Selected quad for the lemma: heart_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
heart_n	artery_n	lung_n	vein_n	3,164	5	10.0265	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06950	Markhams maister-peece, or, What doth a horse-man lacke containing all possible knowledge whatsoeuer which doth belong to any smith, farrier or horse-leech, touching the curing of all maner of diseases or sorrances in horses : drawne with great paine and most approued experience from the publique practise of all the forraine horse-marshals of Christendome and from the priuate practise of all the best farriers of this kingdome : being deuided into two bookes, the first containing all cures physicall, the second whatsoeuer belongeth to chirurgerie, with an addition of 130 most principall chapters and 340 most excellent medicines, receits and secrets worthy euery mans knowledge, neuer written of nor mentioned in any author before whatsoeuer : together with the true nature, vse, and qualitie of euerie simple spoken of through the whole worke : reade me, practise me, and admire me / written by Geruase Markham gentleman.	Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.	1610 (1610)	STC 17376.5; ESTC S4777	291,300	517

disposed as thus That horse in whom bloud hath the greatest predominance may be called a horse sanguine is bright bay of colour and in disposition pleasant nimble and of temperate or moderate motion That horse in whom fleame hath the greatest dominion and may be called a flegmatike horse is for the most part of a milke white colour and so consequently slow dull and heauy If choler beare the greatest rule in his constitution then is his colour commonly a bright sorrell and by that meanes of disposition hot fiery and of little strength Lastly if the earth haue gotten power aboue the other elements so that he may be called a melancholy horse then is his colour commonly a mouse dunne and his disposition cowardly faint and slothfull But because these particularities are properly appertaining to the complexions of horses of which we shall haue cause to speake more largely hereafter I will not stand vpon any greater relation onely I giue you thus much in conclusion to vnderstand that euery one of these aforesaid humours hath his proper vse or end whereunto it serueth as thus Bloud serueth most properly to nourish the body Fleame giueth motion to the ioynts Choler prouoketh the auoydance of excrements and Melancholy begetteth an appetite or longing to his meate Now during the time that these humours do possesse their naturall qualities so long they are wholesome and bee called by their simple names without glosse or addition but if by any mischance they be disordered or corrupted then they are vnwholesome and are no longer called by their simple names but haue other epithetons annexed vnto them as Melancholy Bloud Salt Fleame Choler adust or Burnt Choler and fretting Melancholy whereof proceedeth many pestilent and dangerous diseases as shall be at large declared hereafter And thus much for the state of humours CHAP. 5. Of Members and their seuerall kinds TOuching Members which are the fourth maine instruments in this great fabricke of a horses body they are by Schoolemen diuided into two parts The first is called similaria which is like semblable or one and the same thing The other is called instrumentall and are contrary to the first Members alike are those which being separated or dist●●buted into parts yet euery part thereof is alike in substance to the whole neither altering in definition appellation or nature as flesh bone sinew and such like for flesh being cut or incised into many parts yet is euery part still flesh so reputed and so called as well as when it was in combination altogether and as of this so likewise may it be said of bones sinewes and their like Now for members instrumentall they bee those which being made of parts semblable and diuided into parts yet the parts are not alike neither haue all one name with the whole as the head legge foote and such like for euery part of the head is not called the head nor euery part of the legge the legge but haue other appellations as the brow the temples the knee the feetlocke and so forth Now these instrumentall members in doing of their offices and duties are of much more perfection then the semblable members wherefore Schoole-men haue made amongst these instrumentall members foure soueraignes or princes aboue the rest that is the Braine the Heart the Liuer and the Stones of which the first three are the preseruers of the singular body and the fourth of the whole kinde the first three giuing motion and agitation to the body the fourth generation and 〈◊〉 to succ●eding ages Now from these principall members like branches from a well growne tree do spring other members which do them seruice as from the braine springeth ●inewes whose office is feeling from the heart arteries whose office is sprightinesse and liuely hood from the liuer veines whose office is warmth and strength and from the stones the seede vessels whose office is procreation and increase Now for as much as from those doth likewise proceede a world of other members as Tendants Ligaments Lungs Spl●ene Guts and such like all which in as much as the knowledge of them doth more properly belong to the office of the Chyrurgian then to the Physitian though most necessary for both I am her● to aduertise euery studious reader that when he shall haue occasion to meddle with any member about a horse that he turne to the second booke in this volume which treateth onely of surgery and there he shall not only find euery member and lineament in a horse but also the true anatomies so liuely demonstrated that there shall be nothing wanting to the perfecting of his vnderstanding And thus much in this place of members CHAP. 6. Of Powers and how a Horses body is gouerned by them POwers which by some are called vertues or principall faculties and do gouerne and controll both the body of man or beast and haue the fift place in this worke are in number three that is the Power animall the Power vitall and the Power naturall The Power animall is a vertue incident to the braine which through the sinewes coming like little conduit pipes from the braine distributeth feeling and mouing to all the parts of the body The Power vitall is a vertue belonging to the heart which doth giue life and spirit to all the body by meanes of the arteries which proceeding from the heart which is the chiefe fountaine of naturall heate carries in their little channels ouer the whole body that aire and spirituall bloud which makes it full of lightnesse and alacrity The Power naturall is a vertue belonging to the liuer which giues nourishment vnto all the body and to euery part thereof by meanes of the veines which do likewise proceede from the liuer like greater conduites carrying the bloud from the liuer which is the fountaine of bloud into euery part of the body Besides the Power naturall containeth foure other vertues that is the vertue attractiue which draweth food meete to sustaine the body the vertue retentiue by which it retaineth and keepeth the foode receiued the vertue disgestiue whereby it concocteth and disgesteth the same And lastly the vertue expulsiue by which it expelleth excrements and superfluities Thus these powers or vertues being of no lesse validity then you perceiue by this discourse it is the part and duty of euery good Horse-leach to haue a most carefull and vigilant respect vnto them for if any of them faile the horse cannot liue Therefore whensoeuer you see that either your horse refuseth his foode or that he doth not retaine and keepe his food● but casteth it vp againe or that he doth not digest his food but keeps it corruptly in his stomacke or that he can not void his excrements in a naturall manner but holds it burning in his body take them for most certaine signes of mortall sicknesse And thus much of powers or vertues CHAP. 7. Of Actions or Operations and whereto they belong AS touching Actions or operations which are the sixt columne

that thing which is made or proceedeth from it Now of these elements which are the vsuall first mouers or beginners of all mouing things there are onely foure in number that is to say Fire Aire Water and Earth meaning not that fire aire water and earth which is visible here with vs beneath and which through the grossenes thereof is both palpable and to be discerned but those which are mounted aloft and through their purity inuisible and concealed from vs for the other are compounded bodies and not simple And of these perfect and distinct elements you shall know that the fire is the highest as being fixed or ioyned next vnto the Moone being hot and drye yet naturally exceeding or being most predominant or ruling in heate The aire is placed next vnto the fire and is naturally light and hot yet his predominant or chiefe quality is moist The water is adioyned vnto the ayre the disposition thereof being heauy and moist but his predominant or chiefe quality onely cold Lastly the earth adioyned to the water is the lowest and it is most heauy and cold but the predominant or chiefe quality thereof is onely drinesse Now for the vertues properties and operations of these foure elements you shall vnderstand that first the fire by meanes of his heate moueth matter to generation and stirreth vp warmth in all liuing things it is that which the Philosophers call Heterogenia which is in mixt bodies to separate things of diuers kindes one from another and also to ioyne things of like kindes together which they likewise call Homogenia For by vertue of the fire the bones of horses are separated from the flesh the flesh from the sinewes the sinewes from the veines the veines from the arteries the heart from the liuer the liuer from the spleene and so forth in such sort as we see the diuers parts of the fuell we burne by the vertue of the fire and heate to be separated and deuided one from another as the vapour from the smoake the smoake from the flame and the flame from the ashes And as in these things so in many other things as in the tryall of mettals and such like where the fire by vertue of his heate separateth body from body that is mettall from mettall and corruption from incorruption gathering and knitting together euery thing of one and the selfe same kinde Besides the vertue of the fire is to ripen order and digest things raw and vndigested mingling the dry with the moist and opening the powers that the aire being somewhat more solide and grosse may enter into the body and lastly it breatheth and moderateth the coldnesse of the water and the earth so that it may not distemper or confound the body Touching the vertue and operation of the aire you shall vnderstand that by the moistnesse thereof it maketh the matter apt to receiue shape either naturall or accidentall and by the helpe and assistance of the fire bringeth the powers and influences of the heauens and starres into the inferour bodies making the mixt bodies not onely subtile and penetrable but also light and mounting to the end they may neither be too grosse nor too heauy Secondly the ayre through his moistnesse cooleth the burning heate of the heart liuer and intrails as we dayly see by the office of the lights and lungs which like a paire of bellowes draweth vncessantly fresh ayre vnto the heart and inward members And albeit the ayre doth not seeme to the sence of our outward eyes to bee any thing neare so moist as the water yet according to the opinions both of our bookes and best Physitions it it is by much the moister which is well proued say they by the abundant fluxe it containeth which fluxe spreadeth it selfe so farre abroad in the body that it filleth euery empty part and corner thereof with the speciall properties and characters of moistnesse and by that reason is much harder to be kept within his owne bounds then the water is Lastly as the water was altered by God from his first naturall place for the better profite both of man and beast euen so the ayre according to Schoole-mens opinions was not left altogether in his first naturall disposition lest being ouermoist it should so confound and suffocate all sence that neither man nor beast should be able to breathe or liue Now for the vertue and operation of the water it is to be noted that through the coldnesse thereof it conglutinateth and bindeth in mixt bodies both parts members together which be of diuers kinds as bones with flesh and sinewes flesh with sinewes bones and sinewes with bones and flesh Euen as for a familiar example we see in the time of any great frost the strength of the cold how it bindeth things of diuers kinds together bringing into one masse or substance both water dirt stones strawes stickes and leaues the water also with its coldnesse doth temper and coole the inflammation and heate of the fire gathering together those thinges which otherwise the violent heate would disperse and scatter abroad Lastly for the vertue and operation of the earth it is through his drinesse in mixt bodies so to harden and fixe them together that they may retaine their shapes which otherwise by the power of the ayre and water would be so soluble and loose that they could not hold together as we may see in paste waxe and such like which whilest it is moist will receiue no print but being once hardened it retaineth any forme that is prest into it And here to be noted that according to the opinion of Hippocrates when any sensible body dyeth not onely euery quality but euery substance and part makes his returne to the element from whence it came as heate to the fire moistnesse to the ayre coldnesse to the water drinesse to the earth And thus briefly you see that of these foure common elements or common beginners of things the fire being hot separateth the aire being moist shapeth the water being cold bindeth and the earth being dry hardeneth and retaineth The vse that you are to make of this knowledge ouer and beside the composition of a naturall body is that when you find any sicknesse or infirmity which proceedeth from the fire as inflammations of the body or such like that then you apply simples of the nature of the aire or water which may moisten and coole the violence of that heate If the infirmity proceede from the aire as fluxe of blood or too much moisture then you shall apply simples of the nature of the fire or earth whose heate and drinesse may disperse and harden such moisture If the disease spring from the water as colds rheumes apoplexies and such like then you shall seeke simples of the nature of the fire and aire that through the heate of the one and the moist lightnesse of the other all such cold grosse and solide humors may be dispersed But if the disease proceed from the

or pillar which doth vphold this naturall body of which we treate they are not onely belonging but euen deriued from the three powers immediatly spoken of in the former chapter as thus The action and operation of the Power animall is to discerne to moue and to feele Horses discerne by meanes of the vertue Imaginatiue Discoursatiue and Memoratiue whereof the first is placed in the forehead the second in the middle of the braine and the third in the hinder part of the head All which are cōprehended vnder the Power animall Horses moue by meanes of the vertue Motiue whose action operation is to straine or let slacke the sinewes whereby euery member hath his mouing And horses feeling is by meanes of the vertue Sensitiue whose action or operation is busied in the fiue sences as to See Heare Smell Tast and Touch and all these actions spring from the Power animall The action or operation of the Power vitall is to restraine and loosen the heart and the arteries which proceede from the heart which action whether it be hurt or disturbed in a horses body is easily knowne of euery good Farrier or horse Marshall by the vnequall beating of his pulse that is to say of the arteries which cometh downe from the heart to the insides of both his fore legges a little below the knuckles of his shoulders and likewise crosse both the temples of his head a little higher then his eyes And if any man be so simple to imagine that the thicknesse of the horses skinne shall be any impediment to the feeling of this motion let him remember that as a horses skin is thicker then a mans so also are his arteries greater and beate with more violence and so consequently to be felt without any great difficulty The actions or operations of the Power naturall are to ingender to increase to nourish to desire with appetite to attract to change to disgest to retaine and to expell and many others of like kinde These actions therefore are carefully to be looked vnto by euery Farrier to the intent that he may learne by them not only the whole state of a horses body but also what particular member thereof is euill affected as thus If either in your horse you finde much forgetfulnesse vnnimblenesse of his limbes or dulnesse vpon correction it is a signe of sicknesse in the braine and that the Power animal is euillaffected If you find that his pulses do beate extraordinarily flow or much to fast it is a signe that his heart is grieued and his Power vitall euill affected but if you finde that he doth consume pine away loseth his stomacke it is a signe that his liuer is perplexed all his inward parts out of frame and his Power naturall euill affected Now you shall againe vnderstand that of actions some be voluntary some not voluntary The voluntary actions be those which a horse may either further or hinder stay or let when themselues pleaseth as the mouing of the legges for they may go stand or lye downe at their owne pleasure The actions not voluntary are those which depend not vpon the will of any beast but be done of their owne accord and naturally as the mouing of the heart and of the arteries and the passage of the bloud the first whereof beateth sleeping and waking and the other hath his course euery minute And thus much of actions and operations CHAP. 8. Of Spirits and in what parts of the horses body they remaine SPirits which is the seuenth naturall builder of this naturall worke are to be vnderstood to be that fine pure cleare and ayrie substance which is ingendred of the finest part of the bloud whereby the vertue of euery principall member may visite all the other parts of the body making them to do their duties according to the rules of nature Now of spirits according to the opinion of some Physitians there are but two kinds that is the Spirit animall and the Spirit vitall The Spirit animall is that which giueth power of feeling and mouing to a horse and hath his resting place in the braine from whence through the sinewes it is dispersed into all other parts of the body and as it is ingendred of the vitall spirit being more vehemently wrought and laboured and partly of continuall breathing euen so it is partly preserued by the Chaule of the braine which doth howrely water and nourish it The Spirit vitall is contained in the heart from whence it floweth into euery part of the body being the chiefe cause of all naturall heate and it is preserued and nourished both by breathing and bloud To these two spirits there be some Farriers both Italians and French which adde a third spirit and call it the Spirit naturall saying it hath its residence in the liuer the veines but the two former are of such power and haue such superiority that the body cannot liue without them nor haue any being at all wherefore it is the office of the Farrier continually in all his medicines to haue euer some comfortable simple which may maintaine and keepe these spirits in their full strength liuelyhood and vertue And thus much touching spirits those seuen naturall things which compact a naturall body Chap. 9. Of the sixe thing not naturall how they profit and how they hurt HAuing spoken of the naturall things whereof a horses body is compounded it is needfull now that we speake something of the other sixe which be not naturall so farre forth as they concerne the office of the Farrier and no further for with other matters we haue not to do The first thing then which is not naturall yet preserueth a horses body in good state is the aire which being pure sharp cleare and piercing giueth great life and nourishment to a horse but being contrary that is grosse thicke and full of putrifaction it cannot chuse but alter the good habit of his body and breede in him many infirmities Therefore euery Farrier shall haue great respect to the aire wherein a horse either liueth or was bred in as if a horse that was bred in a hot aire come to liue in a cold and through that exchange grow sicke the Farrier shall by warme dyet close house and moderate cloathing bring his nature to a stronger acquaintance also when a horse exceedeth in any of the foure qualities that is in heate moystnesse coldnesse or drinesse it is best for him to liue in that aire which is contrary to that quality wherein hee exceedeth Lastly in many diseases the change of the aire is most wholesome as shall be shewed at large in the particular diseases For the meate and drinke of a horse which is the second thing not naturall in a horses composition it is not to be doubted but whilest it is sweete cleane good as bread well made and baked dry oates dry beanes dry pease sweet hay sweet straw or short grasse so long it nourisheth and preserueth the horses body

shall reape these knowledges First if the vrine of a horse be of a pale whitish yellow colour like vnto amber therewithall somewhat strong smelling and not very cleare then you shall be assured that the horse is in good state of body strong and healthful but if it be extraordinary white and as it were creamy then it is a signe the horse hath weake reines and is subiect to the stone and the stopping in the kidneyes If the vrine of a horse be somewhat high coloured bright and cleare like lamber and not like amber or like a cup of strong march beere then it sheweth the horse hath inflammation in his bloud and that he hath either a feuer or else some great surfaite but if it be red like bloud then is his inflammation more geat and his surfaite is onely an ouer heate taken by ouer-riding insomuch that if present remedy be not applyed either by scouring or other healthfull physicke the horse cannot chuse but fall into some mortal sicknesse If the vrine of a horse be of a pale greenish colour thicke and slimy it is a signe of a weake backe and consumption of the seede Lastly if the horses vrine be high colored yet therewithall cloudy and full of blacknesse then it is a signe that the horses sicknesse is mortall and hardly to be preserued by any physicke but if the blacknesse and cloudinesse of the vrine do not remaine as it were bound vp together in one body but is broken dispersed shewing many cloudes in one water then it is a signe that the violence of the sicknesse departeth away and there is great hope by good gouernement that the horse will recouer his health as at the begining Now for the excrements or dung of a horse which is no lesse worthy of note then the vrine You shall first vnderstand that if his dung be euer of alliance with his foode I meane either in part or whole coloured like vnto that he eateth as thus for example If your horse go at grasse his dung wil euer be greene and the brighter such greennesse is and being in a meane betweene hardnesse and softnsse the sounder and in more perfect estate the horse standeth but if the greennesse be bright yet the ordure so soluble and loose that it cometh from the horse like water then you shall vnderstand that either the horse hath eaten vp some feather or else that he hath an inward coldnesse both in his stomacke and bowels If a horses dung be of a reasonable thicknesse neither too costiue nor too soluble yet the greennesse inclined to some blacknesse it is a signe that the horse hath a hot stomacke and is easile subiect either to the yellowes or staggers If the horses dunge be in round hard pellets and of a blackish greene colour like the dung of a sheepe or a Deere then it is without faile that the horse hath had some great surfait either by ouer-riding or by ill food or else is certainly possest either of the yellowes or feuer or foundred in the body Now if your horse be fed onely vpon straw then his colour will be of a high coloured yellow rather costiue then soluble and the graine thereof long and not well coutched together and all these be good signes of great healthfulnesse but if the colour be inclined to rednesse or if it be exceeding dry without moisture or if it be thinne like the dung of an Oxe or a cow they be all apparant signes of inward sicknesse but if the rednesse turne to blacknesse and that his ordure doth leese the strength of its smelling then it is a great signe of death and mortality If your horse be fed with hay and prouender then your perfect and sound dung will be of a browne yellow colour the graine somewhat long yet moist and well fixt together but if the brownnesse turne to rednesse it is a signe of distemperature and if it turne to blacknesse then of death Now for the smell of this dung you must vndestand that the more prouender you giue the greater will be the smell and the lesse prouender the lesse smell Lastly if you feede your horse onely vpon prouender as bread oates and such like then the dung which shewes a perfect and a sound body will be of a pale yellow colour like course hony firme like a thicke salue hauing within it when you tread vpon it or break it little white graines like those which are in sope or if the dung be harder like the ordinary ordure of a man it is not amisse for both be signes of health and strength but if the dung looke redde then it is a signe that the horse hath taken some inward heate and his stomacke and bowels do rest still inflamed If his dung be browne and slimy or if it shine and looke greasie it is a signe that he hath had some of his inward grease molten and that it resteth and putrifieth in his body but if with his dung you see him void great clods and lumps of grease then you may be assured that his grease was molten but nature hath ouercome infirmity and the worst danger is past already but if his dung be matter vndigested so that you may either perceiue therin whole corns or whole bits of bread it is a signe the horse hath either taken a late surfaite or is entring into a mortall consumption Lastly if his dung be blacke or haue lost the smell it is an apparant signe of death And thus much for vrine and excrements and the seueral know●ledges are attained by them CHAP. 15. Of Feuers in generall and the diuers kindes thereof THat horses haue feuers and those feuers of diuers and sundry natures there is nothing more certaine as by strict obseruation may daily be perceiued especially when either we vse much trauell or disorderly diet for questionlesse from these two and none other heads do spring most feuers whatsoeuer But first that I may giue you an account what a horses feuer is you shall know that it is an vnnaturall and immoderate heate which proceeding first from the heart disperseth it selfe not onely through all the arteries but euen the veines of a horses body thereby hindereth all the actions and wholesome mouings of the same Now of feuers some Farriers make three forts the first those which breede in the spirits being inflamed and set on fire beyond the ordinary course of nature the second those which breede in the humours being likewise distempered by heate and the third those which breed in the firme parts of the body and are continually hot Now I for your better memory will diuide them onely into two parts that is to say Ordinary and extraordinary The ordinary feuers are all those which are bred either in the spirits or in the humours as namely Quotidians Tertians Quartans Feuers continuall Feuers Hectique Feuers in Autumne Sommer or Winter And the feuers extraordinary are all those which are bred in the

either of winde or fire and so they will last fully out a whole yeare You shall keepe no Sirrops nor sweete Electuaries nor pilles nor Powders nor conserues of flowres nor any oyntments Sewets or emplaster aboue one whole yeare onely bitter electuaries or conserues of fruites or rootes will last fully out two yeares Of oyle some will last long some must bee new made oyles extract out of wood or mettals will last long Gather rootes in Autumne but take the small sprigs from them and make them cleane and dry Dry small rootes in the shade and winde and great rootes either in the winde and Sunne or by the fire lay them in a dry place towards the South and they will keepe long prouided that neither Sun nor mo●sture hurt them Gather all manner of hearbes when they do most flourish and dry them in the shade except they be very moist and apt to putrifie they last for the most part a whole yeare Gather seedes and fruites when they be fully ripe they also last but one whole yeare Gather the rinde or barke of any simple when the hearbe is ripe dry them and they will last many yeares The end of the first Booke THE SECOND BOOKE Containing all cures Chyrurgicall or such infirmities as being onely outward craue the vse of Surgery and are called in Horse-leach-craft Horses Sorrances Written by Iaruise Markham LONDON Printed by NICHOLAS OKES for ARTHVR IOHNSON 1610. THE SECOND BOOKE CHAP. 1. What proportion of measure is required in euery member of a well shapen Horse FORASMVCH as the great substance of this Art of Surgery or second part of Horse-leach-craft applyed onely vnto outward infirmities consisteth of incisions cauterizings corrodings and dismembrings as well as of comforting incarnating cleansing conglutinating and binding vp members in their true forme and that all iointly together go but about to make a true and well formed body I thinke it meetest that I begin with the true proportion and measure which is required in euery member of a well shaped horse that the carefull Farrier thereby vnderstanding how and in what fashion euery lineament should be placed or what proportion quantity they do containe he may at no time through ignorance either dismember or disgrace the same as I haue many times seene simple Farriers do when contrary to all art and rule they haue cut in sunder the maine cords sinewes and tendants by which a horses limbes are gouerned To begin then you shal vnderderstand that according to the description of the most ancient worthy Farriers there are in a horses palate of his mouth 12 barres or degrees like steps one aboue another standing when his mouth is turned vpward like a paire of staires his tongue would be halfe a foote long his vpper lippe sixe inches and his neather lipppe fiue inches long each of his iawes would be ten inches long his head from his eie downward full twelue inches long his eares fiue inches long the circuit of compasse of his eie foure inches about his necke from the nape of his head vnto the withers would be seuen handfuls from the withers to the fillets twelue handfuls and from the fillets to the setting on of the taile sixe handfuls the length of the shoulder would be twelue inches and the length of his shanke sixe inches the length of his hinder hough would be twelue inches and his cambrell fiue inches and the length of the whole body from the head to the taile would be one hundred inches Now as horses are bigger or lesser so these measures either exceede or are lesse neither do I confidently build vpon th●se inch quantities of the ancient Farriers because I hauing my selfe measured many horses I neuer yet could finde any certainty in the proportions onely this is the most certainest rule that euer I could finde that looke what quantity is betweene the nape of the horses necke and the vttermost part of the withers there must euer bee twice so much betweene the withers and the setting on of the taile and looke what quantity is betweene the toppe of the shoulder-blade or toppe of the withers to the elbow of the horse it must be twice so much from the elbow to the setting on of the hoofe and looke how much it is from the toppe of the hippe to the stifling place it must bee twice so much from the stifling place to the setting on of the hinder hoofe and this is the certainest rule that euer I could finde for a horses truest proportion And therefore for your better satisfaction behold this picture which is the true anatomy of a most perfect horse with lines drawne from euery member directing and shewing all the outward diseases or forrances belonging to a horses body CHAP. 2. Of the Veines belonging to a Horse and how many there be IT is most necessary that euery carefull Farrier know all the principall veines in a horses body especially those which in the time of neede or in sicknesse are to be opened and therefore to begin you shall know that from the liuer which is the fountaine of bloud both in man and beasts doth arise one maine great conduit or large veine which ascending into the body doth diuide it selfe into thus many seuerall branches or lesser riuers First within the palate of the mouth aboue the first and third barres are two notable veines which the best Farriers do touch or strike when the horse hath any disease in his head braine or stomacke he hath also other two which descend down from the lower part of his eies vnto his nosthrels are euer opened for any griefe in the eies he hath two others which are aboue his eies and run crosse the temples of his head are called the temple veines which are likewise opened for all maner of cold diseases in the head he hath also two great maine veines running alongst each side of his wind-pipe euen from the vppermost ioint of his neather chap downe to the breast which are called the necke veines and are those which are ordinarily opened for any disease whatsoeuer He hath then two veines which arise vpward from betweene his forelegs to the top of his breast are called the breast veines they are opened when the horse hath any feuer or is sicke at the heart He hath other two which likewise ascend from betweene the forelegs but do not mount so high as the breast veines but rest vpon the formost bought of the forelegge and they be called the palate veines and they be opened either for foundring or other griefe in the limbs He hath other 2 veines which run downe from the elbow of the foreshoulder down all along the inside of the forelegs and are called the shanke veines which are opened for splents mallanders or such like He hath then foure veins which run alongst the fetlocks of the horse are called the shakell veines which albeit they are but smal yet they are many times opened for