spirits so consequently the continuall nourisher of the vitall heate the first living and last dying which because it must have a naturall motion of it self was made of a dense solide and more compact substance than any other part of the body The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the hollow veine into the receptacles thereof and the breath or aire from the lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which passe through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vitall spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholericke blood to the Lungs by the vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to containe the Aire and blood drawne thither by the forementioned vessels untill they be sufficiently claborate by the heart All these fibers doe their parts by contracting themselues towards their originall as the right from the point of the heart towards the basis whereby it comes to passe that by this contraction of the fibers the heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the transverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which lookes towards the vertebra's which chiefly appeares in the point thereof It is of an indifferent bignes but yet in some bigger in some lesse according to the diverse temper of Cold or hot men as wee noted in the liver The figure thereof is Pyramidall that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other Entrailes For the blood being there a litle more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turnes into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to a cicatrize It hath the Coronall veines and arteryes which it receives either on the right side from the hollow veine or on the left from the basis at the entranc of the Artery Aorta You cannot by your Eye discerne that the Heart hath any other Nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura Yet I have plainely enough observed others in certaine beasts which have great Hearts as swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the Heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this Entraile where otherwise it doth not concrete unlesse by cold or a remisse heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone scituate most commonly upon the fourth Vertebra of the Chest which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some thinke that it inclines some-what to the left side because we there feele the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the arteryes it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that Region is the most safe and armed and besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composeing it with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith this right ventricle was made for the necessity of the lungs Secondly to generate the vitall spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body But this spirit is nothing els than a certaine middle substance between aire and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the vitall as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or valves the vessels and their mouthes their distribution into the lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Eares of the heart which because they are doubtfull whether they may be reckoned amongst the externall or internall parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Eares are of a soft and nervous substance compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softnesse they might the more easily follow the motions of the heart and so breake the violence of the matters entring the heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the heart and as it were overwhelme and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and aire and then by litle and litle draw it forth for the use or necessity of the heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawne into the heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptinesse I will answere that that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the heart which continually drawes these matters to it no otherwise than a fire drawes the adjacent Aire and the flame of a candle the tallow which is about the weake for nourishments sake Whilest the heart is dilated it drawes the aire whilest it is drawne togeather or contracted it expells it This motion of the heart is absolutely naturall as the motion of the Lungs is animall Some adde a third cause of the attraction of the heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole body These eares differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left because it was made to receive a greater aboundance of matter They are two in number on each side one scituate at the Basis of the heart The greater at
the entrance of the hollow veine into the heart the lesse at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is to break the violence of the matters and besides to bee stayes or props to the Arteria venosa and great Arterye which could not sustaine so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tendernesse of substance Of the ventricles of the Heart THe ventricles are in number two on each side one distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where pearcing through The right of these ventricles is the bigger and incompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow veine and for distributing of it partly by the vena arteriosa into the Lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yeild matter for the generation of the vitall spirits Therefore because it was needfull there should be so great a quantity of this blood it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to bee received in the right ventricle was more thicke it was not so needfull that the flesh to containe it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vitall spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for feare of wasting and lest they should vanish into aire and also lesse roome that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right ventricle of the heart is made for the preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vitall spirits as the lungs are made for the mitification or quallifying of the Aire Which works were necessary if the Physicall Axiome bee true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious lungs with more subtle blood the substance of the heart grosse and dense with the veinous blood as it flowes from the Liver that is grosse And it hath its Cororall veines from the Hollow veine that it might thence drawe as much as should be sufficient But the left ventricle is for the perfecting of the vitall spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart THere be foure Orifices of the heart two in the right as many in the left ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the veine or the blood carried by the hollow veine to the heart the lesser opens a passage to the vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carryed in it for the nourishment of the lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vitall spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egresse and regresse to the Arteria venosa or to the aire and fuliginous vapours And because it was convenient that the matters should bee admitted into their proper ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put cleaven valves that is to say sixe in the right ventricle that there might bee three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give These valves differ many wayes first in action for some of them carry in matter to the heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back againe Secondly they differ in site for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figures for those which carry in have a pyramidall figure but those which hinder the comming back againe are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certaine fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholy membranous Fiftly they differ in number for therebe only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibite the comming back are sixe in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrary wise are shut in the systole that they may containe all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow backe into the Heart But you shall observe that nature hath placed onely two valves at the Orifice of the Arteria Venosa because it was needfull that this Orifice should bee alwayes open either wholy or certainely a third parte thereof that the Aire might continually be drawne into the heart by this orifice in inspiration and sent forth by exspiration in the contraction of the heart Whereby we may gather this that there is but one third part of that Aire we draw into the heart in breathing sent forth againe in the forme of vapour in exspiration because nature would have but one third part of the orifice to ly open for its passage out Therefore the exspiration or breathing out and the systole of the heart and arteryes is shorter than the inspiration so that we may truely say that the inspiration or drawing the breath in is equally so long as the exspiration is together with the rest which is in the middest between the two motions CHAP. XII Of the Distribution of the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa HAving hitherto shewed the originall of each of the vessels of the Heart we must now speake of their distribution The Vena arteriosa or the arterious veine and the arteria venosa or the veinous arterie each proceeding out of his proper ventricle that is the right and left are divided into two large branches one of which goes to the right and the other to the left hand the one lying crosse wayes over the other the veine alwaies riding over the arterye as you may understand better by the sight of your eyes than by reading of bookes These branches at their
entrance of the lungs are divided into two other large branches and each of them goe to his peculiar Lobe of the lungs and these againe runne almost into infinite other branches dispersed in three places over the Lungs These vessels have acquired their names by reason of that transmutation of consistence whereby the composure of a veine degenerates into an arterye and that of an arterye into a veine for the commodity of life For this is a miracle of prudent nature to change the coats of the vessels of the lungs producing a veine which in its body should imitate an arterye and an arterye which should represent a veine For if the vena arteriosae should have retained its proper consistence the arterious blood which is carried by it from the heart to nourish the lungs might by reason of its subtility penetrate through and flow away by reason of the rarity of the veinous texture and so nature should never have attained her conceived end that is to nourish the Lungs by reason of the continuall motion of their contraction and dilatation For nourishment cannot be assimulated to the part unlesse it be put and cleave to it Wherefor it was fit that nature should make the body of this veine solid that it might be immoveable unshaken and stubborne in respect of a veine which by its softnesse would have been too obsequious and yeilding to the agitation of the Lungs that so it might have nourishment which might be diffused into all parts thereof and which might neither bee drawne by its Diastole nor driven back into the heart by its systole But the arterye hath the consistence of a veine that by that veinous softnesse according to the necessity of nature it might be the more readily contracted and dilated to bring the Aire in and carry the vapours forth of the heart Here wee meet with a difficulty which is by what way the blood is carried out of the right into the left ventricle of the heart Galen thinkes that there be certaine holes in the partition made for that purpose and verily there are such but they are not perforated Wherefore Columbus hath found out a new way which is that the blood is carried to the lungs by the vena arteriosa and there attenuated and carried from thence together with the aire by the Arteria venosa to the left ventricle of the heart this he writes truely very probablely Botallus in his treatise De Catarrho hath found out a third way to wit a veine which he calls Arteriarum nutrix that is The nurse of the Arteryes which creepes a litle above the Coronall to the right eare of the Heart and then goes into the left eare thereof But yet I am very much afraid that this veine observed by Botallus is that vessell observed by Fallopius whereby the Vena arterialis is joined to the Aorta by which all the vitall blood is carryed for the forming and nourishment of the lungs whilest the infant is yet in the wombe Of which also Galen makes mention but it had laine hid from his time to this day but that Fallopius raised up the memory of it againe CHAP. XIII The distribution of the ascendent Hollow veine THe Hollow veine riseing out of the gibbous part of the Liver and resembling according to Galen the body of a tree is divided into two notable branches but not of a like bignes For the greater by the hind part of the Liver upon the back bone and by the way receives certaine other branches from the substance of the Liver which entred not into the great trunck with the rest You may often see this descendent branch even to the backe bone upon which it lyes in this its descent covered with the substance of the liver so that it may seeme that branch proceeds not from that common trunck together with the ascendant although indeed it alwayes doth But the lesser branch ascends to the upper parts and is distributed after this manner following For first ariseing into the midriffe it bestowes two small veines upon it on each side one which from that part are called Phrenicae But from thence when it arrives at the right Eare of the Heart it makes the Coronales the Coronall or Crowne veines which compasse the basis of the heart in manner of a Crowne Thirdly entring somewhat more deeply into its right Eare in its greater part it produces the vena arteriosa Fourthly lifted up above the heart on the right side it produces the veine Azygos or sine pari that is without a fellow which descending to the fourth rib reckoning from above downewards nourisheth the intercostall muscles and also the membranes of the 8 lower ribs on both sides sending a branch into each of the muscles at the lower part of the rib which may bee sufficient for their nourishment Besides also oftentimes especially in little men this veine Azygos nourishes all the spaces between all the ribs by the like branches which it sends in the same manner to the foure upper ribs Moreover also this Azygos sometimes though but seldome is found double that is on each side one Here you must chiefly observe that this veine after it hath nourished the spaces between the lower ribs in its remainder descends under the Diaphragma and is joined on the left side to the Emulgent vein by which it is manifest how an Abscesse may be critically evacuated by the urine in a pleurisye But this same Azygos is more depressed on the right side and meets with the Venae lumbares but especially with one of them which goes downe to the thigh whereby Fallopius gathers that it is very convenient in the beginnings of Pleurisyes to open the vena poplitis the veine of the Ham. Fifthly above the Azygos when it is wanting there it sends forth the branch called Intercostalis to the other spaces between the upper ribs although this is sometimes seene to come from the Axillares which Sylvius calls the subclaviae Sixtly it brings forth the Mammariae so called because in their greater part they run to the dugs between the fourth and fifth ribs for the uses formerly mentioned men and women have on each side one of these comming from the Subclaviae They are sometimes found to proceed by a certaine common orifice from the hollow veine before it be divided into the Subclavian branches but it is rather in beasts than in men these veines descending by the sides of the sternon yeild nourishment to the 2 inner muscles of the chest to the 7 intercostall muscles of the true ribs to the sternon it selfe and to its ligaments and gristles as also to the Mediastinum and the upper part of the right muscles and the adjacent parts Seaventhly it produces the Cervicalis which on both sides through the holes of the productions of the Vertebra's of the necke ascends to the head sending many
them alwayes in these places where the great divisions of vessels are made as in the middle ventricule of the braine in the upper part of the Chest in the Mesentery and other lik places Although othersome be seated in such places as nature thinkes needfull to generate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature as the almonds at the roots of the tongue the kernells in the dugs the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the wombe or where nature hath decreed to make emunctoryes for the principall parts as behind the eares under the armeholes and in the groines The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their composition but also with those whose division they keep and preserve They are of a cold temper wherefore Phisitions say the blood recrudescere i to become raw againe in the dugs when it takes upon it the forme of milke But of these some have action as the almonds which poure our spattle usefull for the whole mouth the dugs milke the Testicles seed others use onely as those which are made to preserve vnderprop and fill vp the divisions of the vessels Besides this we have spoken of glandules in generall we must know that the Pancreas is a glanduleus and flesh-like body as that which hath every where the shape and resemblance of flesh It is situate at the flat end of the liver under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion and under the gate-veine to serve as a bulwarke both to it and the divisions thereof whilst it fills up the emptie spaces betweene the vessels themselves and so hinders that they be not pluckt asunder nor hurt by any violent motion as a fall or the like CHAP. XVIII Of the Liver HAving gone thus farre order of dissection now requires that we should treate of the distribution of the gate veine but because it cannot well be understood unlesse all the nature of the liver from whence it arises be well knowne therefore putting it off to a more fit place we will now speake of the Liver Wherefore the liver according to Galens opinion lib. de form fatus is the first of all the parts of the body which is finished in conformation it is the shoppe and Author of the bloud and the originall of the veines the substance of it is like the concrete mudde of the bloud the quantitie of it is diverse not onely in bodies of different but also of the same species as in men amongst themselves of whom one will bee gluttonous and fearefull another bold and temperate or sober for hee shall have a greater liver than this because it must receive and concoct a greater quantitie of Chylus yet the liver is great in all men because they have need of a great quantitie of bloud for the repairing of so many spirits the substantificke moisture which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contemplation But there may bee a a twofold reason given why such as are fearefull have a larger liver The first is because in those the vitall facultie in which the heate of courage and anger resides which is in the heart is weake and therefore the defect of it must be supplied by the strength of the naturall facultie For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part by the increase and accession of another The other reason is because cold men have a great appetite for by Galens opinion In arte parva coldnesse increases the appetite by which it comes to passe that they have a greater quantitie of Chylus by which plenty the liver is nourished and growes larger Some beasts as Dogges and swine have the liver divided into five or more Lobes but a man hath but one Lobe or two or three at the most and these not so much distinguished as which chearish the upper and hollow region of the ventricle with embracing to helpe forward the worke of concoction Therefore the liver is almost content with one Lobe although it is alwayes rent with a small division that the umbilicall veine pearcing into the roots and substance of it may have a free passage but also oftentimes there is as it were a certaine small lobe of the liver laid under that umbilicall veine as a cushion The figure of the liver is gibbous rising up and smooth towards the Midriffe towards the stomacke is the simous or hollow side of it somewhat unequall and rough by reason of the distance of the Lobes the originall of the hollow veine and the site of the bladder of the Gall. The composition of the liver is of veines nerves arteryes the coate and proper substance thereof which we call the grosse and concreet blood or Parenchyma Veines and arteryes come to it from the navell but nerves immediatly from these which are diffused over the stomack according to Hippocrates yet they penetrate not very deep into its substance for it seemes not to stand in neede of such exact sense but they are distributed upon the coate and surface there of because this part made for distribution over the whole body keepes to it selfe no acrid or maligne humor for the perception of which it should neede a nerve although the coate investing it sends many nervous fibers into its substance as is apparent by the taking away of the coate from a boiled liver we must thinke the same of the other entrals The coate of the liver is from the Peritonaeum waxing small from the umbilicall veine when it divides it selfe for the generation of the gate and hollow veines as is observed by Galen lib. de format Fatus The liver is onely one situate in the greater part on the right side but with the lesser part on the left quite contrary to the stomacke It s chiefe connexion is with the stomacke and guts by the veines and membranes of the Peritonaeum by the howllow veine and artery with the heart by the nerve with the braine and by the same ligatu res with all the parts of the whole body It is of a hot and moist temper and such as have it more hot have large veines and hot bloud but such as have it cold have small veines and a discoloured hew The Action of the Liver is the conversion of the Chylus into bloud the worke of the second concoction For although the Chylus entring into the meseraicke veines receive some resemblance of bloud yet it acquires not the forme and perfection of bloud before it be elaborate and fully concoct in the liver It is bound and tied with three strong ligaments two on the sides in the midst of the bastard ribs to beare up its sides and the third more high and strong descending from the breast-blade to sustaine its proper part which with its weight would presse the lower orifice of the stomacke and
Number Site Their substance Magnitudeand figure Composition The Coaâ— Erythrâ—is The Epididymis or Darteâ— The Cremaster muscles Temper Action Their substance Here the Author speakes otherwise then Galen Action Their quantity figure and composure Their temper and number Vasa ejaculatoria the ejaculatory or leading vessels Their number and action This Caruncle must be observed and distinguished from a Hypersarcosis or fleshy excrescence The Prostatae Their quantity and figurâ— Number and site An anatomicall axiome Their use Roud in method med ad morbos The substance magnitude figure and composure of the vreters Number and site Connexion Temper and use The substance Figure Composition Temper use or action Their sphincter of the bladder The necke of the bladder The connexion and use thereof The substance quantity and figure of the yarde Composure The ligaments The muscles Their Action The Nut. The Praeputium or foreskin In what the sperematicke vessels in weomen differ from those in men Why they are larger but shorter then mens In what their testicles differ from mens Lib. 14. de usu part Site Connexion Temper Their ejaculatory vessels Why they have more intricate windings Their fite Wherein the privy parts in weomen differ from those in men The substance and magnitude of the wombe Figure The hornes of the wombe Composure The veines and Arteryes Nerves The Coats No cels in the wombe The site The temper and action The Cotyledones Columbus justly reproved The orifice of the wombe The proper orifice of the wombe is not alwayes exactly shut in women with child The necke of the wombe It s magnitude Composition Number and site Temper No Hymen From whence the blood proceeds that breaks forth in some virgins in the first coition Alae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cleitoris tentige Their substance magnitude figure and composure Their number He shewes by three severall reasons that there is no Allantoides Their temper and use What the navell is Their Navell is the Center of the body The figure and composure Lib. de format fatus in uterâ— There is onely one veine in a childs navill but no Vrachus The conteining parts of the Chest Why nature hath made the Chest partly bony partly griâ—tâ—ely The number of the bones of the Sternon Cartilago scutiformis the brest-blade What a Gristle is The differences thereof Their two fold use The division of the chest into its parts Their substance Magnitude Figure Composure Which glandules have nerves and which have none Their Connexion How the brests and wombe communicate each with other Their temper * Recrudescere Their action and use The Nipples What a Bone is A double sense Lib. 1. de Locis affectis Why the bones have such small veine Whence the difference of bones may be taken The Clavicles or collar bones Lib. 13. da 〈◊〉 part Cap. 11. The Ribs Their consistance What the membrane investing the Ribs is It s originall Whether as there is a two-fold pleurisie so also a double Pleura The Magnitude and figure The substance and magnitude The figure The use What the midreffe is It s substance composition c. Connexion Quantity Action Why the Diaphragma was called Phrenes Their substance quantity The Lobes thereof Figure Composition The sticking of the lungs to the Ribs Their nourishment Why the lungs are light The use of Respiration or breathing Whence it hath its matter Number and connexion Vse From whence the matter of the watery humor conteined in the Pericardium The Consistence What the heart is and of what substance The three sorts of fibers of the Hearâ— The magnitude Figure Composition The proper vessels The Nerves Number and site Connexion Temper and action What the vitall spirit is The Auriculae Cordis or eares of the heart Their magnitude and numbers Their 〈◊〉 The partitiâ—… betweene the ventricules of the Heart Why the right ventricule is more capacious and lesse compact Why the right ventricle is more capaciout and lesse compact The action of the right ventricle The action of the left ventricle The uses of the foure orifices of the Heart The valves How they differ Action Site Figure Substance Number Motion Why there be onely two valves at the Arteria venosa The Artery alwayes lyes under the veine A twofold reason why the veine was made Arterious or like are Artery Why the Artery was made like a veine By what way blood may passe out of the right into the left ventricle The veine called the nurse of the Arteries Fallop initio obser Arteriarum Gal. lib. 15 de â—su part cap. 6. Gal. lib. de form saetut The greater descondent branch of the hollow veine The upper branch of the hollow veine is the lesse Venae phrenicae Coronales Vena Arteriosa Vena Azygos or sine part This Azygos sometimes two How the matter of a pleurisie may be evacuated by vrine Interrestalis Mammaria Cervicalis Musculosa In what place cupping glasses may be fitly applyed in a bastard Pleurisie Axillaris Humeralis Iugularis interna et externa Into what parts the Iugularis interna goes Into what parts the Iugularis externa goes Where the external Iugular veine may be fitly opened in inflammations of the parts of the mouth Vena recta Vena pupis Three paire of nerves of the sixt conjugation Ramus Costalis Recurrens An anatomical Axiome Why nature would have the vocall nerves recurrent Ramus stomachicus The left branch of the ascendant artery is lesse then the right The distribution of the left subclavian artery into the 1 Intercostalis 2 Mammaria 3. Cervicalis 4 Musculosa 5 Humoraria duplex 6 Theracica duplex The distribution of the right subclavian Artery The Carotides or sleepy arteries Their division The distribution of the internall branch of the sleepy arteries To what parts the externall branch of the sleepy artery arrives What the Thymus is The use The magnitude The substance Composure Why the back part of the weazon is ligamentous Why the fore-part is gristlely The number and site The division of the weazon through the Lobes of the Lungs The temper and action The substance Attractive force thereof The composure The magnitude The figure Site Temper and action Why we cannot sup and blow at one time What the head is Why seated in the highest place The figure The division thereof The â—…ining parts of the head The parts conteined What the haire is The use thereof What the hairy scalpe is It s connexion * Our Author with Fallopius and Laurentius confoundes the pericranium and periâ—stium but Vesalius Bauhinus and Bartheolinus distinguish them making the pericranium thin and soft and the periostium most thin and nervous and of most exquisite sense Why the wounds thereof must not be neglected The Pericranium and periostium of the same nature Whence all the membranes proceed Why when any membranous part is hurt in any part of the body the head is affected by consent The use of the Pericranium Their use and number Some sculls want Sutures Cels lib.
And you must observe that when we say the body or any part of it is hot wee understand more hot than is fit for one of that kinde which is tempered to justice as when we say a man hath a hot liver wee meane his liver is hotter than a man justly tempered should have for all other tempers whether of the whole body or any of the parts thereof are to be referred to this and in the cure of diseases we must looke upon it as the marke and labour to preserve it by the use of convenient things as much as lies in our power Wherefore because it is very necessary to know the distinction of temperaments I have thought good in this place briefly to handle the temperaments of the parts of the body ages seasons of the yeare humors and medicines Therefore the temperaments of the parts of our body are of this nature not onely by the judgement of the touch of a mans hand which is justly tempered who is often deceived by flowing heate which spread from the heart into all the body imparts a certaine kinde of heate to all the parts but also by the rule of their reason composure and sustance as A Bone is the most drie and cold A Gristle lesse than it A Ligament lesse than a Gristle A Tendon is so much drier and colder than the membrane by how much it in the same temper exceedes a Veine and Arterie Then follow the harder veines for the softer are in a middle temper of drinesse and moisture like as the skinne although all both soft and hard are of a cold temper Wherefore all these parts of their owne nature are cold and without bloud although the veines and arteries waxe hot by reason of the heate of the bloud they containe which notwithstanding also borroweth that heat from the heart as a part most hot and softer than the skinne the liver next followeth the heart in the order of the hotter parts which is far softer than the skinne it selfe for if according to Galens opinion the heart is somewhat lesse hard than the skinne and that is farre harder than the liver as appeares by touching them it must necessarily follow that the liver much exceedes the skinne in softnesse I understand the skinne simple and separated from the flesh lying under it to which it firmely cleaves The flesh is more moist and hot than the skinne by reason of the bloud dispersed in it The spinall marrow is colder and moister than the skinne but the braine so much exceeds it in moisture as it is exceeded by the fat The lungs are not so moist as the fat and the spleene and kidnies are of the like nature and neverthelesse they are all moister than the skinne According to the diversities of ages the temperaments both of the whole body and all its parts undergoe great mutations for the bones are farre harder in old men than in children because our life is as it were a certaine progresse to drinesse which when it comes to the height consequently causeth death Wherefore in this place we must speake of the Temperaments of ages when first we shall have defined what an age is Therefore an age is defined a space of life in which the constitution of the bodie of its selfe and owne accord undergoeth manifest changes the whole course of life hath foure such ages The first is childhood which extends from the birth to the eighteenth yeare of age and hath a hot and moist temper because it is next to the hot and moist beginnings of life seed and bloud Youth followeth this which is prolonged from the eighteenth to the twentie fift yeare and is temperate and in the midst of all excesses Mans estate succeedeth youth which they deny to extend beyond the thirtie fift yeare of age in its proper temper it is hot and drie whereby it commeth to passe that then the heate is felt more acride and biting which in childhood seemed milde because the progresse of the life to drinesse hath much wasted the native humiditie Then succedes old age ever devided into two parts the first whereof extends from the thirtie fift to the fortie ninth yeare those of this age are called old men but we commonly call them middle aged men The latter is as it were devided by Galen into three degrees the first whereof are those who having their strength sound and firme undergoe civill affaires and businesses which things those which are in the second degree of old age cannot doe because of the debilitie of their now decaying strength but those which are in the last degree are afflicted with most extreme weakenesse and miserie and are as much deprived of their sences and understanding as of the strength of their bodies whereof arose this Proverbe Old men twice children Those old men of the first ranke are pleasant and courteous and those we say are beginning to grow old or in their greene old-age those of the second sort delight in nothing but the boord and bed but old decreepit men of the last order thinke of nothing else than their graves and monuments Their firme and solid parts are of a cold and drie temperature by reason of the decay of the radicall moisture which the inbred heate causeth in the continuance of so many years Which thing may happen in a short space by the vehement flame of the same natural heate turned by feavours into a fiery heate But if any to prove old men moist will object that they cough up and spit much I will answer him as an old Doctor once said That a pitcher filled with water may powre forth much moisture yet no man will deny but that such a vessell of its owne terrene nature and matter is most drie so old men may plainely be affirmed to be moist by reason of their defect of heate and aboundance of excrements But this description of ages is not to be taken so strictly as alwayes to be measured by the spaces and distances of yeares for there are many which by their owne misdemeanour seeme elder at fortie than others doe at fiftie Lastly the famous Philosopher Pythagoras devided man life into foure ages and by a certaine proportion compared the whole course thereof to the foure seasons of the yeare as childhood to the Spring in which all things grow and sprout out by reason of plenty and aboundance of moisture And youth to the Summer because of the vigour and strength which men enjoy at that age And mans estate or constant age to Autumne for that then after all the dangers of the forepassed life the gifts of discretion and wit acquire a seasonablenesse or ripenesse like as the fruits of the earth enjoy at that season And lastly he compares old age to the sterile and fruitlesse Winter which can ease and consolate its tediousnesse by no other meanes than the use of fruits gathered and stored up before which then are of a
runs when he goes being compared to the slow and womanish pace of the Spaniard which is the cause that Spaniards are delighted with French servants for their quicke agillity in dispatching busines The Easterne people are specially endued with a good firme and well tempered wit not keeping their counsels secret and hid For the haste is of the nature of the Sunne and that part of the day which is next to the rising of the Sunne is counted the right-side and stronger and verily in all living things the right side is alwayes the more strong and vigorous But the Westerne people are more tender and effeminate and more close in their cariage and minde not easily making any one partaker of their secrets For the West is as it were subjct to the Moone because at the change it alwaies inclines to the West wherby it happens that it is reputed as nocturnall sinister and opposite to the East and the West is lesse temperate and wholsome Therefore of the windes none is more wholsome than the Eastwinde which blowes from the west with a most fresh and healthfull gale yet it seldome blowes and but onely at Sun-set The Northerne people are good eaters but much better drinkers witty when they are a litle moistened with wine and talkers of things both to be spoken and concealed not very constant in their promises and agreements but principall keepers and preservers of shamefastnes and chastity farre different from the inhabitants of the South who are wonderfull sparing sober secret and subtle and much addicted to all sorts of wicked Lust Aristotle in his Problemes saith that those nations are barbarous and cruell both which are burnt with immoderate heate and which are opprest with excessive cold because a soft temper of the Heavens softens the Manners and the minde Wherfore both as well the Northerne as Scythians and Germans and the Southerne as Africans are cruell but these have this of a certaine naturall stoutnes and souldierlike boldnes and rather of anger than a wilfull desire of revenge because they cannot restraine by the power of reason the first violent motions of their anger by reason of the heat of their blood But those of a certaine inbred and inhumane pravity of manners wilfully and willingly premeditating they performe the workes of cruelty because they are of a sad and melancholy nature You may have an example of the Northerne cruelty from the Transilvanians against their seditious Captaine George whom they gave to be torne in peeces alive and devoured by his Soldiers being kept fasting for three dayes before for that purpose who was then unbowelled and rosted and so by them eaten up The Cruelty of Hannibal the Captaine of the Carthaginians may suffise for an instance of the Southerne cruelty He left the Romane Captives wearied with burdens and the lenght of the way with the soles of their feet cut off But those he brought into his tents joyning brethren and kinsmen together he caused to fight neither was satisfied with blood before he brought all the victors to one man Also we may see the cruell nature of the Southerne Americans who dip their children in the blood of their slaine enemies then sucke their blood and banquet with their broken and squeased Limbs And as the Inhabitants of the South are free from divers Plethoricke diseases which are caused by aboundance of blood to which the Northerne people are subject as Feavers Defluxions Tumors Madnesse with laughter which causeth those which have it to leape and dance The people commonly terme it S. vittus his Evill which admits of no remedy but Musicke So they are often molested with the Frensie invading with madnesse and fury by the heat whereof they are often so ravished and carried besides themselves that they foretell things to come they are terrified with horrible dreames and in their fits they speake in strange and forraigne tongues but they are so subject to the scurfe and all kind of scabbs and to the Leprosie as their homebread disease that no houses are so frequently mett withall by such as travell through either of the Mauritania's as Hospitalls provided for the Lodging of Lepers Those who inhabit rough and Mountainous places are more brutish tough able to endure labour but such as dwell in plaines especially if they be moorish or fennish are of a tender body and sweate much with a litle labour the truth of which is confirmed by the Hollanders and Frizlanders But if the plaine be such as is scortched by the heate of the Sunne and blowne upon by much contrariety of windes it breeds men who are turbulent not to be tamed desirous of sedition and novelty stubborne impatient of servitude as may be perceived by the sole example of the inhabitants of Narbon a province of France Those who dwell in poore and barren places are commonly more witty and diligent and most patient of labours the truth of which the famous witts of the Athenians Ligurians and Romanes and the plaine country of the Boeotians in Greece of the Campanians in Italy and of the rest of the inhabiters adjoyning to the Ligurian sea approves CHAP. VIII Of the Faculties A Faculty is a certaine power and efficient cause proceeding from the temperament of the part and the performer of some actions of the body There are three principall Faculties governing mans body as long as it enjoyes its integrity the Animall Vitall and Naturall The Animall is seated in the propertemperament of the Braine from whence it is distributed by the Nerves into all parts of the body which have sense and motion This is of three kinds for one is Moving another sensative the third principall The sensative consists in the five externall senses sight hearing taste smell and touch The Moving principally remaines in the Muscles and nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion The Principall comprehends the Reasoning faculty the Memory and Fantasie Galen would have the Common or inward sense to be comprehended within the compasse of the Fantasie although Aristotle distinguisheth betweene them The Vitall abides in the Hart from whence heat and life is distributed by the Arteryes to the whole body this is principally hindered in the diseases of the Brest as the Principall is when any disease assailes the Braine the prime action of the vitall faculty is Pulsation and that continued agitation of the Heart and Arteryes which is of threefold use to the body for by the dilatation of the Heart and Arteryes the vitall spirit is cherished by the benefit of the Aire which is drawne in by the contraction thereof the vapours of it are purged and sent forth and the native heat of the whole body is tempered by them both The last is the Naturall faculty which hath chosen its principall seate in the Liver it spreads or carries the nourishment over the whole body but it is distinguished into 3. other faculties The
Generative which serves for the generation and forming of the Issue in the wombe the Growing or increasing facultie which flourisheth from the time the Issue is formed untill the perfect growth of the solid parts into their full dimensions of Length height and bredth The nourishing facultie which as servant to both the other repaires and repayes the continuall effluxe and waste of the three-fold substance for Nutrition is nothing else but a replenishing or repairing whatsoever is wasted or emptied This nourishing facultie endures from that time the Infant is formed in the wombe untill the end of life It is a matter of great consequence in Phisicke to know the 4 other faculties which as servants attend upon the nourishing faculty which are the Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive faculty The Attractive drawes that juice which is fit to nourish the body that I say which by application may be assimulated to the part This is that faculty which in such as are hungry drawes downe the meat scarse chawed and the drinke scarse tasted into the gnawing and empty stromacke The Rententive faculty is that which retaines the nourishment once attracted untill it be fully laboured and perfectly concocted And by that meanes it yeelds no small assistance to the Digestive faculty For the naturall heat cannot performe the office of concoction unlesse the meat be embraced by the part and make some stay therein For otherwise the meate carryed into the stomacke never acquires the forme of Chylus unlesse it stay detained in the wrincles thereof as in a rough passage untill the full time of Chylification The Digestive faculty assimulates the nourishment being attracted and detained into the substance of that part whose Faculty it is by the force of the inbred heate proper disposition or temper of the part So the stomacke plainely changes all things which are eat and drunke into Chylus the Liver turnes the Chylus into blood But the Bones Nerves convert the red and liquid blood which is brought down unto them by the capillary or small veins into a white solid substance Such concoction is far more laborious in a Bone and nerve than in the Musculous flesh For the blood being not much different from its nature by a light change and concretion turnes into flesh But this Concoction will never satisfie the desire of Nature and the parts unlesse the nourishment purged from its excrements put away the filth and drosse which must never enter into the substance of the part Wherefore there do not onely two sorts of excrements remaine of the first and second Concoction the one thicke the other thin as we have said before but also from the third Concoction which is performed in every part The one of which we conceive onely by reason being that which vanisheth into Aire by insensible Transpiration The other is knowne sometimes by sweats sometimes by a thicke fatty substance stayning the shirt sometimes by the generation of haire and nailes whose matter is from fuliginous and earthly excrements of the third Concoction Wherfore the fourth Faculty was necessary which might yeeld no small helpe to nourishment it is called the Expulsive appointed to expell those superfluous excrements which by no action of heate can obtaine the forme of the part Such faculties serving for nutrition are in some parts two-fold as some common the benesit of which redounds to the whole body as in the ventricle liver veines Others onely attending the service of those parts in which they remaine and in some parts all these 4. aswell common as proper are abiding and resident as in those parts we now mentioned some with the 4. proper have onely two cōmon as the Gall Spleene Kidneies and Bladder Others are content onely with the proper as the simular and Musculous parts who if they want any of these 4. faculties their health is decayed either by want of nourishment an ulcer or otherwise The like unnatural affects happen by the deficiency of just and laudable nourishment But if it happen those faculties do rightly performe their duty the nourishment is changed into the proper substance of the part and is truly assimulated as by these degrees First it must flow to the part then be joyned to it then agglutinated and lastly as we have said assimulated Now we must speake of the Actions which arise from the faculties CHAP. IX Of the Actions AN Action or Function is an active motion proceeding from a faculty for as the facultie depends on the Temperament so the Action on the faculty and the Act or worke depends upon the Action by a certaine order of consequence But although that the words Actions and Act or worke are often confounded yet there is this difference betweene them as that the Action signifies the motion used in the performance of any thing but the Act or worke the thing already done and performed for example Nutrition and the Generating of flesh are naturall Actions but the parts nourished and a hollow ulcer filled with flesh are the workes of that motion or action Wherfore the Act ariseth from the Action as the Action ariseth from the faculty the integrity or perfection of the instruments concurring in both For as if the facultie be either defective or hurt no Action will be well performed so unlesse the Instruments keepe their native and due conformitie which is their perfect health the operator of the Action proper to the instrument none of those things which ought to be will be well performed Therefore for the performance of blamelesse and perfect actions it is fit a due conformity of the Instrument concurre with the faculty But Actions are two-fold for they are either Naturall or Voluntary They are termed Naturall because they are performed not by our will but by their owne accord and against our will As are that continuall motion of the Heart the beating of the Arteryes the expulsion of the Excrements and such other like which are done in us by the Law of Nature whether we will or no. These Actions flow either from the Liver and veines or from the Heart and Arteries Wherfore we may comprehend them under the names of Naturall and Vitall Actions For we must attribute his Action to each faculty lest we may seeme to constitute an idle faculty and no way profitable for use The unvoluntary vitall actions are the dilation contraction of the Heart and Arteryes the which we comprehend under the sole name of the Pulse by that they draw in and by this they expell or drive forth The unvoluntary vitall actions be Generation Growth and Nutrition which proceed from the Generative Growing and Nourishing facultie Generation is nothing else than a certaine producing or acquiring of matter and an introducing of a substantiall forme into that matter this is performed by the assistance of 2. faculties of the Altering which doth diversly prepare and dispose the seed and menstruous blood to
the three first those which they call the Extremities neither doe they teach to what rancke of the three prime parts each extremitie should be reduced From whence many difficulties happen in reading the writings of Anatomists for shunning whereof we will prosecute as wee have said that distinction of mans body which we have touched before Wherefore as wee said before mans body is devided into three principall and generall parts Animall Vitall and Naturall By the Animall parts wee understand not onely the parts pertaining to the head which are bounded with the crowne of the head the coller-bones and the first Vertebra of the breast but also the extremities because they are organs and instruments of the motive facultie 〈…〉 seemes to have confirmed the same where hee writes Those who have a thicke and great head have also great bones nerves and limbs And in another place hâ—â—â—aith those who have great heads and when they stoope shew a long necke such have all their parts large but chiefly the animal Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatnesse of the bones and the rest of the members but that he might shew the equallity and private-â—are or government of nature being most just and exact in the fabricke of mans body as if she hath well framed the head it should not be unlike that shee idlely or careleâ—…y neglected the other parts which are lesse seene I thought good to dilate this passage least any might abuse that authoritie of Hippocrates and gather from thence that not onely the bones membranes ligaments gristles and all the other animall parts but also the veines and arteries depend on the head as the originall But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body he will understand wee have a farre other meaning By the vitall parts we understand onely the heart arteries lungs winde-pipe and other particles annexed to these But by the naturall wee would have all those parts understood which are contained in the whole compasse of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body and the processes of the Erythroides the second coate of the Testicles For as much as belongs to all the other parts which we call containing they must be reckoned in the number of the animall which notwithstanding we must thus devide into principall sensitive and motive and againe each of these in the manner following For first the principall is devided into the imaginative which is the first and upper part of the braine with its two ventricles and other annexed particles into the reasoning which is a part of the braine lying under the former and as it were the toppe thereof with its third ventricle Into the memorative which is the cerebellâ—… or afterbraine with a ventricle hollowed in its substance Secondly the sensitive is parted into the visive which is in the eyes the auditive in the eares the smelling in the nose the tasting in the tongue and palate the tactive or touching which is in the body but most exquisite in the skinne which invests the palmes of the hands Thirdly the motive is devided into the progressive which intimates the legges and the comprehensive which intimates the hands Lastly into simply motive which are three parts called bellies for the greatest part terminating and containing for the vitall the instrument of the faculty of the heart and dilatation of the arteries are the direct or streight fibers but of the constrictive the transverse but the three kinds of fibers together of the pulsificke or if you please you may devide them into parts serving for respiration as are the lungs and weazon and parts serving for vitall motion as are the heart and arteries furnished with these fibers which we formerly mentioned The devision of the naturall parts remaines which is into the nourishing auctive and generative which againe are distributed into attractive universall and particular retentive concoctive distributive assimulative expulsive The attractive as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricule the retentive as the Pylorus or lower passage of the stomacke the concoctive as the body of the ventricle or its inner coate the distributive as the three small guts the expulsive as the three great guts we may say the same of the liver for that drawes by the mesaraicke and gate veines retaines by the narrow orifices of the veines dispersed through the substance thereof it concocts by its proper flesh distributes by the hollow veine expels by the spleene bladder of the gall and kidneies We also see the parts in the testicles devided into as many functions for they draw by the preparing vessels retaine by the varieous crooked passages in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and facultie they distribute by the ejaculatorie at the glandules called Prostata and the hornes of the wombe supplying the place of prostates Lastly they expell or cast forth by the prostates hornes and adjoyning parts For as much as belongs to the particular attraction retention concoction distribution assimulation of each part that depends of the particular temper and as they terme it occulte propertie of each similar and simple part Neither doe these particular actions differ from the universall but that the generall are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers but the speciall by the severall occult propertie of their flesh arising from their temperature which we may call a specificke propertie Now in the composition of mans body nature principally aimes at three things The first is to create parts necessary for life as are the heart braine and liver The second to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living as the eyes nose eares armes and hands The third is for the propagation and renewing the species or kind as the privie parts testicles and wombe And this is my opinion of the true distinction of mans body furnished with so many parts for the performance of so many faculties which you if you please may approve of and follow If not you may follow the common and vulgar which is into three bellies or capacities the upper middle lower that is the head breast and lower belly and the limbs or joints In which by the head we doe not understand all the Animall parts but onely those which are from the crowne of the head to the first vertebra of the necke or to the first of the backe if according to the opinion of Galen Lib. de ossibus where he makes mention of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia we reckon the necke amongst the parts of the head By the brest whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard or short ribbs and the midriffe By the lower belly the rest of the trunke of the body from the ends of the ribbs to the share-bones by the limbs we understand the armes and legges We will follow
considered we say the fleshie Pannicle in its proper body is of a nervous or membranous substance as that which hath its originall from the coate Amnios which is next to the infant dilated neare to the navell and stretched forth for the generation of this Pannicle in which thing I thinke good to note that as the membranes Chorion and Amnios mutually interwoven with small nervous fibers encompasse and invest the child as long as it is contained in the wombe so the skinne and fleshie Pannicle knit together by such like bands engirt the whole body Therefore the fleshie Pannicle is equall in magnitude and like in figure to the true skinne but that it lies under it and is contained in it in some places mixt with the fat in others encreased by the flesh interwoven with it and in other some is onely a simple membrane The composition of it is such as the sight of it presents to our eye that is of veines arteries nerves and the proper flesh some whites mixed and interlaced with fat and sometimes with musculous flesh It is but one by reason of the use wee shall presently shew It is situated betweene the skinne and fat or common coate of the muscles annexed to these and the other parts lying under it by the veines nerves and arteries ascending from these inward parts and implanting themselves into the substance thereof and then into the true skinne The temperature thereof is diverse according to the varietie of the parts interwoven with it The use of it is to leade direct and strengthen in their passage the vessels which are disseminated into the true skinne and the whole superficies of the body But in beasts it hath another commoditie that is it gives a shaking or trembling motion to their skinne and backe for that cause we formerly touched CHAP. VI. Of the Fat. THe fat comming neare the condition of an excrement rather than of a part as we said when we treated of the simular parts is of an oily substance bred of the aiery and vaporous portion of the bloud which sweating through the pores of the coates or mouthes of the vessels becomes concreate about the membranes and nerves and cold bodies and turnes into fat by the coldnesse of the place Whereby we may know that cold or a more remisse heate is the efficient cause of fat which is manifest by contemplation not onely of creatures of diverse kindes but also by those of the same species and sexe if so be that the one be colder than the other By which we may understand that the fat is the more or lesse in quantity according to the different temper of the whole body and of its particular parts for its composition it consists of that portion of the blood which we formerly mentioned intermixt with certaine membranes nervous fibers veines and arteryes The greatest part of it lyes betweene the fleshy pannicle and the common coate of the Muscles Otherwiseit is diffused over all the body in some places more in some lesse yet it is alwaies about the nervous bodyes to which it delights to cleave Most Anatomists enquire whether the fat lye above or beneath the fleshy pannicle But me thinkes this question is both impertinent and idle being we often see the fat to be on both sides It is of a middle temper betweene heat and cold being it ariseth of the more aery portion of the blood although it may seeme cold in respect of the efficient cause that is of cold by which it concreats For the rest moisture is predominant in the fat The use therof is to moisten the parts which may become dry by long fasting vehement exercise or immoderate heat and besides to give heat or keep the parts warme Although it doe this last rather by accident than of its owne nature as heated by exercise or by some such other chance it heats the adjacent parts or may therefore be thought to heat them because it hinders the dissipation of the native and internall heat like as cold heats in winter whereby the bellyes are at that time the hotter I know some learned Phisitions of our time stiffly maintained that the fat was hot neither did they acknowledge any other efficient cause thereof than temperate heat and not cold But I thinke it best to leave the more subtle agitation of these questions to naturall Philosophers But we must note that at the joints which are more usually moved there is another sort of fat farre more solid and hard than that which we formerly mentioned often found mixed with a viscid and tough humor like the whites of Eggs that so it might be sufficient for a longer time to moisten these parts subject to be hurt by drynesse and make them slippery so fitter for motion in imitation whereof they usually grease hard bodyes which must be in frequent motion as coach wheeles and axeltrees And there is another kind of fat which is called Sevum seame in one thing differing from the ordinary fat that is much dryer the moister and softer portion of the fat being dissipated by the raging heat of the place For it is found principally about the midriffe where there are many windings of arteryes and veines and it is also about the reines Loines and basis of the heart The fat is wasted by long fasting is dryed and hardened by vehement exercise and immoderate heate Hence it is that it is much more compact in the palmes of the hands and soles of the feet about the eyes and heart so that it resembles the flesh in densitie and hardnesse because by the continuall motion and strong heat of these parts the thinner portion being dissipated diffused the more Grosse terrestriall remaine CHAP. VII Of the common coate of the Muscles NExt under the fat appeares a certaine coate spred over all the Muscles and called the common coate of the Muscles it is of a nervous substance as all other membranes are The quantity and breadth thereof is bounded by the quantity of the Muscles which it involves and fits it selfe to as that which encompasses the Muscles of the Epigastrium is of equall largnesse with the same Muscles The figure of it is round It is composed of veines nerves arteryes and its peculiar flesh consisting of three sorts of fibers the beginning of it is from the Periostium in that part where the bones give ligaments to the Muscles or according to the opinion of others of the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the Muscles which rising up and diffused over the fleshy superficies thereof are united for the generation of this coate But this membrane arising from the Periostium as every membrane which is below the head takes its originall from the Periostium either primarily by the interposition of no Medium or secondarily is stretched over the Muscles by their tendons But if any object that this membrance pluct
in which it is terminated Others have a Tendon indeede But some of these move with the bone some not as the muscles of the eyes and besides some of these have broad and membranous tendons as the muscles of the eyes and Epigastrium except the right muscles in others they are thicke and round as in the benders of the fingers in others they are lesse round but more broad than thicke such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles and Soleus of the legge others have short Tendons as the muscles which turne downe the hand othersome long as those of the plames of the hands and soles of the feet besides others produce Tendons from the end of their belly which Tendons are manifest others from the midst as the Temporall muscles Besides also others diffuse many tendons from their belly as in the hands the benders of the fingers and the extenders of the feet Othersome put forth but one which sometimes is devided into many as those which bend the third articulation of the foot otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon as the three muscles of the Calfe of the leg and those which bend the cubit and leg All tendons have their originall when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle are by litle and litle drawne and meet together untill at last carried to the joynt they are there fastened for the fit bending and extension thereof From the contrariety of their Actions for some parts have contrary muscles benders and extenders Other parts have none for the Cods and fundament have onely lifters up From their function for some are made for direct motions as those which extend the fingers and toes others for oblique as the Supinators of the hand and the Pronators others performe both as the pectorall muscle which moves the Arme obliquely upward and downeward as the upper and lower fibers are contracted and also out right if all the fibers be contracted together which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles because that by understanding them the prognosticke will be more certaine and also the application of remedies to each part and if any occasion be either to make incision or suture we may be more certaine whether the part affected be more or lesse nervous CHAP. IX Of the parts of a Muscle HAving declared the nature and differences of a muscle we must note that some of the parts thereof are compound or universall others simple or particular The compound are the head Belly and taile The simple are ligaments a nerve flesh a veine artery and coate For the compound parts by the head we understand the beginning and originall of a muscle which is one while ligamentous and nervous otherwhiles also fleshy By the belly that portion which is absolutely fleshy But by the taile we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve partly of a ligament promiscuously comming forth from the belly of the muscle For asmuch as belongs to the simple which are sixe in number three are called proper and three common The proper are a Ligament from a bone a nerve proceeding from the Braine or spinall marrow and flesh compact by the concretion of blood The Common are a veine from the Liver or trunke arising from thence an artery proceeding from the Heart a Coate produced by the nervous ligamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle But for the simple use of all such parts the nerve is as it were the principall part of a muscle which gives it sense and motion the Ligament gives strength the flesh containes the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the muscle and strengthens it filling up all the void spaces and also it preserves the native humidity of these parts and cherisheth the heat implanted in them and to conclude defends it from all externall injuries for like a fan it opposeth it selfe against the heat of the Sunne and is as a garment against the cold and as a cushion in all falls and bruises and as a buckler or defence against wounding weapons The veine nourishes the muscle the arterie gives it life the coat preserves the harmony of all the parts thereof lest they should be any wayes disioyned or corrupted by purulent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the muscles as we see it happens in a Gangrene where the corruption hath invaded this membrane by the breaking out of the more acride matter or filth CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a muscle HAving gone thus farre it remaines that we more particularly inquire into each part of a muscle that if it be possible nothing may be wanting to this discourse Wherefore a Ligament properly so called is a simple part of mans body next of a bone and gristle the most terrestriall dry hard cold white taking its originall immediatly or by the interposition of some Medium from the BOnes or Gristles from whence also the Muscles have their beginning wherby it comes to passe that a ligament is void of sense unlesse it receive a nerve from some other place For so the Ligaments which compose strengthen the Tongue and yeard are partakers of sense and it inserts it self into the bone and gristle that so it may bind them together and strengthen and beautifie the whole joynt or connexion for these three be the principal uses of a Ligament then diffusing it self into the membranes and muscles to strengthen those parts A nerve to speake properly is also a simple parte of our body bred and nourished by a grosse and Phlegmaticke humor such as the braine the originall of all the nerves and also the Spinall marrow endewed with the faculty of feeling and oftentimes also of moving For there be divers parts of the body which have nerves yet are destitute of all voluntary motion having the sense onely of feeling as the membranes veines arteries guts and all the entrailes A nerve is covered with a double cover from the two membranes of the braine and besides also with a third proceeding from the ligaments which fasten the hinder part of the head to the Vertebra's or else from the Pericranium Wee understand no other things by the fibers of a nerve or of a Ligament than long and slender threds white solid cold strong more or lesse according to the quantity of the substance which is partly nervous and sensible partly Ligamentous and insensible You must imagine the same of the fleshy fibers in their kind but of these threds some are straight for attraction others oblique for retention of that which is convenient for the creature and lastly some transverse for the expulsion of which is unprofitable But when these transverse threds are extended in length they are lessened in bredth but when they are directly contracted they are shortened in length But when they
so cause a falling or drawing downe of the sternon and coller bone And thus much may suffice for is proper ligaments for we before mentioned its common the veines arteries nerves and coate of the Peritonaeum by which it is knit to the loines and other naturall parts But wee must note that besides these three proper ligaments the liver is also bound with others to the bastard ribs os Sylvius observes in his Anatomicall observations and Hollerius in his Practife Cap. de Pleuritide CHAP. XIX Of the bladder of the Gall. NOw wee must come to the bladder of the Gall which is of a nervous substance and of the bignesse of a small peare it is of figure round with the bottome more large but the sides and mouth more narrow and straite It is composed of a double coate one proper consisting of three sorts of fibers the other from the peritonaeum It hath a veine from the Porta or gate veine and an artery from that which is diffused into the liver and a nerve from the sixt conjugation It is but one and that hid on the right side under the greater lobe of the liver it is knit with the touching of its own body and of the passages and channels made for the performance of its actions with the liver and in like manner with the Duodenum and not seldome with the stomack also by another passage to conclude to all the parts by its veines nerves atteries and common coate It is of a cold temper as every nervous part is The action of it is to separate from the liver the cholericke humor and that excrementitious but yet naturall by the helpe of the right fibers for the purifying of the bloud and by the oblique fibers so long to keepe it being drawne untill it begin to become troublesome in quantitie qualitie or its whole substance and then by the transverse fibers to put it downe into the Duodenum to provoke the expulsiue facultie of the guts I know Fallopius denies the texture of so many fibers to be the minister of such action to the gall But Vesalius seemes sufficiently to have answered him The bladder of the gall hath divers channels for comming with a narrow necke even to the beginning of the gate veine it is divided into two passages the one whereof suffering no division is carried into the Duodenum vnlesse that in some it send another branch into the bottome of the stomack as is observed by Galen which men have a miserable and wretched life being subject to cholericke vomitings especially when their stomackes are empty with great paines of their stomacke and head as is also observed by Galen Cap. 74. Artis Med. The other comming out of the body of the liver devides it selfe into two or three passages againe entering the substance of the liver is divided with infinite branches accompanying so many branches of the gate veine through the substance of the liver that so the blood unlesse it be most elaborate and pure may not rise into the hollow veine all which things Dissection doth manifestly teach The sixth Figure of the bladder of the Gall. M. The Pylorus joyned to the Duedenum N. the Duodenū joyned to the Pylorus P. shewes the bottome of the bladder of the gall QQ the holes of the bladder of gall dispersed through the liver betwixt the rootes of the hollow and gate veines R. the roote of the gate veine in the liver S. the root of the hollow veine in the liver a. the concourse or meeting of the passages of choller into one branch b. the necke of the bladder into which the passage is inserted c. the passage of the gall into the Duodenum d. the Duodenum opened to manifest the insertion of the porus biliaris e. anarterie going to the hollow part of the liver and the bladder of the gall f. a small nerve belonging to the liver and the bladder of gall from the ribbe branch of the sixth paire gg the cysticke twins from the gate veine CHAP. XX. Of the Spleene or Milt BVt because we cannot well shew the distribution of the gate veine unlesse the spleene be first taken away and removed from its seate therefore before we go any further I have thought good to treate of the spleene Therefore the spleene is of a soft rare and spongious substance whereby it might more easily receive and drinke up the dreggs of the bloud from the liver and of a flesh more blacke than the liver For it resembles the colour of its muddy bloud from which it is generated It is of an indifferent greatnesse but bigger in some than in othersome according to the diverse temper and complexion of men It hath as it were a triangular figure gibbous on that part it stickes to the ribbes and midriffe but hollow on that part next the stomacke It is composed of a coate the proper flesh a veine artery and nerve The membrane comes from the peritonaeum the proper flesh from the foeces or dregges of bloud or rather of the naturall melancholy humor with which it is nourished The fourth branch of the venaporta or gate veine lends it a veine the first branch of the great descendant artery presently after the first entrance without the Midriffe lends it an arterie But it receives a nerve from the left costall from the sixt conjugation on the inner part by the rootes of the ribs we may manifestly see this nerve not only dispersing it selfe through the coate of the liver but also penetrating with its vessels the proper flesh thereof after the selfesame manner as we see it is in the heart and lungs It is one in number situate on the left side betweene the stomacke and the bastard ribs or rather the midriffe which descends to their rootes For it oft times cleaves to the midriffe on its gibbous part by a coate from the peritonaeum as also on the hollow part to the stomacke both by certaine veines which sends it into the ventricle as also by the kall It hath connexion either primarily or secundarily with all the parts of the body by these its vessels It is of a cold and drie temper the action and use of it is to separate the melancholicke humor which being feculent and drossie may be attenuated by the force of many arteries dispersed through its substance For by their continuall motion and native heate which they carrie in full force with them from the heart that grosse bloud puts off its grossenesse which the spleene sends away by passages fit for that purpose retaining the subtler portion for its nourishment The passages by which it purges it selfe from the grossenesse of the melancholy bloud are a veine ascending from it into the stomacke to stirre up the appetite by its sourenesse and strengthen the substance thereof by its astriction and also another veine which sometimes from the spleene branch sometimes from the
gate veine plainely under its orifice descends to the fundament there to make the Haemorrhoidall veines CHAP. XXI Of the Vena Porta or Gate-veine and the distribution thereof THe gate-veine as also all the other veines is of a spermaticke substance of a manifest largenesse of a round and hollow figure like to a pipe or quill It is composed of its proper coate and one common from the peritâ—naeum It is onely one and that situate in the simous or hollow part of the lâ—ver from whence it breakes forth or rather out of the umbilicall veine into the midst of all the guts with which it hath connexion as also with the stomacke spleen sphincter of the fundament and Peritonaeum by the coat which it receives from thence It is of a cold and dry temper The Action of it is to sucke the Chylâ—â— out of the ventricle and guts and so to take and carry it to the Liver untill it may carry back the same turned into blood for the nutriment of the stomaeke spleen and guts This Gate veine comming out of the simous part of the liver is divided into sixe branches that is 4 simple and two compound againe divided into many other branches The first of the simple ascends from the fore part of the truncke to the bladder of the Gall by the passage of the Choller and are marked with g. g. with a like arterye for life and nourishment and this distribution is knowne by the name of the Cystica gamellae or Cysticke twins The second is called the Gastrica or stomack veine arising in like manner from the fore part of the truncke is carried to the Pylorus and the simous or backe part of the stomacke next to it The third is called Gastrepiplois the stomacke and kall veine which comming from the right side of the gate veine goes to the gibbous part of the stomacke next to the Pylorus and the right side of the kall The fourth going forth from behind and on the right hand of the gate veine ascends above the roote of the Meseraicke branch even to the beginning of the gut Ieiunum along the gut Duodenum from whence it is called Intestinalis or the gut-veine And these are the foure simple branches Now we will speake of the compound The first is the spleenicke which is divided after the following manner For in its first beginning and upper part it sends forth the Coronalis or crowne veine of the stomacke which by the backe part of the stomacke ascends into the upper and hollow part thereof to which place as soone as it arrives it is divided againe into two branches the one whereof climbs up even to its higher orifice the other descends downe to the lower sending forth by the way other branches to the fore and backe parts of the stomacke These engirt on every side incompasse the body of the ventricle for which cause they are named the crowne veines I have sometime observed this comming forth of the truncke a little above the orifice of the splenicke branch But this same splenicke branch on its lower part produces the branch of the Haemorroidall veines which descending to the fundament above the left side of the loines diffuses a good portion thereof into the least part of the collicke gut and the right gut at the end whereof it is often seene to be divided into five Haemorrhoidall veines sometimes more sometimes lesse Sylviâ—â— writes that the Haemorrhoidall branch descends from the mesentericke and truly we have sometimes observed it to have beene so Yet it is more sutable to reason that it should descend from the splenicke not onely for that we have seene with our eyes that it is so but also because it is appointed by nature for the evacuation of the excrementitious melancholike humor But this same splâ—â—ick branch out of the middle almost of its upper part produces the third branch going to the gibbous part of the stomacke and the kall they terme in the greater middle and left Gastrepiplois But on the lower part towards the spleene it produces the simple Epiplois or kall-veine which it diffuses through the left side of the kall Moreover from its upper part which touches the liver it sends forth a short branch called vas breve or venosum to the upper orifice of the ventricle for stirring up the appetite Wee have oftentimes and almost alwayes observed that this veinie vessell which Galen calls vas breve comes from the very body of the spleene and is terminated in the midst of the stomacke on the left side but never peirces both the coates thereof Wherefore it is somewhat difficult to find how the melancholy juyce can that way be powred or sent into the capacitie of the stomacke Now the splenicke branch when it hath produced out of it those five forementioned branches is wasted and dispersed into the substance and body of the spleene Then followes another compound branch of the vena porta called the mesentericke which is divided into three parts the first and least whereof goes to the blind gut and to the right and middle part of the collicke-gut divided into an infinite multitude of other branches The second and middle is wasted in the Ileon as the third and greater in the Ieiunum or empty gut It is called Mesentericke because it is diffused over all the Mesentery as the splenicke is in the spleen And thus much wee have to say of the division of the gate veine the which if at any time thou shalt find to be other-wise than I have set downe you must not wonder at it for you shall scarce â—inde it the same in two bodies by reason of the infinite varietie of particular bodies which as the Philosophers say have each their owne or peculiar gifts Our judgement is the same of other divisions of the vessels Yet wee have set downe that which wee have most frequently observed CHAP. XXII Of the originall of the Artery and the division of the branch descending to the naturall parts THose things being thus finished and considered the guts should be pulled aaway but seeing that if we should do so we should disturbe and loose the division of the artery descending to the naturall parts therefore I have thought it better to handle the division thereof before the guts be pluckt away Therefore we must suppose according to Galens opinion that as all the veines come from the liver so all arteries proceede from the heart This presently at the beginning is divided into two branches the greater whereof descends downewards to the naturall parts upon the spine of the backe taking its beginning at the fifth vertebra thereof from whence it goes into the following arteries The first called the intercostall runnes amongst the intercostall muscles and the distances of the ribs and spinall marrow through the perforations of the nerves on the right and left hand
little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so neere as to touch the Diaphragma this Lobe is not seene yet it is alwayes found in Dogges The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the weazon with your mouth or a paire of bellowes They are compounded of a coate comming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa comming from the right ventricle of the heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the throat and lastly its owne flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick blood poured out like foame about the divisions of the fore-said vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unlesse you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobes of the Lungs stretched forth into the right left side doe almost involve all the heart that so they may defend it against the hardnes of the bones which are about it they are tyed to the heart cheifly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed But oft times presently from the first and naturall conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certaine thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherwaies they are tyed toe the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of aire which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the aire that it hurt not the heart by its coldnes The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or windpipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voice and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throtle is the chiefe instrument of the voice for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throtle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Pallate of the mouth as in the upper part of a lute or such like instrument by the help of the Gargareon or uvula as a certaine quill to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx Ribs the Diaphragma and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed downe whence proceeds a suppression of the vocall matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is that seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the chest for when it is straitened the Lungs are straitened and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is that by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring Aire at such times as they have much or suddaine necessity as in running a race And lastly that in Pleurisies and other purnient abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that meanes the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to coole and temper the rageing heat of the Heart For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the coole aire and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapour Therefore the Chest performes two contrary motions for whilest it is dilated it drawes in the encompassing aire and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapour of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a paire of Smithes bellowes CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart THe Pericardium is as it were the house of the Heart which ariseing at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the vertebra's situate there or els the vessels of the heart yeilding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retaines the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the heart to performe its proper motions Wherefore the bignes of the Pericardium exceeds that of the heart It consists of a double coate one proper of which wee have spoken another common coming from the pleura and also of veines arteries and nerves the vessels partly comming from the mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt conjugation It is onely one placed about the heart and annexed to it at the Basis thereof by its membranes to the originall of the Lungs and the vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every membrane is The use thereof is to cover the heart and preserve it in its native humidity by a certaine naturall moysture contained in it unles you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condenfation and concretion of the spirits Although this seemes not very likely because it growes and is heaped up in so great quantity in liveing bodyes that it hinders the motion of the heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose harts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the stomack or Liver and this humour may be generated of vapours which on every side exhale into the pericardium from the blood boileing in the ventricules of the heart where kept in by the density thereof they turne into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck Nature would have the pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the heart might bee kept in better state for if the Pericardium had beene bony it would have made the heart like iron by the continuall attrition on the contrary if it had beene soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XXX Of the Heart THe Heart the chiefe mansion of the Soule the organe of the vitall faculty the beginning of life the fountaine of the vitall
the reduplication of the Dura mater deviding the fore-part of the braine that so joined and united they may make the torcular the third ascendent is distributed upon the backe part and basis of the lower jaw to the lippes the sides of the nose and the muscles thereof and in like manner to the greater corner of the eyes to the forehead and other parts of the face and at length by meeting together of many branches it makes in the forehead the veine which is called vena recta or vena frontis that is the forehead veine The fourth ascending by the glandules behind the eares after it hath sent forth many branches to them is divided into two others one whereof passing before and the other behind the eare are at length spent in the skinne of the head The fifth and last wandring over all the lower part of the head going to the backe part thereof makes the vena pupis which extended the length of the head by the sagitall suture at the length goeth so farre that it meets with the vena frontis which meeting is the cause that a veine opened in the forehead is good in griefes of the hinder parts of the head and so on the contrary But wee must observe that in the Cranium of some the vena pupis by one or more manifest passages sends some portion thereof to the inner part of the head so that the vena pupis being opened may make revulsion of the matter which causeth the internall paines of the head CHAP. XIIII The distribution of the nerves or sinewes of the sixth coniugation BEcause the Distribution of the arteries cannot be well shewed unlesse wee violate those nerves which are carried over the Chest therefore before we shew the distribution of the arteries we will as briefely as we can prosecute the distribution of these nerves Now the sixth conjugation brings forth three paire of nerves for passing out of the skull as it comes downe to the Chest it by the way sends forth some branches to certaine muscles of the necke and to the three ascendant muscles of the Larinx on each side of the Sternon and upon the clavicles Then the remainder descending into the Chest is divided on each side into these three paire The first paire makes the Ramus costalis The second the Ramus recurrens The third paire the Ramus stomachicus The Ramus costalis or costall branch is so called because descending by the roots of the ribs even to the holy bone and joyning themselves to these which proceede from each of the Vertebra's of the spine they are carried to all the naturall parts The Recurrens or recurrent is also called because as it were starting up from the chest it runs upwards againe but these two Recurrent nerves doe not run backe from the same place but the right from below the artery called by some the axillarie by others Subclavian and the left from beneath the great artery descending to the naturall parts But each of them on each side ascending along by the weazon even to the Larinx and then they infinuate themselves by the wings of the Cartilago scutiformis and Thyroydes into the proper muscles which open and shut the Larinx By how much the nerves are nearer the originall to wit the braine or spinall marrow they are by so much the softer On the contrary by how much they are further absent from their originall they are so much the harder and stronger which is the reason that Nature would have these recurrent nerves to runne backe againe upwards that so they might be the stronger to performe the motions of the muscles of the Larinx But the Stomachicus or stomacke-branch is so called because it descends to the stomacke or ventricle For this branch descending on both sides by the sides of the gullet sends many branches from it into the inner substance of the lungs into the coate thereof into the Pericardium and heart and then comming into the upper orifice of the stomacke it is spent in many branches which folded after divers manners and wayes chiefely makes that mouth or stomacke which is the seate of the Animall apetite as they terme it and hunger and the judger of things convenient or hurtfull for the stomacke But from thence they are diversely disseminated over all the body of the ventricle Moreover the same branch sends forth some small branches to the liver and bladder of the gall giving each part by the way so much sense as should be sufficiently necessary for it Here you must note the stomacke branch descends on each side one knit to the gullet and by the way they divide themselves into two branches each of which goes to the opposite side that it may there joine itselfe to the nerve of that side To which purpose the right is carried above the gullet the left below it so that these two stomaticke become foure and againe these foure presently become two CHAP. XV. The division of the Arteries THe Artery arising forth of the left ventricle of the heart is presently the two Coronall arteries being first spred over the substance of the heart divided into two unequall branches The greater whereof descends to the lower parts being distributed as we formerly mentioned in the third Booke and 22. Chapter The lesser ascending to the upper parts is againe divided into two other unequall branches the lesser of which ascending towards the left side sends forth no artery from it untill it arive at the first rib of the Chest where it produces the subclavian artery which is distributed after the manner following First it produces the intercostall and by it imparts life to the three intercostall muscles of the foure upper ribs and to the neighbouring places Secondly it brings forth the Mammillary branch which is distributed as the Mammillary veine is Thirdly the Cervicalis which ascends along the necke by the transverse productions to the Dura mater being distributed as the vena cervicalis is Fourthly passing out of the Chest from the backe part of the Chest it sends forth the musculosa whereby it gives life to the hinde muscles of the necke even to the backe part of the head Fiftly having wholy left the Chest it sends forth the two Humerariae or shoulder arteries the one whereof goes to the muscles of the hollow part of the shoulder blade the other to the joint of the arme and the muscles situate there and the gibbous part of the shoulder blade Sixthly and lastly it produces the Thoracica which also is two fold for the one goes to the fore muscles of the Chest the other to the Latssimus as we said of the veine the remnant of it makes the Axillaris of that side The other greater branch likewise ascending by the right side even to the first ribbe of the Chest makes also the subclavian of that side which besides those
divisions it makes on this side like those of the left side hath also another which makes the right and left Carotides or sleepy arteries which ascending undivided with a nerve of the sixth conjugation and the internal jugular veine by the sides of the Aspera Arteria or windpipe when they come to the Pharinx they are divided on each side into two branches the one internall the other externall The internall and greater is sent to the Pharinx Larinx and tongue then entring into the head by the long hole and the backe part of the upper jaw it sends many branches to the nose eyes the inside of the temporall muscles and to the Crassa meninx or Dura mater the remainder of this branch going by the side holes of the same that it might there make the Plexus admirabilis as we see And then it is spent upon the basis of the braine abundantly diffused over the tenuis meninx or Pia mater and the membrane or Plexus Choroides The externall or lesser branch of the sleepy arteries goes to the cheekes the temples and behind the eares lastly it sends a branch into the long muscle of the necke with which the internall Iugular veine insinuates it selfe into the Dura mater entring by the hole of the nerves of the sixth conjugation The Figure of the Arteries A. The orifice of the great Arterie or the beginning thereof where it issueth out of the heart B. Coronaria so called because like a crowne it compasseth the basis of the heart C. The division of the great arterie into two trunkes V i. D. the left subclavian climbing obliquely upward unto the ribs E. the upper intercostall artery or a branch which bestoweth foure propagations unto the distances of the lower rib F. the necke arterie which through the transverse processes of the rackebones of the necke attaineth to the scull bestowing surcles unto the marrow and his neighbour muscles G. the left Mammary artery running under the breast-bone and to the navell It distributeth surcles to the Mediastinum the muscles of the brest and of the Abdomen H. Muscula or a branch attaining to the backeward muscles of the necke I. the Scapular arteries which goe unto the hollownesse of the blade and of the muscles that lie thereon K. Humeraria which climbeth over the top of the shoulder L. Thoracica superior sprinkled unto the forward muscles of the Chest M. Thoracica inferior which passing along the sides of the Chest attaineth to the broad muscles of the arme N. the axillarie artery running out into the arme and affording branches unto the muscles thereof O. A branch reaching to the outside of the cubit lying deepe PP Branches to the ioynt of the cubit with the arme Q. the upper branch of the artery running along the Radius and offering surcles to the thumbe the fore-finger and the middle finger k A surcle creeping unto the outside of the hand and led betwixt the first bone of the thumbe and that of the after-wrist supporteth the fore-finger where wee use to feele the pulse S. the lower branch of the artery running along the Vlna and communicating surcles to the little finger the ring finger and the middle finger A little branch unto the muscles about the little finger T. the distribution of the upper and lower branches into the hand and the fingers V. the trunke of the great artery ascending to the Iugulum and the division thereof in that place into X Y Z. X the left Carotis or sleepy artery Y Subclavian dextra is divided into branches as the right is divided Z. Carotis dextra called also Apoplectica and Lithargica a The division of the left Carotis in the chops b the exterior branch of that division going into the face the temples and behind the eares c the inner branch going to the throttle the choppes and the tongue d the division hereof at the basis of the scull into two branches which enter the sinus of the Dura mater e A propagation of the branch b unto the muscles of the face f the distribution of the branch b under the roote of the eare g. the fore-branch hereof creeping up the temples h. the backe branch running on the backeside of the eare under the skinne i the trunke of the great artery descending unto the spondels of the backe kkk the lower Intercostall arteries which goe unto the distances of the eight lower ribbes from which are offered surcles to the marrow and to the muscles that grow to the backe and to the Chest l the artery of the midriffe called Phronica or Diaphragmatica ζ Mesenterica Superior but you must note that above ζ the trunke of the Coeliacall artery is taken away left the multitude of letters in so small a Table should breed obscuritie r 〈◊〉 the right and left emulgents running from the Aorta or great artery unto the kidneies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the spermaticall arteries on either side going to the testicles λ the lower Mesentericall artery on the left below μ running especially into the Collicke gut on that side μμ the arteries called Lumbares which runne overthwart and like knees affording surcles to the muscles that grow to the loynes and to the Peritonaeum μ the lower Muscula superior running into the sides of the Abdomen and the muscles v v the byfurcation of the great artery into two Iliacke trunkes and at the sides but some-what inward are branches which make those that are called Sacrae T the division of the left Iliacke trunke into an inner branch at ξ and an utter at φ. ξ the inner Iliacke branch 〈◊〉 Muscula inferior the utter propagation of the inner branch going unto the muscles which cover the branch bone and the Coxendix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hypogastrica the inner propagation of the inner branch going to the bladder the yard and the necke of the womb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the umbilicall artery 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the remainder of the branch ξ assuming an addition from the utter branch neere φ and so falling through the hole of the share bone into the legge τ Epigastrica it ascendeth upward unto the right muscle of the Abdomen and about the navell is ioyned with the mammary artery ν Pudenda it creepeth overthwart the share bone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Crurall trunke without the Peritonaeum χ Muscula cruralis exterior going into the fore muscles of the thigh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Muscula cruralis interior going unto the muscles of the inside of the thigh ω The conjunction of this arterie with the branches 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Poplitaea going to the muscles on the backside of the thigh ΔΔ which communicateth small branches to the ioynt of the knee and the muscles that make the calfe of the legge 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the division of the Crurall artery under the hamme into three branches Λ Tibiaea exterior it accompanieth the brace-bone and is consumed into the muscles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the chiefe part
of the crural artery Σ the upper backer Tibiaea Πφ the lower and backer Tibiaea running unto the upper side of the foote at φ. ψ A propagation of the crurall artery going to the inner and upper side of the foote and sprinkling a branch unto the ankle Ω A propagation unto the lower part of the foote which affordeth surcles to each toe But we must note that there be more veines in a mans body than arteries and besides that the veines are farre thicker For there is no need for preserving the native heat in the parts themselves either of so many or so large instruments of that kinde Therefore you may often finde veines without arteries but never arteries without veines But we understand that an artery is a companion to a vein not only when it touches it or adheres to it by common membranes as usually it happens but also when it is appointed together with the veine for the use of the same part CHAP. XVI Of the Thymus THe Thymus is a glandule of a soft rare and spongeous substance of large bignesse situate in the furthest and highest part of the Chest amongst the divisions of the subclavian or Iugular veines and arteries as yet contained in the Chest for this use that it might serve these vessels for a defence against the bony hardnesse of the Chest and besides that as it were by this prop or stay the distributions of these vessels might become the stronger for so we see that nature hath provided for others especially such as are the more noble and worthy This glandule appeares very large in beasts and young men but in such as have attained to full growth it is much lesse and scarse to be seene CHAP. XVII Of the Aspera Arteria the rough Arterie or Weazon THe Aspera Arteria or Weazon seeing it is the instrument of voice and respiration is of a gristly ligamentous and wholy various substance For if it had beene one rough and continued body with the Larinx or throttle it could be neither dilated nor compressed opened nor shut neither could it order the voice according to our desire It is composed of veines from the internall Iugular of arteries arising from the Carotides and of nerves proceeding from the Recurrent branch of a double membrane of which the externall comes from the Peritonaeum the internall which is the stronger and woven with right fibers from the inner coate of the mouth the which is common with the inner coate of the oesophagus or gullet And also it consists of round gristles yet not drawne into a perfect circle composed in manner of a channell and mutually joined together in order by the ligaments that proceede from their sides and ends These same ligaments perfect the remnant of the circle of this Aspera Arteriae on that part next the gullet which is thought to be done to this end that that softnesse of a ligament might then give place when wee swallow harder and greater gobbets of meate Of the two sorts of ligaments which are annexed to the gristles of the weazon some tie and fasten together the rings or circles which give meanes both to it and these circles to be drawne out in length othersome bring these gristles into a perfect circle which also yeeld them meanes of dilatation These ligaments cover the inner superficies but the gristles are placed without to resist the incursion of externall injuries But wee must note that by this communion of the inner coates of the weazon and gullet wee reape this benefit in the commodiousnesse of the action that one of these parts being depressed the other is lifted up like a rope running in a wheele or pully For thus whilest the gullet is deprest to swallow any thing the weazon is lifted up and on the contrary when the stomacke rises up in vomiting the weazon is deprest It is onely one and that seated betweene the Larinx from which it takes its beginning and the lunges in which it ends first dividing it selfe into two large branches the right and the left and besides each of these entring into the substance of the lungs is againe divided into two others to each of the Lobes one and to conclude these be subdivided into infinite others through the substance of the Lobes All these branches are gristlely even to the ends They are situate betweene the ends of the Arteria venosa and the Vena arteriosa that the entrance of the aire into the heart by the arteria venosa might be speedier as also the passage out of the vapour by the vena arteriosa Thus it hath connexion with these in the ends or utmost parts thereof but by the other parts compassing it with the members from whence it takes them The temperament thereof is cold and drie The action is to carry the aire to and vapours from the lungs that by dilating but this by pressing the gristles together The Figure of the Aspera Arteria or Weazon A. The orifice of the great artery cut from the heart aa the coronall arteries of the heart B. C. D. the division of the great artery into two trunkes the descending C. the ascending D. E. the left axillarie or subclavian arterie F. the right axillarie or subclavian artery G. the right Carotis or sleepie artery H. the left Carotis I. the trunke of the rough artery or weazon K. L. The division of the rough artery into two branches of which the right goes into the right and the left into the left side of the lungs which branches are againe subdivided into many other M. The head of the Rough Artery called the Larinx or Throttle N. N. Certaine Glandules or Kernells at the root of it OO The right and left Nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugation P. A Revolution of small branches of the right nerve to the right Axillary Artery Q Q. The right Recurrent Nerve R. A revolution of small branches of the left nerve unto the descending trunke of the great Artery S S. The left Recurrent Nerve CHAP. XVIII Of the Gullet THe OEsophagus or Gullet which is the passage of the meat and drinke is of a middle substance betweene the flesh and sinewes because it consists of one nervous membrane and another fleshy The nervous is placed the innermost and is continued to the inner Coate of the mouth even to the Lipps whereby it comes to passe that the Lipps tremble in diseases which are ready to be judged by a criticall vomiting and to the inner part of the Aspera Arteria it consists of right Fibers for the attraction of the meat which we see is sometimes so quicke and forcible in hungry people that they have scarse time to chaw it before they find it to be pluckt downe as it were with a hand The fleshy Coate placed without is woven with transverse fibers to hasten the going of the meat into the stomacke and for
fourth is that it serves for a wall or bulwarke to the entrailes which lye and rest upon it on the inside And because we have fallen into mention of Ligaments it will not be amisse to insert in this place that which ought to be knowne of them First therefore we will declare what a Ligament is then explaine the divers acceptions thereof and lastly prosecute their differences Therefore a Ligament is nothing else than a simple part of mans body next to a bone and Gristle the most terrestriall and which most usually arises from the one or other of them either mediatly or immediatly and in the like manner ends in the one of them or in a Muscle or in some other part whereby it comes to passe that a Ligament is without blood dry hard and cold and without sense like the parts from whence it arises although it resemble a Nerve in whitenesse and consistence but that it is somewhat harder A Ligament is taken either generally or more particularly in generall for every part of the body which tyes one part to another in which sense the skin may be called a Ligament because in containes all the inner parts in one union So the Peritonaum comprehending all the naturall parts and binding them to the backe-bone so the membrane inuesting the Ribbs that is the Pleura containing all the vitall parts thus the membranes of the braine the nerves veines arteryes muscles membranes and lastly all such parts of the body which bind together and conteine other may be called Ligaments because they binde one part to another as the nerves annexe the whole body to the braine the Arteries fasten it to the heart and the veines to the liver But to conclude the name of a Ligament more particularly taken signifies that part of the body which we have described a little before The differences of Ligaments are many for some are membranous and thin others broad othersome thicke and around some hard some soft some great some little some wholy gristlely others of a middle consistence betweene a bone and a gristle according to the nature of the motion of the parts which they binde together in quicknesse vehemency and slownesse We will shew the other differences of Ligaments as they shall present themselves in dissection CHAP. XVII Of the Muscles of the Necke THe Muscles of the necke as well proper as common are in number twenty or else twenty two that is ten or eleven on each side of which seven only move the head or the first vertebra with the head the other 3 or 4 the necke it self Of the 7 which move the head with the head the first Vertebra some extend erect it others bend and decline it others move it obliquely but all of them together in a successive motion move it circularly and the like judgement may be of the Muscles of the Necke The fourth Figure of the Muscles This Figure sheweth the cavities of the middle and lower bellies the bowels being taken out but most part of the bones and muscles remaining AB The first musclebending the necke called Longus C C The second bender of the necke called Scalenus D D D D The outward intercost all muscles E E E E The inner intercostall muscles F F F The second muscle of the chest called serratus maior G The first muscle of the shoulder-blade called sâ—rratus minor separated from his originall H The first muscle of the arme called Pectoralis separated from his originall I The second muscle of the arme called Deltoides K The bone of the arme without flesh L The first muscle of the cubite called Biceps M The second muscle of the cubit called Brachiaus N The clavicle or coller-bone bent backward O The first muscle of the chest called subclavius P The upper processe of the shoulder-blade Q The first muscle of the head called obliquus inferior R The second muscle of the head called Complexus S The fourth muscle of the shoulder blade called Levator TV The two bellies of the fourth muscle of the bone Hyois X X a a The fist muscle of the backe whose originall is at a a. Y Y b b c c The sixt muscle of the thigh called Psoae whose originall is at c c and tendon at b b. Z Z The seaventh muscle of the thigh d the holy bone o o o the holes of the holy bone out of which the nerves doe issue e A portion of the fist muscle of the thigh arising from the share-bone f the share-bone bared k the ninth muscle of the thigh or the first circumactor The fifth Figure of the muscles in which some muscles of the head Chest arme and shoulder-blade are described I The processe of the shoulder-blade called the top of the shoulder O The fourth muscle of the arme or the greater round muscle to which Fallopius his right muscle is adjoyned which some call the lesser round muscle Q Q The sixt muscle of the arme or the upper blade-rider X The second muscle of the shoulder-blade or the Levator or heaver Z the second muscle of the chest or the greater Saw muscle Y the fifth muscle of the chest or muscle called Sacrolumbus αβ His place wherein he cleaveth fast to the longest muscle of the backe γγ the Tendons of the muscle obliquely inserted into the ribs ΔΔ the first paire of the muscles of the head or the Splinters Ch. 8. 9 their length whose beginning at 8 and insertion at 9. 10 11. the sides of this muscle 12 that distance where they depart one from the other 13 the two muscles called Complexi neare their insertion Φ the second muscle of the backe or the Longest muscle Ω the fourth muscle of the backe or the Semi-spinatus δ the shoulder-blade bare p A part of the transverse muscle of the Abdomen The sixth Figure of the muscles shewing some of the muscles of the Head Backe Chest Shoulder-blade and Arme. A D the second paire of the muscles of the head or the two Complexi the first part is at A D. B C. the second part E F the third part rising up under G and inserted at F. G the fourth part of this muscle or the right muscle of the head according to Fallopius which Vesalius made the 4. part of the 2. G G Betwixt the ribs the externall Intercostall muscles L the originall of the 2. muscle of the backe M His tendons at the racke-bone of the necke The upper O the fourth muscle of the arme or the greater round muscle O O the lower the 6 muscle of the chest or the Sacrolumbus hanging from his originall Q the sixt muscle of the arme or the upper Bladerider inverted V the third ligament of the joynt of the arme X the fourth muscle of the shoulder-blade or the heaver Z the second muscle of the Chest or the greater Saw-muscle 〈◊〉 the 3. muscle of the necke called Transuersalis Ï€ the 4. muscle of the necke called Spinatus
not obscurely be gathered by the writings of Galen But beware you be not deceived by the forementioned signes For sometimes in large Aneurismaes you can perceive no pulsation neither can you force the blood into the Artery by the pressure of your fingers either because the quantity of such blood is greater than which can be contayned in the ancient receptacles of the Artery or because it is condensate and concrete into Clods whereupon wanting the benefit of ventilation from the heart it presently putrifies Thence ensue great paine a Gangren and mortification of the part and lastly the death of the Creature The End of the Seventh Booke OF PARTICULAR TVMORS AGAINST NATVRE THE EIGHT BOOKE The Preface BEcause the Cure of diseases must be varied according to the variety of the temper not onely of the body in generall but also of each part thereof the strength figure forme site and sence thereof being taken into consideration I thinke it worth my paines having already spoken of Tumors in Generall if I shall treate of them in particular which affect each part of the body beginning with those which assayle the head Therefore the Tumor either affects the whole head or else onely some particle thereof as the Eyes Eares Nose Gumms and the like Let the Hydrocephalos and Physocephalos be examples of those tumors which possesse the whole head CHAP. I. Of an Hydrocephalos or watry tumor which commonly affects the heads of Infants THe Greekes call this disease Hydrocephalos as it were a Dropsie of the Head by a waterish humor being a disease almost peculiar to Infants newly borne It hath for an externall cause the violent compression of the head by the hand of the Midwife or otherwise at the birth or by a fall contusion and the like For hence comes a breaking of a veine or Artery and an effusion of the blood under the skinne Which by corruption becomming whayish lastly degenerateth into a certen waterish humor It hath also an inward cause which is the abundance of serous and acride blood which by its tenuity and heat sweats through the Pores of the vessells sometimes betweene the Musculous skinne of the head and the Pericranium sometimes betweene the Pericranium and the skull and sometimes betweene the skull and the membrane called Dura mater and otherwhiles in the ventricles of the braine The signes of it contained in the space betweene the Musculous skinne and the Pericranium are a manifest tumor without paine soft and much yeeelding to the pressure of the fingers The Signes when it remayneth betweene the Pericranium and the skull are for the most part like the forenamed unlesse it be that the Tumor is a little harder and not so yeelding to the finger by reason of the parts betweene it and the finger And also there is somewhat more sence of paine But when it is in the space betweene the skull and Dura mater or in the ventricles of the Braine or the whole substance thereof there is dullnesse of the sences as of the sight and hearing the tumor doth not yeeld to the touch unlesse you use strong impression for then it sincketh somewhat downe especially in infants newly borne who have their sculls almost as soft as waxe and the junctures of their Sutures laxe both by nature as also by accident by reason of the humor conteined therein moistening and relaxing all the adjacent parts the humor conteined here lifts up the Scull somewhat more high especially at the meetings of the Sutures which you may thus know because the Tumor being pressed the humor flyes backe into the secret passages of the braine To conclude the paine is more vehement the whole head more swollen the forehead stands somewhat further out the eye is fixt and immoveable and also weepes by reason of the serous humor sweating out of the braine Vesalius writes that hee saw a girle of two yeares old whose head was thicker than any mans head by this kinde of Tumor and the Scull not bonie but membranous as it useth to be in abortive birthes and that there was nine pound of water ran out of it Aâ—ucrasis tells that he saw a child whose head grew every day bigger by reason of the watery moisture conteined therein till at length the tumor became so great that his necke could not beare it neither standing nor sitting so that hee died in a short time I have observed and had in cure foure children troubled with this disease one of which being dissected after it died had a braine no bigger than a Tennis Ball. But of a Tumor and humor conteined within under the Cranium or Scull I have seene none recover but they are easily healed of an externall Tumor Therefore whether the humor lye under the Pericranium or under the musculous skin of the head it must first be assailed with resolving medicines but if it cannot be thus overcome you must make an incision taking heede of the Temporall Muscle and thence presse out all the humor whether it resemble the washing of flesh newly killed or blackish blood or congealed or knotted blood as when the tumor bath beene caused by contusion then the wound must be filled with dry lint and covered with double boulsters and lastly bound with a fitting ligature CHAP. II. Of a Polypus being an eating disease in the Nose THe Polypus is a Tumor of the Nose against nature commonly arising from the Os Ethmâ—ides of spungye bone It is so called because it resembles the fect of a Sea Polypus in figure and the flesh thereof in consistence This Tumor stops the Nose intercepting and hindering the liberty of speaking and blowing the Nose Celsus saith the Polypus is a caruncle or Excrescence one while white another while reddish which adheres to the bone of the Nose and sometimes fills the Nosthrils hanging towards the lipps sometimes it descends backe through that hole by which the spirit descends from the Nose to the throtle it growes so that it may he seene behinde the Vvula and often strangles a man by stopping his breath There are five kinds thereof the first is a soft membrane long and thin like the relaxed and depressed Vvula hanging from the middle gristle of the nose being filled with a Phlegmaticke and viscide humor This in exspiration hangs out of the Nose but is drawne in and hid by inspiration it makes one snaffle in their speech and snort in their sleepe The second hath hard flesh bred of Melancholy blood without adustion which obstructing the nosthrils intercepts the respiration made by that part The third is flesh hanging from the Gristle round and soft being the off-spring of Phlegmaticke blood The fourth is an hard Tumor like flesh which when it is touched yeelds a sound like a stone it is generated of Melancholike blood dryed being somewhat of the nature of a Scirrhus confirmed and without paine The fifth is as it were composed of many cancrous ulcers
of all the Phisitions that have written of the Dracunculi writes that this disease breedes in the drie and Sun burnt regions of India and Arabia but if at the least that part of our body which is next under the skinne should have any opportunity to engender and nourish such creatures they may be judged to have written that the Dracuuculus is a living creature with some probability But if there bee no opportunity for generation in that place nor capacity for the nourishment of such like creatures as in the guts if that region of the body be breathed upon with no warmenesse and smothering heat if it be defiled with none of the grosse excrements as the gutts usually are but onely by the subtiller exhalation which have an easie and insensible transpiration by the pores of the skin which may seeme to be a just cause of so monstrous and prodigious an effect but we shall little profit with these engines of reason unlesse we cast downe at once all the Bulwarkes with which this old opinion of the Dracunculi may stand and be defended For first they say why have the ancients expressed this kind of disease by the name of a living thing that is of a Dracunculus or little Serpent I answere because in Physicke names are often imposed upon diseases rather by similitude than from the truth of the thing for the confirmation whereof the examples of three diseases may suffice that of the Cancer Polypus and Elephas For these have those names not because any Crabb Polypus or living Elephant may breede in the Body by such like diseases but because this by its propagation into the adjacent parts represents the feete and clawes of a Crabbe the other represents the flesh of the Sea-Polypus in its substance and the third because such as have the Leprosie have their skinne wrinckled rough and horrid with scales and knots as the skinne of a living Elephant So truely this disease of which wee now enquire seemes by good right to have deserved the name Dracunculus because in its whole conformation colour quality and production into length and thicknesse it expresseth the image of a Serpent But whence will they say if it be without life is that manifest motion in the matter We reply that the humor the cause of this disease is subtill and hot and so runnes with violence into the part whence it may seeme to move But when the Dracunculi are separated why doe they put their heads as it were out of their holes we answer in this the ancients have beene very much deceived because after the suppuration the ulcer being opened some nervous body being layde bare thrust forth and subjected it selfe to the sight which by the convulsive and shaking motion might expresse the crooked creeping of a Serpent But they will say paine happens not unlesse to things indued with sence and life but this Dacunculus when he is drawne too violently especially if hee be broken thereby will cause extreame paine we doe answer that the conclusion doth not follow and is of no consequence for these paines happen not unlesse when the unprovident Surgeon drawes or pulls insteed of the Dracunculus some nervous or membranous body swolne and repleate with an adust humor whence there cannot but be great paine that part being pulld which is the author ofsence But it is childish to say that the Dracunculus feeles for that it causeth sharpe paines to the living body in which it is Therefore that at last we may determine something of the nature essence and generation of these Dracunculi I dare boldly affirme it is nothing else but a tumor and abscesse bred from the heat of the bloud in a venenate kinde Such bloud driven by the expulsive facultie through the veines to the Externall parts especially the limits that is the Armes and Legges causeth a tumor round and long often stretched from the joynt of the shoulder even to the wrist or from the groine even to one of the Anckles with tension heat renitency pricking paine and a feaver But this tumor is some whiles stretched forth straight otherwhiles into oblique and crooked tumors which hath beene the cause that many taken with this kind of disease and having their limbes so infolded as with the twinings of a Serpent would say they had a Serpent I have thus much to say of the Dracunculi especially of those of our owne country For the cure it is not unlike to the cure of a Phlegmon arising from a defluxion for heere also in like manner the remedies must bee varied according to the foure times of the disease and the same rule of diet phlebotomy and purging must be observed which is before prescribed in the cure of a Plegmon The mention of the Dracunculi calls to my memorie another kinde of Abscesse altogether as rare This our French men name Cridones I thinke a Crinib us i. from hayres it chiefly troubles children and prickes their backes like thornes They tosse up downe being not able to take any rest This disease ariseth from small haires which are scarce of a pins length but those thicke and strong It is cured with a fomentation of water more than warme after which you must presently apply an oyntment made of honey and wheaten flower for so these haires lying under the skin are allured and drawne forth and being thus drawne they must be plucked out with small mullets I imagine this kinde of disease was not knowne to the ancient Phisitions The End of the Eighth Booke OF VVOUNDS IN GENERALL THE NINTH BOOKE CHAP. I. What a Wound is what the kindes and differences thereof are and from whence they may be drawne or derived A Wound is a solution of Continuity caused by a stroake fall or bite newly done bloody and with putrifaction and filth They also call it a new simple ulcer for the solution of continuity happens to all parts of the body but according to the diversity of the parts it hath divers names amongst the Greekes For in the flesh it is called Helcos in the bone Catagma in the nerve Spasma in the ligament Thlsma in the vesselles Apospasma in the Muscles Regma and that solution of continuity which happens in the vessells their mouths being open is termed Anastomasis that which happens by erosion Anaurosis that which is generated by sweating out and transcolation Diapedesis That these may bee the more easily understood I have thought good to describe them in the following table A Table of the differences of Wounds The differences of wounds are drawne or taken From the nature of the parts in which they are made or happen But these parts are Either similar and these Either soft as the Glandules Flesh Fat Marrow Or hard as A Bone A Gristle Or of a middle consistence as the Membranes Ligaments Fibers Vessells Nerves Veines Arteries Principall as the Braine Heart Liver to which some ad the womb and Testicles Or Organicall and these
agglutination and consolidation of the gristly part and therefore next to a bone most dry with dry medicines But those who have their eares quite cut off can doe nothing but hide the deformity of their misse-hap with a cap stuffed with Cotton on that side CHAP. XXIX Of the Wounds of the necke and throate THe Wounds of the necke and throate are somewhiles simple as those which onely use the continuity of the muscles other whiles compound such as those which have conjoyned with them a fracture of the bones as of the Vertebrae or hurt of the internall and externall jugular Veines or sleepy Arteries sometimes the Trachea Arteria or Weazon and the oesophagus or gullet are wounded sometimes wholy cut off whence present death casues Wherefore let not the Chirurgion meddle with such wounds unlesse he first foretell the danger of death or the losse of some motion to those that are present For it often happens that some notable nerve or tendon is violated by a wound in the necke whence a palsie ensues and that absolutely incureable if the wound shall penetrate to the spinall marrow also hurt therewith Wounds of the gullet and Weazon are difficultly cured because they are in perpetuall motion and chiesely of the latter by reason it is grisly and without blood The wounds of the gullet are knowne by spitting of blood by the breaking forth of meate and drinke by the wound but if the gullet be quite cut asunder the patient cannot swallow at all For the cut parts are both contracted in themselves the one upwards and the other downewards But we know the weazon is hurt by casting up blood at the mouth with a continuall cough and by the comming forth of the breath or winde by the Wound The Wounds of the jugular Veines and sleepy Arteryes if they be great are usually deadly because they cannot bee straitely bound up for you cannot binde the throate hard without danger of choaking or strangling the patient But for defect of a straite ligature in this case the fluxe of blood prooves deadly If the recurrent Nerve of either side be cut it makes the voyce hoarse if cut on both sides it takes away the use of speech by hurting these instruments which impart motion to the muscles of the Larinx For the cure if the wound be small not associated with the hurt of any notable vessell nor of the Weazon and gullet it is speedily and easily cured and if there shall be neede you shall use a suture then you shall put therein a sufficient quantity of Venice Turpentine mixed with bole-Armenicke or else some of my Balsame of which this is the receipt â„ž Terebinth venetae lb ss gum elemi â„¥ iiij olei hypericon is â„¥ iij. boli armeni sang draconis an â„¥ j. aqua vita â„¥ ij an.Ê’j. I have done wonders with this Balsame in the agglutination of simple wounds wherein no strange body hath beene Now when you have put it in lay upon it a plaister of Diacalcitheas dissolved in oyle of Roses and vinegar as that which hath power to represse the flowing downe of humors and hinder inflammation or in steede thereof you may apply Emp. de Gratia Dei or Emp. de Ianua But if the jugular veines and sleepy Arteries bee cut let the bleeding bee stayed as we have shewed in a chapter treating thereof When the Weazon or Gullet are wounded the Chirurgion shall sow them up as neatly as hee can and the patient shall not endeavour to swallow any hard thing but be content to bee fed with gellyes and brothes When a gargarisme is needfull this following is very good R. hordei M. j. florum rosar p. j. passul mund jujubarum an â„¥ ss glycyrhizae â„¥ j. bulliant omnia simul addendomellis ros Iulep ros an â„¥ ij fiat gargarisma ut artis est With which being warme the Patient shall moysten his mouth and throate for it will mittigate the harshnesse of the part aswage paine cleanse and agglutinate and make him breathe more freely But that the Chirurgion may not despaire of or leave any thing unattempted in such like wounds I have thought good to demonstrate by some examples how wonderfull the workes of nature are if they be assisted by Art A certaine servant of Monsieur de Champaigne a gentleman of Anjou was wounded in the throat with a sword whereby one of the jugular veines was cut together with his Weazon Hee bled much and could not speake and these symptomes remained untill such time as the wound was sowed up and covered with medicines But if the medicines at any time were more liquid hee as it were sucked them by the wound and spaces betweene the stitches and presently put forth at his mouth that which he had sucked or drawne in Wherefore more exactly confidering with my selfe the greatnesse of the Wound the spermaticke and therefore dry and bloodlesse nature unapt to agglutination of the affected part but cheefely of the Weazon jugular veine as also for that the rough Artery is obnoxions to these motions which the gullet performes in swallowing by reason of the inner coate which is continued to the coate of the gullet by which meanes these parts mutually serve each other with a reciprocall motion even as the ropes which runne to the wheele of a pulley further more weighing that the Artery was necessary for the breathing and tempering the heate of the heart as the jugular veines served for the nourishment of the upper parts and lastly weighing with my selfe the great quantity of blood he had lost which is as it were the treasure of nature I told those which were present that death was neere and certainely at hand And yet beyond expectation rather by divine favour than our Art he recevered his health Equally admirable is this history following Two Englishmen walked out of the Citty of Paris for their recreation to the wood of Vincenne but one of them lying in waite to rob the other of his money and a massie chaine of gold which hee wore set upon him at unawares cut his throate and robbed him and so left him amongst the Vines which were in the way supposing he had kill'd him having with his dagger cut the Weason and gullet This murderer came backe to the citty the other halfe dead crawled with much adoe to a certaine Peasants house and being dressed with such medicines as were present and at hand he was brought to the Citty and by his acquaintance committed to my cure to be cured I at the first as diligently as I could sowed up the Weason which was cut quite a-sunder and put the lips of the wound as close together as I could I could not get hold of the gullet because it was fallen downe into the stomacke then I bound up the wound with medicines pledgets and fit ligatures After he was thus drest he begun to speake and tell the
name of the villaine the author of this fact so that hee was taken and fastened to the wheele and having his limbes broken lost his wretched life for the life of the innocent wounded man who dyed the fourth day after he was hurt The like hurt befell a certaine Germane who laye at the house of one Perots in the streete of Nuts hebeing franticke in the night cut his throate with a sword I being called in the morning by his friends who went to see him drest him just after the same manner as I dressed the Englishman Wherefore he presently recovering his speech which before could not utter one sillable freed from suspition of the caime and prison the servant who lying in the same chamber with him was upon suspition committed to prison and confessing the thing as it was done living foure dayes after the wound being nourished with broathes put into his fundament like clysters and with the gratefull vapour of comfortable things as bread newly drawne out of the Oven and soked in strong wine Having thus by the Art of Chirurgery made the dumbe speake for the space of foure dayes CHAP. XXX Of the Wounds of the Chest SOme wounds of the Chest are on the fore side some behinde somepenetiatc more deepe others enter not into the capacity thereof other some peirce even to the parts contained therein as the Mediastinum Lungs heart midriffe hollow veine and ascendent artery Other some pasle quite through the body whereby it happens that some are deadly some not You shall thus know that the wound penetrates into the capacity of the Chest if that when the patients mouth and nose be shut the breath or winde breakes through the wound with noyse so that it may dissipate or blow out a lighted candle being held necre it If the patient can scarse either draw or put forth his breath which also is a signe that there is some blood fallen downe upon the Diaphragma By these signes you may know that the heart is wounded If agreat quantity of blood gush out if a trembling possesse all the members of the body if the pulse bee little and faint if the colour become pale if a cold sweate and frequent sowning assayle him and the extreame parts become cold then death 's at hand Yet when I was at Turin I saw a certaine Gentleman who fighting a Duell with another received a wound under his left brest which pierced into the substance of his heart yet for all that he strucke some blowes afterwards and followed his flying Enemie some two hundred paces untill hee fell downe dead upon the ground having opened his body I found a wound in the substance of the heart so large as would containe ones finger there was onely much blood poured forth upon the midriffe These are the signes that the Lungs are wounded for the blood comes soamie or frothy out of the wounds the patient is troubled with a cough hee is also troubled with a great difficulty of breathing and a paine in his side which hee formerly had not he lyes most at ease when he lyes upon the wound and sometimes it comes so to passe that lying so he speakes more freely and easily but turned on the contrary side he presently cannot speake When the Diphragma or midriffe is wounded the party affected is troubled with a weight or heavinesse in that place hee is taken with a Delirium or raving by reason of the sympathy of the Nerves of the sixth conjugation which are spread over the midriffe difficulty of breathing a cough and sharpe paine trouble the patient the Guts are drawne upwards so that it sometimes happens by the vehemency of breathing that the stomacke and gutts are drawne through the wound in to the capacity of the Chest which thing I observed in two The on of these was a Maison who was thrust though the midst of the midriffe where it is Nervous and dyed the third day following I opening his lower belly and no finding his stomacke thought it a monstrous thing but at length searching diligently I found it was drawne into the Chest though the wound which was scarce an inch broade But the stomacke was full of winde but little humidity in it The other was called captaine Francis d' Alon a Native of Xantoigne who before Roshell was shot with a musket bullet entring by the breast-bone neere to the sword-like Gristle and passing through the fleshy part of the midriffe went out at the space betweene the fifth and sixth bastard ribbes The wound was healed up on the out side yet for all that there remained a weakenesse of the stomacke whereupon a paine of the guttes like to the colicke tooke him especially in the Evening and on the night for which cause he durst not sup but very sparingly But on the eighth month after the paine raging more violently in his belly than it was accustomed hee dyed though for the mitigating of the vehemency thereof Simon Malmedy and Anthony du Val both learned Physitions omitted no kinde of remedy The body of the diseased was opened by the skilfull Chirurgion Iames Guillemeau who found a great portion of the collicke gut swelled with much wind gotten into the Chest through the wound of the Diaphragma for all it was so small that you could scarse put your little finger in thereat But now let us returne from whence we digressed We understand that there is blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest by the difficulty of breathing the vehemency of the encreasing feaver the stinking of the breath the casting up of blood at the mouth and other symptomes which usually happen to these who have putrified and clotted blood poured out of the vessells into the belly infecting with the filthy vapour of the corrupt substance the partato which it shall come But also unlesse the patient cannot lye upon his backe he is troubled with a desire to vomite and covets now and then to rise whence hee often falls into a swoond the vitall faculty which fusteines the body being broken and debilitated both by reason of the wound and concreate or clotted blood for so putting on the quality of poyson it greatly dissipates and dissolves the strength of the heart It is a signe the spinall marrow is hurt when a convulsion or Palsie that is a suddaine losse of sense and motion in the parts thereunder an unvoluntary excretion of the Vrine and other excrements or a totall suppression of them seazes upon the Patient When the hollow veine and great Artery are wounded the patient will dye in a short time by reason of the suddaine and aboundant effusion of the blood and spirits which intercepts the motion of the lungs and heart whence the party dyes sufforaced CHAP. XXX Of the cure of the Wounds of the Chest WE have read in Iohn de Vigo that it is disputed amongst Chirurgions concerning the consolidation of wounds of
begun by some long great and vehement or anger or some too violent labour which any of a slender and dry body hath performed in the hot sunne It is also oft time caused by an ulcer or inflammation of the Lungs an empyema of the Chest by any great and long continuing Phlegmon of the liver stomacke mesentery wombe kidneyes Bladder of the guts Iejunam and Colon and also of the other Guts of if the Phlegmon succeed some long Diarrhoea Lienteria or bloody flix whence a consumption of the whole body and at last a hecticke feaver the heate becomming more acride the moysture of the body being consumed This kinde of feaver as it is most easely to bee knowne so is it most difficulty to cure the pulse in this feaver is hard by reason of the drynesse of the Artery which is a solide part and it is weake by reason of the debility of the vitall faculty the substance of the heart being assaulted But it is little and frequent because of the distemper and heate of the heart which for that it cannot by reason of its weakenesse cause a great pulse to coole its selfe it labours by the oftennesse to supply that defect But for the pulse it is a proper signe of this feaver that one or two houres after meate the pulse feeles stronger than usuall and then also there is a more acride heate over all the patients body The heate of this flame lasts untill the nourishment bee distributed over all the patients body in which time the drynesse of the heart in some sort tempered and recreated by the appulse of moyst nourishment the heate increases no otherwise than lime which a little before seemed cold to the touch but sprinkled and moystned with water growes so hot as it smoakes and boyled up At other times there is a perpetuall equallity of heate and pulse in smallnesse faintnesse obscurity frequency and hardnesse without any excerbation so that the patient cannot thinke himselfe to have a feaver yea hee cannot complaine of any thing hee feeles no no paine which is another proper signe of an hecticke feaver The cause that the heate doth not shew its selfe is it doth not possesse the surface of the body that is the spirits and humours but lyes as buried in the earthy grossenesse of the solide parts Yet if you hold your hand somewhat you shall at length perceive the heate more acride and biting the way being opened thereto by the skinne rarifyed by the gentle touch of the warme and temperate hand Wherefore if at any time in these kinde of feavers the Patient feele any paine and perceive himselfe troubled with an inequality and excesse of heate it is a signe that the hecticke feaver is not simple but conjoyned with a putride feaver which causeth such inequality as the heate doth more or lesse seace upon matter subjecte to putrefaction for a hecticke feaver of its selfe is void of all equality unlesse it proceede from some externall cause as from meate Certainely if an Hippocratique face may be found in any disease it may in this by reason of the colliquation or wasting away the triple substance In the cure of this disease you must diligently observe with what affects it is entangled and whence it was caused Wherefore first you must know whether this feaver be a disease or else a symptome For if it be symptom aticall it cannot be cured as long as the disease the cause thereof remaines uncured as if an ulcer of the guts occasioned by a bloody flixe shall have caused it or else a fistulous ulcer in the Chest caused by some wound received on that part it will never admit of cure unlesse first the fistulous or dysenterick ulcer shall be cured because the disease feedes the symptomes as the cause the effect But if it be a simple and essentiall hecticke feaver for that it hath its essence consisting in an hot and dry distemper which is not fixed in the humors but in the solide parts all the counsell of the Physition must be to renue the body but not to purge it for onely the humors require purging and not the defaults of the solide parts Therefore the solide parts must bee refrigerated and humected which wee may doe by medicines taken inwardly and applyed out-wardly The things which may with good successe bee taken inwardly into the body for this purpose are medicinall nourishments For hence we shall finde more certaine and manifest good than from altering medicines that is wholly refrigerating and humecting without any manner of nourishment For by reason of that portion fit for nutriment which is therewith mixed they are drawne and carried more powerfully to the parts and also converted into their substance whereby it comes to passe that they doe not humect and coole them lightly and superficially like the medicines which have onely power to alter and change the body but they carry their qualities more throughly even into the innermost substance Of these things some are herbes as violets purssaine buglosse endive ducks-meat or water lentill mallowes especially when the belly shall be bound Some are fruits as gourds cowcumbers apples prunes raisons sweete almonds and fresh or new pine-apple kernells In the number of seedes are the foure greater and lesser cold seedes and these new for their native humidity the seedes of poppyes berberries quinces The floures of buglosse violets water lillies are also convenient of all these things let broth be made with a chicken to bee taken in the morning for eight or nine dayes after the first concoction For meates in the beginning of the disease when the faculties are not too much debilitated hee shall use such as nourish much and long though of hard digestion such as the extreame parts of beasts as the feete of Calves Hoggs feete not salted the flesh of a Tortois which hath lived so long in a garden as may suffice to digest the excrementitious humidity the flesh of white Snailes and such as have beene gathered in a vineyard of frogs river Crabs Eeles taken in cleere waters and welcooked hard egges eaten with the juice of Sorrell without spices Whitings and stockfish For al such things because they have a tough and glutiuons juice are easily put gluti nated to the parts of our body neither are they so easily dissipated by the feaverish heat But when the patient languisheth of a long hectick he must feede upon meats of easiy digestion and these boyled rather than roasted for boyled meats humect more and roasted more easily turne into choler Wherefore hee may use to eate Veale Kid Capon Pullet boyled with refrigerating and humecting hearbes hee may also use Barly creames Almond milkes as also bread crummed and moystened with rose water and boyled in a decoction of the foure cold seedes with sugar of roses for such a Panada cooles the liver and the habite of the whole body and nourisheth withall The Testicles wings
times of the disease the beginning encrease state and declination for each of these foure require their remedies Others are taken from the temperament of the patient so that no Chirurgion neede doubt that some medicines are fit for cholericke othersome for phlegmaticke bodyes Hither referre the indication taken from the age of the patient also it is drawn from his dyet for no man must prescribe any slender diet to one who is alwayes feeding as to him who is accustomed to cate but once or twise a day Hence it is that a dyet consisting onely of Panada's is more fit for Italians than for French men for we must give somewhat to custome which is as it were another nature Vocations and dayly exercises are referred to dyet for other things besit husband men and laboures whose flesh is dense and skin hardened by much labour than idle and delicate persons But of all other have diligent regard of that indication which is drawne from the strength of the patient for we must presently all else being neglected succour the fainting or decaying strength wherefore if it be needfull to cut off a member that is putrified the operation must bee deferred if the strength of the patient be so dejected that hee cannot have it performed without manifest danger of his life Also indication may be drawne from the encompassing ayre under which also is comprehended that which is taken from the season of the yeere region the state of the ayre and soyle and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time Hence it is we reade in Guido that wounds of the head are cured with farre more difficulty at Paris than at Avignion where notwithstanding on the contrary the wounds of the legges are cured with more trouble than at Paris The cause is the ayre is cold and moyst at Paris which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the braine and head it cannot but must be offensive to the wounds of these parts But the heate of the ambient ayre at Avignion attenuates and dissolves the humors and makes them flow from above downewards But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guide say that wounds of the head are more frequently deadly in hot countries let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest naturall heate of the ayre but to a certaine maligne venenate humor or vapour dispersed through the ayre and raysed out of the Seas as you may easily observe in those places of France Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea An indication may also be drawne from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts for the musculous parts must be dressed after one and the bony parts after another manner The different sense of the parts indicates and requires the like variety of remedies for you shall not apply so acride medicines to the Nerves and Tendons as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense The like reason also for the dignity and function of the parts needefull for the preservation of life for oft times wounds of the braine or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts divert the whole manner of the cure which is usually and generally performed in wounds Neither that without good cause for oft times from the condition of the parts we may certainely pronounce the whole successe of the disease for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the braine into the heart the large vessells the chest the nervous part of the midriffe the Liver ventricle small guts bladder if somewhat large are deadly as also these which light upon a joynt in a body repleate with ill humors as we have formerly noted Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawne from the situation of the part and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts or from the figure thereof seeing that Galen himselfe would not have it neglected But wee must consider in taking these forementioned Indications whether there bee a composition or complication of the diseases for as there is one and that a simple indication of one that a simple disease so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease But there is observed to be a triple composition or complication of affects besides nature for either a disease is compounded with a disease as a wound or a phlegmon with a fracture of a bone or a disease with a cause as an ulcer with a defluxion or a disease with a symptome as a wound with paine or bleeding It sometimes comes to passe that these three the disease cause and symprome concurre in one case or affect In artificially handling of which we must follow Galens counsell who wishes in complicated and compounded affects that we resist the more urgent then let us withstand the cause of the disease and lastly that affect without which the rest cannot be cured Which counsell must well be observed for in this composure of affects which distracts the Empericke But on the contrary the rationall Physition hath a way prescribed in a few and these excellent words which if hee follow in his order of cure hee can scarse misse to heale the patient Symptomes truely as they are symptomes yeeld no indication of curing neither change the order of the cure for when the disease is healed the symptome vanishes as that which followes the disease as a shadow followes the body But symptomes doe often times so urge and presse that perverting the whole order of the cure we are forced to resist them in the first place as those which would otherwise encrease the disease Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawne to two heads the first is to restore the part to its native temper the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or quality for when those two are present there is nothing which may hinder the repletion nor union of wounds or Vlcers CHAP. IX What remaines for the Chirurgion to doe in this kinde of wounds THe Chirurgion must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage paine hinder defluxions prescribe a dyet in these sixe things we call Not naturall forbidding the use of hot and acrid things as also of wine for such attenuate the humors and make them more apt for defluxion Therefore at the first let his dyet be slender that so the course of the humors may bee diverted from the affected part for the stomacke being empty and not well filled drawes from the parts about it whereby it consequently followes that the utmost and remotest parts are at the length evacuated which is the cause that such as are wounded must keepe so spare a dyet for the next dayes following Venery is very pernitious for that it inflames the spirits and humors farre beyond other motions whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot are too plentifully carryed to the wounded
shivers of the bone with the residue of the leaden bullet came forth of themselves But if the fracture shall happen in the necke of the shoulder blade or dearticulation of the shoulder there is scarce any hope of recovery as I have observed in Anthony of Burbon King of Navarre Francis of Lorraine Duke of Guise the Count Rhingrave Philibert and many other in these late civill warrs For there are many large vessels about this dearticulation to wit the axillary veine and arterie the nerves arising from the Vertebrae of the necke which are thence disseminated into all the muscles of the arme Besides also inflammation and putrefaction arising there are easily communicated by reason of their neighbour-hood to the heart and other principall parts whence grievous symptomes and oft times death it selfe ensues CHAP. X. Of the fracture and depression of the Sternon or Breast-bone THe Sternum is sometimes broken otherwiles onely thrust in without a fracture The inequality perceivable by your feeling shews a fracture as also the going in with a thrust with your finger and the sound or noise of the bones crackling under your fingers But a manifest cavity in the part a cough spitting of blood and difficultie of breathing by compression of the membrane investing the ribs and the lungs argue the depression thereof For the restoring of this bone whether broken or deprest the patient must be layd on his backe with a cushion stuffed with tow or hay under the vertebrae of the backe as we set downe in the setting of the Collar-bone Then a servant shall lye strongly with both his hands on his shoulders as if he would presse them downe whilst the Surgeon in the meane time pressing the ribs on each side shall restore and set the bone with his hand and then the formerly described medicines shall bee applyed for to hinder inflammation and asswage paine boulsters shall bee fitted thereto and a ligature shall bee made crosse-wayes above the shoulders but that not too strait lest it hinder the Patients breathing I by these meanes at the appointment of Anthony of Burbon King of Navarre cured Anthony Benand a Knight of the Order who had his breast-plate bended and driven in with an iron bullet shot out of a Field-Peece as also his sternum together therewith and he fell down as dead with the blow he did spit blood for three months after I had set the bone yet for all this he lives at this day in perfect health CHAP. XI Of the fracture of the ribs THe true ribs for that they are bonie may be broken in any part of them But the bastard ribs cannot be truly broken unlesse at the backe bone because they are onely bonie in that part but gristly of the foreside towards the breast-bone wherefore there they can only be folded or crooked in These which are subject to fractures may be broken inwards and outwards But oft times it comes to passe that they are not absolutely broken but cleft into splinters and that sometimes inwards but not outwards Thus the fissure doth oft-times not exceede the middle substance of the rib but sometimes it so breakes through it all that the fragments and splinters do prick and wound the membrane which invests and lines them on the inside and then there is great danger But when the fracture is simple without a wound compression puncture of the membrane and lastly without any other symptome then the danger is lesse Therefore Hippocrates wisheth that these who are thus affected fill themselves more freely with meat for that moderate repletion of the belly is as it were a certaine prop or stay for the ribs keeping them well in their place and state which rule chiefly takes place in fractures of the bastard ribs For such as have them broken usually feele themselves better after than before meat For emptinesse of meat or of the stomack makes a suspension of the ribs as not underpropped by the meat Now that fracture which is outwardly is farre more easie to heale than that which is inwardly for that this pricketh the membrane or Pleura and causeth inflammation which may easily end in an Empyema Adde hereunto that this is not so easily to be handled or dealt withall as the other whereby it commeth to passe that it cannot be so easily restored for that these things cannot bee so fully and freely performed in this kinde of fracture which are necessary to the setting of the bone as to draw it out hold it and joyne it together It is therefore healed within twenty dayes if nothing else hinder The signes of fractured ribs are not obscure for by feeling the grieved part with your fingers you may easily perceive the fracture by the inequalitie of the bones and their noyse or crackling especially if they bee quite broke asunder But if a rib be broken on the inside a pricking paine far more grievous than in a Pleurisie troubles the Patient because the sharp splinters pricke the Costall membrane whence great difficulty in breathing a cough and spitting of blood ensue For blood flowing from the vessels broken by the violence of the thing causing the fracture is as it were sucked up by the lungs and so by a dry cough carried into the weazond and at length spit out of the mouth Some to pull up the bone that is quite broken and deprest apply a cupping glasse and that is ill done for there is caused greater attraction of humors and excesse of paine by the pressure and contraction of the adjacent parts by the cupping-glasse wherefore Hippocrates also forbids it Therefore it is better to endeavour to restore it after this following manner Let the Patient lye upon his sound fide and let there be layd upon the fractured side an emplaister made of Turpentine rosin black pitch wheat floure mastick and aloes and spread upon a strong and new cloath When it hath stucke there some time then plucke it suddenly with great violence from below upwards for so the rib will follow together therewith and bee plucked and drawne upwards It is not sufficient to have done this once but you must doe it often untill such time as the Patient shall finde himselfe better and to breathe more easily There will be much more hope of restitution if whilest the Surgeon doe this diligently the Patient forbeare coughing and hold his breath Otherwise if necessitie urge as if sharpe splinters with most bitter tormenting paine pricke the Costall membrane overspred with many nerves veines and arteries which run under the ribs whence difficultie of breathing spitting of blood a cough and fever ensue then the only way to deliver the Patient from danger of imminent death is to make incision on the part where the rib is broken that so laying it bare you may discerne the pricking fragments and take them out with your instrument or else cut them off And if you make a great wound by
sleepy arteryes and fils the braine disturbing the humours and spirits which are conteyned there tossing them unequally as if one ran round or had drunk too much wine This hot spirit oft-times riseth from the heart upwards by the internall sleepy arteryes to the Rete mirabile or wonderfull net otherwhiles it is generated in the brain its selfe being more hot than is fitting also it oft-times ariseth from the stomack spleen liver and other entrals being too hot The signe of this disease is the sudden darkening of the sight and the closing up as it were of the eyes the body being lightly turned about or by looking upon wheeles running round or whirle pits in waters or by looking downe any deepe or steep places If the originall of the disease proceed from the braine the patients are troubled with the head-ach heavinesse of the head and noyse in the eares and oft-times they lose their smell Paulus Aegineta for the cure bids us to open the arteries of the temples But if the matter of the disease arise from some other place as from some of the lower entrals such opening of an artery little availeth Wherefore then some skilfull Phisitian must be consulted with who may give directions for phlebotomie if the original of the disease proceed from the heat of the entrals by purging if occasioned by the foulenesse of the stomack But if such a Vertigo be a criticall symptome of some acute disease affecting the Crisis by vomit or bleeding then the whole businesse of freeing the patient thereof must be committed to nature CHAP. IV. Of the Hemicrania or Megrim THE Megrim is properly a disease affecting the one side of the head right or left It sometimes passeth no higher than the temporall muscles otherwhiles it reacheth to the toppe of the crowne The cause of such paine proceedeth eyther from the veynes and externall arteryes or from the meninges or from the very substance of the braine or from the pericranium or the hairy scalpe covering the pericranium or lasty from putride vapours arising to the head from the ventricle wombe or other inferiour member Yet an externall cause may bring this affect to wit the too hot or cold constitution of the encompassing ayre drunkennesse gluttony the use of hot and vaporous meates some noysome vapour or smoake as of Antimony quick-silver or the like drawne up by the nose which is the reason that Goldsmythes and such as gilde mettals are commonly troubled with this disease But whence foever the cause of the evill proceedeth it is either a simple distemper or with matter with matter I say which againe is either simple or compound Now this affect is either alone or accompanied with other affects as inflammation and tension The heavinesse of head argues plenty of humour pricking beating and tension shewes that there is plenty of vapours mixed with the humours and shut up in the nervous arterious or membranous body of the head If the paine proceed from the inflamed meninges a fever followeth thereon especially if the humour causing paine doe putresie If the paine be superficiary it is seated in the pericranium If profound deepe and piercing to the botome of the eyes it is an argument that the meninges are affected and a feaver ensues if there be inflammation and the matter putresie and then oft times the tormenting paine is so great and grievous that the patient is affraid to have his head touched if it be but with your finger neither can hee away with any noise or small murmuring nor light nor smels however sweet no nor the fume of Vine The paine is sometimes continuall otherwhiles by fits If the cause of the pain proceed from hot thin vaporous bloud which will yeeld to no medicines a very necessary profitable speedy remedy may be had by opening an artery in the temples whether the disease proceed from the internall or externall vessels For hence alwayes ensueth an evacuation of the conjunct matter bloud and spirits I have experimented this in many but especially in the Prince de la Roche sur-you His Physitians when hee was troubled with this grievous Megrim were Chapaine the Kings and Castellane the Queenes chiefe Phisitians and Lewes Duret who notwithstanding could helpe him nothing by bloud-letting cupping bathes fictions diet or any other kind of remedy either taken inwardly or applyed outwardly I being called said that there was onely hope one way to recover his health which was to open the artery of the temple in the same side that the paine was for I thought it probable that the cause of his pain was not contained in the veins but in the 〈◊〉 in which case by the testimony of the ancients there was nothing better than the opening or bleeding of an artery whereof I had made tryall upon my selfe to my great good When as the Physitians had approved of this my advice I presently betake my selfe to the work and choose out the artery in the pained temple which was both the more swolne and beat more vehemently than the rest I open this as wee use to doe in the bleeding of a veine with one incision and take more than two sawcers of blood flying out with great violence and leaping the paine presently ceased neither did it ever molest him againe Yet this opening of an Artery is suspected by many for that it is troublesome to stay the gushing forth bloud and cicatrize the place by reason of the density hardnesse and continuall pulsation of the artery and lastly for that when it is cicatrized there may be danger of an Aneurisma Wherefore they thinke it better first to divide the skin then to separate the artery from all the adjacent particles and then to binde it in two places and lastly divide it as we have formerly told you must be done in Varices But this is the opinion of men who fear all things where there is no cause for I have learnt by frequent experience that the apertion of an artery which is performed with a Lancet as wee doe in opening a veine is not at all dangerous and the consolidation or healing is somewhat flower than in a veine but yet will bee done at length but that no flux of bloud will happen if so bee that the ligation be fitly performed and remaine so for foure dayes with fitting pledgets CHAP. V. Of certaine affects of the eyes and first of staying up the upper eye-lidde when it is too laxe OF the diseases which befall the eies some possess the whole substance thereof as the Ophthalmia a Phlegmon therof others are proper and peculiar to some parts thereof as that which is termed Gutta ferena to the opticke nerve Whence Galen made a threefold difference of the diseases of the eyes as that some happened to the eye by hurting or offending the chiefe organ thereof that is the crystalline humour others by hindering the animall faculty the chiefe causer of sight from
whereby the poyson may arrive at the heart and principall parts For in such for example sake as have the passages of their arteries more large the poyson may more readily and speedily enter into the heart together with the aire that is continually drawn into the body CHAP. IIII. Whether such creatures as feed upon poysonous things be also poysonous and whether they may be eaten safely and without harme DUcks Storkes Hernes Peacocks Turkies and other birds feed upon Toads Vipers Aspes Snakes Scorpions Spiders Caterpillers other venemous things Wherfore it is worthy the questioning whether such like creatures nourished with such food can kill or poyson such persons as shall afterward eat them Matthiolus writes that all late Authors who have treated of poysons to be absolutely of this opinion That men may safely and without any danger feed upon such creatures for that they convert the beasts into their nature after they have eaten them and on the contrary are not changed by them This reason though very probable yet doth it not make these beasts to be wholly harmelesse especially if they be often eaten or fed upon Dioscorides and Galen seeme to maintaine this opinion whereas they write that the milke which is nothing else than the relented bloud of such beasts as feed upon scammonie hellebore and spurge purgeth violently Therefore Physicians desirous to purge a sucking childe give purges to the nurses whence their milke becomming purging becomes both meat and medicine to the childe The flesh of Thrushes which feed upon Juniper berries favours of Juniper Birds that are fed with worme-wood or Garlike either tast bitter or have the strong sent of Garlike Whitings taken with garlike so smell thereof that they will not forgoe that smell or taste by any salting frying or boyling for which sole reason many who hate garlike are forced to abstain from these fishes The flesh of Rabbits that feed upon Pennyroyall and Juniper favour of them Phisicians wish that Goats Cows and Asses whose milke they would use for Consumptions or other diseases should bee fed some space before and every day with these or these herbs which they deeme fit for the curing of this or that disease For Galen affirmes that hee doubts not but that in successe of time the flesh of creatures will be changed by the meats where on they feed and at length favour thereof Therefore I do noe allow that the flesh of such things as feed upon venemous things should be eaten for food unlesse it bee some long space after they have disused such repast and that all the venome bee digested and overcome by the efficacy of their proper heat so that nothing thereof may remaine in tast smell or substance but bee all vanished away For many dye suddenly the cause of whose deaths are unknowne which peradventure was from nothing else but the sympathy and antipathy of bodies for that these things cause death and disease to some that nourish othersome according to our vulgar English proverbe That which is one mans meate is another mans Poyson CHAP. V. The generall signes of such as are poysoned WEE will first declare what the generall signes of poyson are and then will we descend to particulars whereby we may pronounce that one is poysoned with this or that poyson We certainly know that a man is poysoned when as hee complaines of a great heavinesse of his whole body so that hee is weary of himselfe when as some horrid and loathsome taste sweats out from the orifice of the stomacke to the mouth and tongue wholly different from that taste that meat howsoever corrupted can send up when as the colour of the face changeth suddenly somewhiles to blacke sometimes to yellow or any other colour much differing from the common custome of man when nauseousnesse with frequent vomiting troubleth the patient and that hee is molested with so great unquietnesse that all things may seeme to bee turned upside downe Wee know that the poyson workes by the proper and from the whole substance when as without any manifest sense of great heate or coldnesse the patient sownes often with cold sweats for usually such poysons have no certaine and distinct part wherewith they are at enmity as cantharides have with the bladder But as they worke by their whole substance and an occult propriety of forme so doe they presently and directly assaile the heart our essence and life and the fortresse and beginning of the vitall faculty Now will wee shew the signes whereby poysons that worke by manifest and elementary qualities may be knowne Those who exceed in heate burne or make an impression of heat in the tongue the mouth throate stomacke guts and all the inner parts with great thirst unquietnesse and perpetuall sweats But if to their excesse of heate they bee accompanyed with a corroding and putrefying quality as Arsenicke Sublimate Rose-ager or Rats-bane Verdegreace Orpiment and the like they then cause in the stomacke and guts intolerable pricking paines rumblings in the belly and continuall and intolerable thirst These are succeeded by vomitings with sweats some-whiles hot somewhiles cold with swounings whence suddaine death ensues Poysons that kill by too great coldnesse induce a dull or heavie sleepe or drowzinesse from which you cannot easily rouze or waken them sometimes they so trouble the braine that the patients performe many undecent gestures and anticke trickes with their mouthes and eyes armes and legges like as such as are franticke they are troubled with cold sweats their faces become blackish or yellowish alwayes ghastly all their bodies are benummed and they dye in a short time unlesse they be helped poysons of this kinde are Hemlock Poppie Nightshade Henbane Mandrage Dry poysons are usually accompanied by heate with moisture for although sulphur bee hot and dry yet hath it moisture to hold the parts together as all things which have a consistence have yet are they called dry by reason that drynesse is predominant in them such things make the tongue and throate dry and rough with unquenchable thirst the belly is so bound that so much as the urine cannot have free passage forth all the members grow squallide by drynesse the patients cannot sleepe poysons of this kinde are Lytharge Cerusse Lime Scailes of Brasse Filings of Lead prepared antimony On the contrary moist poysons induce a perpetuall sleep a fluxe or scouring the resolution of all the nerves and joints so that not so much as the eyes may be faithfully conteined in their orbes but will hang as ready to fal out the extreme parts as the hands feet nose and ears corrupt putrefie at which time they are also troubled with thirst by reason of their strong heat alwaies the companion of putrefaction oft times the author thereof now when this commeth to passe death is at hand Very many deny that there can be any moist poysons found that is such as may kill by the efficacy of their humidity
glasses applyed with much flame to sundry parts of the body are good Also bathes of warme water with a decoction of such things as resist poyson as southerne wood calaminte rue betony horehound penny royall bayes scordium smallage scabious mints valerian and the like are good in this case Also sweates are good being provoked so much as the strength of the patient can endure But if he be very wealthy whom we suspect poysoned it will be safer to put him into the belly of an oxe horse or mule and then presently into another assoone as the former is cold that so the poyson may bee drawne forth by the gentle and vaporous heate of the new killed beast yet doe none of these things without the advise of a Physitian if it may conveniently be had CHAP. VII How the corrupt or venemous Ayre may kill a Man THE aire is infected and corrupted by the admixture of maligne vapours either arising from the unburied bodies of such as are slaine in great conflicts or exhaling out of the earth after earth-quakes for the aire long pent up in the cavities and bowells of the earth and deprived of the freedome and commerce of the open aire is corrupted and acquires a maligne quality which it presently transferreth unto such as meet therewith Also there is a certaine malignity of the aire which accompanieth thunders and lightnings which favoures of a sulphureous virulency so that whatsoever wilde beastes shall devoure the creatures killed therewith they become madde and dye immediately for the fire of lightning hath a farre more rapid subtle and greater force than other fires so that it may rightly be termed a Fire of Fires An argument hereof is that it melteth the head of a spear not harming the wood and silver and gold not hurting the purse wherein it is conteined Also the aire is infected by fumigations which presently admitted into the body and bowels by the mouth and nose in respiration by the skinne and arteries in perspiration doth easily kill the spirits and humours being first infected and then within a short space after the solid substance of the principall parts chiefly of the heart being turned into their nature unlesse the man be first provided for by sneesing vomiting sweating purging by the belly or some other excretion For that poyson which is carryed into the body by smell is the most rapid effectuall by so much as a vapor or exhalation is of more subtle quicklier piercing essence than an humor Yet not withstanding wilt thou say it is not credible that any can be kild by any vapor raised by the force of fire as of a Torch or a Warming-pan for that the venenate quality of the thing that is burnt is dissipated and consumed by the force of the fire purging and cleansing all things This reason is falsly faigned to the destruction of the lives of carelesse people for sulphureous brands kindled at a cleere fire doe notwithstanding cast forth a sulphureous vapour Whether doe not Lignum aloes and Juniper when they are burnt in a flame smell lesse sweetly Pope Clement the seventh of that name the Uncle of our Kings Mother was poysoned by the fume of a poysonous Torch that was carryed lighted before him and dyed thereof Mathiolus telleth that there were two Mountebanks in the market place of Sicnna the one of which but smelling to a poysoned gilly-flower given him by the other fell downe dead presently A certaine man not long ago when he had put to his nose and smelled a little unto a pomander which was secretly poysoned was presently taken with a Vertigo and all his face swelled and unlesse that hee had gotten speedy helpe by sternutatories and other meanes hee had died shortly after of the same kinde of death that Pope Clement did The safest preservative against such poysons is not to smell to them moreover some affirme that there are prepared some poysons of such force that being anointed but on the saddle they will kill the rider others that if you but anoint the stirrops therwith they will send so deadlie poysonous a qualitie into the rider through his boots that he shall die therof within a short time after which things though they be scarce credible because such poysons touch not the naked skin yet have they an example in nature whereby they may defend themselves For the Torpedo sends a narcoticke and certainelie deadlie force into the arme and so into the bodie of the Fisher the cords of the net being between them CHAP. VIII That every kinde of Poyson hath its proper and peculiar Signes and Effects AS poysons are distinct in species so each species differs in their signes and effects neither is it possible to find anie one kinde of poyson which may be accompanied or produce all the signes and effects of all poysons other-wise Physitians should in vaine have written of the signes and effects of each of them as also of their proper remedies antidotes For what kind of poyson shall that be which shall cause a burning heat in the stomack bellie liver bladder kidneies which shall cause a hicketting which shall cause the whole body to tremble and shake which shall take away the voice and speech which shall cause convulsions shall weaken the pulsificke facultie which shall intercept the freedome of breathing which shall stupesie and cast into a dead sleepe which shall together and at once cause a Vertigo in the head dimnesse in the sight a strangling or stoppage of the breath thirst bleeding feaver stoppage of the urine perpetuall vomiting rednesse lividnesse and paleness of the face resolution of the powers and manie other things all which are caused by all sorts of poyson Lastly no bodie will denie but that hot poysons may kill more speedily than cold for that they are more speedily actuated by the native heat CHAP. IX The Effects of Poysons from particular venemous things and what Prognosticks may thence bee made IT is the opinion of Cornelius Celsus and almost of all the antients That the bite of everie beast had some virulencie but yet some more than othersome They are most virulent that are inflicted by venemous beasts as Aspes Vipers Water-snakes and all kindes of Serpents Basiliskes Dragons Toads Mad dogges Scorpions Spiders Bees Waspes and the like They are lesse maligne which are of creatures wanting venome as of Horses Apes Cats Dogges not mad and manie other things which though of their owne nature they are without poison yet in their bites there is something more dolorisicke and ill natured than in common wounds inflicted by other occasions I beleeve that in their slaver or sanies there is something I know not how to terme it contrarie to our nature which imprints a maligne qualitie in the ulcer which also you may observe in the tearings or scratchings of such creatures as have sharpe clawes as Lions and Cats Moreover manie affirme that they have found by
experience that the bites of men are not altogether without virulencie especially of such as are red haired and freckled cheiflie when as they are angred it is probable that the bites of other persons want this malignitie seeing that their spittle will cure small ulcerations Wherefore if there shall happen difficultie of cure in a wound caused by a mans biting which is neither red haired nor freckled neither angrie this happens not by meanes of the spittle nor by anie maligne qualitie but by reason of the contusion caused by the bluntnesse of the teeth not cutting but bruising the part for being not sharp they cannot so easily enter the flesh unlesse by bruising and tearing after the manner of heavie and blunt stroaks and weapons wounds being occasioned by such are more hard to bee cured than such as are made by cutting and sharp weapons But of the fore-said bitings of venemous creatures there are few which doe not kill in a short space and almost in a moment but principally if the poison be sent into the bodie by a live creature for in such poison there is much heat also there is therein a greater tenuity which serves as vehicles thereto into what place or part soever of the bodie they tend the which the poisons taken from dead creatures are detective of Wherefore some of these kill a man in the space of an houre as the poison of Aspes Basiliskes and Toads others not unlesse in two or three daies space as of water Snakes a Spider and Scorpion require more time to kill yet all of them admitted but in the least quantity doe in a short space cause great and deadly mutations in the bodie as if they had breathed in a pestiferous aire and with the like violence taint and change into their owne nature all the members and bowels by which these same members do in the time of perfect health change laudible meats into their nature and substance The place whereas these poisonous creatures live the time conduce to the perniciousnesse of the poison for such as live in drie mountanous and sun-burnt places kill more speedily than such as be in moist and marish grounds also they are more hurtfull in winter than in summer and the poison is more deadly which proceeds from hungry angry and fasting creatures than that which comes from such as are full and quiet as also that which proceeds from young things chiefly when as they are stimulated to venery is more powerfull than that which comes from old decrepite from females worse than from males from such as have fed upon other venemous things rather than from such as have abstained from them as from snakes which have devoured toads vipers which have fed upon scorpions spiders Caterpillers Yet the reason of the efficacie of poysons depends from their proper that is their subtle or grosse consistence the greater or lesse aptnesse of the affected body to suffer For hot men that have larger more open veins arteries yeeld the poison freer passage to the heart Therefore those which have more cold straight vessels are longer ere they die of the like poison such as are full are not so soon harmed as those that are fasting for meats besides that by filling the vessels they give not the poison so free passage they also strengthen the heart by the multiplication of spirits so that it more powerfully resists pernicious venome If the poison worke by an occult and specifick propertie it causeth the cure and prognostick to be difficult and then must we have recourse to Antidotes as these which in their whole substance resist poysons but principally to treacle because there enter into the composition thereof medicines which are hot cold moist and drie whence it is that it retunds and withstands all poisons chiefly such as consist of a simple nature such as these which come from venemous creatures plants and mineralls and which are not prepared by the detestable art of empoisoners CHAP. X. What cure must bee used to the bitings and stingings of venemous beasts CUre must speedily bee used without any delay to the bites and stingings of venemous beasts which may by all meanes disperse the poyson and keepe it from entring into the body for when the principall parts are possessed it boots nothing to use medicines afterwards Therefore the Ancients have propounded a double indication to leade us to the finding out of medicines in such a case to wit the evacuation of the virulent and venenate humour and the change or alteration of the same and the affected body But seeing evacuation is of two sorts to wit universall which is by the inner parts and particular which is by the outward parts We must begin at the particular by such to pick medicines as are fit to draw out and retund the venome for we must not alwaies begin a cure with generall things as some thinke especially in externall diseases as wounds fractures dislocations venemous bites and punctures Wherefore hereto as speedily as you may you shall apply remedies fit for the bites punctures of venemous beasts as for example the wounds shall bee presently washed with urine with sea-water aquavitae or wine or vineger wherein old treacle or mustard shall be dissolved Let such washing be performed very hot and strongly chafed in â—â—d then leave upon the wound and round about it linnen ragges or lint steeped in the same liquor There be some who thinke it not fit to lay treacle thereto because as they say it drives the poyson in But the authority of Galen convinceth that opinion for he writeth that if treacle be applyed to this kind of wounds before that the venome shall arrive at the noble parts it much conduceth Also reason confutes it for vipers flesh enters the composition of treacle which attracts the venome by the similitude of substance as the Load-stone draweth iron or Amber strawes Moreover the other simple medicines which enter this composition resolve and consume the virulencie and venome and being inwardly taken it defendeth the heart and other noble parts and corroboratheth the spirits Experience teacheth that mithridate fiftly given in the stead of treacle worketh the like effect The medicines that are taken inwardly and applyed outwardly for evacuation must bee of subtle parts that they may quickly insinuate themselves into every part to retund the malignity of the poyson wherefore garlike onions leeks are very good in this case for that they are vaporous also scordium tue dictamnus the lesser Centaury horehound rocket the milkie juice of unripe figs and the like are good there is a kind of wilde buglosse amongst all other plants which hath a singular force against venemous bites whence it is termed Echium and viperinum and that for two causes the first is because in the purple flowers that grow amongst the leaves there is a resemblance to the head of a viper or adder Another
forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might presse forth the blood and poyson lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body I dissolved old treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistened cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few dayes I throughly recovered by this onely medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerfull drawers as a squill rosted in hot embers garlicke and leeks beaten and applyed barly floure tempered with vinegar hony and goats dung and so applyed like a pultis Some thinke it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little hony Galen writes that the poyson inflicted by the bite of a viper may bee drawne forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous THE Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by his biting hee causeth blood to droppe out of all the passages of the wounded bodie hee is of a small bodie of the bignesse of a viper with else burning with a certaine fierie brightnesse and a most beautifull skinne The backe of him as Avicen writes is spotted with manie blacke and white spots his necke little and his taile verie small the part which he bites forthwith growes blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrarie thereto in its whole substance Then followes a paine of the stomacke and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous qualitie of the poison These paines are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive facultie of all the parts of the bellie being weakened and the veines which are spred through the guts not being able to retaine the blood conteined in them For the blood is seen to flow out as in streams from the nose mouth eares fundament privities corners of the eies rootes of the naile and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficultie of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadlie convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarifie and burne the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfullie drawing Antidores The figure of the serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIII Of the Serpent called Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruell malignitie of its poyson It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curles or twines up the taile in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash-colour a broad head small necke bigge bellie writhen taile and as he goes hee runs aside like a crabbe But his skin is variegated and spotted with severall colours like to Tapistrie By the crueltie of his causticke and putrefying venome hee burnes the part which he hath bit with most bitter paine he causeth the shedding of the haires and as Aëtius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefyed affected parts waxe white and the bodie all over becomes of the colour of that scurfe which is termed Alphos so that by the wickednesse of this putrefactive poison not onely the spirits are resolved but also the whole bodie consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putride tumours arising from a hot and humide or suffocating constitution of the aire Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The Figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basiliske far exceeds all kinds of Serpents in the curstness of its poyson Therefore it is affirmed by Nicander that into what place soever he comes other venemous creatures do forthwith flie thence for that none of them can so much as endure his hissing for he is thought to kill all things even with this not with his biting and touch only besides if any of them hasten to get anie meate or drinke and perceive that the Basiliske is not farre from thence he flies back and neglects the getting of nourishment necessarie for life Galen writes that the Basilisk is a yellowish serpent with a sharpe head and three risings distinguished with white spots and rising up in forme of a crowne by reason whereof hee is stiled the King of Serpents Certainely the violence of his poyson in killing men is so great that he is therefore thought to kill men and other creatures by his sight onely Solinus affirmes that the body of a dead Basiliske hath wondrous faculties Wherefore the inhabitants of Pergamum in ancient times gave a mightie price for one to hang upon the joistes of the temple of Apollo so to drive away the Spiders and Birds lest they should there weave their webs or the other build their nests in that sacred place Verily no ravenous creature will touch their carkasse but if constrained by hunger they doe touch it then they forthwith fall downe dead in the same place and this happens not onely by eating their body but also by devouring the bodies of such beasts as are killed by their bitings They kill the trees and shrubs by which they passe not onely by their touch but even with their breath Amongst the westerne Aethiopians is the fountaine Nigris neer which there is a serpent called Catablepas small in bodie and slow having a great head which it scarce can carrie but that it lies alwaies upon the ground otherwise it would kill abundance of people for it forthwith kills all that see the eyes thereof the Basiliske hath the same force he is bred in the province of Cyrene of the length of some twelve fingers with a white spot in his head resembling a crowne he chaseth away all serpents with his hisse Weasels are the destruction of such monsters thus it pleased nature that nothing should be without its equall they assaile them in their dennes being easily knowne by the barrennesse or consumption of the soile These kill them also by their sent and they die and the fight of nature is ended thus nature to the magnanimous Lion lest there should be nothing which he might fear hath opposed the weake creature the Cocke by whose crowing onely he is terrefied and put to flight Erasistratus writes that a golden yellownesse affects the bitten part of such as are hurt by a Basiliske but a blacknesse and tumour possesseth the rest of the body all the flesh of the muscles within a while after falling away piece-meale An antidote against this must be made of a dramme of Castoreum dissolved in wine and drunken or else in
multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moone decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humours that were collected and gathered together before the full of the Moone through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weake and feeble because of the imbecility of the native heate which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the wainings of the Moone are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstruall fluxes chiefly or most commonly at that time In a grosse and cloudy Aire the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious than in a thin and subtle Aire whether that thinnesse of the Aire proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North wind cold Therfore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the Citie the Aire is darke and grosse the pestilent infection is lesse fierce and contagious than it is in Province for the subtlety of the Aire stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortall and pernicious wheresoever it bee because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortresse or castle of life but commonly not befoâ—… signes and tokens of it appeare on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physitian to helpe to preserve him from so great danger before the signes thereof be evident to bee seene and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it commeth to passe that so many dye thereof And moreover because at the first suspicion of this so dire and cruell a disease the imagination and minde whose force in the diversly stirring up of the humours is great and almost incredible is so troubled with feare of imminent death and dispaire of health that together with the perturbed humours all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh downe This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sicke and the bearers which are not fearefull but very confident although they doe all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldome dye thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent feaver comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humours or aptnesse to putrefie but it never thence hath its first originall for that comes alwaies from the defiled aire therefore a pestilent feaver is thus bred in us The pestilent Aire drawne by inspiration into the lungs and by transpiration into the utmost mouthes of the veines and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humours already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certaine kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humours like unquencht lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putride vapour which carryed to the principall parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vitall spirits and hence proceeds a certaine feaverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a maligne quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venome and besides causeth divers symptomes according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and humours wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing nature defending manifest in which if nature prevaile it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stoole or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin But on the contrary if the malignity prevaile and nature be too weake and yeeld and that first he be troubled with often panting or palpitation of the heart then presently after with frequent faintings the patient then at length will dye For this is a great signe of the Plague or a pestilent Feaver if presently at the first with no labour nor any evacuation worth the speaking of their strength faile them and they become exceeding faint You may find the other signes mentioned in our preceding discourse CHAP. XIX Into what place the Patient ought to betake himselfe so soone as he finds himselfe infected WEE have said that the perpetuall and first originall of the pestilence commeth of the Aire therefore so soone as one is blasted with the pestiferous Aire after he hath taken some preservative against the malignity thereof hee must withdraw himselfe into some wholesome Aire that is cleane and pure from any venemous iufection or contagion for there is great hope of health by the alteration of the Aire for we doe most frequently and abundantly draw in the Aire of all things so that we cannot want it for a minute of time therefore of the Aire that is drawne in dependeth the correction amendment or increase of the Poyson or malignity that is received as the Aire is pure sincere or corrupted There bee some that doe think it good to shut the patient in a close Chamber shutting the windowes to prohibite the entrance of the Aire as much as they are able But I thinke it more convenient that those windowes should bee open from whence that wind bloweth that is directly contrary unto that which brought in the venemous Aire For although there be no other cause yet if the Aire bee not moved or agitated but shut up in a close place it will soone bee corrupted Therefore in a close and quiet place that is not subject to the entrance of the Aire I would wish the patient to make wind or to procure Aire with a thick and great cloth dipped or macerated in water and vinegar mixed together and tyed to a long Staffe that by tossing it up and downe the close chamber the wind or aire thereof may coole and recreate the patient The patient must every day bee carried into a fresh chamber and the beds and the linnen cloaths must be changed there must alwaies be a cleare and bright fire in the patients chamber and especially in the night whereby the aire may be made more pure cleane and voyd of nightly vapours and of the filthy and pestilent breath proceeding from the patient or his excrements In the meane time lest if it be in hot weather the patient should be weakened or made more faint by reason that
for in so doing on the twentieth day you shall finde the Chicke perfectly formed with the navell That little skin that so compasseth the infant in the wombe is called the secundine or Chorion but commonly the after-birth This little skinne is perfectly made within sixe dayes according to the judgment of Hippocrates as profitable and necessary not onely to containe the seeds so mixed together but also to sucke nutriment through the orifices of the vessels ending in the wombe Those orifices the Greekes doe call Cotyledones and the Latines Acetabula for they are as it were hollowed eminences like unto those which may bee seene in the feete or snout of a Cuttle fish many times in a double order both for the working and holding of their meate Those eminences called Acetabula doe not so greatly appeare in women as in many brute beasts Therefore by these the secundine cleaveth on every side unto the wombe for the conservation nutrition and encrease of the conceived seede CHAP. VII Of the generation of the navell AFter the woman hath conceived to every one of the aforesaid eminencies groweth presently another vessell that is to say a veine to the veine and an artery to the artery these soft and yet thin vessels are framed with a little thin membrane which being spread under sticketh to them for to them it is in stead of a membrane and a ligament and a tunicle or a defence and it is doubled with the others and made of the veine and artery of the navell to compasse the navell These new small vessels of the infant with their orifices doe answer directly one to one to the cotyledones or eminences of the womb they are very swall and little as it were the hairy fibres that grow upon roots that are in the earth and when they have continued so a longer time they are combined together that of two they are made one vessell until that by continuall connexion all those vessels go and degenerate into two other great vessels called the umbilicall vessels or the vessels of the navell because they do make the navell and do enter into the childs body by the hole of the navell Here Galen doth admire the singular providence of God and Nature because that in such a multitude of vessels and in so long a passage or length that they go or are produced the vein doth never confound it selfe nor stick to the artery nor the artery to the veine but every vessell joyneth it selfe to the vessell of its owne kinde But the umbilicall veine or navell veine entering into the body of the child doth joyne it self presently to the hollow part of the liver but the artery is divided into two which joine themselves to the two iliack arteries along the sides of the bladder are presently covered with the peritonaum by the benefit thereof are annexed unto the parts which it goes unto Those small veines and arteries are as it were the rootes of the child but the veine and artery of the navell are as it were the body of the tree to bring down the nutriment to nourish the child For first we live in the wombe the life of a plant and then next the life of a sensitive creature and as the first tunicle of the child is called Chorion or Allantoides so the other is called Amnios or Agnina which doth compasse the seed or child about on every side These membranes are most thin yea for their thinnesse like unto the spiders web woven one upon another and also connexed in many places by the extremities of certaine small and hairy substances which at length by the adjunction of their like do get strength wherby you may understand what is the cause why by divers and violent motions of the mother in going and dancing or leaping and also of the infant in the wombe those membranes are not almost broken For they are so conjoyned by the knots of those hairie substances that betweene them nothing neither the urine nor the sweate can come as you may plainely and evidently perceive in the dissection of a womans body that is great with child not depending on any other mans opinion be it never so old or inveterate yet the strength of those membranes is not so great but that they may bee soone broken in the birth by the kicking of the child CHAP. VIII Of the umbilicall vessels or the vessels belonging to the navell MAny of the ancient Writers have written that there are five vessels found in the navell But yet in many nay all the bodies I sought in for them I could never finde but three that is to say one veine which is very large so that in the passage thereof it will receive the tagge of a poynt and two arteries but not so large but much narrower because the childe wanteth or standeth in need of much more bloud for his conformation and the nutriment or increase of his parts than of vitall spirit These vessels making the body of the navell which as it is thought is formed within nine or tenne dayes by their doubling and folding make knots like unto the knots of a Franciscan Friers girdle that staying the running bloud in those their knotty windings they might more perfectly concoct the same as may be seene in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navell is halfe an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat growne is is found three or foure times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the childe is in his mothers wombe hee taketh his nutriment onely by the navell and not by his mouth neither doth hee enjoy the use of eyes eares nostrils or fundament neither needeth hee the functions of the heart For spirituous bloud goeth unto it by the arteries of the navell and into the iliack arteries and from the iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these onely the infant doth breathe Therefore it is not to bee supposed that aire is carryed or drawne in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the childe but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth performe the generation or working of bloud or of the vitall spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embrion or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the wombe and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principall entralls IN the sixe first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to bee made and brought forth of the eminences or cotylidons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seede as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they
pierce the wombe so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veines diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it commeth to passe that the seed it selfe boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not onely through occasion of the place but also of the bloud and vitall spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into the bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the raine falling into a river or channell full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new formes or concretions of the three principall entrals that is to say of the liver heart and braine All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embrion or the rude forme of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members on the fourth day after that the veine of the navell is formed it sucketh grosser bloud that is of a more fuller nutriment out of the Cotylidons And this bloud because it is more grosse easily congeales curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bignesse above all the other parts therfore it is called parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of bloud brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunke of the hollow veine called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto haires into also the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one goeth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the meane season the Arteries of the navell suck spirituous bloud out of the eminences or Cotylidons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more servent and spirituous bloud the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshy sound and thicke substance as it behooveth that vessell to bee which is the fountaine from whence the heate floweth and hath a continuall motion In this the vertue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow veine is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or roote of an artery which presently doth divide it selfe into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vitall heat CHAP. X. Of the third bubble or bladder wherein the head and the braine is formed THe farre greater portion of the seede goeth into this third bubble that is to say yeelding matter for the conformation of the braine and all the head For a greater quantity of seede ought to goe unto the conformation of the head and braine because these parts are not sanguine or bloudy as the heart and liver but in a manner without bloud bonie marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veines arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skinne are called spermaticke parts because they obtaine their first conformation almost of seede onely although that afterwards they are nourished with bloud as the other fleshy and musculous parts are But yet the bloud when it is come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by vertue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head forme and fashion themselves unto the forme of the braine when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones The head as the seate of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and governe all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soule or life which is the rectresse or governesse is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principall entrals as proppes and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also shee hath framed the bones The first bones that appeare to bee formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Illium connexed or united by spondils that are betweene them then all the other members are framed proportioned by their concavities hollownesses which generally are seaven that is to say two of the eares two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the head one of the fundament and another of the yard or conduit of the bladder and furthermore in women one of the necke of the wombe without the which they can never bee made mothers or beare children When all these are finished nature that shee might polish her excellent worke in all sorts hath covered all the body and every member thereof with skinne Into this excellent work or Microcosmos so perfected God the author of nature and all things infuseth or ingrafteth a soule or life which St. Augustine proveth by this sentence of Moses If any man smite a woman with child so that there by she be delivered before her naturall time and the child bee dead being first formed in the wombe let him die the death but if the child hath not as yet obtained the full proportion and conformation of his body and members let him recompence it with mony Therefore it is not to bee thought that the life is derived propagated or taken from Adam or our parents as it were an haereditary thing distributed unto all mankinde by their parents but we must believe it to be immediately created of God even at the very instant time when the child is absolutely perfected in the lineaments of his body and so given unto it by him So therefore the rude lumpes of flesh called molae that engender in womens wombes and monsters of the like breeding and confused bignesse although by reason of a certaine quaking and shivering motion they seeme to have life yet they cannot bee supposed to bee endued with a life or a reasonable soule but they have their motion nutriment and increase wholly of the naturall and infixed faculty of the wombe and of the generative or procreative spirit that is engraffed naturally in the seed But even as the infant in the wombe obtaineth not perfect conformation before the thirtieth day so likewise it doth not move before the sixtieth day at which time it is most commonly not perceived by women by reason of the smallnesse of
dilatations of the artery of the navell But when the mother is dead the lungs doe not execute their office and function therefore they cannot gather in the aire that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their owne substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want aire there cannot bee any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the wombe which are as it were the little conduits of that great artery whereinto the aire that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the wombe Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the aire is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the arterie of the infants navell the iliacke arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto all his body for the aire being drawne by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is farre better to open her body so soone as shee is dead beginning the incision at the cartelage Xiphoides or breast-blade and making it in a forme semicircular cutting the skinne muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the wombe being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise the infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though hee were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakenesse yet you may know whether hee be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navell for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him shortly after he hath taken in the aire and is recreated with the accesse thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakenesse or debility of the strength of the childe the secundine must not bee separated as yet from the childe by cutting the navell string but it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jor remaining may bee stirred up againe But I cannot sufficiently marvaile at the insolency of those that affirme that they have seene women whose bellies and wombe have bin more than once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatnesse of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the wombe for the wombe of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yeeld a great flux of blood which of necessity must be mortall And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the wombe is cicatrized it will not permit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or beare a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfoetation SUperfoetation is when a woman doth beare two or more children at one time in her wombe and they bee enclosed each in his severall secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to bee conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomacke which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meate to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowle neither unto this or that side so the wombe is drawne together unto the conception about both the seeds as soone as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawne in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to goe into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children than one which are devided by their secundines And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombes of women as are supposed or rather knowne to bee in the wombs of beasts which therefore bring forth many at one conception or birth But now if any part of the womans wombe doth not apply and adjoine it selfe closely to the conception of the seed already received lest any thing should be given by nature for no purpose it must of necessity follow that it must be filled with aire which will alter and corrupt the seeds Therefore the generation of more than one infant at a time having every one his severall secundine is on this wise If a woman conceave by copulation with a man as this day and if that for a few daies after the conception the orifice of the wombe be not exactly shut but rather gape a little and if shee doe then use copulation againe so that at both these times of copulation there may be an effusion or perfect mixture of the fertile seed in the wombe there will follow a new conception or superfoetation For superfoetation is no other thing than a certaine second conception when the woman already with childe againe useth copulation with a man and so conceiveth againe according to the judgement of Hippocrates But there may be many causes alledged why the wombe which did joyne and close doth open and unlose it selfe againe For there bee some that suppose the wombe to be open at certaine times after the conception that there may be an issue out for certaine excrementall matters that are contained therein and therefore that the woman that hath so conceived already and shall then use copulation with a man againe shall also conceive againe Others say that the wombe of it selfe and of its own nature is very desirous of seed or copulation or else being heated or enflamed with the pleasant motion of the man moving her thereto doth at length unclose it selfe to receive the mans seed for like-wise it happeneth many times that the orifice of the stomack being shut after eating is presently unloosed again when other delicate meats are offered to be eaten even so may the wombe unclose it selfe againe at certain seasons
bee oppressed and choaked shee complaineth her selfe to bee in great paine and that a certaine lumpe or heavie thing climes up from the lower parts unto her throat and stoppeth her winde her heart burneth and panteth And in many the wombe and vessels of the wombe so swell that they cannot stand upright on their legs but are constrained to lye downe flat on their bellies that they may bee the lesse grieved with the paine and to presse that downe strongly with their hands that seemeth to arise upwards although that not the wombe it selfe but the vapour ascendeth from the wombe as wee said before but when the fitte is at hand their faces are pale on a sudden their understanding is darkened they become slow and weak in the legges with unablenesse to stand Hereof commeth sound sleepe foolish talking interception of the senses and breathe as if they were dead losse of speech the contraction of their legs and the like CHAP. XLVI How to know whether the woman be dead in the strangulation of the wombe or not I Have thought it meet because many women not onely in ancient times but in our owne and our fathers memory have beene so taken with this kind of symptome that they have beene supposed and layd out for dead although truly they were alive to set downe the signes in such a case which do argue life and death Therefore first of all it may be proved whether she be alive or dead by laying or holding a cleere and smooth looking-glasse before her mouth and nostrils For if she breathe although it be never so obscurely the thin vapour that commeth out will staine or make the glasse duskie Also a fine downish feather taken from under the wing of any bird or else a fine flocke being held before the mouth will by the trembling or shaking motion thereof shew that there is some breath and therefore life remaining in the body But you may prove most certainly whether there be any sparke of life remaining in the body by blowing some sneesing powders of pellitory of Spaine ellebore into the nostrils But though there no breath appeare yet must you not judge the woman for dead for the small vitall heat by which being drawn into the heart she yet liveth is contented with transpiration onely and requires not much attraction which is performed by the contraction dilatation of the breast and lungs unto the preservation of its selfe For so flyes gnats pismires and such like because they are of a cold temperament live unmoveably inclosed in the caves of the earth no token of breathing appearing in them because there is a little heat left in them which may be conserved by the office of the arteries and heart that is to say by perspiration without the motion of the breast because the greatest use of respiration is that the inward heat may be preserved by refrigeration and ventilation Those that do not mark this fall intâ—…haâ— errour which almost cost the life of him who in our time first gave life to anotomicall administration that was almost decayed and neglected For he being called in Spaine to open the body of a noble woman which was supposed dead through strangulation of the wombe behold at the second impression of the incision knife she began suddenly to come to her selfe and by the moving of her members and body which was supposed to be altogether dead and with crying to shew manifest signes that there was some life remaining in her Which thing strooke such an admiration horror into the hearts of all her friends that were present that they accounted the Physician being before of a good fame and report as infamous odious and detestable so that it wanted but little but that they would have scratched out his eyes presently wherefore hee thought there was no better way for him if he would live safe than to forsake the countrey But neither could hee so also avoyde the horrible pricke and inward wound of his conscience from whose judgment no offender can be absolved for his inconsiderate dealing but within few dayes after being consumed with sorrow he dyed to the great losse of the common wealth and the art of physick CHAP. XLVII How to know whether the strangulation of the wombe comes of the suppression of the flowers or the corruption of the seed THere are two chiefe causes especially as most frequently happening of the strangulation of the wombe but when it proceedeth from the corruption of the seed all the accidents are more grievous and violent difficulty of breathing goes before and shortly after comes deprivation thereof the whole habit of the body seemeth more cold than a stone the woman is a widow or else hath great store or abundance of seed and hath been used to the company of a man by the absence whereof she was before wont to be pained with heavinesse of the head to loath her meat and to bee troubled with sadnesse and feare but chiefly with melancholy Moreover when she hath satisfied and every way fulfilled her lust and then presently on a sudden begins to containe her selfe It is very likely that shee is suffocated by the supprossion of the flowers which formerly had them well and sufficiently which formerly hath bin fed with hot moist and many meats and therefore engendring much bloud which sitteth much which is grieved with some weight and swelling in the region of the belly with paine in the stomacke and a desire to vomit and with such other accidents as come by the suppression of the flowers Those who are freed from the fit of the suffocation of the wombe either by nature or by are in a short time their colour commeth into their faces by little and little and the whole body beginneth to wax strong and the teeth that were set and closed fast together begiâ— the jawes being loosed to open and unclose againe and lastly some moisture floweth from the secret parts with a certaine tickling pleasure but in some women as in those especially in whom the necke of the wombe is tickled with the mydivives singer in stead of that moysture comes thick and grosse seed which moysture or seed when it is fallen the wombe being before as it were raging is restored unto its owne proper nature and place and by little and little all symptomes vanish away Men by the suppression of their seede have not the like symptomes as women have because mans seed is not so cold and moyst but far more perfect and better digested and therefore more meet to resist putrefaction and whiles it is brought or drawn together by little and little it is dissipated by great and violent exercise CHAP. XLVIII Of the cure of the strangulation of the wombe SEeing that the strangulation of the wombe is a sudden and sharp disease it therefore requireth a present and speedy remedy for if it be neglected it many times causeth present
that it may not be distended and broken by the abundant flowing of vaporous spirits as it doth oft times happen another thing is that you set it in a vessell filled with cold water least it should be broken by being over hot you may easily perceive all this by the ensuing figure A Fornace or Reverberation furnished with his Retort and Receiver A. Shewes the Fornace B. The Retort C. The Receiver D. The vessell filled with cold water CHAP. XVII A table or Catalogue of medicines and instruments serving for the cure of Diseases MEdicines and medicinallmeates fit for the cure of diseases are taken from living Creatures plants and mineralls From living creatures are taken Hornes Hooves Haires Feathers Shells Sculles Scailes Sweates Skinnes Fatts Flesh Blood Entrailes Vrine Smells whether they be stincking or sweete as also poysons whole creatures themselves as Foxes Whelpes Hedgehogs Frogs Wormes Crabs Cray-fishes Scorpions Horseleaches Swallowes Dungs Bones Extreame parts Hearts Liver Lungs Braine Wombe Secundine Testicles Pizle Bladder Sperme Taile Coats of the Ventricle Expirations Bristles Silke Webbes Teares Spittle Honey Waxe Egges Milke Butter Cheese Marrow Rennet From Plants that is Trees shrubs and hearbes are taken Roots Mosse Pith. Siâ—ns Buds Stalkes Leaves Floures Cups Fibers or hairy threds Eares Seeds Barke Wood. Meale Iuices Teares Oyles Gums Rosins Rottennesses Masse or spissament Manna which falling downe like dew upon plants presently concreates Whole plants as Mallowes Onions c. Mettalls or mineralls are taken either from the water or earth and are either kinds of earth stones or mettalls c. The kinds of earth are Bole Armenicke Terra sigillata Fullers earth Chaulke Okar Plaister Lime Now the kinds of stone are Flints Lapis judaicus Lapis Lyncis The Pumice Lap. Haematites Amiantus Galactites Spunge stones Diamonds Saphire Chrysolite Topace Loadstone The Pyrites or fire-stone Alablaster Marble Cristall and many other precious stones The kinds of Salts as well naturall as artficiare Common salt Sal nitrum Sal Alkali Sal Ammoniacum Salt of Vrine Salt of tartar and generally all salts that may be made of any kind of plants Those that are commonly called mineralls are Marchasite Antimony Muscovy Glasse Tutty Arsnicke Orpiment Lazure or blew Rose agar Brimstone Quicke silver White Coprose Chalcitis Psory Roman Vitrioll Colcothar vitrioll or greene Coprose Alumen scissile Common Alome Alumen rotundum Round Alome Alumen liquidum Alumen plumosum Boraxe or Burrace Bitumen Naphtha Cinnabaris or Vermillion Litharge of Gold Litharge of Silver Chrysocolla Scandaracha Red Lead White Lead and divers other Now the Mettals themselves are Gold Silver Iron Lead Tinne Brasse Copper Steele Lattin and such as arise from these as the scailes verdegreace rust c. Now from the waters as the Sea Rivers Lakes and Fountaines and the mud of these waters are taken divers medicines as white and red Corrall Pearles and infinite other things which nature the handmayd of the great Architect of this world hath produced for the cure of diseases so that into what part soever you turne your eyes whether to the surface of the earth or the bowels thereof a great multitude of remedies present themselves to your view The choyse of all which is taken from their substance or quantity quality action place season smell taste site figure and weight other circumstances as Sylvius hath aboundantly shewed in his booke written upon this subject Of these simples are made diverse compositions as Collyria Caputpurgia Eclegmata Dentifrices Dentiscalpia Apophlegmatismi Gargarismes Pills Boles Potions Emplaisters Vnguents Cerates Liniments Embrocations Fomentations Epithemes Attractives Resolvers Suppuratives Emollients Mundificatives Incarnatives Cicatrisers Putrifiers Corrosives Agglutinatives Anodynes Apozemes Iuleps Syrupes Powders Tablets Opiates Conserves Preserves Confections Rowles Vomits Sternutatoryes Sudorifickes Glysters Pessaries Suppositoryes Fumigations Trochisces Frontalls Cappes Stomichers Bagges Bathes Halfe-bathes Virgins-milke Fuci Pications Depilatoryes Vesicatoryes Potentiall canteriâ—s Nose-gayes Fannes Cannopyes or extended cloathes to make winde Artificiall fountaines to distill or droppe downe liquors Now these that are thought to be nourishing medicines are Restauratiues Cullisses Expressions Gellyes Ptisans Barly-creames Ponadoes Almond-milkes Marchpaines Wafers Hydro sacchar Hydromel and such other drinkes Mucilages Oxymel Oxycrate Rose Vinegar Hydraelium Metheglin Cider Drinke of Servisses Ale Beere Vinegar Verjuice Oyle Steeled water Water brewed with bread crummes Hippocras Perry and such like Waters and distilled oyles and divers other Chymicall extractions As the waters and oyles of hot dry and aromaticke things drawne in a copper Alembecke with a cooler with ten times as much water in weight as of hearbes now the hearbes must be dry that the distillation may the better succeede Waters are extracted cut of flowers put in a Retort by the heate of the Sunne or of dung or of an heape of pressed out Grapes or by Balneo if there bee a receiver put and closely lured thereto All kindes of salt of things calcined dissolved in water and twise or thrise filtred that so they may become more pure and fit to yeeld oyle Other distillations are made either in Cellars by the coldnesse or moysture of the place the things being layd either upon a marble or else hangd up in a bagge and thus is made oyle of Tartar and of salts and other things of An aluminous nature Bones must bee distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels All woods rootes barkes shells of fishes and seedes or graines as of corne broome beanes and other things whose juice cannot be got out by expression must bee distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels in a Reverberatory fornace Mettalls calcined and having acquired the nature of salt ought to bee dissolved and filtted and then evaporated till they bee dry then let them bee dissolved in distilled vinegar and then evaporated and dryed againe for so they will easily distill in a Cellar upon a Marble or in a bagge Or else by putting them into a glassie retort and setting it in sand and so giving fire thereto by degrees untill all the watery humidity be distilled then change the receiver and lute another close to the Retort then encrease the fire above and below and thus there will flow forth an oyle very red coloured Thus are all metalline things distilled as Alomes salts c. Gummes axungiae and generally all rosins are distilled by retort set in an earthen vessell filled with Ashes upon a fornace now the fire must be encreased by little and little according to the different condition of the distilled matters The vessels and Instruments serving for distillations are commonly these Bottomes of Alembeckes The heads of them from whence the liquors droppe Refrigeratories Vessels for sublimation For Reverberation For distilling by descent Crucibiles and other such Vessells for Calcination Haire strainers Bagges Earthen platters Vessells for circulation as Pellicanes Earthen Basons for filtring Fornaces The secret fornaces of Philosophers The Philosophers egge Cucurbites Retorts Bolt heads Vrinalls Receivers Vessells so fitted together
by reason that the putrefying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his backe and he hath an often desire to vomit but if hee escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the Lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting hee is vexed with a greevous shortnesse of breath and with a paine in his sides We may perceive the Heart to be wounded by the aboundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse palenesse of the face cold sweate with often swounding coldnesse of the extreame parts and suddaine death When the midriffe which the Latines call Diaphragma is wounded the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortnesse of winde a cough and fit of greevous paine and drawing of the entralls upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appeare we may certainely pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth sodainely by a wound of the hollow Veine or the great Arterie by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindred The marrow of the backebone being pierced the patient is assaulted with a Palsie or convulsion very suddainely and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood commeth out at the wound and pricking paine disperseth it selfe even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the Lower end of the brest bone called Sternon the blood that falleth from thence downe into the intestines doth oftentimes inferre most maligne accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomacke is wounded the meate and drink come out at the wound there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth sweating and coldnesse of the extreame parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the milt or spleene is wounded blacke and grosse blood cometh out at the wound the patient will be very thirsty with paine on the left side and the blood breakes forth into the belly and there putrifying causeth most maligne and greevous accidents and often times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained the excrements come out at the wound whereat also often times the guts breake forth with great violence When the reines or Kidnyes are wounded the patient will have great paine in making his Vrine and the blood commeth out together therewith the paine commeth downe even unto the groine yard and testicles When the bladder and Vreters are wounded the paine goeth even unto the entralls the parts all about and belonging to the groine are distended the Vrine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth often times out at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities and all other accidents appeare like as when the bladder is wounded When the sinewes are pricked or cut halfe asunder there is great paine in the affected place and there followeth a suddaine inflammation fluxe abscesse feaver convulsion and oftentimes a gangreene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unlesse it be speedily prevented Having declared the signes and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set downe other signes of certaine kindes of death that are not common or naturall whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgement of the discreete Physition or Chirurgion Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkennesse or negligence lyes upon her infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgement be required whether the infant dyed through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or suddaine diseases that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof You shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signes following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nosethrills now being dead be moystned or bedewed with a certaine foame if his face be not pale but of a Violet or purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swolne and puffed up as it were with a certaine vaporous foame and all the other entralls found it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corpes of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slaine by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signes finde out the certainety hereof For every body that is blasted or striken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birdes or fowles of the ayre nor dogges will not once touch it much lesse prey or feede on it the part that was stricken often times sound and without any wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skinne to be bruised broken or shivered in peeces But if the lightening hath pierced into the body which making a wound therein according to the judgement of Pliny the wounded part is farre colder than all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thinne and fiery ayre before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heate that was in the part is soone dispersed wasted and consumed Lightening doth alwayes leave some impression or signe of some fire either by ustion or blacknesse for no lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are striken with lightening fall on the contrary side onely man falleth on the affected side if hee be not turned with violence toward the coast or region from whence the lightening came If a man bee striken with lightening while he is asleepe hee will be found with eyes open contrarywise if hee be striken while hee is awake his eyes will be closed as Plinie writeth Philip Commines writeth that those bodyes that are stricken with lightning are not subject to corruption as others are Therefore in ancient time it was their custome neither to burne nor bury them for the brimstone which the lightning bringeth with it was unto them in stead of salt for that by the drynesse and fiery heate thereof it did preserve them from putrefaction Also it may be enquired in judgement Whether any that is dead and wounded received these wounds alive or
701. Signes that iâ— flowes from the Braine or Liver ibid. How to know this or that humor accompanying the Gouty malignitie 702. Prognostickes ibid. The generall method to prevent and cure it 704. Vomiting sometimes good 705. other generall remedies 706. Diet convenient 707. What wine not good 708. How to strengthen the joynts ibid. The palliative cure thereof 709. Locall medicines in a cold Gout 710. In a hot or sanguine Goute 713. In a Cholericke Goute 714. What is to be done after the sit is over 717. Tophi or knots how caused ibid. The hip-goute or sciatica 719. The cure thereof 720 Gristles what 136. of the nose 186. of the Larinx 194 Groines their wounds 399. Their Tumors see Bubo's Guajacum The choise faculties and parts 728. The preparation of the decoction thereof 729. The use 730 Gullet and the History thereof 157. The wounds thereof 387 Gums overgrowne with flesh how to be helped 293 Guns who their inventer 406. Their force 407. The cause of their reports 415 Gunpouder not poysonous 409. 412. How made 412 Gutta rosacea what 1080. The cure 1081 Guts their substance figure and number 105 Their site and connexion 106. Action 107. How to be taken forth 115. Signes that they are wounded 396. Their cure 397. Their Vlcers 480 H. HAemorrhoides what their differences and cure 487. In the necke of the wombe 955 Haemorrhoidalis interna 112. Externa 117 Haemorrhoidalisarteria â—ive mesenteâ—ica inferior 115 Haemorrhouâ— a Serpent his bite the signes und cure 791 Haijt a strange beast 1022 Haire what the originall and use 160. How to make it blacke 1081. 1082. How to take it off 1082 Hairy sealpe the connexion and use 160. The wounds thereof not to bee neglected ibid. The cure thereof being contused 361 Hand taken generally what 208 209. The fracture thereof with the cure 577. How to supply the defect thereof 879 881 Hares how they provide for their young 61 Hare-lips what 383. Their cure 384 Harmonia what 243 Hawkes 70 Head the generall description thereof 159. The containing and contained parts thereof 160. The musculous skin thereof ibid. Why affected when any membranous part is hurt 160. The watry Tumor thereof 289. The wounds thereof 337 338 c. The falling away of the Haire and other affects thereof 637 638 c. The dislocation thereof 603 Hearing the Organe object c. thereof 24 Heart and the History thereof 144 145. The ventricles thereof 145. Signes of the wounds thereof 388 Heate one and the same the efficient cause of all humors at the same time â—14 Three causes thereof 250 Hecticke feaver with the differences causes signes and cure 393 Hedg-hogs how they provide for their young 61 Heele and the parts thereof 234. Why a fracture thereof so dangerous ibid. The dislocation thereof 632. symptomes following upon the contusion thereof ibid. Why subject to inflammation 633 Hemicrania see Megrim Hemlocke the poysonous quality thereof and the cure 806 Henbane the poysonous quality and the cure 805 Hermaphrodites 28 and 972. Herne his sight and the Falcon. 70 Hernia and the kinds thereof 304. Humoralis 313 Herpes and the kinds thereof 264. The cure 265 Hip-gout see Sciatica Hippe the dislocation thereof 623. prognostickes 624. signes that it is dislocated out-wardly or inwardly 625. dislocated forwards 626. backwards ibid. how to restore the inward dislocation 627. the outward dislocation 629. the forward dislocation ibid. the backward dislocation 630 Hippocrates his effigies 1115 Hoga a monstrous fish 1008 Holes of the inner Basis of the scull 174. of the externall Basis thereof 175. small ones sometimes remain after the cure of great wounds 384 Holy-bone his number of Vertebrae and their use 198. the fracture thereof 575 Hordeolum an affect of the Eye-lids 642 Hornes used in stead of Ventoses 696 Horse-leaches their application and use ibid. their virulency and the cure 800 Hot-houses how made 1077 Hulpalis a monstrous beast 1017 Humeraria arteria 153 Vena 210 Humours their temperaments 11. the knowledge of them necessary ibid. their definition and division 12. Serous and secundary as Ros Cambium Gluten 15. An argument of their great putrefaction 417 Humours of the eye 182 Aqueus 183 Crystallinus 184 Vitreus ibid. Hydatis 643 Hydrargyrum the choice preparation and use thereof in the Lues venerea 731 Hydrophalia whether uncureable 787 What cure must be used therein 789 Hydrocephalos what 289. The causes differences signes c. ibid. The cure 290 Hydrocele 304. 311 Hymen 130 Whether any or no 937 A history thereof 938 Hyoides os the reason of the name composure site c. thereof 191 Hypochondria their site 85 Hypochyma 651 Hypogastricae venae 117 Hypopyon 650 Hypothenar 222 I. JAundice a medicine therefore 303 Jaw the bones thereof and their productions 178 The fracture of the lower jaw 567 How to helpeit 568 The dislocation thereof 600 The cure ibid. Ibis abird the inventer of glysters 56 Ichneumon how hee armes himselfe to assaile the Crocodile 66 Idlenesse the discommodities thereof 35 Jejunum intestinum 105 Ileon 106 Iliaca arteria 115 Vena 117 Ilium os 227 Ill conformation 41 Imagination and the force thereof 897 Impostors their impudency and craft 51 372 Impostume what their causes and differences 249 Signes of them in generall 250 Prognostickes 252 What considerable in opening of them 259 Inanition see Emptinesse Incus 163. 191 Indication whence to be drawne 5. of feeding 33. what 42. the kindes 43. a table of them 48. observable in wounds by gun-shot 426 Infant what he must take before he sucke 907 their crying what it doth 912. how to be preserved in the wombe when the mother is dead 923. See Childe Inflammation of the almonds of the throat and their cure 293. 294. of the Uvula 294. of the eyes 645 Inflammation hinders the reposition or putting dislocated members into joint 619 Insessus what their manner matter and use 1073 Instruments used in Surgery for opening abscesses 258. 259 A vent for the wombe 283. 955 An iron plate and actuall cautery for the cure of the Ranula 293 Constrictory rings to bind the Columella 295 Speculum oris ibid. 332 A trunke with cautery to cauterize the Uvula 296 An incision knife 298 An actuall cautery with the plate for the cure of the Empyema 299. of a pipe to evacuate the water in the Dropsie 303. Wherewith to make the golden ligature 310. to stitch up wounds 327 A Razour or incision knife 341. A chisel ib. Radulae vel Scalpri 343. A threefooted levatory 344. Other levatories 345. 346. Sawes to divide the skull ib. a desquamatory Trepan 346. Rostra psittaci 347. Scrapers pincers and a leaden mallet ib. A piercer to enter a Trepan 365. Trepans 366. 367. Terebellum 367. A lentill-like Scraper ib. cutting compasses 368. 369. A conduit pipe syrenge 370. to depresse the dura Meninx 1373. speculum oculi 379. for making a Seton 382. Pipes used in wounds of the chest 392. to draw out bullets
In what cases good What the plague is Sect. 3. aphor How it comes to kill The originall Bubo's Carbuncles c. in the plague Amos 3. Acts 17 The second causes have their power from God as the first cause The generall causes of the plague Lib. 6 de loc affectis How the seasons of the yeere may be said to want their seasonablenesse How the aire may be corrupted Lib. 8. hist aâ—iâ— Pestiferous putrefaction is â—ar different from ordinary putrefaction In a pestilent constitution of the aire all diseases become pestilent Lib. 1. de differ feb How the aire may be said to putrefie A Southerly constitution of the aire is the fuell of the Plague Three causes of the putrefâ—ction of humours Passions of the mind helpe forward the putrefaction of the humours Why Abortionâ— are frequent in a pestilent season A Catarrhe with difficulty of breathing killing many The english sweating sicknesse The Plague is not the definite name of one disease What signes in the earth forâ—tell a Plague How pestilent vapours may kill plants and trees Change of places the surest prevention of the Plague Two things of chiefe account for prevention Diet for prevention of the Plague Discommodities of a cloudy or toggy aire Why the South wind is pestilent The efficacy of fire against the Plague Moderate repleâ—ion good for prevention A strange art to drive away the Plague The antipathy of poysons with poysons Whether in the plague time one must travell by night or by day Why the Moon is to be shunned Garlick good against the Plague What water to be made choice oâ— in the Plague time Aqua theriacalis good against the Plague both inwardly taken outwardly applyed The composition thereof A Cordiall water A Cordiall clectuary Anâ—… Another Another A consection to be taken in the morning against the pestilent Aire A March-pane Pils of Ruffus Other pils Other pils Of what nâ—…e the medicines outwardly used ought to be Pomanders Sweet poudeâ—… Bagges Unsavory things to bee eschewed An unguent Why venery is to be shunned Running ulcers good in time of pestilence Places to be shunned in time of plague What company to be avoided You must doe nothing in a pestilent season whereby you may grow too hot Why dogs and cats must be killed in a plague time Why Bathes and hot-houses are not then to be allowed Such as dye of the plague doe quickly putrefiâ— Lib. 2. de occult â—at mirac The villany of some baâ—e people Our lots are in the hands of the Lord. Where to make issues in the time of the Plague Cap 8. Epist 2. What to weare How to visite your patients A history Whence certain signes of the Plague may be taken The cause of such as have the Plague suddenly changed Why some that â—e taken with the plague are â—eepy Why their urine are like those that are â—â—und An ulcerous painefull wearinesse from the beginning sheweth the Plague to be deadly Why they have no sores Sâ—gnes of choler When the urine is to be looked upon Why some are much troubled with thirst others not at all No certain prediction in tâ—… Plaâ—… A history Why young men sooner take the Plague than old What Plague most contagious Who least subject to take the Plague Who subject thereto Signes that the disease is incurable A good signe A deadly signe In whâ—t aire most contagious What effects feare and confidence produce in the Plague The originall of the Plague alwaies from the Aire Signes that natuee is oâ—â—come Change of the Aire â—onduâ—â—â—h to the cure of the Plague Aire penâ— up is apt to putreâ—… The materials for sweet fires Lib 16. cap 13. Perfumes Sweet candles A sweet water to smell to A Nodula to smell to Why such as have the plague may feed more fully Pulse must be shunned The manner of diet For the second course In the end of the meale A restaurative drinke An Oxymel A Julep The commodities of oxycrate To whom hurtfull The drinking of cold water to whom when profitable Lib. 3. cap. 7. For drynesse or roughnesse of the mouth For the Ulcers thereof The choice of waters Hip. sect 5. aphor 26. The beginning of the cuâ—… must be by antidotes In what quantity they must be taken Why poisonous things are put into Antidotes Some poysons Antidotes to othersome How to walke after the taking of an Antidote A sudoâ—ifick potion A sudorifick powder A distilled water against the Plague Another What meane to be used in sweating Whereof they must be made Repercussives not fit to be applyed to Carbuncles Reasons for and against bloud-letting in the Plague The composing of this controversie A history When purging and bleeding may be used Aph. 22 sect 2. Aph. 10. sect 4. Cap. 7. lib 3. Why bloud must 〈◊〉 let on th â—…me in the Plague What purges fit in thel lague Pils An effectuall sudorifick and also purging medicine The vertues of Mugwort Vide Rondelet Lib. 7. de pâ—s c. 3. 〈◊〉 Potion The effects of mercury copperose against the Plague The cause of phrensie in the Plague The benefit of opening an artery Aph. 10. sect 6. A history To stay bleeding Medicines to â—â—ocuresleep A Cataplasme An ointment for the reines An ointment for the heart The noise of dropping water drawes on sleep The differences of the spots in the plague Their severall names and the reasons of them When signes of death Why they somtimes appeare after the death of the patient They are to be cured by driving â—orth The indication of curing taken 〈◊〉 the like An ointment to draw them forth when as they appear too slowly In proâ—… 〈◊〉 Diâ—sâ— What a pesâ—â—lent Bubo is The signe of Bubo's salutary and deadly The use of cupping glasses in curing a Bubo A liniment A compound 〈◊〉 Why vesicatories are better than cauâ—… in a pestilent 〈◊〉 Strong drawing 〈◊〉 Against such as cut away plague 〈◊〉 A digestive fomentation An anodine Cataplasme Why it is best to open a Plague-sore with a potentiall cautery How to draw forth a sore that seems to goe in againe When repercussives may be applyed Why too much bleeding is to be feared Lâ—â—iments to hasten the falling way of the Eschar Against â—ating ulcers The praise of Aegyptiacum What a Carbuncle is The signes of a Carbuncle When so called Symptomes of Carbuncles How the matter of a Bubo Carbuncle differ Why it is deadly to have a sore come after the Feaver Huge postilent Abscesses commonly deadly Deadly Carbuncles A history How to distinguish purple spots from flea-bitings Why Emplastick very hot and great drawers are not good for a carbuncle A Cataplasme for a pestilent Carbuncle Another Other Cataplasmes The effect of Scabious against a pestilen Carbuncle A Radish root drawes out the venome powerfully The top of a Carbuncle when why and with what to be â—urneâ— The falling of the Eschar promiâ—eth health A twofold indication Why the adjacent parts are troubled with 〈◊〉 A fomentation for this