〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 intersepire itaque latine dicitur Septum transver sum inter spiritualia naturalia dividens perfectly unless incâ—sing the Ribs you open the Breast in that manner which shall bee spoken of below Of the Septum transversum or Diafragma the Midriff THe parts containing being seen the contained do follow and first is to be seen a Pannicular muscle called Diafragma Secondly the Pannicle Mediastinus Thirdly the Pannicle called Capsula and Receptaculum Cordis the Receptacle of the Heart after those Members shall be seen the Heart and the residue of the parts contained in the Breast I say that within the body between the upper and the middle belly is a certain substance pannicular and fleshy fastned to the Back about the twelfth Spondile which is fastned to the Back toward the fore-part alwaies by the extremities of the false Ribs untill it is terminated and bound to the end of the lower Furcula of the Breast and so it divideth the natural members from the vital and this member is called Septum transversum and Paries and Phrenes and Diafragma and Galen in his Book de Voce Anhclitu calleth it Percordium which is a Muscle and not a Pannicle yet it executeth the office of a Pannicle in defending the Heart and the upper members from the stinking vapours fuming up from the members of nutrition its fleshy part is at the extream parts of it and its Chord is in the center of it united to the Lungs because by that Situation it serveth to move it To this is the Pannicle Pleura fastned throughout toward the upper part and in the same manner the Sifac is fastned to it below it is perforated toward the Back by the Vein Chilis ascending from which there do remain in it two Veins nourishing it one on the right the other on the left the Artery Aorta descending doth also perforate it toward rhe Back and the Gula or Merum which is immediately fastned to the Ventricle toward the Lower Belly It s shape and quantity appear its Substance Colligancy and Situation are spoken of yet it is fastned to the Heart by small Arteries and to the Brain by three pair of Nerves whereof two come from the Nuca and one from the Brain and those appear sometimes notable It s complexion is hot and moist its helps are in part spoken of yet Galen said that in it is the beginning of respiration and of all the strength of the body and these helps hee first found out it helpeth also in expelling from the Stomach and from the Intestines and from the Matrix some matters contained in them it also provoketh laughter according to some by moving the minde in ticklings beside the will It suffereth passions of all sorts its solution is deadly Of the Mediastinus Mediastinus eo quod hunc ventrem mediâ— dividit AFter the Anatomy of the Diafragma cometh the Pannicle Mediastinus so called because it divideth the void places of the Breast in the middle according to the length it hath also other names for the seeing of which first separate the bones of the Breast from the Ribs on the right side and on the left in like manner lest you should hurt the parts contained in the Breast separate also the Diafragma before from the bones of the Breast and you shall observe that Pannicle to divide the Breast from the bottome to the top and from before backward its substance is pannicular its figure and quantity appear its Situation is spoken of in number they are two Pannicles notably distant toward the fore-part having in them a notable hollowness but toward the Back it appeareth one onely it hath Colligancy with the Pleura from which according to some it hath its Original it hath also Colligancy with the Diafragma and with the Back and with the Lungs by means of a Pannicle risen from the Pleura it hath also Colligancy with the Meri witness Avicen and also with the bones of the Breast it hath Colligancy also with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver by Veins its complexion is cold and dry its helps are to divide the Breast and the Lungs through the middle that if hurt should happen to one part it might not happen to the other it also defendeth the upper Furculaes from it there is also a conservation of the heat of the Heart it endureth passions of all sorts Of the Capsula Cordis In qua ut in capsula Cor includitur THe aforesaid things being seen you must put away the formost bones of the Breast separating them from the former part of the Pannicle Mediastinus which leave in its place untill you have seen the Anatomy of the Lungs take away also the tops of the Ribs on both sides that yee may have large room for the seeing of the other parts and in that Section you shall well consider the bones of the Breast and also the Pleura but leave the Diafragma whole where you can fastned in its place especially to the Back that the Nerves coming to it from above may bee seen and that the Colligancy of the Gula or Meri with it might bee seen Those things being taken away you shall see the Lungs in the middle whereof is one Pannicle fastned to the Mediastinus which is hard and gross that it might the better defend the Heart from outward things the shape whereof is even as the Bowel contained of it called the Heart which is hollow and like a Pouch and therefore it is called Capsula a little Coffer in which there is the Heart it self and water in a notable quantity bedewing it and hindring lest it should bee dried up by its strong heat which if it be exhaust there is caused Morbus Cardiacus or the passion of the Heart whereby a living creature is brought to a consumption as it hapned to Galens Ape this Capsula is very sensible and perhaps was perfectly bred at the first with the Heart It s substance situation shape and helps have been spoken of in number it is one its quantity appeareth it is fastned to the pannicular roots of the Heart and to the Pleurs and Mediastinus and Diafragma by their Pellicles to the Liver by Veins to the Heart by Arteries to the Brain by Nerves its native complexion is cold and dry but influent hot because it is next the Heart it suffereth paâ—sions of all sorts Leave in their place the aforesaid Capsula and Mediastinus and Diafragma untill you have seen the Anatomy of the descending Nerves which as they descend to the lower belly do send branches to the aforesaid Members as it shall be spoken hereafter Of the Heart Cor a Cura quia in eo omnis sollicitude scientiâ—â—ausa manet AFter the Capsula the Heart doth occur in the Anatomy of which and also of the Lungs and of some parts of the Head and Neck I will proceed more largely by
in the middle Ventricle But the right Sinus hath two Veins one whereof whose Tunicle is simple is bigger than the other Veins coming from the Liver it is called Chilis and Concava and Audax ascendens and this is very great because it giveth blood to all the other Veins within and without the Heart taking nothing from them and therefore it bringeth more blood into the Heart than it can carry back it is also very great that it may contain much blood oftentimes flowing and flowing back and thâ—â— it may bring it to the Heart in a short space that it may the more commodiously be conâ—â—cted by it Thls blood so concocted is divided into three parts one part of the subtile cholerick beingless than the rest goeth to the nourishing of the Lungs The other more and subtiler than the aforesaid reacheth through the perforations of the Diafragma unto the left Sinus where it is made Spirit But the rest of it not so subtile and which is also far more than the rest passeth through the same Chilis to all the parts of a living creature and nourisheth them oftentimes going in and out in the right Sinus that it might be perfectly concocted and might receive life Nevertheless Avicen placeth a fourth part in the middle Ventricle which he saith is temperate but this is unknown to my eies perhaps because in the middle wall of the Heart there pierceth blood nourishing it but it turneth into the substance of the thing nourished because there in my judgement there is not blood without the â—â—ins unless in the right and left Ventricle The upper Orifice of this Vein is terminated at the Heart whilst the Heart is dilated and draweth the blood it is opened and whilst it is restrained it is shut expelling the blood but it is not shut wholâ—y because in part it remaineth open therefore nature alwaies reteineth in it as a treasure and mine of heat some portion of servent blood which at length changeth the Blood that cometh in into its own nature by uniting it self with it And this Orifice is opened and shut of three Sinnowy or Ligamental Pellicles whose colour is white being fastned with their upper extremities to the walls of the aforesaid Sinus by white and solid Ligaments Those Pellicles named Ostiola are wholly opened at the inside of the Sinus giving way to the blood entring in and are shut at the outside but not wholly and those Pellicles are solid and hard and in like manner are the Pellicles of the arterious Vein left in the great and continual motions of the Heart there might happen to them disruption because they are fastned in the top of them to Ligaments continually extending them But the Pellicles of the Artery Aorta and of the Arterial vein are less hard than they because they are not any thing extended by Ligaments and therefore they are without fear of breaking Another Vein goeth to the Lungs the name of this is Vena non pulsans or quieta it is also called Vena Arterialis and it is called a Vein because it carrieth blood for the nourishing of the Lungs and it is called Arterialis because it hath two Coats that it might be strong and compact because of the Cholerick and subtile blood flowing in it and lest it should bee broke by reason of its continual motion in whose Orifâ—ce are three Pellicles or doors shutting themselves wholly within the Sinus and opening themselves without giving way to the blood going out In the Dilatation of the Heart they are altogether shut lest the blood should flow back unto the Lungs but in the constriction they are opened and the Veins cleave to the walls neither are they any where else united by Ligaments as the most are The substance of these is pannicular their shape is like to the vacuity which is within the letter C They are therefore called Ostifola C formia they have also that Circular form which a mans nail hath which Pellicles are with their Circular part fastned to the body of the Vein But the left Sinus more noble than the rest because the middle and the right do service first to it it also excelleth the rest by reason of the Spirit contained in it hath in the top or it two Veins one not much less than the aforesaid great Chilis which is as the stock of a Tree distributed through the whole body and this is pulsant and double-coated whose thickness witness Erosilus is six-fold to a Vein and this is called Arteria Aorta and the great Artery whose inner Coat is harder than the outer because it meeteth with percussion and the substance of the Spirit for the keeping of which it is intended That same carrieth the Vital spirit to the whole body of a living creature and keepeth it in life For by that Artery said Galen all the members except the Lungs do inspire and expire lest their liveliness should bee suffocated but the Veins are as the store-houses of meat needing neither to diastolize nor systolize and therefore the body of them is subtile porous and soft but the Lungs do inspire and expire by reason of the motion of the Heart and Breast This Artery or its branches are seldom without the Chilis accompanying them and Aorta ascending a little above the Heart is divided into two parts one part is made oblique below and descends which in the Breast and in the lowest Belly sendeth forth many Fibraes from it even unto the feet and giveth life unto the members of them under that branch being made oblique below they do ascend by the left Nerves of the voice which are called Reversini and this place is called Flexor and Girgilius of which it shall bee spoken in another place Another part ascending about a part of the Lungs and the glandule Timum giveth life unto and filleth with Spitit the upper part of the Breast the Arms the Neck and Head and the parts of them And alwaies those Arteries which are fastned to the Veins by many pores or little Fibraes are united or joyned together and the Vein receiveth into it the Artery and on the contrary the Artery the Vein and from the Vein doth pass blood into the Artery which is likewise made spiritual in necessity and from the Artery into the Vein doth pass the Vital spirit concocting the blood thereof and conserving it in its virtue also the Tunicles are nourished and receive life from that which is contained in them and this Artery is less above the Heart than below Witness Galen 16 de Utili Cap. 11. and it is made so because there are more parts from the Heart of a living creature below than are above it and this Artery is so much greater descending than that which ascendeth by the Back by how much the multitude of the lower parts exceedeth the upper and in this is known not a little justice of nature the Vein Chilis descending must also be bigger than the ascending for the same
cause In the Orifice of this pulsant Vein which is called Auritium are also the three gates C formia opening and shutting themselves at the same time and in the same manner in which the Arterial vein is opened and shut There is in that Ventricle another Vein not pulsant but quiet called Arteria Venalis and it is called an Artery because it carrieth and recarrieth the Spirit or Ayr to the Heart and from the Heart to the Lungs from whence it is sent without the Breast and it is called a Vein because it hath a single Coat In the Orifice of this are onely two Pellicles or doors fastned after the same manner and incompleat and they are opening and shutting themselves in the dilatation and constriction of the Heart with which they make the doors being in the Orifice of the Vein Chilis also this Arterial vein carrieth more Ayr to the Heart than it can bring out because by the blood and Ayr brought in by it is the vital spirit engendred which by the Artery Aorta passeth to all the parts of a living creature By the aforesaid things the Colligancy of the Heart and the complexion and helps of it appear its quantity may be seen in number it is one although it is reported that the Heart of an Ape had two heads but prodigiously it is also reported that the Partridges in Paphlagonia have two Hearts Every kinde of disease may happen to it but it endureth them not if they continue long Of the Lungs THe Heart being seen cometh the Lungs called in Latine * Flabellum dicitur a flando Sic Ventilabrum a ventilando Flabellum and Ventilabrum and in Greek * Grece etiam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suffior sufflatur enim ut follis spiritum trahens emittens Pneumon for this is the Artificer of breathing and the work-shop of Ayr this is nourished by Ayr as the body is with Meat this filleth the hollowness of the Breast round about the Heart with its five Coats or Lobes whereof two are on the left side and three more on the right of them three one is less than the rest cleaving to the Back as it were in the middle which hath little pipes but almost no motion and this is the Mat or Pallet to the Chilis ascending and about that Lobe toward the top of it there is also certain glandulous flesh which also with the aforesaid Lobe is a Pallet or Coverlet of the aforesaid Vein and this flesh is of a notable bigness and is called of Authours Morum and Timum and of the Vulgar it is called Animella and Laticinium and it is in usual meats of a rank taste especially that which is found in Claves and in milk Kids The substance of the Lungs is mixed of thin light soft and red flesh inclining to whiteness like to the coagulated froth of blood and it consists of three vessels or pipes entangled as in a net through all the parts thereof in the same manner that the branches of the Vein Chilis are in the Liver and this composition may be like to a hony comb and also to a Sponge therefore it is capable of blood and Ayr for the Lungs is as it were a certain stoâ—e-house of Ayr to the Heart fit to serve to both motions to wit dilatation and constriction Certainly its flesh is rare that there might be much blood and Ayr continually in it Two vessels in it which contain it do shew the multitude of the blood which are bigger in the Lungs than in any other member like unto it the Heart and Liver excepted in which the vessels containing blood are greater surely not for themselves but because they give Spirit and blood to all the members This blood in the Lungs is much because the abounding plenty of it is dissolved by reason of the continual motion which a great quantity doth continually oppose and it is subtile that it might pass suddenly to all the parts of the Lungs to nourish it and it is also subtile that it might be light lest by its heaviness it should hinder the motion of the Lungs Also the long submersion of a living creature in the water without choaking sheweth that there is alwaies a great quantity of Ayr in it and the sending forth of a long and continual voice and blast hindring from the receiving of new Ayr or when one abhorreth it by reason of stink or other causes yet this Ayr in the aforesaid drownings and stinks is kept in the mouth and in the jaws the Tonsils helping with their Pellicles The help of this Ayr continually drawn is that by that being first altered the Heart might bee cooled and contemperated in necessities and also that the Heart might have vent left it should be choaked The utility of it also is that not out of a little part thereof might be engendred Spirits necessary for the being and wel-being and it is a help of the expulsion of the abounding hot and smoaky matter which is drawn it is for the entring in of the Ayr that is less hot â—eing altered first in the Lungs and then in the members through which it passeth This smoalâ—y air as it were an adusted superfluity of spirit is driven by the pulsant Vein into the branches of the Trachea in the constriction of the Heâ—â—â— and afterwards goeth forth â—â—nce from aliving Creature by the Trachea and by the nostrils and mouth the systolative motion of the Lungs helping it But the air going into the Heart hath the beginning of alteration in the Nostrils in the mouth in the jawes in the Trachea and in the branches of it dispersed in the Lungs in like order which one feeding on meat and drink hath in the mouth in the Gula and in the Ventricle and Liver For the alteration of the Lungs in the air is compared to the alteration of the Liver in Chiâ—us for by the Liver is the Bloud made of Chilus which receiveth a perfect concoction in the Heart but the spirit is prepared by the Lungs of air which is made truly vital in the Heart this going to the upper parts in the Rete mirabili or in the least branches of Arteries about the Brain is again altered from whence entring the Ventricles of the Brain the Animal spirit is maâ—â— perfectly true which is a brigâ—â— light and pure spirit Also the flesh of the Lungs is light lest it should hinder the motion of it it is also soft that it might defend the vessels thereof from breaking and it is reddish clear declining to whiteness because of the dominion of the Air over it with which it is nourished and also because of the coldness thereof A thin Pannicle doth cover this substance of the Lungs being bred of many Membranes proceeding from the Pipes thereof and from the Pannicles of the Brest by means whereof it is sensible The Pipes of the Lungs are three one whereof as also the rest
growing alwayes less descendeth to all the parts of it even unto the Pannicle inclusively envolving it from the Faringa or Epiglottis through the foremost part of the Neck united to the Gula this is hard and alwayes open and also bigger than the rest and it is compounded of very many Cartilagea each whereof is united one near to the other by pannicular ligaments and this is called Trachea and Aspera arteria and Laringa and Bronchium its Cartilages in the Lungs are entire and also annilar but in the Neck they are incompleat and in the manner of a C. From their Magnitude and Figure it is judged in the Hawkings of them whether there bee Ulcers in the extream parts of the Lungs or in the middle or in the neck Between these Cartilages and in all the Trachea within and without there is a Pannicle of a mean substance perfectly circular fastned to the jawes and mouth in which are Vills lengthning and â—â—ortning the Trachea in the motions of the Lungs The helps of this Pannicle is also to defend those Cartilages from the going in of extraneal things it is also a pacifier of the voyce in the going out This Pipe doth not carry bloud as others but only Air also by this alone the unnatural things contained in the brest are purged out having entred into it in the time of the dilatation of the Lungs by the thin Pannicle involving it therefore is there caused an expulsion of Sanies and other unnatural things to the mouth and without the Heart not being troubled This Pipe also possesseth a middle situation among the rest on the right side of it is the quiet Vein but on the left side the Pulsant Vein but the Pulsant Vein toward the former parts without the Heart doth immediately enter into the substance of the Lungs lest by reason of the motion of it because it is subtile it should receive solution but the Vein not pulsant because it is double-coated and strong doth not immediately enter the Lungs but first compassing about the Trachea it also entreth the Lungs reaching toward the hinder parts In this Bowel onely the pulsant Vein hath not without cause changed substance with the not pulsant for the Vein not pulsant called Arterial in other members is single in the Lungs double-coated first lest it should bee broken by the continual motion thereof seconâ—ly that it might also contain subtile blood nourishing the flesh of the Lungs and also the Trachea But the pulsant Vein called the venal Artery is of a single coat nimble in motion that it might obey dilatation and constriction in a short space this bringeth Ayr to the Heart and carrieth it out in it also there is spiritual blood nourishing the Lungs as some would have it but it is rather giving it life its branches are united or joyned together with the branches of the Trachea through which the Lungs giveth Ayr to the Heart but the Heart not being unthankfull giveth life and nutrition unto that The branches of this Vein are so narrow that the blood cannot pierce through them to the Trachea and therefore they are passable to the Ayr but impassable to the blood but if they be notably opened the blood floweth from them to the Trachea and perhaps as some would have it from the branche â—f the Vein not pulsant blood also floweth into the Trachea whereby is caused spitting of blood without the solution of the Veins of the Breast nevertheless the pulsant Vein is more apt to this Every one of the aforesaid vessels in their first entrance of the Lungs is divided into five branches always growing less throughout all the parts thereof and multiplying their branches two are in the left side and three on the right whereof one less than the rest goeth to the little Lobe on the right side cleaving more to the Back which as wee said before is a Coverlet to the Chilis ascending The shape of the Lungs is like unto an Oxes hoof in number some think that they are two members united into one in such wise that it appeareth one Lung with five Lobes divided into two like parts that one being hurt the other might remain firm in the hinder part it is longer than before following the situation of the Midriff in number it is one the quantity of it the situation and colligancy appear its complexion is hot from the part of its contents and place but by accident because of the Flegms remaining iâ— it it is cold its helps are to serve the Heart by preparation and carrying it serveth also to the breathing and to the voice and in like manner to speech and its little Lobe serveth to the Chilis ascending it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of some parts of Collum ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membrum â— secundum eminentiam quia capitis basis aut fulcrum alii a colle quia ascendit ab humeris collis more the Neck and of the pulsant and quiet Veins inclusively ascending from the Liver and the Heart even unto the Head and Hands THe aforesaid things being seen in the Section of parts the Trachea should first occurre and the Epiglottis and also the Gula nevertheless these for the present cannot well be seen unless the Anatomy of the Neck and some parts of the Face be set before which being seen wee will speak of the parts aforesaid the Lungs therefore being dispatched reserve some of the upper fleshy part of it for the seeing of the Trunck of the Trachea Arteria laying aside the rest except the fifth Lobe of it which cleaveth to the Back keep also a certain glandule neer unto it which is called morum and timum that the situation of the Chilis and the ascendent Artery upon these may be seen to which these two members are a coverlet you shall also keep the Heart and its Capsula and the Pannicle Mediastinus and the Stomach and also the Midriff for the enquiring of other things of them Those things being kept for better orders sake I come first unto the speech of the Neck and I term the Neck to be an Organical member noble and very necessary to a man for the members contained in it which witness Aristotle 3 de partibus Cap. 3. is made for the Trachea serving to the Lungs and for the Gula But Galen in his eighth book de juvamentis Cap. 1. saith that it is principally for the Lungs because creatures wanting a Neck want Lungs as Fishes but he addeth that the Neck is the way of those members which descend from above downward of â—hem which ascend from below upward those which descend are the Nerves the Gula some muscles and the Nuca but the ascending are the pulsant Veins and the quiet and the Nuca is contained of the Spondiles that it may bee safe from outward hurts and that hollowness which is between the parts of the Veins and Arteries is filled by glandules remaining
shall also note one Nerve on both sides compounded of many Fibers these Nerves are called descending and the reversive Nerves doe spring from these of which a fair enquiry shall be made below Keep those Nerves and 〈◊〉 branches of the aforesaid Arâ—â—â—â— and either Vein to wit the â—â—den and the manifest untill thâ—â— you have seen the Veins and Aâ—teries ascending from the Heart and from the Liver even unto that place for the seeing of which the Work-man may return back again about the region of the gibbous part of the Liver and there hee will note a great trunk of the Vein Chilis ascending which in its ascension first perforateth the Midriff and there sendeth forâ—â— many little Veins on both sidâ—â— whereof two doe feed the Midâ—â— but the rest doe nourish the lower ribs and the members near unto them But a very great branch of it ascending reacheth even unto the Heart being every way loose without an Artery fellow to it and by that branch the gibbous part of the Liver is vented and perhaps vivified This branch is divided into three parts one whereof much less than the rest entreth about the roots of the Heart and is dispersed through the substance thereof and nourisheth it Another bigger than the rest is united to the right mansion of the Heart and bringeth bloud very plentifully to it From that branch according to some that Vein called Arterialis which nourisheth the Lungs taketh its original but of these Veins wee have spoken somewhat in the Section of the Heart The third Branch of the aforesaid which is also notable ascendeth also above from the region of the Heart under which is a certain glandulous flesh called Morum and Timum and this together with the fifth lobe of the Lungs which cleaveth to the back is as wee have said before a Mattresse or Bed to the aforesaid Branch ascending even unto the highest Furcula of the Breast where this Vein is parted into two branches reaching transverse towards the Spatulaes on the right side and on the left in that same manner also doth the great Artery called Aorta Ascendens reach transversly toward the Sâ—â—tulaes and that you may the better see those Veins and Arteries lay aside the upper Furcula yet warily lest you loosen the members near unto them Those things being dispatched you must see the aforesaid Veins and Arteries noting first that every one of them is divided into two Branches one whereof as well of the Vein as Artery ascendeth by the Neck on both sides towards the Head from which doe arise all the Veins of the Neck called Guidez which you shall keep to be better seen afterwards Another Branch also on both sides is divided into five parts one of them nourisheth the upper Ribs and one the place of the Spatulaes and one the deep muscles of the Neck and one penetrateth in the upper Spondiles of the Neck and from thence passeth to the Head and the branches of the pulsant Vein do associate them Another branch greater than all the aforesaid five reacheth to the Axilla or Armpit and this is divided into four parts one of them is spread in the muscles placed above the Breast which move the Spatulaes and one entteth in the loose flesh and in certain Pannicles of the Axillaes and one goeth from the upper part of the Breast about the Teats descending toward the Abdomen and this according to some nourisheth them and in part carrieth the matter of milk to them and this as wee have said elsewhere is coupled in the Abdomen with a Vein ascending from the Inguina and from the Matrix to the Teats and of that branch Galen speaketh in 14 de utilit part cap. 8. saying That from the Thorax do reach Veins to the Hypocondria and to the whole Epigastrion and are coupled with Veins which are carried from the lower parts to the Matrix having Colligancy that when the living creature is increased in the Matrix they might bring in the nourishment for it which being born theâ— puff up the Teats again wherefore it hapneth that the Menstrues and to give suck cannot well be together But another branch greater than the aforesaid is divided on both sides into three branches one reacheth to the muscles which are in the Spatulaes and one to the muscles of the Axillaes but another bigger than the aforesaid reacheth by a neer part toward the Adjutorium and this goeth unto the little hand this branch is called Asellaris and Basillica which being flebotomized helpeth in diseases of the Breast by reason of its neer Colligancy unto the true Ribs and to the whole Breast this Vein is also called of the Vulgar the Liver vein because it is neerer to it than the Cephalica But of the first branches which I spake that you should keep from which are made the Guidez there ascendeth on both sides one and before they do much ascend â—hey are divided into two parts on both sides one of them is called Guidez manifesta the manifest Guidez because it is neer unto the Skin easily apt to bee seen which in one living swelleth in a strong voice but the other because it is below some muscles is called Guidez profunda submersa the deep and overwhelmed Guidez And indeed the manifest Guidez presently when it ascendeth above the Furcula is divided into two parts on both sides whereof one ascendeth but the other is involved about the Furcula from which do arise many branches nourishing the parts neer unto them and some of those branches do again ascend and are united again with the aforesaid first branch of the manifest Guidez but before they are united one notable branch reacheth to the Spatula and by the outside under the Skin of the Adjutory is terminated even unto the little hand and this is called Spatularis Humeralis and Cephalica because it helpeth the Head by reason of the neer Colligancy that it hath with its Guidez that nourisheth the Head but of that Vein Cephalica and also of Basilica and of the Artery fellow to it it shall be spoken more amply in the particular Anatomy of the great and little Hand And the aforesaid manifest Guidez on both sides notable is immediately under the Skin above the muscles of the Neck which with its branches doth nourish the upper and lower Mandible and the Tongue and the Head ascending on the outside about the Ears And some would have that those branches of the manifest Guidez which are about the Ears should be called Venae Spermaticae because they say that the Sperm cometh by them from the Brain and they are moved from the sayings of Hippocrates in his Book de aere aqua which saith that whosoever have the Veins behinde the Ears cut they are altogether deprived of all Generation nevertheless there are some that think that such Veins are from the branches of the profound Guidez which nourish the muscles remaining between the first and second
aforesaid left side are turned back And under that branch of the right side fortified of the aforesaid Pellicles doe the right reversive Nerves ascend by the Neck and as well those of the right as of the left are by ascending implanted to the muscles of the Epiglottis with many branches as it appeareth to sence by means of which they move the Epiglottis or Laringa voluntarily as a Rider by means of his Bridle and Reigns moveth the Horse when he list The helps of the aforesaid descending Nerves are to give sence and some motion according to some to the members to which they goe in their descent concerning which it was spoken before and the helps of the Reversives are for the giving of the Voyce and therefore they are called Nervivocis the Nerves of the Voyce as well the descending as the Reversives doe suffer passions of all sorts and if their complexion bee notably changed as sometimes it hapneth in the uncovering of them by reason of an Ulcer especially of the descending and happily of the Reversives the Voyce is lost and their other operations if they bee not taken away they are at least diminished and if the Reversives only should bee wholly cut on both sides the Voyce and the Speech is lost but if in one side only the half of the operations is hurt but if the descending bee cut of which the Reversives bee parts according to some those Five Operations will bee hurt of which Galen maketh mention 4 Interiorum cap. 15. to wit Exitus aeris â pectore cum anhelitu a going forth of air from the Breast with painful breathing and Flamen sine ictu seu strepitu a blast without stroak or noise and flamenâ—â—um strepitu a blast with noise and Vox the voice and Loquela the speech yet some will have it that by the incision of the descending Nerves the voice alone and that blast with the stroak is lost but concerning those Nerves look upon our Commentaries These things being seen leave the reversive Nerves in their place in the Neck that by them you may the better see the muscles of the Epiglottis to which they are fastned leave also the upper part of the Ventricle and all the Gula or Meri and that upper part of the Lungs which you kept for the seeing of the Trachea leave also such a part of the Veins and Arteries reaching to the Arms and to the Head that you may see the Anatomy of them in their place but you may cast away the Heart and the other members of the lower and middle Belly which have first been seen kept for the seeing of the Veins Arteries and Nerves spoken of before before we do further proceed in the present order of Anatomy some things are to be spoken of the Face and of some parts of it afterwards we shall come to the Epiglottis and Gula Of the Face 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est quod antrorsus videat Gas Bauhi THe Face called Facies of the Romans and of the Greeks * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is onely to man is the former part of the Head known to all this part should rather come to bee Anatomized with the upper Belly than with the middle but for the present wee speak of it by the way because in a common Anatomy the Gula or Meri cannot be shown unless there be first mention made of some parts of the Face and Facies is said quasi faciens hominem making the man for by it is the knowledge and distinction of every person This part called Facies is also called Vultus a Volvendo of rowling and so called a Volendo of Willing because by it the affections of the minde are known in which the colour of it is changed either for bashfulness or for some fault committed or for fear or sickness nevertheless there are some whose countenance is seldom changed and those are called Vultuosi brazen faced Also the countenance is changed from age to age and the Face differs from the countenance in that because the Face is alwaies the same and the countenance is changed albeit the Face may change its colour and quantity by age and the knowledge of the Face is much considered of the Physiognomist it is also considered of the Physician as in the first Prognostick you shall first consider the Face of the sick man for it helpeth in the knowing of many diseases as the Leprosie the Periplemonia the yellow Jaundice cachexia and the time of Menstrues in a woman in that they are also known that counterfeit sickness but not alwaies It s situation is under the former hairy part of the Head its substance is of more rare and soft Skin than any other Skin of the body of the vapours ascending to it from the whole and for comeliness sake under that Skin are many Muscles and Veins pulsant and quiet Nerves Pannicles Ligaments Cartilages and Bones in number it is one Organical member The number of the parts of it is the Forehead the Temples the Ears the Eyebrows the Nose the Eyes the Eyelids the Cilia or hair of the Brows the Cheeks Maxillae or Mandibulae the Jaws which are here Synonymaes the Mouth and the ball of the Cheeks the Lips Gelasini the foreteeth Mystax the Mustache the trench or hollow place under the Nose and the Chin with its trench its quantity its figure and Colligancy are apparent its complexion is such as is the complexion of the parts of it its helps are also to be gathered from its parts it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Forehead and the other parts Frons a ferendo quod animi indicia prae se ferat Ca. Bauhi of the Face the Nose the Eyes the Eyelids the Cilia and the Mouth with the parts thereof excepted FRons the Forehead is all that middle upper part of the Face without hairs which is above the Eyes nevertheless it is said of some that the Eyes are in the Forehead and therefore witness Varro it is called Frons a foratu Oculorum from the boaring of the Eyes Under the Skin of the Forehead is dilated one muscle having its Fibers according to the length of the body by which it moveth the Eyebrows in the Forehead are also wrinckles reaching according to the breadth of it according to the situation of which Empericks do cut their Abscessions but ill because then the Eyebrows do fall therefore the incisions in the Forehead ought to be made according to the length of the body In the Forehead are some Veins which are cut in diverse diseases and Hors-leeches also are applied to them under the aforesaid muscle is the Os Frontis called Coronale Of the Temples Tempora dicuntur quasi aetatis tempus annos sua canitie macilentia prodant ON the sides of the Forehead are the Temples called in Latine * Tempora which is times because in them are known
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE Body of Man BEING A Practical Anatomy SHEVVING The Manner of Anatomizing from Part to Part The like hath not been set forth in the English Tongue â—dorned with many demonstrative Figures â—ong since Composed in Latine by that Famous J. Berengarius of Carpus Dr. of A. P. Reader of Chirurgery in the University of BONONIA Done into English by H. Jackson Chirurgeon â—y whom is also added a fit Etymon to the Names of the Parts in their proper place â—ondon Printed for Livewell Chapman at his shop in Exchange-Alley in Coâ—n-hill 1664. TO The VVorshipfull Society of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barber-Chirurgeons of London together with all Students and Practitioners in Anatomy Henry Jackson a Member of the aforesaid Society commendeth these his Labours Most renowned Brethren and Friends I Am provoked in my mind after long deliberation to publish this Work being commanded in my first undertaking thereunto by my aged Father an ancient member of this Society who having met with this Author in his Travels in Italy esteemed it as a great Treasure and too good indeed to be concealed which being in old and curt Latine cost me not a little pains to put it into smooth English and yet I never over-read the Work but I had comfort in it and thought it worth all my pains I have also been much encouraged by the commendations I have heard of the Book by the learned Dr. Guinn and Dr. Andrewes in their publique Anatomy Lectures at our Hall as also by that exact Anatomist Doctor Wharton who hath had the perusing of it and is pleased to prefix his Epistle to it And now considering the great want there is of such a Work that may be as a Directory to young Practizers in Anatomy how to dissect from part to part and how studious most ingenuous men are of this Art as also how mysteriously those that have it doe conceal it I am I say provoked to thrust forth this Work into the world by the help of which for the three Venters and general parts and Muscles of the Body of Man and Woman as also by a little Treatise of Master William Molins of the Anatomical Administration of Muscles which hee calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which I also commend to the industrious Practitioner in Anatomy I am not ignorant what a great light of experience may bee gained to the diligent hand of such who doe industriously labour in this Science I have also added a fit Etymon to the names of the parts in their place from diverse Authors besides those inserted by this Author because it is both pleasant and profitable and â—â—stomably observed in Anatomy Lectures By the help of which Book I am of opinion that the ingenuous Chirurgeon may be enabled not only to Dissect from part to part but also where more excellent Physicians are not to bee had to explain and read upon the parts to the satisfaction of a Country Auditory which effects hoping the Lord will crown this work withall I take leave humbly to subscribe my self From my house in Southwark Febru 25. 1659 60. A Lover of this Art and of you all Henry Jackson To the Reader Courteous Reader I Am desired by my learned Friend and Tutor M. Mark Franck somtimes Fellow of Pembrook Hall Cambridge to read this Translation of his old acquaintance Master Jackson Chirurgeon and to write my thoughts as an Epistle before it in obedience whereof I shall briefly address my self I understand the Author to be Jacobus Carpus Bononiensis because of his Figures as also his mentioning his Commentaries upon Mundinus printed in Latine in the year one thousand five hundred and thirty about one hundred and thirty years agoe Hee was in his time much esteemed for a most industrious judicious and expert Anatomist and hath in this Book given good testimony thereof for he hath in this Isagoge exceedingly much improved the administration of Anatomy in many difficult parts of it which is one of the principal qualifications of an Anatomist therefore it s hoped this Book will bee as well worth the reading as any in that particular by whosoever that will favour that ever Noble employment and exercise Moreover this good old Author is concise and short without any tedious repetitions and also writ in an excellent good order and method and will neither spend time in reading nor charge considerable It s hoped the Reader will easily bee perswaded to indulge this Writer with the common abatement necessarily granted to all our ancient Authors First for that he writ so long before our for ever renowned Doctor Harvey and therefore was not acquainted with those curious truths of the circuit of the bloud which evidently demonstrates that the Veins reduce that bloud which was sent by the Arteries from the Heart abroad into the parts of the Body and that the Heart with the Bloud and Spirits is the chief Organ of vitality the habitacle of the spirit of Life common to us with Brutes but the Brain the Primum sensorium the seat of the Intellect the complement of man and the palace of the immortal soul The other excuse to bee entreated for the Author of this Work is also for his age for hee lived before our incomparable Doctor Glisson had demonstrated the true uses of the Liver the exact way of Natures making Bloud the nature and course of the Lympha and the motion of the Chyle and that the Splene poures no juyce either sowre or sweet into the Stomach which being supplied our Author may happily pass compleatly current Formerly Italy bred many such learned Physicians and Philosophers as this Author and then it was worth the while to journey to Padua to hear them as other Nations anciently went into Aegypt But now England by the industry of Harvey and Glisson is the only Scene for both so that the politick Italian if he will attempt the attaining to the knowledge of any thing considerable in either must visit England and ours stay to better purpose at home unless the careful Father shall judge it necessary for the manning 〈◊〉 Son to hazard him such a Pâ—lgrimage as to survey the ruines of old Rome and Campus Martius the stately place of the new Lectures upon barbarous Avicen will never advance the true worth 〈◊〉 knowledge of Physick nor his Auditors ever admit the truth of the Circulation of the Bloud whilst they doat upon his third or middle Sinus in the Septum of the Heart which this good Author did then deny This Anatomist hath pursued the various ducts of the Vessels to wit Arteries Veines and Nerves and also the Muscles with a notable design which hath given our later Authors occasion frequently to mention his Labours with honour This Book as it is ancient and learned so it hath been rare to bee found with us therefore wee owe much to this Translators indus who hath rendred it answerable to the Original and
the lower part of it is in the right side that it may give way to the Colon which is in the left taking up a great room but its lower part in the right side towards the Portanarium or gate is less than in the left side toward the Colon because in the right side the Liver taketh up a greater room than the Colon placed in the left also it s lower part is in the right side lest otherwise the Orifices should bee direct both that the meat might bee the better retained and that the Choler from the gall might the more easily enter into the Duodenum continued to the lower part of it It s substance is nervous by predomination its colour appears its shape is round arched after the manner of a * Or Morescan Mores Goard its quantity is apparent It hath Colligancy with the heart by Arteries with the Liver and Spleen by veins with the Brain by the descendent nerves it is fastned to the Anus by the Intestines and to the mouth by means of the Gula it is fastned to the Zirbus toward the former part it hath two Tunicles the innermost is more sinowy by reason of the appetite and more gross rugged and hard because it meeteth with hard meats it is harder in the upper part and also more sensible it hath an outward Tunicle more subtil enclining a little to the nature of flesh the innermost is some way nourished by the Chilus the outermost is nourished by Venaportae the innermost hath towards its inside long fibers serving for attraction and towards its outside it hath oblique fibers for retention the outermost hath broad fibers for expulsion The bottome of it serveth for the digestive faculty by means of the outermost Pannicle and by means of the heat of those parts which are about it yet it hath a proper hidden vertue of digestion as the Matrix of generating and the Liver of making blood the upper part of it serveth for the appetite by the help of melancholy milking it self into its mouth from the Spleen and for this cause it is often found black The Ventricle hath also a common Tunicle involving it and fastning it to the Back arising from the Peritoneon which is grosser than any other member contained in the lower belly except the Mesentereon in that part wherein it is doubled and it is so in the Ventricle because of the extension that it hath in victuals The body of it is fastned with its upper Orifice to the back to wit between the twelve and thirteenth of the Spondiles of the back which Orifice is properly called the Stomach and there are applied Medicines for the comforting of the appetite and this Orifice is in the very lower part of the Gula or Meri which by penetrating the Diafragma is continued upwards to the extream part of the mouth especially with its innermost pannicle and this Orifice is shuâ— up by the Diafragma lest in the inclination of the body the meat might easily return back it is also fastned to the back by its lower part that is by the Pyluron or otherwise Pyloron or Portanarium in that place where the Duodenum is fastned to the back by the Mesenterion but the rest of it is loose and is easily moved any way this Portanarium is higher than the bottom that contains the food lest the meat might too easily fall downward In number it is one member its complexion by the parts compounding it is cold and dry Its helps are to cause appetite to retain and to concoct the food and to give the gross part to the intestines but the good and digested to other members by means of the Liver It suffereth passions of all sorts and through the great sence of it the heart and brain doe suffer with it Of the Spleen Splen a suppleo dic quia vacuum locum ex contraria parte Jecoris supplet HAving left the Ventricle in its place for the seeing of the Venae portae wee must mind the anatomy of the Spleen or Milt and first you shall see it placed in the left Hypochondrion cleaving to the Ventricle with its little concave part and with its Gibbous part touching the ribs towards the back and sides it is covered with the Peritoneon But you may lift up the Corps as if it sate that you may the better see the situation of it which is under the Diafragma immediately in the Hypochondrion especially in a living body but in a dead body lying along it seemeth to bee under the ribs because its heavinesse doth easily drive the Diafragma to the upper parts for the Lungs are empty and loose easily yeelding you may also break up some of the false ribs that you may the better see the situation of the Spleen you may likewise doe so in the Anatomy of the Liver for the aforesaid cause this manner likewise would bee somewhat convenient in shewing the situation of the Stomach which also in a dead body lying along seemeth through the emptinesse of the Lungs to bee under the bones of the brest with some of its upper part more than it is naturally in a living body It s shape is square somewhat like a half Moon of a loose substance it hath colligancy with the Heart by great arteries which you must mark making thin the gross bloud which being made thin nourisheth the Spleen it is fastned to the Liver by a branch of the Porta to the braine by nerves to the Mesentereon and Omentum by veins and to Siphac by the pannicle covering it to the stomach by many veins some wherof doe nourish the left part of the Ventricle and one doth milk out melancholy unto the mouth thereof its quantity is known its complexion is ordained hot and moyst and is appointed opposite for that which is contained in it in number it is one member it is helpful to the whole body by purging the mass of bloud from the dreggs and for that cause it provoketh laughter sometimes it maketh bloud it stirreth up appetite it helpeth the digestion of the Stomack it suffereth every kind of Disease and there is sometimes in it a special impediment of its course and strong motion and it is held that that part being taken away by a wound Creatures doe sometimes live and there are some that think that through the greatnesse of it laughter hath been quite hindred and that it hath sometimes changed place with the Liver but very strangely Of the Liver HAving seen the aforesaid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est operari sanguinem parts you must raise up the Corps as it is afore made plain â—hat the Liver may shew its situation which is immediately under the Diafragma in the right Hypochondrion it is great in a man because hee is a hot and moyst Creature it is of a Moon-like shape its concave part is toward the Ventricle but its gibbous part is touching the ribs
hath and to the Brain by a small nerve its native complexion is cold and dry Its helps are to purge the blood from Choler and to make hot the digestion of the Liver and to keep it from putrefaction it doth also comfort the Ventricle and cleanseth it from flegm and helpeth the expulsive vertue of the Intestines sometimes a man is without a gall but this man is of a feeble health and of a shorter life It suffereth passions of all sorts its proper passion is opilation by which is caused Morbus regius or * Yellow Jaundice Icteritiae and if there is opilation in the common Pore and the body bee not purged of Choler then are caused cholerical diseases of divers sorts yet the excrements may bee coloured But if there bee an opilation in the neck reaching to the Intestines and unto the Portanarium then the excrements are discoloured and also the Choler is not purged from the Cistis but doth flow back to the Liver and doth cause many cholerical diseases And if there bee opilation in the neck towards the Liver the excrements may bee coloured for some time and it will also cause cholerical diseases of divers sorts but the opilation continuing the excrements will bee discoloured Wee have spoke of other things in the Comments upon Mundinus Of the great Vein Chilis and Aorta descending and emulgent THe aforesaid parts being seen you may put away the Mesenterion the Spleen and the Liver 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pasco quia partes sanguine ut mater venarum pascit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod vas signific ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tollo quâ—a ut vas sanguinem vitalem per totum tollit of whose gibbous part reserve that from which the great chanel of Vena Chilis doth immediately go forth that you may see the beginning of it but leaving the Ventricle in its place unpuffed up that some other parts of it may also bee seen In the first place you shall see a great vein go forth of the gibbous part of the Liver which is called Parigiba and Chilis and Concava and Mater venarum from which the blood is dispensed to all the parts of a living creature by means of its branches which are the receptacles of it this vein is subtile full of pores and gentle not double-coated as the Arteria Aorta lest it should too long time contain the blood which is gross but that it should quickly nourish the members it is also such because it is without motion but an Artery carrieth subtile blood which of some is called the vital spirit this doth continually systolize and diastolize therefore it is hard gross and compact lest it should bee broken and it is such that it may a long time contain the subtile blood contained in it which by reason of its motion is disposed to solution The upper part of this Vein ascendeth to the heart and further perforating the Diafragma which is called Chilis ascendens of which it shall bee spoken in its place This same Vein directly descendeth cleaving to the back and is called Chilis descendens which the great Artery descending doth accompany called Aorta which observe with diligence together with the Vein but the Vein is above the Artery and they are both envolved in the Peritoneon In the descent of both of them their branches are first divided which go to the swadling-bands or pannicles of the Kidneis but when they are in the direct of the Reins the Vein and likewise the Artery send from them one notable branch on the right side another on the left which are continued in the Reins These branches are called Emulgents for the most part the right branch is higher than the left because it must be neer to the Liver that it may quickly cleanse it from the Wateriness contained in the Chilis And the left is lower that its Kidney might give place to the Spleen which is lower than the Liver Those Orifices are not direct that by the first might be drawn from members at hand by the second from members afaâ— off and lest their attraction should bee hindring to one another In like manner from that Vein and from the great Artery under the Kidneis are many other Veins and Arteries separated which nourish the Rectum the Bladder the Matrix and the parts neer unto them In like manner in the direct of every Spondile one branch from each of them enter into it and is dispersed in the muscles neer unto them also of the aforesaid branches between every Spondile do enter very small branches which do feed the Nuca and the Pannicles Ligaments and Spondiles which envolve and fasten the same Nuca as you shall see in the dissection of them of the aforesaid branches some also go to the muscles and to the membrane of the Abdomen This Vein and likewise the Artery about Os sacrum beneath the Spondiles of the Reins is forked into two equal parts to the form of a greek letter which is called Lambda λ Some call those two-forked Arteries Sempiternal in which do enter two Umbelical Arteries one whereof is on the right side the other on the left which descend in them to the sides of the Bladder Those two-forked Veins and Arteries one on the right side the other on the left descending toward the Hippes according to some are in each side divided into ten parts whereof one nourisheth the lower part of the Back being dispersed through the Loins toward the Kidneis within and without And one other part being divided into capillary branches nourisheth the Peritoneon And one nourisheth the profound muscles of the Hippe And one nourisheth the musdes of the Anus and from it spring the Hoemoroidal Veins And one nourisheth the neck and mouth of the Matrix from which also two branches go to the Bladder one to the bottom the other to the neck of it and that which goeth to the neck in women is small but in men great because of the yard And one other of the ten goeth to the parts of the Pecten And one other extendeth to the long muscles of the Abdomen whose branches ascending are continued with the veins of the Breast which descend toward them and they united together extend to the Mamillas and from that branch in a woman there do likewise go notable parts to the Matrix from whence two Veins not accompanied with Arteries ascend by the Abdomen unto the Mamillas by which they are fastned to the Matrix and therefore in women with childe and in the time of praeternatural retention of the Menstrues for the most part the Mamillas swell or Teaâ—s And one other of the ten doth also go to the Matrix in a woman but in a man it goeth to the yard and to the cod But another goeth to the Universal muscles of the Hipp. And another part which is the tenth doth also extend to the Hipp and that is notable and
descendeth by the inside of the Hipp and when it is neer to the Knee under the Ham it is divided into three branches whereof one is made oblique toward the outside of the Shank and reacheth unto the Little foot and this branch is called Sciatica because being incised it helpeth in the pains of it and the beginning of that branch Mundinus knew not One other of the three aforesaid descendeth unto the Foot by the inside and this is called Saphena but the third branch holdeth the middle between the aforesaid branches all which do nourish the Shank and the Foot but of them speech shall bee made in the Anatomy of the Great foot But observe that there are more Veins than Arteries Witness Galen in his sixteenth Book of the Utility of the parts in the thireenth and fourteenth Chapters and witnesse the sense and it is reason because there are many cold members naturally not wanting eventation for which also a little spirit doth suffice therefore they have not many Arteries and in the hands and in the feet and in the brain and in the superficial part of the neck and in the Cutis of the whole body there are some Veins without Arteries but there is no Artery without a Vein joyned to it some whereof that are chiefly notable are fastned together by a Pannicle risen from the Artery and they are united together that the Veins might bee made firm and fortified by the aforesaid Pannicle and that the Artery might give life to the Vein and that the Vein might give bloud to the Artery in necessities whereof is made vital spirit and the Artery it self is nourished but the small Arteries are not fastned with the Veins by the aforesaid Pannicle although they are companions to one another but they are companions that they may give life to and nourish the members witnesse Galen where it is quoted above And the Veins and Arteries doe goe from the nearer places for the nourishing of their members except the Veins and Artries of the Testicles and Mamillaes which goe unto them from afarre off that the bloud might make long delay in them by which it is the better digested and is more easily turned into good Sperm and into Milk and there are many Arteries and Veins not perceiveable by the sence as those which goe to the bones and to the skin and those which extend unto the extream parts of the members The situation of these Veins and Arteries and also the substance and the quantity and the shape doe appear the number of the branches of them is unperceiveable their colligancy appeareth by that which hath been and is to bee said their helps are to nourish and give life to the whole body they endure passions of all sorts But to them doe happen Diseases compounded of the chief of Opilations which are worser than the opilations of the nostrils and Intestines and like places both because their opilation forbiddeth the members to bee nourished not suffering the bloud to flow unto them as also because they cause the bloud to flow back again unto the Liver which causeth in it opilation or putrifieth or induceth some other ill Diseases also their oppilation is ill because it is often unknown and because Medicines cannot bee well applied unto them as well within the body as without their solutions may bee of an inward cause and of an outward of which there are three kinds one is commonly called Diabrosis which is a corrosion of the vein of Dia which is de of or composition and Brosis or Rosis which is Comestio an eating another kind is called Rexis which is interpreted incisio incision the third is called Anastomosis which is the same that the opening and dilatation of the Veins is every where Diabrosis corrodeth the veins 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rexis cutteth them Anastomosis causeth them to open But to the Emulgent Veins among other Diseases may happen a weaknesse of the attraction of the wonted watery bloud as also in the Reins whereupon they doe either not attract or else weakly and thereby happeneth either a difficulty or a total ablation of the Urine yea there being in the Bladder no Urine in which case rude Physicians doe erre attempting to draw Urine from the Bladder with a Siringe or other handy operation and that is a singular hazard for the most part bringing death which I have often seen and amongst the rest I was with many honoured Physicians in the cure of the magnificent and illustrious Lord Lord Galataeus of the noble Family of the Palavicinians which was suflocated by the waterinesse of Urine gathered together in the Veins throughout and this waterinesse induced to him a Squinancy for which wee applied Ventoses without scarification for diversion sake and the Ventoses were filled with pure water through the pores of the skin but these things by chance I have written for the profit and honour of young men Of the Reins WIth the aforesaid Emulgent Renes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a fluendo qnod per eos Sperma urina fluunt branches are continued two fleshy bodies solid covered with the Peritoneon called Renes or Renones they are two and not one as the Cistis of Choler and the Spleen because the waterinesse is more than the dregs and scum of the bloud for which is required one great place of purging or two small ones and it was not one great Ridney lest it should crush together and presse the Intestines and lest they should make the Back unequal and they were two that if the operation of one should bee hurt that of the other might remain firm and they were solid that they might help much in a little room and lest the Bloud should goe forth with the Urine by some of its Pores and that they might not draw any thing by sucking it but that which is thin and that they might resist the sharpnesse of the Urine they were also solid because a thick body is stronger for attraction Their quantity appeareth their Phaeseolus Plin l. 18. ca. 12. shape may bee seen which is like the grain of the Kidney bean they have colligancy with the Brain by Nerves by means of the Pannicles involving them with the Liver by the aforesaid Veins with the Heart by great Arteries Galen hath noted that the great Arteries in the Kidnies are not only for the cause of nutrition and giving life seeing the Kidnies are little members for which a little Artery did suffice but in them there are great Arteries because they doe also cleanse the Heart from waterinesse and Choler and hee saith moreover many times Aorta draweth from the Stomach and from the Intestines bloud not pure yea Chylus which the Emulgent arteries doe purge out to the Kidnies I my self also in the year 1521. in our exercise at Bononia saw in one publiquely Anatomised one of the Emulgent arteries that made one Pore in the right side without the Kidney which in a
notable distance beneath the Kidney did enter into the Uritidia◠pore risen from the aforesaid Kidney and both of them by one chanel did reach unto the Bladder neverthelesse this Emulgent artery did also enter into the Kidney in his wonted place and in that individual the Kidneys were continued as if it were one Kidney and it had two Veins and two Emulgent arteries and two Uritidian pores with one only Pannicle involving which did take up the wonted places of the Kidneys and also the middle part of the Back which is in the place between the Spleen and the Liver a little below them Therefore let alone the left Kidney in its place for the seeing of the Spermatical vessels and divide the right in its concave part through the middle according to the length of it unto its center considering the place of its Vein and great Artery which doe enter into the substance of the Kidney in the hollow part of it from which the Kidney doth draw spirit and nutriment and the watery super fluities of the whole body mixt with Choler all these mixt matters pass thorow the whole substance of the Kidney although it bee solid because they are subtile for bloud could not pass alone to the least parts of the Kidneys because they are solid except it were mixt with water and Choler all which mixed are resembled to the washing of flesh being drawn by the Kidneys thorow the Emulgents from the Liver and from the Heart by means of the vein Chilis and the artery Aorta This bloud mingled with much wateriness is alone retained of the Kidneys for their nutriment and the water together with the choler separated from the bloud passeth to a certain notable hollowness being in the center of the Kidney as it were into a ditch the which the river or chanel called the Uritidian pore bringeth to the Bladder this Pore called of the Greeks * Uretra is a very long pannicular solid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hollow body having its beginning from the body of the Bladder because as it is said it resembleth it and ending at the Kidney which consider with warinesse and keep together with the Kidney for the anatomy of the Bladder And in the Kidney there is not a net neither any other pannicular strainer as some suppose but the Kidneys are made hollow Organes attracting by some Orifices but sending forth by others a thin waterish superfluity Therefore Galen said in hls fourth Book De Utilit cap. 12. Finally many Drunkards drinking whole Amphoras and pissing the proportion of the multitude of drink are not troubled about the separation but the bloud which cometh to the Vena cava is readily and by stealth all purged forth by the Reins not touching the Vein the afore-named Ditch hath about it a solid Pannicle perforated with more than ten great holes through which Nature milketh forth the Urine into the aforesaid hollownesse by means of a certain small substance of the Kidney like to the Nipples of the Teates of women The Colligancy of the Reins appeareth by that which hath been said they are also fastned to the Brain by a little Nerve by means of a pannicle covering them Their helps are to purge the whole body from superfluous Water and Choler but especially the Liver and the Heart nevertheless in the rest of the Veins there also remaineth much Waterinesse mixt with the Bloud which is called Vehiculum nutrimenti the Waggon of the nutriment which appeareth in Bloud flebotomised or otherwaies drawn from the body They suffer every kind of Disease all which almost are of a hard curation as is the Diabetes or as it were the continual dropping down of the Urine they also suffer a weaknesse of the attractive quality by means of which the Urine goeth not to the Bladder and by that means a living Creature is sometimes choaked or dyeth some other way also of such a weaknesse is caused the Ascitis they also suffer Stones Gravel and Hairs but the hairs are bred or condensed in the uritidian pores the stones of it are red small oftentimes long being bred in the aforesaid trench when the Kidneys are weakned not able to retain the bloud the Urine goeth forth bloudy it also goeth forth so when the Liver is weak not separating the Waterinesse from the Bloud by that separation and quantit which it ought Of the Seminary Vessels called Spermatica THose things being dispatched 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 idem est quod semen a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 semine in both Sexes first you shall note in the great Vein Chilis and the Artery Aorta sometimes above the Kidneys sometimes below one little Vein and one Artery both which are united at some distance touching one another descending to the Testicles of the right side You shall also note two like Vessels in the like manner descending and united in the left side one from the Emulgent vein of the left Kidney and another from the Artery Aorta all those little Veins and Arteries so descending are called Vasa Spermatica praeparantia that is the Seminary preparing vessels these vessels are covered about with a Pannicle risen from the Peritoneon called of Celsus Aegitroides the Vein lyeth above but the Artery lyeth beneath Those vessels are broader and harder in a Man than in a Woman excepting the time of impregnation and menstrues as it appeareth to the sense by the much bloud then retained in them but at other times they are harder and broader in a man and also they are always longer because they are to carry their matter contained to a longer distance and they are such because the Masculine Seed is more and is grosser than the Feminine by which length also of the vessels of a man his Seed is the more digested and the Seed of the right side engendreth Boyes because its matter is more digested and cleansed from waterinesse but of the left side Girls because it is cold and watery coming from the aforesaid Emulgents filled with watery bloud These vessels in both Sexes agree in the place from whence but disagree to whence their termination in a woman is within the body as it shall be said in the Anatomy of the Matrix which is placed after the Anatomy of the Yard and of the Anus for better orders sake But these vessels in a man descend on both sides unto the Os Pectinis in the end of the Ilia above the Loyns and therefore they are also called Lumbaria which vessels in their descent above the Os Pectinis doe enter on both sides into one pannicular covering risen partly from the extream parts of the Sifac which is commonly called Didymus and Cremasteres and they passe in the Cod near unto the Testicles as it may bee seen in one only side leaving the other side untouched for the seeing of the Anatomy of the Didymus but take heed lest you spoyl the Scrotum in any part but draw that vessel only which you
to send it forth But it doth as it were continually flow from the Kidneys to it Certain glandules of flesh do help its retention envolving and compressing the beginning of its Neck on the outside causing in the Neck some turnings by reason of which the Bladder is not wholly cleansed from the water and one onely muscle of the Bladder envolving the mouth of it doth help its Voluntary retention and likewise Expulsion The Bladder may endure passions of all sorts which are sometimes incureable as is a very great stone and Excoriation in a Cholerick body and in an old man Of Virga or the Yard Virga quasi Vim gerens AFter the aforesaid Members cometh the Yard which is of a Ligamental substance it is also Sinewy and hollow like a Spunge yet with some muscles the Yard and likewise the Tongue hath more and greater Veins and Arteries than any other Member like to it in bigness through the aforesaid Porosities the Yard above being guided by the imaginative vertue is oftentimes magnified and erected of the Spirit for in it is a natural virtue by which when a living creature is moved to Copulation it is puffed up and enlarged and there is caused naturally a motion in the Heart and in Arteries but in these it is caused alwaies for necessity but in this sometimes when it is necessary It s beginning and Situation is of a part of the Pecten in the middle known to all It s Shape is very long and round having in it a Chanel by which the Urine and Sperm go forth The upper part of it is called Glans and the head of the Yard and there it is compact hard and of a dull sense lest it should bee hurt in copulations a certain soft Skin doth compass about that Glans which is called Preputium being obedient to turning Praeputium a praeputando eo quod a Judais praeputaretur back in every Friction This Praeputium in the lower part in the middle onely according to the length is fastned to the greater part of the Glans by a certain Pellicular member called of the Vulgar El filello It s Number and also Quantity are apparent its Native complexion through influence is hot and moist it hath Colligancy with the Os pectâ—nis with the Kernelly Parastata with the Bladder by means of the Chanel without by which the Urine floweth forth with the Brain by means of the Nerves coming to the muscles and skin of it with the Heart and Liver by means of the aforesaid Arteries and Veins descending The Yard hath in it three Orifices one wide the which is common both to the Sperm and Urine and two small by which the Sperm coming from the aforesaid Seminary vessels do enter into that common Orifice Those two Orifices or Vessels do enter into this Chanel in the place called Perineon which is a place between the Yard and the Anus That Chanel from those Orifices to the Bladder is according to the truth called the Neck of the Bladder from hence unto the extream part of the Glans it is called the common Hole and Chanel of the Yard and of some it is called â—retra The Yard also hath four Muscles two towards its lower part on both sides one near unto the chanel of the Urine which are long-ways extended and do dilate the Yard and elevate it that the Sperm may with easiness peirce thorow it There are of it two other Muscles beginning from the root of it towards Os Pectiniâ— coming transverse about the Glans in its upper part which when they are extended the Yard is lifted up and when they cease from extension it is kept down that if the extension happen to one and not to the other the Yard will decline to the part of the extended muscle The profit of the Yard is made principally for conservation of the Species for by its means the Sperm is sent into the field of Nature that is into the Matrix which if it be of a moderate quantity as likewise the Tongue it is praised and is profitable for the shortness of it doth not bring the Sperm to the due place and it s too much length is the cause of the resolving of the spirits in the Sperm The Yard also by its Colligancy doth empty the Bladder from Urine whereof it is a sign because Lice applied to its extream Orifice provoke it by biting The helps of the Praeputium and the aforesaid Pellicle fastning it to the Glans are to yeeld some delight in Copulation and to defend the Glans from outward hurts That Praeputium the Jews take away in Circumcisions working contrary to the intent of Nature the Yard suffereth passions of all sorts its proper passion is a Priapism For the well seeing of this Anatomy the things spoken of being first observed and the situation of the Intestine Rectum being noted separate with a Scalprum Falx or Saw or other Engine the Os Pectinis from its lateral part and together with the Bone separate a notable part of the Buttocks to wit that in which are the muscles of the Anus and take away the Rectum the Bladder and the Yard with the Seminary Vessels and the aforesaid Uritidian Pores and put the aforesaid members being first washed and clean from the dung and bloudiness contained in them upon some table that you may the better see the aforesaid members putting away with diligence the Os Pectinis only from the aforesaid members And first you shall note the place of the afore-named Uritidian Pores entring into the Bladder by putting into them a Probe or Radius or some such thing and you shall perceive it peirce Diagonally through the substance of the body of the Bladder into the hollowness of it as hath been said before These things being seen you shall also see the aforesaid Seminary vessels to enter between the Rectum and the Bladder and with some instrument of Incision separate warily the Rectum from the Bladder because in that place these members are very firmly fastned and you shall see the Parastata afore-named full of caves and large and incising them you shall find the Sperm there contained for two or more Copulations and these Vessels are terminated in the chanel of the Yard And about that place you shall see notable glandulous flesh on the sides of the neck of the Bladder which doth somewhat digest and whiten the Sperm there contained or at least keepeth it that it be not dried up conserving also in it the genitive spirit Those fleshes doe also keep the neck of the Bladder lest it should be dried and also the Yard which by reason of its length hanging without is apt to bee dried and shut up and for this cause Women have not that flesh also those fleshes with their somewhat fatness resist the sharpness of the Urine These things being noted you may slit the Yard long-ways and you shall see the aforesaid chanel with the Orifices
Bladder In the Receptacle towards the Neck there is on both sides one Ligamental additament fastned to the Back toward the Anchae having the Shape of a Snails horn therefore these are called the Horns of the Matrix About these Horns on both sides is one Testicle harder and less than in a man not perfectly round but prest together like an Almond in them are ingendred Sperm not gross as in a man nor hot but watery thin and cold Those Testicles have not one Pannicle in which they may be both contained as is the Scrotum in a man but each hath a proper Pannicle risen from the Peritoneon fastning them about the Horns and each of them hath one small muscle of which it is moved In those Testicles are implanted the aforesaid Seminary vessels which being called Praeparantia descend from the Chilis and from Aorta and from the Emulgents from thence do reach other Vessels named Deportantia continually spreading themselves unto the Receptacle and they bring Sperm within the hollowness of the Matrix The Orifices of these Vessels are called Fossulae and Cotilidones through them flow the Menstrues from them doth the young one draw Nutriment by the Umbelical Veins and Arteries fastned to the aforesaid Fossulae In a woman there are not the Vessels Parastata nor the Vessel Epididymum because in a woman the soft Vessels are not offensive to the Testicles as they are in a man through their hardness The whole Matrix with its Testicles and Seminary vessels is like to the Members of Generation in men but the Members of men are compleat expelled forth by reason of their heat but of women they are diminished retained within for their want of heat And the Matrix is as it were the converted Instrument for the Neck of the Matrix is as the Yard and its Receptacle with the Testicles and Vessels is even as the Cod. For in the Cod being turned in there is a hollowness within it and without it being likewise turned in there do lie the Testicles and Seminary vessels as in the Receptacle of the Matrix but the Testicles and Vessels of men are greater The Situation of the Fissure of the Matrix is between the Anus and Os Pectinis and the place which is between both Orifices is called Perinion The Neck ascendeth above from the Fissure through the Belly unto the Receptacle whose place is between the Rectum and the Bladder all these are placed long-waies in the hollowness of the Little trough The Quantity of the Receptacle in Damosels is small and less than their Bladder neither is its hollowness filled unless with the filling of the increase of the body whereof it is but in full grown unless it be great with young it is not much greater than may bee comprehended in a hand but it increaseth by reason of the Menstrues having walls as it were fleshy thick and gross but in one pregnant it is very much stretched and thin appearing more Sinnowy and then it ascendeth towards the Navil more and less according to the quantity of the young one It hath onely one concavity or Cell which nevertheless somewhat toward the bottom of it is divided into two parts as if they were two Matrixes both ending at one Neck In the right side of it for the most part are fastned the Male in the left the Female It hath Colligancy with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver and Teats by Veins with the Intestine Rectum by Pannicles with the Bladder by the Neck of it which is short not penetrating without as in a man with the Anchae by the horns but of the horns above The Receptacle is every way loose and therefore falleth to the sides and sometimes its Receptacle goeth altogether forth out of the body through the Neck of it The Number of it is apparent and perhaps hee doth not erre that saith there are two Matrixes because there are two Concavities as two hollow hands touching one another covered with the self-same Pannicle terminated at one Chanel And that you may somewhat satisfie your self of its Figure Place and Situation you may see the under-written Figures immediately following to the seeing of which let not him come which is not ingenuous and expert in Lines and Shadow or in Picture which doth much help Physicians and many other Artificers the Native complexion of the Matrix actuated by the Influence is hot and moist its helps are to purge the body of its natural bloody Superfluity but principally to conserve the Species It may suffer every kinde of disease it often falleth down and it may all bee drawn forth out of the body the health remaining One Matrix being corrupted I saw drawn wholly forth by my Father in the Land of Carpus which was cured and lived long I also at Bononia drew forth one other wholly which was cancrenated in the year one thousand five hundred and seven in the Moneth of May which lived in health One other being corrupted my Kins-man by my brother Danianius drew wholly forth in my presence in the Assembly of many Docters and Scholars anno Domini one thousand five hundred and twenty the fifth of October that last by name Gentilis was the Wife of Christopher Briantus of Mediolanum inhabitant at Bononia Millane in a Country called Lo Inferno which at that hour one thousand five hundred twenty two the tenth of November was sound and exercising houshold affairs If you seek greater things look in my Commentaries upon the Anatomy of Mundinus and there you shall have of the pregnant Matrix and many other things And these things are sufficient for the Anatomy of the Lower Belly The first Figure of the Matrix YOu have in this Figure the Matrix with its Horns at the sides under which in their natural place are the Testicles fastned to the Seminary vessels which vessels as you see are terminated at the body of the Matrix and they have their Original above about the Region of the Reins from the Emulgent and from the Vein Chilis as it is said above and this Matrix is figured great as if it were pregnant In the former part of which is the Bladder with its Uritidian pores and the Neck of the Bladder is terminated in the Neck of the Matrix fastned a little above which is called Vulva and the Testicles in this Figure are in their due place but these things are better seen in the Anatomising of one woman great with Childe and also one not with Childe The second Figure of the Matrix YOu have in this Figure the whole Matrix with the Horns and the Testicles above the Horns and you see how the Seminary vessels go to the Testicles and from the Testicles to the Matrix but the Testicles are not in their natural place because their natural place is below the Horns but they are set above the Horns in this Figure that the Seminary vessels may the better be seen to
its motion there are muscles in it Galen said 7 de Utilit If the Breast were made of muscles onely they would fall upon the Heart and Lungs that therefore there might bee some space between and that in like manner the whole Organ might be moved the muscles are placed to the Bones by course This Belly called Pectus is great in quantity because it serves many and great members yet it hath a greater hollowness behinde than before the beginning whereof toward the hinder part is from the first Spondiles under the Neck unto the Septum transversum as much as twelve Ribs contain but before it taketh up onely the part contained between the upper Furcula and the lower inclusively In a man the Breast is broad not carinated as in the greater part of Beasts yet it is broader in a man than in a woman but for the bearing of the young the lower Belly is greater in a woman than in a man and for this reason the Region of the Reins of the bone Sacrum and the Ancharum in a woman is very large The Shape and Number and Situation of the Breast appears but the inward concavity of it is like to the hollowness of half an Egge cut obliquely through the breadth the part whereof is sharper toward the Neck it is also like to the nail of an Oxes hoof as is the figure of the Lungs It hath Colligancy with the whole body its complexion is according to its parts its native complexion actuated through influence is hot the helps of it are principally to keep the Heart and the Lungs it suffers passions of all sorts Mamilla diminut â—x Mamma quae ex voâ—e infant um dicitur ut etiam Papilla ex voâ—e Pappas Of Mamillae or the Teats IN the former part of the Breast toward the sides are two round Members taking their name Mamilla from their * The Author taketh Mamilla from Mamillana a kinde of Figs like Dugs Figure called of the Ancients Rumae In the middle of each of them there is one little Knob which is called Papilla through which the Infant feeds about which there is a Circle which is red or roset and sometimes black called in Greek Fos. The substance of these is of Veins Arteries and Nerves between which there is a hollowness which glandulous flesh doth fill up being white without sense and by reason of its whiteness when blood staieth in them it is made white and is turned into Milk and the Teats turn blood to whiteness and make Milk as the Liver turneth Chilus into redness and maketh it blood for every one of them turneth the humour in them contained to its own likeness in nature and colour of this blood being made white the one part nourisheth the Teats and the other is Milk and this is a profitable superfluity Unto the Teats do come their Veins and Arteries descending from the Region of the Armpits about the Ribs and also from the Region of the Pecten do come Veins through the Abdomen which you have kept above those Veins and Arteries do best appear in a body very lean but in a fat they are hidden but they are very well seen in a Faetus of three or four moneths The number of the Teats and the quantity appear yet they are greater in a woman than in a man for the ingendring of Milk their Situation is in the Breast because it is broad not carinated in which thâ—y may fitly bee placed and also because the superfluity of the Members above passeth not into Hairs neither into the Teeth nor into the Horns as in brute Beasts They have Colligancy with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver and Matrix by Veins but they receive the greatest part of the blood from the Matrix of which the Milk is made therefore those that give suck have not their Menstrues unless seldome and few and in those that have not their Menstrues in due time their Teats swell also the Teats do swell and are pained a little before the time of the Menstrues because the Matrix and the Veins therewith united are full The helps of them in a man are for comeliness and for the defence of the Members of the Breast and they reverberate heat to the Heart and sometime there is Milk made in a man by reason of the abundance of Nutriment especially in one that hath great and strong Teats in a woman they have also the aforesaid helps but they are principally for the ingendring of Milk that the new-born Childe might bee nourished therewith untill it can swallow solid meat and Milk is a proportioned nutriment for the new-born Childe because it is made of blood by which it was first nourished in the womb they suffer diseases of all sorts Of the Muscles of the Pectus quasi pactus quod ex costis quae veluti firmamentum pectoris sunt compactum aut pactinatum fit Gasp Baubinus Breast THe aforesaid things being seen and noted you may excoriate the Skin of the whole Breast leaving the muscles in their place and incise the Teats that you may see their substance especially their flesh in which are Veins and Arteries dispersed throughout and ye shall observe the * Papilla nipples to have very many small holes from which the Milk goeth out at which holes according to some the extremities of the aforesaid Veins are terminated through which the Milk goeth forth and according to others the Milk goeth forth from the Spongiosities of the flesh of the Teat terminated at the holes of the Nipple and not immediately from the Veins both of them are probable These being seen you shall note in the Breast many muscles which move the Breast voluntarily although the Breast may also bee moved naturally to wit according to the motion of the Heart and Lungs as wee have said in our Commentaries whereof some are without some between the Ribs and some within the Breast Of those without there are two under the upper Furculaes continual with the first Rib which do reach to the head of the Spatula and with them are united one other pair whereof every odd is doubling the first pair and making it into two parts the upper part whereof is continued to the Neck and moveth that but the lower moveth the Breast and this pair is continued with one pair which is continual with the fifth and sixth Rib. After that is another pair in the hollowness of the Spatula continued with one pair coming from the Spondiles even unto the Spatula and all they are as it were one pair which are continued with the hinder Ribs After that is another pair risen from the sixth Spondile of the Neck and from the first and second upper Spondile of the Breast continued with the same Ribs and all those muscles do diâ—â—te the Breast After that there is one other pair extended under the roots of the upper Ribs which descending is united with
reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good Sâ—eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as â— fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aortâ— spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to iâ— another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or Vâ—â—tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it â—â—d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is
of flebotomizing these Veins is thus first let the lower Belly of the Patient be bound between the Ilia and Hypochondria with a girdle decently binding let him also hold his mouth shut in expelling the air from the Breast then let the Patient decline his head to the contrary side that is to bee let bloud because by doing so the Vein swelleth as a Chord extended and with a fit instrument holding the Vein firm with the hand or other device the Vein must be peirced in the more eminent place Authors commend such a Section to bee made according to the breadth nevertheless I would doe it obliquely and let not the quantity of bloud bee superfluous neither let it bee done the second time and let the Work-man have with him powders constringent for stopping of Bloud as Bole-Armonick Sanguis Draconis the hairs of a Hare Mummy the barks of Frankinsence Aloes and the like and among all let him have Vitriol or Colcotar also Soot is praised and burnt Beans and Paper burnt Skins and the likc to these the white of an Egge well beaten being always laid over and with decent Ligature and the Patient lying with his head lifted up for eight days with light sleep and decent diet as farre as it shall seem good to the lawful Physician Of the Anatomy of the descending and the Reversive Nerves THe Anatomy of the Veins ascending Nervus ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nuto flecto quia Nervi instrumenta voluntarii motus Gal from the Liver upward being dispatched in which also many things have been spoken of the Arteries ascending I return to the descendent Nerves from which the Reversives doe arise and I say that in the lateral parts of the Neck a little under the Ears between or under some Muscles are notable Veins and Arteries as it was manifested before to which on both sides there doth adhere one notable Nerve called Descendent these Nerves the Ancients did call Apoplecticos and not well because they did not know the operations of them witness Galen in his Book De Voce anhelitu And these Nerves doe arise principally from the sixth pair of the Nerves of the Brain and they rise also from the third and descend perpendicularly because in such sort they must move the members These Nerves are compounded of many branches whereof some by descending witness Galen are spread abroad to the Heart and to its Capsula to the Mediastinus and likewise to the Breast in the roots of the Ribs and some notable enough to the mouth of the Stomach and to the Diafragma and some lesser to the Liver to the Spleen to the Kidnies and to other sensible members of the lower Bellies to which also doe goe certain Nerves obliquely descending from the Nuke and from those Nerves descending some notable branches are again turned back upward which are called Reversivi and Retro Redeuntes which are commonly called the Nerves of the Voyce and they reach toward the Epiglottis binding themselves with certain of its muscles whose heads are placed at the lower parts of its body Some branches also of the aforesaid descendent Nerves besides those Reversives doe goe likewise by descending to some of the Muscles of the Epiglottis the heads whereof are turned upward and they are Reversives as it pleaseth some with their muscles they shut the cartilage Cymbalaris and Glotida but the muscles of the descending Nerves doe move other Cartilages and also they open the Cymbalaris From the seventh pair also and from the Nuca doe come Nerves to the muscles of the Epiglottis which doe move it obliquely witnesse Galen Those Nerves are two one right the other left nevertheless they are divided into very many Fibers or branches as it appears because of the many members to which they goe Their quantity and colour is apparent their complexion and substance is such as of other Nerves yet the Reversives are drier and harder because they are to bear notable and as it were continual motions especially when they shut the Epiglottis to which shutting there is required a stronger motion than to the opening of it because there are more muscles opening than shutting it also the motion of the Heart of the Lungs and of the Breast doth open it and therefore that such Nerves should bee strong Nature hath set them afarre off from the moyst Brain from which by how much the more they are distant by so much the more drier are they and they pass near unto the Heart about the Artery where perhaps by reason of its heat they doe obtain driness and hardness and they are turned back upward that by drawing downward they might shut the Epiglottis which when they are relaxed many other muscles helping the Epiglottis is opened Their situation is on the sides of the Neck descending to the aforesaid members but the Nerves which are called Reversivi in the left side begin to bee turned back to the upper parts when they meet with the great Artery Aorta in the place a little above the Heart where that Artery is first forked and beginneth to bee turned back through the Breast to the lower members about which great branch descending is made the motion of the attraction and relaxation of those Nerves and that bifurcation of the Artery is to those Nerves as a wheel upon which water is drawn from a Well with a cord and this place as well on the left as on the right about which these reversive Nerves are moved or to which they are joyned in their motion is called of Galen Diablum and Flexor it is also called of some Girgilus and Bachan and Galen in his eighth Book De juvamentis cap. 2. doth resemble that reversion of the Nerves to those that with Horses in a Camp are turned back to the way from which they first came and saith that it is as it were a turning back of a thing upon a small wheel and in the seventh De Utilitate cap. 14. hee saith that he first of all found out those Nerves placed in that manner and their Muscles having the heads of them downward He saith also that that reversion of those Nerves sheweth that the Nerves have their original from the Brain and not from the Heart as Aristotle did think for if the Nerves should have their beginning from the Heart those Reversives should come from it and not from the Brain as it appeareth to sence And to those Reversive Nerves of the right side Nature hath also made the Girgilus or that wheel which shee made in the left side of one sufficiently noted branch of the Artery ascending being obliqued toward the right Arm-pit about the upper Furcula of the Breast of the right side which Artery goeth to the right Arm to which branch it hath joyned other Pellicles remaining there that it might bee strong because this branch is not so great as is that about which the reversive Nerves of the
of the Glotida doe shut it sometimes by themselves and sometimes by accident The shape of the Gula is veâ—â— long dilated in the upper 〈◊〉 the Fances like a trumpet 〈◊〉 is not like a Cane for it is like a Gut whose lower Orifice is continual to the Stomack where hath notable sence by reason of notable branches of Nerves â—â—om the Brain terminated at it its â—uantity appeareth in number it is â—â—e member it is fastned to the â—outh and to the Epiglottis most â—irmly so that one is hardly seâ—arated from the other it is also â—astned to the Throat throughâ—â—â— to the Heart by Arteries to â—he Liver by Veins and to the â—rain by the aforesaid Nerves â—â— complexion tendeth to hot but â—ot excelling because it is very â—â—nnicular its helps are to carry â—â—ings swallowed to the Stomack â—â—d to bring back many superâ—â—ous things from it to without â—e mouth it suffereth passions fall sorts He that desireth with diligence â—o have the demonstration of the â—hroat and Gula first let him see â—e â—â—tuation of them beginning 〈…〉 lowest part noting the â—ula and as he goes upward let â—im â—ore the Colligancy of it â—ith the Throat separating them with a Falx or other device neâ—â— unto the Epiglottis nothing the a foresaid Muscles to some of which hee shall see the Reversire Nerves to be fastned The Muscles being seen â—â— him separate the Gula in the â—â— of it from the Epiglottis and â—â— him note its Cartilages notinâ— also the situation of the boâ—â— Lambda which with its two greatter additaments embraceth thâ— Cartilage Scutalis and with iâ— lesser sustaineth the Tongue aftâ—â— that the three aforesaid Cartilagâ— of the Epiglottis may be seen aâ—â— the fourth Cartilage united wiâ—â— fatness and pellicle called Glotiâ—â— by means of which is made tâ—â— shutting of the Epiglottis afterwards let the Tongue be cut noting its aforesaid parts and theâ— things suffice for the Anatomy â—â— the middle Belly in which I havâ— been prolixe and not absurdâ—â— because these things are deliâ—â—â— to learners Of the Anatomy of the upper Belly THe upper Belly is named Caâ—ut the Head Quia ibi sensus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Grecis dict 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cavitate Bauhin â—â—tium capiunt because the Senses â—â—e their beginning there which â—â— Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the â—â—ad for the present is taken for aâ— that which is sustained by the Neck in which the Animal members are contained that is the â—â—ain of the former part of which â—ere is demonstration made of â—ome parts for the better orders â—â—ke This Belly in a man is notable â—â— its contents and it hath parts â—â—mmon and proper of the comâ—oâ— some is before some behind â—l some on the sides some aâ—ove some beneath the former â—â— is called Sinciput the hinder â—â— Occiput the lateral Tempora â—â— Temples and the place of the Ears and the upper part is called Interciput Vertex and Cacumen â—â— the lower is called Basis capitis the Basis of the Head and of its members whether the Head bâ—e for the Brain or for the Eyes we have spoken in another place The parts proper some are câ—â—taining and some contained tâ—e containing are all the outwaâ—d parts to wit first the Hairs which nevertheless are not to bee numbred in the parts of the Heaâ— unless unproperly because they are not members but they are reckoned as a superfluity sometimes profitable Secondly is the Skin which is gross somewhat fleshy thâ—â— the Hairs might bee well fastned iâ— it and that it might be a defence to the parts below it Under the skin is a little flesâ— or none except in the Fore-heaâ—â— and in the Temples After the Skin and Flesh is â— Pannicle compassing the wholâ— bone of the Head called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Arabick â—â—mocatim and of some Zinziâ— mater After the Pericraneum followeth the bone of the Head called of the Latines Calva and Testa and in Greek Craneum or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 corneum Licophroni autem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab imperando because it is hard The things contained are the hard Pannicle and the soft Pannicle this is called Pia mater and â—â—cundina but that is called Dura â—ater and above the mouth in the bottom of the Head below the hard Pannicle manifold use doth place the Rete mirabile Within the aforesaid Pannicles is the medullous substance of the â—â—ain with its Ventricles Glanâ—â—les Worms and Nerves risen from the Brain yet the Pia Maâ—â—r and the Dura are of some plaâ—ed among the parts containing â—ut the Nose and the Miringa of the Ears in like manner and the Eyes also are placed among the â—â—rts of the Head contained but not in the upper Belly neverâ—â—eless they are contained in the â—ead and so the whole Face is contained in it also Therefore the Hairs are first to â—â— examined which are engendred by reason of the vaporoâ—â— matter raised up from the whole to the Head as it were overflowing by reason of the heat â—â— the whole body and from hence are made the hairs of the Heâ—d called Capilli made for their end because they are for comliness as it pleaseth some and that it might defend the Head from many outward things The Skin of the Head appeareth of it self this wanteth motion unless in the Fore-head and the Temples it is therefore deprived of Muscles it hath also little sense You shall by excoriating the whole skin from the Head see the Pannicle called Pericraneum every way made involving the Head that the Dura Mater miâ—hâ— be hung up in the Craneum by commissures and by many other pores of the Craneum this Pannicle is also there lest the Skull should meet with the Skin anâ— the flesh of the Head without a medium and that the Craneum by means of it might be sensible and that there might inhere to this Pannicle Veins and Arteries feeding the Head on the outside and those which enter in by the Commissures and other Pores and those which goe out After that Pannicle is the Bone called Craneum which lay bare throughout considering the form of it which ought to bee round that it might be of the greater capacity and less apt to be hurt and it is lightly compressed on the sides making the Prow of a ship before and the Poope behind that its Ventricles might bee long serving the better to the operations of the understanding and every form erring from that is evil and by how much the more it is differâ—â—g from that it is the worse this bone is not one continual nor hard and thick as are many other but thin and spongious not very gross and compounded with some Commissures or Junctures Neverthelesse the joynts of it are not knobby but with teeth like Sawes and rough because they are not moved and the Skull is so that its junctures might bee stronger
of the Spondiles unto the Os Sacrum have wings and eminences which this first is without that the head might the better bee bended to the hinder part and lest it should tear the Nerves going forth from the Nuca neer unto them in that Spondile also toward the upper part are two pits in which doe enter two peeces of the Bone Bafilare near unto that great perforation by which the Nuca goeth forth it hath also two other pits almost alike toward the lower part in which doe enter two peeces of the second Spondile although there be some that say that those peeces are in the first Spondile and doe enter into the second the first Spondile is united to the Head by strong ligaments upon which it is bended side-waies After the first Spondile followeth the second which differeth from all the rest in shape for this Spondile hath in its top a certain additament which Hippocrates calleth a Tooth but of Galen it is called Pyroydea because of its sharp form and this additament entreth into a certain pit which is in the first Spondile distinct from the perforation by which the Nuca goeth forth and by reason of this the Head is safely moved forward and backward and round about or Obliquely without the dislocation of the aforesaid Spondiles which would bee easie if the aforesaid additament should not resist it because the juncture of the second Spondile with the first is looser than any other found in the whole Spine also the other junctures of the Spine of the Neck are looser than those that are below them and they have their bones Simenia forked and small lest they should burden the body After the Spondiles of the Neck doe follow twelve Spondiles to which are united on both sides twelve Ribs and those are called the Spondiles of the Back After those doe follow five Spondiles called Lumbares and Renales that is belonging to the Loyns and Reins and there are the Kidnies and two Muscles called Lumbi Avicen calleth that Region Alchatim and these are bigger than the rest and the place which is between the uppermost of them and the lowermost Spondile of the Ribs is called of Galen Glutum and of Homer Acrusta in that region is fastned the Diafragma After those Spondiles doe follow three others which are not Spondiles unless unproperly and these are called of Avicen Spondili Alhavins and of Averroes they are called Ossa Agit and of Galen Os sacrum and Amplum but this sacrum according to Galen consisteth of four bones with which the Ossa Ancharum are continued which are very firmly united with that bone on both sides and by the command of Nature they are opened or separated from one another in the birth also those Ossa Ancharum are in such a time opened in the Pecten wherein other times they are also naturally very firmly united After those bones first appointed three by Avicen are also three others called Ossa Alhosos and Caudae and so in all the true and false Spondiles are commonly in number thirty of all which the substance is bony with some cartilage placed between their junctures and they are all firmly conjoyned by Ligaments left they should be easily dislocared by their motion Their quantity shape situition and Colligancy is to bee seen their complexion appearâ—th their helps are to defend the Nuca and its Nerves placed withâ—n them They are also a foundation of the whole body but the Spondiles of the Reins and Alhovius doe principally this they suffer passions of all sorts For the well shewing of these Spondiles Church-yards are requisite our Commentaries upon Mundinus being somewhat helping and that their inner substance may bee well seen and in like manner their Marrow commonly called Nuca divide the Spondiles through the middle from the head to the tayl with a great Falx preserving as well as you can the Nuca and its Nerves unhurt this dissection being made you shall consider their Bones and Cartilage and the Pannicle covering the inward part of them and also the Ligaments with which these Vertebraes or Spondiles are united together these being seen return to the Nuca Of the Nuca THe Spondiles being shewed the parts contained within them as well in the Neck as elsewhere Nuca vox Africa fortè a nuce dici possit Nuca enim spondilis includitur ut nuce nucleus are to bee seen the chief of whom is the Nuca with its Nerves the other parts are two hard Pannicles and one soft that which is harder than the rest cleaveth to the bones the other is instead of the Dura Mater being also hard the other is soft instead of the Secundina or Pia Mater all compassing about the Nuca it self and the Nerves The substance of the Nuca is viscous moyst with some solidity and it is like to the substance of the Brain but somewhat harder and by how much the more it descendeth it waxeth the more hard neither is it Marrow as neither the Brain as some doe think its shape appeareth to all It s situation and place is from the lowest part of the Head descending unto the second uppermost Spondile of the Reins inclusively and it doth not pass that place but from that place downwards The whole substance of the Nuca is divided into many Nervs which by descending even unto the last Spondile of the Cauda are divided through them the number and quantity appear it hath Colligancy with all members unto which its Nerves doe pass it is also fastned to the Liver and to the Heart by means of the Acrta and Chilis by certain very little Veins and Arteries reaching to it through the holes of the Spondiles these Veins and Arteries doe perforate the aforesaid hard Pannicles compassing it about and doe enter into the soft Pannicle risen from the Pia Mater by means of which cleaving unto it that they may be supported they doe nourish and give life to the Nuca It s complexion is commonly appointed cold and dry but some think otherwise Its helps are that Nerves might pass from it to the members not in so great a distance as if they should come from the Brain and that the Nerves might bee more distinct not hindring one another and that they might bee drier and lest from their hurt the Brain should immediately bee hurt and also if there should not be a Nuca the Brain should bee bigger and should too much burthen the lower members it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Nerves risen from the Nuca WHat a Nerve is wee have spoken somewhere else Nervus Grae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod per totum corpus diffunduntur not only the substance of them but their shape and complexion from the head therefore descending to the end of the Spine of the back are Nerves risen from the Nuca and these are thirty one pair and one Nerve without a fellow numbring them thus the first pair of Nerves goeth forth from the first Spondile one
Nerve on the right another on the left as they are also alwaies in all the other Spondiles and the second pair goeth forth from the middle between the first and second Spondile and in like manner is the third pair between the second and third Spondile of the Neck and every Spondile descending hath one pair of Nerves correspondent unto it either in the Orifice of its fellow or in the Orifice proper to its self and the last Spondile Alhovius which is contiguous to the first of the three Bones Alhosos or Candae hath its pair of Nerves as likewise the Spondiles above it but between that and the first of the Spondiles Alhosos is another pair of Nerves and by reason of that doubled pair there are thirty one pair and one Nerve unfellowed because by descending between the first Spondile and the second there is one pair and between the second and the third there is also one other pair but from the last Bone which is properly called Canda goeth forth one Nerve only and as so there are thirty Spondiles true and not true and one Nerve without a fellow Their Colligancy is better known from whom than to whom and they have Colligancy with the greatest part of members having motion their situation and quantity appears as also their number the helps of those Nerves are to give motion and sense they suffer passions of all sorts From the aforesaid things doth appear that in a mans body there are thirty eight pair of Nerves and one Nerve which in all are seventy sevâ—n those two excepted which goe to the Nose for the Olfactive Vertue which are not commonly termed Nerves because they are too soft yet I call them Nerves in as much as they are the Organs of the sense of Smelling and as so there are seventy nine vvhereof sixty three come from the Nuca and fourteen from the Brain or sixteen the Mamillary caruncles being reckoned with them of which it hath been spoken above in the Anatomy of the Nerves of the Brain which afterwards are terminated to infinite Branches and Fibers which sense doth not comprehend and these are thus The Nerves coming from the Brain are seven pair or eight The Nerves of the Nuca of the Neck are eight pair The Nerves of the Nuca of the Back and of the Ribs are twelve pair The Nerves of the Nuca of the Reins or Alkatim are five pair The Nerves of the Nuca of Alhovius are three pair The Nerves of the Nuca of Alhosos with the two Nerves between the Spondiles Alhosos and Alhovius are three pair and one odde Nerve going forth from the Cauda The Figure of the Spondiles and Nerves IN this Figure you may easily see the number of the Spondiles and you see how from the substance of the first Spondile doe goe forth two Nerves from either side one and you may note the number of the Nerves in the extremity of the lines placed in that Figure Yet note Reader that the Figure hath not a true similitude with the Spondiles except in number but their true Figure is seen in the true Spondiles dried in Church-yards Of the Anatomy of the Hands Manus à manando quod ex Brachiis mâ—net vel quod boc instrumento potissimum actiones è nobis emanent THe aforesaid things being seen I doe first come to the Veins of the Hands used to bee Flebotomised with which also we shall see the Cartilages the Marrow the Bones and the Nayls the Muscles of such members being let alone which in a common dissection are not shewen yet the knowledge of Muscles is a very great help in Chirurgery witnesse Aver primo colliget and therefore because for the present they cannot be shewen we will place in the end of the Book certain Figures shewing some Muscles especially the outmost we will also place Figures shewing the principal bones First therefore doe occur two members placed on the sides which from the shoulders even unto the extremity of the Fingers are of Galen called the great hands these members for the present have three parts The first part beginning from the top is commonly called Adjutorium above which is the Spatula which also of some is placed in the great hand Under the first part called Adjutorium is the second called Brachium and between these is the juncture called Cubitus but commonly Brachium is taken of many for that first and second part aforesaid Under the second is the third part called the little hand and it is properly called Manus ab emanando quia ab ist a parte fere omnia artificia emanant because almost all Handy-crafts doe flow from that part Between that and the second is one juncture compounded of very many Bones called in Arabick Raseta and Ascam and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Those things being noted you shall excoriate the whole skin of the great hand with diligence from the Neck even unto the ends of the Fingers and you shall see first the Vein Basilica that is Regia or Kingly the Ancients before Aristotle did call that Vein Jecoraria and it keepeth that name yet because it is commonly called Vena Hepatis the Liver Vein it is also called Ascellaris or Axillaris because as it appeareth above in the Anatomy of the Veins this Vein passeth by the Ascella for Ascella is that hollow place on both sides which is under the shoulders in the lateral part between the upper part of the Brest and the top of the Adjutory which because it hath no vent in many doth savour ill for it is not vented witness Aristotle in his Pâ—oblems in these places is a notable part of glandulous flesh which receiveth some excrements of the Heart as likewise the kernels which are about the Inguina and in the Neck about the Guidez not much distant from the Ears which receive the superfluities of the Liver and Brain and those places are called the Emulctories of the Heart of the Liver and of the Brain and those fleshes are as it were a mattress to the great Veins placed about them This Vein called Ascellaris and Basilica descendeth by the inside and lowest part of the Arm with the Artery fellow to it for a certain distance after that the Vein is notably manifested alone about the juncture of the Cubite in the inward part and there is flebotomised and helpeth principally for the Diseases of the Brest because it is immediately united to the Veins nourishing its parts But from the Neck by the outside there doth pass from the shoulders to that Juncture by the Adjutory one Vein called Spatularis Humeralis and Cephalica which also about the Juncture of the Cubite is flebotomised which principally helpeth for Discases of the Head and Neck because it is immediately united to the Veins Guidez Between them is one Vein reaching over-thwart from the one to the other from which it receiveth bloud indifferently this is called Nigra Communis and Media because it emptieth