibres are dispensed toward the Body Auricles and Pericardium of the Heart making different divarications in both sides of it Where the Par Vagum entereth into the Cavity of the Thorax it riseth higher in the right side and is reflected like a Pully upon the Axillary Artery But the recurrent Nerve in the left side taking its rise lower is reflected about the Trunk of the Aorta So that these Nerves from their progress up and down are styled Recurrent first from their descending near the Arteries into the Cavity of the Thorax and afterward ascending have recourse into the Muscles of the Larynx into whose Origens they are implanted with fruitful Ramulets The Par Vagum in its passage up and down The Par Vagum dispenseth many Fibres into the Base Cone and anterior and posterior region of the Heart imparteth divers Fibres to the Aspera Arteria And more especially a little below the left Recurrent Nerve an eminent Branch springeth out of the Trunk of the Par Vagum dispensing divers Branches toward the hinder region as also the anterior region of the Base of the Heart enameling the whole surface of it with Fibres worked to a wonder in great divarications And there are two Plexes from which divers Branches are dispensed into the Heart The upper and larger is seated between the Aorta and the Pulmonary Artery and the Nerves composing this Plex are eminent Branches derived from the Trunk of the Par Vagum and the Intercostal Nerves Out of this Plex two or three Nerves creeping under the Aorta do pass into the left Chamber of the Heart The Branch of the Par Vagum encircleth the Pulmonary Artery And another Branch encompasseth the Pulmonary Artery as with a little handle and out of its anterior part a Branch descending about the right Trunk of the Par Vagum and another out of the Nerve destined to the hinder region of the Base of the Heart do at last all meet together and constitute the lesser Plex out of which divers Fibres are transmitted into the forepart of the right Chamber of the Heart The lesser Cardiack Plex of the Par Vagum Out of the same Trunk of the Par vagum from whence the Cardiack Nerves are derived are propagated many Branches The Branches of the Par Vagum implanted into the Stomach The cause of the Sympathy between the Heart Larynx and Stomach implanted into the Stomach whence ariseth the great sympathy between the Heart and Stomach as Learned Doctor Willis hath well observed whereupon in violent Vomitings the Stomach being highly convulsed the Patient falleth into Lypothymies Syncopes The Nerves coming from the Trunk are chiefly distributed into the upper part and Mouth of the Stomach the chief seat of Hunger as also into the Coats of the Gulet and into the Bronchia and their appendant Vesicles of Air whereupon a Cough of the Lungs often causeth Vomiting and again Vomiting often produceth a Cough as the Lungs Gulet and Stomach are endued with many Nerves propagated from the same Trunk of the Par Vagum And after many Branches are communicated to the Heart Lungs c. The rise of the upper and lower Stomacick Branch the Par Vagum from a Trunk seated below the Lungs doth emit an exterior and interior Branch which being conjoyned afterward do constitute the upper and lower Branches of Stomacick Nerves which do furnish all parts of the Stomach with numerous Fibres The Intercostal Nerve is made of many Fibres The Intercostal Nerve and its union with the Par Vagum The Ganglioform Plex. coming from the Brain and Medulla Spinalis which do associate with the Par Vagum The Intercostal Nerve not far after its egress out of the Brain doth make the Glangloiform Plex near that of the Par Vagum into which some nervous Processes are inserted which are derived from the first Verteber from this Plex one Branch is implanted into the Sphincter of the Gulet and another into the Ganglioform Plex of the Par Vagum The Intercostal Nerve descending near the Vertebres The Cervical Plex from which are derived Fibres into the Diaphragm Recurrent Nerve Wind-pipe Gulet Cardiack Plex c. maketh another greater Plex seated in the middle of the Neck into which a large Nerve coming from a near Vertebral pair is inserted From this Branch are Fibres derived which confederate with the Nerves of the Diaphragm and recurrent Nerves and toward the Aspera Arteria many Fibres of this Plex are inserted into the Coats of the Windepipe and Gulet and into the Cardiack Plex as also into the Axillary Artery and about the Roots of the first and second Rib there are four Branches coming from the Vertebral Nerves which do constitute an eminent Plex called the Intercostal The Intercostal pair The Intercostal Nerve furnisheth all the parts of the lowest Apartiment with nervous Branches passing out of the second into the third Apartiment over against the bottom of the Stomach doth send out on each side a Branch the upper maketh the Mesenterick Plexes being seven in number as Dr. Willis will have it wherein divers Fibrils every way display themselves like so many Rays and are implanted into the Stomach Spleen Liver Vesicula fellea Ductus Cholidochus Pylorus Kidneys Capsula Atrabilaria Intestines and into the Testicles in Men and Ovaries and Uterus in Women as also into the Ureters Bladder Seminal Vesicles Prostrats Penis and into all parts of the middle and lowest Venter Having given a short History of the Par Vagum The Spinal Nerve is assistant to the Par Vagum Intercostal Nerve and their progress through various parts it may not be improper to give some account of the Spinal Nerve as contributing to the operation of the Par Vagum which having its Origen composed of many Fibres The Spinal Nerve confederates with the Par Vagum with which another eminent Nerve coming out of the Medulla Spinalis espouseth an union and passeth out of the same hole of the Skull with the Par Vagum with which it Inosculates and maketh one Trunk as having one joynt office This Spinal Nerve after it hath associated some time with the Par Vagum it quitteth its converse and is reflected outward and imparteth divers Fibres to the Muscles of the Neck and bestows many Fibres to the Tenth pair of Nerves with which it is in conjunction both in Trunk and Office and is not only found in Man but in Beasts Birds and Fish As to the use Nature hath consigned this accessory Nerve it is reasonable it should take its Origen from the Spinal Marrow because it is subservient to the
The Second Coat by the Second Membrane of the Medulla Spinalis which is propagated from the Dura Mater and is a much finer and thinner Coat then that of the ligamentous and is joyned in divers places to the Tenuis membrana by the mediation of many membranous Fibrils But between these Two Membranes a Third creepeth in and interposeth it self which is not discernible by a careless Eye The Third Coat by reason of its great fineness upon which account it is aemulous of a Spiders web and therefore called Aracnoeides adorned with numerous small Arteries and Veins importing and exporting Blood to and from the Medulla this Membrane is tied to the Dura mater by diverse nervous Filaments before they insinuate themselves into the Membrane immediately enclosing the Medulla which is the Fourth and last Tunicle propagated from the Pia mater The Fourth Covering and is curiously enamelled with great variety of small Arteries which insinuate themselves into the most retired parts of the Medulla bedewing it with vital Liquor of which whatsoever is Luxuriant is returned by the Veins toward the right Chamber of the Heart The Medulla Spinalis is not one entire substance The Medulla Spinalis is divided into Two equal parts but is parted long-ways down the middle into Two equal portions by the interposition of the fine Membrane propagated from the Pia mater which when it hath encircled the surface of the Medulla insinuateth it self into the most inward Recesses of it the Pia mater being a kind of Mediastine or Sepiment which passing down clean through from the beginning to the termination of the Spine divideth the Medulla into Two equal but distinct Provinces but some are of Opinion that the Medulla is one undivided substance as being not parted by any manifest Fissure which though it be granted to be small as it is scarce discernible in a humane Medulla yet it is more conspicuous in a Bullock where it is plainly parted by the Pia mater into Two equal parts The Medulla Spinalis of a Bullock is parted by the Pia mater until it arrive the Vertebers of the Loins so that on either side a Cavity may be discovered in the Medulla of an Ox gently boiled with which I humbly conceive that of a Mans holdeth some good Analogy Ut perspicue Clarissimus Pavius observatione Undecima In viro Anno millessimo Quinquagesimo Nonagesimo Nono dissecto Spinalem Medullam a Pia matre manifeste in duo latera divisam apparuisse observavit So that each of these Two Provinces being severed by the mediation of the Pia mater hath peculiar small vessels Fibres and Nerves which have no entercourse with each other and the fountain of the nervous Liquor being placed in the Cortex and Medullary parts of the Brain and the streams do immediately issue from the Medulla oblongata to the Medulla Spinalis Each side hath proper channels to convey the Latex nervosus divided into Two equal sides and each of them hath proper Channels to convey the Latex nervosus which never overfloweth the common Bank made by the Pia mater seated in the middle of it so that one side being afflicted with any obstruction or compression the well side cannot contribute any nervous Liquor or Animal spirits for the relief of the disaffected side The Medulla Spinalis being an appendix of the Brain The Medulla Spinalis is like the Brain in substance and vessels is styled by Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tanquam vicarius Cerebri emulateth it not only in substance but in great variety of Vessels among which the Arteries may seem to claim the priority in paying a noble tribute of vital Liquor to the Medulla of these Arteries Galen giveth a good account in Lib. Decimo Sexto de usu partium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Medulla Spinalis hath many divarications of Arteries Per totum iter magnae Arteriae quod a quinta Thoracis vertebra auspicatu per totam spinam facit aliae quaedam sunt vasorum parvorum propagines in Spinalem Medullam prorumpentes binae magna ex parte divisae partemque sui non exiguum retro mittunt ad dorsales Musculos Learned Rolfincius addeth in vindication of Galen That the Trunk of the Aorta is not immediately branched unto the intermedial spaces of the Four upper Ribs which are supplied from the cervical Arteries The opinien of the Antients was That the Arteries and Veins of the Medulla Spinalis did borrow their original from those greater Trunks of the Loins and did unite with the Branches of the internal jugular Vein and carotide Artery descending as they conceived into the Loins which is very repugnant to the aeconomy of Nature Because the internal jugular Vein is a branch of the descendent Trunk of the Cava and the carotide Artery a Branch of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta that of the Cava deriveth its Origen from the Right Cistern of the Heart and this of the Aorta from the Left so that both Trunks propagate themselves upward in numerous branches toward the Neck and Head and no ways downward toward the Loins whose smaller Veins and Arteries take their rise from the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and descendent of the Aorta But Galen a great Master of the Antients giveth a better account of the Spinal Arteries 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Penetrant autem intra ossa quà ipsa interse committuntur quaque nervi inter foras feruntur duplexque The Apophysis of the Vertebers ad singulas commissuras est apophysis quod foramen est duplex alterum quidem a dextris Spinae pâ—rtibus alterum vero a sinistris Hae omnino quamplurimae sunt per totam Spinam exiguarum Arteriarum conjugatione numero nervos qui ex Spinali Medulla producuntur aequales It was commonly judged by the Antients that all the vertebral Arteries did only relate to the Brain but Autopsy determineth the contrary for upon the parting the Caudex of the Medulla oblongata from the Spinalis Three vertebral or arterial Branches plainly discover themselves climbing up round the Occiput and Two of them equally convey Purple Liquor both to the Brain and top of the Medulla Spinalis but the middle Branch as Learned Dr. Willis hath well observed doth not arrive the Brain but parteth from the association of the Two other vertebral Branches and descending downward addresseth it self to the Spine freely bedewing its nobler Medulla with a generous juyce Vessels that concern the Spine are of a threefold order Arteries Sinus The various Blood-vessels of the Medulla Spinalis and Veins The Arteries of the Spine The Arteries of the Medulla as so many Sanguiducts to convey the Latex nervosus to the Medulla are seated in the inside and backside of the Thorax some above and some below the Heart those above may be styled the upper Arteries being sprouts of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta springing or shooting
that the Spirit of Vitriol Salt or Vinegar cannot ascend out of the Still to the top of the Alembick unless it be forced up by an intense heat After this manner the phantasmes of Melancholick persons afflicted with adust Choler proceeding from Animal Spirits The cause and manner how Melancholy operates degenerating into an acide disposition do influence the whole Compage of the Brain and act in the Meditullium and are carried into the spaces of the neighbouring Filaments where the Animal Spirits exert their motions in a confused manner whence Thoughts perpetually arise which are much versed about one or but a few objects And when a great number of Spirits are confined within a narrow compass of the fibrous Compage of the Brain the phantasmes are very much enlarged beyond the true dimensions and small things rendred great and after the like manner when the visible images of things are represented by a Microscope they appeart much greater then they are in their own nature as the many Rays are united and concentred in a Convexe Glass so also the intentional species are configured in the Fibrous Compage of the Brain by the conflux of many Animal Spirits confined within a small circumference Of this we may have an Experiment in our Selves when we are fed with gross melancholly Diet or being clouded with the passion of sadness we become Thoughtful by reason the Animal Spirits do want a free Emanation we are made sollicitous of every small concern as if our whole happiness depended upon it Whereupon we are discomposed with great Fear and Anxiety conceiving our selves utterly lost in our vain apprehension when we are overcome with Melancholy And this melancholick Affection doth not only take its rise from an acide disposition spoiling the Crasis of the Animal Spirits Melancholy coming from an atrabilarian Humor but from an atrabilarian Humor carried with the Blood by the internal carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands whereupon their nature is much debased and as losing their sweet temper and volatil saline disposition their Compage is rendred more gross and opaque so that it cannot be duly enlightened by the lucid Particles of the Animal Spirits And Melancholy is not only contracted by the fault of the Brain Melancholy flowing from the Praecordia and Blood and Animal Spirits but from the Praecordia and from the Blood endued with heterogeneous Particles highly fermenting in the noble parts of the middle Apartiment and thence transmitted by arterial Channels into the Brain where it maketh a great alteration in the nervous Compage as it is affected with gross atrabilarian Particles perverting the Crasis of the Brain and clouding the bright Ingeny of the Animal Spirits The Humors proceeding from adust Choler do much lessen the purity of the flame of Life in taking off much of its Activity and Spirit whereupon it moveth more slowly in its various Channels and contracteth gross Recrements associated with the Blood out of whose more mild parts debased by atrabilarian Humors producing grief and fear ill companions the purity of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is very much sullied often generating a sad Delirium The ill temper of the vital Liquor causing this timerous Disease The temper of the Blood producing a timerous disposition doth partly proceed from undue fermentation of the Blood in the Heart whereupon it groweth less oily and bountiful in its spirituous parts proceeding from too much exalted saline Atomes rendring the Blood gross and unactive whereupon the Blood transmitted out of the right Chamber of the Heart into the pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs as being too much burdened with fixed Salt cannot be duly attenuated and inspired with the elastick particles of Air so that we grow faint and sorrowful as our Blood wanteth a due intestine motion in the Heart and Lungs whereupon it groweth depressed in this Malady as overcharged with gross saline and sulphureous Particles whereupon arise variety of passions in the Heart as Fear Sorrow Faintness and panting in the most noble machine of motion which doth not only suffer by the ill crasis of the Blood clogged with ill effaete adust Choler and saline parts but the vital Liquor also is very much retarded as growing degenerate for want of a due circulation through all the apartiments of the body which is produced in this Disease by a slow and weak motion of the Heart coming from its disabled contractions of muscular Fibres caused by the defect of Animal Spirits not sufficiently acting the Nerves so that the Blood and Animal Spirits do disaffect and prejudice each other the atrabilarian Blood as affected with saline parts produceth gross Animal Liquor and Spirits and again the Animal Spirits being endued with an ill disposition do not duly influence the Cardiack Nerves whereupon the Blood and Animal Spirits do pervert each others Crasis in reference to purity vigor and activity The inordinate passions of the Mind as vehement love sadness Vehement Love discomposeth the fine temper of the Brain panick fear envy malice do very much disturb the oeconomy of the Brain and spoil the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits in forcing them to run excentrick in reference to their common Sphaeres of the Interstices of nervous Filaments by making them depart into the Pores and Meatus of the substance of the Brain whence proceedeth the depravation of the various Faculties Trust and Reason residing in it Again The indisposition of the Blood proceeding from crude Chyme not well assimilated the Blood acquiring an undue Crasis as being mixed with a Chyme not broken into small Particles by the faint motion of the Heart as in Fear Sadness c. doth render the vital Liquor crude and full of fixed saline Particles as not well attenuated by the motion of Blood coming from the weak contractions of the fleshy Fibres of the Heart whereupon the ill-affected Blood doth make or spoil the production of laudable Animal Liquor and Spirits in the cortical Glands of the Brain The Blood also contracteth an ill temper by immoderate Exercise The Blood is distempered by violent exercise gross Diet of Salt Meats especially if they be dried in Smoke and the suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood by the Haemorrhoids and Menstrua bleeding at Nose and of purging the serous Recrements by Vomiting and Stool all which do infect the Blood and render it Atrabilarian which afterward indisposeth the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits The Antients did conceive the first rise of Melancholy to be seated in the Brain and other times in the Uterus and Spleen as to the Brain it may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when the Brain hath its substance habitually vitiated by an ill nervous Liquor primarily flowing from the ill serous Liquor of the Blood out of which it is formed Others do imagine the seat of Melancholy to be in the Womb Some conceive the seat of Melancholy to be in the
Creature the Godhead of Nature appears very illustrious in making the August and great Structure of Man's Body out of so minute Particles of Seminal Liquor out of which an admirable variety of different Parts are formed The Bones are the Pillars of the Body and Centers of Motion composed into Joynts mutually tied with many Ligaments and increased with Cartilages These Bones are vailed with Tunicles and cloathed with the more thick Robes of Muscles moving the various Articulations in different Positions This Magnificent Fabrick is enclosed with common Integuments as with so many fine Walls and the three Apartiments are beautified with Membranes as with curious Hangings consisting of many well-spun Filaments close struck and curiously interwoven with each other in variety of Postures encircling the choice Housholdstuff of the Viscera as so many Colatories of the Blood made up of many Tubes of Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts transmitting various Liquors into all Parts of this lovely Frame of the Body Anatomy also declareth to us the unspeakable Wisdom as well as Power of the most Heavenly Mind in the great Artifice of setting together so many Similar and Dissimilar Parts in a due situation Connexion and a decent Figure Magnitude Number and proper substance and chiefly in the disposition of many different parts subservient to each other in admirable order This curious Art is a Key unlocking the Skull the Ivory Cabinet of the Head shaded with Hair and immured with many other fine Coverings whereby you may see the more Noble Jewel of the Brain the Pallace of Minerva encircled with fine Vails investing the Maeanders of its Ambient parts which being opened you may treat your self with the fruitful Branches of divers Arterial and Venal Ducts and with various Sinus as so many Cysterns of Vital Juice and the streaky compage of the Brain consisting of many minute Fibrils the Channels of Nervous Liquor transmitting it through the Processes of the Brain into the more remote Apartiments of the Body In this learned Academy of Arts and Sciences the Rational as a Soveraign Queen hath her Presence Chamber wherein the Faculties of the Understanding and Will are Celebrated giving their Commands to the Concupiscible Irascible and motive Faculties most readily obeying the Superior Whereupon we may see admire and adore the infinite Goodness of the Creator manifested by this curious Art of Dissecting whereby we may clearly apprehend the actions and uses of Parts as their principal end and perfection the Mouth is a preparatory of Aliment by Mastication breaking it into small Particles impregnated with Air and Salival Liquor and afterward the Meat is transmitted by the Gulet as by a Neck into the body of the Stomach where it is embodied with Serous and Nervous Liquor as a Menstruum to colliquate and dissolve it into various parts out of which a milky Liquor is extracted and then it is discharged out of the Retort of the Stomach into the Serpentine Ducts of the Guts to receive a farther Elaboration as mixed with Bilious and Pancreatick Liquor and afterward this Alimentary Liquor is carried by the milky Mesenterick Vessels into the common Receptacle where it as associated with Lympha attenuating it and then it is transmitted through the Thoracick Duct into the subclavian Veins where it espouseth a union with the Blood and is farther conveyed into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it receiveth a greater Comminution and is thence imported through the various Blood-vessels into the substance of the Lungs wherein it is impregnated with the Nitrous or Elastick Particles of Air refining the Blood which being imparted to the left Chamber of the Heart and by the ascending and descending Trunks of Arteries and their Branches into the Brain Spleen Liver Pancreas Kidneys and Testicles as so many strainers of the Blood to defaecate it from its more gross Recrements And here we may see with Eucharist and Adoration the unspeakable Works of the Great Architect which He hath declared in the most admirable Artifice of a Humane Body in reference to its Structure Actions and Uses And Anatomy doth not only very much contribute to the knowledge of our Maker but our Selves too as we are Compounds of two Essential Parts Matter and Form Body and Soul which celebrate her various Operations while confined to our Body by proper Organs of outward Senses duly qualified by reason all intellectual knowledge taketh its rise from outward objects first presented to the outward sensitive Organs and afterward communicated to the common Sense and Fancy whose Phantasms being represented to the Understanding produce the more elevated notions of Reason giving her Dictates to the Will which by her Commands bringeth the inferior Concupiscible Irascible and loco-motive Faculties into Acts. Whereupon it must be inferred That seeing the superior Faculties do use the outward senses of Hearing and Seeing as their Ministers Anatomy is very necessary to conduct us to the due qualifying of the Eyes when indisposed by teaching us the various Coats Pupil and Humors which constitute the Eye whose act is celebrated by visible Images arrayed with Light reflected from Opaque Bodies and being conveyed through many more rare or dense transparent mediums of Tunicles and Humours do make divers refractions and at last make Appulses upon the Retina the immediate subject of Vision an expansion of the Optick Nerve which being affected by the stâ—â—kes of the Retina communicates them to the Fancy whose Phantasms being represented to the Understanding are productive of more sublime Sentiments Anatomy doth render the act of Hearing intelligible by discovering the Auditory passage Muscles and Bones of the Ear Tympanum Foramen ovale rotundum Labarynthus which convey Sounds the various models of Air making appulses upon the Auditory Nerve the ultimate subject of Hearing which are thence imparted by the continuation of Nerves to the inward Sensory the Judge of outward Objects By Dissecting the Heart we discern its Chambers as the Cysterns of Blood and the Tendinous and Carnous Fibres contracting the Cavities of the Heart and out of its right Ventricle do impell the Vital Liquor into the Lungs and out of the left Ventricle into the common Trunk and into the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and their Branches transmitting Blood into all parts of the Body By this Art we discover the Cortical Glands of the Brain as Systems of various Vessels wherein the Nervous Liquor is generated and conveyed through the Fibrous Compage of many Processes into the Trunks of Nerves very conspicuous in the lower Region of the Brain when it is laid open by Art By Anatomy we may discern the Glands of the Cutis Pancreas Spleen Liver Kidneys and Testicles as so many collective Bodies of several Vessels percolating the Blood By it we may view the various Vessels the different Channels of Liquors and the Carnous and Tendinous Fibres contracting the Muscles as so many Engines of motion By this Art we pry into the inward Recesses of the
by the neighbouring parts doth resemble somewhat of a Semi-circle k k. The Vessel arising out of the Pancreas and inserted into the great Gut l l. Another Vessel passing over the Stomach is inserted into the middle of the Arch relating to the Semi-lunary Spleen m m. A Vessel arising out of the lesser Spleen and inserted into the middle of the Stomach n n. A Vessel encircling the Stomach o o. A Vessel arising out of the middle of a Vessel going out of the lesser Spleen and passing over the Pancreas and Stomach tendeth downward and terminates into a Gland p p. The great Semi-lunary Spleen encompassing the bottom of the Stomach Fig. 3. a a. The partition of the first rowe of Glands relating to the Milte b b. The Origen of the second rank of Glands being Spiral c c. The two Ducts that transmit the milky Humor into the Glands affixed to the Spine d d d d. The second rank of Glands running all down the Spine e e. The terminations of the ranks of Glands having Ducts inserted into the last Gut near the Anus f f. The last Gut into which the excretory Ducts of the second of Glands is inserted g g. The beginning of the Kidney in a point h h. The Kidney seated on the outside of the second rowe of Milky Glands ii The termination of the Kidney in a small Process of Glands and is inserted by a Center into the Gut near the Anus Tab 27. Tab. XXVIII A Fireflaire opened a a. THE cover of the Nostrils b. The Mouth c. The Trunk of the Aorta d. The Heart e. The right Auricle lying under the lower region of the Heart F. †g. Part of the Membrane encompassing the cartilaginous Arch †parted in the middle to give sight to the Heart is Concave toward the lower Venter and Convex toward the upper H. The top or origen of the Gulet much broader then the rest and after groweth narrower as it approacheth toward the Ventricle I. The Gulet K. The Left Orifice of the Stomach l l l. The circumference of the Stomach representing an Arch. m. The Right Orifice of the Stomach n. The beginning of the Duodenum or great Gut having a narrow Neck o. The turn of the Duodenum where the Pancreas beginneth p p. The Pancreas arising near the turn of the Duodenum inserteth it self into the inside of the Right Gut and that part of the Pancreas that lieth under the Duodenum is of a kind of triangular Figure q. The Spleen lying within the circumference of the Arch of the Stomach r. The ridge of the Spleen s s s. The great Gut lying in the Right Side T. The Intestinum rectum u. The termination of the Intestinum rectum w. The part of the Gut that lieth in the Left Side x. The Milte consisting of numerous minute Glands and Vessels y. The Kidney consisting of many Red Glands interspersed with white Membranes z. The Ureter discharging it self into the Intestinum rectum 1. The descendent Trunk of the Artery lodged near the Spine in the Left Side 2. The Artery seated in the Left Side derived from the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and passing the length of the Milte transmitteth many Branches into the minute Glands of it 3. The ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava climbing all along near the Spine 4. The termination of the Intestine seated in the Left Side to which are affixed a company of white minute Glands all joyned together by thin small minute Membranes Tab 28. Tab. XXIX The Viscera of a Skait c. A. THe Nostrils seated above the Mouth on each side of a Skait B. The Mouth with three rows of Teeth above and below C. The Heart being endued with a Pyramidal figure d. The right Ventricle running cross-wise under the Heart E. The common Trunk arising immediately out of the Heart F. The first and Tripartite branches sprouting on each side out of the common Trunk and inserted into the three lower Gills G. The Bipartite Branches emitted on each side out of the Arterial Trunk implanted into the two upper Gills H. The five Gills seated on each side J. The Cartilaginous Intersepiment or Wall parting the Middle from the lower Apartiment K. The left Lobe of the Liver L. The middle Lobe M. The right Lobe N. The Bladder of Gall. O. Part of the Pancreas seated upon the first Gut p. Part of the Spleen q. The Cava entring into the right side of the Appendix of the Heart lying under the body of it R. The descendent Trunk of the Aorta arising out of the left side of the Appendix of the Heart S. Part of the Gulet appearing between the Lobes of the Liver t. The orbicular Fibers of the Gulet u. The long Fibers of the Gulet w. Part of the Surface of the Stomach A. The Vessels appertaining to the Gills Tab 29. Tab. XXX Fig. 1. Containing the Gulet Ventricle Pancreas c. of a Skait THe Gulet according to Aristotle is only found in those Animals which are endued with Respiration whereupon Learned Steno was of an opinion that a Skait had no Aesophagus as he hath it in the 4th Page of the Anatomy of a Skait His words are these treating of a Skait Ori continuus sine Aesophago Ventriculus unam eandemque cum illo in mortuis videtur conficere cavitatem The Ventricle being continued to the Mouth without a Gulet doth seem to make one and the same cavity with it in dead Fish With deference to this Learned Author I take the boldness to make this Reply That the dimensions and form of the Gulet and Stomach are very different in a Skait in which the Aesophagus in this Fish holdeth much Analogy with the Gulet of other Animals having Respiration in point of Figure A A. The Gulet adorned with a round figure and much less then the Ventricle a a a The annular Fibers of the Gulet so called as encircling it b b. The oblong Fibers making their progress through the length of the Gulet C. The beginning of the Stomach D. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach d. The great Branches of Blood-vessels belonging to the Stomach E E. The transverse or circular Fibers dressing the first Coat of the Stomach f. The oblique Fibers of the second Coat of the Stomach passing in bevil lines g g. The Duodenum or beginning of the Guts h. The greater part or beginning of the Pancreas i. The branches of Blood-vessels shading the Surface of the Pancreas k. The smaller parts or termination of the Pancreas l l l. The branch of the Porta encircling the lower region of the Stomach m. The Spleen being endued with a livid Colour and a triangular Figure is seated in an Arch of the Stomach n n. The Milte being dispoiled of its Coat may be seen to be composed of many small Glands Fig. 2. The Skull of a Cod. a a. †b b. The Process running in the middle of the Skull is endued with a thin edge
the Kidney endued with a Pyramidal figure the Base being in its origen and Point in its termination k. The Cone or termination of the Kidney l. The Ureter coming from the Kidney is inserted into the Bladder m. The Ureter cut off n. The beginning of the Bladder of Urine o. The body of the Bladder endued with an oblong round Figure p. The termination of the Bladder confining on the Vent seated on the right side of the Fish q q q. The Ovaries beginning in large dimensions and ending into a Cone and are double lying upon one another in the right side and after the same manner the Milts are placed Tab. 37 Tab. XXXVIII Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Lamprey †a a. THe Heart of a Lamprey is covered with a white Cartilaginous substance †as being the Pericardium resembling the form of a Heart which is double in this Autopsy for I saw the left Lobe or Ventricle being often pricked make many Vibrations three or four every time it was wounded and immediately after the right Lobe or Ventricle being pricked with the point of a Knife did not make the least motion b. The Lobe seated in the right side of the Heart c. The Lobe or Ventricle placed in the left side of the Heart d d. The Gulet is very different from the Stomach both in thickness and length and especially in the first entrance and its lower Region is enwrapped with a thick glandulous substance and is covered all over with a more thin expansion of the same nature The Gulet is encircled for an inch or more with a white Pyramidal Cartilage its Base lieth near the Mouth and its point downward e e. The Stomach is bigger above and endeth into a kind of point out of which there is a very small passage into the Guts f f f. The Caul is composed of many parts enclosed with proper Membranes and resemble the Intestines running up and down in many Gyres the whole length of the Abdomen to the Anus g g g. The Intestines in this Fish are most large in their Origen and they pass from the right to the left side and then make a Circumvolation and afterward maketh its progress in a straight course under the Liver The Intestines have greatest dimensions in their beginning and less in their termination near the Vent The Intestines are of a red colour resembling Blood-vessels in colour and are endued with numerous folds passing the length of the Guts which give a check to the over-quick motion of the Chyle and gross Excrements †h h. The Liver †of a Lamprey is destitute of Lobes being of one entire substance as in a Salmon and is bigger and thicker in its origen and endeth in a kind of point its body covereth the upper part of the Intestines ii The Globules appearing very fair in the Liver where the Coat is stripped off Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Garfish †a. †b. The Heart of a Garfish is a Triangular figure its Base †is seated upward and its Cone †downward as in most Fish and is lodged in a small apartiment under the Tongue which may be styled the Thorax which is parted from the lower Venter by a thin membranous Diaphragm †c c. Under the Heart lying in a supine posture as most convenient for Dissection is seated a large Auricle †to which the Vena Cava is fastned carrying Blood into the Heart †d. And the right side of the Auricle hath a minute Body †somewhat of a Pyramidal figure whose more large part is affixed to the Base of the Heart inclining toward the right side †e e. The Stomach †is as it were the upper part of the Intestine or origen of it having no Plicatures as are found in most Fish and hath the same structure and differeth only as somewhat bigger and no Sphincter relating to the Pylorus there being no straightness where the Stomach endeth †f f. †g. The Gut †of this Fish is destitute of any Circumvolation and maketh its progress in a straight course all down the lower Venter to the Vent †This long Intestine hath no Valves in its inside nor any Cells like those of a Honey-comb which have been discovered in the single Intestine of a Sturgeon which are instituted by Nature as I conceive to give many stops to the overhasty passage of the Excrements And the reason I conceive why this Fish hath but one Gut destitute of Folds Valves and Circumvolations is because the Ferments of the Stomach and Gut being one continued Cavity are very spirituous active and full of Volatil saline parts which can quickly colliquate the Aliment and extract the Liquor so that there needs no Folds Valves or Gyres to give a long stay to the nourishment of easie Concoction in the Stomach and Guts Fig. 3. The Liver of a Garfish a a. The upper Region of the Liver which is very broad b b. The lower Region of the Liver which groweth less and less and endeth in a Cone c. The Cone of the Liver in which it terminateth d d d d d. The Glands besetting the upper and under Region of the Liver e e e e. The Ducts importing bilious Matter secerned in the body of the Liver into the greater Cavity of the Bladder of Gall. f f. The Bladder of Gall full of small oblong Fibers by which the Bladder is contracted and the Oyl excerned out of its Bosome Fig. 4. The Kidneys of a Gurnet a a. The broader and upper part of the Spine b b. The progress of the Spine all along the Back in a Pyramidal figure c c. The upper Region of the Kidneys which is much expanded after the manner of an imperfect Triangle and consisteth of two large Lobules d d d. The progress of the Kidneys which are very narrow e e. The termination of the Kidneys when they are conjoyned which is much broader and thicker then the middle and terminate on each side near the extremity of the Intestines into two Conick Lobules much larger then any of the rest Tab 38. Tab. XXXIX Fig. 1. A Crab opened By Doctor Edward Tyson This Figure was chiefly designed to represent the Intestina Caeca which are more numerous in a Crab then in any other Animal A. THE Mouth b b. The Stomach c c c c c c. The Intestina Caeca filled with a Chymous substance and is that part that is dressed in eating a Crab. d. Other Intestina Caeca that lye upon the straight Gut that lies in the Body e e. The Rectum or straight Gut that lies in the Tail f. The Finns g g. The two Penes Fig. 2. Of a Crab opened This Figure represents the Mouth the Stomach the Intestine and double Penis of a Crab. a a. The Mouth b b. The Stomach c. The First Gut d. The Rectum in the Tail e. The Finns f f f f. The double Penis in situ naturali as retracted in the Body Tab 39. Tab. XL. Fig. 1. Asellus
Page 369 Chap. 45. Of the Pathology of the Guts Page 370 Chap. 46. Of the Diseases of the Guts and their Cure Page 375 Chap. 47. Of the Colick Passion Page 379 Chap. 48. Of the Mesentery Page 384 Chap. 49. Of the Diseases of the Mesentery Page 392 Chap. 50. Of the Pancreas Page 398 Chap. 51. Of the Pancreas of Beasts and other Animals Page 403 Chap. 52. Of the Pancreas of Birds and Fish Page 404 Chap. 53. Of the Diseases of the Pancreas Page 405 The Contents of the Third Part of the First Book consisting of Thirty three Chapters Chap. 1. OF the Spleen Page 411 Chap. 2. Of the Spleen of Fish Page 416 Chap. 4. Of the Spleen of Beasts Page 421 Chap. 5. Of the Spleen of Birds Page 422 Chap. 6. Of the Pathology of the Spleen and its Cures Page 423 Chap. 7. Of the Liver Page 428 Chap. 8. Of the Glands of the Liver Page 435 Chap. 9. Of the Lympheducts of the Liver Page 439 Chap. 10. Of the Lympha or Liquor contained in the Lympheducts Page 441 Chap. 11. Of the Pathology of the Lympheducts and Lympha Page 444 Chap. 12. Of the Liver of Beasts Page 447 Chap. 13. Of the Liver of Birds Page 449 Chap. 14. Of the Liver of Fish Page 451 Chap. 15. Of the Bladder of Gall Page 453 Chap. 16. Of the Bladder of Gall in other Animals Page 455 Chap. 17. Of the Porus Bilarius Page 457 Chap. 18. Of Choler Page 459 Chap. 19. Of the use of the Liver Page 462 Chap. 20. Of the Pathology of the Liver Page 465 Chap. 21. Of the Glands leaning upon the Kidneys Page 472 Chap. 22. Of the Kidneys Page 473 Chap. 23. Of the Kidneys of Beasts Page 480 Chap. 24. Of the Kidneys of Birds Page 481 Chap. 25. Of the Kidneys of Fish Page 482 Chap. 26. Of the Pathology of the Kidneys and its Cures Page 483 Chap. 27. Of the Stone of the Kidneys Page 488 Chap. 28. Of the Stone of the Kidneys and its Cures Page 493 Chap. 28. Of the Vreters Page 494 Chap. 29. Of the Ureters of other Animals Page 496 Chap. 30. Of the Ureters and their Pathology Page 497 Chap. 31. Of the Bladder of Urine Page 498 Chap. 31. Of the Bladder of Urine in other Animals Page 501 Chap. 32. Of the Pathology of the Bladder of Urine Chap. 33. Of Urine Page 505 The Contents of the Fourth Part of the First Book consisting of Thirty eight Chapters Chap. 1. OF the Parts of Generation in Man Page 511 Chap. 2. Of the Testicles Page 515 Chap. 3. Of the Parastats and deferent Vessels Page 526 Chap. 4. Of the Seminal Vesicles Page 629 Chap. 5. Of the Penis or Yard Page 534 Chap. 6. Of the Seminal Liquor of Man Page 539 Chap. 7. Of the Parts of Generation in the Males of Beasts Page 542 Chap. 8. Of the Parts of Generation in the Cocks of Birds Page 547 Chap. 9. Of the Parts of Generation in the Males of Fish Page 548 Chap. 10. Of the Parts of Generation in Insects Page 550 Chap. 11. Of the Diseases of the Scrotum and Testicles of Man Page 552 Chap. 12. Of the Diseases of the Penis and its Cures Page 557 Chap. 13. Of the Parts of Generation in a Woman Page 559 Chap. 14. Of the Uterus Page 563 Chap. 15. Of the inward part of the Uterus Page 566 Chap. 16. Of the Ligaments of the Womb Page 573 Chap. 17. Of the Menstruous Flux Page 578 Chap. 18. Of the Pathology of the Menstruous Purgation Page 579 Chap. 19. Of the Fluor Albus or Whites Page 584 Chap. 20. Of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women Page 588 Chap. 21. Of the Deferent Vessels of Women Page 593 Chap. 22. Of Feminine Seed Page 604 Chap. 23. Of the Diseases of the Womb and their Cures Page 608 Chap. 24. Of the Diseases of the Testicles or Ovaries of Women Page 614 Chap. 25. Of the principles and manner of Generation Page 617 Chap. 26. Of the Generation of a Humane Foetus Page 624 Chap. 27. Of the Placenta Uterina Page 630 Chap. 28. Of the Membranes encircling the Foetus Page 635 Chap. 29. Of the Uterus of Beasts Page 639 Chap. 30. Of the Ovaries of Beasts Page 643 Chap. 31. Of the Uterus of Birds Page 644 Chap. 32. Of the Ovaries and Eggs of Birds Page 646 Chap. 33. Of the Generation of a Foetus in Birds Page 648 Chap. 34. Of the parts of Generation in Fish Page 614 Chap. 35. Of the parts of Generation in Insects Page 660 Chap. 36. Of the parts of Generation in Plants Page 664 Chap. 37. Of the Seeds or Eggs of Plants Page 671 Chap. 38. Of the Generation of Plants Page 675 The Contents of the Second Book consisting of Fifty nine Chapters Chap. 1. OF the common Receptacle and Chyliferous Thoracick Ducts Page 679 Chap. 2. Of the Midriffe Page 684 Chap. 3. Of the Pathology of the Midriff and its Cures Page 689 Chap. 4. Of the Midriffe of greater and less Animals Page 690 Chap. 5. Of the Midriffe of Birds Page 692 Chap. 6. Of the Midriffe of Fish Page 693 Chap. 7. Of the Pleura Page 694 Chap. 8. Of the Thymus Page 697 Chap. 9. Of a Pleurisy Page 700 Chap. 10. Of an Empyema or collection of Matter in the Cavity of the Breast Page 704 Chap. 11. Of the Pericardium or Capsula of the Heart Page 709 Chap. 12. Of the Diseases of the Pericardium and their Cure Page 711 Chap. 13. Of the Pericardium of other Animals Page 713 Chap 14. Of the Heart Page 714 Chap. 16. Of the Auricles of the Heart Page 719 Chap. 17. Of the Ventricles of the Heart Page 721 Chap. 18. Of the Motion of the Heart Page 725 Chap. 19. Of the Pathology of the Motion of the Heart Page 732 Chap. 20. Of the Motion of the Blood Page 739 Chap. 21. Of the Blood Page 746 Chap. 22. Of the Pathology of the Heart in relation to its substance and Blood passing through it Page 753 Chap. 24. Of intermittent Fevers Page 764 Chap. 25. Of Malignant Fevers Page 762 Chap. 25. The Cures of intermittent Fevers Page 766 Chap. 26. The Cures of continued Fevers Page 767 Chap. 27. Of the Diseases of the Heart and their Cures Page 769 Chap. 28. Of the Hearts of Great Animals Page 773 Chap. 29. Of the Hearts of Birds Page 774 Chap. 30. Of the Hearts of Insects Page 778 Chap. 31. Of the Arteries of the Heart Page 779 Chap. 33. Of the Pathology of the Arteries Page 784 Chap. 34. Of the Veins relating to the Heart Page 787 Chap. 35. The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures Page 790 Chap. 36. Of the Blood-vessels of other Animals Page 793 Chap. 37. Of the Sap-vessels of Plants Page 794 Chap. 38. Of the Lungs Page 796 Chap. 39. Of the Lungs of greater Animals Page 802 Chap. 40. Of the Lungs of Birds Page 804 Chap. 41. Of the Lungs and Gills of Fish Page 806 Chap.
other as Bones Cartilages Ligaments which admit little or no Fermentation by reason of their great Driness and Solidity But the less solid and more tender parts as Veins Arteries and Nerves are the Repositories of fluid parts and are so many Systems made up of numerous Tubes of several sizes preserving and receiving the various motions of different Liquors so that Vessels or other more solid parts are only capable of some little Fermentation as their Minute Pores are receptive of fluid parts in order to Nutrition Whereupon the solid and dry parts precisely taken are disposed by Nature to little Intestine Motion which is chiefly assigned to Fluid Bodies as having greater empty Spaces not firmly adhearing to each other may more easily be Dissociated so that this loose Compage of Liquors is of an Expansive disposition made by several Intestine Motions proceeding from Substances broken into small Particles consisting of contrary Qualities and various Figures The Liquors therefore in which Fermentation is resident in Mans Body are principally Chyle and Blood The Fermentative Liquors of Man are Chyle and Blood The first receiveth its rudiment in the Mouth where the Aliment being broken into small Particles by Mastication is inspired with airy and aethereal Atomes and impregnated with Salival Liquor The manner of production and exaltation of Chyle made by various Ferments in several parts of the Body and then being conveyed through the Gulet into the Stomach is exalted with the greater parts of serous and nervous Liquors exuding out of terminations of the Arteries and Nerves by which the Chyle being first the prepared in the Stomach is thence transmitted through the Pylorus into the Intestines where it is improved by new Ferments of the Pancreatick Juice and Nervous Liquor the one coming out of the Excretory Ducts of the Pancreas and the other distilling out of the more narrow extremities of of the Nerves And then this Milky Liquor is farther impelled by the peristaltick motion of the Intestines and assisted by the compression of the Diaphragme into the Milky Vessels conveying it into the Mesenterick Glands where it receiveth a farther elaboration by Nervous Liquor dropping out of the Nerves of the Mesentery inserted into its Glands From whence the Chyle afterward passeth by a second kind of Vessels into the common receptacle where it is embodied with the Lympha rendring the Chyle more attenuated and fitted for Motion into the Thoratic Ducts importing the prepared Chyle into the Subclavian Veins where it entereth into confaederacy with the Subclavian Veins putting it into a new Fermentation by reason of the crude Clymous parts very different from the nature of Blood The Vital Liquor being broken by impetuous motion into Minute parts consisting of contrary Elements and various Figures consisting of Spirituous and Gross of Volatil and fixed Salin and Sulphureous Particles of Acid The Blood consisting of Saline and Sulphureous parts and of Acid and Alcaly hath intestine motitions in the Ventricles of the Heart promoted by nervous Liquors and Alcaly which variously acting and reacting upon one another do cause Intestine Motion in the chambers of the Heart where the Blood receiveth a farther Exaltation as associated with Nervous Liquor squeesed out of the extremities of Nerves terminating into the inward Walls of the Ventricle and out of the right by the contraction of the Heart the Purple Juice is briskly forced through the Pulmonary Arteries into the substance of the Lungs where it is inspired with Nitroaereal Particles conveyed thither through the Vesicles the appendant Vessels to the Bronchia giving it a Scarlet hue and a gentle flame of Life And the Blood being afterward transmitted by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and thence through the common and ascendent Trunks of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries where it receiveth new impregnation of Nervous Liquor distilling out of the small nervous Fibres inserted into the inward arterial Coats into the Cortical Glands wherein ariseth a soft Fermentation produced by volatil saline Particles lodged in the substance of the ambient part of the Brain So that the various and chief Ferments subservient to Fermentation by which it is highly promoted in the production and improvement of Chyle and Vital Liquor are Salival Juice the serous Liquor extracted out of the Blood the Pancreatic Juice and the airy and aethereal Particles Salival Liquor hath a fermenting Quality Salival Liquor is endued with a Fermentative Ingeny as made up of many various Elements and though it be a clear Tranparent Substance yet it is not a simple Body being compounded of many Elements and is more gross than Water and more fluid than the mucous matter of the Nostrils and is not frothy in its own nature being so rendred by the mixture of Air and the motion of the Tongue and Teeth in Mastication And it is of as great difficulty as importance to describe its Nature and Properties which are as admirable as useful because in Mastication it entreth into association with the broken Aliments very variously affected as being Moist Dry Oily Saline and there is no Alimentary Substance of whatsoever qualification that will not mix with this rare Juice â—â—d incorporate with it And whereas other simple and Heterogeneous Humours as Water Spirit Oyl Saline Liquors and the like being mixed do part again from each other and nevertheless do all associate with Salival Juice Salival Liquor is a kind of universal menstruum as embodieth with different Liquor by whose mediation these different Principles are reconciled to each other Therefore this salival Liquor seemeth to be a universal Menstruum which embodieth with and prepareth all Masticated Aliments of what disposition soever and accompanieth it into the Ventricle to give it a farther Exaltation which the Salival Juice performeth by vertue of many Elements of which it is Integrated Salival Juice is a Composition of watry and nervous Liquors impregnated with Saline Oily and acid Particles and is the first Ferment of the Alimentary Liquor in the Mouth The second Ferment of Chyle in the Stomach is the serous Liquor of the Blood The third Ferment of the Chyle in Intestine is Pancreatic Juice it being a Composition of large Watry and some Nervous Liquor and of Volatil Saline and some oily and acide Particles very well commixed This rudiment of the first Concoction of the Meat by the mixture of Salival Juice in the Mouth is more elaborated in the Stomach by Serous Liquor dreined from the Blood and transmitted into the cavity of the Stomach where it insinuates it self into the substance of the Aliment and severeth the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces by a kind of Precipitation which it effecteth by its Watry Saline and some very few Acide Particles affecting this Serous Liquor which very much contributeth to the production of Chyle in the Stomach which being carried into the Intestines is farther attenuated and improved by the Pancreatic Juice which is
Mastication and is afterward protruded by the contractions of the Muscles proper to the Gulet through its Cavity into the capacity of the Ventricle where it is farther elaborated by new Ferments of Serous Liquor of the Blood distilling through the extremities of the Capillary Caeliac Arteries and a more select Juice dropping out of the terminations of the Nervous Fibres inserted into the inmost coat of the Stomach whose empty space is every way filled with Air praegnant with fruitful Steams which do much contribute to the better Concoction of Aliment in the Ventricle From whence The motion of the Chyle is accelerated by fleshly Fibres of the Stomach it is gently impelled by the contraction of Fleshy Fibres into the cavity of the Intestines and there is more attenuated by the Pancreatic Liquor and airy Particles and afterward the Chyle is carried by the Milky Vessels into the Mesenteric Glands where it is meliorated with Nervous Juice and so conveyed into the common receptacle of Chyle where it is Dilated and improved by a Lymphatic Liquor to render it more capable to pass through the Minute Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins and right ventricle of the Heart by whose contract it is impelled through the Pulmonary artery into the substance of the Lungs Where the Air big with variety of Effluxes streaming out of the several orders of Entities doth insinuate it self into the body of the Blood causing a greater Fermentation than in the Chambers of the Heart proceeding from the contrary principles of the aethereal and sublunary Steams floating in the Air and conveyed by inspiration into the vital Liquor Whereupon the different Spirituous and Volatil are confined within the more fixed and gross Effluvia and the vinous and aperitive within the Gummy and Refinous the fine Saline within the more consistent oily Particles CHAP. V. Of the nature of Blood and how it is supported by Chyle and refined by Glands IT is my intendment here to Treat of the Constitution of the Blood impraegnated with Air acted with divers Steams consisting of various Elements giving it a Fermentative power and how it is maintained by the Succus nutricius and of its Intestine and Local Motion from part to part to quit its Faeculencies which is performed by Secretion and Percolation made by various Vessels lodged in the Glands relating to the Viscera and Ambient parts These various Steams impelled into the Lungs The Air consisting of various Steams embodied with the blood made up of Heterogeneous Principles hath great contests by which the different parts are brought to a due temper and in some sort assimilated by the elastic particles of Air and embodied with the Blood consisting of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous principles do make great contests with those of a different temper in order to bring them to a Harmony in which Nature pleaseth it self in reference to its own accomplishment effected by reconciling the Heterogeneous to the Homogeneous Elements in an amicable union of an innumerable company of Minute Bodies So that various Effluvia first sporting in the Air and afterward immitted into the substance of the Lungs are made up of spirituous saline and sulphureous Particles which enter into society with those Homogeneous parts of the Blood and Succus Nutricius broken into small Particles by local motion in the Chambers of the Heart Lungs and Arteries where they receive perpetual Intestine Motion to give them a greater refinement promoted by nitroaereal Particles proceeding from Corporeal Effluxes accompanying the Blood through the greater and smaller Arteries into the outward parts of the Body in which the Air growing effaete as its nobler parts are incorporated with the Blood is discharged through the extremities of the Capillary Arteries terminating into the Skin into the ambient air to receive new impraegnation of fruitful Steams which afterwards are reconveyed through the secret passages of the Cutis into the extremities of the Capillary Veins into the Blood which is much enobled by these subtil and spirituous Emanations Whereupon these Effluxes embodying the Air move in a kind of Circulation because the effaete air perpetually transpiring the terminations of Arteries with the volatil parts of the Blood The Effluxes swimming in the Air move to and from the Blood in a kind of Circular motion and the Air being again rendred fruitful as impraegnated with new Effluvia is reconveyed through the Porous Skin into the extreamities of the Veins where they are admitted into fellowship with the Vital Liquor which is thereby rendred more attenuated and fit for its retrograde motion toward the Heart Thus having given the several Ferments by which the Intestine Motion of Minerals Vegetables and Animal Liquors are celebrated my design at this time is to close these Philosophical Discourses with the effects of Fermentation and Ferments how in Humane Bodies Secretion and Percolation is managed by Secretory Organs The frame of Mans Body is a rare Contexture made up of different Intetegrals disposed in an excellent order which are so many Cylinders encircling various Liquors some Alimentary others Recremental It being ordered by a most Prudent and Supream Power that spirituous and volatil parts of the Blood Some parts of the Blood perpetually transpiring are supported by Alimentary Liquor perpetually transpiring the secret avenues of the Body should be supported by new supplies of a Succus Nutricius So that some parts being in the Bud and Blossome and others in Maturity do afterwards droop and die The blood being acted with continual Intestine Motion some parts being brisk and young others grown old and decayed doth perpetually discharge its Fuliginous and Effaete Particles with the unfruitful Air by a free Expiration The Alimentary Juice being extracted out of Meat in the Stomach The Succus Nutricius after divers alterations made in several parts of the Body is afterward assimilated into Blood the more gross parts are secerned by a kind of Precipitation and turned into the Intestines while the Nutricious Liquor is impelled through the Lacteal and Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it is made an associate of the Blood and afterward by several Comminutions and Steps turned into its substance by Assimilation while other grosser parts which cannot be subdued do quit the converse of the Vital Liquor as unfit for Life and Nourishment The Blood is composed of different parts The Blood is made up of Alimentary and Excrementitious parts some Alimentary and others Excrementitious The first are integrated of more matured and crude Particles The last are indigested Chyle not turned into Blood whose better parts of a Christaline Liquor and a red Crassament which Coagulates when Extravasated thereby gaining a more solid Consistence The Alimentary parts of the Blood are composed of a serous part and a red Crassament produced by manifold Fibres whose more compacted parts are diluted by Serous Liquor and by the more thin watry Lympha and above all by the more subtil substance of Air
carried crossways from the middle to the side do intersect at a distance the upper Fibres in right Angles The Gulet is accommodated with variety of Fibres The Gulet is furnished with Spiral Fibres among which the Spiral are numerous and may be reduced to two sorts and each consisteth of many Circumvolutions running after some manner in parallel Lines but the different ranks of Fibres intersect each other as if the various wreathings wonderfully wrought in Shells of Snails should have a contrary progress and decussate each other in opposite Spiral Lines sometimes creeping under and sometimes running over each other The Temporal Muscle hath a most elegant Scheme The Temporal Muscle hath a most elegant scheme of Fibres in which the Eye of the Spectator is highly gratified in its Dissection with the pleasant view of various tendinous Fibres of which the lower Tendon is a collective Body and climbing up into the middle of the Muscle is at last thinned into a fine Expansion all beset on both sides with most thin fleshy Particles in the manner of Feathers beautifying the Quill on each side which arise from the inside of the Tendon and the Flesh also is continued to the surface of the Skull and the opposite parts of it have a Tendon expanded upon it by whose mediation it is inserted into the Skull Muscles are made up of solid and fluid parts The solid parts of Muscles are a Systeme framed of great variety of Integrals And as to the structure of a Muscle it may be described a Body made up of Solid and Fluid parts and as to the first it may be nominated a choice collective Body consisting of Membranes Arteries Veins Nerves Limphaeducts fleshy and tendinous Fibres So that the numerous Muscles are so many distinct Bodies lodged in the greater Fabrick of Mans Body every one being enclosed with a proper Membrane which doth not only externally invest it but doth also insinuate it self into the more inward Recesses with minute Productions as so many fine Ligaments fastning the fruitful Fibres to their proper station for their better security The Vessels are so many Membranous Tubes The Vessels are many Cha nels conveying various Liquors of the Body transmitting variety of Liquors the Vital Nervous and Lympha in the different Channels of Arteries Veins and Lymphaeducts The Arteries import Vital Liquor The Arteries do export and Veins import Vital Liquor to the Heart to give Heat and Life to the substance of every Muscle out of which the Veins export it by receiving it first into Capillaries and afterward into the great Branches The Nerves are so many Systems compounded of many thin Filaments The Nerves do transmit Liquor between their many Filaments curiously adapted to each other in whose Interstices the Nervous Liquor is conveyed as by so many Ducts into the body of every Muscle to impart sense and nourishment The Lymphaeducts creep upon the Coats of the Vessels seated in the Muscles The Lymphaeducts do convey a thin transparent Liquor the recrement of the Vital and Nervous Juice as Ivy twineth its Claspers upon the Ramulets of Trees and are small Tubes covered with a thin Skin full of Valves out of which being broken immediately distilleth a thin transparent Liquor The fleshy and tendinous Fibres are the greatest and most considerable Ingredients which do essentially constitute a Muscle as materially and mechanically taken but Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts are not the proper Integrals that frame a muscular Body because they are common to the Viscera as the Liver Spleen Kidneys Stomach Intestines Misentery and the like And every Muscle hath a more peculiar Contexture Muscles are composed of tendinous and Carnous Fibres integrated of carnous and tendinous Fibres and the Carnous again as I conceive are a more aggregate Body compounded of a fleshy and tendinous Substance and the fleshy Fibres being abstractly taken as of a more fleshy nature Fleshy Fibres strictly considered are a part of the Blood concreted and adhering to the Coats of the Vessels are a part of the Blood which is left behind in its progress through the substance of the Muscles and accreted to the surfaces of the Vessels and the outsides of the tendinous Fibres so that the Red Crassament being of a viscid and solid nature easily adhereth to the said Fibres as a Concreted Liquor covering them whence they receive as I apprehend the appellative of fleshy Fibres dispersed through the whole body of the Muscles which is made up of these minute fleshy Fibres as the constituents of it so closely joyned together that its hard to discover their close Commissures with each other These small Fibres are inserted into a Coat common to them but proper to every Muscle by which it is discriminated from another Some are of opinion Galen maketh the Tendons the first Organ of motion which are not the meanest of Anatomists among whom great Galen is the Head that the tendinous Fibres are branched through the whole Body of the Muscle and afterward being collected into one body in the Extreamity of it is the prime Organ of muscular motion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tendo est primum Organorum motus Musculus autem ipse generationis ejus gratia factus est But before I add my Mite in compliance with the Assertion of this great Author I deem it reasonable to say somewhat of the nature and composition of a Tendon some are of this sense that a Tendon is a Similar part A Tendon is a dissimilar Body made of Ligamentary and Nervous Fibres continued from one Extreamity of a Muscle to the other But great Galen is of another Judgment to whom Bauhinus Laurentius Jacobus Sylvius and Diembroeck do subscribe affirming that a Tendon is a Dissimilar Body a texture made up of Ligamentary and Nervous Fibres which do coalesce into one Body and the Nerve entring into the Muscle is propagated into small Fibrils meeting with many Ligamentary Filaments which do associate and embody with each other and passing to the Extreamity of the Muscle do constitute a Tendon an aggregate Body integrated of Ligaments and Nerves Whereupon Nature hath most wisely interspersed accreted particles of Blood Flesh abstractly taken filleth up the interstices of the Vessels vulgarly called Flesh lodged in the empty Spaces of the Tendinous Fibres to whose Surfaces they adhere to fill them up and to fortifie and secure them from Laceration and Attrition one against another and to aid the Fibres in Contraction as learned Diembroeck will have it Hinc esse quod Musculi carnosi validius trahunt quam emaciati tenues But Aquapendente Riolan and Bartholine do oppose Galen and his Followers denying Nervous Fibres to enter into the compage of Tendinous Because say they the Nerve cannot be discerned Which proceedeth as I humbly conceive from the close union of the small Ligaments with the minute Nervous Fibres so curiously wrought together that the
substance of it An Oedema is a white soft Indolent Swelling An Oedema is caused by an indigested Chyme seated very often in the Limbs caused by reason of ill Sanguification proceeding from a Phlegmatick Matter an indigested Chyle associated with the Purple Liquor which giveth a trouble to Nature seeing it cannot be assimilated into Blood and so improper for Nutrition which being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Muscles where it is lodged by reason of its great thickness as not being able to be admitted into the Orifices of the Veins whereupon the habit of the Body is distended causing a great Tension and Stiffness in the parts affected which being near akin to an Anasarca hath the same Indications and Cure recited in the discourse of the Leucophlegmatia A Student in Philosophy being affected with an Ascitis and Timpanites was restored out of a Quartan Ague unto perfect Health and afterward being unmindful of his former Distemper applied himself to his Studies and led a Sedentary Life and thereupon fell into a great difficulty of Breathing derived from a gross Mass of Blood impelled out of the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs receiving frequent draughts of Air to inspire the Mass of Blood with fine Volatil Particles to promote its Circulation by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart and within a very short space this gross Mass of Blood was carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Iliack Branch and so into the Muscles of the Thighs which were much swelled with this pituitous Mass of Blood not lodged only in the empty spaces of the Muscles but also in the Minute Glands of the Skin very much swelled in Oedematous Tumours and Anasarca's which very much resemble one another both in Pathology and in Pharmaceuticks A Scirrhus is a hard Indolent Tumour taking its rise from gross Blood A Scirrhus is caused by a gross indurated serous of pituitous Liquor or from a thick Lintous Humour mixed with the Vital Liquor transmitted into the habit of the Body where the more thin and watry Particles being Evaporated the gross parts of the Blood do communicate a hardness to the distended Fleshy parts which may also arise from gross Humours settled in the habit of the Body consisting of Saline Earthy Particles which are disposed for Concretion In order to the Cure of a Scirrhus two Indications do offer themselves the Indicative and Curative The first hath relation to the Antecedent Cause the gross Mass of Blood resident in Scorbutick habits of Body which are to be Cured by Purgatives Antiscorbuticks Diureticks and Chalybeats so that the more gross parts of the Peccant Matter being carried off by Catharticks the more thin may be discharged by Diureticks and the Fermentation of the Blood may be renewed by Chalybeats As to the Curative Indication of a Scirrhus derived from the continent Cause of gross Humours settled and indurated in the empty spaces of the Muscles it doth denote Emollient and Moistning Medicines which must be applied again and again to soften the Indurated parts and afterward gentle Discutients mixed with Emollients may be used else if hot Discutients be first applied before the parts be softned they acquire a greater Induration and the Scirrhus will be rendred more difficult to be Cured A Cancer is a hard round Tumour of a Blew or Blackish Colour A Cancer is a hard painful Tumour like Crabs Claws full of sharp pain beset with many Veins big with a Black Humour resembling Crabs Claws from whence it borroweth its Denomination and taketh its origen from Blood infected with a Malignant Disposition and Venenate Nature This Humour concreteth it self in the beginning not exceeding the bigness of a Pea and afterward groweth greater in Bulk especially if it be enraged with sharp Medicines whereupon it encreaseth in acute hot pains somewhat like the pricking of Needles derived from sharp Vitriolick Particles and the poysonous quality of the Blood grievously torturing the Nervous and Membranous parts the subject of pain in this Disease The antecedent cause of a Cancer according to the Ancients is a Melancholick Humour But in truth the Blood affected with a Venenate Nature while it circulates in the Vessels but when this Poysonous Humour is Extravasated and lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels as not received into the Veins it is the continent cause of a Cancer which is a Black venenate Blood making a Tumour in the habit of the Body tormenting the Nervous parts with severe pains Cancers are of two kinds the one not Ulcered the other Ulcered A Cancer not not Ulcered The first proceedeth from a more gentle and less malignant Mass of Blood easily confining it self within the empty Spaces of the Fleshy parts without intolerable pains as not offering any great Violation to the union of the Muscular and Cutaneous parts The Ulcered Cancer is derived from a most hot Mass of Blood full of fierce Saline and Malignant Particles which being settled in the empty Spaces of the Vessels A Cancer Ulcered parteth them from each other and raiseth a Tumour arising from these sharp Vitriolick Humours corroding the Fleshy parts and Skin whence gusheth out a thin sharp Gleet sometimes mixed with a depraved Blood very offensive to the adjacent parts As to the Curative parts of a Cancer it is so stubborn by reason of its great Malignity that it cannot be subdued by the most powerful Pharmacy In order to hinder the growth of it Blood-letting may be advised as also Decoctions of China Sarsa Parilla and Antiscorbuticks and other Medicines which do cool purge and sweeten the Blood by Diureticks of a mild nature a cooling and moistning Diet may prove very Beneficial and above all Milk and the most choice is that of Asses which being of a serous substance may be easily Concocted without any Coagulation in the Stomach and hath a cooling and moistning quality Topicks in this Disease prove often prejudicial Sharp and hot Topicks are very prejudicial in Cancers especially hot and sharp Applications that enrage the Fiery and Malignant disposition of a Cancer and outward Medicines of an Emplastick Oily nature are very poysonous By reason they hinder Transpiration and by deteining the hot and poysonous steams of the Blood do much Exasperate the fierce Saline Atomes of this Disease rendring it Ulcerous whose sharp Matter doth Corrode the Neighbouring parts with intolerable pains An Ancient Woman a Victualer by Profession being affected with a Scorbutick habit of Body was afflicted with a Cancerous Tumour in her Breast to which an unskilful Chyrurgeon applied sharp and Emplastick Medicines to bring the Tumour to Suppuration which could not be affected but at last ended in a most Malignant Ulcer whose thin Caustick Matter did eat away her Breast and penetrating the Intercostal Muscles into the Thorax did destroy the Noble parts whereupon this devouring Disease gave
and is then conveyed by the second kind of Milky Vessels into the common Receptacle in which the Lympha impraegnated with Nervous Juice doth both Dilute and farther Elaborate the Chyme by rendring it more fit as attenuated to be transmitted through the minute Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it again encountreth the Lympha hightned with Nervous Liquor conveyed thither by the Lymphaeducts of the upper Region terminating into the Vessels seated under the Clavicles where the Chyme is first of all received into the Blood and adopted into the Vital family and is forthwith carried through the Descendent Trunk of the Cava into the right Cistern of the Heart where it groweth more exalted by a mixture of Liquor squeezed by frequent Contractions out of the Extreamities of many Nervous Fribres inserted into the inward Wall of the right Chamber of the Heart out of which the Blood being impelled through the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where as I humbly conceive it receiveth a tincture of a Liquor destilling out the Nervous Fibres implanted into the Interstices of the Pulmonary Arteries whence the Blood being transmitted through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle is farther meliorated with a Juice coming out of the Nervous Fibres ending in the inside of the Heart The Animal Liquor made in the Cortex of the Brain from whence it is impelled into the common Trunk and afterward into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta whose outward Coat is encircled with many Nervous Divarications and also divers Nervous Fibres inserted into the inward Coat destill their Liquor into the Blood passing through the Aorta and inward Carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain in whose Minute Glands a Percolation being made and the more refined serous parts being severed from the Red Crassament of the Blood are improved with volatil saline Particles in the substance of the Cortex from whence they are transmitted into the Extreamities of the Fibres taking their rise in the body of the Cortex and thence are propagated by numerous Minute Fibres through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves first formed in the Medulla Oblongata and thence destilling between the Filaments of the greater and lesser Branches of the Nerves are imparted to all parts of the Body to give Sense Motion and Nourishment The substance of the Viscera and all Muscular Flesh The substance of the Viscera and Flesh are Systemes of Vessels are for the most part if not altogether divers Systemes made up of greater and lesser Vessels consisting of Trunks and numerous branches of Arteries Veins and Caudexes and Fibres of Nerves and Lymphaeducts Membranes are also Contextures Membranes are Contextures of Nervous Filaments composed for the most part of numerous Fibrils of Nerves rarely interwoven with each other interspersed with Branches and Capillaries of Arteries and Veins The Blood in the Viscera being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels it s more soft Particles being improved with Liquor dropping out of the Extreamities of Nervous Fibres giveth it a power to separate from the Red Crassament and afterward this Serous Liquor is the Matter and the Nervous Juice is the form of the Succus Nutricius which being embodied The Succus Nutricius is made up of serous and Nervous Liquor is transmitted from the Interstices into many minute pores of the Coats of the Vessels which perfectly correspond in Figure and Magnitude with the Particles of the Succus Nutricius carried by the said Pores into the substance of the Vessels wherein it groweth more solid and uniting it self by Accretion to the body of the Vessels becommeth one entire substance with them Nutricion is made by the Succus Nutricius both accreted to the surfaces and by entring into the Pores of the Vessels and assimilated which is vulgarly called Assimilation and is principally performed by Nervous Liquor inspiring the serous part of the Blood with Animal Spirits which giveth the Succus Nutricius a power of Accretion and by configuring it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts doth replenish their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood opening the Pores of the Body and sending out constant Effluvia Thus I have hinted as in a passage some short Remarks relating to the embroidered Hangings and fine Furniture of the middle and lower Story of Mans Body wherein I have mentioned the Elaboratory consisting of the Retort of the Stomach the Recipients and Serpentine Ducts of the Intestines and the Viscera as so many Colatories of the Blood attended with Dreins discharging its Recrements into common Receptacles Now I shall make bold to give a more full History in presenting a rough draught of the fine Pieces of Housholdstuff belonging to these Apartiments in describing the Structure Actions Uses Pathologie of divers Membranous parts composed of many Fibres propagated from Nerves and originally derived from the Fibrous parts of the Brain I may also Delineate the Viscera The various Liquors of the Body are exalted by Nervous Juice passing through the noble parts as various Contextures of Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts and sometimes of Excretory Vessels as the Vasa Fellea in the Liver and Serosa in the Kidneys and other Recremental Ducts in the Pancreas Parotides Maxillaries Orals and other Conglomerated Glands dispensed through the whole Fabrick of the Body so that by laying open the various Compage of these parts we may make our Hypothesis more clearly appear by the farther illustration of it in several Instances how the Chyle is exalted by entring into confaederacy with a choice Liquor issuing out of Nerves in its several gesses made through the Stomach Intestines and Mesenterick Glands and afterward how the Vital Liquor is enobled with excellent Juice destilling out of the Nervous Fibres in its constant progress and circuit through the Liver Splene Kidneys and Testicles the noble parts of the lowest Story as also through the Heart Lungs and Brain those more excellent parts of the middle and upper Apartiment and how the Chyle and Blood and Animal Liquor are percolated and refined in their passage through the Viscera lodged in the several Stories of the Body CHAP. II. Of the Lips and Cheeks HAving Treated of the choice Liquors of Chyle and Blood as they are exalted by entring into Association with the Animal Juice it may not seem improper at this time to give some Account how these Liquors are originally produced and how they receive greater Improvement and what parts concur to their Propagation And having already given you a prospect of the thick and thinner Walls relating to the three Stories of Mans Body we will now make a step with your leave into the inward parts of this Elegant Building and view their fine Hangings and excellent Furniture as so many Sights full of beautiful Order and Perfection which are glorious to behold In order to a
Concoction of the Alimentary Liquor which as it is affected with a fierce heat and afterward confaederated with the Blood doth too much exalt its Sulphureous Particles which being Communicated with the Vital Liquor by the Caeliack Artery into the Stomach doth make too high and an overhasty Fermentation in the Meat and Drink Another cause of the unnatural heat of the Blood The Stomach is overheated by too hot steams of Air. and Stomach depending upon it is borrowed from the hot steams of the Air in the heat of Summer insinuating themselves into the enlarged Pores of the Skin into the Blood giving it an Ebullition which is much hightned by strong and frequent Pulsations of the Heart and Arteries through which the over-heated Blood hath a recourse to the Stomach perverting its Concoction of Meat and Drink plainly appearing in the loss of our Appetite in reference to solid Nutriment by reason the Stomach hath no inclination to that which it is capable to Concoct A third cause of the unkindly heat of the Blood The Stomach is disordered by the heat of the Blood overacted by hot steams in prohibited transpiration proceedeth from the coldness of the Ambient Air whereupon the Body shutteth up its Fore-doors the Minute Pores of the Skin to secure it self against the assaults of cold Blasts whereupon the Skin being Condensed the fiery steams of the Blood cannot Transpire whence its Temper is perverted by greater and greater degrees of Preternatural heat which being Communicated first to the Heart by Venous Channels whereupon the Purple Liquor is over-acted with too great an Ebullition commonly stiled a Fever issuing from an Extravagant heat which is afterward impelled with the Blood by a proper Artery into the Stomach wherein it depraveth the due Fermentation of the Aliment And that we may give a more clear Illustration of the unkindly heat of the Blood relating to Types and periods of the Paroxisms of Fevers The heat of the Blood somewhat resembleth the Fermentation of Wine in the Must affecting the Fermentation of the Stomach which in some sort doth resemble the Ebullition of Wine in the Must which may be raised upon two accounts either by the Heterogeneous Ferment of some Fat Liquor immitted into the Cask which doth hasten the Effervescence of some gross Wines not apt to Ferment of themselves or when New Wines turgid with a quantity of Lees are impraegnated with Sulphureous Particles exalted above measure by whose mediation the Compage of the Wine being opened and its Particles freed from a strict mixtion do produce a high Effervescence of the Fermenting Liquor And the Ebullition of the Blood holdeth some proportion though after a different manner with the fermentation of Vegetable Juices The Ebullition of the Blood holdeth some analogy with the Fermentation of Vegetable Juices as some matter of a dissimilar nature associates with the Vital Liquor and being not easily Assimilated maketh a great dispute and Effervescence in the Blood till the Extraneous Particles be subdued and brought into alliance with the Blood or severed from it as Excrementitious and discharged by Excretory Ducts that the opened Compage of the Blood may be closed again and the Particles be reunited in mixtion and reassume their former situation and posture And this Effervescence of Blood proceeding from Extraneous parts of a different Constitution not easily reconcileable to the Blood is dispensed with it into the substance of the Stomach where it much weakneth the Tone and perverteth the oeconomy of Nature in reference to the Concoction of Aliment Secondly The heat of the Blood sometimes is derived from the oily parts too much exalted The Blood hath an irregular heat and Intestine Motion when its Element the Spirituous and Oily Particles of which it is Composed are transported beyond their native Constitution and grow very abusive in their Temper in debauching the gentle heat of the Blood till it grow tumultuary and fierce in point of Ebullition and turbulent and impetuous in reference to Motion which have an influence upon the Stomach and much disorder its Fermentation relating to the Production of Chyle And after both manners either when the Blood runneth confused by reason of some Extraneous Particles of Crude Chyme not readily associating with its Mass in a perfect Union or when the Spirituous and Oily Particles grow enraged as too much exalted by undue Fermentation whereupon the Blood is disordered by too great Ebullition raised in the Heart and Vessels whereby its due Compage is relaxed and the active Particles set at liberty grow as it were into a flame and transmit their fiery Atomes into the Ventricle and all parts of the Body With this difference that the Ebullition of the Blood taking its rise from indigested Chyme is more easily quieted and giveth some intermission free from Paroxisms wherein the Stomach oftentimes recovereth its Appetite and Tone and is capable of Concocting Aliment not hard of Digestion But the Ebullition of the Purple Liquor A continued Fever is produced from the too much exalted sulphureous parts of the Purple Liquor which being imparted to the Stomach doth weaken the Retentive Faculty and hinder Concoction which ariseth out of the disorder of Spirituous and Oily Particles is productive of a continued Fever and here the Compage of the Blood is so far loosened and the bond of due mixtion is in some sort so violated that the Spirituous and Oily Atomes being as it were set on fire break out into a kind of flame which cannot receive an allay till the inflamed Spirituous and Oily parts do burn out and transpire through the innumerable Cutaneous Pores But before this is accomplished the boiling Blood having frequent accesses to the Stomach much discomposeth the various ranks of Fibres and by despoiling them of their due Tone doth weaken the Retentive Faculty of the Stomach putting it upon frequent Vomitings so that it cannot make a close application of it self to the Meat and Drink And the Vital Juice acted with unkindly heat in Fevers staieth some little time in the Interstices of the Vessels when it is received into the substance of the Ventricle whereupon it groweth inflamed CHAP. XXIX Of the Nervous Liquor as a Ferment belonging to the Stomach in order to Chylification BEfore I Treat of the peculiar Ferments of the Stomach the Nervous Juice and Serous Liquor of the Blood I will premise in short the nature and propriety of Ferments taken in a general Notice as very serviceable to the better understanding of the proper Ferments designed by Nature as efficient Causes producing the Concoction of Aliment Ferments are commonly esteemed Minute Bodies Some Ferments of the Stomach work by secretion and others by precipitation which are very little in Bulk if they be compared with the Mass they actuate and exalt causing by vertue of their Spirituous and Volatil Particles an Effervescence in the altered Matter which is founded in the Mutual Contests and Intestine
Relaxation of the Fibres rendring them unfit for action it indicates the opening of a Vein to sollicite the Motion of the Blood settled in the spaces of the Vessels and also Emollient and Cooling Apozems are to be advised to take off the Inflammation by softening the Tumour and attempering the Mass of Blood And in case an Inflammation do degenerate into an Abscess of the Stomach attended with gross and serous Recrements The Abscess and Ulcer of the Stomach is Cured by cleansing and drying and consolidating Diet Drinks it indicates cleansing and drying Medicines And as an Ulcer the consequent of an Abscess it supposeth a violated union of parts and requireth Consolidating Applications to reduce the broken Fibres to Union Tone and Vigor in order to their proper actions of Retention and Concoction of Aliment The Emaciation of the substance of the Stomach is Cured by cold and moist and Restorative Drinks In reference to an Emaciated indisposition of the Stomach as it ariseth from a hot and dry Temper in a Hectick Fever it is Obviated with Cold Moist and Restorative Drinks reducing the Blood and integrals of the Stomach to their natural Temper and Constitution The irregular distention of the Stomach The Inflation of the Stomach is Cured by Emollient and Discutient Medicines proceeding from an Inflation of Wind over-much streining and weakning the Carnous and Nervous Fibres doth denote Purging Emollient and Discutient Medicines to free the Stomach from its importunate Guests and to bring the Fibres to their former Temper and Strength to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves for the repose and due Fermentation of the Aliment A Cure also may be had The foulness of the Stomâ—ch is dischaâ—ged by Vomiting Purging and opâ—ning Medicines aâ—d Astringents at last to strengthen the Tone of the Stomach to take away the depraved Concoction of the Stomach depending upon the abundance of Cholerick Recrements floating in the Ventricles whereupon gentle Vomiting Purging and Aperient Medicines are to be advised to discharge the Stomach of its troublesome attendants and afterward bitter and astringent Apozems Testaceous Powders are to be given to strengthen the Tone of the Stomach to conserve its Contents till the Milky Tincture is extracted by a due Intestine Motion The Concoctive Faculty is not only disaffected by reason of the lost and weakned Tone of the Stomach but also by the distempered natural Heat by ill Ferments and by default of the Aliment As to the first The heaâ— of the Stomach doth denote cooling and tempâ—rate Julaps The Concoction is much discomposed sometimes by too intense and othertimes by too remiss Degrees of natural heat of the Stomach chiefly if not wholly derived from the Vital Spirits and heat of the Blood the cause of Life and Intestine Motion which if disordered in Fevers doth indicate cooling Medicines and temperate Cordial Julaps and Apozems which do attemper the Mass of Blood whose fiery Steams and Recrements are also very happily discharged by the Cutaneous Glands secerning the hot and impure parts of the Blood from the more temperate and pure through the Excretory Ducts and Pores of the Skin which may be safely promoted by gentle Diaphoreticks whereupon the disaffected heat of the Blood is reduced to its natural Temper and the Concoctive Faculty repaired As to the remiss Degrees of heat in the Stomach The cool and moist temper proceeding from serous Recrements is Cured by gentle Hydragogues and warm Diureticks they may spring from cold and moist Humors diluting the Blood in Hydropick Distempers whose Potulent Matter overchargeth and chilleth the Purple Liquor which may be discharged by gentle Hydragogues and warm Diureticks sometimes impraegnated with Acid and sometimes with Lixivial Salts and sometimes with fixed and saline Particles volatized by the Heat and Spirit and principally by the Volatil Salt of the Blood whence it being put into Fermentation caused by the active and pungent parts of different Salts hath recourse to the Kidneys in whose Glands a separation being made and the watry Liquor disserviceable to the Blood is discharged by the Urinary Vessels into the Pelvis and Ureters and the depurated Blood returned again by the Emulgent and hollow Vein into the Heart and so passeth by several Vessels of the Lungs and through the left Ventricle of the Heart into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery into the Stomach whose heat is enlivened by the separation of the watry Recrements of the Blood in the Kidneys and by the temperate Drinking of moderate Astringent Wines which do chear up the remiss heat and strengthen the infirm Tone of the Stomach The ill Ferments of the Stomach the efficients of the bad Elaboration of Aliment is caused by gross Air affected by ill Steams by indisposed Salival Serous and Nervous Liquor First A good Air doth highly assist the Concoctive Faculty The Air is ill qualified when Stagnant in woody Countreys upon defect of Winds which purge it by Motion or when the Air is corrupted by gross Exhalations arising out of Fenny or Marish Ground or out of standing Waters as Lakes and great Ponds which grow putrid and stench the Air which is also spoiled by noisome Vapors exhaling out of dead and corrupted Bodies not interred or out of Grounds praegnant with ill and poisonous Minerals Wherefore my humble Advise is To make as good provision as may be by seating our selves upon the sides of Hills or dry Grounds in a free and serene Air or if our Houses be built by our Ancestors near Woods or rather in them to cut so much of them down to give an advantage of open Air which much attenuateth the Blood and assisteth Concoction as mixed with the masticated Aliment in the Mouth whereby it doth insinuate it self with it and open its Compage and fit it for a due Fermentation in the Stomach whereupon the alimentary Liquor is extracted by a separation of the faeculent parts from the more pure and beneficial to nature The Concoction also is very much frustrated The defect of salival Liquor is repaired by moist Medicines restorative Drinks and Broths and all kind of thin Suppings either by the defect of good quality in the salival Liquor or by its too sparing quantity when for want of its due proprtion solid Aliment remaineth hard so that it cannot be easily masticated in the Mouth wherein it is broken into small parts with great difficulty as being not diluted with salival Liquors a good Menstruum ordained by nature to assist the Teeth in the Comminution of nourishment which is found in Hectick Fevers and other Chronick hot Distempers of the Body exhausting the Serous Liquor of the Blood and salival Juyce flowing from it which is repaired by the assumption of restorative Drinks Broths Wine thin Apozems made with China and Sarsaparilla Emulsions made of cooling Seeds Barley Water and the like And the salival Liquor is an impediment to Concoction The ill
its Divarications terminating into the Coats of the Stomach whence the Fibres grow senseless and stupid wholly unmindful of their duty of Contraction producing the greatest misdemeanor of the Expulsive Faculty the loss of its Function whereby it giveth no ease to the Stomach by taking off its burden of Recrements the reliques of Concoction The lost Tone of the Stomach flowing from the Fibres of the Brain Another disaffection of the expulsive Faculty of the Stomach floweth from the compression of the Fibres of the Brain by a quantity of extravasated Blood Cephalick Potions are good in this distemper compressed by a quantity of Stagnant Blood lodged in the Cortex of the Brain and intecepting the admission of the animal Liquor into the Extreamities of the nervous Fibrils doth indicate Blood letting to make good the circulation of it and to discharge the Brain from its importunate extravasation destructive of the Principal and sometimes of all the Functions relating to the Head The lost Tone of the Stomach is derived also from the grossness of the Nervous Liquor stopping up the Origen of the Nervous Fibres whence the propagation of the animal Liquor and Spirits is hindred into the eighth pair of Nerves implanting many Branches into the Stomach This Disease doth denote cephalick Decoctions mixed with Aqua Paeoniae Comp. Brion Comp. Lavendul Comp. c. Cephalick Pills and Electuaries compounded of Conserves of Lime Flowers Lillies of the Valley Flowers of Betony and Rosemary mixed with Powder of Amber Castor c. and made up with some cephalick Syrup Drinking after it a large Draught of a specifick Julap which do attenuate the gross Saline parts of Blood and Animal Liquor rendring them fluid and fit to be received into the extreamities of the nervous Fibrils in the Brain and to pass into the Interstices of the Filaments of the Par Vagum and its Branches inserted into the Stomach whereupon the Tone of the Stomacick Fibres is rectified disposing them to exert their due expulsive Operations caused by the influence of a well qualified animal Liquor giving vigor to the Fibres seated in the Stomach in order to discharge its Excrements and Reliques of Concoction The second Error of the expulsive Faculty may be deduced from a remisness in doing its Duty of Contraction The Second Error of the expulsive Faculty is the faintness of the Tones relating to the Stomacick Fibres wherein the Stomacick Fibres being faint and lazy by reason they are not acted with good animal Liquor and Spirits as the efficient of soporiferous Diseases lodged in the upper Apartment of the Head whereupon the Fibres of the Stomach being destitute of laudable nervous juyce render the expulsive Power stupid and unactive The remiss action of the Stomacic Fibres may also proceed from a cold and moist Distemper in Hydropic and other Chronick Diseases The weakness of Stoma-Fibres flowing from a cold and moist distemper produced by a super-abundance of watry Humors not secerned in the Glands of the Kidneys and transmitted by the urinary Ducts and papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters whereupon the Blood groweth watry and is returned through the Heart and Lungs by variety of Vessels into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence watry Blood passeth by the Caeliac Artery into the Stomach imparting to it a cold and moist indisposition whereby the Fibres of the Ventricle are rendred flabby and unable to perform such a Contraction as is requisite for a due expulsion of the dregs of Concoction altogether unprofitable to Nature in point of Refection of the Body by Aliment which it vitiateth by its over long stay in the Stomach instituted primarily by Nature to be a receptacle of Meat and Drink and not of Recrements which the Stomach dischargeth as irksom to it The remiss Action of the expulsive Faculty The weakness of Stomacick Fibres may proceed firm the too free Draughts of cold water and other cooling Liquors which is cured by warm and drying remedies caused by weak Stomacic Fibres may also arise from immoderate Drinking of cold Water and other cooling Liquors which do confound the natural heat of the Stomach and make its Fibres stupid and flaccide whence the Ventricle groweth insensible of its burden and faint in Contraction in order to the discharge of Faetulencys a grand impediment to Concoction The faint Tone of Stomacic Fibres proceeding from a cold and moist distemper in Hydropic Diseases doth signifie warm and drying Remedies and the depuration of the purple Liquor is effected by purging and diuretic Medicines expelling by Urine and Stools the watry Recrements of the Blood and Stomach whose weak Tone is afterwards repaired by bitter and astringent Remedies as Wine prepared with Steel and Decoctions of Gentian Roots Enula-Campane the tops of Centaury the less and also Thirty or Forty drops of Elixir proprietatis taken three or four times a day in a draught of old and generous Rhenish Wine The third kind of disaffection The depraved action of the Stomach is when the Fibres are ever-contracted in Purging Vomitings Hyccops c. incident to the Stomach and that none of the least is the depraved action of the expulsive Faculty when it is too much heightned and aggrieved when the Fibres of the Stomach are receptive of great degrees of Contraction then are instituted by naure as in Purgings Hyccops Nauseatings Vomitings and in both Purgings and Vomitings immediately succeeding each other as in a Disease called Cholera In Purgings the Stomach beginneth to contract her right annular and oblique Fibres near the Left Orifice of the Stomach where its Cavity is first lessened and step by step more and more as the Fibres contract themselves toward the Pylorus where the Ventricle being contracted must by consequence discharge offensive Humors out of the Confines of the Stomach into the Duodenum so that Purging may be described an excretory Motion of the Ventricle briskly performed by a vigorous tone of Fibres gradually contracting themselves from the Left to the Right Orifice as from Term to Term Vomiting is the unkindly Motion of the alimentary Liquor and Reliques of Concoction The inverted peristaltick motion of the Guts doth cause the Stomach to throw up recrements and the pituitous Humors incrusting the inside of the Stomach as also of the bilious and pancreatick Liquors transmitted from the Liver and Pancreas by an inverted peristaltic Motion of the Duodenum into the Ventricle which doth solicit the Stomacic Fibres by a troublesome importunity to eject all offensive Recrements the bounds of the Stomach upward wherein it prudently consulteth its ease and quiet which is also frequently discomposed by a thinner and more troublesome Matter the result of an ill Concoction received into the bosom of the Stomach which I conceive is generated after this manner Meat and Drink are admitted into the Ventricle and their Elaboration in order to Digestion is matured by Heat and Ferments entring into the Compage
well as Excrementitious Humours in an opposite Order caused by troublesome sollicitations of active purging Qualities which do more and more contract themselves and throw off a part of the Afflictive Medicines and with them some Particles of Serous and Nervous Liquors out of the Extreamities of Arteries and Nerves and all sorts of Contents out of the Stomach the Alimentary Liquor and its Faeces as also the Bilious and Pancreatick Recrements Transmitted from the Neighbouring parts Whereupon the Stomach obtaineth a repose for some time The manner how Purgatives exert their operations by passing through various Vessels till the more valatil purgative Particles being received into the Intestines and Lacteal Mesenterick and Thoracic Vessels are carried into the Subclavian Veins and associate with the Mass of Blood where the Purgative Atomes make an Effervescence and Fermentation and by setting at liberty the different parts of the Blood which are carried only confused with it by divers Vessels through the right Chamber of the Heart and Lungs into the left Ventricle whence it is impelled first into the Common and then into the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and from thence by the Caeliack Artery into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach where the serous Particles and watry Recrements of the Blood being secerned in some parts from the Red Crassament are thrown off by the Extreamities of the Arteries and also the Recrements of the Nervous Juice are discharged by the Terminations of the Nerves into the Cavity of the Stomach whose Nervous and Carnous Fibres being irritated do Contract themselves till they expel the importunate Contents of the Stomach into the Intestines Another Disaffection of the Stomach A Hiccop is a kind of Convulsive Motion of the Stomach in reference to its Expulsive Power may be stiled a Hiccop 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Convulsive Motion which is sometimes seated in the left Orifice of the Stomach but more frequently in the Midriff beset with various branches of Nerves which being disturbed by some unpleasant Object do make a kind of Convulsive Agitations in order to discharge it which are composed of a double Motion The one of Dilatation in which the Stomach is enlarged the other of Constriction wherein the Carnous Fibres strongly contract themselves and straighten the Cavity of the Stomach to eject some troubled Matter out of its Confines The Hiccop may proceed either from Recrements floating in the Stomach or by the consent of other parts disordering it The Humors that affect the Ventricle primarily per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are either caused by a quantity of indigested Aliment or by Humours offending in quality as Bilious and Pancreatick Liquors which are vitiated with sharp saline Particles or noisome Vapours provoking the Stomach to irregular Motions And Infants are often afflicted with Hiccops proceeding from the quantity or sharpness of Milk A Daughter of Renowned Bartholine being Seventeen Weeks old was highly disordered with a Convulsion of her left Hand and perpetual Hiccops attending Sucking which may induce us to believe upon good grounds that the Convulsive Motions the consequents of Sucking proceeded from the quantity or quality of the Milk Sometimes Hiccops do take their rise from sharp Humours vellicating the Fibres of the Stomach and putting it upon disorderly Agitation giving a high discomposure to the Patient in restless motion of the Ventricle Learned Bonnetus giveth an account of a Person of Honour afflicted with this Distemper out of Haeferus Hercules Ferdinandus III Romanus Imperator ante obitum ex confluxu bilis humoris Melancholici non tamen atrae bilis singultum quasi continuum patiebatur Ejus Ventriculus tametsi pridie mortis sex biliosi Melancholici Humoris libras Vomitu rejecerat attamen ejusdem Excrementi libras duas in se continebat cujus acrimonia fuit tanta ut casu aliquot guttulae in pelvim argenteam deciduae acrimonia sua non secus at Aqua Vitriolata metalli nitorem macularit The Hiccop derived from consent of parts sometimes borroweth its Origen from the Inflammation of the small Guts called the Iliack Passion which Hippocrates stileth an ill Disease in the Fifth Book of Aphorisms the Seventh Section and Tenth Aphorism 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Iliack Passion Vomitings and Hiccops are of an ill consequence because the Disease is very high when attended with dangerous Symptoms when the Ilia are obstructed with gross Excrements and noisome faetide Vapours are Transmitted upward by an inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines into the Stomach wherein the stinking steams and Excrements do produce Convulsive Motions in the Ventricle by afflicting its Fibres whereupon it attempteth to disburden it self from the great pressure of vexatious Contents Sometimes Hiccops are derived from great Inflations Hiccops deririved sometime from Inflation and sometime from the putrefaction of the Intestines and the Putrefaction of the Intestines proceding from a Wound which happened in an ordinary Person run through the Abdominal Muscles into the small Guts and Dying the seventh Day was not long after Opened Whereupon his Guts were found highly distended with Wind and being Livid and Putrid gave with their stench a great annoiance to the Spectators The Stomach also is oppressed with a Hiccop A Hiccop from the Inflammation of the Liver following the Inflammation of the Liver According to our great Master Hippocrates in his Fifth Book and Fifty Eight Aphorism 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Hiccop attendeth the Inflammation of the Liver because it doth contain within its warm embraces the right side of the Stomach so that the Liver being inflamed doth highly affect the Fibres of the Stomach which borroweth its Nerves from the Par Vagum as well as the Liver whereupon the Nerves of the Stomach may be readily drawn into consent and induce the Convulsive Motions commonly called Hiccops when the Hepatick Nerves are so highly discomposed in an Inflammation of the Liver Hermannus Cruserius having Translated some part of Hippocrates's Works and Galen's Commentaries was in great seeming Health and afterward surprized with violent Hiccops which could not be appeased by the power of Art till Death spake a Calm after these troublesome Storms and the lower Apartiment of the Body being viewed upon Dissection the Liver appeared to be Spacelated the sad Consequent of an Inflammation But above all A Hiccop from the Convulsive Motion of the Midriff the Stomach in Diseases of sympathy from the Midriff by reason of its near situation with the Ventricle into whose left Orifice the Gulet perforating the Diaphragme in the left side is inserted whereupon the Midriff being acted with an irregular Motion immediately affecteth the Gulet and Stomach united to it which is derived also from an Entercourse of Nerves springing out of the Par Vagum imparted both to the Ventricle and Midriff So that when the Nerves of the Diaghragme being hurried with Convulsive Motions do forthwith produce the same preternatural Contractions in the Stomach
extracted and mix with the Chyle or some potulent parts a Vehicle the better to convey it to the Guts where it is received into the Lacteal Vessels and carried into the common Receptacle and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it associates with the Blood carried by the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it maketh a Fermentation which is more highly exalted afterward in the Lungs and left Ventricle from whence the Blood influenced with Medicinal Vertues is impelled into the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterward by the Caeliack Artery into the Duodenum and upper part of the Jujunum and Colon and by the upper Mesenterick Artery into the Jejunum Ileon and that part of the Colon which is seated in the right side and by the lower Mesenterick Artery into the Colon lodged in the left side and into all parts of the Intestinum Rectum So that the Blood being highly acted with Fermentative parts derived for Purgatives is brought by various Arteries into Glandulous substance of the Guts where some of the serous parts are secerned from the red Crassament and transmitted through the secret Cavities of the inward Coat into the greater channel of the Intestines whereupon the Nervous Filaments being first aggrieved by the sharp serous Recrements of the Blood rendred more pungent by Purgative qualities of Medicines do afterward draw the right and circular Carnous Fibres into brisk Contractions to quit the Guts from the trouble of their contents as so many most vexatious Enemies to gain their freedom and quiet Catharticks do not only affect the Blood at a distance Purgatives do affect the villous and nervou Filaments of the Guts but also the Villous Coat and Nervous Filaments which do immediately disturb them with troublesome stroaks proceeding from the pungent particles of Purgatives vellicating the inward Coat of the Stomach as a tender Compage beset with Nervous Fibrils which being gauled with fretting Medicines do spue out Serous Liquor out of the Excretory Ducts derived from the Glands of the Intestines The Purgative Extract of Medicines The reason why the Carnous and Nervous Fibres are discomposed by Purgatives first produced by the Ferments of the Stomach and afterward imparted to the Intestines doth highly discompose the Nervous and Carnous Fibres by reason the Animal Spirits actuating the Nervous Liquor as very much enraged and give a most troublesome sensation to the inward Coat of the Guts finely dressed with Fibrils and afterward affect the Excretory Vessels of the Pancreas and Hepatick Ducts with a kind of Convulsive Motions making them disgorge their Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements into the larger Receptacle of the Intestines And not only the Faeces of the Blood severed from it in the Glands of the Liver and Pancreas are thrown into the Guts by vertue of the Corrugation of the Nervous and Carnous Fibres but also the Extreamities of the Arteries and Excretory Vessels belonging to the Glands are opened by the sharp and aperient qualities of the Purgatives unlocking the secret Pores of the inward Coat of the Intestines lined with a Mucous Matter The Mucous Matter of the Guts is cleansed off by Purgatives as a Defensative against the assaults of sharp Humours which is scraped off by the cleansing quality of Purgatives leaving the Vessels of the Intestines bare and exposed to the harsh and sometimes venenate qualities of raking Medicines which do force open the Terminations of Arteries with such violence that they cause them sometimes to spue out meer Blood into the Cavity of the Intestines If any Person shall demand the Reason The reason why Patients have frequent ease in the working of Medicines why sometimes in the Working of Physick Patients have rest and ease for some time and then pains and discomposure of the Bowels ensue Which I conceive ariseth from the operation of the Purgatives which embodying with the Blood do impart to it Heterogeneous Fermentative Particles putting the Vital Liquor upon a Fermentation whereupon the compage of the Blood being opened it is transmitted by proper Vessels to the Glands of the Guts in which a Secretion is made of such Humours which are for the present offensive to the Blood and discharged into the Intestines which contract their Carnous Fibres and expel the Humours whereupon ensueth a calm in the Guts till a new storm ariseth caused by the Effervescence of the Blood flowing from the fermenting qualities of the Physick transmitted into the Glands of the Guts where the angry serous and windy parts being secerned from the Blood are exonerated into the Intestines stirring up a Tempest highly agitating the tender Fibrils of the inward Coat CHAP. XLI Of the Pathologie of the Guts HAving given an account of the Structure of the Guts framed of various Coats as contextures of many fine Filaments curiously interwoven to which numerous Glands are affixed and of their actions flowing from the Concoctive and Expulsive Faculties to which may be added the distribution of the Chyle after it is extracted and refined in the Intestines into the Extreamities of the Lacteal Vessels to be transmitted through the Mesentery into the common Receptacle My intendment at this time is to entertain the courteous Reader with the Diseases attending the Concoctive and distributive powers of Chyle and of the Expulsive Faculty of the Faeces and of Inflammations Ulcers Gangreens Cancers and divers sorts of Pains relating to the Intestines The Concoctive Faculty is disaffectived The Diseases attending the Faculties of the Guts First as it is wholly abolished when no Chyle or very little is extracted in the Stomach or Intestines proceeding from the want of natural heat deficient primarily in the Blood and from a defect of good Succus Pancreaticus The last Concoctive Faculty proceeding from the want of Ferments commonly called Lienteria and Bilious Liquor and a laudable Serous and Nervous Juice not imparted by the Extreamities of the Arteries and Nerves inserted into the inward Coat of the Intestines to the crude Aliment lodged in the Guts This disaffection is commonly called Lienteria an unnatural excretion of the Aliment little or no ways altered wherein its Compage is not well opened by due Ferments and a Secretion made of the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces Another disaffection of the Intestines The weakned Concoctive Faculty of the Guts called Passio Gaeliaca is near akin to the other as differing from it in degree is the lessened Concoction commonly stiled Affectio Caeliaca wherein the Meat is in some sort Digested and remaineth confused as not Secerned from the gross parts by reason the Chyle is not well attenuated by the Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor and Serous and Nervous Juice destitute of Volatil Salt and fine Oily and Spirituous Particles in order to render the Chyle fluid in the Intestines whereupon the clammy Chyle embodying with the crude Aliment is excerned by the Expulsive Faculty
Duct inserted into the Duodenum The Pancreas of a Cat is much akin to that of other Animals The Pancreas of a Cat. and is divided into two Lobes as in a Dog Ape c. and upon that account may be thought to be a double Pancreas This part in a Civet Cat doth more resemble that of a Man The Pancreas of a Civet Cat. by reason it is single and wanteth the long Lobe found in a Dog and Cat c. This Bowel in a Land Tortoise is very sharp and is joyned to the Duodenum and is endued with a reddish Colour and its Duct is inserted into the first Gut The Pancreas of a Rabbet The Pancreas of a Rabbet is hued with a reddish Colour and endued with a flattish oblong narrow Compage made up of many small Glands closely united to each other by their Membranes beginning and ending in small Points and is fastned to the under region of the Stomach not far from its left Orifice by thin Ligaments as also in its Termination to the Guts by an Excretory Duct and is also conjoyned to the right side of the Spleen all along the Stomach CHAP. XLIX Of the Pancreas of Birds and Fish THe Pancreas of an Eagle The Pancreas of an Eagle is endued with a delicate soft substance and a whitish Colour and a flat oblong Figure and above all is a composition of many Minute Glands adorned with different shapes and sizes The Pancreas of a Goose The Pancreas of a Goose is beautified also with an oblong depressed shape and is narrowest and thinnest in its Origination and hath greater Dimensions in its Termination joyned to the Guts by many Pancreatick Ducts and Membranes it was hued with a yellowish Colour in this Goose which I Dissected as perhaps being very Fat it is seated under the inferior region of the Gizard and among the Guts to which it is fastned The Panereas of a Swan The Pancreas of a Swan much resembleth that of a Goose in Figure Connexion and Situation and differeth as it hath greater Dimensions The Pancreas of a Porpess The Pancreas of a Porpess resembleth other Animals in Figure being narrow and thin in its first rise and hath a more thick Termination near the first Intestine to which it is fastned with its Duct a little below the Termination of the Stomach The Pancreas of a Kingston is hued with a bright reddish Colour it hath a small beginning or Neck †T. 27. and afterward more and more enlargeth it self The body of it is lodged between the Stomach and great Guts †F. 2. f f. and hath in its termination a Duct inserted into the great Gut †e e. The Pancreas of a Fire-Flair or Sting-Ray beginneth near the turn of the first Gut †g g. †T. 28. p p. where it maketh its progress downward and afterward passeth under the Duodenum where it is endued with a Triangular Figure and then terminates into the inside of the great Gut The Pancreas of a Skait The Pancreas of a Skait hath a long narrow Neck and a broad thin Body somewhat resembling a Battledore in shape and is fastned in its Neck by a strong Membrane to the origen of the Guts †T. 29. e. about an Inch and half from the Pylorus and to the Gulet above and the great Gut below The Pancreas for the most part is of a whitish Colour except near its Skirts where it is endued with a kind of reddish bue and is integrated of many small Glands so closely conjoyned by the interposition of divers thin Membranes that it seemeth to be one entire Body The Pancreas of a Cod is made of a Glandulous substance The Pancreas of a Cod. enwrapped within a fine Coat enameld with numerous Blood Vessels into which all the vermicular appendages are concentred its situation is under the Stomach near the beginning of the Guts to which it is fastned after the manner of a Circular Figure and terminates with an oblique insertion which is most evident in the Figure and oblique situation of the Orifices The renowned Anatomists of Amstelodam do enumerate Two hundred and ninety nine Appendages which terminate sometimes into Forty and other-times into Seventy Trunks discharging the Pancreatick Liquor by Six Excretory Ducts inserted into the Intestines which is much like in Colour and Taste to the genital Matter lodged in the Seminal Vessels of Bullocks and Dogs and sometimes this Pancreatick Juice is of a yellowish Colour and bitterish Taste The Pancreas of a Dog-Fish called by the Latines The Pancreas of a Dog-Fish Galaeus Laevis seemeth in its higher Region to be adorned with an Oval Figure and is made up as it were of three Lobes or Parts of which two are seated on each side and the third in the middle of them They seem as taken singly to be oblique Processes passing downward and are all encircled within the upper part of the Duodenum in a Circumvolution resembling an Arch †T. 32. f f. The right region of the Pancreas is in its lower part covered with a Coat beautified with great variety of small Branches of Vessels shading its Surface Out of the left region a little below the middle ariseth a Process of a red fleshy Colour †T. 32. u u u u u u. descending all along that side of the Belly investing a great part of the first Intestine lodged in the right side over which it passeth and runneth round the bottom of the Stomach and afterward ascendeth on the left side of the Ventricle for two or three Inches and then descendeth again leaving a Fissure †Tab. 32. w. and endeth in an Oval Figure and is inserted into the right side of the great Gut The Pancreas of a Plaice The Pancreas of a Plaice is adorned with a Semicircular Figure as adjoyning to the right side of the Stomach which is of the same shape and huid with a reddish Colour and hath a Duct inserted into the origen of the Guts CHAP. L. Of the Diseases of the Pancreas THe Pancreas is liable to variety of Diseases The Pancreas is liable to divers Diseases in point of its substance The Inflammation of the Pancreas Exuberant Blood-extravasated in the substance of it as it is a Systeme of several parts both in reference to its substance and Liquor As to the first It is infested with divers sorts of Tumours flowing from Obstructions as Inflammations often determining into Abscesses and Ulcers Scirrhus and Stones Inflammations do borrow their birth from an Exuberant Blood impelled out of the terminations of the Caeliack and sometimes of the Splenick Artery into the Parenchyma of the Pancreas wherein it is stagnated by reason of its quantity or grossness whereupon the Capillary Extreamities of the Splenick Veins are not able to give a reception to the Blood to make good the Circulation toward the Heart which Nature being
Cepimus an non ex duorum aut trium illorum humorum sibi invicem permixtorum unione Atra Bilis illa emergeret De qua re ut certiores evaderemus Bili è vesicula sua educta Spiritum Vitrioli effudimus atque simul juncta in solis aestu collocavimus unde talis fere ex atro virescens Liquor excitatus est quem primo in tenui Intestino inveneramus Hinc conclusimus praedictum humorem Atram Bilem appellatum non ex hac aut illa parte promanasse sed in duodeno Intestino genitum fuisse Quatenus scilicet Bilis Color naturalis ab acidioris Succi Pancreatici concursu in atrum ad viridem flectentem immutatus fuit As to the Curative part of Diseases of the Pancreas The Cures of Diseases relating to the Pancreas in point of Inflammations Abscesses and Ulcers I refer the Courteous Reader to the former Chapters of the Mesentery and Guts where I have Treated of their Cures As to the defect of Pancreatick Liquor The penury of Pancreatick Juice is repaired by Restoratives proceeding from want of the Serous part of the Blood and Succus Nutricius it doth indicate a quantity of thin Nourishment easie of Digestion as good Broths made with China and other good Suppings of Water-gruel made of Oat-meal or Barley Barley Cream Milk of it self or mixed with proper Milk-water prepared with Snails c. which do repair the decaied Mass of Blood and Succus Nutricius But if the penury of Pancreatick Liquor The want of this Liquor proceeding from the obstruction of the Excretory Duct by clammy Matter denoteth Aperient Inciding and Detergent Medicines be derived from the obstruction of the Excretory Ducts relating to the Pancreas produced by gross Chyle or some other Viscid Matter it doth denote gentle Purgatives and Aperient Inciding and Detergent Medicines which do open the Excretory Vessels of the Pancreas and incide and cleanse the gross clammy Matter stopping the Channel of the Pancreas leading into the Guts And the too large Current of the Liquor belonging to the Pancreas doth indicate a spare Diet which will lessen the serous Recrements of the Blood and Nervous Liquor in the Pancreas The acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor is allaied by lixivial fixed and volatil Salts The acidity of the Pancreatick Liquor is countermanded by Lixivial Salts both fixed and volatil and is allaied by the Powders of Coral Crabs-Eyes and Claws prepared Pearl and by Chalybeate and Antiscorbutick Medicines to which may be added in a small quantity drops of Spirit of Harts-Horn Salt Armoniack succinated Urine c. which do mortifie the acidity of the Blood Nervous Liquor and Pancreatick Juice In this case Vomits and Purging Medicines mixed with Antiscorbuticks may be of great efficacy in discharging the acid Particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor by Stool to which may be added Purgative and Diuretick Mineral Waters which do sweeten and evacuate the acid and saline Pancreatick Recrements The End of the Second Part in the First Book To the HONOURABLE Sir JOHN CUTLER BARONET Honoured SIR LOVE being the great instrument of paying our Duty to God in obedience to his Holy Laws and Sanctions and of our Loyalty to the King in the observance of his Sacred Commands and of Charity to our Neighbour in doing him all the good Offices of Friendship Benevolence and Beneficence of which you have given many great instances to our Society Man in his Primitive Estate and Perfection did love the First Infinite and Omnipotent Being as the Supream Good and all other Beings as so many Emanations derived from Him which are more or less to be beloved as they participate greater or less degrees of that Essential Goodness The King resembling God as being a Particle of the Divine Nature and as being his Vicegerent in the Sacred Office of Government is to be treated with most reverential Esteems and most sincere Affection and Obedience We ought to entertain our Neighbour with kind Respects in reference to his Humane Nature as created by God after his Image and with greater love as a Christian redeemed with the Merits of our Blessed Saviour and with our most affectionate Esteems as a Person sanctified by the Holy Spirit and adorned with Heavenly Graces In these several capacities of a Man and a good Christian we are bound to caress you with all degrees of Love and most affectionate Kindness as you are highly our entire Friend Benefactor and Preserver and have loved our Nation and built us a Synagogue And having read many Lectures upon the Body of Man and other Animals Dissected in a stately Theater built at your great charges I Dedicate this part of Anatomy as the Fruits of your Munificence to YOV the worthy Patron and supporter of our Society Your elegant Structure may be styled the Seat of Pallas as it is a kind of Academy of Arts and Sciences wherein our Anatomical Lectures are celebrated by which experimental Phylosophy and the Faculty of Physick and Chyrurgery is advanced by prying into the secrets of Nature manifested by laying open the several apartiments of Bodies relating to various kinds of Animals and more particularly to that of Man whose parts are understood by diligent inspection and illustrated by the parts of other Animals designed and engraven in large Copper-Plates as curious Monuments of the Body of Man and other Creatures and as so many Hieroglyphicks of Nature explained by Notes and Letters which are very conducive to the knowledge of the parts affected and Cures of Diseases tending to the preservation of Health and Life In your Magnificent Fabrick our anniversary Orations are celebrated in which the grateful Commemoration of your Munificent Favours and the great Benefactions of other Royal and Noble Persons is solemnized by speaking in a more peculiar manner our most Humble Duty and Thanks for the high Obligations laid upon us by You our generous Patron and Benefactor Farthermore in your most elegant Edifice you have given us the opportunity of frequent Dissections which may be highly imporved in the discovery of unknown parts Vessels Liquors and their motion of the Body of Man and other Animals Vesalius and Fallopius discover'd the carnous Fibres of the Stomach and Guts as their proper Organs of motion Dr. Harvey the Circulation of the Blood from the Center to the circumference by the Arteries and from the ambient parts of the Body to the Heart by the Veins Dr. Jollife the Lymphaeducts and the motion of the Lympha to the common Receptacle Dr. Glysson and Dr. Wharton found out the motion of the Chyle through two kinds of mesenterick Glands into the common Cystern and Dr. Wharton the true use of the Glands and Malpighius the Glands and fibrous Compage of the Brain as also the Glands of the Liver Spleen and Kidneys and the Lobules and Vesicles of Air in the Lungs and Bartholomeus Eustachius the Vrinary Ducts of the Kidneys and De Graaf the seminal Vessels
Stomach to which the Vas Breve maketh a near approach but doth not enter into its Cavity The Spleen of a Salamander The Spleen of a Salamander hath as Jacobaeus hath discovered an Oblong Figure and is hued with a deep Red colour And now I have presented you with diversity of Spleens relating to Man Beasts Birds and Fish wherein we have had a pleasant Prospect how Nature hath painted this noble Bowel with several Colours of bright and deep Red of Purple and Blackish as so many changes of Rayments clothing this choice part and hath beautified it with variety of Magnitudes and Figures as so many different Fashions some Circular others Semicircular some Triangular others Pyramidal some Oblong and others Orbicular which speak the great Power and Wisdom of the Grand Architect and do give us the advantage of paying our duty of Adoration and Eucharist to the Omnipotent Creator who in his infinite Goodness hath made Man the Lord of the Creatures our Bodies the Master-piece and Standard of all other Animals whose parts of Body are receptive of greater or less perfection as they hold more or less Analogy with ours And out of his transcendent Love hath Created our Souls Particles of His own Divine Image Temples of his Graces here and of his Glories hereafter In Man these Glands are discovered with greater difficulty The Glands appear more fair in ill assected and obstructed Spleens then in Bruits and grow more evident in unhealthy Constitutions wherein the ill and gross Recrements are stagnant in the Parenchyma of the Glands as being not readily entertained into the Extreamities of the Veins whereupon the substance of the Glands being Tumified they appear very fair in the manner of Globules enlarging the body of the Spleen Great Galen The Spleen cannot be a receptacle of gross Humors as being destitute of any manifest Cavity and his Followers assign this use to the Spleen conceiving it to attract the gross and melancholick part of the Chyle by the Splenick Branch into the Spleen to give a reception after the manner of the Bladder of Gall or Choledoch Duct in the Liver Which seemeth very improbable by reason the Spleen is destitute of any large Cavity or Receptacle of gross Excrements Marehetty hath discovered as it is affirmed an Excretory Duct inserted into the Duodenum and hath no Excretory Ducts to discharge it according to the late most Learned Anatomists except Marchetti as it is written from Rome mentioned in the Journal de Scavans the 8th of January 82. who hath discovered a passage going from the Spleen to the Duodenum which I should deem my self very happy to see as of great importance to understand the use of the Spleen And to this end we will use our utmost endeavours at our frequent Dissections in the Colledg Theatre to make good this new discovery of Ingenious Marchetti an expert Anatomist in my time at Padua an excellent University to Educate young Physicians in order to the Practical part of our Art Many famous Physicians are of an opinion The Spleen cannot arrogate to it self an office of Sanguification that the Spleen is an Elaboratory of Blood as well as the Liver Whereupon Aristotle and his Followers have made the Spleen its Deputy when the disaffected Liver is not able to perform its office of Sanguification And these Authors do farther affirm That the Spleen doth make Blood out of the more watry and faeculent Chyle Which seemeth very unreasonable because no Lacteal Vessels can be discovered that import Milky Liquor into the Spleen and upon a supposition there were any such Vessels that did insert themselves into the Parenchyma of it yet it could not be evinced that the substance of the Spleen could justly claim a Sanguifying Power which is only seated in the Blood it self Blood generates Blood as only having a faculty assimilating Chyle into its own nature which proceedeth from Local Motion and by the Pulsation of the Heart and Arteries breaking the Chyme embodied with the Blood into small Particles which give the Chyme an advantage to be farther improved by the Fermentation of the Vital Liquor as endued with contrary Elements thereby raising an Effervescence productive of the assimilation of Chyme into Blood which is carried out of the Heart through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliac Arteries as a Branch of it into the substance of the Glands relating to the Spleen to receive a farther refinement of which I intend to give a fuller account hereafter Divers Antient and Modern Professors of our Art The Antients have thought the Spleen to transmit an Acid Liquor into the Stomach by the Vas Breve which opposeth the Law of Circulation relating to the Blood do consign another use to the Spleen to inject an Acid Juice by the Vas Breve into the Stomach to raise its Appetite and to give it a power of concocting Aliment as a Ferment This opinion opposeth the Aeconomy of Nature in point of the Circulation of Blood which is imported into all parts of the Body by Arteries and not by Veins so that the Vas Breve being a Vein cannot transmit an Acid Liquor into the Stomach but exporteth Blood from the Ventricle and dispenseth it first into the Splenick Branch and afterward into the Porta and thence into the Liver Thus having given an account of divers Opinions concerning the use of the Spleen which I have endeavoured to make appear to be inconsistent with the nature and structure of the Spleen I shall now take the freedom to speak my Sentiments to shew in some manner what is the design of Nature to make the Spleen which without doubt is a part of great use as it is an aggregate body made up of many Arteries Veins Nerves Fibres Lymphaeducts Membranous Cells and Glands The Blood being the Fountain of Life and the subject matter out of which the Nervous Liquor is produced is impelled out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliac Artery into the substance of the Glands appendant in clusters to the Extreamities of the numerous Arterial Divarications of the Spleen whereupon the Vital Liquor may be readily conveyed by the terminations of Arteries into the Parenchyma of the adjacent Glands wherein the impure parts of the Blood are separated from the more pure which are entertained first into the Roots of the Splenick Vein and afterward conveyed by greater Branches terminating into the Porta and the Recrements severed from the Blood are conveyed by the Lymphaeducts arising out of the Conglobated Glands of the Spleen passing through the Caul into the common Receptacle In order to assign another use to the Spleen much depending upon the Nerves I conceive it convenient to give some account of them as they every where accompany the Arteries according to their numerous Divarications proceeding from the Par Vagum and the second Rowl of the Mesenterick Branch seated in the Left Side and is transmitted
Descendent Trunk of the Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart The truth of this Assertion An Experiment proving Concretion to be derived from Acid Liquors may be farther evinced by this experiment of putting Verjuice the Juice of unripe Grapes Juice of Limons destilled Vinegar Spirit of Vitriol Spirit of Sulphur Spirit of Salt Spirit of Nitre into a Porringer and then let the Blood stream out of a healthy Mans Arm or any other part into it and the Blood becometh black and of a greater Consistence by reason its fluid parts are presently incrassated somewhat resembling melted Pitch or the Lees of deep Red Wine and as Blood is let out upon more mild or strong Acid Liquors in greater or less proportion you may observe various degrees of Blackness and Consistence In strong Acid Spirits of Vitriol and Nitre the Blood is wholly Coagulated both in its Purple and Serous parts Acids work the same effect in Arterious Blood which is let out of the Temporal Artery a branch of the External Carotides upon Inflammations of the Eyes and great pains in the Head c. which I have often ordered with good Success A farther Experiment may be offered Acid Liquors producing divers sorts of Concretion in the Blood in besprinkling one Porringer with drops of Juice squeesed out of unripe Grapes and another with Vinegar into which Blood being immitted out of a sound young Man by opening a Vein in the first Porringer the Blood was clothed with black and full of dregs like Lees of Wine in the second the Blood was found much blacker and thicker and altogether Grumous wholly Coagulated without any serous parts swimming upon the top of the Red Crassament And that a more clear account may be given of the various incrassating vertues of divers kinds of Acid Liquors the Axillary Arteries of both Trunks may be opened in a Sheep and the hasty streams of Blood may be received into divers Vessels bedewed with different Acids giving variety of Coagulations to the Blood which treat our Eyes with pleasure and delight whereupon we may be induced to believe upon good grounds that the Blood impelled by the Splenick Arteries into the Membranous Cells and Glands of the Spleen may receive greater and greater Blackness and Coagulation as confederated with divers kinds of Acids which sometimes Incrassate and render the Blood black and grumous like melted Pitch and Lees of Red Wine and other times wholly Concrete it without any separation of the Serous from the Purple Liquor whence proceed great indurations of the Spleen and Scirrhous Tumours produced by divers sorts of Acid Recrements endued with higher and higher Incrassating and Coagulating qualities So that we may make this Inference That Indurations and Scirrhous Tumours of the Spleen take their rise from gross Blood associated with Acid Recrements and stagnated in the Membranous Cells and Glands whereby the Extravasated Blood by its longer and longer stay receiveth higher degrees of Acidity inducing greater Induration and Scirrhous Tumours which are often accompanied with an Atrophy and Ascitis proceeding from a vitiated gross Mass of Blood whose watry Particles are not separated in the Glands of the Kidneys and thence conveyed through the Roots of the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis A Noble Person being very much Emaciated and having a dark yellowish Countenance was afflicted with a great Swelling in his â—eft Hypocondre and his lean Thighs and Legs did swell a little before his Death and the fore parts of his Legs were vexed with angry Blistered Tumours the attendants of an Erysipelus and fore-runners of his Departure Afterward his Belly being opened streams of clear Water gushed out in which no Omentum was found which is commonly putrid in Dropsies and then the Muscles of the Abdomen being cut in manner of a Cross an indurated Scirrhous Spleen appeared tied to the Left Hypoconder by great variety of Fibres and its substance within was Black and Putrid and the Spleen resembled a Turbat in Figure as being somewhat Quadrangular and equal in length and breadth CHAP. VII Of the Liver HAving Treated of the Spleen and all its variety of parts set together in excellent order speaking the Wisdom of the Grand Architect as an assistant of the Liver in making a Ferment and disposing the Blood in order to a secretion of the Bilious parts of the Liver The description of the Liver I will now handle this noble Intral as it is a Collective Body of several parts Membranes Vessels Glands and Parenchyma which are so many Integrals making one entire body of the Liver which is seated in the upper Region of the lower Apartiment relating to the fine Fabrick of a Humane Body about a Fingers distance from the Midriff in the right Hypocondre which is much filled up by its Bulk and is extended toward the Left Side a little beyond the Ensiform Cartilage to whom it is fastened by one of its Ligaments It is adorned with a Superior and Inferior Surface The convex surface of the Liver the upper being Convex is contiguous by the interposition of the Rim of the Belly to the Bastard Ribs and to a great part of the Diaphragme and to the hinder Region of the right Hypocondre about the right part of the Spine to which it taketh its progress Crossways and giveth way to the Vena Cava perforating the Midriff and doth guard it in its descent between its hinder part and the Spine The Concave part of the Liver The concave surface of the Liver doth cover the Pylorus and the upper and fore Region of the Stomach and some part of the Caul The right part of the Concave Surface of the Liver reacheth to the right Kidney and investeth some part of the Colon seated in that side and covereth the whole Duodenum and some part of Jejunum and Caul The lower Margent of the Liver and its lowest Confines in a sound Body do descend below the Ribs into the Cavity of the Belly and come near the Navil and in unhealthy Persons go beyond it The Liver is seated in the right Hypocondre The Liver is seated in the right Hypocondre by the great Prudence of the Heavenly Agent to be near the Vena Cava from which it borroweth many considerable Branches and hath only a small Artery called the Caeliack sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta seated in the left Side as deriving its Origen from the left Auricle of the Heart And upon this account the Livers of other Animals as well as Man have their greatest part lodged in the right Hypocondre and their Spleens in the left as having great Communion The Liver hath a double Surface The reason of the convex surface of the Liver the one Gibbous the other Concave The first is made Convex that it might be the more conveniently received into the bosome of the hollow Region of the Diaphragme in its relaxation or else there would
by too great a quantity of the Lympha whose tender enclosures are fretted with Saline and Acid Particles or overcharged either by an Obstruction proceeding from an Exuberance of Lympha or by the compression of the adjacent parts intercepting its Current whereupon the Lymphaeducts growing over big with too large a source of Lymphatick Juice are put upon a stretch beyond their natural Dimensions violating their thin Coats which being Lacerated their extravasated streams do change their Current and pour themselves into the Cavity of the Belly one cause of an Ascitis of which I have given a more particular History heretofore The watry and saline Particles of the Blood are not separated for want of a due Ferment by a kind of Precipitation in the glands of the Kidneys which should open the Compage of the Puple Liquor and in some sort loose the tie of mixtion that the potulent part might be secerned from the Blood which being not accomplished the serous and saline Particles unduly associated with the Vital Juice are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins into the Vena Cava and right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart and pass through the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Ventricle of it and from thence through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterwardby the Caeliack Artery arising out of the said Trunk and by the Branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver wherein the thin Transparent Liquor being secerned from the Blood and Nervous Juice is transmitted in too great a quantity into the Lymphaeducts seated first in the Glands and afterward creeping out of the Liver are affixed to the Branches of the Porta which are broken as surcharged with too large a proportion of Potulent Matter mixed with the Lympha which often happens in great Drinkers emptied sometimes into the Cavity of the Belly between the Caul and Rim of it and most commonly between it and the Guts by reason the Caul is often Putrefied A Young Maid Dissected in the Hospital of Utrecht An Instance of a Dropsie proceeding from to nâ— Lympâ—aeducts which had an Ascitis Sixteen Years and the Venters being opened no manifest Disease could be discerned in any of the Viscera only the Lymphaeducts appeared to be torn which was the cause of her Dropsie by reason she was severely treated by her Parents in her Minority by receiving great Blows upon her Body and Limbs so that the Lymphaeducts were broken and the Lympha exonerated in great quantity into the Abdomen Another cause of an Ascitis may be assigned to the watry Particles mixed in excessive manner with the Lympha whose course being stopped either by the straightness of the Lymphaeducts lodged in the Glands of the Liver or Mesentery by reason of some Obstruction or Compression whereupon these fine Vessels being broken the Lympha insinuates it self between the Membranes of the Liver or Mesentery and causeth many Protuberancies in the outward Coat of the Viscera The Hydatides of the Liver derived from an exuberant quantity of Lympha producing great Vesicles of Lymphatick Liquor commonly called Hydatides sometimes equalling a Pidgeons Egg and other times a Hen Egg in Magnitude and are for the most part of a less size which Dr. William Straten a Professor of Physick shewed publickly to many Spectators at the Dissection of an Executed Criminal Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this account in his latter end of his 12th Chapter De Vasis Lymphaticis That he often shewed to the Students in Physick in the Hospital at Utrecht Livers Tumefied with divers Vesicles full of clean Liquor and others broken which distilled in a large quantity into the Cavity of the Belly manifestly producing an Ascitis Whereupon I humbly conceive that divers Dropsies seated in the lower Venter do arise Ab aliqua partium inferiorum Abdominis solutione aut a ruptis Hydatitibus hepatis Mesenterii omenti from the Ulcers of some inward parts proceeding as I conceive very commonly from the broken Lymphaeducts lodged in the interior region of the lower Apartiment Wolkerus Coiter Observationibus Anatomicis scribit se in Hydropici cadavere invenisse substantiam viscerum inferioris ventris absumptam intus omni succo exhaustam nihilque aquae in ventris Capicitate at ubique Mesenterio Peritonaeo Intestinis Lieni Hepati omnibus denique visceribus vesiculas Magnitudine adhaerescentes easque omnes aqua limpida refertas I humbly conceive That the Vesicles of fine Crystalline Liquors affixed to the outsides of the Viscera The causes of Hydatides swelling their Coats with various Protuberancies are derived from broken Lymphaeducts discharging their Extravasated Liquor into the Ambient parts of the Bowels immured with Membranes which if broken the Limpide Humours would have showred down into the greater Cavity of the lowest Venter immediately productive of a Dropsie Sometimes in Persons given to Debauchery the Blood is so overcharged with watry Recrements that they have a general recourse to the Glands seated in the Viscera of the whole Body wherein the exuberant Lymphatick Liquor associated with Serous Particles is universally discharged into the Lymphaeducts of all the Bowels and generate Hydatides appendant to their Ambient parts Of which Mauritius Cordaeus hath exhibited a remarkable Instance Com. 5. ad Lib. 1. Hippocr de Morb. Mulier Anno Dom. 1567. Quum forte fortuna Mulier quaedam de Hydrope apud Medicum quendam quereretur ob Hypocartharsin quam ipse procuravit correcti stibii certo granorum numero unde quum fructum Mulier non tulisset ad alium nullis melioribus auspiciis pror fecta tandem è vivis discessit Hujus eviscerrato cadavere nulla capacitas hic nihil cavum in eo deprehensum fuit in quo vesica non penderet secundum Geometriam omnium Dimensionum loco coaequalis ac conformis ei qui suo ambitu contineret locos cavos dicimus non vesicam tantum renes uterum sed Ventriculum Intestinaque Cor pericardium id genus reliqua è quibus prout tam intus quam foris nativum cuique solum contigisset Cystes pendulae conspiciebantur aqua citrina oppletae sine omni faetore etiam post Vigessimum Diem Nullas partes supernas excipimus etiam ad Jugulum usque inferiores quoque nullas ne quidem proximum sedi locum quae hasce suo cavo non caperent Vesiculas Hepar quoque intelligi volumus tectumque laesa oppressumque foris adeoque lienem totum Si quasque vel minutulas in numerum quispiam retulisset octingentas numerus superasset facile CHAP. XII Of the Liver of Beasts HAving Treated of the Liver of Man and its several parts I will speak somewhat of this Bowel as it relateth to other Animals to see what Similitude they have with a Humane Liver The Liver of a Lion much resembleth that of a Cat The Liver of a Lion and is composed of Seven lobes of different shapes and sizes encompassing a great part of the Stomach
into the glands of the Liver is carried first by the Caeliack Artery derived from the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterward is received into the Extreamities of the Porta lodged in divers neighbouring Bowels and then transmitted by its fruitful Branches and Capillaries terminating into the substance of the Glands wherein it meeteth with Volatil Saline and Spirituous Particles of Liquor coming out of the Extreamities of the Nerves and disposing it for a Secretion which being made the more mild and gross Particles are carried into the Excretories belonging to the Choledoch Duct and the thin and Acrimonious into the Bladder of Gall. The principles of which Choler is compounded Choler is compounded of few Spirituous and Sulphureous parts are a very few spirituous parts somewhat of Sulphur and more Salt and Earth diluted with watry Particles As to Spirituous parts they are small in proportion to the other by reason the sweet Atomes are evaporated and the Remanent parts grow effaete and fixed The Sulphureous Elements truly so called are not many because they are not fat and oily participating the nature of Sulphur and are not easily inflammable which cannot be attributed to Choler by reason it rather quencheth Fire as well as Water and no way raiseth it into a flame as all oily and fat substances most evidently do So that the oily parts which are inflammable in Bile are evaporated and the Earthy and Salt Particles of Sulphur remain in it as exalted by the Vital heat from whence bitterness in Bile taketh its Origen and in Distillation it infecteth the Air with a stinking noisome smell Salt is very abundant in Choler Bile is full of Salt and giveth the Sulphureous parts an Acrimonious disposition by rendring them corrosive it is also endued with a detersive quality which is very plain in its Scowring virtue wherein it fetcheth out stains of Grease and other Ingredients in Cloth and Silk The watry Particles are very manifest in Choler The watry parts of Choler are very visible as they are a thin liquid and fluid Body not easily bounded by its own parts which are easily disjoyned in Motion as naturally separable and flowing from each other if left to their own conduct and are readily stopped when confined within the concave surface of a solid Body The Earthy and Saline parts of Bile are more fixed Bile hath also carthy and saline parts which will subside in Water as Learned Dr. Glysson hath observed and often have a petrifying quality by which the more gross and earthy parts do grow hard being turned into Stone by a kind of Precipitation or concretion in the Choledoch Duct and are sometimes endued outwardly with a pale colour and inwardly with a yellow and other times with a whitish colour within and a brownish without and sometimes have so fragile and friable temper that they fall in pieces when handled and so light and spungy that they will swim upon the surface of Water This loose and friable nature of Stone in the Liver and Vesicle of Gall may arise from the few parts of Earth and many of Sulphur and Saline parts diluted with Water which rendreth the concreted loose and spungy as wanting a due caement of Salt concreting a large quantity of Earth which are chiefly requisite in hard and solid concretions of Stone whose parts are firmly conjoyned when much Earth is consolidated by Saline Atomes CHAP. XIX Of the Vse of the Liver HAving Discoursed the great variety of Vessels Sanguification is â—ot maâ—â— in the Liver and the numerous Glands as a composition belonging to the Liver my Design at this time is to shew you the Uses of it One of them and a very great one too if true assigned to it by Learned Anatomists is the office of Sanguification which may be considered either in reference to its Primary Genefation or its Secondary Production or Repair when it is much decayed in a constant Circulation or Local Motion to or from the Center As to the first Formation of Blood Blood is generated by the Spirit of Life residing in the Genital Juice It is attributed to the Spirit of Life residing in the Seminal Liquor which may be clearly seen in an Egg sat upon by a Hen before the production of the Liver or any other Noble part nay before the first Rudiment of the Heart or Blood in it By reason the Vital Juice before it putteth on its Purple Robe beginneth to quit those parts of the Egg with which it was lately confused and to form divers Ramifications which afterward appeared to be Veins and these streams of Life did concenter into one Point the rough draught of the Heart As soon as these Rivulets do unite their Intestine Motion commenceth whence is propagated a gentle Ebullition of the Vital Liquor somewhat swelling its confines and because it cannot make its retreat the same way it came it frameth new Channels the Arteries through which it maketh good its Retrograde Motion from the Center to the Circumference from the Heart to the ambient parts of the Body and this Vital Liquor is carried forward and backward through the various Apartiments before it is hued with Red which is not essential to Blood and is clothed in a whitish aray in its Infancy and when it arriveth to greater perfection acquired by Local and Intestine Motion it is adorned with a new habit of Scarlet So that upon a strict inquiry Blood is first produced by extraneous heat in the ambient parts of an Embryo the Blood receiveth its first conception not in the Liver or any other Bowel seated in the inward recesses of the Body but in the Exterior parts near the surface of it And in the first generation of Blood in a Humane Foetus its birth beginneth in the ambient parts of the Embryo in the Corion nearly seated to the concave surface of the Uterus by whose heat colliquation is made in the circumference of the Genital Juice where the Vital Spirit beginneth first to exert it self for some little space and then taketh its progress to the inward parts to the Dancing Point the first Rudiment of the Heart So that the Liver is not all concerned in the first Formation of the Vital Juice whose birth doth antidate that of the Liver and Heart And when the Blood hath much exhausted its Spirits in its constant Perambulation from the Heart a rare engine of Motion to the utmost confines of the Body and from the circumference to the center in a back motion to the Heart The Blood is repaired by Chyle The decays of the Blood are supplied by a soft white Liquor generated in the Stomach and Guts and thence transmitted by Milky Vessels through the Mesentery to the common Receptacle and from thence through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Vessels where it first espouseth the Blood and by its constant Local and Intestine Motion is broken against the Walls of the Heart and
the Body and so discharged in any degree through the Pores of the Skin by Sweat or Transpiration but the Serous parts or Vehicle of the Purple Liquor is impelled in a great quantity down the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidneys where it is secerned and transmitted into the Urinary Ducts And I also apprehend that not only the potulent part of the Blood is the Materia Substrata of this Disease but also the serous part of the Blood and the Succus Nutricius and the more Liquid and Succulent Matter contained in the Pores of the solid parts Colliquated by the intense heat of the Blood opening the Meatus of the various Vessels whereupon the melted Succus Nutricius is received out of the solid parts into the Mass of Blood and is carried with it through the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Arteries into the Parenchyma of the Kidneys which is the true reason why Persons labouring with this Disease have an Emaciation of the whole Body whose succulent parts being Colliquated by great heat do despoil the Membranous and Muscular parts of their due Nutricion as the same are remitted from them into the Vital Liquor So that the watry Recrements and the Colliquated Crystalline Juice and Succus Nutricius of the solid parts accompany it into the substance of the Glands where they are separated from the Red Crassament and conveyed into the Orifices of the Urinary Vessels much enlarged by the great heat of the Blood As to the principal Indications in a Diabetes The prime indications in a Diabetes first intense heat Colliquating the various Liquors of the Blood and Succus Nutricius and the accreted Juice of the solid parts is satisfied with Incrassating and Contemperating Medicines giving an allay and due consistence to the thin and boiling Mass of Blood as Apozems made of Lettice Purslain and Emulsions prepared with the Cooling Seeds As to the second Indication relating to the enlarged Roots of the Urinary Ducts it is satisfied with the Decoction of Calcined Harts-Horn and Medicines prepared with the Roots of Cumphrey Tormentil Leaves of Ladies-Mantle Prunel Male Fluellin Plaintain red Rose Leaves c. dulcified with Syrup of dried Roses And an Electuary may be made with old Conserve of Roses Red Coral Sanders Bole Armenick Dragons Blood Calcined Harts-Horn c. made up with Syrup of Coral drinking a good Draught after it of an Apozem made of Cooling and Astringent Ingredients In this Disease I conceive Blood-letting is very improper Blood-letting not good in a Diabetes because the Crystalline parts of the Vital Liquor and Colliquated parts of the Succus Nutricius are much lessened and the strength of the Body very highly impaired which is inconsistent with Bleeding and Purging so that Restorative Medicines of China Sarza Lignum Sanctum mingled with Cooling and Astringent Medicines may be well advised to stop the Colliquation of various Liquors and to shut up the Orifices of the Vessels of Urine Sennertus giveth a wonderful relation of a Diabetes which Marcus Gattinaria in Lib. 9. Rhas Cap. de Cura involuntarii exitus Urinae Cardanus Lib. 8. Cap. 44. de rerum varietate referunt de quadam puella annor 18. quae Anno Christi 1481. Passa est superfluum Urinae profluvium adeo ut singulis diebus urinae libras circiter 36. emingeret cum ex potu cibo non plus septem Libris assumeret Cumque hoc 60 diebus perseveraret emisit ultra cibi potus quantitatem libras 1740. quod pondus longe excederet pondus puellae si tota in Urinam fuisset resoluta Cum puella non potuit excedere pondus 255 librarum imo nec 150 attingeret Sanata autem est post duos illos menses a medico Francisco Busto Causam hujus symptomatis statuerunt Medici fuisse aerem qui in Arteriis ubique Continebatur qui in aquam conversus fuerit cui alius aer successerit Cardanus addit frigidam humidam aeris intemperiem An Inflammation of the Kidneys may arise from strong Diureticks Inflammations of the Kidneys from strong Diureticks c. hard Riding violent Labour or a Stroke upon the Small of the Back Lacerating the Capillary Arteries or from Stones grating upon the tender Vessels whereupon a large quantity of Blood is impelled into the Parenchyma of the Glands and was there stagnated by reason the small Capillary Veins could not receive it and reconvey it toward the Heart This Disease is attended with a great heat and beating pain of the Back a Stupor in the Thigh and a high coloured Urine The Kidneys in this Disease are so swelled by a quantity of Blood lodged in their substance that every Gland hath a semblance of a large Kidney Of which Daniel Major giveth an account In Historia Anatomica de illis calculis conscripta of a Famous Philosopher Mr. John Sperling who was long oppressed with great pains of his Back and Loins and a difficulty of making Water and a violent Fever which spake a close to his miserable Life I will give the words of the Author Ut incurabilis morbi causae paterent quasi tui a me in defuncti aperto corpore mortiferae causae locus Integumenta Abdominis musculi Viscera pleraque recte satis se habebant Quibus proinde ad latus revolutis abactoque a renibus involucro confestim iidem apparuere penitus imflammati qui sic radices febris fuerant Increverat adeo Renum Tumor ut illorum figuram etiam externam Dimensionum determinationem quodammodo mutatam cerneres Haec ut notum est per naturae leges instar phaseoli indici in adultis laevi plana superficie describitur In exuviis Sperlingianis unus tantum utrobique Ren observabatur elatior tamen uterque in aliquibus superficiei suae partibus sic ut nisi Renes plurimos complicatos quod non semel observavi in lutris dissectis extraordinarias tamen quasdam arcuatas velut eminentiae notas ob summam qua distenti erant Inflammationem referent In this as well as other Inflammations The Cure of the Inflammation of the Kidney the Blood is to be revelled derived repelled and discussed by several Administrations And in the beginning in point of Revulsion a Vein is freely to be breathed and afterward in the progress of the Disease the Saphoena may be opened and Cupping Glasses may be applied to the opposite Thigh and at last in a Plethorick Body Leeches may be applied to the Haemmorrhoide Veins and gentle and Lenient Clysters may be safely injected Diureticks are to be avoided Diureticks improper in Inflammations of the Kidney in the beginning and increase of the Disease by reason they bring a greater Flux of Blood into the parts affected and so aggravate the Inflammation Emulsions may be given of the Four Cooling Seeds and Decoctions Syrups and Conserves of Violets Red Roses
the Birth seemeth to be despoiled of its Membranaceous and Glandulous nature as putting on a more fleshy habit by reason it is endued with large Blood-vessels and greater fleshy Fibres much increasing the substance of the Uterus And I conceive there is another wonder as great as any to whom the Womb is incident that when it hath discharged its troublesome Guest and Attendants she returneth to her former state of small Dimensions in a very short space which is accomplished by the strong Fleshy Fibres of the Uterus reducing its admirable and great expansion to a narrow circumference confined within the strait enclosure of the Pelvis The Uterus is clothed with many Coats The first and Membranous Coat of the Vterus the first is Membranous and is a common Integument borrowed from the Peritonaeum a common Parent of all upper Coats enwrapping the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment it is integrated of Membranous interspersed with Nervous Fibres running in several Positions so closely conjoyned to each other that they seem to be one entire compage The outward surface of this Membrane is besprinkled with a serous Liquor and the Uterus by divers thin Membranes sprouting out of this Coat is affixed to the Intestinum rectum Bladder of Gall and other neighbouring parts The second Integument may be called Carnous principally found in the superior Region of the Uterus beset with circular Long and Oblique Fibres The second and Carnous Integument of the Vterus which are very serviceable in contraction of the Womb first performed in the bottom of it whereby the Foetus is carried toward the Orifice and Vagina Uteri in order to its Birth the Fibres do very much assist the motions of the Foetus commonly called Throws in order to facilitate the parting the Child from the Uterus to which it adhereth and to convey it through the Vagina into the World These Carnous Fibres do also promote the flux of the Menstrua and Lochia by producing after Pains the good effects of a bad cause The third Coat is Nervous and is composed of many Nervous Fibres The third and Nervous Coat of the Vterus finely interwoven which do give a most acute sensation to the inward surface of the Vâ—erus This Coat is derived from the inward substance of the Uterus to which it is so firmly fastened that it cannot be parted without Laceration The inward substance of the Uterus lodged between the Coats to which it firmly adhereth by the interposition of Vessels The inward Substance of the Vterus and is a Composition of numerous small Glands so finely united to each other by many thin Membranes that they seem to constitute one entire substance and in truth are several Glands of which every one is encircled with a proper Coat and are so many Systems of Arteries Veins Nerves The Glands of the Vterus Lymphaeducts and Excretorys This Substance is endued with a whitish Colour and somewhat of a Spongy nature much resembling the Glandulous Compage relating to other parts of the Body The common use of this Substance is to depurate the mass of Blood and Nervous Liquor The use of the Substance of the Vterus whose Recrements are transmitted into the Lymphaeducts which at last discharge their Liquor into the common Receptacle and in ill habits of Body the vitiated serous parts of the Blood and a great quantity of gross Chyme not assimilated in Blood which being associated with it are sometimes carried down by the descendent Trunck of the Aorta and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Uterus where a Secretion is made of the Foeculencies from the more refined parts of the Blood which are entertained into the extremities of the Hypogastrick Veins and returned toward the Heart while the more Excrementitious parts of the Vital Liquor are received into Excretory Ducts by which they are discharged into the Cavity of the Womb and thence transmitted through the Neck and Vagina Uteri so that the Glands of this part are so many Colatories of the Blood secerning the Recrements from it and conveying them through proper Channels into the bosom of the Womb and are called by the Latins Fluor Albus and by the English the Whites This Glandulous Substance as I humbly conceive may claim to it self another use Another use of the Glandulous substance of the Vterus which may seem probable during the time of Womens Terms or Menstruous Purgations in which the Vital Liquor hath a more free recourse by the Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Womb wherein a Secretion is made of the foeces of the Blood from the more pure parts which are received into the roots of the Hypogastrick Veins and the Recrements of the Purple Liquor are conveyed through the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Uterus and are from thence discharged by the Carnous Fibres contracting the capacity of the Womb into the Neck and Vagina of it This Glandulous Substance hath great use in the time of Womens lying in before which the course of the Menstrua is suppressed for many Months whereupon the Blood contracteth many Impurities which are separated from the Vital Juyce in these Glands and carried through the Excretories into the Chamber of the VVomb and thence expelled by the help of the fleshy Fibres straightning the Cavity of the Uterus and squeezing the Lochia into its Neck and Vagina Between the Membranes of the VVomb when impregnated The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Vterus is not only lodged a Glandulous but a Carnous and Fibrous Contexture which obtaineth with the Membranes a greater thickness proceeding from a quantity of Blood having a more free access to the inward Recesses of the Uterus wherein this Carnous Substance is produced interspersed with many strong Fibres which highly contract the body of the Uterus in Child-birth and much contribute to the exclusion of the Foetus The VVomb is furnished with variety of Vessels The Vessels of the Vterus Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts and Excretory Ducts The Arteries borrow their rise from the Spermatick and Hypogastrick branches †T. 14. H. H. The Origen of the Arteries of the Womb. of which these are conceived to come from the upper Region and others from the under Region and others make their progress toward the bottom of the Uterus †T. 14. Q. And many branches are dispersed into the Neck and Vagina Uteri The preparing Arteries do associate with the Hypogastrick and the Artery derived from the Spermatick espouseth so near an association with the eminent branch of the Hypogastrick †T. 14. F. F. F. F. that their branches can hardly be distinguished from each other and their Terminations are so mutually interwoven that they cannot be clearly discerned from each other by reason they make such mutual Anastomâ—ses Divers Arteries do accompany the sides of the VVomb with many Divarications which do sport themselves in
complain of Pains about the Urinary Duct and Share-bone and of Acrimony of Urine proceeding from a sharp Ulcerous Matter coming out of the Prostates seated near the passage of Urine The Gonorrhaea differeth also from the Fluor Albus The Ulcerous Matter is less in quantity in a Gonorrhaa then the Matter of the Fluor Albus because the Ulcerous Matter of the former is less in quantity then the Serous Recrements of the other bedewing the parts of the Pudendum adjacent to the entrance of the Urethra with a mucous Clammy Matter but the Fluor Albus doth only besmear the neighbouring parts of the Origen of the Vagina CHAP. XVIII The Pathology of the Menstruous Purgation THe Pathology belonging to the Menstruous Purgation in Women is either abolished diminished too exuberant or depraved The first is founded in a total Suppression caused by a want of superfluous Blood proceeding from external causes as defect of Aliment c. or from internal Causes the small proportion of Chile not assimilated into Blood flowing from the ill temper of it producing Chronick or acute Fevers or from great evacuations of Blood by the Nostrils Haemmorhoids c. But the great cause of the suppression of the Monthly Flux in Women is the undue Fermentation of Blood The cause of the Suppressed Purgation as not consisting of good Fermentative Elements in ill habits of Body whereupon the ill principle Vital Liquor doth not observe its Monthly times of Recourse by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Glands of the Womb or if the Vital Liquor be impelled by the said Arteries in due times and Periods yet it being not well disposed as not having its Compage opened by due Fermentative Principles a Secretion cannot be made in the body of the Glands of the more fine from the grosser Particles of the Blood so that it is returned Confused without any separation of the one from the other by the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins toward the Heart whereupon no part of the Menstruous Blood being disposed by due Fermentatives Principles of Acides and Alcalies of Volatil Saline and Sulphurous Particles hath no power to open the extremities of the Excretory Ducts to pass through the Perforations of the inward Coat into the Cavity of the Womb and the narrowness of its Cavity and Vessels is more rare and the dyscrasie of the Blood is more common caused by the want of a laudable Effervescence whence the Blood becometh gross and thick when the good Fermentation of the Blood is defective A Countrey Maid being of a Plethorick constitution expressed in a Floride Countenance and a Fleshy Body was above twenty years old and never had her Courses whereupon she grew Sickly and fell into a very acute Fever of which she died the Fourth or Fifth day And afterward the Abdomen being opened the Viscera appeared very sound and the Vterus being Dissected the Blood was found putrid and the Cavity of the Womb wholly shut up by Nature whereupon the Blood being Stagnant lost its due tone and became Putrid proceeding from a want of due Fermentation whereupon the impure parts of the Blood being not severed in the substance of the Uterine Glands from the more pure were not discharged by the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the VVomb so that the sides of it did close and take away its Concave-Surface This cause of the suppression of the Monthly course of the Blood relating to the womb Another caus◠of the uppression of the Menstrua and proceeding from the defect of a due Fermentation of the Blood denoteth Antiscorbutick and Chalibeate Medicines which impart good dispositions to it and repair its lost tone by exalting its gross fixed Saline and Sulphureous Particles and rendring them Volatil and Spirituous whereby the Vital and Nervous Liquor acquire a laudable Fermentation consisting in due Acides and Alkalys the true Principles of Effervescence opening the Body of the Blood carried into the Uterine Glands and disposing it for Secretion so that the faeculent parts of the Blood are transmitted through the Pores of the inward Coat into the Bosom of the womb whence it is expelled by the Vagina to the utmost Confines of the Body The suppression of the Menstruous Flux is caused by straitness of the Vessels and ways of the Womb by Constipation Compression Coalescence Ulcers Scirrhous and Gangraenes of the Uterus As to the first The obstruction of the Hypogastrick and Preparing Arteries the preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries are obstructed by gross and viscide humours by Blood rendred thick as accompanied with crude Chyme not assimilated into Blood and stagnant in the Vessels or in the Glands of the Vterus causing a stoppage of the Flux into the Cavity of the Womb Learned Veslingius giveth an account of a Woman labouringwith a Suppression of her Menses The Cause of the Suppressed Menstrua in whom he found the Spermatick Vessels full of Pituitous Matter Sometimes the Neck and Vagina of the Uterus is shut up with the Hymen imperforated giving a Check to the Flux of the Menstrua Dodonaeus giveth an Instance of this case in a Cloistered Virgin Monialis Virg. 55 Annorum multo tempore circa Inguina Pubem doluit nullis interim ex Utero prodeuntibus Excrementis supervenit tandem Ventris Tumor quo inde majore facto Mors tandem supervenit c. Hymen autem obstitit qui Naturâ Virginibus concrescit nam hoc integro nihil ex Utero descendere aut deferri vel hinc apparere potuit A Suppression also of the Menstrua may proceed from a white Concreted Matter A Suppression of the Menstrua from a Concreted Matter obstructing the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries somewhat resembling the Polypus of the Heart and is produced in like manner from Chyme coagulated in the Vessels of the Womb and hindering the recourse of Blood into the Uterine Glands and Cavity of the Uterus A stoppage of the Menstruous Course may proceed from the Constipation dum Corpus Uteri densius redditur or from the hardness and induration of the Neck of the womb of which Cabrolius maketh mention concerning a Lying-in-Woman whose Neck of her womb grew hard and grisly and ever after lost her Menstrua Mulier post Puerperium Menstrua amplius non habuit Mortuae Cervix Uteri spississima est reperta ac velut Cartilginosa quae transversi Digiti spissitudine coaluerat A Suppression of the Menstrua may be deduced from Compression by the Tumors of the womb A Suppression of the Menstrua from the Tumors of the Womb. in Inflammations Scirrhus c. whereby the Cavities of the Vessels are so contracted and the extremities of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries so shut up that the Blood cannot pass into the Glands of the womb and after Secretion be conveyed through the Pores of the inward Membrane into its Cavity These small holes may be also shut up by external Causes by the cold Air or
pertinent to discourse the manner how the Fluor Albus is produced in the Womb which I conceive The manner how the Fluor Albus is produced may be accomplished after this manner The Blood is Confederated with gross Chyle not well Prepared by laudable Ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquor in the Stomach and afterward is not well Attenuated by ill Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements in the Guts whereupon the Blood groweth gross and pituitous and sometimes is also vitiated with Bilious Excrements conveyed into it by the roots of the Cava when the Ductus Choleductus is obstructed so that the Purple Liquor being tainted sometimes with pituitous and other times with Bilious and Serous Recrements not severed from the Blood in the Renal Glands is transmitted by the Preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Substance of the Glands belonging to the Womb wherein the Blood being acted with Heterogeneous Particles of different ill Humours causeth a great Fermentation which is highly promoted by the Nervous Liquor destilling out the Terminations of the Par Vagum and Vertebral Nerves derived from the Os Sacrum opening the Compage of the Blood assisted by the ferments of the Womb whereby its impure parts the Pituitous Serous and Bilious Recrements are severed from the Purple Liquor in the Uterine Glands as its Colatories and thence transmitted by the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Womb. The Menstrua being associated with various ill Recrements The Fluor Albus proceedeth from an ill mass of Blood when they are suppressed in unhealthy Bodies clogged with a fowl mass of Blood do produce a Fluor Albus wherein the Viscera tainted with the faeces of the Blood not depurated in the Uterine Glands do endeavour to free themselves from their troublesome Maladies by sending down Pituitous Bilious and Serous Recrements through the descendent Trunck of the Aorta and the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Womb wherein the Blood being not well Secerned from its ill Associates its noysome Excrements doth return by the Uterine Veins to the Cava and thence to the Chambers of the Heart where sometimes it being Pituitous ingenders a Polypus derived from Concreted Chyme other times it passing through the I ungs maketh a difficulty of breathing and afterward when it is impelled through the descendent Trunck of the Aorta and Coeliack and Mesentrick Arteries into the Stomach Pancreas and Guts it spoileth the ferments of the Ventricle and Intestines and perverteth their Crasis this impure Bilious Blood is carried out of the tainted adjacent parts by various branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver wherein the Blood being not well separated from its Bilious Faeculencies doth vitiate the Tone of the Liver and discoloureth it and the Glands of the whole Body are often infected with this ill mass of Blood as not being discharged by the Uterus in a due Menstruous Flux whence often ariseth a Fluor Albus Corroding and Ulcerating the womb and its Vagina which sometimes endeth in a Gargren To confirm this Hypothesis An instance of a Person dying of a Fluor Arbus I will give you the trouble of a long and admirable case of a Sick Person labouring long with and at last dying of a Fluor Albus written in a Letter by Learned Muranto to Renowned Peier Elizabethae Anglae quinquagesimum jam agenti aetatis annum Menstrua octennio ante fluere cessarunt nunc inde ab anno redeuntia sed inordinate per tres menses eodem fluore Corripitur Albo copioso summaque cum virium debilitate Sensim aucto adeo ut stanti ambulantique semper invitae quid destillet Acrimonia humor is abditi Naturae loci multum oredebantur urinaque juxta suppremebatur unde grumi sanguinis prodierunt ingenti cum dolore praesertim in Hypocondriis Alvus per dies quinque continuos adstricta erat Adhibita autem incassum fuerunt à Medicis Excellentissimis Pharmaca tandem supervenientibus intolerabilibus circa pubem anum cruciatibus vomitu materiae Biliosae Mortua est Dissecto post mortem Cadavere sequentia notavimus 1. Omentum tenue sine pinguedine 2. Ventriculum magnum ac valde capacem Biliosi humoris plenum interne Rubentem multis quoque Glandulis conspicuum 3. Intestina tenuia in inguine sinistro contracta penitus crassa tum flatibus tum duris Excrementis distenta praeterea variis in locis veluti occlusa 4. Pancreas cinerei coloris durum tactu 5. Lienem coloris nigricantis 6. Hepar pallidum ad flavedinem Biliosam Vergens nec sanguineo colore tinctum Hujus vesiculae copiosa bilis inerat 7. Glandulae in regione lumborum plures Conglobatae atque aliae prope Vterum valde durae erant humorem crassum sebaceum flavescentem puri analogum ex se fundente quo vasa Lymphatica distenta turgebant 9. Venarum sanguis tenuissimus fuit sero multo dilutus 10. Cordi Polypus erat 11. Pulmones sani 12. Ren sinister duplici Cavitate pelvim efformante praeditus 13. Vesica Urinaria lotio adhuc turgebat 14. Uterus arcte undique partibus Vicinis adhaesit fundo ejus cum recto Intestino vesicaque Urinaria unito 15. Circa Testiculos utroque in latere Hydatides sat magnae Conspiciebantur Lympha turgentes insipida Ipsi Testiculi purulenti Ulcerati fuerunt Tubarum processus rite apparuit Liquor in Arteriam Spermaticam injectus omnia Vteri Vaginae Vasa implevit indeque levi Compressione tum ex Vtero tum è Vagina manavit Uterus magnus erat intrinsecus rubens Exulceratus Excoriatus pure farctus inque Sinistrum magis latus inclinans Ulcus extra Uteri Pomeria in Vicinam quoque Vaginam serpsit Nam ista quasi Gangraena tacta prorsus nigricare visa est Vasa Uteri omnia cruore turgebant The Cure of this disease is performed by the taking away the Causes Astringent Medicines are not to be Administred before Purgatives which being done the Flux ceaseth wherefore a great care must be had that we do not administer Astringent Medicines before the Viscera are freed from their Gross Bilious and Serous Recrements by proper Purgatives Therefore we must consider whether the Fluor Albus be derived from the ill habit of the whole Body or from some peculiar part from the indispotion of the Womb if it come from a Cachexy of the Viscera gentle Purging Medicines are to be advised of Cassia the Lenitive Electuary Ruburbe mixed with Chio Turpentine which doth cleanse and heal the Uterus often Corroded with sharp and salt humours A question may arise Purgatives are more proper than Bleeding in the Fluor Albus whether Bleeding be proper in this Disease to which I make bold to give this Answer That seeing the Fluor Albus provenit à Cachichymia non a Plethora it doth denote rather Purging than Bleeding Again it doth not seem reasonable to call the foul humours of the Womb
Testicles being denuded from these Coats The Substance of the Testicles a white soft Substance is presented to our Eyes of a different nature from that of men which according to Learned de Graaf is chiefly made up of many Seminal Vessels mutually conjoyned which being drawn out exceed in length forty Dutch Ells as the same Learned Author affirmed These Vessels cannot be any where discovered in the Testicles of Women which have another and no less admirable Structure The Ovaries of VVomen as to their Substance are a rare Composition integrated of many Blood-vessels Nerves Lymphaeducts Glands Vesicles of thin clear Liquor The Blood-vessels belonging to these parts The preparing Vessels are the Preparing or Spermatick Arteries and Veins †T. 14. d. which are Ministerial to the Vesicles The Arteries of the Ovaries The Arteries do take their progress in greater Gyres than those of Men which notwithstanding have greater length by reason they Expatiate themselves into the Testicles seated without the Cavity of the lowest Apartiment in the bosom of the Scrotum And I humbly conceive these Arteries have many Flexures in VVomen to hinder the over-hasty motion of the Blood into the Testicles The Divarication of the Spermatick Arteries in VVomen The difference between the Testicles of Men and Women is different from that of Males in whom they are parted into two branches of which one and the chief passeth into the Testicle and the other as the least goeth to the Epydidimides In Women the first branch is carried into the Vterus and Associates so with the Hypogastrick Arteries that no Eye can discover their Terminations to be distinct whereupon no man saith Learned de Graaf can certainly affirm that the Testicles of Women do receive Blood immediately from the Spermatick or from the Hypogastrick Arteries which before they terminate do send two or three Branches into the Testicles The Spermatick Arteries are more numerous than the other as they relate to the Ovaries near which they are divided into two or three Branches and are subdivided again into more and more Ramulets at last inserting themselves not only into the Coats of the Testicles but into their Glands and Coat of the Vesicles which these Arteries Enamel with fruitful Divarications in the manner of Eggs of Fish and Yolks of Hens Eggs. The Spermatick Veins are Associates of the Arteries The Spermatick Veins of the Ovaries and sport themselves in various Divarications through the body of the Testicles and no where Inosculate with the Spermatick Arteries by reason their Extremities are implanted into the Parenchyma of the Testicles to receive the Blood and carry it toward the Heart after it hath bedewed the Substance of the Ovaries which it could not effect if the Vital Liquor was transmitted immediately out of the Preparing Arteries into the Veins by mutual Perforations The Spermatick Veins are much shorter than the Arteries as taking their progress in a more straight position without any Maeanders or Flexures which are very observable in the Arteries The use of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries is to import Blood into the Substance of the Testicles The use of the Spermatick Arteries in order to give life to them and prepare a Matter to propagate and repair the Spermatick Matter in the Vesicles when it is exhausted by Generation by the transmission of the Impregnated Vesicles or Eggs through the deferent Vessels the Fallopian Tubes into the bosom of the Womb. The use of the Spermatick Veins is to reconvey the Blood toward the Heart not useful in the Glands of the Testicles The use of the Spermatick Veins for the Generation and support of Genital Matter enclosed in the Vesicles of the Ovaries The Nerves of the Testicles are of two sorts The Nerves of the Ovaries the one is derived from the Par Vagum and the other from the Os Sacrum both these kinds of Nerves do furnish the Ovaries with fruitful Rarifications of Fibres which are inserted both into the Glands and Coats belonging to the Veficles of Seminal Liquor called Ova by the late Anatomists The use of these Nerves is to convey Succus Nutricius into the Substance of the Testicular Glands The use of the Nerves where it incorporates as I humbly conceive with the more mild parts of the Blood and enobleth it in order to generate the Seminal Liquor conserved in the Vesicles until there be a use of it The Lymphaeducts relating to the Ovaries are made of a thin Transparent Tunicle The Lymphaeducts of the Ovaries and have their roots arising as I suppose out of the Testicular Glands and ascend and branch themselves into the Coat of the Ovaries and from thence take their progress the nearest way as I humbly conceive toward the common receptacle The use of the Lymphaeducts is to receive the thin Recrements of the Nerves and Arteries conveyed out of the substance of the Glands The use of the Lymphaeducts wherein the more pure parts of the Nervous and Mild Vital Liquor is disposed of by Nature in order to the production of Albuminous Matter of the Vesicles and the thin superfluous Lympha is admitted into the Origen of the Lymphaeducts seated in the Glands of the Testicles The Globules of the Testicles appertaining to Women The Glands of the Ovaries are Bodies made up of many Minute Glands and every one of them is encircled with a proper Coat and are so closely connected to each other by many fine Ligaments that they seem to constitute one entire Glandulous Substance enterwoven with the Vesicles of the Ovaries The Glandulous Substance is an Aggregate Body The substance of the Glands belonging to the Ovaries consisting of Preparing Arteries and Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts whereof some Import Liquor as the Arteries and Nerves Vital and Nervous Juyce into the Parenchyma of the Glands and the Veins and Lymphaeducts do carry Blood and Lympha out of them The use of these Glands adjoining to the Vesicles The use of the Glands of the Ovaries is to be Secretories of various Liquors Blood and Succus Nutricius brought in by the Extremities of Arteries and Nerves into the body of the Glands that the more soft and fine particles of Blood and Nervous Liquor being severed from their Recrements may embody and be transmitted by the most Minute Ducts of the Coats of the Vesicles to beget and repair the decayed Seminal Liquor encircled with the thin Tunicles of the Vesicles The Vesicles belonging to the Ovaries The Vesicles of the Ovaries are the end and perfection of the other parts as Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts and Glands by reason they are all ministerial to the Vesicles as conducive to the propagation of the Seminal Liquor conserved in them These Vesicles the nobler parts of the Ovaries The Vesicles of the Ovaries are furnished with divers Liquors are replenished with divers kinds of Liquors discriminated by various Colours some Yellow others Crystalline and
Arteries into all parts of the Colliquated Seed The Blood is first arayed with a white palish colour and afterward is clothed in Scarlet which proceedeth from Motion and Heat giving the Blood a red tincture as by an Intestine Motion causing an Effervescence in it as Fruits by long Coction acquire redness much resembling that of Blood especially those that are pregnant with an abundant Succus Nutricius And the rare method of Nature is very remarkable in the production of the different parts of the Body The fluid and soft parts of the Body are first formed wherein She beginneth with most moist and soft as next a kin to the fluid Seminal Liquor which is liquid is best disposed for immediate formation of moist parts whereupon the Vital liquor being Fluid is first generated in the ambient parts of the Seminal Matter as it is colliquated by the heat of the Uterus and afterward transmitted into the more inward Recesses when the Vein is formed as soft and membranous and so is the first formed solid part as having much affinity with the nature of Seminal Liquor CHAP. XXVI Of the Generation of a humane Foetus THis most noble part the Blood is first formed in the Seminal Liquor by whose influence and irradiation of Spirits The system of all parts of the Body are animated by Vital Principle seated in the Blood The system of all parts belonging to Animals are first animated as by a Vital principle much constituting them and giving vigor and heat to the Seminal Liquor in reference to the delineation of all Similar parts successively produced out of which all Organick as the Viscera and Muscles are formed which compleat the Animal and give it a power of augmentation and nutrition which is a kind of second and continued Generation quoniam ex iisdem principiis animal nutritur ex quibus generatur and the Blood much assisteth the Genital Liquor in its Architectonick Spirit in distinguishing one part from another and is that first Particle in which the Soul doth chiefly reside the prime Author of Life Sense and Motion Some Professors of our Faculty do give the primogeniture to the Brain Some Anatomists do give Primogeniture to the Brain Heart and Liver arising together out of three Bubles or Vesicles but this Hypothesis contradicteth Autopsy which is clear to those that curiously have inspected the several Processes of the Generation of a Chicken in which the prerogative of Primogeniture is due only to the Blood whose rays first dawn in the outward circumference of the Albuminous Orb and afterward diffuse themselves through all regions of it which is evident not only in an Egg but in the first Conception of every Animal The Blood first generated in the ambient parts of the Seed The first motion and progâ—ess of the Blood is carried by Veins into the center of it where the red Point or beating Vesicle is generated the first rudiment of the Heart from which many Fibres or Capillaries do proceed the first origens of Arteries and the roots of the Veins take their roots in the outward parts of the Seminal Liquor wherein the Vital Liquor beginneth its motion toward the beating Vesicle from whence it is impelled by Arteries into all parts of the Seminal Liquor The Vital Liquor may truly assume to it self the privilege of the first Genital Particle because it appeareth first in the circumference of the Seed The Blood first appeareth in the circumference of the Seed before any Veins or beating Point can be discovered in the center of it and it is very agreeable to reason that the Blood should be generated before the Veins beating Point and Arteries as the part contained is the principal and therefore the first in the order of Nature because the other parts are subservient to it and are propagated enlivened cherished and nourished by it as by a principle of Life and Heat as also Intestine and Local Motion and the beating Point Sanguiducts and Viscera The Blood is the first principle of Life Heat Intestine and local motion are so many Organs ministerial to the motion and depuration of the Blood which is the first Genital Part and the beating Vesicle its first instrument of motion plainly visible in the first conception of all Animals and appeareth less than a spark lifted up and down according to the reception and exclusion of Blood caused by Diastole and Systole distending and narrowing the Ventricles of the Heart and the Systole maketh the Pulsation produced by Contraction causing a Vibration of the Heart which is the same time imparted to all Arteries of the Body commonly called the beating of them So that the first step or period in the Generation of a Foetus The first step in the Generation of a Foetus is the Blood and its Receptacles is the Blood with its receptacles The Punctum Saliens The rough-draught of the Heart and Vessels the Veins and Arteries but the substance of the Heart consisting of two Auricles Ventricles and Cone with Vessels and Fibres lodged in the Compage of it is found in the third procedure of Generation The second period in the formation of an Embryo The second process of Generation is the production of a kind of Worm or Maggot is manifested in the production of a kind of Worm or Maggot and as it groweth into a clammy substance it seemeth to be divided into two parts the upper is Orbicular and seemeth to be distinguished into three Vesicles the Brain Cerebellum and one of the Eyes Another part of this Mite the first rudiment of the Body relating to a Foetus resembleth the Keel of a Ship A third period of Generation appeareth in formation of a kind of Keel as the first draught of the Spine and is a Superstructure leaning upon or accrescing to the Trunk of the Vena Cava all along its length And in the formation of the Head the Eyes first may be first discovered and the Delineation of the Body is made immediately after and out of the rough draught of the Spine the sides do arise as those of the Ship are built upon the Keel being formed of one similar substance adorned with white lines expressing Natures design of the Ribs as the first rudiments of them and out of the rudely Delineated Spine the Trunk doth grow and afterward the Bones Muscles and Limbs are distinguished into Joints These two rough Delineations of the Head and Body appear The rudiment of the Spine and Head do early appear and may be distinguished at the same time and afterward when they receive greater degrees of increase and perfection the Body doth far exceed the Head in dimensions In the first formation of the Trunk there is a great disproportion between the Body and Limbs which in time grow longer and longer Children new born have long Bodies and short Limbs and Children new born have long Bodies and short Limbs and would go
Blood-vessels and learned Dr. Walter Needham hath seen a very great number of such Vessels in the Placenta of a Woman which he afterward discerned to be Arteries and Veins And on the other side this Learned Author saith it is manifest to Autopsy That these innumerable Fibres found in the Placenta of a Woman as often as they associate do make a greater Trunk which is constituted by many branches implanted into it which is the structure of Veins and Arteries but these Fibres being conjoined in a confused order do make Plexes resembling the rowls of Nerves and do approach the Veins and Arteries of the Placenta and twine about them and are affixed to them without any ingress into their substance and perhaps are framed by Nature to compress the Arteries The use of these Fibres to give a check to the overhasty motion of the Blood into the substance of the Placenta and perhaps another use of these Fibres may be to strengthen the tender substance of the Placenta to preserve it from Laceration in violent motions of the Body And I humbly conceive That there are many other small true Nervous Fibrils which are propagated from the Nerves of the Womb into the Placenta which is affected with sense in the violent motion of the Foetus and in great throwes in order to Paturition as Doctor Wharton conceiveth and have this use as I apprehend to transmit Nervous Liquor impregnated with Animal Spirits into the Glands of the Placenta wherein it confederates with the Chyme or milder particles of the Blood to prepare a Succus Nutricius to support the Foetus in reference to formation growth and nourishment The Placenta is fastned to divers regions of the Womb The connexion of the Placenta sometimes in the left part and othertimes in the right and now and then in the bottom of it and as the Placenta receiveth greater dimensions it is more firmly affixed to the Womb in the first Months and afterward when the Foetus is more and more enlarged and acquireth a due formation and perfection of all parts the fruit groweth ripe and then the Placenta may be more easily parted from the less firm embraces of the Womb as the Foetus is ready for the birth The use of the adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb The use of the fastning of the Placema to the Vterus is to keep the Foetus firm to its bosom where it is lodged as in a soft warm bed lest in great and overhasty motions and Girks of the Body the Foetus should be dislodged and excluded the confines of the Womb and Vagina Uteri before its due time of birth The second use of the Adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb is to hold an entercourse with it by mediation of Nerves Arteries and Veins fastning it to the inward surface of the Uterus The second use of the fastning the Placenta to the Vterus by the Nerves the Nervous Liquor is imported into the substance of the Glands and by the Arteries the Vital Juice is conveyed into them to give life heat and nourishment to the Foetus and the superfluous Blood is returned from the Glands of the Placenta into the Uterus and thence toward the Vena Cava in order to be transmitted into the Heart These uses of the adhesion of the Placenta to the Womb The first use of the Placenta The manner how the Nutricion of the Foetus is performed do lead us to the design of Nature in the formation of this useful part in reference to the preservation of the Foetus which is performed by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries propagated from the Womb and transmitting Blood into the glandulous substance of the Placenta wherein the Chymous and Albuminous parts are severed from the Purple Liquor The Nerves also do contribute much to this separation of the soft parts of the Blood by reason they convey an active Fermentative Liquor into the Glands of the Placenta where it meeteth with the Blood and openeth its Compage and assisteth the separation of the mild parts of the Blood from the more sharp which cannot be ministerial to the Nutricion of the Foetus and therefore they are returned by the extremities of the Veins implanted into the Glands of the Placenta into the Vterus and thence toward the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart Another use of the Placenta is to be a warm integument of the Foetus The second use of the Placenta and to give reception to the Umbilical Vessels consisting of two Arteries and one Hepatick Vein which dispense Blood from the Foetus into the Glands of the Hepar Uterinum wherein it meeteth with the Vital Liquor destilling out of the extremities of the Uterine Arteries and with the choice Liquor coming out of the terminations of the Nerves which exalteth the various confederated Blood coming from the Mother and the Foetus So that these various Liquors consisting of different Elements are endued with Fermentative dispositions which colliquate the Blood and sever the more mild parts from the red Crassament and constitute a sweet wheyish humor fit for the nutricion of the Foetus CHAP. XXVIII Of the Membranes encircling the Foetus THe Foetus is immured within many Coats The first Coat of the Foetus is fleshy or glandulous The second is Membranous The double Membrane of Chorion the most outward is fleshy or glandulous which I have already spoken of The second integument is the outward Membrane called the Chorion very thick and consisteth of a double Tunicle whose outward surface is uneven and rough and its inward smooth its exterior surface is convex lodged within the soft concave bosom of the Placenta and its interior region Concave embracing the outward surface of the Amnios and the humors contained in the other Membrane The figure of the Chorion is orbicular in Women The figure of the Chorion in Cunneys it resembleth the shape of a Kidney in Mares the inward surface is like a long Bag according to Dr. Harvey in Sheep Cows and other Cloven-footed beasts whose Uterus is divided it is shaped in the manner of a Wallet extended to both Horns and so filleth the whole Uterus in Cunneys Hares Dogs Cats Mice Rats and all Animals that have Teeth above and below have a Bipartite Vterus it doth furnish but some part of the Uterus The Foetus is covered in Woman for some Months with the Chorion The Foetus is first covered with the Chorion before the Placenta is formed as with an outward Coat and about the fourth Month a small downy substance appears through delineation of the Placenta which afterward groweth into a red glandulous substance encompassing with its Concave the convex surface of the Chorion The Chorion is a thick Coat consisting of a double Tunicle The Vessels are divaricated between the Coats of the Chorion between which are seated many divarications of Arteries and Veins derived from the Umbilical
of the Uterus are fewer in number than the Arteries and do take their rise from the Trunk of the Vena Cava and reconvey the Blood from the Vterus toward the Heart The Uterus also is accommodated with Nerves derived from the Spine which do associate the Arteries and contribute a choice Liquor which may claim a share both in the Generation and nourishment of some parts The use of the Glands is very great The use of the Glands belonging to the Vterus because as the Colatories of the Blood they are fine minute aggregated Bodies containing various kinds of Vessels The Arteries import Blood mixed with Chyme into the body of the Glands where the soft albuminous and serous parts are severed from the Purple Juice and confederated with a Liquor destilling out of the Nerves and carried by secret passages into the cavity of the Uterus where it makes an accretion to the yolk of the Egg and formeth the white and shell and also as I apprehend this fine liquor of the Blood and Nerves doth insinuate it self into the Pores relating to the yellow Compage of the Yolk whereupon it enlargeth its dimensions in the cavity of the Matrix CHAP. XXXII Of the Ovaries and Eggs of Birds ALthough Learned Harvey the wonder of his time for his great discoveries of the secrets of Nature hath made a great inspection into the structure of Ovaries and Eggs of Birds yet I will take the boldness with your permission to speak my meaner sentiments that I might contribute my Mite in order to the fuller Explication of this Subject to declare the Situation Connexion Figure Substance Vessels Carnous Fibrils of the Ovaries and the manner of production of their Eggs their increase and the nature of their several Liquors The Ovary of Birds is seated a little below the region of the Liver near the Spine The situation of the Ovaries of Birds upon the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Vena Cava to which it is fastned by the interposition of Vessels sprouting out of these great Trunks and divaricated through the body of the Ovary and the Membranes encircling the Eggs the origen of the Ovary is lodged near the place where the Caeliack Artery entreth into the Mesentery and where the Emulgent and Spermatick Vessels do arise out of the greater Trunks The Ovary is adorned with an oblong round Figure The figure of the Ovaries after the manner of a Cylinder and hath a small Origen but a large Body which like a Belly or Matrix encompasseth the clusters of new-formed Eggs to secure them against the assaults of the neighbouring Guts when distended with Excrements This useful part of Birds is made up of a various substance The substance of the Ovaries of Birds partly Membranous and partly Glandulous the surface of it is Membranous composed of right transverse and oblique Nervous Filaments curiously interwoven and so closely adapted to each other that it is impossible to discern the interstices of the most minute nervous threads running in variety of positions up and down directly obliquely and crossways in order to frame this fine Contexture The more inward part of the Ovary is composed of a soft The inward part of the Ovary is beset with many Glands porous spongy substance made up of numerous Glands beset with the terminations of Arteries Veins Nerves and numerous Perforations through which the Seminal Liquor destilleth into the cavity of the Ovary giving the first rudiment to the Eggs. This rare Compage The preparing Vessels relating to the Ovaries of Birds integrated of a Membranous and Glandulous substance is accommodated with Spermatick Arteries and Veins arising out of the Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava by whose mediation the Ovary is kept close to the Spine These divers preparing Vessels do spread themselves in divers Ramulets through the membranous and glandulous part of the Ovary into and out of which they import and export Vital Liquor to give life and heat to this choice Fabrick the repository of the origens of Minute Eggs. The Ovary of Birds is not only furnished with the Blood-vessels of Arteries and Veins The Nerves of the Ovaries but with Nerves too propagated from the Spinal or Vertebral Nerves imparting many Fibrils to the membranous and glandulous substance of the Ovary into which their terminations do convey Nervous Liquor which meeting with more delicate part of Blood in the body of the Glands do embody and make a Seminal Juice in which the first lineaments of Eggs are contained The Ovary of Birds is not only framed of Nervous Fibres The Carnous Fibres of the Ovaries but very small Carnous too which are straight oblique and circular and are consigned to divers uses of strengthenig the contexture of Nervous Fibres and to give it the power of Contraction when it is aggrieved by the greatness of the Eggs brought to due maturity and severed from the Ovary whereupon it contracteth it self and presseth down the loosened Egg out of its confines into the beginning of the Oviduct The Eggs affixed by stalks to the inside of the Ovary The production of Eggs and the manner of their Formation are so many products coming from Seminal Liquor made of the mild parts of the Blood and Nervous Juice confederated The fruitful Glands of the Ovary have a choice furniture of divers Blood-vessels as Arteries dispensing by their extremities Vital Liquor whose Compage being opened by an active Juice destilling out of the terminations of Nerves is disposed for Secretion whereupon the more delicate parts of the Blood being associated with the Nervous Liquor in the body of the Glands is carried by secret passages into the cavity of the Ovary whereupon it is Concreted into numerous minute Eggs resembling Mustard-seed in their dimensions These rudiments of Eggs The Coats encircling the liquors of Eggs. formed of Seminal Liquor conveyed through the holes of the Glands into the cavity of the Ovary are composed of a palish yellow Liquor encircled with a thick Coat coming from the membrane of the Ovary and a more thin proper Vail immediately enclosing the Seminal Liquor out of which I taketh its birth and by the narrower confines of the common Integument resembling stalks of Plants the Eggs are affixed to the Ovary and afterward are parted from it when they arrive a due magnitude These Coats immuring the choice liquor of the rough delineated Eggs The Coats of Eggs are furnished with many Blood-vessels are enameled with branches of Spermatick Arteries and Veins first imparted to the Ovary and from thence communicated to the common Coat of the Eggs as proceeding from the Coat of the Ovary to give them heat and life In the Ovary are lodged a great company of Eggs adorned with an Orbicular figure and different magnitudes the greatest are placed about the Circumference and the smaller about the Center which is very conspicuous in the Ovary of an Estridge as well as in
Body After the Hen hath sate three days the Chicken acquireth greater dimensions and its parts grow more distinct and is lodged in the Genital Liquor with a crooked Head and prone position of body and the Vesicles of the Brain enameled with Blood-vessels are attended with the small orbs of the Eyes adjoyning to the ambient parts of the rudiments of the Brain and the Spinal Marrow is lodged in the hollowed Vertebres of the Spine and the external parts of the Colliquament begin to grow Opace encompassing the ambient parts of the Seminal Liquor as with a Rayment and the Vessels taking their rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart begin their course toward the middle of the Abdomen and emit many branches of Arteries The Vesicles which before were discovered to be five After three days the Chicken acquireth greater perfections in reference to all parts are in after-days divided only as it were into two in the Occiput seemed to appear a Vesicle beautified with a triangular figure and the lower region of the Synciput is endued with a kind of oval shape near this Vesicle doe appear two other which I conceive are the rudiments of the Eyes whose parts now become more distinguishable in which the Pupil hued with Black may be discerned and the Crystalline humor is encircled with the Vitreous and now the Auricles Ventricles of the Heart are more matured and the distinct motions of the Ventricles are rendred more conspicuous The fourth day being past the Chicken becometh more mature and the Vesicles of the Brain are more enlarged approaching nearer each other and the Globules of the Eyes receive greater dimensions not changing their shape and the Spine and its Vertebres appear more fair and the Wings and Thighs grow more in length and the Spine receiveth the addition of the Rump and the whole Body is clothed with a mucous Matter as an imperfect flesh interspersed with great divarications of Vessels and the Cord of Umbilical Vessels begins to creep out of confines of the Belly and the Blood is clothed with a deeper Scarlet as impelled through the Arteries and returning by the Veins is hued with a paler red and the Stomach is formed in some part and the Intestines are made up of a kind of mucous Matter as their first rudiment and in Eggs arriving greater maturity the Heart is immured within the confines of the Thorax by reason of a thin Membrane enclosing it The fifth day being past the Vesicles of the Brain The fourth and fifth day the Vesicles of the Brain and the Globules the rudiments of the Vertebres and other parts of the Body come to greater maturity the Globules being the Vertebres constituting the Spine receive greater distinction the Heart admitteth more rivulets of Blood clothed with a deeper red and the ambient parts of the Umbilical Vessels encircling the Yolk do make frequent inosculations with each other the Brain now beginneth to be curdled and filled with a Filamentous substance to which the Cerebellum is adjoyned and the Viscera become more conspicuous and the Lungs may be discerned as arayed with a pale Red. After the sixth day After the sixth day the Bill is partly formed and the Spinal Marrow is divided into equal parts and the Intestines and other Viscera are clothed with Integuments and the Umbilical Vessels are branched through the White and Yolk the Bill begins its formation and the Spinal Marrow is divided into two equal parts and the Wings are enlarged and the lower Limbs lengthened by the addition of Feet and the Intestines and other Viscera being enwrapped in Integuments are so protuberant as if the Abdomen was disordered by a rupture of the Navil and the Umbilical Vessels do insinuate themselves through the White and Yolk and the ambient Amnion and the Arteries appear less than the Veins their associates The fabrick of the Liver also becometh conspicuous as consisting of variety of Vessels to which the miliary Glands are appendant and the empty spaces of the Vessels are filled up with a kind of Parenchyma which is some part of the Vital Liquor adhering to the Vessels in its passage from the Arteries to the Veins The Liver is not yet tinged with Red but with a kind of brown colour and the ambient parts of the Body are clothed with Skin enduced with many ramulets of Vessels often joyned and divided again after the manner of Network After the Hen hath sate seven days After seven days the Foetus is more perfectly delineated in all its parts and the Brain becometh Filamentous or Fibrous and the Cerebellum app areth and the Heart is covered with a thin Tuniâ—le and furnished with two Ventricles the Chicken hath its parts more perfectly Delineated and is lodged in the Amnion encircled with the Chorion connected to the Membrane encompassing the Yolk near the margent of the Umbilical region The Head and Eyes receive larger dimensions and the Vesicles of the Brain are covered with a Fibrous substance as the rudiment of a Membrane enwrapping the more tender compage of the Brain which beginneth to be Filamentous or Fibrous and now the Cerebellum and the origen of the Spinal Marrow do appear The Heart is covered with a thin Tunicle which I conceive to be the Pericardium and is furnished with two Ventricles of which the left exceedeth the right in dimensions and redness and both Ventricles are immured with Muscular Spiral Fibres which constitute the fleshy part of the Heart and the Auricles of it are rendred rough and unequal by the plexes of Carnous Fibres which do as it were form another Heart made up of two Cavities as small Ventricles The Thorax is encircled with white lines the rudiments of Ribs The Viscera of the lowest Apartiment grow more perfect The Gizard and Intestines are well configured and the Liver appeareth hard sometimes with a yellowish Coat and other times with ash colour with the appendant miliary Glands besetting the terminations of the Vessels endued not with a perfect round but somewhat oblong figure The Kidneys are invested with an ash coloured hue The first lineaments of the rim of the Belly may be descerned to be mucous and the whole body may be seen to be vailed with a thin Skin The eighth and ninth day of sitting being accomplished the compage of the Brain groweth more solid as the fibrous parts of it arrive to greater maturity and the many vesicles of the Head seem to Coalesce into two protuberancies as the Hemisphaeres of the Brain which are hollowed into two Ventricles and the Thalami or Origens of the Optick Nerves begin to shew themselves with the appendant Cerebellum and the beginning of the Spinal Marrow The ambient parts of the Body are made unequal by many little protuberancies through which the Feathers are emitted which are most eminent about the Back and Rump The Liver is hued with a kind of brown colour and divided into Lobes And the tenth and eleventh
that their Interstices cannot be discerned so that this part composed of many Filaments seemeth to be one entire substance It emitteth many Membranous Processes or Nervous Fibres as Learned Diemerbroeck will have it by which the Pleura is tied sometimes to the Lungs after a Lax position so that this connexion giving a free play to the Lungs doth not hinder Respiration The Pleura is not only framed of a great company of Fibres running in several postures The Fibres and Parenchyma or the Pleura but hath a Parenchyma too interlining and filling up the Interstices of the Filaments which proceedeth as I humbly conceive from the Succus Nutricius or Seminal Liquor accreted to the sides of the Fibrils in their first formation The Parenchyma of this as well as all other Membranes is of great use The use of the Parenchyma of the Pleura in reference it filleth up the vacuities of the Fibrils and giveth an evenness and smoothness to the Coats of the Pleura This fine part is Perforated in many places in order to the passage of the Vena Cava Aorta Aspera Arteria Thoracick Ducts Lymphaeducts Gulet The Perforations of the Pleura and the par vagum of Nerves It is adorned with many Divarications of divers kinds of Vessels Veins The Vessels of the Pleura a Vena sine pari and the upper Intercostal Branch and Arteries from the Trunk of the Arteria Magna and from the Intercostal Branch and twelve pair of Nerves from the Vertebres of the Back The Pleura hath two uses The first is to propagate Coats to the Heart The first use of the Pleura Lungs Sternon Ribs and all parts contained in the Thorax as the Peritonaeum doth to the Stomach Spleen Liver Kidneys Intestines and all parts of the lower Apartiment The second use of it as I conceive is by encircling the inward circumference of the Thorax with a soft Vail to secure the viscera of the middle story of the Body the Heart and Lungs The second use of the Pleura from dashing in their motion against the more hard walls of the Sternon Ribs and Vertebres of the Back The Pleura ariseth from the bones of the Back The origen of the Pleura from which on each side of the Thorax it climbeth up to the Sternon under which the Membrane of each side is conjoyned and so being doubled which is called the Mediastine is carried through the middle of the Thorax straight toward the Back and parteth like a wall the Lungs and the Cavity of the middle Apartiment into two Allodgments This conjunction of the Membranes of each side constituting the Mediastine is rendred conspicuous in Dissection when the Sternon is parted from the Ribs and turned up The Mediastine is much akin in structure to the Pleura The Mediastine is a Duplicature of the Pleura The Compage of the Mediastine as being a Duplicature of it and hath its Coats more soft and thin toward the Lungs The Texture of it hath much likeness to that of the Pleura as composed of many Fibrils taking their progress in variety of Postures whose empty spaces are filled up with a Succus Nutricius or rather Genital Liquor in its first production and is nothing else but a continuation or elongation of the Coats of the Pleura passing through the middle of the Thorax by which it is divided as by a Partition into two Chambers Learned Dr. Highmore is of an opinion that the Thorax hath an empty space running about the Sternon The Author's words are these Non obscure duplex Mediastinum est ut Pleura sed conspicue ut tantum intercedat spacium quanta est Sterni latitudo In Canibus juxta Diaphragma tanto à seinvivicem separantur ut pro quinto Pulmonum lobo in hominibus desiderato spatium amplum constituant in quam cavitatem si vulnus penetret sine periculo esse potest Intenstitium hoc ad Sternon amplum est Membranis tamen per Fibras quasdam sibi invicem annexis cum vero ad Vertebras appropinquat magis angustatur Membranae committuntur In Cavitatem hanc Vapores flatusque Crassiores contexti cruciatus ac dolores acutissimos excitant ad Sternon Membranas scilicet istas divellentes Fibrasque quibus invicem Connectuntur violantes But with deference to this learned Author I humbly conceive that this Cavity of the Thorax in which he affirmeth many Diseases are generated is made by the pressure of the Hand when the Membranes are parted from each other in the taking of the Sternon So that if a Dissection be made by taking off the Ribs near the Vertebres of the Back then you may discern the Duplicated Pleura to be affixed by Fibres to the Sternon without any intermedial Cavity only a hollowness may be seen about the Heart when a Duplicature of the Membranes relating to the Mediastine embraceth the Heart with its Pericardium and another long but narrow Cavity may be discovered about the Vertebres Gulet and Aorta The Mediastine is accommodated with divers kinds of Vessels The Vessels of the Mediastine Veins Arteries Nerves and Lymphaeducts as some imagine It hath Veins from the Vena sine pari Arteries from the Mammary Branch Nerves from the par vagum and the Phrenick and Stomacick Nerves which passing between the Duplicature of the Mediastine do in their progress impart some Branches to it Bartholine saith it is endowed with Lymphaeducts The Mediastine hath Lymphaeducts according to Bartholine Ait ille Vasa Lymphatica obtinet quae multis rivulis hinc inde per Mediastinum exorta uno tandem tramite ingrediuntur lacteas Thoracicas sicut patet in figuris Rudbeckii quorum usus ex eodem ut aquam inter Sternum Mediastinum ejusque Duplicaturam Condensatam emungant atque ad Lacteum Thoracicum Ductum amandent How rational this use may be I leave to the more mature Judgment of the Learned Reader The Mediastine The first use of the Mediastine as I apprehend may have many uses of which the first may be that by parting the Lobes of the Lungs one from another it may preserve those lodged in one side from suffering when those of the other are afflicted with Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Wounds c. The second may be The second use as it is tied to the Pericardium to keep the Heart in a due position lest it should incline too much to either side and so hinder its regular motion The third is to assist the restitution of the Diaphragm The third use and keep it from too much pressing down the Stomach Viscera and Intestines after its motion is performed in Inspiration CHAP. VIII Of the Thymus IN my Discourse of the Thymus I will endeavour to give a short Account of its Situation Origen and Termination and of its Coats Surfaces Figure Substance and Uses As to the first it is seated adjoyning to the Mediastine
The situation of the Thymus in the highest region of the middle apartiment between the Arteries and Subclavian Veins and most commonly under the Clavicle climbing up to the lower part of the Neck but in Calves Lambs and many other young Animals The rise of the Thymus in Calves c. it taketh its rise above the left Auricle of the Heart and is fastned to the Pericardium where its lower region is extended from the Heart to the highest Rib and then is contracted into a slender Neck which creepeth out of the Thorax between the Spine and greater Thoracick Vessels and then is enlarged again and after a little space above the uppermost Rib is divided into two branches climbing up the sides of the Aspera Arteria and passing by the Glandule Thyroeideae is terminated near the Maxillary Glands The Thymus is covered with a double Membrane The outward Membrane of the Thymus the outward is more thick and the inward of a more fine consistence so closely covering the Interstices of the Glands that at the first sight the Thymus seemeth to be one Gland but upon a stricter search in Dissection it may be discovered a system of many Glands whereof every one is invested with a proper Coat and peculiar Vessels This rare Compage made up of innumerable minute Glands The Compage of the Thymus is a System of many minute Glands is divided in the Middle and consisteth of an upper and lower Apartiment each of which is garnished with two rows of small Glands and every one is enwrapped in a proper Tunicle parting them one from another and are all at last encircled with two common Integuments conserving them in due order and situation from starting out of their proper sphaeres These numerous Glands are adorned with various Surfaces some are plain other Convex and a third Concave by which they are so finely lodged one within another and so closely conjoyned by the interposition of Vessels and Membranes that they seem to make up but one entire Gland but indeed are many and may be separated from each other without the violation of their proper substance and Coats as I have often experienced in Dissection These fruitful Glands are beautified with variety of Figures The variety of Figures belonging to the Glands of the Thymus some are oblong flat roundish pyramidal and others orbicular triangular quadrangular rarely equal in their sides The substance of these Glands constituting the Thymus is soft and white as having great affinity with the Pancreas and is endued with a more delicate taste and consisteth principally of Membranes and somewhat of a Parenchyma The Membranes are integrated of numerous Fibrils so closely united The Fibrils of the Thymus that they seem to be one entire substance but being streined by a violent extension the small Membranes holding the Fibrils together are broken and so they start and part from each other and then the Fibrils are plainly discovered And as the Membranes are composed of many Fibrils The Fibrils are made of many Filaments so again every little Fibre is made up of many Filaments finely tied together by the mediation of little Tunicles These Glands are furnished with variety of Vessels The Vessels of the Thymus Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts which are divaricated through their substance The Arteries take their origen from the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and the Veins from the Jugular Branches Nerves from the par vagum and Subclavian Plex and the Lymphaeducts having an obscure origen do terminate into the Subclavian Veins Between these numerous Vessels is a soft The Parenchyma of the Thymus tender white substance which may be called the Parenchyma of these Glands and is produced by a Liquor destilling out of the Nerves and the Albuminous part of the Blood the reliques of the Nutricious Particles which by reason of their grosness cannot be received into the Pores of the Vessels or if this Hypothesis doth not please you I humbly conceive the Parenchyma may proceed from the Seminal Matter adhering to the sides of the Fibrils in their first Rudiment filling up the Interstices of the Vessels and Nervous Fibrils And if any Person should deny these Assertions as affirming the substance of the Glands to consist of Vessels curiously interwoven in variety of Postures to which it may be replied That some part of the Albuminous matter of the Blood in its Circulation or Seminal Liquor in the first Formation of the Fibrils may accresce to their Coats which groweth again Colliquated by immoderate preternatural heat in Fevers and other diseases and being again rendred fluid as embodied with Vital Liquor are received into the neighbouring Veins whereupon the Glands become flabby being lessened in their plumpness and dimensions as being in part despoiled of the soft substance or parenchyma interlining the Vessels The use of the Thymus commonly assigned to it The first use of the Thymus is to support the divarications of the Aorta and Vena Cava whereof some branches are lodged in the body of the Glands and others transmitted into the arms and muscles relating to the Scapula Another use some Anatomists do conceive is to defend the Subclavian Vessels from Compression The second use of the Thymus which else might be produced as they imagine by the motion of the Clavicles in Respiration But these uses if any are of less moment and I believe the Thymus being a system of many Glands consisting of variety of Vessels is ordained by Nature for nobler ends One may probably be to transmit a thin Spirituous Liquor by the Nervous Fibres A third use of the Thymus into the body of the Glands to attenuate and exalt the Milky Liquor of which some part is carried by branches of the Thoracick Ducts inserted into the substance of the Thymus Deusingius reporteth he saw a quantity of Milk flow out of the Thymus of a Dissected Puppy And other Authors of great Name and Worth Learned Harvey Sneider and Hostius relate upon Autopsy That they have discovered the Thymus of Infants to be turgent with Milk Bartholine giveth this reason of it Sine dubio ait ille ex Lacteo Thoracico illuc divertit Chylus ne copia oneretur Vena subclavia And I humbly conceive the Milk bedewing the substance of these Glands to be impregnated with the Volatil Saline Particles of a select Liquor destilling out of the Nerves whereupon the Chyle being enobled with Spirituous parts is afterward conveyed into the Subclavian Veins and Cava from whence it is entertained with the Blood into the right Chamber of the Heart Another use may be more clearly evinced from the Mechanism or structure of the part for the Thymus being chiefly The fourth use of the Thymus if not wholly a Contexture consisting of variety of different Vessels doth receive and transmit several Liquors some importing Vital and others Nervous Liquor as the Arteries and Nerves and other Vessels as the
in the Apertion of the Breast their Appendants is turned into a Pus making first an Aposteme and afterward an Ulcer through which some Corrupt Matter is received into the Bronchia and Expectorated and some of the other part of the Pus was lodged in the Cavity of the Thorax and other parts may be evacuated downward by Stool and upward by Vomiting as also by Urine by reason Nature is very sollicitous by all ways possible to preserve it self by various Evacuations of ill Matter Of this admirable case I shall take the boldness to give an Instance An Instance of this case in Mr. Echins a Gentleman of Northamptonshire in Mr. Echins a Gentleman of Northampton-shire related to a Person of Honour Colonel Stroade Governor of Dover-Castle who was oppressed with a great Cough a high difficulty of Breathing accompanied with a slow putrid Fever and many other Diagnosticks which follow an Ulcer of the Lungs and an Empyema flowing from a source of Purulent Matter entertained from the confines of the Lungs into the capacity of the Breast falling down upon the Diaphragm In order to evacuate the Matter of this Disease and to relieve the aggrieved Lungs and Midriff an Apertion was made in the Intercostal Muscles between the Ribs by Mr. Pierce a Skilful Chyrurgeon relating to the Hospital of St. Thomas whereupon the Thorax being opened a quantity of Sanious and Purulent Matter was discharged through the wound and he also freely Excerned it by Coughing Vomiting by Stool and by Urine All these Evacuations were plain to sense but the great difficulty remaineth how Nature could expel the Peccant Matter by these several ways which I humbly conceive may be accomplished after this manner Some part of the Pus was transmitted into the Bronchia and thrown up by Coughing and some other portion of it was entertained out of the substance of the Bronchia and Sinus only Apostemated and not Ulcered into the Extremities of of the Pulmonary Veins and carried through the left Ventricle of the Heart causing great faintness and dejection of Spirit attended with a Fever and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Caeliack Artery and its Terminations into the Cavity of the Stomach whence it was expelled by Vomiting and afterward some part of the Pus was conveyed farther by the Descendent Trunk into the Branches and Extremities of the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Cavity of the Intestines and thrown off by Stool and the reliques of the Purulent Excrements not carried off by the Caeliack and Mesenterick Arteries did descend lower by the said Arterial Trunk into the Emulgent Arteries and their Capillaries implanted into the Glands of the Kidneys in which a Secretion was made of the Purulent Matter from the Blood and embodied with the Serous Recrements whereupon they were received into the Urinary Ducts and carried through the Pelvis and Ureters into the Cavity of the Bladder and thence Excerned with the Urine through the Urethra In order to the Cure of these many Complicated Diseases The Cure of an Empyema by an Apertion of the Thorax Pectorals Diureticks and Healing and Consolidating Medicines and Restoratives in reference to the Hectick Fever I advised Hydromels made of Pectorals to help the Expectoration of Purulent Matter and of Diureticks to carry it off by Urine and in reference to the Ulcer I prescribed cleansing drying and Consolidating Medicines and in point of the Hectick Fever I ordered attemperating and restorative Applications made of Chyna Sarsa Parilla Ground-Ivy Maiden-Hair Shavings of Ivory and Harts-horn boiled in Water and Honey as also destilled Milks made with Pectorals Diureticks Vulneraries Restoratives which were given with new Milk as also in this case Balsomick Pills and Syrups may be administred with good success and in point of Diet the Patient did eat and drink Milk all manner of ways Milk boiled with Bread and Water boiled sometimes with Barley and other times with Oatmeal to which Milk was added to make a Pottage which is proper in this Disease as being cleansing and restorative By this method of Physick and Diet the Patient was perfectly restored to his health and strength many years ago and is yet alive and healthy as a Monument of God's wonderful Mercy And I hope will live long to speak his great Praise and Glory in the land of the Living CHAP. XI Of the Pericardium or Capsula of the Heart THe Capsula or Membrane encompassing the Heart The Compage of the Pericardium is a strong firm Enclosure made up of minute Fibrils curiously Enterwoven and is Contiguous to the Heart at some distance to give it a free play in its various Alternate motions of Systole and Diastole or rather Contraction and Relaxation It deriveth its Origen near the Base of the Heart from the external Coat of the Pleura or Mediastine The Origen of the Pericardium which encircleth the Vessels divaricated through the outward surface of the Heart Most Anatomists do assign but one Membrane to the Pericardium and Learned Riolan two and I humbly conceive it to be furnished with three The first and outward proceeding from the Mediastine The outward Coat of the Pericardium is fastned to the Middle Coat by the interposition of many thin Tunicles which I discovered in parting it from the second Membrane The outward is accommodated with many Cells or Membranous Vesicles the repositories of Fat which in a well stalled Ox doth very much shade and immure this first Integument The middle Coat being closely conjoyned to the outward The middle Coat is somewhat thinner than it and is composed of a great company of Fibres finely interwoven and close stuck and interspersed with a white Parenchyma The third Tunicle whose inside maketh the inward surface of the Pericardium is the most fine of all the Coverings The third Coat which I severed from the middle Coat and discovered it to be beset with many minute Glands the Fontinels as I apprehend of the Serous Liquor contained in the Pericardium As to its Connexion The Connexion of the Pericardium it is fastned in its outward surface to the Mediastine by the interposition of many Fibrils and conjoyned to it about the Base of the Heart where a passage is made to the Blood-vessels and in its lower Region to the Center of the Diaphragm The Contexture of this Membrane hath much affinity with that of other Membranes relating to the Body of Man The Structure of the Pericardium as it is a strong Compage made up of a great store of Membranous Filaments or Nervous Fibrils curiously spun and interwoven and interspersed with a Succus Nutricius or Seminal Matter adhering to the sides of the Coats of the Fibrils in their first Generation This Membrane is furnished with small Vessels of different kinds The Vessels of the Pericardium Veins from the Phrenick and Axillary branches and Arteries though very small from the Coronary branches of the Heart and
young Man being tortured with a pain of his Side and a great Palpitation of his Heart proceeding from a superabundant quantity of Water lodged in the bosom of the Capsula which generated a Hectick Fever destructive of the Patient who being opened in his middle Apartiment the Pericardium was found highly distended as being Hydropical and full of Serous Liquor drenching the Heart and rendring it very soft and flabby On the other side the Capsula Cordis is sometimes found wholly destitute of any Water lodged in it The adherency of the Pericardium to the Heart for want of Liquor to be contained in the Pericardium and the Pericardium closely affixed to the Perimeter or Convex Surface of the Heart by the interposition of many Membranes which are hardly broken and the Capsula not easily severed from the circumference of the Heart which I saw some years since in an Executed Felon privately Dissected by dextrous Chyrurgeons of London at the Hall where Learned Dr. Needham and many other Gentlemen were present This Disease is attended with many dismal Symptoms The symptoms of the Diseases belonging to the Pericardium difficulty of Breathing Synope Lypothymy Palpitation of the Heart and a languid intermittent Pulse which proceed from a small proportion of Blood received into the Ventricles of the Heart and Lungs by reason they cannot be expanded for the free admission of Blood as enclosed within the narrow confinement of the Pericardium compressing the Heart CHAP. XIII Of the Pericardium of other Animals THe Pericardium in greater and smaller Beasts The Pericardium of greater and smaller Animals hath great affinity with that of Man holdeth great similitude in Situation Connexion Figure and Substance with that of Man The Capsula Cordis in more perfect Animals is made up of three Tunicles The outward being fastned to the middle Coat by many fine Ligaments is beset with many Cells the allodgments of Fat. The middle Tunicle being somewhat thinner than the outward is integrated of a great number of Fibres finely spun and curiously interwoven which is interlined with a whitish Parenchyma The third Pellicle making the inside of the Pericardium in Beasts is the thinnest of all the Coats this I discovered in a Bullock to be furnished with many minute Glands which I humbly conceive may be the Colatories of the Blood transmitting its Serous parts into the Cavity interceding the Pericardium and Heart The Capsula Cordis in other greater Animals as well as Man hath a quantity of thin transparent Liquor seated in the empty space between the Pericardium and Heart as in a Cystern flowing out of the adjacent Glands The Pericardium of a Land Tortoise is thick The Pericardium of a Land Tortoise as composed of many Membranes and is sometimes distended with Wind and most of all with a large proportion of thin transparent Liquor A Lyon is furnished with a dense Pericardium The Pericardium of a Lion as made up also of many Coats closely conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many thin Ligaments and is most eminent for abundance of Fat shading the outside of this useful Integument The Capsula Cordis in Birds is very thin The Pericardium of the Heart in Birds as being one Membrane which is three in Beasts made up and curiously wrought with divers Fibrils closely united without any seam or visible commissure This fine Integument of the Heart in Birds hath but a small space running between it and the Heart So that it cannot contain any great quantity of Serous Liquor The Figure relating to the Capsula Cordis in Fish The Pericardium of the Heart in Fish is different from that of Man and other Animals which is Pyramidal but in Fish it is Triangular as holding conformity to the shape of the Heart which is Tricuspidal and endued with divers Angles The Pericardium of Fish hath great affinity with that of Birds in reference to its fineness and it is more close in Conjunction than is found between the Integument and body of the Heart in greater Animals in most Fish it is Membranous but in a Lamprey Cartilaginous Insects also as well as other Animals have a Pericardium though in some it is scarce discernible by reason of its great thinness and close union to the Heart whereupon it seemeth to be a proper Coat of the Heart The Hearts of greater and small Beasts as perfect Animals have their Pericardium free as not conjoyned to the Diaphragm as it may be seen in the Pericardium of Man to help the Diastole of the Midriff and in its Laxament to reduce it from a Plain to an Arch which is more different in Man by reason of his erect posture of Body CHAP. XIV Of the Heart THe Heart being the most noble Machine motion belonging to the excellent Fabrick of Man's Body may be truly entitled the Sun of its Microcosm from which the rays of Life seated in the Blood are displayed by Arteries into all parts of this little World and in some sort may receive the appellative of the fountain of Life and Heat The Heart is the fountain of Life and Heat as by its frequent repeated motions the innate heat vigor and spirit of the Blood are conserved and the gentle flame of Vestal Fire the preservative of Life is maintained And my intention is to treat first of its Structure as the ground and foundation of its motion afterward of its motion as the use and accomplishment of this choice Machine consisting of variety of parts disposed by the hand of the All-wise Architect in most Elegant order The first part that accosteth our fight The upper Integument of the Heart after the Pericardium is stripped off is its proper Integument which is a thin strong and dense Tunicle as made up of many Membranous close-struck Fibres very curiously interwoven in divers postures whose Interstices are filled up with a Succus Nutricius or Seminal Liquor adhering to the sides of their Coats in their first formation whereupon they are rendred plain and smooth and easie to this choice Compage as giving no discomposure to its outward parts in a constant and necessary motion This Tunicle I humbly conceive to be the same with the thin outward Coat of the Arteries which derive their origen from the Heart and doth invest the Ventricles of this noble part as well as its ambient parts As to its use it may be to give a great firmness to the Heart The use of the Coat investing the Heart as confining its spiral Fibres in their due seat and to preserve the tender branches of the Coronary Blood-vessels which sport themselves in numerous divarications through the substance of this fine Tunicle overshadowing and encircling the Perimeter of the Heart The situation of the Heart is generally conceived to be in the middle of the Thorax The situation of the Heart which must be understood of its Basis and not of its Cone which somewhat inclineth in Man toward
as well as the I hreads of the Rope with many Interstices capable to be filled up as being both spongy Bodies with a great company of liquid Particles A third Similitude intercedeth the Perimeter of the Heart and that of the Rope that their Figure is not receptive of any alteration as acquiring greater dimensions by Expansion or lesser by contraction when the inward ranks of the Fibres of the Heart and the rows of Filaments relating to the Rope have their innumerable Pores swelled with Liquors A Fifth likeness may be said to pass between the ranks of Fibres of the Heart A fifth likeness between the Fibres of the Heart and the Filaments of the Rope and the rows of Threads Integrating the Rope that when their Interstices are big with many liquid minute Bodies they do not vary the Convex Surface of the Heart or Rope but their several inward ranks do make their progress toward the Center A sixth Analogy The sixth Analogy between them that runneth between the inward Lairs of the Fibres of the Heart and the Threads of the Rope is that both of them when rendred tense and rigid with liquid Particles insinuated into their spongy substances do more and more contract themselves as they come nearer and nearer to the Center which I humbly conceive may be fetched from a double cause the first may be this That the first rank of inward Fibres is pressed first by the outward Lair which doth not give way whereupon the subsequent rank is drawn inward by the renitence of the outward and afterward the inward ranks being so many Auxiliaries tied to each other do more and more protrude each other by their many Contractions which are most vigorous toward the Center A second reason may be taken from this That the most inward ranks of Fibres have their Pores most highly filled with most small liquid Bodies and thereupon they most briskly Contract near the Center and do joyntly and perfectly close on each side and wholly fill up the Cavities relating to the Heart This curious Machine of Motion is strongly affixed in its Base The Walls of the Heart are brought nearer to each other by Pulsation to the Back by great Trunks of the Vena Cava and Aorta adjoyning to the Vertebres by whose interposition the Base of the Heart is kept firm and fixed as not disjoyned from the Back in its repeated Pulsations which are exerted by many ranks of strong fleshy Fibres seated within each other in elegant order and mutually tied by the mediation of many Ligaments and the entercourse of various Fibres wonderfully interwoven and strengthning each other So that they are mutually assistant in joynt Contractions whereby the Cavities are more and more lessened as the Walls of the Chambers of the Heart are brought nearer and nearer to each other till a perfect closure of the sides of the Ventricles are made and their intermedial hollow Spaces wholly taken away The rare Compage of the Heart much resembleth a Clue or Rope as made up of many Lairs of innumerable Fibres interwoven in Spires So that they cannot be extended in length into right Lines implanted into strong Annular Tendons as so many Hypomoclia or Centers of Motion and the Terminations of the most inward rank of Fibres are mutually tied to the Concave Perimeter of the Hearr The Fabrick of the Heart as an Engine of Motion The reason why the Fibres of the Heart are Spiral is composed of many Lairs of Fibres running in Spiral Lines which render them strong as composed of many Segments of Circles wherein the crooked Fibres by doubling their point do obtain a new Center and gather up their parts into many narrow Circumferences whereby they have them strongly united and do make more brisk Contractions toward the Center of the Heart The spongy substance of the fleshy Fibres The fleshy Fibres being spongy grow big with Blood and thence are irritated to Contract is receptive of numerous drops of Blood which are insinuated into their innumerable Pores whereupon the Compage of the Fibres groweth big tense and rigid after the manner of a Clue or Rope whose Pores and Interstices of innumerable Threads are filled up with a great number of drops of Water whereupon the Fibres being irritated by the distention of their Compage do endeavour a freedom from their burden by Contracting themselves not by bringing their Extremities toward their Middle as it is effected in the motion of other Muscles but by drawing the Muscular Fibres of each side of the Heart inward by a mutual Approximation in order to which the Columns and other Fibres seated in the inside of the Heart do most strongly Contract toward the Center as being the largest and highly distended with more numerous drops of Blood then the more small Fibres placed more remote from the hollow Perimeter of the Heart which do Contract more faintly as being smaller and less tense and more remote from the Center The Heart may be said to be composed of many Muscles as integrated of several great fleshy Fibres and every one of them is made up of Veins Arteries Nerves and many Carnous and Tendinous Fibrils Many Tendinous Fibres are inserted into the Carnous making up a Muscular Compage encircled with a proper Coat into which many Tendinous and Nervous Fibrils are inserted whereupon a great source of Blood being impelled into the Cavities of the Heart is dashed against the Coats of the fleshy Fibres beset with numerous Fibrils which being irritated by a quantity of Blood highly compressing them do more and more Contract themselves toward the Center till the walls of the Heart mutually closing do squeese out the Blood into the Origens of the Pulmonary Artery and common Trunk of the Aorta whence it is transmitted into all parts of the Body as their great Preservative To give a more full account of the manner of its motion The motion of the Heart is made by drawing the insides of the Ventricles close to each other I humbly conceive it is not accomplished by drawing the Cone of the Heart toward the Base but by the mutual conjunction of the Sides relating to the Ventricles of the Heart and not by lessening the length of the Heart which may admit a proof Mechanically by reason if the Mucro and Base be drawn toward the Middle it must be performed by a multitude of fleshy Fibres implanted into each Extremity of which the Base is wholly destitute and the Cone hath but few inserted into it by reason most of the Fibres tending toward the Cone do not arrive it but are reflected toward the Ventricles into which they Terminate Another Argument may be brought against the Motion of the Cone toward the Base because almost all Fibres of the Heart which are very numerous are carried either obliquely or transversely about the sides of the Heart which are beset with many Laits of Fibres mutually conjoyned by the interposition
the Cavities of the Arteries which is rather a cause of Retention rather then Motion of the Blood which ought to be made in a direct and not a lateral progression which giveth somewhat of check to the flowing of the vital streams Furthermore by reason the Rivulets of Blood are impelled out of greater Trunks into smaller branches and at last into most minute capillary Ramulets of Arteries the divided streams do lose much of their impulse imparted to them from the Systole of the Heart and also because the extremity of the capillary Arteries are very narrow and do not easily admit the expulsion of Blood into the substance of various parts relating to the Body Therefore Nature hath most wisely contrived some other Machines of Motion seated in the Blood-Vessels as Auxiliaries to the Fibres of the Heart to assist the impulse of the Blood derived from the Systole of the Heart It is most evident that the Arteries being soft membranous Tubes are apt to be expanded as acquiring greater Dimensions in breadth caused by the immission of some Ounces of Blood into their bosom in every Systole of the Heart which cannot be discharged by the innate motive power of the Blood Therefore the All-Wise Protoplast hath made External Agents to give an impulse to the Blood first communicated by the Fibres of the Heart Fleshy Fibres are seated in the Sanguiducts and afterward aided by little fine Organs of Motion seated in the Coats of the Sanguiducts which are long and circular fleshy Fibres contracting and narrowing the Cavities of the Arteries by bringing their insides closer to each other whereby the current of Blood is quickned by the Compression of the Vessels by causing one part of the fluid Compage of Blood to press another forward and so make good its Flux and Reflux from and to the great Blood-work of the Heart by various pipes of Arteries and Veins I humbly conceive the contraction of the Blood-vessels The Motion of the Blood first made the Heart is assisted by the Motion of the Arteries The manner how the Blood is impelled through the Arteries in order to promote the Flux and Reflux of Blood is celebrated after this manner The Arteries being dilated by the transmission of Blood into their Cavities their distended Coats made up of nervous and fleshy Fibres are irritated as having their tender Compage enlarged by a quantity of Blood so that the fleshy Fibres finding themselves aggrieved do contract and lessen the bore of the Arterial Cylinders and by compression do hasten the current of Blood by making one part of this fluid Body crowde another forward The Heart after the manner of a Pump The Heart resembleth a Pump in throwing Blood into the adjacent Sanguiducts throweth out of the Left Cistern a quantity of Blood every pulsation into the Cavity of the Arteries whence they grow dilated and thereupon the Motion of the Blood would be intercepted or much retarded at least did not the Heart and Arteries by a joynt constrictive power of their Fibres countermand the resistance of the Blood made in the expanded Arteries especially in the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries where the weight of the incumbent Blood maketh a high opposition to the impulse of the Blood immitted every Systole first into the common Trunk and afterward into the ascendent Trunk of the great Artery Whereupon it is very requisite that the Arteries should have their Coats furnished with circular Fibres that by their Contractions they might assist the Constrictive power made in the Left Ventricle of the Heart whereby a quantity of Blood is first thrown into the common Trunk and afterward carried upward and contrary to the inclination of the Blood as a heavy Body by the contracted circular Fibres of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the membranes and substance of the Brain Furthermore it is very needful that the Blood transmitted into the common Trunk of the Aorta by the power of the Heart should be seconded with another new force carrying the Blood through greater and less branches and capillaries of the Arteries wherein the impulse of the Blood given by the Heart groweth Languid through whose minute terminations the small and faint vital streams cannot pass through the Interstices of the Vessels unless their passages much compressed in the Muscles The Motion of the blood would grow faint in Arteries distant from the Heart were it not helped by the constrictive power of the Arteries and Parenchyma of the Viscera be dilated by a new impulse of Blood imparted to it by the contraction of the circular Fibres relating to the Arteries And the narrowness of the bore of the capillary Arteries and their Terminations and the straitness of the passages between the Interstices of the Vessels do make a great resistance to the impulse of Blood opening the Passages and Pores of the solid part which are not only small but have divers Figures like a Sive through which every particle of Blood insinuating it self receiveth a like Configuration as Homogeneous ut simile a simili nutriatur so that the Pores being prepossessed by the impelled nutricious parts of the Blood do exclude the Excrementitious Atomes from being admitted into the Pores of the solid parts And farthemore the impulse of the Blood coming originally from the Systole is promoted by the contracted circular Fibres seated all along in the Coats of the Arteries that the Motion of the Blood may be continued through the small capillary Arteries and their terminations inserted into the cutaneous Glands wherein a secretion is made of the Recrements from the pure parts which are carried off through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin by Sweat and insensible transpiration And I most humbly conceive The Veins have a constrictive power as well as the Arteries that there is not only a constrictive Power seated in the Arteries but in Veins too which are accommodated with circular Fibres plainly discernable in the Trunk of the Vena Cava by whose Contractions the Blood received into the extremities of the Veins of the lower Limbs and Muscles and Viscera of the lowest Apartiment and afterward transmitted by their greater and greater Branches and the Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart so that the new current of Blood passing out of the Terminations of the Arteries First into the Interstices of the Vessels and afterwards received into the Veins could not over-power the resistance of the weight of the incumbent Blood The Motion of the Blood upward toward and into the Head is assisted by the constrictive power of the Veins seated in the ascending Veins by virtue of a former Impulse given to the Blood by the Systole of the Heart and Arteries unless it were acted with a new impulse made by the constrictive power of the circular Fibres forcing the Blood upward contrary to its innate disposition to move downward as a weighty
the help of a Microscope and also many small network Plexes interspersed with Areae or little Loculaments affixed to the inside of the Membranes as so many Repositories of the ichorous Liquor of the Blood And afterward upon a deeper search made into the more interior recesses of the Blood I discovered first a reticular Plexe full of Cavities tied to the inside of the Membrane constituting the lowest Membrane of the white viscide contexture finely wrought with interwoven Filaments pinked with many holes as so many allodgments of the Purple Liquor divided also into many Fibrils which run in length downward making an elegant Compage beset with curious Embroidery made up as it were of nervous Filaments adorned with Interstices of divers Figures as so many minute Receptacles big with Red Liquor in the lower region of the Blood let out into a Vessel and concreted the structure of the Blood seemeth to be more loose then the Crust swimming a top as framed of Filaments endued with larger Cavities which are receptive of the Red Crassament or rather as some will have it a black melancholy Liquor the Faeces of the Blood in whose Pores as well as in the Interstices of the white coagulated Liquor is lodged an ash-coloured pale Serum somewhat resembling the concreted albuminous matter of the Blood or the White of an Egg. And to the oblong Filamentous Productions propagated through the Red mass of coagulated Blood are appendant divers small reticular Plexes interlining the spaces of the long Fibres And the Body of the concreted Blood being washed in divers waters hued before with Red whereby the Serum being parted from its Receptacles many Plexes making the fine Network may be seen arayed in White and as they are longer and longer gently washed the Whiteness coating the fibrous contexture of the Blood may be more clearly seen And besides these white and fibrous Particles which are the first Stamina giving a bulk and body to the Blood the most eminent are the Red Particles enclosed in many Cells and Filaments and being highly attenuated with Motion do intimately associate with the albuminous part of the Blood and wholly obscure it In this Crystalline Liquor are seated the fine volatil Salts attenuated and dissolved by Heat and intestine Motion which are the chief ingredients constituting the Ferments of the Viscera helping the Stomack and Intestines in the concoction of Aliment out of which a white tincture is extracted the Materia Substrata of Blood And it is very probable that the fibrous parts of the Blood are propagated from small Capillaments which being united do constitute many thin Filmes in the Body of the vital Juyce and more thick and tough Membranes cloathing the upper region of extravasated Blood The Filaments are very visible in the Concretions of Salt The contrary Principles of the Blood affecting Dis-union and Concretion whereupon Nature hath contrived with great Artifice the Confederation of various parts by Motion which rendreth them Fluid least the Heterogeneous Elements should be divorced from each others embraces by a kind of precipitation to this end the Grand Architect hath made a great Apparatus of Organs the Heart and its appendants as so many Engines and Channels dedicated to the Motion of the Blood that its little Filaments and Filmes might be broken into small Particles and pass through the small Pores and extremities of the capillary Arteries and Veins and the Compage of the Blood gaineth a disposition to be fluid as acted with the intestine Motion of its proper parts which agreeth to all Fermented Liquors and agitateth and attenuates the integrals of fluid Bodies by bringing them to a high Comminution whereupon they become more moveable and acquire greater freedom in a restless agitation of Parts which being of a different nature are preserved in union by a constant and continued Motion On the other side the Blood groweth gross and apt to be Stagnant when the Fermentation is very much Dispirited as the several Liquors of vital Juice are not well filtred in the Interstices of the Vessels relating to the Conglobated Glands of the Viscera giving to the Blood many unnatural Films and Filaments whereby it acquireth an over-gross Fibrous disposition apt to concrete into Membranes and White conglobated Bodies producing prolypose coagulations often found in the Heart Lungs Veins and Arteries which I intend more freely to discourse in the diseases of the Heart Another ill constitution of Blood proceedeth either from a hot and sharp nourishment and more free Cups of generous Wine as also immoderate eating of Oil and Meats highly seasoned with Spices or from the inward Compage of the Blood abounding with hot oily Particles conveyed to all coasts of the Body The bilious Con itution of the Blood which do render it hot and dry called the Bilious Constitution which furnisheth the Blood with inclinations to Intermittent and Continued Fevers the First is differenced by Tertian Quotidian by reason the Quartan is proper to a melancholick temper commonly called Agues in our Tongue of which the Tertian if single is distinguished by its accession every other day and if double every day I humbly conceive the Materia Substrata of this disease is seated in an over bilious mass of Blood The oily Particles of the Blood the cause of an Intermittent Tertian Fever impregnated with large proportions of subtle oily Particles rendring it unable to subdue the quantity of indigested Chyme by not breaking it into very minute portions in reference to assimilation which cannot be accomplished by reason of the hot Diathesis of the Blood which being not capable to reduce the crude Chyme to a perfect association is put upon a great ebullition in the Heart sending forth toward the ambient parts very hot Effluvia which arriving the Membrana Carnosa force it into great Concussions commonly called Rigors which begin the Scene of the Paronysme relating to an Ague in which the more hot steams carried with great fierceness by the Capillary Arteries to the surface of the Body produce the state of the Fit and lastly the fiery exhalations being associated with the serous recrements of the Blood do end in steams of Sweat which distilling through the miliary Glands and Pores of the Cutis do freely bedew the surface of the Body whereupon the Tragick Scenes of the Fit do close in a pleasant interlude of an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the matter of the Paronysme being breathed out by a free transpiration and the Patient is treated with a grateful Repose till a plenty of fresh Crude Alimentary Liquor is transmitted to the bilious mass of Blood which is perverted into nitrous sulphureous Particles causing an inordinate effervescence beginning a new Scene of another Paronysme of a Tertian Fever which often degenerates into a double Tertian called by some a Quotidian which in truth is very different from it as being a double Tertian because every other days Fit doth answer in Measure and Time and one
and Waters made of Scorby-Grass Water-cresses of the tops of Pine and Firr Millepedes Nutmegs infused in Mumme and after Distilled in it and new Milk which are often crowned with good success as being very efficacious to attenuate and sweeten a foul mass of Blood disaffected with gross Tartar and many thick Filamentous Particles and Filmes which are much rectisied by Antiscorbutick and Chalybeat methods of Physick CHAP. XXXIV Of the Veins relating to the Heart VEins of the Heart are oblong round concave Vessels importing Blood into the Right and Left Ventricles and the venal Tubes are different from those of Arteries because the first begin in Capillaries and go on in Ramulers and at last end in Trunks and are inserted into the Right and Left Cistern of the Heart and whereas the Arteries export Blood out of the Heart and begin in the Heart in large Orifices and great Trunks and make their progress in less and less Channels and do at last terminate into small Capillaries The Ventricles of the Heart are accommodated with the terminations of the Cava and pulmonary Vein the one being seated in the Right The Ventricles of the Heart are furnished with the Orifices of the Cava and pulmonary Vein and the other in the Left Side and the Body and surface of the Heart is furnished with numerous divarications of the coronary Vein The small Capillar origens of Radication and the lesser and greater Branches of Veins The Veins implanted into the Cava relating to all the inward and outward parts of the whole Body except those of the Porta and pulmonary Veins are implanted into the Ascendent or Descendent Trunk of the Cava which are conjoyned in one common Trunk terminating into the Right Ventricle into which as a common Cistern all the parts of the Body except the Lungs do discharge the numerous Rivulets of vital Liquor on the confines of the Right Auricle where the Ascendent espouseth a union with the Descendent Trunk of the Cava A Prominence arising in the Right Auricle of the Heart being ready to discharge its vital streams into the Right Auricle a Bunch or Prominence ariseth which is worthy our remark in the nature of a Damm giving a check to the stream of Blood passing in the descendent Trunk of the Cava and turneth it into the Right Auricle else the descendent leaning upon the ascendent Trunk would hinder the current of Blood passing upward toward the Heart And by reason there is greater danger in a humane Body placed in an erect posture therefore Nature hath made this bunch or prominence greater in Man then other Animals as Learned Dr. Lower my worthy Collegue hath most ingen iously discovered And farthermore The annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava lest the torrent of Blood being stopped in the adjoyning Cava by the contraction of the Right Auricle therefore the Vena Cava about its termination in greater Animals as Man and Bruits is encircled with annular fleshy Fibres to give the Vena Cava strength to prevent a Laceration when highly distended with a large torrent of Blood whose Current is much hastened when the circumference of the Cava is lessened by the contraction of these strong Fleshy Fibres So that the vital stream is injected as by a Syringe into the Right Auricle of the Heart and in the Vena Cava of Horses and other Beasts these muscular Fibres are very large and being strongly moved inward in a circular posture do narrow the compass of the Cava and squeeze the Blood with great force into the Cavity of the Right Auricle The small capillary extremities and greater fruitful divarications of the pulmonary Vein dispersed through the substance of the Lungs are all implanted into one Trunk which emptieth the torrent of Blood by a large Orifice into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The coronary Veins do shade the Heart with great variety of Branches encircling the Base and ascend toward the Cone these Veins begin in most numerous minute Capillaries and afterward are enlarged into greater and greater Branches The First production of Veins which are all implanted into one Trunk of the Cava The Veins The First production of Veins as I conceive have their principle of Generation after this manner the vital Liquor after it hath received its first Rudiment in the ambient parts of colliquated seminal Liquor doth separate it self from the other more gross viscid parts which are concreted on every side of the vital Liquor into a round membranous Tube in which the Blood is conveyed to the beating point and afterward maketh its retrograde Motion from a rough draught of the Heart not confusedly transmitted through the inward seminal Recesses but is transmitted by other Tubes formed on each side of the Blood of the more gross genital juyce coagulated by Heat into membranous Cylinders conveying the gentle stream of Blood from the circumference of the melted Seminal Liquor And it being granted that the parts of Blood being near akin do espouse a confederacy in their first formation and affecting Motion as their great preservation and complement do by their heat and spirit separate the more faeculent adjacent parts of the seminal Liquor which is coagulated on each side of the Blood into round oblong Tunicles through which as so many Channels the Blood is first conveyed by Veins from the circumference of the seminal Liquor to the Center and then from the beating point the origen of the Heart it is carried in by a retrograde Motion by other Tubes as Rudiments of Arteries into the ambient parts of Crystalline Liquor in which the Plastick power doth reside which is an efficient cause of the first production of all parts of the Body The Veins of the Heart are endued with a substance common to all veins of the whole Body The substance of the Veins which is for the most part Membranous as capable of Distention without any Laceration which else would happen were they not accommodated with variety of membranous Fibrils The substance of the Veins is thinner then that of Arteries The Coats of the Veins The outward Coat and is made up of two Coats only the outward may receive the appellative of Common as taking its rise from the neighbouring parts in the middle apartiment from the Pleura and in the lowest from the rimm of the Belly and are not invested with this Coat when they make their Ingress and are branched through the substance of the Viscera The frame of the outward Coat of the Veius This Tunicle is framed of many small Fibrils running in variety of positions whereupon this outward Coat is receptive of Distention without prejudice to its Compage The Second Coat of the Veins may be stiled proper The inward Coat of the Veins made up of various Fibrils which is its inward Tunicle composed of threefold Fibres rarely interwoven of which some are right others oblique and a Third Transverse and though
of the Veins may proceed also from a crude Chyme Obstructions of the Veins coming from a crude Chyme mixed with Blood obstructing them in which it is sometimes concreted which I have seen in the pulmonary Vein obstructed with a White coagulated substance wholly intercepting the Current of Blood in the Lungs toward the Left Ventricle of the Heart This Disaffection may be cured before it cometh to a hight by prescribing a thin Diet of easy â—igestion which maketh a well concocted Chyle and attenuateth the mass of Blood which is effected also by purging Antiscorbutick Diuretick and Chalybeat Medicines refining the Blood and preparing good Ferments for the Stomach consisting in the more mild Particles of the Blood and good nervous Liquor associated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach and conveyed into its Cavity by proper Ducts or Pores Another Disease of the Veins cometh by their Compression The Compression of the Veins whereby their Cavities are lessened by the neighbouring parts which frequently happeneth in very corpulent persons whose lumps of Fat adjoyning to the Veins do highly retard the motion of the Blood rendring the pulsation of the Heart very slow whereupon all the Body becometh Languid by want of a due supplement of vital Liquor A gross habit of Body surcharged with over much Fat as lessened by spare Diet and constant exercise and proper Purgatives and Diet-drinks which give an allay to the excessive oily Particles of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Fat which are extravasated sulphureous Atomes of vital Liquor concreted in proper Receptacles The Compression of the Veins derived from the Tumor of the adjacent parts which is much alleviated if not cured by Bleeding Another Disease denoting Bleeding to which the Veins are incident by Compression may be deduced from the tumors of adjacent parts to the Veins as from the inflammation of the Musculous Psoas which bordering upon the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava doth narrow its Cavity and hinder the free recourse of the Blood to the Heart in like manner all Inflammations of the Viscera do hinder in some degree or other the refluxe of Blood toward the Center This Disease denoteth Bleeding as it floweth from a quantity of Blood setled in the Interstices of the Vessels by reason the opening a Vein doth lessen the quantity of Blood and diverteth the course of it from the part affected whereupon it is most readily relieved by taking away the Tumor so that the neighbouring Veins are freed from Compression and regain their proper use and liberty of transmitting Blood toward the Heart A Disaffection of this kind may proceed from the great distention of the Womb caused by a great Faetus compressing the Iliack Branches A Cempression of the Iliack Veins and the ascendent Trunk of the Cava in the time of Gestation The cause of the Tumors called Varices Venarum and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava whereby the ascent of the Blood toward the Center is very much hindred producing a languid Pulse in the Heart and Arteries And on the other side the Veins are not lessened only by the Compression of the adjacent parts but dilated too by a gross mass of Blood making Varices to which the Veins of the Tibiae are very much incident whence Knots and Tumors arise in small Veins from a quantity of Faeculent Blood stagnant in some parts of the Veins whereupon they grow sometimes very much distended from the Knee to the Ankle-bone which giveth a great discomposure in walking In this case a straight Stockin may be used and astringent Plaisters prescribed and in some Varices the Tumors may be opened after Ligatures have been above and below the swellings and proper Medicines endued with astringent qualities may be applied As Learned Paraeus hath advised in Lib. 12. De Ulceribus Fistulis c. Cap. 20. P. 390. Cum multi Varices varie impliciti in crucibus existunt thromboso saepe resiccato sanguine tument doloremque faciunt qui incessu Compressione exacerbatur Ejusdem Varices scalpello divisa vena aperiendi sunt Compressione sursum deorsumque facta sanguis ille exp rimendus atqué vacuandus And addeth afterward at the end of the Chapter Peracto opere vid. incisione varicis adstringens medicamentum vulneri vicinisque partibus imponitur neque nisi exacto triduo circa vulnus quicquam movetur Caetera deinde quae reliquis communia sunt peraguntur Tumors also arise in many parts of the Body Tumors in the Body deâ—ived from the laceration of Veins as in the Membranes Muscles and Viscera produced from a large quantity of Blood flowing from the laceration of Veins upon great Contusions in this case a Vein is proper to be opened and a quantity of Blood let out to divert the current of Blood from the swelled bruised part Inflammations also proceed from a large proportion Inflammations proceeding from a quantity of Blood coming from the obstructed Origens of the Veins in which case Bleeding is good or the grossness of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the solid parts whereupon they grow distended by reason the Origens of the Veins are either obstructed by some crass Matter or as too small to give reception to the thick melancholick Purple Liquor In this case also Bleeding freely is very good and safe and afterward cooling Juleps to contemper the hot mass of Blood and take away the Symptomatick Fever which is an attendant of Inflammations and I am here very concise in the Cure of this Disease because I have advised in it more largely heretofore CHAP. XXXVI Of the Blood-Vessels of other Animals THE Blood-Vessels of other perfect Animals hold great Analogy with those of Man The Blood-Vessels of perfect Animals are very like those of Man both above the Heart in the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and its great Branches of Subclavian Axillary and Carotide Arteries of the Brain and also in their Associates the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava the Subclavian Axillary and Jugular Veins answering the Carotide Arteries of the Brain And not only the Sanguiducts of other Animals observe a great likeness with those of Man above the Heart but below it too in the descendent Trunk of the great Artery and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava and their Intercostal Phrenick Mesenterick Emulgent Spermatick Iliack Hypogastrick Crural Branches of Arteries and Veins In Fish the pulmonary Arteries and Veins are deficient The pulmonary Vessels are wanting in Fish and are supplyed with the Sanguiducts of the Gills and are supplied with numerous Branches and divarications of the Blood-vessels seated in the Gills which are substituted by Nature for the passage and refinement of the Blood instead of the Lungs In Fish the Subclavian Axillary and the Crural Arteries and Veins are wanting by reason they are destitute of Lungs In Insects these Arteries and Veins are not only deficient The Insects have
many Blood-Vessels wanting which are found in more perfect Animals but the Splenick Hepatick and Emulgent Arteries And these minute Animals are accommodated with less variety of Blood-vessels as having small Trunks and less Divarications more minute Branches running through the Heart Stomach Intestines Genitals of both kinds below and through the Brain above The Heart in Insects as well as other more perfect Animals The motion of the Blood through the Heart into the Arteries and Veins of Insects doth impell Blood through the Arterial Trunks and Branches into all parts of the Body which is afterward received into the extremities of the Veins and brought back again to the Heart so that their gentle flame of Life is as well preserved in them by motion as in greater Animals And I humbly conceive that in these fine Epitomes of Animals The Blood-Vessels of Insects are indued with inosculations after the manner of Network the great variety of minute Branches dispersed to all parts of the Body do impart vital Liquor to each other by many inosculations curiously made after the manner of Network as it is in other Animals The vital Liquor exported and imported from and to the Heart by various Cylinders in Insects is arrayed in White or Yellow and not in Scarlet or Purple as in other Animals by reason those deeper colours are not belonging to the Essence of Blood which is white in them too in its first production in the skirts of the seminal Liquor from whence it beginneth its Motion toward the beating point and by degrees when it obtaineth greater perfection by motion it quitteth its White or Yellow array and putteth on its Scarlet or Purple Robe CHAP. XXXVII The Sap-Vessels of Plants THe various Tubes entring into the Coâ—page of Plants The various Tubes of Plants are somewhat alike to the Viscera of Animals are somewhat akin in likeness to the Viscera of other Animals which are more distinct in them as they are curious Systemes integrated of innumerable oblong round Vessels as so many Cylindrical Channels chiefly constituting the fine frame of Plants The Antients not well versed in the knowledge of the several parts belonging to Trees have treated of them in a more general notion of Wood and Bark which in truth may be more clearly distinguished into Veins or Vessels Plants are furnished with many sorts of Vessels as various lacteal Gummy and Resinous Channels transmitting divers Liquors into the Trunks and Branches of Plants which do somewhat resemble the several Vessels of Animals conveying Chyle Vital Nervous and Lymphatick Liquor so that the milky humor resembleth the Chyle and the Sap the Blood and their Resinous and Gummy Juyces being transparent do in some manner represent the Nervous and Lymphatick Juyce And these different Liquors do not only hold Analogy with those of Animals but their Vessels too in structure as they are Cylinders adorned with a round oblong Figure made up of numerous Fibres rarely interwoven with each other The Figure of the Sap-Vessels In Trees the greater Cylinders are beset with many minute Pipes The greater Sap-Vessels are beset with many small Pipes which confining close to them in an orbicular Figure do make use of the sides of the larger Tubes so that every part of a Tree is integrated of various ranks of greater and less concave Fibres resembling the larger and smaller Branches of Vessels in Animals And the various Ducts of several Liquors in Plants and Trees do not only in some sort resemble the Vessels of a humane Body in Figure The Divarications of the Sap-Vessels do somewhat resemble the Divarication of the Sanguiducts The progress of the Sap-Vessels is for the most part perpendicular and sometimes horizontal but in Divarication too because the ascendent and descendent Trunks of Arteries and Veins as well as Sap-Vessels take their progress the whole length of the Body and as Animals have fruitful Branches running horizontally from their Trunks into the Muscular parts and substance of the Viscera So in like manner in Plants and Trees the cortical Branches of Vessels are carried transversly from the Bark through the body of the Trunk toward the Pith and from it too many lignous Vessels are propagated through the Compage of the Wood to the Bark And as the Viscera of Animals are collective Bodies of different Vessel as Arteries The Vessels of Plants agree in some sort with those of Animals as containing many Liquors Veins Nerves and Lympheducts as so many Channels conveying several Liquors of Blood Sucous Nervosus Lympha so after some manner the Trunks and Branches of Firre and Pine-tree c. are alike the Viscera of Animals in their various Tubes fraught with Gumms Resine interspersed with Vessels of Sap which for the most part run perpendicularly from the Root through the Trunk to the top and some of those Vessels pass Horizontally as so many Diametral Rays from the Bark through the Body to the Pith and others from it to the Bark from the circumference to the Center so that these transverse Vessels have a semblance with the Veins and Arteries of Animals which take their progress from the Skin through the Trunk and Limbs to the inward Recesses of the Viscera The curious frame of Plants are made up of different Cylinders Between the Sap-Vessels are seated many Areae as so many Cisterns of different Liquor finely set together and Engraven with numerous Cells adorned with several shapes and sizes placed between the Sap-vessels as so many little Cisterns supplying the Vessels with different Liquors exalted by airy Particles impregnated with sulphureous and saline Atomes transmitted by proper Cylinders into the Concave Areae big with alimentary Juyces which after a due Fermentation are refined by the extremities of numerous different Sap-Vessels as so many Colatories of various Figures and Magnitudes holding Analogy in some manner with the minute Glands of the Viscera which are Systemes composed of numerous Vessels whose Extremities are distinguished by their various Perforations receptive of such Liquors as hold Conformity with them in the likeness of Shape and Size CHAP. XXVIII Of the Lungs HAving Treated of the Diaphragme as the Floor and of the Pleura as the Hanging and of the Mediastine as the Party-Wall and the Heart as a noble Utensil of the middle apartiment my aim at this time is to discourse of the Lungs as part of its choice Housholdstuff which is a Machine of Air composed of variety of rare parts This excellent Utensil of the middle Story relating to the elegant Fabrick of Man's Body may be considered according to its Situation Connexion The Situation of the Lungs Figure Membranous Substance Vessels Glands and Use The Lungs are seated near the Heart which it encircleth with Lobes as with so many wings fanning this hot Engine of Motion and it filleth up the two Chambers of the middle apartiment except that part of them possessed with the Pleura Mediastine and Heart This
a distance and confining the extravasated Air transmitted through the perforated Lungs is furnished with many fleshy and membranous or fine tendinous Fibres making a kind of fine muscular Expansion supplying the place of a Diaphragme and different from that of other more perfect Animals upon a double account by reason First this of Birds when relaxed hath its Concave Surface facing the Lungs and Convexe toward the Intestines but the Diaphragme of Man and Beast in its state of restitution hath its Convexe Surface bending toward the Lungs and its Concave facing the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment Again this membranous Contexture interlined with fleshy Fibres may be discriminated from the Midriffs of other Animals by reason the First when it is contracted lessens the peculiar Cavity in which the Lungs are lodged and thereby squeezeth the extravasated Air into the perforations of the Lungs but the Diaphragme of other Animals when contracted doth enlarge the Perimeter of the Thorax in length to give entertainment to the Lungs dilated with Air. Of the Lungs and Gills of Fish CHAP. XLI WHales and all cetaceous Fish have Lungs much resembling those of Quadrupedes in their Divarications of the Bronchia Vesicles and Blood-vessels The Lungs of a Porpess are furnished only with two Lobes Tâ—e Lungs of a Perpâ—s †T. 41. on each side one encompassing the Right and Left Region of the Heart they are most thick in their Origens and grow into more narrow and thin Expansions about their Terminations and are beautified with a pale Red and in one part do somewhat adhere to the Midriff and are every way immured within a strong Membrane As to their substance The subsâ—ance of the Lungs of a Porpâ—ss they may be stiled a curious Compage made up of numerous greater and smaller Branches of Air-pipes and appendant Sinus accompanied with many pulmonary and bronchial Divarications of Arteries and Veins framed in reticular Plexes which I plainly saw in a Dissected Porpess with Wonder and Delight The Lungs in this Fish are accommodated with many Nerves The Lungs of Fish have their Blood-Vessels accompanied with Nerves The Bronchia of the Lungs are beset with many minute Glands branched through the substance of the Lungs and accompanying the Blood-vessels The Bronchia are associated with many small Glands which Dr. Tyson observed to be Steatomatous in a Porpess he Dissected And I humbly conceive that humane Lungs have Glands too seated about the Divarications of the Trachaea in the substance of the Lungs and the use may be to percolate the Blood whose purer part is received into the extremities of the Veins and the recrements into the origens of the Lympheducts and conveyed into the subclavian Vessels The Gills of Fish are Systemes of numerous Branches of Arteries and Veins formed into Arches The Gills of Fish are made up of many Blood-Vessels affixed to â—â—mi-circular bony Procâ—sses and affixed to bony Processes to keep them in due order and to give them a defence against the assaults of ill accidents These curious Contextures of Vessels have some affinity with those of the pulmonary Arteries and Veins as the Blood coming from the Ventricle of the Heart in most Fish is first impelled into the Trunk and Branches of the Aorta and then into the Branchial Arteries and afterward received into the extremities of the Branchial Veins so that the Blood of Fish maketh a circuit through the various Blood-vessels of the Gills in some manner resembling that in the pulmonary Vessels whereby the Blood of Fish is impregnated with airy Particles in the Gills as well as in the substance of the Lungs relating to other Animals And now I will endeavour to give you an account of the Fabrick of the Gills in a Skaite The manner of the progress of the Arteries and Veins into the Gills and of the Trunk and Divarications of the Artery †T. 29. entring into them after this manner out of the base of the Heart ariseth a great Trunk of an Artery encircled with a white hard Shell which climbeth upright single for an Inch or thereabouts and is then divided into Two Branches on eachside one and afterward each Branch is subdivided into three which on each side run along the lower Region of the Three first bony Arches of the Gills which are beset with many minute Divarications sprouting out of the first greater Branches and end into one common Trunk And about an Inch or more above the First Branches of Arteries The Second progress of the Arteries into the Gills ariseth on each side one springing out of the arterial Trunk and each of them is subdivided into a pair of Branches which take their progress all along the lower part of the two semicircular bony Arches belonging to the upper Gills and these greater Branches are again divaricated into many smaller Ramulets terminating into one common Trunk which wheeling backward is afterward divided into numerous arterial Branches transmitting Blood into all parts of the body of Fish which is brought back again to the Heart by venous Branches and Trunks so that every indentment of the semicircular Arches garnished with many Branches of Arteries is again answered with an equal number of venous Divarications The Arteries of the Gills are answered with an equal number of Veins And those of the descendent Trunk of the Cava do address themselves to the ascendent of the Aorta and the Branches of the ascendent Trunk of the Cava do apply themselves to those of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta which may be manifest by opening the arterial and venous Branches appendant to the lower regions of the arches of the Gills fringed with many Red indentments into which may easily be seen the rows of holes leading into them so that a Black Liquor being injected into the Arteries of the Gills An experiment to prove some part of Liquor passeth into the Gills and another part into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta it will return again by the Veins And the Black Liquor being immitted into the Arteries some part passeth into the Fringes of the Gills and another part is carried in a straight course into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta whence it may be clearly deduced that the Gills in Fish do supply the place of Lungs in more perfect Animals through which the Blood taketh its circuit to be impregnated with the more pure and nitrous parts of Air which being associated with Water are received into the Mouth and Gills of Fish and affect the Blood passing up and down the Red Fringes of the bony Arches Water inspired with Air may goe into the Arteries and mixe with Blood passing through the vessels of the Gills which are ranks of Arteries and Veins exporting and importing vital Liquor from and to the Heart So that the Water inspired with the more thin and nitrous Particles of Air may diffuse it self through the Pores of the Arteries affixed to
the Red Ar ches of the Gills into the mass of Blood passing and repassing through Arteries and Veins from and to the great machine of Motion making good the circulation of the Purple Juyce Whereupon Fish may be said to have a kind of Respiration made in a frequent Reception and spurting out great streams of Water inspired with Air which being transmitted through the Gills dressed with Arteries and Veins enobleth the Blood with elastick and spiritous Particles which do very much contribute to the preservation of the vital flames which is extinguished in Fish residing in waters enclosed with Ice wholly intercepting the current of Air. CHAP. XLII Of the Lungs of Frogs Lizards Vipers c. THE Lungs of Frogs are worthy our remark The Lungs of Frogs are Systems made up of various Vessels The Lungs of Frogs consist of two Lobes as being contrived by Nature with great Artifice and are a rare Compage made up of various Vessels Arteries Veins Nerves and Branches of the Trachaeae interspersed with divers Cells as so many Receptacles of Air. This rare contexture of different Tubes is divided as it were into two Lobes enclosing each side of the Heart and each consisting of a large Bladder beset in the inside with numerous Sinus somewhat resembling the Cavity of a Honey-comb The various minute Cells of Air have their Area shaded with various Cylinders The Cells of Air have their Areae shaded with many Sanguiducts meeting in a kind of Net-work The minute Cavities of the Lungs are beset with Air. with numerous Blood-Vessels running in many Flexures made by the frequent association and parting of the Branches of Veins and Arteries whence ariseth a kind of fine Network terminating into the substance of the small Vesicles beautifying the greater bladders of the Lungs The minute Sinus of the Lungs are propagated from the more large Bladder and are many small Cavities whose sides are immured with thin Membranes consisting of divers Angles and are Hexagons as most ingenious Malpighius will have them These fruitful Vesicles are expanded with Air transmitted by the Aspera Arteria and numerous Branches which is insinuated by many very little Pores into the substance of the Sinus where it associates with the Blood brought in by the terminations of the Bronchial Arteries and afterward the Blood embodied with Air is received into the Extremities of the pulmonary Veins And I most humbly conceive The numerous Ramulets of Arterics and Veins are carried in crooked lines that the innumerable Ramulets of Arteries and Veins have their progress not in direct but crooked lines to give a check to the over-hasty streams of Blood that they may receive the greater impregnation of Air and that the Chyme may be more perfectly mixed with Blood as being long entertained in the many Meanders of Vessels wherein the different Liquors of Blood and Chyme may be broken into Atomes by repeated alternate acts of Inspiration and Expiration in order to a more perfect mixture tending to assimilation The Compage of the Lungs of a Snake The Lungs of a Snake is framed of numerous Vesicles of Air endued with a membranous substance and the outward coat of the Lungs is very remarkable for many Vessels †T. 41. F. 2. k k. passing crosswise in crooked lines from one side to the other and the Lungs are adorned with a conical Figure as beginning and ending in a Cone The Lungs of Toads The spongy Lungs of Vipers Tortoises c. Lizards Vipers Camelions Tortoises Water-Salamanders c. have the same structure with a Frog as being very light and spongy as composed of numerous little Bladders inclosed with fine Membranes and enamelled with variety of Blood-vessels and Nerves curiously wrought The Fabrick of the Lungs of minute Animals are Transparent after the manner of Network In these more minute Animals the fabrick of the Lungs is more conspicuous as vesicular and transparent because the Sanguiducts are smaller and thinner in their Coats and as the Sinus bedecking the inside of the greater Bladders are encompassed with finer Tunicles Whereupon the rare Compage of the Lungs is more manifest and holdeth a great Analogy with the frame of more perfect Animals which is less distinct and more gross as filled with a great quantity of Purple Liquor and its large Vessels do much cloud the Vesicles of the Lungs CHAP. XLIII Of the Lungs of Insects INsects being the Epitome of greater Animals The Trachaeae of Insects hold Analogy in some sort with the Lungs of more perfect Animals in reference to their noble parts and although they have no distinct Lungs not composed of a Parenchyma integrated of variety of Vessels and Membranous Sinus yet they have numerous Pipes of Air Analogous in some sort to the Lungs of more perfect Animals imparted in numerous Divarications to the Viscera and Muscular parts of the Body In Insects under their Fibres many spots may be viewed or as I conceive the Orifices of innumerable vessels of Air beginning about the Second and Third rings or incisures of the Back These Pipes of Air have no manifest Trunk but in every Orifice in some Insects may be seen Ten and in a Silkworm Eighteen Branches or more of Air-vessels which end into one common Duct from this aperture or rather from a short Trunk many Plexes do arise which do communicate themselves upward and downward holding a natural Entercourse by various Inosculations from the Head to the Tail as Learned Malpighius hath discovered From the same Origen many Circles are propagated which do furnish the habit of the Body and Muscles with many Trachaeae visiting the neighbouring Viscera in their progress through the territories of the Body wherein they make divers Divarications which perforate each other in several Branches so that Air is transmitted from one Ramulet to another that the free current of Air might pass through all parts of the Body which if it should be checked in some Branches caused by some obstruction it may have recourse immediately to some other adjoyning Branches with which they hold correspondence by Anastomosis These Trachaeae resembling the Bronchia of the Lungs The Trachaeae are divaricated after the manner of Arteries are divaricated after the manner of Arteries whose Branches obtain less and less Dimensions as they pass to a greater and greater distance from their Trunks making reticular Plexes as may be observed in the foliage of Trees which is most pleasant to behold These numerous Flexures and Gyres of the Air-Vessels may be seen immediately under the Skin in the Muscles and in all other parts of the Body They are coated with a dark hue and afterward become bright as beautified with a kind of Silver colour and sometimes with a Pearl and sometimes Straw or Gold colour These Air-Vessels forming the Lungs of Insects are made of a thin Membranous substance composed of many fine Fibres curiously interwoven The Incisures adorning the Backs of Insects The Origen of
rather a relaxation of its motion when the Fibres formerly made tense by Contraction are relaxed and the cavity of the Thorax rendred narrow when the Diaphragm in its state of restitution is brought unto an Arch having its upper surface looking toward the Heart Convex and Concave toward the Stomach and Intestines whereby the Lungs are compressed and the Stomach and Guts are set at liberty as ascending upward into the cavity of the Thorax toward the concave surface of the Midriff In the Systole which is the true motion of the Diaphragm The Systole is the true motion of the Diaphragm wherein it is brought to a Plain it is pressed downward and quitteth its arched position and is brought very much toward a Plain and the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment lodged within its Cancave walls are beaten downward and outward whereupon the Cavity of the Thorax becometh much enlarged as acquiring greater dimensions of length to entertain the dilated Compage of the Lungs when rendred big with Air. The most proper and principal Organ of Respiration are the Lungs as a Machine in which the Air sporteth it self in and out in various motions productive of Inspiration and Expiration In the first the stream of Air is received either through the Nostrils or immediately through the Mouth into the greater Channel of the Wind-pipe and afterward into the Branches of the Bronchia as so many smaller Pipes and from thence into the numerous Membranous Sinus as so many Out-lets of the Bronchia interspersing the Lobules with white Interstices whereupon this fine spungy Compage made up of different Cylinders and membranous Orbs groweth highly expanded with thin spirituous and Elastick Particles of Air. In Expiration the Air maketh its retrograde motion out of the Lungs as the receptacles of Air are compressed by the Ribs Diaphragm and weight of the Lungs whereupon the numerous small Tubes of Air and their appendant Sinus grow lank as being lessened also by straight and circular Fibres contracting the Cavities of the fruitful Cylinders and Orbs of Air so that in Expiration it is squeesed out of the smaller Pipes into a greater Tube and so into the larger Portal of the Mouth and afterward confederates with the outward Air as coming from it and being near akin to it in its fluid temper And let us admire and adore with Joy and Eucharist the wondrous contrivance of the Great Architect who hath framed in infinite Power and unspeakable Wisdom the excellent Oeconomy of Nature as made up of variety of Noble parts disposed in excellent order The Body of Man the rule and standard from which all the Bodies of other Animals take their measures may be called an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Watch or Clock consisting of numerous Wheels moved by variety of Springs as those Wheels of the Gulet Stomach Intestines Arteries and Muscles the greater and stronger engines of Motion are all contracted by Fleshy Fibers acted by the Elastick Particles of Animal Spirits the more refined Atomes of Nervous Liquor And the Oeconomy of the Vital parts the Heart and Lungs seated in the middle Story of Mans Body hath a kind of peculiar Oeconomy somewhat different from that of the other parts of the Body as the Lungs a great machine of Motion are chiefly managed by an external principle by the spring of Air distending its curious Frame consisting of many Cylinders and Orbicular Tunicles as so many Channels and Cisterns of Air. And having taken the little Clock composed of many Respiring Organs in pieces and treated singly of every Wheel of the Intercostal Muscles and Semicircles of Ribs how they are affixed to the column of the Spine and Sternon and of the Circular Diaphragm and of the Lungs as the great Wheel of Life to whose motion all other lesser Wheels are assistant I will now set all these Wheels together and endeavour to shew you the reason and manner of Respiration which is a thing of as great Difficulty as Importance In the order of Nature the motion of the Lungs is first designed as its chief Machine The several parts concerned in the motion of the Lungs made up of various Receptacles of Air but in point of Time this great and other lesser Wheels do celebrate their motions together At the same instant the Intercostal Muscles The Intercostal Muscles Arched Ribs Sternon Diaphragm are engaged in various motions contributing to the main motion of the Lungs The two ranks of Semi-Elliptick Arches of the Ribs seated in both sides have two Extremities the hinder are obliquely fastned in a double movable Articulation with strong Ligaments to the Spine curiously Carved with variety of acute oblique and transvers Processes as to a firm immovable Column The anterior grisly Terminations of many of the Bony Arches are conjoyned in oblique lax Positions to the Sternon as to a Breast-plate So that these extremities of the Ribs may be dilated with the Sternon annexed to them These are called Parallel Bony Semicircles because they observe an equal distance from each other as interspersed with the Intercostal Muscles being thin oblong quadrangular Bodies consisting of a kind of Parallelogramms in Figure The Intercostal Muscles seated between and affixed to the Ribs in oblique Positions consist of two Ranks the one External the other Internal which are furnished with numerous equidistant Fibres intersecting each other The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles The double row of Fibres besetting the Intercostal Muscles was wisely instituted by Nature upon this account to assist each other at sometime in a concurrent motion by reason two ranks of oblique Fibres would else distort the Ribs in the motion of the Breast For instance Suppose the Ribs being parallel with each other in point of Concave Surface it may seem evident when the oblique Fibres are shortned it will disorder the equidistant posture of the Ribs if the different oblique Fibres of several Muscles should move the Ribs in various inward and outward Positions at the same time Therefore it is prudently contrived by Nature that all the Fibres decussating each other and affixed to the Margents of the Ribs should jointly produce the same operation of moving them upward and outward at the same time To give a more clear sight of the manner of Breathing The manner of Respiration I will improve my utmost endeavours to shew you all the Instruments of Respiration moving together as serving each other in a great order and decorum sometimes enlarging the Perimeter of the Thorax â—o give the distended Lungs a free play upon the reception of Air and another time to contract the circumference of the Breast to exclude its effaete reliques in Expiration When the free streams of Air run through the larger Channel of the Aspera Arteria The enlarged dimensions of the Thorax in Inspiration into the lesser Pipes of the Bronchia and its appendant round Tunicles the spungy substanc of the Lungs groweth
Linseed-Oil and Sugar and oxymel of Squills mixed with simple oxymel Syrup of Maiden Strong Purgatives are dangerous in a Peripneumonia Liquorice and strong Purgatives are not proper in this disease lest they should enrage the boiling Blood and carry it more freely into the offended noble parts In this case Opiates may not be advised in great watchfulness Opiates are disadvantageous in this case by reason they incrassate the Blood and increase the difficulty of breathing in hindring Expectoration and render the stagnated Blood more impacted in the small Air-pipes and their appendant Sinus in the Lungs Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eies Pearl Sugar of Pearl Salt of Prunel Diaphoreticks and Diureticks are safe and mild Diureticks are very beneficial in this Disease And some drops of tincture of Saffron or Spirit of Saffron Spirit of Tartar Spirit of Niter often rectified with Spirit of Wine may be given in a draught of the Pectoral Decoction often in a day to which may be added in the preparing of it some Flowers of Red or Field Poppy If the pain of the Breast be urgent Topicks may be applied to the Breast in this disease and in reference to help Expectoration Ointments made with Oil of Mace Ointment of Marshmallows Oil of Linseed mixed with Orange-flower Butter may be applied to the Breast with Lawn Paper Some Cases may be given of this Disease As First a Person of Quality An instance of a Peripneumonia a Knight of the Bath was highly afflicted with a violent pain in his Foot whereupon a Pultice was imprudently applyed without the advice of a Physician which repelled the Goutish humor was afterward transmitted into the small Arterial Branches of the Bronchia and their appendant Cells wherein the gross clammy Blood setling in the Vessels or their empty spaces caused an Inflammation of the Lungs accompanied with a great Fever and Thirst and pricking pain and much spitting of Blood and a most difficult Breathing even almost to Suffocation In order to the Cure I advised Blood-letting with a large Orifice of the pierced Vein and a free Hand whereupon he found some alleviation I also advised proper pectoral Apozemes made up of inciding and attenuating Ingredients and various Lambitives in great difficulty of breathing I gave him Elixir Proprietatis and Spirit of Harts-horn and Spirit of Saffron are good either given of themselves or best in a draught of Pectoral Decoction whereupon he expectorated a great quantity of gross clammy Matter mixed with Blood I also prescribed often Blood-letting to the Patient as having a very strong Pulse and a very large mass of Blood which succeeded very well it being accompanied with variety of Pectoral Medicines whereupon the Patient was perfectly recovered to his former health to the Glory of God and the great joy of his Physician and Friends A worthy Knights Lady was highly afflicted with a Fever Another instance of an Inflammatiof the Lungs great difficulty of Breathing and a large quantity of Blood expectorated with thin spittle plainly shewing this distemper to be an Inflammation of the Lungs and to appease it I often advised a Vein to be freely opened in the beginning of the Disease but she was inexorable after great sollicitations and being struck with a great dread upon the motion of Bleeding would not submit to the Lancet so that the generous remedy of Bleeding being not administred she paid dear for its neglect even to the loss of her Life which could not be purchased by the application of many excellent pectoral Medicines CHAP. LV. Of the Abscess of the Lungs IN an Inflammation of the Lungs The cause of an Abscess of the Lungs the substance of the Bronchia and Sinus are distended with a quantity of gross Blood either setled in the small Ramulets of the bronchial and pulmonary Arteries or extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels so that the Blood cannot be received into the Origens of the Veins and carried into the Left Ventricle of the Heart which chiefly happens when Blood-letting is omitted which if celebrated would have lessened the quantity of Blood and diverted its current from the Lungs and sollicited the stagnated Blood in order to motion into the extremities of the capillary pulmonary Veins which Nature being not able to make good the stagnated Blood loseth its tone and groweth corrupted and its Albuminous part is separated from the Purple Liquor and turned into a Pus whence ensueth an Aposteme which is a collection of purulent Matter in the substance of the Bronchia and membranous Cells annexed to them which became putride by the sharp indisposition of the Pus received into their Cavities which being very sensible of their burden as composed of nervous and carnous Fibres contracting themselves to expel the corrupt matter of the Abscess through the greater and less Air-pipes of the Lungs into the Mouth An Aposteme of them An Aposteme called Vomica Pulmonum called Vomica Pulmonum is much akin to that produced in a Peripneumonia only it is mere Pus generated without a Fever Inflammation Cough and spitting secretly and of a suddain and worketh so inwardly without the notice of any symptome that it cutteth off the Patient in a moment by suffocation before the Disease can be discovered Learned Tulpius giveth an account of this disaffection lib. 2. cap. 10. Vitium hoc Pulmonis Vomicam innuens latet inter initia ita clanculum ut vix ulla sui proferat indicia praeter Tussiculam primo siccam mox humidam qui aliquandiu continuante trahitur difficulter spiritus deficit anima emarcescit paulatim corpus licet interim nec Pus nec Sanguinem prae se ferunt sputa sed si rumpatur inopinato vomica occiditur dictum ac factum homo But I humbly conceive that this kind of Abscess is not always mortal A Vomica Pulmonum not always deadly and no way proceedeth from a Peripneumonia or Pthisis but a weak disposition of the Lungs inclining them to putrefaction and doth not always come of a suddain but insensibly and by degrees whereby the Pus having its first Origen from some depraved humor groweth more and more matured and by its caustick quality corrodeth the Bronchia and Sinus appendant to them and streameth in the Cavities of the Wind-pipe and is at last ejected the confines of the Body This Disease if its nature be inspected according to its continent cause may be styled a true Abscess produced in the Lungs from some impure Recrements or Heterogeneous parts of the Blood apt to be turned into Pus which being secerned from the more refined are lodged in some or many Cells appendant to the Bronchia and are there confined within some proper Membrane These impure parts of the Blood are not endued with any great Acrimony productive of a Cough neither have any great Effervescence proper to a Fever which is very small if any in a Vomica Pulmonum these vitious humors
middle from the lowest Apartiment And the Pleura composed of many small Threads curiously interwoven and close struck as a fine Hanging encircling the beautiful Furniture of the Heart and Lungs to secure their tender Compage in motion against the bony arches of the Ribs guarding them against the violent assaults of outward accidents Thou hast Treated the Fountain of Life streaming in Purple and Scarlet Rivulets of Blood through the various channels of Veins and Arteries as so many Inlets and Outlets of the Heart outwardly enamelled with variety of Vessels And hast laid its secret Chambers in the Waters carved with divers fleshy substances beset with many cords of Sinews as so many instruments of Motion and hast watred its Furrows with the streams of Life Thou hast formed the Lungs as a rare Systeme of Membranous Pipes and Bladders of Air to fann and exalt the vital Liquor with its cool and nitrous Particles and hast made the rough Artery headed with an admirable frame of Membranes Muscles and Grisles as an Organ-pipe of Breath modelling the Voice with different Articulations to treat our friends in an amicable Converse And to Speak and Sing the Great Praises of the All Wise Protoplast Thou that art the Light of our Eies the Joy of our Hearts the breath of our Nostrils and the Essential Life breathing into us the Spirit of Life Inspire us with thy Holy Spirit and quicken our Souls here in the shades of death with the Light of thy Countenance that in thy Light we may see Light that by thy Grace we may participate the Glory of Everlasting Life through Jesus Christ the Fountain of Life and the Lord of Glory BOOK III. CHAP. I. Of the Face THE Face being a handsome Frontispiece embellishing the anterior region of the highest Apartiment The Face is a fine Frontispiece of the Head relating to the elegant frame of a Mans Body doth present the prospect of a rare Landscip drawn with Natures curious Pensil in excellent perspective made up of many Lights and Shades rendring this graceful Frontispiece Round and Soft which is accomplished with variety of parts consisting in divers shapes and sizes and beautified with several colours illustrating each other and dressed with different Surfaces some being Plane others Convexe and a Third Concave The highest part of this Frontispiece most properly called is the Forehead cloathed with a plain smooth and white surface and adorned with a kind of Oval Figure The Parts adjoyning to the Forehead The Eies are two transparent Orbs. are Two transparent Orbs displaying themselves in various motions in their Orbites as in proper Sphaeres to give reception to innumerable Images of things arrayed with beams of Light placed in different positions In the middle of this delightful prospect The Nose is the most prominent part of the Face is situated the Nose the Prominentest part of the Face the most receptive of Light shading one side of the neighbouring parts This fine ridge is furnished with Two Cavities as Pipes entertaining Air persumed with various Odors Treating the sense of Smelling The Sides of the Face are grac'd with Cheeks shaded with Groves of Hair and beset with Roses and Lillies as painted with Red and White rarely intermixed and are melted into each other by a sweet softness making a delightful harmony The lower region of this Frontispiece is adorned with Two Lips The Lips resemble folding doors shutting and opening the small apartiment of the Mouth as with folding Doors to treat our Selves with the reception of Dainties endued with variety of delicious Tasts and with pleasant Discourses the amicable expressions of the Mind The Materia Substrata of Beauty is made up of several parts of the Face The ground of Beauty of the Bones as a Basis of the Forhead and of the upper and lower Mandible into which are implanted the Muscles of the Forehead Nose Cheeks Chin and above all the Elevators Depressors Adductors Abductors and Constrictors the fine Muscles of the Lips all which being framed in a due proportion and decent Figure and Magnitude and fitly conjoyned to each other do speak the Symmetry and Harmony of parts commonly called Beauty The elegancy of the Face is a rare Systeme The Face described composed of great variety of lineaments and proportions adorned with different Colours Lights Shades and Motions Lineaments are the outward surface of the Face The Lineaments are the rough draught of the Face Natures First and more rough draught made up of longer and shorter Lines the longer producing the chiefest part of the Face and may be called the ordinary and plain part of the visage and the more curious being made up of the shorter and filling lines do give the Face a farther accomplishment adding greater softness and tenderness to it And the draught of the Lines of the Face being the ground of the Art of Painting is called Designing which being ill performed it is impossible to make a laudable Picture very much depending upon the good Drawing of the naked and undisguised Lineaments wherein you may plainly perceive what Beauty and Force there is in a good and well proportioned Design And there is nothing more worthy our remarque then the last closes The finishing Lines are the most perfect the finishing Lines which circumscribe the portraicture of the Face and are Natures Master-piece being drawn with wonderful subtilty and are so fine and thin do seem to vanish by little and little till by degrees they convey themselves out of our sight And here is the great Glory of Art to imitate Nature in drawing the utmost Lines according to the Life which ought to be accomplished with so much fineness giving the true and curious proportions of the Face in its thinner closing Lineaments ending with a promise of other things behind Apelles his Picture which was known among the Graecians by the Name of Nomecknemos adored for the extream and finishing Lines which were cut off with so much subtilty after the Life that it seemed to stand in competition with Nature it self And Nature hath not only graced the Visage with decent Lineaments The Symmetry of the parts of the Face but hath also constituted divers measures how one part of the Face holdeth an Analogy suitable to another so that Beauty may be styled in some kind a due modelling the parts of the Face as being fitly united to each other in regular proportions whence ariseth a mutual consent of Parts the Symmetry or Harmony commonly called the Air of the Face which courteth the Eye of the Spectator with Pleasantness and Wonder and I conceive it not altogether improbable that Artists have borrowed Analogy and Harmony from the proportions observable in Arithmetical Numbers and Musical Concords Analogy and Harmony being nothing else but Rules and Measures of different Numbers and Sounds agreeing in due proportions Whereupon the Masters of Painting and Musick have borrowed terms from each other and transferred them into each
Blood being impelled through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where as I humbly conceive it receiveth the Tincture of a Liquor distilling out of the nervous Fibres implanted into the Bronchia Vesicles and Coats of the Arteries of the Lungs and afterward the Blood being meliotated with nervous Liquor is received into the extremities of the pulmonary Veins and transmitted into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is farther hightened by a Juyce coming out of the Fibres ending into the inward Coat of the Left Sinus from whence it is thrown first into the common and then into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta whose outward Coat is encircled with many divarications of Nerves inserted into the inward Recesses of this great Artery so that the Blood passing through it and the carotide Arteries is embodied with a choice Liquor dropping out of the terminations of nervous Fibrils and afterward imported into the Cortex of the Brain as a Systeme of many small Glands in which is made a percolation of the vital Liquor by severing the more mild part from the Red Crassament This gentle Liquor is exalted by the volatil Salt of the Brain and is mixed with nitrous elastick Particles of Air First imparted to the Blood in the Lungs and afterward conveyed with it through the Heart and the ascendent Trunk and carotide Arteries into the Cortex into which also the Air received by the Nostrils is carried through the Os spongiosum into the Ventricles of the Brain and through the porous parts of various Processes into the ambient parts of the Brain where the Air embodieth with the serous parts of the Blood secerned from the Purple Liquor in the substance of the Cortical Glands and highly improveth it with its active nitrous elastick Particles very much enobled with aethereal minute Bodies derived from the Caelestial Influxes of the Sun and other Planets so that this exalted spirituous Liquor is first generated in the Cortex of the Brain from whence it is transmitted into the Origens of numerous Fibrils taking their rise in the Cortical Glands and afterward propagated by many minute Fibres through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves First appearing about the Medulla oblongata and then the Animal Liquor is carried between the Filaments of greater and less branches of Nerves into all parts of the Body to give them Sense Motion and Nourishment of which I intend now to give a brief account The Parenâ—hyma of the Viscera and Muscular Parts chiefly made up of greater and smaller Vessels consisting of Trunks and many Branches Ramulets and Capillaries of Blood-vessels and Plexes and Fibres of Nerves Lymphaeducts and also Membranes which are fine Contextures composed for the most part of numerous Fibrils curiously interwoven interspersed with many Branches of various Sanguiducts The Blood is impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries The manner how Nutrition is performed into the spaces running between the Vessels wherein its more mild and cristalline part embodies with a fine Liquor distilling out of the extremities of the Nerves so that the greatest part of the Blood being mixed with the nervous Juyce in the Interstices of the Vessels insinuates it self through the minute Pores of the Coats relating to the Vessels and Fibres of Membranes so that the Atomes of the Succus nutricius agreeing in shape and size with the Pores of the Coats of the Vessels and other Membranes is carried into their most inward Recesses where it groweth more solid and by a kind of accretion uniteth it self to the body of the Vessels and Membranes and becometh one entire substance with them which is called Assimilation chiefly acted by nervous Liquor inspiring the serous parts of the Blood with Animal Spirits giving a power to the Succus nutricius fitly to accresce and configure it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts by replenishing their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood opening the Pores of the Body and breathing out constant Effluvia CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Animal Spirits HAving Treated of the Animal Liquor I deem it methodical to give you an account of the Animal Spirits the more refined Particles of the nervous Juyce generated in the Cortex And indeed nothing I think conduceth more to the knowledge of the admirable Fabrick and use of the Cortex and all other Processes of the Brain then in some sort to be master of the subtle notion of the Animal Spirits These great Ministers of State by which the Souls Glorious Empress of this Microcosme giveth her Commands to the rational Function as the more noble and to the Sensitive as her meaner Subjects That we may more methodically proceed in the curious scrutiny of the intricate Nature of the Animal Spirits The parts of this Discourse relating to the Animal Spirits I make bold to propound these Five Remarkables to you The place of the Brain wherein they are conceived The Matter of which they are generated The manner how they are propagated The Subject in which they reside and act and the uses of them As to the place in which they have their first Conception The seat of the Animal Spirits there is a great controversy among the Masters of our Art some placing it in the Plexus Choroeides others in the Ventricles a Third in the Glandula Pinealis A Fourth in the external Arteries And a Fifth in the substance of the Brain Galenus sanguinem e corde prolatum The seat of the production of Animal Spirits is the Rete Mirabile according to Galen in reti mirabili fieri animalem asserit e quo effundatur in Ventriculos This minute Plexe of the Rete mirabile cannot furnish Blood enough it being composed of small Carotides to supply the Brain with so large a proportion of Animal Spirits as are requisite to irradiate the great Orb of the Brain and the numerous Nerves springing out of it Other eminent Physitians place it in the Plexus Choroeides Others place it in the Plexus Choroiedes conceiving the Animal Spirits to be elaborated in it which if true doth suppose a separation of the serous parts of the Blood producing the Animal Spirits from the Red Crassament but the contrary is very evident to Sense and Incision being made into the Plexus Choroeides Blood immediately gusheth out tinged with a perfect Red no way inclining to an Albuminous Colour the true hue of the nervous Liquor plainly discernible in the substance of the Brain of Fishes and Birds whose Brains upon Incision are bedewed freely with Animal Juyces distilling out of the wounded Fibrils of the Brain Regius Others place their Generation in the Ventricles of the Brain Mercatus Laurentius Riolanus and many Arabian Physitians place the generation of the Animal Spirits in the Ventricles those meaner chambers of the Brain Laurentius speaking of the Animal Spirits Fit itaque in plexibus tantum praeparatio in ventriculis
on both sides out of the axillary Arteries are called the Vertebral which climbing up straight towards the Occiput do in their progress upward send a peculiar branch to every internode of the Vertebers of the Neck but the inferior Arteries placed below the Heart in respect the descendent Trunk of the Aorta in his passage downward leaning on the Spine doth impart from its Base Two Branches One to either side of every Verteber of the Thorax and Loins so that the Trunk of the Aorta being opened in dissection it is a most pleasant sight in respect the various ranks of perforations made on each side of the Trunk are disposed in a most elegant order The vertebral Branches of the ascendent Trunk The Arteries of the Medulla Spinalis do come from the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and the lower of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta passing all along the Spine are double sending one Branch to the neighbouring Muscles and the other to the Vertebers which creeping through their internodes is subdivided into Three other more minute Branches Two of which are inserted into the Medulla Spinalis and the Third into the Membrane investing the foreside of the Spine As to the numerous Arteries inserted into the body of the Medulla Spinalis The Arteries of the Medulla Spinalis have a double progress they have a double progress and meeting on both sides with great variety of nervous Fibrils tend upward toward their Origen and the lesser Artery arriving the hinder surface of the Medulla adorneth it with fruitful Capillaries But the other Arterial Branch as being the greater and more eminent as soon as it attains to the confines of the forepart of the Medulla thence climbeth up with an oblique ascent to the middle of the Fissure where it encountreth such another Branch Two branches of Arteries meet in a common Trunk obliquely ascending from the adverse side of the Spine These Two branches being of equal Magnitude issuing from contrary sides and rising both alike obliquely meet together in one common Trunk into which they are both inserted with Two distinct Perforations made into one common middle and much greater duct consisting of the lesser Tubes of the Two other branches which dispense into either side in their progress many other minute Arteries into either side which leaning on the Pia mater are more deeply inserted into the substance of the Medulla Spinalis In like manner many arterial Branches coming from both sides of the Internodes of the Vertebers are united in the common channel passing down all the length of the Medulla Spinalis from top to bottom of this common Trunk Learned Bartholine maketh mention of it in his Observations calling it an eminent sanguineous Vessel Dorsi Spinalis Medullae longitudinem vas insigne sanguineum perreptat ex quo ramuli hinc inde elegantissime a serie emittuntur quemadmodum cerebro supra divisuram Medullae Spinalis incedit hoc vas sanguineum instar istius in falce cerebri Ad latera utriusque alius ramus sed minor ejusdem membranae longitudinem percurrit ex quo utrobique pari modo ramcusculi per tunicam disperguntur an Medullam pertranseant haud liquido constat This great sanguineous Vessel Dr. Willis calleth Arteria Spinalis The Spinal Artery which I conceive is made up of many vertebral Branches proceeding from both sides of the Spine and inosculated into one Caudex passing down along the Fissure of the Medulla so that where the Trunks of the vertebral Arteries are united that happeneth sometimes above the Medulla oblongata and often in the Neck upon the Medulla Spinalis an Arterial branch somewhat greater then the rest taketh its course downward The vertebral Arteries in Beasts unite in the Medulla Spinalis And it is worthy of our remark that in Beasts the vertebral Arteries unite themselves upon the Medulla Spinalis in an acute angle and then parting with each other for a little space approach the confines on each side of the Medulla and thence speak their returns and meet each other as they began in an acute Angle making a Figure not much unlike a Romboides And the reason as I humbly conceive may be probably this Why the vertebral Arteries in their intermedial steps down the Neck have a coadunation First as it were in a point and then quitting their association with each other more and more enlarge their intermedial space making a circumference up the Neck again in a narrow point that the nimbler motion of a large mass of Blood in Brutes may be retarded and their rapid torrent being carried with greater force in a right current might be rendred more gentle as somewhat intercepted in the diverse windings and turnings of the vertebral Arteries The Third branch belonging to every vertebral Artery The Third Branch of the vertebral Artery is dispensed into the Chine as soon as it hath made its entrance through the several Internodes into the Spine is dispensed into the fore part of it where it hath a double procession toward the Left and Right Region of the Spine and in the middle of it the Two branches of this vertebral Artery passing transversly from either side are united by an Anastomosis The Arteries of the Spine do often inosculate and resemble a Chain of Rings in which both Branches have a correspondence one with another so that all the Arteries conveyed down the whole length of the Spine mutually associating in divers inosculations do imbrace and receive each other somewhat resembling a chain of many Rings mutually linked together as Dr. Willis fancieth it These numerous Arteries branching themselves overthwart from every internode of the Spine are propagated in great length running downward in various continued Maeanders towards the Os sacrum An Experiment and if an injection be celebrated into the Aorta and from thence into the vertebral Branches of the Spine receiving the tincture it will give a pleasant prospect to behold the many exedrical Figures of the Arteries Arteries of the Spine seem to be wrought after the manner of Network seated immeditely one below another after the manner of Network rarely wrought by diverse Branches which often meeting with each other and then parting again make various flexures and yet ever observe an order of six unequal sides which is conspicuous in every Figure which holdeth a kind of uniformity one with another And this admirable Plex of Arteries climbing up to the top of the Spine containeth Two Branches shooting themselves straight upward into the Rete mirabile Arteries of the Spine are implanted into the Rete mirabile and Two others tending with flexures laterally to the Dura mater but the other extremity of this Arterial plex shooteth along the Spine downward to the Os sacrum and is at last inserted with many Capillaries into the Membranes investing the bones of the Spine But some may be so curious as to demand
and Sinus in the Medulla of the Brain and by tearing in pieces the tender Fibrils do interrupt the due progress of the Nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits closing in a doleful Catastrophe of an Apoplectick Fit Renowned Webster giveth an instance of this case An instance of an Apoplexy happening in an old Woman of Seventy years which being quickly taken away by an acute Apoplexy and her Skull being taken off he discovered a large Cavity in the stance of the Brain reaching forward toward the Forehead and upward to the Processus Falciformis and much backward toward the Occiput and downward beyond the middle of the Brain The longitude of this unnatural Sinus was Four Inches in breadth Two and half in depth and Eight in length containing near a pound of extravasated Blood that had issued out of the lacerated carotide Arteries which did not proceed from any outward accident as this profound Author saith there having been no contusion or fracture discoverable in the Skull but I conceive from the greater source of Blood protruded out of the larger Carotides into the smaller Capillaries branched into the Medulla which had been more and more dilated by the Rivulets of Blood till the coats of the Arteries were over-much distended and thence growing thinner and thinner at last cracked in pieces and the streams of confined vital Liquor were forced through the breaches of the Arterial Coats into the substance of the Brain and made great Furroughs and Channels in it and by tearing up the Medullary Filaments did divert the natural course of the Animal Liquor and Spirits from the Nerves A Daughter of Mr. Lewis one of the Navy-Office Another case of an Apoplexus a Person of a Plethorick Constitution was highly afflicted with a great Head-ach which afterward degenerated into a Sopor and was much alleviated upon Blood-letting and then she fell into a Rheumatisme placed in the Muscular part of the Limbs And in order to ease her I designed to open a Vein a second time but was prevented by the importunate dislike of her Friends giving an advantage to her distemper to re-assault her Brain with a fresh pain of her Head accompanied afterward with a great Sopor whereupon I made a Prognostick That the distemper would determine as I apprehended in an Apoplectic Fit unless she was relieved by an immediate opening a Vein which I conceived the proper means to preserve her but her Friends highly interposed and hindred my intention of Bleeding her whereupon in a few days the Sopor grew more violent attended with a Stertor and then the Patient falling into a violent Apoplectick Fit died in Twelve hours And after a competent time her Head being opened the Coats of the Brain were swelled and a large quantity of serous Matter was found in the substance of the Brain As to the cause and progress of the Disease The cause and progress of this Disease I conceive it to be after this manner Free Rivulets of Blood overcharged with serous Particles being impelled out of the Carotides into the Membranes and substance of the Brain produced the Head-ach and Sopor which were much mitigated upon Bleeding whereupon the Blood freely retired from the Brain by the Jugulars into the Cava and Chambers of the Heart and thence was carried upward again by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and subclavian and axillary Branches into the Limbs causing great pains in the Shoulders and Arms and at the same time another portion of Blood was conveyed downward by the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Iliack Arteries into the Thighs and Legs which being reconveyed by the Iliack Veins and ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the Ventricles of the Heart and from above by the axillary Veins and descendent Trunk of the Cava into the Sinus of the Heart and from thence again a quantity of Serous Blood was impelled by the Aorta and Carotides into the Coats and substance of the Brain highly compressing the Filaments and thereupon wholly suppressing the descent of the Animal Liquor into the roots and bodies of the Nerves Another cause may be assigned of an Apoplexy The immoderate use of Opiates may produce an Apoplexy seated in the Cortex of the Brain the immoderate use of Opiates as Learned Webster would have it by too great a dilatation of the pores of the Brain exposing it to a violent incursion of ill humors brought along with the Blood and giving a disturbance to the regular motion of the Animal Liquor But I humbly conceive with the leave of this Learned Author that Opiates do rather obstruct and shut up the Pores of the Brain then immoderately open them and make ill impressions upon the Animal Liquor and by incrassation and fixation of the Spirits in taking away their volatil airy elastick Particles do unbrace the natural Tenseness of the fibrous parts of the Cortex and by consequence do take away the vigor of the Nerves of the whole Body whence the motion of the Heart groweth weak from its distorted Fibres attended with a great difficulty of Breathing flowing from the flabby Fibres of the intercostal Muscles proceeding from the nervous Liquor dispirited by Narcoticks Mrs. Jane Reynolds a young Gentlewoman being passionately in love and not succeeding well in her Amours as she conceived took Twelve pills of Opium in so many Cherries An instance of an Apoplexy produced by Opium every Pill as I apprehend contained about Ten grains of Opium an hour after she had taken the Pills she began to be dozed and giddy and although an hour after she swallowed the Pills she took great quantities of Oil and Medicines to provoke Vomiting yet without success she being hard to vomit in time of her health and upon this sad occasion the Fibres of her Stomach were so stupified and relaxed by the Opium that they could not contract themselves to expel the Vomit Two hours and less after she had taken the Opium a great Stupor seized her Brain Opium stupified and relaxed the Nerves and rendred the Muscles of the Gula so Laxe that she wholly lost the use of it being not able to swallow and immediately after was afflicted with a great difficulty of breathing which grew higher and higher so that the Muscles of the Scapula were drawn in to the assistance of the intercostals and Diaphragme which being not able of themselves to perform their duty in respiration were attended with a high Stertor which was more and more aggravated from Twelve at Night till Five in the Morning about which time Nature being too much over-born quitted all farther contests Two hours after the Head being opened and the Brain being divested of its coverings the carotide Arteries did much exceed their natural Dimensions and their spaces of the Vessels swelled with undue proportions of Blood though a good quanty of it was discharged by the venous Ducts into the Third Sinus full of Blood which the Head lying low was
afterward transmitted by the lateral Sinus down to the Base of the Brain where I discerned a great inundation of Blood so incrassated by the Opium that the extremities of the Jugulars were not receptive of it So that upon the whole it is most evident that this poor Love-sick Gentlewoman was her own executioner in the immoderate Dose of Opium Opium rendred the Blood stagnated in the substance of the Cortex which caused a quantity of Blood to stagnate in the Cortex in which it compressed the roots of the Fibrils denying the access of nervous Liquor into them and so fixed the Animal Spirits that they were rendred useless as being uncapable to invigorate the fibrous parts of the Brain and Body An Apoplexy also may proceed not from concreted serous Liquor only An Apoplexy may proceed from coagulated Blood upon a Blast by Thunder but from Blood too coagulated in blasted persons upon Thunder or the like in the Cortex and Medullary part of the Brain which hindreth the generation of nervous Liquor in the Cortex and distribution of it through the Fibrils of the Brain This Disease also may be derived from the prohibited circulation of Blood An Apoplexy may also be derived from the motion of Blood intercepted in the Ventricles of the Heart in a Syncope This disaffection may proceed from the Convulsive motions of the Cardiack Nerves And a Narcosis of the Animal Spirits may come from malignant steams of the Air. caused by a suppressed motion of the Heart in a Syncope or Hysterick passion whereupon the Blood cannot be impelled out of the Heart into the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain in order to the production of Animal Liquor and Spirits This disaffection of the Heart and Brain as being destitute of a due proportion of Blood is often produced by the convulsive motions of the Cardiack Nerves and a suddain Narcosis of the Animal Spirits not only disaffected in the Processes of the Brain but Cerebellum too which take their rise from some malignant steams flowing from the ill influxes of the Stars poisoning the Air which is received by the Nostrils and conveyd by secret Pores into the Medullary Processes and cineritious part of the Brain wherein the Animal Liquor and Spirits are often vitiated and dispirited and the functions of the Brain wholly abolished as in an Apoplexy If it be inquired what is the nature of the matter of this Disease it may be replied it is of an abstruse disposition hard to be understood and is not The nature of Sleepy Diseases consist in Spirituous Saline Matter as in Convulsive diseases of a nitrous sulphureous temper but of a Spirituous-saline in which the Animal Spirits are fixed as losing their agile spirituous elastick Particles whence are propagated the Sleepy diseases of an Apoplexy Coma Carus c. The differences of an Apoplexy in short may be these The one is habitual which proceedeth from a gross Cachochymical Blood caused by an ill concoction of the Stomach and Intestines transmitted to the Brain or by an ill constitution of the nervous Liquor The Second kind of Apoplexy An Apoplexy is seated sometime in the Brain and other times in the Cerebellum is immediately derived from a more strong cause productive of it without procatarctick causes This Disease is seated in the Brain sometimes and other times in the Cerebellum frequent vertiginous Dispositions do denote it to be in the Brain and an intermittent Pulse Syncope and fainting Fits shew the Disease to be in the Cerebellum as Dr. Willis hath observed in the Eighth Chapter de Apoplexia Pag. 271. Cerebrum huic morbo magis obnoxium denotant praeviae frequentes scolomiae vertiginis affectus Cerebellum male affectum arguunt creber incubus The difference of an Apoplexy according to several degrees The greatest difficulty of breathing is a great sign of a most high Apoplexy pulsus intermittens Syncope Lipothymia frequens This Disease admitteth another difference according to its diverse degrees as it is more or less strong which is discovered by the disaffection of the intellectual or sensitive operations of the Brain or of all of them and the greatness of their malady is shewn very much in the eminent difficulty of Breathing and a general abolition of all animal Functions As to the Prognosticks of this fatal Disease it is always attended with eminent danger and very commonly with Death which is accompanied with an universal taking away the functions of The symptome of an Apoplexy attendant of Death and with an ill intermittent Pulse a froth of the Mouth and cold colliquative Sweat the fore-runner of Death And Blasted persons are frequently exposed to a deadly Fit of an Apoplexy appearing in a total privation of Pulse and Breathing associated with cold Sweats the doleful Heralds of approaching Death A sleepy Disaffection called by the Latines Carus is near akin to an Apoplexy differing from it only in a less degree and often degenerates into it as having the Animal faculties less violated in reference to the inward and ou ward Senses as it is a deep Sleep with a privation or imminution at least of the intellectual and sensitive Functions accompanied with a free Respiration which is always deficient in an Apoplexy In a Carus the Sleep is less deep A Carus is a lower Sleepy Disease then an Apoplexy from which the Patient may be awaked by a loud voice or by pulling or pinching him whereupon he will open his Eyes and will have only a very confused apprehension of any thing said to him which is wholly taken away in an Apoplexy The seat of this Disease is conceived to be not only in the Cortex but in the ambient part of the Corpus callosum too in which the Animal Liquor and Spirits are very much confined as not having a free motion into the more inward Recesses of the Corpus callosum and other Processes of the Brain The continent cause of a Carus is the same in substance The Continent cause of a Carus but different in degree from that of a Coma and Apoplexy it being lower then the first and higher then the later disease and the stupifying Maladâ—es have different denominations as the Morbifick Matter groweth more or less strong and successively arise out of each other as the later is an increase of the former Sometimes the Matter of the Disease is at once so highly exalted that without degrees Gross Humors do intercept the motion of the Blood caused sometimes by obstruction and other times by compression made by the tumor of the adjacent parts The Prognosticks of a Carus it is the cause of a Carus or Apoplexy so that gross Humors do vitiate the Nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits and intercept their motion sometimes by Compression by the tumor of the adjacent parts as well as by the obstruction of the Origen of the
bowed proceeding as I humbly conceive from a grosser Matter than that of Convulsive Motions so highly aggrieving the Fibrous parts that they can hardly discharge themselves from it whereupon the Muscles are put upon a constant trouble of unnatural Contractions till they can free themselves from their burden by the Extremities of the Nerves and Fibres A most remarkable Instance of great Convulsions of which I can give a notable Instance in Mrs. Susan Floide a Patient of mine Dr. Bathurst and Sir Charles Scarburgh being joyned with me who was strongly oppressed with such Hysterick Fits that produced universal Convulsions through the whole Body lying in a Tetanus eleven hours wherein the exercise of her Sense and Reason was intercepted and the whole Trunk and Limbs of her Body were so violently Contracted that they remained altogether inflexible and after the lying eleven hours in one rigid posture she began in some part to be reduced to the use of Sense and Reason and then creeping from the Bed to the Floor on which she moved divers times backward and forward upon her Hands and Feet and afterwards rising from the Floor she ran up and down the Chamber a good while and then turned round again and again about thirty times and so was restored to the exercise of all the functions of her Mind and Body for an hour in which she supplied Nature with Aliment and then returned again to lying on the Bed as before and began to act over again those sad Scenes in contracting those universal machines of Motion and those several parts before nominated which she did in the very same method and manner for every day three weeks or a month so that her Friends apprehended her to be Enchanted by reason of those wonderful symptoms which indeed were the effects of a Disease and not of Sorcery afterward plainly evinced in the sequel of the Cure Ut miserrimo huic aegrotanti horrenda symptomatum serie laboranti obsteticaremus methodo medendi ex Medicamentis faetidis variis prescribendi formulto instituta sed Eheu incassum omnia Tandem venis tribus aut quater vicibus pertusis liberali manu sanguine detraximus cujus pars serosa quae clara esset Cristallina ex naturae praescripto sed vi morbi opaca turbida evasit Latice â—â—tem tum seroso quam purpureo copiosius emissis generosa haec puella bonis avibus in pristinum salutis statum restituitur Having in some manner treated you with the Pathology of the Brain in point of Convulsions it may not be altogether impertinent to give you some account of Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions are nearly related to Convulsions which are so near akin to Convulsions that they are promiscuously used for each other by Learned Authors But in a strict Sense I humbly conceive they differ both in their Causes and Symptoms The Convulsions flowing from a more thick Matter are not easily shaken off which forcibly detein the Muscular parts in one contracted stiff posture The difference of Convulsive motions and Convulsions in reference to their various causes whereas Convulsive Motions do proceed as I conceive from some subtle Vaporous Matter quickly insinuated all along the Filaments and speedily discussed through the Extremities of the Nerves and Tendinous Fibres by many violent contractions of the Muscles which have thereupon frequent intervals of rest by the discharge of the Matter till new accessions are made by the Morbifick Matter infecting the Animal Liquor impelled into the Nerves and Fibres which giveth them a fresh trouble causing many brisk concussions of the Muscles which by divers great compressions empty the Tendinous Fibres of Spirituous Saline Particles and the Carnous of Nitrosulphureous till they receive new supplies of Nervous and Purple Liquor from the Brain and Heart by the mediation of the Nerves and Arteries Hence may be assigned the reason of Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions derived essentially from the Brain which sometimes are derived essentially from the Brain by an ill Diathesis of Humors imprinted in the substance of it creating an habitual weakness whereby it is rendred uncapable to exterminate the noysome Particles of the Blood by the Jugular Veins which are received and lodged with the Animal Liquor in Pores of the Brain which is sometimes so highly provoked by the trouble of the Matter it self and sometimes vehementibus animi pathematis wherein the Brain being highly molested endeavoureth to free it self by forcing the Heterogenous Particles embodied with the Animal Liquor into the Nervous and Tendinous Fibres producing great vibrations of the Muscles And Convulsive Motions are not only generated primarily and essentially from the Brain Convulsive motions proceed from the habitual weakness of the Brain This Disease may be derived from an acquired debility of the Brain Convulsive motions coming from the venenate nature of the Blood by reason of an habitual weakness and ill disposition which is sometimes hereditary infecting the Seminal Matter the first principle of the Brain propagated from Parents but also from an acquired debility of the Brain communicated to it vi imbecillitatis cerebri recipientis aut vitio sanguinis mandantis when its impure Particles are not discharged by the Lymphaeducts as some are of an opinion or in the return of the Blood by the Veins or excretory Vessels by Sweat and insensible transpiration whereupon the Morbifick Matter is impelled into the Brain by the internal Carotide Arteries whence the whole mass of Blood is infected with a venenate nature as in Malignant Fevers and Scorbutick and Cacochymick habits of Bodies as also in Virulent Abscesses and Ulcers of the Viscera whence arise great Ebullitions of the Blood whose venenate impure Miasms are carried out of the Ulcered Spleen by the Splenick Branches into the Porta and Cava and out of the Abscesses of the Liver immediately into the Cava and hence by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery and Vein into the left Ventricle and the Aorta but in the Abscesses of the Lungs it hath a shorter cut when the Ulcerous Matter is immediately conveyed by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle and thence by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Corides into the Brain whence these impurities when they cannot be otherways discharged are hurried with the Animal Liquor into the Nerves and Fibres causing impetuous motions of the Muscles which are most signally conspicuous in the Diseases of Epilepsies Malignant Fevers and Hysterick passions as to Epilepsies The nature of Epileptick Convulsive motions is very intricate their symptoms are as stupendous as their causes and nature intricate whence arise great Controversies both of parts affected and the manner how the Disease is imparted to them many do assign its chief seat to the Brain Ventricles and Coats of it others to the middle and lower Venter of which I will give you account hereafter in the Parts affected and the Causes and Symptoms of
Valley Peagles Betony Fumitery mixed with Species Diambrae Powder of Red Coral Crabs Eies prepared Pearl Crabs Claws made into an Electuary with the Syrupe of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley drinking after it a draught of Milk-water made with the Leaves of Betony Water-cresses Brook-lime Ground Pine Cowslips Mountain Sage of the Flowers of Lime Lily of the Valley Sage Rorismary distilled with Milk in a Rose Still And in this case Apozemes an Apozeme may be given made of China Sarza-parilla shavings of Ivory and Harts-horn infused and boiled in Water in the Colature may be infused the Flowers of Betony Cowslips Lime and Paeony to which being strained Syrupe of Lime-Flowers may be added A Palsey taketh its rise from a Scorbutick indisposition of Body spoiling the Albuminous part of the Blood the ground of the Succus Nervosus and its more refined Particles This indisposition is regulated by proper Antiscorbuticks Antiscorbutick Juyces made of the juyces of Garden Scorby-grass Brook-lime Water-cresses Auranges which being depurated per residentiam may be given in a proper Milk-water made of Antiscorbuticks and Cephalicks distilled in a small proportion of White Wine mixed with a large quantity of Milk in a Rose Still Electuaries Antiscorbutick Electuarics made of the Conserve of Garden-Cresses Chervil Water-Cresses Garden Scorby-grass prepared with the Powder of Egg-shels Red Coral Pearl Ivory Crabs Eies made into the Consistence of an Electuary with the Syrupe of the opening Roots drinking after it a good draught of a Diet-drink A Diet-drink prepared with China Sarza-parilla Ivory and Hartshorn shavings Raisins of the Sun stoned and in the Liquor being boiled and strained may be infused the tops of Pine and Firre and the Colature being strained may be sweetned with the Syrupe of Cowslips or Lime-Flowers Pills made of testaceous Powders Millepedes formed into Pills Pills made of Millepedes and of testaceous Powders c. A Diet-drink with Venice Turpentine may be proper in a Scorbutick Palsey drinking after it a draught of Diet-drink made of China Sarza-parilla c. as above Or a Decoction made of Ground Ivy and Antiscorbuticks and Cephalicks of Mountain Sage Water-cresses Brookelime Flowers of Betony Paeony Sage Rorismary c. Diaphoreticks may be of great use in this Disease Diaphoreticks are very useful in a Palsey as Sweats do depurate the Blood and Succus Nervosus produced by Diet-drinks of Sarza-parilla China c. or by testaceous Powders Spirits and Extracts of Guaicum Flowers and Spirit of Salt Armoniack succinated Salt and Wine of Vipers Diaphoretick Antimony Bezoartick Mineral c. drinking after them a good draught of a proper Diet-drink Mercurial Medicines productive of Salivation Some propound Mercurial Medicines in a stubborn Palsey are propounded by some in desperate and habitual Palseys which method of Physick may prove fatal in weak Bodies as Mercurial Medicines highly infect the Brain Spinal Marrow and Nerves And last of all when universal evacuations have been administred Topicks may be applied when universal evacuations have been made Topicks may be applied made of Spirit of Wine in which the Flowers of Sage Rorismary Lavender may be infused As also Balsomes mixed with Oil of Fox Worms Castor the Queen of Hungarys Water with which the whole Spine is to be annointed and afterward covered with Flannel The Paralitick parts are to be warmly clothed with Furrs or the like And at other times when Ointments are not applied the Spine and Resolved parts may be invested with several sorts of Furrs which much cherish the relaxed and weakened Limbs CHAP. LXXVII Of the Scurvey HAving Treated of many Diseases relating more particularly to the Head I will conclude its Pathology with a Disease which may claim the Appellative of Universal The Scurvey is a kind of universal Disease as it not only affecteth the nervous Liquor and its more refined Particles the Animal Spirits but their subject too the fibrous Compage of the Brain lodged in the highest Apartiment and all the Viscera the choice housholdstuff of the middle and lowest story of the Body That the nature of the Scurvey may be rendred more clear I shall endeavour to give a History of its Subject Causes and Symptomes in order to a Cure As to its Subject I humbly conceive it is originally seated in the Stomach The First seat of the Scurvey as it taketh its rise from an ill Concoction producing a crude Chyle which being not well prepared in the Ventricle maketh an ill mass of Blood indisposing the Viscera as not receiving a due percolation in them whereupon the Blood is debased and depauperated as affected with gross sulphureous and saline Particles unduely exalted so that the vital and nervous Liquor being vitiated and dispirited do produce a Complication of Diseases seated in many parts of the Body commonly called the Scurvey an Imperial Malady attended with a great train of Symptomes In the highest a partiment it produceth great and periodical pains The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the Head as now and then affecting the coats of the Brain with a hot and ill mass of Blood and sometimes Drowsiness and othertimes Watchfulness Lightness of the Head Convulsions a Palsey in several parts of the Body caused by an ill Succus Nervosus the companions of this Disease are also Ulcers of the Tongue and Palate coming from sharp Recrements of the Blood depurated in the oral Glands spued out by the excretory Ducts into the skin of the Tongue and Palate which are often bedewed with a quantity of salival Liquor causing frequent Spittings attended with Ulcers of the Gums looseness of Teeth and an ill savour of the Mouth stenched with corrupt serous parts of the Blood corroding the Gums and their ligaments loosening the Teeth from their repositories whereupon they grow laxe and sometimes drop out of the Mandibles The parts of the middle Apartiment in the Scurvey The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the Thorax are afflicted with great Stiches and shooting pains of the Sides and Sternon arising from sharp Particles of Blood torturing the Pleura and Mediastine The Lungs also often labour of a great difficulty of breathing briskly endeavouring by often repeated acts of Respiration to pump the gross mass of Blood from one Cistern of the Heart through the pulmonary Artery and Veins into the other whereupon the Heart being often oppressed with too great a source of thick dispirited Blood is highly discomposed with disorderly pulsations Palpitations The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the lowest Venter Lypothymies Synocops c. The Viscera also of the lowest Apartiment are highly anoyed in this Disease The Stomach laboureth of nauseousness belchings vomiting pains proceeding from sharp and pituitous flatulent Recrements floating up and down in the Stomach the sad consequents of an ill concoctive Faculty proceeding from ill Ferments The Hypocondres are often afflicted with inflations and croakings which arise from Wind passing down the Guts often productive
Thirdly in Wine Wine and Blood are turned acide when the Saline parts over-act the Sulphureous the Spirit being evaporated by the ambient heat of the Air or the sulphureous parts being too much depressed the Saline over-act the other Elements and turn Wine into Vineger in this a parallel of Wine may be made with Blood labouring under too active saline parts which being over-exalted do obtain a Fluor and render the Blood acide found in melancholy distempers Fourthly Wine loseth its good temper when its spirituous parts are too much depressed and the sulphureous and saline Elements being in combination are too highly advanced growing viscide and mucilaginous whereupon Wines become over-fretted or ropy as the Vintners the Masters of the Art of curing Wines do phrase it Generous Wines upon the Lees in hot weather have a long and great Fermentation as the various Elements have great contests with each other and the spirituous parts do partly evaporate and are partly confounded with more gross Elements whereupon the Sulphur being very exuberant is more and more exalted and the spirituous part adhaering to the saline doth advance it and alter the mixtion of the Elements to which being added the eminent combination of the Sulphur and Salt the Wine acquireth a rancide oleaginous Consistence And the Fermentation of the Blood in the Scurvey somewhat resembleth that of Wine in reference to the former acide disposition Blood resembleth Wine as growing acide by the Saline parts brought to a Fluor coming from saline Elements brought to a Fluor which appeareth plain in acide saline parts of Spittle spued out of the oral Glands with serous Liquor discharged out of the glandulous coat of the Stomach by excretory Ducts into its Cavity and afterward thrown off by Vomiting And the Blood also is like over-fretted Wine in its exalted Sulphur Wine and Blood are alike as growing mucilaginous by too great a Fermentâ—tion and Salt as nearly associated making a rancide clammy quality in the Blood whereupon it groweth gross producing a Cough and difficulty of Breathing and a Leucophlegmatia as stagnating in the substance of the Muscular parts of the Body Farthermore the Dyscrasy of the Blood in a Scorbutick habit of Body is somewhat related to Wine as it proceedeth from sulphureous-saline Elements when the Blood is over-powred with Sulphur entring into confederacy with a less active Salt whereupon the vital Liquor acted with an over-fretting motion doth discharge its adust Recrements by the hepatick Glands and excretory Vessels into the Ductus cholidochus and Intestines and its saline Particles into the Renal Glands and Urinary Vessels and Ureters into the Bladder And the Sulphureous saline Recrements of the Blood The exalted fulphureous parts are the cause of the over-fretting of the Blood being of a restless Fermentative disposition are transmitted out of the Left Ventricle of the Heart First into arterial Trunks and then into smaller and smaller Branches till at last they land in the cutaneous Glands wherein the adust and saline Recrements being secerned from the more pure parts of the Purple Liquor are carried by excretory ducts into the surface of the Cuticula where they are setled or concreted making Spots Scabs Scurfe Tumors Ulcers c. And if these sulphureous and salt Faeces of the Blood be transmitted by the caeliack Artery into the Stomach they produce great pains Vomitings and if they be discharged by the mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines they make Cholick pains Diarrhaeas Dysenteries c. And if the saline Recrements of the Blood being more predominant The Fermentation is more moderate when the Saline are predominant over the Sulphureous do embody with the concreted oily Particles the ebullition and fermentation of the vital Liquor is more moderate and so its rancide or mucilaginous Particles make a slow circulation through the Viscera wherein great obstructions are produced as clammy parts of the Blood do adhere to the sides of the Vessels in their passage producing a Jaundise in the Liver and a slow motion of the Blood in the Renal Glands generateth the Stone in the Kidneys when the Tartar of the Blood associated with viscide Recrements is concreted and this gross mucilaginous Blood passing through the substance of the Lungs The cause of a difficult Respiration in the Lungs and of dreadful Symptomes in the Heart maketh a difficult Respiration and this over-fretting viscid Blood taking its progress through the ventricles of the Heart maketh Palpitations Lipothymies Syncopes irregular Pulsations and polypose Concretions which proceed from a gross mass of Blood which moving slowly highly oppresseth and is ready to suffocate the Heart Having discoursed of the discrasy of the Blood and its Elements in a Scorbutick disaffection I will take the freedom now to declare how the ill principles of the Purple juyce do infect the nervous Liquor which in its own Ingeny is very mild and thin The nervous Liquor is very much exalted by the nitrous saline Particles of Air and advanced by the influences of the Planets endued with spirituous and volatil saline Particles much improved by the subtle nitrous Particles of Air advanced with aethereal Atomes and is exalted by the more benigne influxes of the Sun Moon and Stars whereupon the Animal Spirits having a subtle elastick Nature do insinuate themselves between the Filaments of nervous Fibrils constituting the curious Compage of the Brain and render them tense and fit for the exercises of the nobler and more mean operations of Reason and Sense which they celebrate in great perfection as long as the Blood is accomplished with fine vital Particles which being very much impaired in an acide disposition or when it is debased with gross sulphureous and saline Recrements too much depressing the spirituous parts of the Blood or when it is rendred viscide and oleaginous by too much exalted oily Particles combining with the saline putting the Blood into an over-fretting disposition The nervous Liquor is depraved by the ill Elements of the Blood causing many Cephalick Diseases which vitiateth the purity of the nervous Liquor and taketh off the brightness of the Rays and delicacy of the Temper relating to the Animal Spirits by making them decline toward an acide disposition whereby they grow depauperated and dispirited as losing their elastick Nature and brisk active temper the cause of many Cephalick Diseases of Meagrums Palsies Tremors Pains Convulsive motions c. which take their first rise from a discrasy of the Blood and nervous Liquor residing in a Scorbutick habit of Body Many Learned Professors of our Faculty have made the Scurvey a kind of Farrago of all Diseases which renders the Art of Physick confused in a complication of numerous Maladies having one appellative This may be truly asserted that a Scorbutick habit of Body proceeding from a dyscrasy of Blood The Scurvey is a Parent of many Diseases is a Parent of many disaffections from which almost all
with serous and saline Particles of Blood the Gums may be opened with a Lancet and Gargarismes administred made of Leaves of Woodbine Columbine Speedwel Water-cresses Scorby-grass the inward Rind of Elm or Elder boiled in Lime-water or Fountain-water to which some White-wine may be added at last and it being strained may be sweetened with Honey of Red Roses and Syrupe of Mulberies In the pains of the Limbs A Diet-drink good for the pains in the Limbs Decoctions of Sarza mixed with Antiscorbuticks may be given with good success As also a Decoction of Sarza in Water and being strained may be mixed with Milk and taken with great benefit Fomentations in this case made of Anodynes Fomentations Discutients mixed with Antiscorbuticks will appease the pain of the Limbs being outwardly applyed with Flannel CHAP. LXXVIII Of Osteology THe Body of Man being a fine Building The Body of Man of is made of fluid and solid parts is composed of more fluid and solid Materials the first being the Superstructure and the last the Foundation which giveth figure straightness and strength to this magnificent Pile of Building which is compleated by the Viscera as so many Elaboratories and Colatories of Liquors and immured within common Integuments of Membranes and Muscular parts as so many Engines affixed to variety of Bones the Centers of Motion Bones are the Centers of Motion and supporters of the Body and the Bases of the parts of the Body which else would be confused and useless were they not encompassed with and kept apart by numerous Bones as so many Preservatives and Intersepiments guarding and severing one part from another that every Member and Bowel may freely exert their Operations without the least discomposure or violation of each other So that some delicate Contextures of Parts being so many fine Vails do face this more solid Compage and others are immured within their hard Confines as secured within the safe Walls of a strong Castle The Bones are called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as keeping the Fabrick of the Body in an erect posture as Hipocrates hath most elegantly expressed it lib. De Ossium Natura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Description of Bones toti corpori stabilitatem rectitudinem formam exhibent Whereupon Bones may admit this Description as being hard similar parts and most cold and dry and destitute of Sense giving strength and support to the whole Fabrick of Man's Body which is a system of many parts of which the Ambient are divers Coverings the most fine is the Cuticula conjoyned to the Cutis a Compage of many Fibrils united to the Adipose Membrane and this to the Common Membrane of the Muscles which are fastned to each other by the interposition of many small Ligaments and at last as to a common fulcrum all these Integuments as well as the Muscles of the middle Apartiment of the Back and the Pectora and Saw-like and Intercostal Muscles are affixed behind to the Chine and on the sides to the Ribs and before to the Sternon The outward Coverings of the Head consisting of Hair the Cuticula Cutis Membrana Carnosa and Periostium is conjoyned to the Skull without and the more inward Coverings of the Dura and Pia Menynx the fine Vails of the Brain are united to it by the mediation of Vessels and Fibrils and also to each other as well as to the Skull guarding the tender Compage of the inward parts of the highest Apartiment as with a natural Helmet The common Vests of the lowest Apartiment and the various Abdominal Muscles are supported by Bones to which they are fastned as Bases or Centers of Motion the universal Coverings are tied to the Abdominal Muscles by the interposition of Fibrils and these again either in their Originations or Insertions are conjoyned to Bones The Muscles are conjoynâ—â— to Bonâ—s as 〈◊〉 many Hypomoclia as so many Hypomoclia The oblique descendent Muscles take their rise from the four or five lower Ribs and are implanted into the Margent of the Os Ilium The oblique Ascendent Muscles take their Origen near the Bone where the other do terminate and are inserted into the inside of the lowest Rib. The transverse Muscles are fastned to the Spine Os Ilium and lowest Rib and the right Muscles above to the Sword-like Cartilage and below to the Share-bone The Rim of the Belly to which the Caul is conjoyned by many Ligaments is affixed below to the Os Ilium and Share-bone and the Liver Spleen Kidneys and Intestines are fastned to the inside of the Chine by the mediation of great Trunks of Arteries and Veins The Viscera of the middle Apartiment are also conjoyned to Bones as their great Fulcrum The Midriff is connected to the Ribs and the Heart and Lungs in their Origens to the inside of the Spine by the interposition of the Vena Cava and Arteria Magna And the common Coats of the Limbs are affixed by Ligaments to each other and to the Muscles which are implanted into various Bones as the Centers of Motion so that the bony Compage is highly significant to the Body as it hath it's various parts either immediately or ultimately affixed to Bones giving stability straightness and form to the whole Body The Bones in their first entity The origination of Bones in solutis principiis are a fluid Body and borrow their origination from the Tartar of the Genital Liquor as consisting of most earthy and some saline Particles which do coagulate the gross viscid parts of the Seminal Juice first into a membranous substance as near akin to a soft liquid body and afterward by the accession of new earthy saline Particles passing through the termination of the Arteries implanted into a membranous substance the rudiments of Bones whereby the more soft Matter is turned into a grisly body and at last by a source of new Tartar flowing out of the Extremities of the Blood-vessels the Cartilaginous substance arriveth a greater maturity and by degrees is concreted into perfect Bone Bones are framed of heterogeneous parts Bones are framed of various parts of which the outward are more solid and white being adorned with a hard smooth Surface as if it were polished by Art and its more hard Particles are made up of many thin Laminae as I most humbly conceive which are produced by many saline accretions one succeeding another according to the new accession of Matter turned into Bone The more inward recesses of Bone are more spungy and black The Cells of Bones are receptive of oily Particles commonly called Marâ—ow often attended with many little Cells of various figures and sizes receptive of fat Particles which are the product of the oyly parts of the Blood destilling out of the terminations of the Arteries concreted into a Medullary substance which is also lodged in large round Cavities of large Bones encircled with a thin Membrane And farthermore Marrow proceeds from the oily
Ribs especially the lower which are most conducive to the dilatation of the Breast are articulated with the Spine and Sternon not according to right lines whereupon the Ribs when they are elevated and carried outward do come near to Right Angles and the Thorax is dilated in breadth and enlarged in length as the Diaphragme is brought from an Arch to a Plane But the upper Ribs in their anterior parts are connected to the Sternon The cornexion of the Ribs to the Sternon by the mediation of Cartilages The Cavities of the Sternon made after the manner of obtuse angles by the interposition of Cartilages among which the Cartilages of the Second Rib being protuberant after the manner of an obtuse Triangle are received into a Sinus of the Sternon by a laxe Articulation and beside this Sinus the Sternon on each side hath many Cavities formed somewhat after the manner of obtuse Angles which are not aequidistant from each other by reason the Sinus of the Sternon engraven for the Cartilage of the third Rib hath a greater distance from the Sinus of the Second Rib then the Sinus made for the Fourth is removed from the Sinus receiving the Cartilage of the Third Rib. And again a greater space is found between the Second and Third then between the Third and Fourth Sinus of the Sternon The Sinus of the Sixth and Seventh Ribs are smaller then the rest And the Sinus of the Sternon made for the reception of the Cartilages of the First and Seventh Rib do so nearly adjoyn that they touch each other and are not so deeply hollowed as the Sinus of the Sternon relating to the Cartilages of the other Ribs The fine Compage of the Sternon is framed being Convexe above and Concave below to give way to the Viscera as well as the ranks of Ribs †T. 72. F. 3. D. D. are made as so many Arches encircling the sides of the Thorax conjoyned to the Spine of the Back wrought into fine carved work consisting of various Processes to render the Thorax firm and strong to oppose the assaults of outward accidents And the Ribs are consigned to a farther use as they are elevated and drawn outward by the contraction of the intercostal Muscles The use of the Ribs to enlarge the dimensions of the Thorax to entertain the expanded Lungs in order to Inspirations and afterward when they are carried downward and inward by a kind of recoiling as over-extended in Inspiration to depress the Lungs and make good Expiration Having given a History of the Number The Origen of the Ribs in a Foetus Magnitude Length Figure Substance and Articulation of the Ribs it may seem now proper to speak somewhat of their Origens in a Foetus and how from Month to Month step by step they come to maturity In the Second Month the Ribs belonging to a Foetus In the Second Month. have their upper and lower region Cartilaginous and the other parts Bony and a Sinus may be plainly seen through which the intercostal Nerves Arteries and Veins make their progress And the Ribs and Clavicles are for the most part very early turned into Bones that they may guard the Cavity of the Breast as a safe repository made for the entertainment of the Lungs and Heart that they may freely exert their noble operations of Respiration and Pulsation within the strong walls of the bony Arches without the least compression And in the extremities of the Ribs in the second Month no Joynts or Articulations of the Ribs appear in the hinder region with the Chine or in the Anterior extremity with the Sternon In the third Month the upper part of the Ribs is ossified The Origens of the Ribs in the Third Month. and the Inferior region hath some footstep of it and sometimes to the Fourth or Fifth Month remaineth cartilaginous which is very rare From the Fourth to the Ninth Month they are enlarged in dimensions and have greater degrees of ossification as the Ribs grow greater and more solid and firm and their heads by which they are articulated with the Chine remain cartilaginous to the time of the Birth without the least degree of Ossification The Ribs in a Foetus have a Concave Surface The Surface of the Ribs in a Foetus whereby they are made so many Arches and the Six upper Ribs tend upward in their extremities and in their middle bend downward and the Six lower Ribs contrariwise have a Convexe Surface in their middle region and ascend and in their extremities pass downward CHAP. LXXXIII Of the Os Innominatum Thigh-bone c. THE Elegant Frame of Man's Body hath its lowest Apartiment seeled above by the Diaphragm endued sometimes with an arched and other times with a more plain Surface and floored below with a system of strong Bones before with the Share-bone and behind with the Os Sacrum and below with the Coxendix The Ossa innominata so called as having no appellative in the general The Ossa Innominata The Connexion of the Os Innominatum but their parts are distinguished by proper names and are connected to the sides of the Os Sacrum with a most strong Ligament by the interposition of a Cartilage Each Os Innominatum is framed of three Bones of the Ilium Coxendix The Bones of the Os Innominatum and Share-bone closely conjoyned by Cartilages which may be separated one from another in Infants by the help of a thin Knife and their boundaries may be discovered to the Seventh year and afterward their Cartilages being dried they are turned into one strong Bone which being on each side united to the Os Sacrum maketh the Cavity called the Pelvis in which are reposed the Intestines and Bladder and Uterus too in Women The Os Ilium †T. 72. F. 7. A A. hath its denomination from the Guts called Ilia which are supported by this Bone The Os Ilium This is the upper and most large part of the Os Innominatum and its inside being endued with a concave Surface is called the Costa and hath a semicircular and uneven circumference named Spina †F. 7. b b b. whose Extremities are called Labra and Supercilia And the outward region of the whole Bone is called Dorsum †F. 7. C. This Bone besides the interposition of a Cartilage is conjoyned to the Os Sacrum by a strong membranous or rather cartilaginous Ligament The Region of the Os Ilium where it is connected to the Os Sacrum The connexion of the Os Ilium with the Os Sacrum consists of several parts And the transverse Processes of the Os Sacrum where it is conjoyned to the Ilium are very various and to each Sinus of these Processes the Protuberances of the Ilium are fitted The Protuberances and Sinus of the Os Ilium and Sacrum are mutually fitted and on the other side the Prominencies of the Processes of the Os Sacrum do agree in dimensions with the Sinus of
Vterus or body of the Womb. N N. The Cornua Uteri which are extended to a considerable length O O. The Tubae Fallopianae or deferent Vessels of the Womb. P P. The Testicula or Ovaria composed of many Seminal Vesicles or Eggs. Q. Q. Muscular Fibers that go to the Cornua Uteri S S S. Numerous branches of Blood-vessels that make their progress to the Cornua Uteri Ovaria c. T T. The Alae or Wings of the Womb. U U. Part of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the Belly Tab. 12. Tab. XIII Fig. 1. The Organs of Generation relating to Man A. THe fore-part of the Bladder of Urine B. The neck of the Bladder C C. Part of the Ureters D D. Part of the deferent Vessels carrying Seminal Liquor to the Vesicles E E. Blood-vessels running to the Seminal Vesicles F F. The Seminal Vesicles G G. The fore-part of the Prostates H. The Vrethra or passage of Urine adjoyning to its spungy part I I. The spungy part of the passage of Urine K K. The Musculi called Erectores Penis L L. The origens of the Nervous Bodies severed from the Share-bones which are blown up like Bellows when the Penis is erected M M. The Cutis of the Penis being opened is turned to each side N N. The Duplicature of the Cutis which maketh the Prepuce O O. The Cutis seated behind the Glans P P. The Dorsum or Back of the Penis Q. The Glans of the Penis R. The Urinary passage perforated in the fore-part of the Glans S S. Nerves running upon the Back of the Penis T T. Arteries divaricated upon the Dorsum Penis V. The Corpora Nervosa being united W W. Two Veins uniting run with a great Trunk upon the back of the Penis X. A Vein opened that the Valves may be discovered Fig. 2. A. Part of the deferent Vessels endued with a thick substance and small Cavity B. Part of the deferent Vessels endued with a thin substance and large Cavity C C. The Extremities of the deferent Vessels inserted with a small hole into the Seminal Vesicles D D. The neck of the Seminal Vesicles is divided into two parts by the interposition of a Membrane to keep the Semen of one side from mixing with that of the other E E E E. The Seminal Vesicles distended with Wind that their Meanders may be plainly seen F F. The Blood-vessels going to the Seminal Vesicles G G G. The Membranes keeping the deferent Vessels and Seminal Vesicles in their due situation h h. The Blood-vessels going to the sides of the deferent Vessels I I. The Prostates K. The Vrethra L. The Muscle improperly said to dilate the passage of Urine M. The same Muscle turned on one side out of its situation N. The spungy part lying under the Vrethra O O. The Vrethra with its spungy part P P. The Nervous Bodies of the Penis Q. The lower Region of the Glans r r. The Extensors improperly called the Erectors of the Penis Fig. 3. A A A A. The numerous Seminal Vessels of the Testicles runnning in various short Maeanders are disposed among the fine Membranes in excellent order B B. The Seminal Vessels passing through the membranous substance adhering to the back of the Testicle C. Part of the Seminal Vessels perforating the Albugineous Coat cut off before in Serpentine Ducts they constitute the greater Globe of the Epididymis D D D D. The Albugineous Coat of the Testicle is open in its fore-part and turned to the Sides Fig. 4. Shewing the Testicles of Bruits and their Vesicles A. The Preparing Vessels cut off B. The confused posture of the Preparing Vessels C. The branches of the Preparing Vessels tending to the Epididymis D D. The greatest branch of the Preparing Artery going through the body of the Testicle E E. The ramification of Preparing Veins F. A Dogs Testicle full of Seminal Matter G. The greater Globe of Epididymis turgid with Semen H. The lesser Globe of the Epididymis distended with equality of Genital Liquor I. The termination of the Epididymis or the beginning of the deferent Vessel K. The deferent Vessel having a Ligature that the Seminal Vessels may be more clearly discerned Tab 13 Tab. XIV The Uterus of a Virgin according to Learned Swammerdam A A. THe Spermatick Vessels of each side implanted into the Ovary Tube and Body of the Uterus B B. The Preparing Veins and Arteries of each side which constitute the Pyramidal body C. The left Testicle or Ovary with its transparent Eggs. D. The Veins and Spermatick Arteries branched through the Ovary E E E. The Membranous Ligament resembling the Wing of a Bat through which the Spermatick-vessels are carried into the Tube f f f f. The union of the Hypogastrick and Preparing-vessels climbing up the sides of the Womb under the Tube and round Ligament G G. The Hypogastrick Veins seated in each side H H. The Hypogastrick Arteries placed in each side I I I I. The Inosculations of the Arteries of the Womb. K K. The divarications of Veins of the Womb. L L. The left Fallopian Tube M. The large hole of the Tube opened attended with its Fimbriae or Fringes N. The Membrane of the right Ovary taken off and turned back that the insertion of the Spermatick-vessels into the Ovary and Eggs may be seen O. The inversion of the right Tube that the Cavity may be seen through which the Eggs pass into the Body of the Womb. P. The Fimbriae or Fringes seated in the origen of the right Tube Q. The Fundus or rather the top of the Womb obscurely swelling R. The Fundus of the Womb a little opened S. The open Orifices of the Vessels cut cross-ways in the substance of the Womb. T. Part of the Membrane covering the Intestinum Rectum VV. The round Ligaments seated in each side and terminating near the Clitoris and the Fat of the Pubes X X. The outward Thighs of the Clitoris Y Y. The inward Thighs of the Clitoris Z Z. The Vessels branched through the Clitoris a. The Bladder removed out of its place toward the right side B. The insertion of the neck of the Bladder near the Clitoris c c c c c c c c. The Ureters D D. The insertion of the Ureters into the Bladder E. The Hydatids F F. The Valves of the Veins Tab 14. Tab. XV. Fig. 1. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened a. THE Foramen ovale by which the Blood of the Foetus is carried into the pulmonary Vein adjoyning to the Left Ventricle b b. The Left Auricle is endued with an oval Figure and beset with diverse ranks of fleshy Fibres lodged one above another so that it seemeth to be a kind of a little Heart c c c. The mitral Valves or Membraness encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein d d d. The Ligaments arising out of the Heads of the carnous pyramidal Columns do terminate into two or three or more branches implanted into the mitral Valves e e. The
carnous Columns adorned with a pyramidal Figure their Bases enclining toward the mitral Valves and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart f f. The Ligaments by whose mediation the carnous Columns are tied to each other g g. The Ligaments of the carnous Columns inserted into the fleshy Fibres seated on each side of them h h. The carnous Fibres placed on each side of the Columns iiii The ranks of fleshy Fibres lodged within the Columns after the manner of Lattise-work which do intersect each other and are mutually tied by strong Ligaments and Fibres k k. The Areae or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres of which most are Rhomboides some Oval and others Parallelograms Fig. 2. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened and other ways described a a a. The Aorta opened which is encircled with three semi-lunary Valves of which the greatest is placed in the middle b b b. The Semi-lunary Valves consisting of many Semi-circular Fibres immuring the Orifice of the Aorta d d d. The Membranes belonging to the Semi-lunary Valves made up of many right Fibrils filling up the surface of the Valves e e e e. The Ligaments sprouting out of the carnous Columns and inserted into the mitral Valves f f. The carnous Columns endued with a pyramidal Figure g g. The fleshy Fibres seated between the Columns and resembling Lattise-work Fig. 3. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Pig opened a a. The Left Auricle consisting of many ranks of Fibres enwrapping each other b b b. The mitral Valves encompassing the pulmonary Vein c c. The Ligaments arising out of the top of the carnous Columns and implanted into the mitral Valves d d d. The carnous Columns are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals e e e. Ligaments fastning the various Columns to each other Fig. 4. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild-Duck opened a a. The Left Auricle of the Heart composed of many ranks of Fibres b b. The mitral Valves encompassing the pulmonary Vein c c. The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the carnous Columns and inserted into the mitral Valves d d d d. The carnous Columns beautified with a pyramidal Figure e e. The Ligaments fastening the carnous Columns to each other Fig. 5. The Heart of a Salmon opened a a. The Auricle of the Heart opened into which the orifice of the Vena cava is implanted b b. The Fibres of the Auricle propagated into greater and lesser Branches c c. The Areae running between the Fibres which are of different shapes and sizes d d. The Columns relating to the Ventricle of the Heart e e. The Fibres of the Ventricle f f. The Areae or Interstices of the Fibres endued with diverse Figures and Magnitudes wrought after the manner of Network g g. The Tendon seated near the Base of the Heart into which the Fibres are inserted h h. The two Semi-lunary Valves intercepting the retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the Left Ventricle ii Fibres of the Origen of the Trunk of the Aorta impelling Blood through it into the Arterial branches leading into the Gills do much resemble the Left Auricle of the Heart Tab 15. Tab. XVI Fig. 1. A A A A. HAlfe a Lobe of the Lungs of a Man b b. The Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery c. A hole where the Artery is cut off d d. The Branches of the pulmonary Artery cut off e e e e. The Trunks of Arteries out of which many Branches do sprout f f f f. The Branches of the Artery g g g g. The Branches of the Bronchial Artery cut off Fig. 2. A. The Trunk of the pulmonary Artery cut off B B B. The lower part of the Artery opened by Dissection a a a. Little holes leading into diverse Branches of Blood-vessels b b b. Diverse muscular Fibres upon which other circular do rest c c. The smaller and upper Trunk of Arteries left unopened that the annular Cartilages may be discerned d d d d. The Branches of the Aspera arteria constituting the lesser Lobules in which the annular Cartilages may be discovered e e e e. Part of the arterial Branches are opened that the right muscular Fibres may be seen f f f f. Some Trunks of the Aspera arteria are cut off that the rest may be rendred more conspicuous g g g g. The secondary Lobules appendant like Grapes to the Branches of Wind-pipe which may be divided into more small Lobules whose interior Ducts do lead into the vesicular Cells of Air. h h h h. Blood-vessels shading the surface of these Lobues Fig. 3. A. The Trunk of the Wind-pipe b b b b. The Branches of the Wind-pipe sprouting out of that Trunk c c c c. The passages of those Branches leading into the orbicular Vesicles which seem to resemble bunches of Grapes d d d. Vessels distinct from the pulmonary covering the Aspera arteria Fig. 4. The pulmonary Arteries and Veins which do make numerous divarications which being interspersed with the ramifications of the Aspera Arteria do constitute the greatest part of the Compage of the Lungs Tab 16 Tab. XVII Fig. 1. The Tongue of a Lion a a. THe tip of the Tongue which is smooth near its origen b b. The pointed Protuberances seated in the middle and do bend inward c c c c. The pointed Prominencies placed on the sides of the Tongue which are more small then those of the middle d d. The pointed Protuberancies are more large toward the roots of the Tongue e. The Larynx or top of the Wind-pipe f f f f. The Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria which is almost circular Fig. 2. The Spleen of a Lion a a a. †A A. The Convex part of the Spleen furnished with an eminent Prominence †b b. The origen of the Spleen confining on the left Hypoconder d d d. The part of the Spleen growing less and less hath a more straight progress e e. The Termination of the Spleen much smaller then the Origen f f f. The Concave part of the Spleen adorned with a Semicircular figure g. The connexion of the Spleen with the Stomach in its Protuberance h h. And the connexion of the Spleen with the but-end of the Pancreas Fig. 3. The Pancreas of a Lion a a. The but-end of the Pancreas much larger then the rest b b. The small Glands seated in the but-end of the Pancreas c c c. The greater Glands of the Pancreas d d d d. The circular part of the Pancreas Tab. 17. Tab. XVIII Fig. 1. The Viscera of an Ape a. THe origen of the Stomach b b. The body of the Stomach c. The bottom of the Stomach d. The termination of the Stomach or Pylorus e e. The Duodenum E. The Spleen resembling the Heart of a Bird. f. The Base of the Spleen confining on the greater part of the Pancreas which I conceive to be its origen g. The Cone of the Spleen turned upward h. The larger part of
The Origen of the Intestines creeping out of the lower region of the Gizard †inclining toward the left side q q q. The first Gut wheeling immediately after its Origen for a little space and then goeth in a kind of a straight course r r r. The short Gyres of the Intestines lodged within the great circumvolutions r r. The oblong circumvolutions are three or four s s s. The most inmost oblong circumvolution T T T. The next Circumvolution seated in the middle u u u. The third circumvolution w w. The fourth and outmost x x. The Intestina Coeca arising out of each side of the Intestinum notum Tab 20. Tab. XXI Fig. 1. The first Figure of a Curlue relating to the Middle and lower Apartiment A. THe Aspera Arteria B. The branching of the Aspera Arteria under which the Gulet passeth C. The Gulet D. The Vena Cava E. The Arteria Magna F. The body of the Heart G. The Cone of the Heart H. The two Ligaments by which the Heart is fastned to the Stomach I. The right and longer Lobe of the Liver out of its situation K. The left and shorter Lobe of the Liver L. The origen of the Gizard or Stomach M. The upper Region of the Stomach N. The thin Membrane investing the Heart and inside of the Thorax o. Part of the Call p. The Guts running in five Arches Fig. 2. A. The smaller and upper part of the Gulet B. The part of the Gulet near its insertion into the Gizard C. The origen of the first Gut arising on the beginning toward the left side of the Gizard passing over the Gulet in the form of an Arch. D. The body of the Gizard E. The Protuberance seated near the termination of the Gizard F. The first Intestine where it appeareth again after it hath passeth under the Gizard Fig. 3. G. The Colon. H. The Intestinulum Caecum arising out of the left side of the Colon about its termination or rather the beginning of the Intestinum Rectum I. The Intestinulum Caecum ascending on the right side K. The beginning of the Intestinum Rectum where it is smaller L. The broader part or termination of the Intestinum Rectum Fig. 4. The Kidneys and Testicles of a Turkey c. a a. The Testicles seated between the originations of the Kidneys fastned to the Spine of which the left is the largest b b. The renal Glands placed above the Testicles and affixed to the Spine c c. The Glands adjoyning to the termination of the Testicles d. The right origen of the Kidneys being single and of a Conick figure e. The left origen of the Kidneys consisting of two Lobules of divers figures f f f f. The middle Lobules of the Kidneys being different in shape and size g g g g. The terminations of the Kidneys made of two Lobules G G. The outward is Semicircular and much longer then the other h h. The inward is much less and of a Pear-like figure iiii The Spine of the Back passing between the Kidneys Tab 21. Tab. XXII Fig. 1. The Body of a Heron opened by Dr. Edward Tyson A. †a a. THe Larynx or top of the Wind-pipe which had no Epiglottis but a large Glottis or Rima encompassed with two large Muscles †B B. The Aspera Arteria or Wind-pipe was long consisting of an abundance of annular Cartilages seated above the Branches C C. The Cartilages are almost Semicircular where the Wind-pipe was divided first into two Branches and afterward into many D. The Lungs which were full of holes both in the outward Surface and more inwardly E. The Heart of this Fowl is very long and large f f. The great Artery arising out of the Heart G G G. The Gulet which is inserted into the origen of the Stomach H. The Stomach being curiously enameled with Blood-vessels is outwardly Membranous and lined inwardly with a white hard Pellicle resembling that of a Gizard of other Fowls the Stomach of this Fowl being opened was found to be crammed with Water Scarabaei or Beetles and it was curious to observe toward the upper Orifice between the Coats that many small Glands were beset with Excretory Vessels spuing out a white Juice as a Ferment to open the body of the Aliment lodged in the Stomach which is the better imparted by the strong Muscles of the Gizard squeesing out a fermentative Juice into its Cavity J. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach K K K. The Intestines are long and of one bigness and full of many Maeanders L. The Mesentery M. The Intestinum Caecum which is single and small in this Fowl and double in most others N. The Cloaca is a large bag filled with a whitish clammy mucous Matter which may be conceived to be muted on the Wings of a Hawk by a Heron soaring above her to hinder her pursuit O O. The Liver divided into two Lobes P. The Bladder or Gall. q q. Two Ductus Bilarii R. The Spleen as I conceive is of a very florid Red Colour S S. The Pancreas is very large t t t. This Bowel hath three fair Excretory Ducts of which two were seated in the Intestine near the Ductus Bilarii and the third more remote from thence U U. The Testicles W W W. The Kidneys are large in this Fowl X X. The Ureters Y. †Z. A Bladder or Bag containing a transparent Liquor which I conceive to be Urine emptied by an Orifice †into the Cloaca N. as above Tab 22. Tab. XXIII Fig. 1. Of a Parrot opened a. THE Tongue which is flat and soft b b. Some Foramina which lead into a Cavity Analogous possibly to to the Tonsils c. The Glottis or Rima into the Windpipe d d. The Os Hyoides D D. The Aspera arteria or Windpipe E. The Larynx seated at the lower extremity of the Windpipe e e. Two small Cartilages of the Larynx f f. Two Muscles which arising from the sides of the Larynx do run into the two Branches of the Bronchia The flat Tongue and contrivance of the Larynx seem particularly to be designed for the advantage of the Birds speaking seem Gastriloqui when they speak g g. The two Branches of the Bronchia or Windpipe within the Lungs H. The Lungs I. The Ovarium full of small Eggs. K K. The Kidneys L L. The Ureters M. The Choaca N. The Oviduct O O. Two Membranes that fasten the Oviduct P. The Heart Q. The Liver which had no Vesicula fellis r r. Two small Ductus Biliarii S. The Gula or Gulet T. The Ingluvies or Crop V. The Proventriculus W. The Spleen X. The Gizard Y Y. The Guts Z. The Pancreas Tab 23. Tab. XXIV Fig. 1. The Body of a Snipe opened a. THE Aspera Arteria or Wind-pipe b b. The annular Cartilages c c. The Gulet lying under the Wind-pipe d d The Branches of the Aorta e e. The Base of the Heart adjoyning to the upper part of the Thorax f f. The
of Air beginning in a point and ending more large dimensions u u. The lowest and longest Vesicle of Air beginneth large and endeth in a Cone Tab 34. Tab. XXXV Fig. 1. Of a Pope opened a. THE great Trunk of the Artery b. The body of the Heart c. The Cone of the Heart which may be resembled to one part of the cloven Foot of a Deer d. The entrance into the Gulet e. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach f. The body of the Stomach g. The bottom of the Stomach i. The termination of the Stomach k. The beginning of the Guts where it immediately maketh a Maeander and goeth down for some short space and then maketh a Circumvolution l. The first Circumvolution and then ascendeth for an Inch and maketh another Circumvolution m. The Second Circumvolution and passeth down in a straight course between the Ovaries to the Vent n n. The two Ovaries which discharge themselves into the Intestinum rectum near the Vent o o. Part of the Liver turned up Fig. 2. The Body of a Perch opened a. The entrance of the Gulet which is large b. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach c. The Body of the Stomach d. The beginning of the Intestines e e. Two Intestinula Caeca seated on each side of the Origen of the Guts f. The first Circumvolution of the Guts beginning immediately after the Pylorus and goeth in a straight course for an Inch or more and then maketh a Circumvolution g. The Second Maeander of the Intestines mounting up for some space and then maketh a third Circumvolution and afterward passeth in a straight course between the Milt h h. The Milt placed on each side of the Intestines ii Part of the Liver seated in the Left Side k. The Bladder of Gall placed in the Right Side Fig. 3. The Body of a Smelt opend a. The Heart being as in other Fish of a triangular Figure b b. The Liver being of an Ash-colour hath its Origen broad and is a little parted toward the Right Side where it hath a small pointed Process c. The Origen which is broader then the rest of the Liver d. The small pointed Process on the top of the Liver e e. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach seated in the Left Side and the Process climbing up the Right Side maketh an Arch with the body of the Stomach and is like a Pike larger above and endeth in an obtuse Cone f f. The Process sprouting out of the Right side of the Body of the Stomach which determineth near the Pylorus g. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach where the Gut begins h. The Origen of the Guts makes a short Circumvolution and then goes down between the Sides of the Arch for some space and afterward creepeth under the Process of the Stomach and then maketh its progress almost in a straight line ii The straight course of the Guts from their turning above to the Anus below k k. The Bladder of Gall being of a Brownish colour and very large considering the smallness of the Fish is affixed to the Concave part of the Liver as in other Animals Fig. 4. The Body of a Gudgeon opened a a. The Heart of a Triangular Figure b. The Auricle of the Heart lying under it in a supine posture runneth cross the Thorax c. The Gills d d. Part of the Liver put out of its proper situation e e. The Stomach seated in the Right Side is larger and narrower toward its termination where it is conjoyned to the beginning of the Guts f f. †g g. The Guts begin in a short Maeander and then climb up toward the beginning of the Stomach where the Second begins making a short Maeander and then passeth in a straight line †h. The termination of the Guts near the Lef◠Side i. The vesicle of Gall being of a Black colour is seated in the right Side in the concave part of the Liver k k. The hard Rowes or Ovaries seated on each side of the Guts l l. The Swimmer or Bladder of Air. m. The Spleen of a Red colour and pyramidal Figure Tab 35. Tab. XXXVI Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Grey Mullet a. THE Heart endued with a triangular Figure b. The Auricle of the Heart out of its situation c. The common Trunk of the great Artery d d. Part of the Liver out of its situation e. Part of the Gulet adorned with a round Figure f. The Body of the Stomach beautified with a circular Figure in its outward circumference containing within it another Circle and both are beautified with many transverse Fibres g. A round Cavity lodged in the center of the Stomach encircled with transverse carnous Fibrils h. The Fundus or bottom of the Stomach terminating into an acute Cone ii The Intestinula Caeca affixed to the Origen of the Guts k. The beginning of the Intestines K K. The Spleen hued with a dark Red and endued with a conick Figure l l l l. The Guts making many Maeanders m. The long neck of the first Milte implanted into the Gulet n. The neck of the Second Milte implanted into the Poke or Process of the Stomach below the Body of it o. The excretory Ducts of the First Milte inserted into the Intestinum rectum near the Anus p. The excretory Duct of the Second Milte ending as the First q. The Body of the Milte lodged near the Left side r. The Body of the Second Milte seated near the Chine beginning and ending in a Cone s. The Anus Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Red Mullet a. The Heart adorned with a triangular Figure b. The great Trunk of the Aorta c. The Auricle of the Heart d. Part of the Liver seated in the Left side e e. The Gulet placed in the Left side f. The Body of the Stomach seated in the Left side G. The Body of the Stomach placed in the Right side g. The bottom of the Stomach terminating into a Cone h. The Pylorus i The Origen of the Guts making a Circumvolution k k. The Intestinula Caeca affixed to the Duodenum l. The Second Maeander of the Intestines which is very short m m. The great Gut ending into a double Branch n. The First or upper Spleen is seated near the Stomach and endued with an oblong round Figure and hued with a Purple colour o. The Second and lower Spleen is somewhat more large and dressed with a conick Figure p p. The hard Rowes or Ovaries consisting of many Eggs. Fig. 3. An Eel opened a. The Heart of an Eel beautified with a Conick Figure beginning in an acute and terminating into a more obtuse Cone b b. The Liver is adorned with a bright Yellow colour and taketh its rise in two little Processes or Heads and terminates into a kind of Cone C. The Bladder is endued with a deep Blue colour and with a Pear-like Figure d d d d. The Guts have but one Circumvolution and seem to be two in number E. The upper Spleen being of a dark colour
or rather Orbicular figure †b b. The second †is very much larger then the first and beautified with an oblong Oval figure †c. The posterior Process †is adorned with a Triangular figure and is the Cerebellum in this Fish †d. The Medulla Spinalis †is not different in Figure and Parts from that of other Fish Fig. 2. The lower Region of the Brain of a Pike consisteth of Four Processes different in Figure and Magnitude †a a. The two uppermost †seem to be dressed with an Orbicular figure †b b. The last †have the appearance of a short Oval shape †c c. The Optick Nerves †in the Base of the Brain being turned up do plainly appear to Intersect each other Fig. 3. The Head of a Tench opened The Brain of a Tench is composed also of Five Protuberancies somewhat different in Figure from a Pike †a. The first pair †are the least and seem to be endued with a short Oval figure †b b. The second pair †of Processes are adorned with an Oval figure †c. The posterior Process †seemeth to be beautified with an Orbicular figure Fig. 4. The lower Region of the Brain of a Tench is composed of Three Processes †a. The first Process †is endued with an Oval shape †b b. The pair of Protuberancies †are adorned with an Oval figure Fig. 5. The Head of a Pearch opened This Brain is much different from that of the Third Figure of the Sixty sixth Table and consisteth of Ten Protuberancies †a a. The first pair †are dressed with a kind of Orbicular figure †b b. The second pair †are adorned with an Oval shape †c c. The third pair †of Prominencies are trimmed with an Orbicular figure †d. The seventh Process †is beautified with a kind of Triangular figure †e. The three last Processes †are placed after the manner of a Triangle and are endued with several shapes and sizes Tab 69. Tab. LXX Fig. 1. The Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis of Animals †a a a a a. †b b b. THe Medulla oblongata of a Rabbet is a system of many Processes which are seated in a double row †parted from each other by a Fissure ††c c c c. †d d. The origen †of Medulla oblongata of this Animal hath two Arms †and each of them is composed of four or five Processes †e e e e e e. †f f f f. †g g. The ranks have smaller Processes †endued with an Oval figure toward the beginning and have large Ovals †about their termination and end in three orbicular Processes ††h h. †iiii †k k. The Medulla Spinalis is made up in its origen of two ranks of Processes the two highest †are beautified with a Pyramidal figure †and the rest seem to be parallelograms †parted from each other by a Fissure Fig. 2. The Medulla oblongata of a Gray Mullet †a a. †b b. The Medulla oblongata of a Gray Mullet is a fine Compage made up of many ranks of orbicular Processes and have only three in their origen or Neck †which are the more minute out of which the Optick Nerves †do arise †c c. The body of the Medulla Spinalis in this Fish seemeth to be a fine system composed of five Orbicular Processes of which the next to the Neck are the greatest ††d d. The Medulla Spinalis is divided into two parts by a Fissure †and doth not consist of any Processes which are found in a Rabbet Fig. 3. The lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis of a Gurnard †a a. †b b. The lower Region of a Gurnard seemeth to be made up of five Processes the anterior are a pair †much larger then the rest endued with an Oval figure out of these Processes arise the Optick Nerves †intersecting each other †c. The three posterior Protuberancies †are very minute beautified with an Orbicular shape †d. The Medulla oblongata is framed of two rows of Processes of which the anterior Protuberancies †are the most large and grow less toward their termination and are all of an Oval figure †e e. The Medulla Spinalis is parted by a Fissure †and destitute of Processes Fig. 4. The Medulla oblongata of a Carp †a a. The Medulla oblongata of a Carp is composed of two ranks of Protuberancies parted from each other by a Fissure †beautified with an Orbicular figure †b. †c. †d. It s Origen consists in two single Processes of which the first †is of a kind of Oval figure †and the second is adorned with an Orbicular ††e e. †f f f. The first pair of Processes †are the greatest and lead the Van in the Company of Protuberancies which grow less and less as they approach the Medulla Spinalis composed of two parts severed from each other by a Fissure †Fig. 5. The Medulla oblongata and Spinalis of a Pike †a. The Medulla oblongata of a Pike beginneth in an apex or obtuse Cone †and the body of the Medulla is a Compage framed of four rows or more of small Orbicular Processes †b b. The Medulla Spinalis in this Fish as well as most other is constituted of two parts separated from each other by a Fissure †Fig. 6. The Medulla oblongata and Spinalis of a Gudgeon The Medulla oblongata of a Gudgeon is integrated of a double rank of Protuberancies endued with a round shape †a. †b b b. It s Origen †begins in an obtuse Cone and seemeth to be composed of three ranks of small Processes †of an Orbicular figure †c c. †d d. †e e e. The body †of the Medulla oblongata is framed of a double rank severed by a Fissure †beginning large and growing less and less as they come toward the Medulla Spinalis which is divided into two parts by a Fissure †running all along the Spine Tab 70. Tab. LXXI Of a young Dog-fish called by the Latines Canis Cachaorius THE Skin above the Mouth is dressed with Nerves and Semi-circular streaks interspersed with numerous specks a. The Heart of this kind of Dog-fish is endued with an oblong round Figure ending in an obtuse Cone b. And hath as other Fish one Anricle lying under the Heart placed in asupine position c. The great Artery seated in the Base of the Heart is beautified with a triangular Figure and afterward groweth small being divided into two Branches d d. The Liver is turned up and is naturally seated for the most part in the Left side consisting of two Lobes of which that of the Left side is the greatest and the Right hath a Fissure and two or three little Creces e. The beginning of the Stomach is much larger then its termination as confining on the Gulet in the Left side f. The termination of the Stomach or Pylorus is
varionr Liquors 28 Agents and Patients do mutually act as conform in Texture wherein the small particles of Agents are suitable in shape and size with the Pores of Patients 37 Air is exalted by Celestial Emanations 29 Air is of an expansive Nature and is light in its own Nature and groweth ponderous as embodied with steams as their vehicle 34 Air is called by Mr. Hook Tincture of Earthy and watry bodies dissolved into it 30 Air is rendred fermentative as affected with the effluxes of Vegetables 31 The manner how Air incorporated with steams is conveyed from the surface to the inward recesses of the Body 395 Air being of an expansive Nature much advanceth the growth of Plants 39 The Air-vessels of Plants 821 and how they are encircled with lignous Processes and how they have an entercourse with Sap-vessels and their uses 822 823 The passage how Air is conveyed into the Mouth of Birds 1099 The Air is forced into the Lungs by the weight of the Superincumbent Atmosphaere and the Air by its elastick Particles assisteth the inflation of the Lungs 832 Air insinuates into the inward part of the Brain and mixeth with the Succus nervosus 1001 The Air consisting of various steams embodied with the Blood made up of Heterogeous Particles hath great contests by which the different parts are brought to a due temper and in some sort assimilated 41 The attraction of Aliment is not found in the Stomach but Mouth 201 Attraction of Aliment cannot proceed from a Vacuum 291 The Aliment is protruded into the Stomach 292 The Aliment is prepared in the Mouth with Salival Liquor and as inspired with Airy and Aethereal Particles 297 The Aliment is not only acted with serous and nervous Ferments as proper Menstruums in the Ventricles but also exalted with vital heat tanquam Bal. Mar. whereby the Aliment is extracted in the Stomach by Colliquation 297 Liquid Aliment having enlarged Pores is more easily concocted then solid 310 Aliment is concocted in the Stomach without corruption 312 Aliment putrified depraveth the mass of Blood 314 The Aliment is concocted by a perfective not corruptive Fermentation 315. The Extraction of Aliment in its intestine motion resembleth the fermentation of vegetable juyce 314 The alimentary Liquor is extracted by proper Ferments and afterward the Faeces are separated by a kind of precipitation 318 All antoides its Figure 636 637 Amnios its substance Figure and use 637 638 Anasarca seated in the muscular parts and differeth from an Ascitis in the parts affected and produces a Laesa Sanguificatione 134 Anasarca coming from purulent Matter 137 Remote causes of an Anasarca 137 Ab excretis à Retentis 138 The curatory and preservative Indications of an Anasarca 138 In an Anasarca the curatory Indication may be satisfied by Purgatives Diureticks Sudorificks c. 139 Diet-drinks Chalybeats Topicks Frications Fomentations 140 In an Anasarca blistering Plaisters are unsafe 141 Anfractus of the Brain resemble the Intestines 982 The Animal Liquor 1001 1002 1003 Animal Spirits and their seat and production 1004 Of their Origen 1137 According to Dr. Willis the different affection of Animal Spirits may be illustrated by Light 1147 The Animal Spirits do not differ from the Vital according to Descartes and are in truth the more refined Particles of the nervous Liquor 1005 Sylvius his Opinion how the Animal Spirits are generated in the Cortical vessels of the Brain and are the more mild parts of the Animal Liquor and of the manner how the Animal Spirits are generated 1006 and of their subject and the Animal Spirits do not subsist of themselves 1007 The progress of the Animal Spirits according to Dr. Willis and the outmost Spirits have no retrograde motion in the Brain 1016 of the regular and irregular motion of the Animal Spirits 1139 Ani Procidentia and its cause according to some Anatomists 1067 Annular Process or Pons varolii 1019 Animal Spirits have no reflux 1090 Animal Liquor is the efficient cause of the rational sensitive and motive operations 1089 The manner how the Animal Liquor is propagated and of its progress 1090 Appetite of Hunger 279 Appetite of Thirst 282 Lost Appetite of Thirst and its causes 286 Pathology of the Appetitive Faculty 287 The Diseases of the Appetitive Faculty of the Stomach 287 The lost Appetite 289 The lessened Appetite 288 The Doglike Appetite 289 The depraved Appetite Ibid. Apepsia is made à vitiata Conformatione aut mala temperie aut a fermentis male dispositis 321 pepsia proceeding from an ill tone of the Stomach 321 Appetite of Man is double to be like his Maker and beget somewhat like himself 511 Of an Apoplexy and its seat and causes 1126 and of many cases of it 1127 And how Opiates produce an Appoplexy 1128 1129 Of the degrees of an Apoplexy Ibid. Apthae the Vlcers of the Tongue and Mouth cured 156 The Architectonick power in the Seed giveth a due Magnitude Number Figure Situation Connexion c. to the Foetus 622 Arteries of the Heart and the Orifice of the pulmonary Artery and of the Aorta and the coronary Artery and the first production of Arteries 779 The substance and coats of the Arteries 780 The motion of the Arteries 781 The manner of the pulsation of Arteries according to Dr. Harvey Ibid. The Systole or motion of the Arteries is made by fleshy Fibres 783 The Pathology of the Arteries their obstruction 784 An Aneurisme and the cause of its production 785 The laceration and great pulsation of the Artery 786 Arteries of the one side of the Brain do inosculate with those of the other 987 Arteries of the Brain do not inosculate with the Jugular veins 988 Articulation of Words how they are made by diverse stops modelling the expired Air. 1149 Ascitis and its causes antecedent continent and Procatarctick 167 Ascitis coming from purulent Matter from the suppressed Menstrua from a rupture of the Bladder and from serous Recrements 168 An Ascitis proceeding from broken Lymphaeducts 169 In an Ascitis Purgatives too strong are very improper 169 Diureticks are more safe Ibid. Asthma its description causes and indications 858 859 Atheromes 143 Atrabilarian humor and how the Spleen is conceived to be the subject of it 1150 Auricles of the Heart their Figure and Connexion 719 And of their Vessels Fibres Cavities and Vses 720 B. OF the Bark of Plants and its Cuticle or thin covering 52 The Bark is invested with a Cuticle resembling that of Man's Body which is reticular made up of divers Semi-circles filled up with Bodies of various shapes and sizes and the Cuticle is furnished with divers Cells investing the Convexe part of the Cortex 52 The Bark in its inside is composed of diverse Rings of Sap-vessels and is fastened to the Wood by the interposition of many cortical Fibres somewhat resembling the Membranes affixing the Skin to the Membrana Musculorum Communis 53 Belchings proceeding from crude and flatulent Matter 343 So our Belchings are the effects
of an ill Concoction 307 Belchings derived from bilious and pancreatick Recrements 343 The Muscles of the Belly 198 Bile is full of Salt 461 Aruginous Bile resembleth the Yolks of Eggs. 465 Several sorts of Bile proceeding from diverse degrees of heat 465 Bile is vitiated by the acide juyce of the Spleen Ibid. Bladder of Gall in Man 453 to 455 Bladder of Gall in other Animals 455 456 Bladder of Vrine 498 to 500. Bladder of Vrine in other Animals 501 502 Bladder of Gall its Figure and outward and inward Membrane 453 The dimensions colour and denominations of the Bladder of Gall The protuberance and folds in the neck of it 454 The variety of vessels belonging to the Bladder of Gall. Ibid. The Glands and use of the Bladder of Gall. 455 Two or three bilarian vessels do accompany one Branch of the Porta 458 Many strange passages out of the Bladder of Gall into the Guts 458 The Coats Connexion Dimensions and Figure of the Bladder of Vrine 499 The Cavity Perforations and bottom of the Bladder of Vrine 500 The neck of the Bladder is endued with fleshy Fibres Ibid. The body of the Bladder of Vrine is endued with circular and oblique Fibres Ibid. The vessels and use of the Bladder 500 501 The Diseases of the Bladder if Vrine Inflammations Apostemes Vlcers Scirrhus and their Indications and Cures 503 504 Bleeding proper in the small Pox upon great difficulty of breathing 64 Bleeding is not to be celebrated in the Small Pox accompanied with a malignant Fever 64 Blood is refined in the Spleen 411 Of Blood 41 And its disaffections 1150 Blood is not made in the Liver 462 Blood and how it is generated and repaired by Chyle 462 Blood is composed of many parts 135 The Blood is produced in an Embryo by the heat of the ambient parts 462 Blood is percolated in the Glands of the Liver 463 Blood is also refined in the Glands of the Viscera 464 The Blood in the Jaundies is mixed with Bile in the Vena Cava 468 Blood is depurated in the Kidneys by their Structure and by proper Ferments 478 479 The manner how Blood is depurated in the Kidney which is assisted by Inspiration 479 The over-fretting mass of Blood is the cause of a difficult Respiration in the Lungs and ill symptomes of the Heart 1206 The Blood claimeth the Primogeniture in a Humane Foetus 624 The first motion and progress of the Blood in a Foetus Ibid. The Blood is the first principle of life heat intestine and local motion 625 Blood consisting of saline and sulphureous parts of Acides and Alcalys hath intestine motion in the ventricles of the Heart promoted by various Ferments 26 The Blood is exalted by Air received into the Lungs as impregnated with various steams 40 Blood how it is supported by Chyle and refined in the Glands 41 Blood is composed of Aliment and excrementitious parts 42 The alimentary parts of the Blood is made up of a Christalline or serous part and a Red Crassament 42 and both are composed of different Elemnts Ibid. The difform parts of the Blood that cannot be assimilated are secerned in the Glands and discharged by excretory Ducts 42 Blood is vitiated by pituitous Matter and by fixed Salt and Sulphur 136 Blood embodied with effete Air hath its reak discharged through the Bronchia of the Lungs and Aspera arteria 43 The distemper of the Blood maketh a timerous disposition 1149 The Blood how it is moved and by it the Ventricles of the Heart are distended in their Diastole and emptied in their Systole and the manner how the Blood is moved in the vessels 739 Borellus Opinion that the constrictive power of the Heart is less then the resistence of the Blood and the reason of the Opinion 740 The quantity of Blood which passeth through the Heart every pulsation 739 and how it is received in its Diastole and discharged in its Systole 739 and how the whole mass of Blood passeth through the Heart twelve times in an hour and how it is performed in various Channels of Arteries and Veins 740 The motion of Blood beginneth first in the Veins and doth not pass in an Embryo through the Lungs 741 The motion of the Blood made in the Heart its progress is assisted by the contraction of the Arteaies 742. And how the veins concur 753 And the ascent of Blood is not made good only by the valves of the Veins 743 The main end of the motion of Blood is Sanguification and the manner of production of Blood 744 The ends of the motion of Blood and its constituent part 745 The various constitution of Blood and its first rise 746 The Albuminous Liquor and Red Crassament and crust of the Blood and how it consisteth of many White Filaments and how it is made Red 747 The sulphureous saline airy and spirituous parts of Blood 748 The Caput mortuum of Blood and how the volatil parts are depressed by the more gross and how it is heightened by intestine and local motion 749 The various principles of Blood and how a comminution is made of its various Elements against the sides of the Ventricles of the Heart 750 And the Active and Passive Elements of Blood 751 The Compage of the Blood when it is coagulated 757. The bilious constitution of the Blood and its oily Particles the cause of an intermittent Tertian Fever 758 Blood concreted is composed of many white Filaments 770 Blood-vessels of other Animals are like those of Man 793 Bodies porous broken into small Particles of a sphaerical Figure and affected with various Angles are subject to intestine motion 64 The Bodies of Animals are more or less perfect as they hold greater or less similitude with that of Mans 1092 The body of Man is composed of three Apartiments erected upon the Thighs and Legs as joynted Columns and the Feet as Pedestals 1077 The bodies of Birds in slight are supported by Air and how they are equally ballanced and of their center of parity 497 Bones are the centers of motion and supporters of the Body and of their description and how the Muesles are conjoyned to Bones as so many Hypomoclia 1213 The origination and frame of Bones and of their Cells the receptacles of Marrow 1214 Bones are accommodated with Veins and Arteries and how they enter by small Foramina into Bones and how Blood is transmitted by Arteries into the substance of Bones and the Medulla and returned again by Veins 1215 The alimentary Liquor of Bones and the manner how their Marrow is nourished 1216 The nutrition of Bones is performed by Blood Ibid. The entrance of the Arteries may be seen in carious Bones 1217 Bones are composed of a double substance and great ones are endued with large Cavities to render them light 1217 The body of the Bone is furnished with two extremities called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of the Origen and description of an Apophysis
The depraved Flux of the Menstrua 583 Menstruous Blood cannot be the matter of a Foetus 604 Membranes of the Mesentery 384 Description of the Mesentery Ibid. Origen of the Mesentery 385 Vessels of the Mesentery Ibid. Mesenterick Plexes of Nerves 386 387 The Mesenterick lacteal Vessels of the First and Second kind 388 The use of the Mesenterick milky vessels 389 The manner of conveying Chyle through the Mesentery Ibid. Mesenterick Glands 390 391 Inflammation Abscess and Vlcer of the Mesentery and their Cures 392 393 The Hydatides and serous Tumors of the Mesentery 393 The lost and lessened distribution of the Chyle through the Mesentery 394 The Cures of Mesenterick diseases 396 The diseases of the Mesenterick Glands 397 Midriff 684. and its Situation Connexion and Figure 681 and its structure Membranes Fibres Vessels Perforations and how it is made a double Muscle by Bartholine 686 Midriff is countermanded in its motion by the abdominal Muscles as its Antagonists and of its Diastole and Systole 688 The Pathology of the Midriff and of its inflammation and wounds 689 Midriffe of greater and less Animals Beasts Birds and Fish 690 691 692 693 Milts of Fish supply the place of Testicles and have Vessels Glands and the manner of production of Seminal Liquor in them 549 Minerals divested of their qualities are revived by new impregnations of Air 38 Mons Veneris 559 The Mouth is arched above with the Palate and floored below with the Tongue 219 Mouth and its Inflammations Vlcers Gangreens 251 Mucous Matter lining the Guts 347 The Muscles are rendred stiff by the spirituous Particles of Animal Liquor 1091 The Muscles 80 to 115 and their composition of tendinous and carnous Fibres 80 to 111 Muscular motion and its manner as the Muscle is contracted by various carnous Fibres inserted into a Tendon 99 The Diseases of the Muscles 133 to 143 Muscles of the lower Jaw 244 Muscles of the Yard called Erectores 537 Muscles of the Yard called Acceleratores Urinae 537 Muscles of the Belly and their several motions 87 The Muscles called the oblique descendent and their description Ibid. The description of the oblique ascendent and transverse Muscles of the Belly 88 Muscles of the Belly called Pyramidal and their progress and rise 90 The use of the abdominal Muscles and how by a different progress of their Fibres as by a various bandage they keep the inward parts of the Abdomen in their due places 94 The description of the abdominal Muscles in reference to their Situation Figure Connexion Vses and Actions 98 The motion of the Muscles of the Belly 96 Muscular motion somewhat resemble to artificial motion by Levers 100. And it is somewhat like the motion of a Pulley Ibid. Motion is founded in somewhat immoveable as a Center 100 The Muscle according to Steno acquireth greater dimensions 101 Muscles are lessened in motion 102 Muscles are abbreviated in motion as one extremity is brought toward the other 102 Muscular motion according to some is made by Inflation and is truly inforced by the irritation of the Fibres caused by the spirituous elastick parts of nervous Liquor 182 Muscles of the whole Body are antagonists to the Muscle of the Heart 103 The motion of the Muscles quickeneth the motion of the Blood by compressing the Blood-vessels 103 Muscular Motion is not performed by Explosion 104 Muscles do naturally contract themselves 105 In a Muscular tonick Motion one Muscle ballanceth another Ibid. Antagonist Muscles are prevalent in motion as they are acted with greater Appulses of Animal Spirits 105 Muscular Motion is performed by the Commands of the Will as the prime efficient cause 106 N. NAtiforme Processes 1018 Nauseousness of the Stomach 337 The Origen of the Nervous Liquor and of its constitution 999 Nervous Liquor is a Ferment of the Stomach 301 to 305 Nervous Liquor is necessary in point of Nutrition 303 Nervous Liquor issueth out of the wounds of Tendons Ibid. The Nervous Liquor appears upon a Ligature made upon the Nerves Ibid. Nervous Liquor may be proved by the multitude of Nerves implanted into parts destitute of motion 303 Nervous Liquor is impregnated with volatil saline parts doth easily insinuate it felf into the Compage of Meat and Drink Ibid. Nervous Liquor inspired with Air in the cortical Glands of the Brain obtaineth elastick parts and is active in Fermentation 304. And is impregnated with the influences of the Planets 1026 Nervous Liquor being endued with active principles is the cause of muscular motion 305 Nervous Bodies of the Yard their Fibres Progress and Dimensions 534 Nervous juyce exalteth the Liquors passing through the Viscera and Muscles of the Body 203 The Nerves having no Cavities are not capable of Valves 104 The Nervous Liquor made in the Brain is carried by Nerves into all parts of the Body 200 The Nervous Liquor exalteth the Blood in the Spleen and Kidneys 199 The nervous Liquor enobleth the Salival in the Mouth and Chyle in the Stomach and Guts 200 Nerves arising from the Brain within the Skull and the nervous Fibrils coming from the Cortex are united in the Medulla oblongata 1039. The description of a Nerve and the treble substance of Nerves of which the soft tender substance is seated in the middle of the Nerve 1039 The olfactory Nerves of other Animals of Birds 1042. And of Fish 1043 1044 The optick Nerves of Man and other Animals and their rise and are not mutually embodied as some conceive 1045 And of Fish and Birds 1045 1046 Of the Motory and pathetick Nerves of the Eyes and their Origen and their First and Second Branch and the rise of the Pathetick Nerves of the Seat and Origen of the fifth pair of Nerves 1047 Of the largeness of these Nerves and of the First Branch of Nerves and of their Second and their progress 1048 The Sixth pair of Nerves Ibid. The Seventh pair of Nerves 1049 The Eighth Ninth and Tenth pair of Nerves and of the accessory Nerve and of the Ganglioforme Plexe of the Par vagum and the use of the knots in the Body of the Nerves and of another Plex of the Par vagum united with the intercostal Nerves 1050 Nervous Fibrils twining about the carotide Artery are sometimes inserted into its Coat And a Plex of the Par vagum out of which many Fibres are propagated to the Heart and how the Par vagum dispenseth many Fibres into all the regions of the Heart and how a Branch of the Par vagum encircleth the Pulmonary Artery and of the lesser Cardiack Plex of the Par vagum 1051 Of the Branches of the Par vagum implanted into the Stomach and the cause of the Sympathy between the Heart Larynx and Stomach and of the rise of the upper and lower Stomacick Branch 1051 The Ninth pair of Nerves and those of the Tongue derived from them and association of a Branch of the Ninth pair with one of the Tenth 1053 A Branch of the Ninth pair is distributed into
structure and various Coates 224 And of its Fibrils consigned to Tasting 225 The Tongue is endued with Cartilaginous Processes inserted into the Glandulous Coat 232 The Tongue is furnished with diverse Muscles and many ranks of Fibres 226 227 Diseases of the Tongue Apthae Inflammations and Vlcers 249 Transparent Bodies 13 14 15 16 Of Transparency 308 Tumors are to be opened when they cannot be discussed 146 Tumors of an Erysipelas Oedema Scirrhus Cancer c. 147 148 149 into Tumors when hollow cleansing and drying Medicines are to be injected 147 Tympanitis 171 A Bastard Tympanitis proceeding from a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts 171 Tympanitis arising from watry vapours is of a gentle emollient Nature without great pain 175 A true Tympanitis caused by a meer Flatus lodged in the Belly is veryrare 177 An instance of a Tympanitis commonly derived from wind and watry Humors 178 A strang History of a Tympanitis taken out of Smetius 177 U. VAcuum improbable 7 8 Vapours of a Malignant Nature are dispelled by saline Steems 34 Vapours the Materia Substrata of a Flatus 336 Vapours differ according to several subjects 137 Vegetables are a fine composition of Bark Wood and Pith 31 Vegetables have a thin Coate made up of many minute filaments interspersed with numerous Perforations 31 Vegetable Juices are inspired with Air 32 The Veins relating to the Heart the Veins implanted into the Cava the Annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava 787 The first production of the Veins their substance Coats and frame 788 The fleshy Fibres of the Cava the Valves and their use their Figure and Number and how the motion of the Blood is first performed in the Veins 787 The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures The Obstruction of the Veins 790. Their Compression various Tumors 791 The right Ventricle of the Heart and tricuspidal Valves 721 The left Ventricle and its Figure 722. Its furrows and mitral and semilunary Valves 723. The Fibres of the Semilunary Valves 724 Ventricles of the Brain which seem to be four but in truth are two and their seat and how they are equal to each other and how they are severed by the Speculum Lucidum 1009 The Third and Fourth Ventricle and of a sinus called Calamus Scriptorius and the round process to which the Cerebellum is affixed 1010 Salt Water found in the right Ventricle 1011 Of a Vertigo or Meagrum often a fore-runner of Sleepy Diseases and how it proceeds and of its Paroxysme and evident Causes 1135. Of the inward Causes making an irritation of the Nervous Fibrils 1136. And of the essence and of its seat and continent Cause of a Vertigo and of its manner how it is produced and as it is inveterate 1137 The Indications and Cure of this Disease 1133 The Viscera and Muscles are Systemes of Vessels 201 Voice is Organized by the Wind-pipe Larynx Arch of the Palate Gooms Teeth Uvula and Nose 236 Vomiting and Purging are performed by the various Motion of Fibres in the Stomach and Guts 329 In Vomiting the Fibres of the Stomach begin their Motion about the right Orifice and then move toward the left 330 Vomiting a kind of Convulsive motion of the Stomach 331 Vomitings are derived from Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers proceeding from ill Humors troubling the Nervous and Carnous Fibres of the Stomach 338 Vomiting coming from Poysonous Medicines 339 Vomiting coming from Colick pains and from Gravel and Stone 339 Vomiting proceeding from the Abscesses of the Intestines Mesentery Liver Caul c. 339 Vomiting and Purging Medicines Cure belchings coming from a foul stomach 344 Vreters 494 to 495 Vreters of other Animals 496 Vreters and their Pathology 497 498 The Vreters their Description Number Origen and Progress Connexion Figure Membranes and use 494 495 The Vreters and their Diseases Obstructions Ischury c. 495 The unnatural expansion of the Vreters 498 The Vrethra and its seat spungy and Membranous substance and Fibres 535 Vrine its Origen and parts 505 Vrine 505 to 509 The watry parts the Consistence Quantity and Quality of Vrine 506 The Colour and cause of Crude and gross Vrine 507 The Hypostasis and Contents of Vrine 508 The Vterus and its Vagina according to its seat magnitude substance inward surface and Carnous expansions Contracting the Orifice of the Vagina 563 564 with the Vessels and Action of the Vagina 565 566 The inward parts of the Vterus and its situation Connexion Figure 566 567 The Vterus of Women is void of Hornes and hath a simple Cavity without Cells 567 The Neck Orifice and inward Cavity of the Vterus 568 The substance of the Vterus groweth more thick in the time of the Foetus 568 The Coates and Glands of the Vterus 569 The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Vterus 570 The Vessels vid. Arterys Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts of the Vterus 570 Diseases of the Vterus or Womb and their Causes 608 Inflammations Carnous Tumors Abscesses Vlcers of the Womb 608 609 Gangreens Cancers Dropsies of the Vterus or Womb 610 611 Vterus of Beasts and its Vagina Orifice Cavity Connexion Glands Coats Cornua and Body 640 641 642 Vterus of Birds and of its situation Coats Glands c. 644 645 The Coats of the Vterus of Fish the Chorion and Amnios 658 The Figure of the Vterus or Womb in little Worms 660 The Vmbilical Vessels of Plants 672 The Vvula is Composed of a Glandulous substance of its use according to D. Holder 222 W. THe Weight of the Body is equally received on both Limbs in an erected posture by the Muscles put into a Tonick motion 113 Whispering 237 Wind and its Causes 177 Winds have their Origen from various Exhalations 34 Wind receiveth its different sort from variety of Vapours 173 Wind how it is produced 174 Wind proceeding from exalted Vapours caused by an intrinsick heat 174 The Wind-pipe 810 811 812 Of the Larynx or Head of the Wind-pipe and of its Figure Composition the Buckler Cartilage and its four processes 813 and the Muscles of the Larynx and the several Cartilages 814 The Wind-pipe of other Animals 816 The Wind-pipe of Birds 817 818 The Wind-pipe of Fish 819 The Wind-pipe of less perfect Animals 820 Wine contributes to the Concoction of Aliment 310 Wine turneth acide in the Stomach when its parts are brought to a Fluor Ibid. Wine is kept sweet by its united saline and sulphureous parts 310 Wine resembleth the Heterogeneous parts of Blood when extraneous Ingredients are cast into it 1204 Wine and Blood are debased when their active and spirituous principles are overpowred by gross ferments 1204 Wine and Blood are dispirited by too great an Effervescense caused by exalted Oily Particles and Wine and Blood turn Acid when the saline parts overact the sulphureous Ibid. Wine and Blood grow Mucilagenous as over fermented 1205 The Wing of Birds is extended and expanded by Muscles called Tensors and the various Motions of the Wings 948 Woman and the end of her making and manner of Production 510 The first Woman full of Beauty and perfection Ib. A Woman Created to propagate Mankind 559 Woman is Created after Gods Image and full of Beauty and Vertue Ibid. Wombs seated about the Seeds of Plants 668 Wombs of Plants are furnished with variety of Vessels 671 Cells of the Womb in Plants are filled with Congulated Liquor 671 The Motion of the Womb upward is improbable 575 The Diseases of the Womb are Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers Gangreens Cancers Dropsies c. and their Cures The Womb is not carried upwards in Hysterick Fits 612 Diseases of the Womb or Hystorick Fits attributed by Sylvius to the Pancreas 613 Wood is a Compage made of many small Tubes 31 Words 236 Y. YArd or Penis its Situation Figure Structure Nervous Bodies and their Fibres Progress and dimensions 534 The Yards spungy substance 535 The Arterys of the Yard lacerated by strong Compression 535 The Glans of the Yard and its spungy substance 536 The Prepuce of the Yard and its Fraenum and Connexion 537 The Muscles of the Yard called Erectores and Acceleratores Urinae 537 Erection of the Yard and its cause and manner how it is performed 538 Diseases of the Yard Distortion Priapisme Inflammation Vlcer Gangreen and Mortification and their Cures 557 558 The End of the Second Volume