of the stomack and concocting faculty The smalness of the Coeliack Branches being altogether as I thought unable for so great an effect And rightly I thought it for the Vena porta within the Liver is altogether an Artery For as the Arteries issue their Blood from out their Trunk into their Branches but the Veins return it from their Branches into the Trunk So the Vena porta from its Trunk distributeth Blood to its furthest Branches that are within the Liver which Blood it hath gathered into its Trunk from the Branches it hath without the Concavity of the same And as the Coats of the Arteries are thicker than those of the Veins so the Vena porta hath a thicker skin within the Liver than it hath in its Vessels without the same Neither believe that I depart from ocular inspection when I say that the Coat of the Vena porta is thicker within the Liver for I broke in pieces at leisure all the substance of the Liver of the Beast which I anatomiz'd and laid open the form of the uncloath'd Vena porta The Tunicle whereof without the Liver retain'd the thinness of a Vein but within the Liver did altogether appear to be an Artery So that it did undoubtedly appear which before I did suspect That some of the Vessels of the Blood as the Aorta deserve onely the name of Arteries Others admit onely the name of Veins as the Vena cava And to conclude some are appointed by Nature for both duties such as we have found the Vena porta to be But when I doubted whither so great a current of Blood flowed and believing it had its course unto the Vena cava I tyed I will not say with the Antients the Trunk but the branch thereof where it entreth the gibbosity of the Liver as far from the Liver as I could and then the Blood rushing to the bandage the branch greatly rising betwixt the Ligature and Liver shewed the manifest commerce betwixt the Vena porta and the Vena cava and how appositly the Learnedst English Physician Will Harvey held the motion of the whole Blood to be Circular CHAP. III. That the Blood floweth out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart through the Lungs into the Left Ventricle THis one thing did remain to perfect so great a Circulation to know fully the Passage of the Blood from the Veins through the Heart into the Arteries The evident diversity of Cavities and Turnings for the carrying of the Blood both in Children in the womb and more adult persons did vex my troubled mind Indeed in persons of firm age that oval perforation or rather communication which is sprinkled with Botalus the Inventor's name or if you will that Synanastomosis useth not to remain It is that by which in the Child in the womb the Blood directly from the Vena cava filleth the right Ventricle of the Heart also by the Venal Artery entreth immediately the left Ventricle Neither doth that little Ductus remain Pervious but degenerateth into a Ligament by which the Aorta of the Child in the womb receiveth the Blood through the Arterial vein the shortest way from the right Ventricle without any turning into the left Then at last that the commerce of the Heart with the Entrances of the Vena cava might be discovered with the famousest Anatomists I considered the structure of the substance of this Noble-intrail and in the first place the three doors of the three-corner'd Valves situate betwixt the joyning of the Vena cava to the right Ventricle of the Heart offered themselves to view I was willing to take notice of their office which was to give easy entrance to the Blood into the Heart but stopt its return into the Vena cava The impervious solidity of the Septi or Partition of the Heart which lyeth betwixt the Ventricles denied it altogether a passage Therefore I inferr'd the Blood issueth out of the right Ventricle into the Arterial vein And indeed in that place the three Sigmatoidal or S-like Valves give place to it rushing forwards but withstand its return Nevertheless having burst asunder the partition I viewed the left Ventricle It differed from the right in that it was of a more oblong and narrower hollowness Into two Entrances of it two Canales were inserted on this side that which they name the Arteria Venosa on the other side the Aorta was placed at the boundings of both were placed Valves This the Aorta or great Artery had as in the Arteria Venosa three sigmatoidal Valves to give way to the Blood thrust out and to stop its return That the Arteria Venosa had two Miter-like Valves that kept Centry to give Entrance to the Blood into the Heart and to stop its flight from thence By reason of this fabrick and fashion of the Heart and the offices of its Instruments I could not any more approve their denying the flowing of the Blood from the Heart into the Lungs by the Arterial Vein and again its return from the Lungs into the Heart by the Venal Artery And lest some perverse people should charge me onely with suppositions behold I produce an Experiment I bound with a Ligature both the Vessels as near the Lungs as was possible and then the Arterial Vein in its body was dilated betwixt the Heart and Ligature beyond the same Ligature towards its furthest Branches in the Lungs it became flaccid But the Ductresses of the Venal Artery altogether in a contrary effect did swell and fall But seeing indeed our speech is fallen on the two Veins of the Lungs the Anatomists have with unfit tearms in my judgement named them For what mattereth it if with the subtil des Cartes I call that onely an Artery through which the right Ventricle disburthens it self into the Lungs seeing both the thickness of its Coat the figure of its Valves and the office of its Pipe receiving Blood from the Heart do altogether assimulate it to the rest of the bodies of Arteries And why I pray you entitle they that an Arterial Vein through which the Lungs disgorge their purple streams into the Heart seeing the testimony of its Coats Valves and Office assert it a Vein Notwithstanding name them as they will 't is all one to me so they be known But a demonstrative truth in this matter should not have sacrificed it self to Hippocrates his opinion CHAP. IV. The Circulation of the Blood in the Child in the Womb. THat which we have already shewn concerning the Circulation of the Blood I would have thee Reader to understand it chiefly of grown persons Not to deny its Circulation in Children in the womb but that in them the Circular motion differeth a little in its passages By the Hypogastrick Arteries the Blood is carried into the womb of the Woman with Child the Umbilical Vein carrieth that part of it which is best concoct into the Liver of the Embryon but that which is more serous and unconcoct returneth by
the Maternal Veins unto the Heart as its Pot whilst the thicker groweth together into the Placenta or Lump as into the wombs Liver The Vena cava thrusteth the Blood receiv'd into the Embryons Liver from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it joyns with it and so into the left Ventricle thereof by the then open Oval-passages The Blood going out of the right Ventricle into the Arterial Vein partly by an interjected little Pipe as it were by a sloping Canale it floweth freely into the Aorta Partly a good quantity possessing the Lungs oppresseth them with so great weight in respect of want of breathing for the hard passage from the furthest branches of the Arterial Vein into the Venal Artery that the Lungs of the Child in the womb if it did not breath sometimes representing both the colour and density of the Liver would never swim above water Certes Respiration stirreth up the Blood in the Venal Artery The Bronchia Canales of the Wind-pipe by their breathing dilatation pressing together their fellows on the one part the Arterial Vein and on the other part the Venal Artery to press out the contained Blood so far as the Valves will suffer The Blood of the left Ventricle immediately penetrateth into the Aorta and from thence rushing to the furthest parts of the body returneth by the Veins to the Heart as hath been shewn in Adult persons And because the Umbilick Vein emitteth more Blood than the nourishment of the Child requireth the Providence of Nature hath branched out a pair of Branches the Consorts of the Umbilick Vein either of them from the Iliack or which I have most frequently observ'd from the Hypogastriack Arteries even unto the Placenta They refound the Blood that is more than nourisheth the Child into the Liver of the womb whether this be requir'd by the celerity of the motion or whether the impure mass of the Mothers blood requires a better digestion by the mixture of a warmer But lest I should seem to have found out this reflux by vain Arguments put I pray thee a straw into the Umbilick Vessels that belong to the Placenta or Lump then blow thou and the Vein alone will carry the wind into the Child But on the contrary if thou blow by the Reed into the Child the Arteries will carry the wind into the Lump the Veins remaining altogether flaccid At last the Umbilical Vein by degrees becoming unprofitable degenerateth into a Ligament by the same chance the Canale of the Arterial Vein going into the Aorta evanisheth and the Botalian perforation is filled but the Umbilick Arteries nevertheless remain I have many times observ'd it in cutting up of Adult persons viz. the wind blown into the Hypograstriack and Iliack Arteries did not onely shew the Umbilicals near the Navil by the small tumor it did raise but entring their infinite Branches on every side by them its empty tumor declar'd the many branchings of the Artery in that place CHAP. V. That the Arterious Blood is partly by Synanastomosies poured out of the Arteries into the Veins partly being extravasated by the Anastomosies of the Arteries returneth again into the Veins HAving demonstrated the Circulation of the Blood to and out of the Heart 't is fitting that according to the example of those that are well deservers of the Anatomick Commonwealth we search out with an inquest resembling the former its passages from the Arteries into the Veins Many are of opinion that the furthest points of the Arteries are inserted into as small parts of the Veins but the smalness of the points of the minute Vessels not to be discerned by any eyes though arm'd with Spectacles doth not confirm doth not confute this opinion They aver also that wind blown into the roots of the Vena porta within the Liver doth enter the conjoyn'd Branches of the Vena cava and that it doth insinuate it self from the Trunk of the Arterial Vein into the Lungs and furthest Branches of the Venal Artery I have many times tryed it in the Liver but the Experiment ever failed I doubt whether more by defect of breath in me or errour in them In the Lungs indeed I have found that the common passage of the Synanastomosies of the same Pipes were open One day it was my business to view the Arterial Vein being made bare of all its Cloathing I did observe it not with a few knots of Embracements to stick fast to the Venal Artery Putting a Reed into it in that place where 't is insert into the Heart I blew presently the spreading breath did raise the bloodless Canals and being roll'd to the ends of the Capillar Veins was received into the hollowness of the Venal Artery which is indeed an evident token of their Synanastomosie But though it held in the Lungs yet nevertheless I will not conclude it holds so in the Liver or Muscles Indeed I will confess that by the intermediate openings of the Synanastomosies that the Blood may be turned out of one Vessel into another seeing the individible coherence of the Veins with the Arteries in some places proves this and their not easy separation without tearing of both But I believe he admitteth absurdly this Synanastomosis where the Veins have no coherence with the Arteries yea rather I would believe that a part of the Blood by the Anastomosies without the inclosures of the Arteries doth abound to be strain'd in the flesh that that of it which is more exactly concoct may turn to nourishment in the simular parts But that which is not well digested may return into the Veins which perchance in all places without have entrances to their most inward places For if the perpetual Flux of the Blood within the Vessels casteth forth no Blood without the Vessels whence proceeds the increase of the bodies bulk And if the substance of the parts of the body be in perpetual motion from whence I pray you will proceed the restorement of the tabid leanness of withered bodies There is indeed some seedy substance in the Blood fit for the restoring of the decayings of the parts viz. That which being more concoct useth to unite it self into a fibrous thickness And indeed the Blood drawn from the Limbs into hot water doth spread its serosity and colour in the water when in the bottome of the bason there remaineth a fleshy thickness of membranous dregs compos'd of white fibers and therefore more fit for the solidity of the body to wit that which either remained after the satisfying of the parts or was melted by the washing vigour may be of the following Blood or was transvasated by the short passages of the Synanastomosies and did hasten to be recocted in the Pot of the Heart And lest any should confound the Offices of Synanastomosies and Anastomosies by reason of the likeness of the words I call Synanastomosies the intermediate opennesses of the Arteries cohering to Veins for the carrying of the Blood out of one Vessel into
Experiments Neither would I have passed by if Death too soon had not envied James Duval a most skilful Doctor of the same faculty in Paris who ingenuously was long ago a Herald of this discovered verity as the love to the same made him a most diligent spectator of my Experiments I will not speak more of these men lest by the unpolished rudeness of my speech I prejudice them I would likewise produce more but the faith of the Witnesses is suspected where a few and so famous do not suffice Neither is the mind of him that judgeth free of unbelief if he will have beyond the Laws appointment the number multiplied of the Witnesses The Exposition of the Figures The First Figure sheweth the Milkie Vessels found within the Breast together with the Receptacle of the Chyle by themselves distinct from the cut-up Beast A. The Ascendent Trunk of the Vena cava opened all along upwards BB. The meeting together of the Jugular and Axillar Veins where the springing out of the Chyle into the Vena cava or the little entrances of the Lacteal Conduits are marked with points CC. The Valves of the Jugulars stopping the ascent of the Chyle running into the Vena cava DD. The distributions of the Milkie Conduits at their springings into the Veins EE The divers meetings of the Lacteal Vessels at the appointment of sporting Nature F. The Bottle or Billow which oft hath appeared within the breast on the left side near the uncut Diaphragm G. The Chanel on the right side swelling greater HH The portion of the Diaphragm which remaineth I. The RECEPTACLE of the Chyle LLL The stems of the Mesenterick Lacteal Veins the greater Tunicles of these near the Receptacle signifieth there are Valves placed there to hinder the reflux of the Chyle MMM Divers Valves within the breast giving passage to the Chyle to the Vena cava but stopping its return to the Receptacle The Second Figure demonstrateth an open Dog with the Vessels expressed in the First Figure as each one in his proper place is situate in the Beast 1. The Ascendent Trunk of the Vena cava 2. The part of the Aorta remaining betwixt the Kidneys sticking to the Receptacle of the Chyle 3 3. The Kidneys 4 4. The cut-up Diaphragm 5 5. The Muscles of the Loyns called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 AN Anatomical Dissertation Concerning the CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD AND MOTION OF THE CHYLE By JOHN PECQUET Printed in the Year 1653. An Anatomical Dissertation concerning the Circulation of the Blood and Motion of the Chyle The sum of the Dissertation The Circular motion of the Blood through the whole body of the Living Creature is demonstrated the cause of that motion is shewn the opinion of Attraction is refuted by Water-works the pressing of the Chyle out of the Guts into the Milkie Veins is set forth and the Straining-office of the Liver is asserted THE prosperous success of the discovered paths in which the Chyle is carried by the former Experiments is an incouragement stirring up the bold endeavour of a confident mind to make inquest wither it rusheth But because the commerce which the Lacteals have with the Ascendent Vena cava shew the Chyle is tributary to the Blood 'T is most fitting that the Superiours motion be considered in the most honourable place before the Vassals course come in view Here then we will first conclude That the Blood rushing into the Arteries by the impulse of the Systoles and returning again by the crooked small passages of the Veins even into the bosome of the Diastoles is circulated in the whole body as is proved by the tests of Experience and so returned into the Vena cava as also by the reflowing motion of the Vena porta Next we will reason concerning the beginning of this motion chiefly against those who attribute the return of the Blood shed out of the Arteries into the Veins and so into the Ventricles of the Heart unto the attracting Diastole and the Mysteries of Pneumatical or Wind-works whereby they advance Attraction are discovered So that by the touchstone of Experience it shall be cleared That the Water followeth the Clack in a Pumppipe not onely by the weight of the air which compresseth the Globe of Earth-water but likewise by the Elatere of the Air that is by its Spontaneous dilatation or extending it self of its own accord As also that the same Air in an Aeolipilas or Wind-gun that is thrust hard together and that in Bellows are heaped up and that in Flesh doth protuberate in Cupping-glasses Afterwards we will demonstrate a threefold incitement of the same motion in the Blood For good Reader the Systole doth not onely stir up the Blood There is also a natural quality in the greater Vessels according to the measure of their capacity Adde to this at least the Elastick or extended burthen of the adjacent weight either of the pressure in Respiration or of the Muscular Contraction Lastly having by the same Arguments held forth the motion of the stream of the Chyle we will demonstrate with all clearness possible the Transcolatory or straining use of the Liver appointing with Aristotle the Gall for the Excrements of the Blood CHAP. I. The motion of the Blood from the Heart by the Arteries to the Extremities of the Body and from the Extremities by the Veins again to the Heart is asserted by Experiments THat I might try whether the Blood flowed by the Arteries I tyed strait with a thread the Artery sometime of the fore-foot sometime of the hind-foot sometime the Carotidals lest any thing should escape me in a living Dog The Artery in a short time beyond the Ligature viz. towards the Extremities of the Body falling and rising on this side I mean betwixt it and the Heart by reason of the obstructed stream doth teach that the Blood is carried from the Heart by the Arteries unto the Extremities of the Body But lest Reader thou shouldst accuse my inference of Lightness the Artery being cloven beyond the Ligature yea to take away thy cavelling being quite cut off did scarcely stain the wound with Blood when being opened on this side the Ligature it burst forth in a spring of Blood Having examined the Arteries I resolved to view the course of the Blood in the Vena cava This being freed from its Teguments I bound it in the same place still reserving its fellow-Fellow-Artery free But with a success directly contrary to the other for on this side the band towards the Heart it fell and rose beyond the Ligature towards the Extremities of the Body Then being wounded in that place that was flaccid it emitted no Blood but being opened where it was dilated it threw forth more Blood than the whole capacity of the skin of the thigh and leg should contain Therefore say I as the Blood from the Heart is spread abroad by the Arteries so being returned by the branches of the Veins into the Vena cava 't is
again gathered into the Ventricles of the Heart it self But lest any should doubt that the Blood which springeth out of the Veins hath not flowed into them from their Fellow-Arteries I opened the Crural vein where it most appeared the Blood swiftly sprung from it then I tyed it's Fellow-Artery and which is wonderful the force being abated the Blood of the Vein distilled by drops first and at last quire stopped But the freedome of the loosed Artery renewed its stream and the Blood issuing out of the Vein with former vigour shew what commerce the Arteries have with the Veins Neither Reader let it trouble thee that sometimes though seldome Blood springeth from the Vein on this side the bandage where the Veins are then most fallen Believe me not affirming but as one that hath tryed that the dispersed twigs do disburthen themselves of this Blood so discharged into the Vena cava One day as I have said I was at work and wounded on both sides the Ligature of the tyed Vein behold not onely beyond but on this side the Ligature I wondred to see unceasable springing of the Blood I then did separate the Vena cava from her coverings upwards even to the division of the Iliack Branches and I bound all the Branches of the Veins I met with in my passage straitly the Blood stopp'd Then indeed on this side the Ligature the Blood evanish'd and was exhaust from that place up to the Valve that lurketh in the Groin its Clack stopping altogether the descent of the Blood which pressed it shew clearly that the Blood had no power to descend by the Veins Then concluded I If the Blood be onely spread by the Arteries a member the Artery being tyed may be amputed without bloodshed Sooner then I had said it I tyed the Crural Artery leaving the Veins loose and at the ham a little below the bandage I cut off his leg some drops of Blood indeed did flow from it viz. such as the last Valves of the cut-asunder Veins did not contain and with which the twigs of the Arteries dispersed up and down the skin for the nourishment thereof were filled But when the Cut-veins are emptied of that Blood which is beneath the Valves and the small Branches of the Cutaneous Arteries are stopp'd partly by the congealing occurse of Cold repressing the Heat partly by the contraction of the grieved parts through the wound the flowing of the Blood did altogether cease neither did any more Blood spring from any of the dispersed Vessels spread over the whole amputation till way was made for the Arterial Blood by untying the Crural Artery I tried the same in the Axillar in the Jugular but because 't is more troublesome in a Dog by reason of his short neck in a Goose the Experiment did easily succed And lest you should deny that in a man which is demonstrable in a brute pray you look upon your Arm if leanness perchance suffer the full Veins to appear there if you rub downward with your finger it then swelleth most you will wonder to see the knotting of the Shut-Valves and from them downward to the pressure of the finger the Canal of the Vein empty Look to a Chirurgion ebrathing a Vein he binding straitly a Ligature about the brawn of the Arm stoppeth the flowing of the Blood from the hand to the heart He looseth a little the Blood-band being to hard tyed that the Artery being freed from the straitness of the compressed Muscle of the Arm may refresh the choked Veins with a fresh stream of Blood Neither imagine thou that I have but once made Trial of the Circulation of the Blood in the greater Vessels of the Veins and Arteries Indeed having tried this every where yea in the smallest Branches of both as my sight would serve I found it every where the same This was shewn by Ligatures in the hands and feet This both the breathing and Valves of each Vein yea those in the finger did demonstrate CHAP. II. The Vena porta doth discharge it self by the Liver into the Vena cava of the Blood it receives from the Coeliack Artery and hence the Gallant Harvey's Opinion is confirm'd HAving manifested the Circulation of the Blood from the Heart by the Arteries unto the Extremities of the body and from thence by the Veins hither again I resolved to know how this holds in the Vena prrta Having tyed the Branches of the Coeliack Arteries where the Blood enters the Mesentery they fell and rose after no different manner from the rest viz. swelling from the Trunk to the bandage and becoming flaccid betwixt the Ligature and Intestines I oft-times tyed the Meseraick-port-veins yet nevertheless they filled betwixt the Intestines and Ligatures and did altogether fall betwixt the Ligature and Liver yea being opened on both sides the Ligature the Blood issued out I tried the Veins of the Spleen with the same success also that Vein which is called Vas breve betwixt the Stomack and Ligature in the middle thereof full but betwixt it and the Spleen it seemed to wain notwithstanding being opened on both sides the Blood followed From these I inferr except you please to admit frequent Synanastomosies betwixt the Branches of the Port-vein and their Fellow-Arteries that the Blood is either stopp'd by none or at least very small Valves within the Branches of that Vein The opinion of Riolan presently came into my mind viz. That the Blood of the Vein-port doth not at all pass into the Vena cava And the Authority of so famous a man had altogether stopp'd my further search if my eyes which I appointed strict Judges of the game had not withstood it reproaching my laziness that fail'd in the midst of the course Therefore being more troubled I had my recourse to the Trunk of the Vena porta and I bound with a Ligature the Mesenterick branch three fingers broad from the Liver At the same distance I bound the Splenetick the knot indeed was strait but easy to be loosed Scarce had I left off binding when behold the Pipe betwixt the Ligature and Liver which before rose Turgid was now a bloodless Chanel and became flaccid on the other side the Pipes of both the Branches were filled with an indifferent stream of Blood flowing from the Intestins and Mesentery yea from the Stomack and Spleen also I fill'd again the emptied trunk of the Vena porta by untying one of the Ligatures which being presently again tyed next the Liver it was emptied The Experiment being frequently reiterated it was evident that the Blood flow'd abundantly and swiftly out of the Vena porta into the Windings of the Liver And perceiving that through the Concavity of the Liver the Vena porta did divide it self in many Branchings for the conveyance of Blood after the manner of Arteries Whether say I doth not the Vena porta it self instead of an Artery thrust out into the Liver an abundance of fervid Blood for the cherishing
same moment from the depress'd Angle of the overturned Syphon by which it is poured into it Then it will be clear how incongruous the succession of continual flowing of the Syphon is with the motion of the Blood And indeed the Blood while the Expression of the Systoles thrusteth it in the wide-open Arteries at the same moment by their Extremities penetrateth into the Veins But then onely it breaketh out of the Veins into the Heart when the Systole ceasing leaveth to the Diastole it s own part by intercourse to be acted And even from this 't is clear that the Blood no waies imitateth the liquor in a Syphon But because we do hardly depart from those things that please us I demand that if the Chanels of Blood play the part of a Syphon and for that the Law of Conterposure requireth an equal fulness necessarily on both sides how comes it to pass that in a dead Body Death doth altogether empty the Arteries whilst the Veins remain turgid Yea the Experiments of Circulation will voyce against the Syphon The Jugular Vein representeth the emissary of a standing Syphon from its sublime Angle into the Heart When I had tyed this Vein in the Neck notwithstanding by the Ascendent Arteries Blood was sent upwards yea and above the Ligature it extended above measure the Jugular Vein The straitned Pipe of the Crural Vein taught the same viz. it becoming flaccid from the Ligature towards the Heart cleared that it issued the Blood thitherward But shall I believe that any foolishly will attribute the ascent of this into the Heart unto the heaviness of the rushing heaps of Blood into the Aorta But neither that Artery it self which watereth the Leg when 't is tyed if it be to be attributed to the weight of the Blood as the motion in an inverse Syphon can be evacuate under the Ligature against Experience For the so little remains of Blood there will not be able to thrust upwards the whole weight of Blood which weighteth in the Vena cava But when I said the exhaust Arteries of dead Bodies do not thou believe 't is to be attributed unto the evanishing subtilty of Arterial Blood For this also hath its own density neither less perchance than that grossness which is included not onely in the Vena cava but Porta also Easy experience will supply my admonition The wounds of a Living Beast at the same time emptying the Vena cava together with the Aorta and if thou please the Vena porta it self Let the Blood drawn out of each place settle in its own platter Let none of them be dissolv'd into a vapor and except that which was drawn from the Branches of the Arteries blushed with a more clear purple with a moyst vain trial shouldst thou search after a difference Thou mayst in a dying Creature stop the Arterial Blood if thou tye the Artery in the Leg and I my self many times having tried this I beheld the Artery towards the Heart to be tumid with Blood that did not at all evanish Therefore seeing neither the course of a Syphon agreeth to the Circular motion of the Blood neither the weight thereof seems to serve for that purpose yea many times 't is impediment thereto as 't is clear in Limbs hanging more negligently Laziness making the vigour of the Blood more stupid we are to have our recourse to the vertue of an external incitement the innate one failing CHAP. VII The impulse of the Systole alone is not enough for the Circular motion of the Blood In a Diastole there is no Attraction THE impulsion of a Systole Attraction of a Diastole the rough contraction of the Vessels and endeavour of the adjacent parts upon every occasion seem all extrinsecally to affect the Blood Let us discover by an exact Examination which of these and how much each of them conferreth to the motion of the Blood Of the Impulse of the Systole The Systole thrusteth the Blood that part of it so promoted driveth before it the former part but that which last leaves the Heart whilst the Arteries are emptying in dying Creatures albeit no following part doth drive it nevertheless hastneth into the Veins And while we tye the Crural Artery in a living Beast beyond the Ligature we see it to issue out that Blood which is inclos'd towards the Extremities becoming by little and little flaccid without incitement of Blood following which is stopt by the thread Let us try the same in the Vein which watereth the Leg by staying the continued flowing of the Blood with a Ligature then swelling from the Thread towards the Extreme parts the Blood nevertheless hasting towards the Heart will demonstrate that the course of the Blood by the Arteries towards the Extremities is not to be attributed alone to the impulse of the Systole urgent neither its return thence by the Veins to the Heart Of the Diastole's Attraction We are therefore to observe the office of the Diastole 'T is the duty of it to receive the Blood but whether as some think it draweth it by Attraction or such it and so assisteth the impulse of the Systole is to be enquir'd after Diastole immediately followeth the Systole Therefore when the Systole endeth the Canals of the urging Veins swelling the heap of the Blood prepared for eruption beateth at the gates of the Heart and doth ingurgitate its Ventricles the Diastole onely offering the duties of obedience so that it undoubtedly appeareth how superfluous it is to appoint an Attractive or rather if you will a sucking vertue which in the business of fluid things I ever tolerated with tingling ears And indeed whatsoever our Adversaries argue and whatsoever Engins they apply in assistance of Attraction Experience which is clearly more eloquent doth both throw it down and refute it It pleaseth me to fight with the fame Engins that being vanquish'd by their own Arms at last they may confess those examples they bring of the Air in the Bellows of the water in the Aeolipilaes or Pump or Reed And to conclude of the Flesh in Cupping Glasses succeeds by no allurement of succing but onely by the violence of External Impulsion That I may be more able with a more happy success to unfold this hitherto unfolded Mysterie 't is to be suppos'd that the Globe of Earth and Water is compress'd not onely by the weight of the Air but likewise by the vertue of Elateries innate in it But because indeed that is not easily suppos'd which yet is in doubt suffer thy self I pray thee Reader to be perswaded with me by the same Arguments and clearness of Experiments CHAP. VIII 'T is shewn by Experiments that there is not onely a Weight in the Air but likewise a rarefactive Elatery I would treat of the Air 's ponderosity yea in its proper as they say place except it were an Argument known to all For who doth not see the Air of its own accord to descend into the Chinks and Ditches yea
sometimes thou suckedst after the same manner Children plunder the Winehogsheads by stealth dipping therein their Drinking Reeds yea by the same way fill the Syihons with Liquor viz. by the weight and endeavour of the outward Air stirring up the flowing of the Liquors according to the dilatation of the Throat or Mouth Thus having demolish'd the chief Engins whereby our Adversaries establish their Attraction I am resolv'd to spend no more time in superfluous matters CHAP. X. The true Causes of the Blood 's Motion are discovered HAving demonstrated what a light incitement the weight of innate gravity is to the Motion of the Blood and having observ'd by evident Experiments that the Hearts Systole sufficeth not alone for this effect and having altogether cut off the helps of the Diastolick Attraction it remaineth that we consider the Construction of the Vessels and that we ponder their Compression from the Agitation of the neighbouring parts 'T is certain that the Vessels are straitned by Spontaneous Contraction or by Violent I call that Spontaneous whereby of themselves they leave their swelling fulness I call that Violent which an External Cause produceth I demonstrate the Spontaneous after this manner Of the Spontaneous Contraction of the Vessels I believe no man doubteth that the Blood is urg'd out of the Ventricles of the Heart and floweth into the Arteries by a certain force or compression of the Systolick Motion And if at that time the force of its flowing were not hindred by any stops the Blood was able to return even to the Heart by the endeavour onely of Compression But remember Reader that the Blood thrust into the Arteries by reason of its Continuity so thrust with it the Venose Blood so that notwithstanding nothing flows again from the Veins into the Heart till the action of the Systoles be quite ended and the Diastoles begun And for this that not onely the Arteries but the Veins also in the last moment of the Systoles are turn'd with abundance of two sorts of Blood viz. with the old and with the new comed The Tunicles of the Vessels being then more stretched by reason of the stay of the Blood during the Systoles continuance doth stir up the innate Elatery according to the measure of its natural capacity that immediatly so soon as the Triglochinon Valve had finished his duty by the succeeding Diastole should quickly discover his power that lay at wait and should compell the compress'd Blood to rush into the open and empty bosomes of the relaxed Heart Hence appears what the Spontaneous Contraction of the Vessels is The Violent followeth Of the Violent Contraction of the Vessels This is rais'd up either by the sharpness of the more piercing humour so the sharper Bile doth straiten the Intestine Membranes into wrinkles or pricking and solution of Continuity from whatsoever Cause So when sometimes I opened the Duodenum according to its length making incision that I might observe the Liquor flowing out of the Pancreatical Vessel of Virsungus into this Gut the Gut did so wrinkle it self that it contracted the incision to the middle and closing up the little entrance of Virsungus his Canale did altogether stop the running watrish humour which flowed from thence And the same judgement which belongeth to the Guts is to be given of the other Vessels and Membranes of the Body The Contraction of Vessels after this manner may be brought to pass by the help of Ligatures viz. the pricking of Pain being Companions to the straitnesses of the Ligatures do solicitate all the neighbouring parts to the help of the diseased and whilst they concurr to the spending of their obsequious Blood where the Valve doth permit the Vessels become wrinkled Hence the Blood in the Veins hastneth from the Ligature to the Heart but that in the Arteries hastneth to the Extreme Parts the Valves admitting it whereof some indeed forbid regress by another way towards the stoppages Of the Compression of the Vessels But so far as belongeth to the Compressary Coarctation of the Vessels I say the same is perfected both by the pressure of breath'd Air into the Lungs and by the endeavour of the Muscles adjacent to the Pipes whilst they are stirr'd So a more vehement motion maketh the Pulse beat swiftlier and produceth a more frequent blowing so the quaking tumult of the leaping parts in a dying Creature proceeding from the Cold falling on them doth empty the Arteries the Veins remaining full Therefore I say the Blood is Circulated by a three-fold incitement viz. by the Impulsion of the Systoles by the Contraction of the Vessels whether Violent or Voluntary and by the Endeavour of the Adjacent Parts by the Compression of their Vessels These three are so disposed towards one another that some of them evermore recompenseth the defect of the other though slowly by the perseverance of his duty While the Heart doth beat it doth out of it self thrust the Blood into the Veins and Arteries The Contraction of its own Tunicle doth empty the tyed Artery beyond the Ligature The Contraction of the Vicine Parts gives assistance to this effect The Tumor of the tyed Vein beyond the Ligature that is betwixt it and the Extreme Parts is intended by the Continual motion of Blood which the Arteries being free of a Ligature issue out On this side the Ligature that is towards the Heart the Evacuation is perfected by the Contraction of the Tunicle and pressure of the Vicine Parts And so the Blood is press'd out of the Heart into the Arteries it is tunned partly out of the Arteries into the Veins by the Synanastomosies partly 't is poured out into the Flesh and from thence gather'd into the Veins it returneth again into the Heart in a Circle so necessary for the Life that being never so little hindred either Faintness or Swouning and not seldom also Death followes thereon OF THE MOTION OF THE CHYLE CHAP. XI It is demonstrated that the Chyle is also thrust into the Lacteal Veins and is driven towards the Heart and that it is not sucked THE Motion of the Blood being perfected it may easily also be shewn whither the Chyle is roled All know that the Chyle is express'd from the Aliments that fall into the Intestines from the Stomack which concocteth them and that they go through the Tunicles of the Intestins by the little Pores opened by Nature into the Pipes of the Lacteal Veins But whether the Pervious Intestins imitate a Sive or a Sponge their double Coat which is proper to them doth not denote any one of them but them both Nature hath woven their outmost coat with the threds of most small Fibers artificially like a stâ—aining Sieve unto which by her providence with a wonderful anointing she hath glewed on the inside a wrinkling or spongeous if you will lining of a most soft substance that both the sharpness of the Aliments may pass unhurting them and that that juice which is most subtil may be strain'd out
unbowel the hungry Beast Then it clearly appeared which I told those that did urge me unseasonably for the Stomack with the guts were so miserably empty that not any shew of the Lacteal veins in any place yea not in the Mesentery did remain to be perceived by the eyes of any of the beholders Immediately their haughty austerity did reproach my busy censure and did deny any faith to things not appearing I when I did see the most I might say all of them to give no credit to me by a contemptible gesture for all I could argue Well said I to my self at last you have learned to use your eyes But 't is just that these same eyes whose loathing winks I obeyed with willing service be punished in you hereafter with a stedfast beholding as with an unavoydable scourge and iterated inspection of the intrails I had foretold truly to those that rashly hastned the unseasonable dissection that the Pipes of the Lacteal veins were most slender and onely remarkable by the whiteness of the Liquor they convey which juice whether it follow the upsucking Diastoles of the Heart or which is more likely it rusheth forward by the incitement of some impulsive cause afterwards to be enquired of it maketh a very little stay in its passing In vain is the Chanel sought when the fulness of the Fountain faileth Neither is Chyle procreated by fasting neither is meat presently after the eating thereof converted into that nourishing substance Therefore not being hindred by any mans command I brought the insnared Dog under my diet and when I had refreshed his long fasting with abundance of meat again about the fourth hour after his fulness we addrest our selves to the examining of his Entrails Our chief purpose was not to observe the Lacteal veins which we beheld with infinite flowing rillets streaming in all places through the Mesentery but with all our endeavours to pry into the Thorax The Heart there untouched did unfold its Systoles the rest of the Lifes Instruments which are near to the Heart did each accomplish its own duty Neither as yet being resolved to offer violence to any I turned back the Lungs being lifted by the stedfast hand of a servant from the right side towards the cavity of the left that I might view all the secret-rooms of the back I beheld the branches of the Vena cava all were livid no branch of the ascending Arteries was discovered near the Milkie holes I had lately found out I followed the sprules of the Sixtpars whereof these were stopt by the opposition of the Diaphragm other swallowed up of the lower belly At last turning my sight to the highest sides of the Vertebers of the Back I know not what whitishness like to a pipe of Chyle staid mine eyes it creeping forward a little with crooked turnings close to the back-bone by the shape of it I doubted whether it was a Nerve or that Vessel which I with all care had enquired after Therefore tying a ligature a little below the Clavicles I immediatly perceived that it emptied it self and became flaccid above the Ligature and below a tumor not onely remaining but rather increasing by reason of the Flux of the matter my doubt was then satisfied But because Mistakes in this kind produce as erroneous consequences I durst not yet pass a peremptory sentence by mine eyes which were witnesses of so evident a matter I enquire also into the left side there also a brother-conduit to the right side did stray up and down who likewise being bound up as the other by the same event confessed himself to be a ducture of the same kind I hastned therefore to divide these Vessels so conspicuous through the middle of the Pleura from the rest of their fellow-parts of the breast with my sharp Knife The unexhausted neighbour-head of the untoucht Heart did overflow my work with a bloody inundation But the Heart immediatly being pulled out was both punished for its troubling the work and removed all obstacles of its further continuance After the Blood was spung'd away from both the Ligatures and the Pleura being removed I discovered the Milkie-Canals to the Throat From the third Verteber of the Back where they had forsaken the society of their upholder the back-bone adhering to the Oesophagus under which they windingly did creep hither and thither did they proceed to the Clavicles themselves firmly leaning on the Thymum in a fourfold or more numerous stream they enter the Subclavian Veins I beheld these Veins with most covetous eyes being immediately split asunder when behold again through these little holes found out about the Jugulars the Ligatures being untyed on both sides a Milkie rivolet did pour forth abundantly Chyle into the Vena cava But then the Spectators contempt repenting at the miracle by their encouragement it was imposed on me to search out whether any continued Conduit of the Chyle did go to the Head or was derived to the Fore-limbs But when I had cut off the head and dis-membred the limbs no Milk did follow no not by pressing the Inferiour belly Now from that abundance of Chyle which emptied it self into the Vena Cava I argue that the Chyle neither runneth to the Head or Fore-limbs but altogether floweth into the Subclaval Branches CHAP. IV. The double way of the Lacteal Veins is cleared from the fourth Verteber of the Back to the Center of the Diaphragm MY hope did grow by fortunate events and my toyl was forgiven to my prosperous labour The discovered Door imboldned me to search the Gallery I return to the Ligatures and having bound them near the outstanding sides of the third Verteber of the Back now I certainly follow downward the swelling Milkie-Veins About the fourth Verteber which is the seat of the Heart they were hid under the gullet I then did disingage this gullet being tyed with all the rest of the vital parts making my amputation near the Clavicles Yea the Aorta also which I had spared thinking it would not shadow it cutting gently the branches which are interlaced amongst the ribs upon that account that it was an hindrance was commanded to depart the Cavity of the Thorax and having removed all impediments of the remaining engagements you might behold openly without doubting eyes the whole course of the Milkie-streams along the highest platform of the Back-bone The fourth Verteber did uphold their joyning together the rest of the space to the tenth Verteber upheld them parted in two and divided with winding turnings like to Rivers They did flow with like fulness not seldome with traverse trenches as it were for mutual help obliquely tyed together At length in a common Chanel and again in divided streams by little and little growing into embossed billows do swell up at the Center of the Diaphragm not a slender token of the near fountain from whence the Chyle through the breast floweth into the Subclavian veins Therefore when I went about to separate the Diaphragm
another I call Anastomosies the furthest points of the Arteries whereby the Blood is extravasated and received by the tunnels of the Veins for the gathering together of the same The OBJECTIONS against the Extravasation of the Blood answered BUT I hear them objecting the prerogative of the more subtil Blood in the Artery For if the Blood be strain'd in the flesh how comes it to pass that the Veins issue forth more gross Blood Deservedly indeed and together with thee wondring would I be amaz'd at the undeserved grosness of the Blood if the Arteries should thrust into the Veins all the serosity they contain if the heat with the same warmness if their Blood unmixt with the age of the withering flesh But no man doubts but that the serosity of the Arteries partly goes a part into the Reins partly is spread in the flesh and partly evanisheth by insensible perspiration even as by the thickness of the Coats of the Arteries and neighbourhood of the Fountain the heat is sustain'd So by the coldness of the Spermatick part and by the distance of the forsaken heart it doth by little and little grow chiller Adde the easy passages of the pores for its expiration For as the flesh increaseth by food so they perish by fasting This is confirm'd by the interchange of vigorousness and languishing each day yea by hunger and fulness That which now doth grow into flesh within a short time withering doth for the most part give place to the succeeding nourishment viz. that which did grow together by the offence of cold being melted by the coming of a hot stream again reneweth the journey it was stopt in and doth return to be recocted in its former forge The serosity is diminished the heat tempered the dregs of the changed flesh mixed with it What wonder then that the Arterial Blood is excelled by the Venous in respect of the consistency of its substance Neither canst thou more wisely object the unavoydable corruption of its standing without the Vessels Indeed the wandring Blood out of the inclosures of the Arteries doth abound through the whole bulk of the body the increase of the Living Creature declareth this the scarlet dye of the blushing brow holdeth this forth the red incirculing burning tumors do the like and such kind of passions evanishing in paleness immediatly after Blood-letting But notwithstanding the onely narrowness of the Veins stayeth the Blood if by the again flowing of it they be strain'd beyond the bounds of their capaciousness and in its stay if it be longer that Blood which followeth is defiled by the mixture of the retain'd dregs and doth end in divers sicknesses according to the diversity of hurtful humours So while the heat doth burn more vehemently the Blood is kindled into an inflamation Thou shalt behold the more plentiful serosity except exhausted in sweat or exhaled by transpiration grow into a Dropsy or sometimes spread it self into a Rheumatism the Flegm endeth in an Oedema the Choler boyleth into an Erysipelas and Melancholy is condens'd into a Schirrus Hence 't is that the Blood it self doth grow into a Plurisy viz. when sudden cold seizeth on the inward parts it beateth back most unseasonably the more vehement heat of breathing and with its sudden cold binding up the Canals of the intercostial Veins it straitneth the Chanels now scarce sufficient for the reflowing Blood which by the more frequent motion of the Systoles is gathered thither and turneth into atter the same Blood being longer seated there and extravasated wandreth in the flesh except it be prevented by Phlebotomy CHAP. VI. The beginning of the Blood 's motion is inquir'd after the innate weight of the Blood though the Arteries should pay the part of a Syphon with the Veins is shewn not to be enough for its Circulation THE undiscovered cause of the discovered matter rather aggravated than abated my grief The motion of the Blood is discovered but its beginning being yet conceal'd challengeth me to 〈◊〉 new labour the difficulties of which Reader I will essay to make plain by these admonitions The Blood rusheth forward either by its own proper incitement or 't is thrust forward by anothers we acknowledge it hath no proper one except its heaviness whose vertue I will prove vanishing by these following reasons The Blood indeed whom the innate weight may carry downward by the descendent Arteries and the Trunk ascendent of the Vena cava cannot by the self-same endeavour flow to the upper parts of the ascendent Arteries neither by the descendent stem of the Vena cava except with some famous Philosophers you ascribe the reason of this effect to the disposition of the Vessels For say they the Arteries so cohere with the Veins that you may say not undeservedly their fablick imitateth a Syphon They call a Syphon a reflex'd Pipe either whose declining Legs uphold a high Angle or whose elevat Legs lean on a depressed Angle That therefore the ascending liquor may come to the high Angle of the Syphon 't is needful that the Leg by which it should flow be plac'd under a more depress outsending Vessel that from thence the greater weight of the liquid heap may make the weaker water movable to follow it through the other door So by the ascending stem of the Vena cava which the providence of Nature hath plac'd a little lower than the Entrances of the ascending Arteries the Blood floweth down say they which for this ought altogether following to ascend And as the Liquor rushing by its own weight into the depressed Angle of the other Syphon is reflected out of the bottome by its own instinct till on both sides by an equal Superficies it point forth the quietness of a just ballance and if the Pipe of reflection being more short doth hold abroad a more declin'd openness than the tunnel of the other Leg it cometh to pass that for the same heaviness that 't is poured out by its own proper stream So the Blood say they by the ear'd trunk of the descending Aorta throwing it self headlong to the lower parts of its own accord riseth up again from the bottome by the descendent Vena cava and by the door of the same which is a little low situate by a spontaneous flowing again is refunded into the pool of the Heart Remember Reader lest the doubtfulness of the name should trouble thee that that is call'd the Ascendent Vena cava which springeth upward from the Heart but that which spreadeth Branches from this down to the extremities of the parts is call'd the Descendent taking the name from its Original not from its office Truly you may say that with the workmanship of Nature Truth it self hath conspir'd to their opinion and that injuriously I deny my assent to most evident reasons But if with me you take notice that at the same time the liquor ascendeth to the high Angle of the Syphon that it rusheth downward and again that it ascendeth in the
exactly set down in the third Book and fourth Chapter of his Encheiridion There is no such effluxion except the Pleura be burst and the Lungs excoriate viz. if either before the Pleurisy they stuck to the Ribs or whiles the inflammation begins to increase the Lungs sticking to the Pleura both by the Glew of the Viscous humour swearing out by the Phlegmones heat and by the smallness of the motion hindred by the pain and tumor they are joyn'd together For the Phlegmone then touching both the Membranes Infects both together with rottenness turning into an Ulcer Whence it comes to pass that the Matter rushing into the Lungs is either thrown out by the Wind-pipe in Spittel or is carried by the Venal Artery into the left Ventricle of the Heart and thence going into the Aorta it goes through the Reins and is avoyded with the Urine What say you if there be no Contiguity of Membranes the Pleura nevertheless will burst will the Atter remain in the bottome of the Breast It will altogether remain even to the undoing of the party except by the quickly opening of the Empyema you empty it of this Purulent burthen But I return to Respiration in which whilst the Pulmons are dilated they also press the Midriff downward and the Liver which then plays the part of a Pistil acting by the weight of its bulk beating by intervals doth not onely compell the Chyle to depart out of the Stomack through the Pylore into the Guts but also distends their little Pores and thence thrusts into the Lacteal Veins the most subtil substance of the Aliment So Children gripe with their hands an Ele-skin full of water and through the little holes with the small point of a Needle made therein every where by pressing it they cause the water to spring forth into many small streams But because our speech is arrived at the depression of the Diaphragm it will not be besides our purpose to declare all I have observed conterning its Motion OF THE MOTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM VVHilst the Lungs draw in the Air by little and little swelling at that middle of the Diaphragm where it is tyed to the back they drive downward the descending fibers of this middle which in the Circumference indeed are fleshy but membranous in the Center and by their palpitation compress the inferiour places of the Stomack hanging under together with the Liver But indeed the other middle where the Diaphragm is plac'd under both the Breast-bone and Cartilages of the Bastard Ribs and doth unfold the membranous Fibers of its Center and lifteth up obliquely its fleshy Fibers of the Circumference together with the fore-region of the Breast So that whilst the hinder parts of the Diaphragm are depress'd at the same almost moment the former parts are lifted up with a vehement striving indeed Neither believe thou that those Muscles in Breast and Belly which they call the Muscles of Respiration do any way assist this motion for they being quite cut away even till the Cartilages of the Breast-bone be discovered the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm being preserv'd and the den of the inferiour Belly being laid open nevertheless the Creature doth breath as much as if these Muscles were not wounded at all And these are the Motions which I have observ'd in Aspiration drawing in the Breath but in Expiration both the fore-parts of the Diaphragm together with the Breast-bone do fall and the hinder-parts together with Liver and Stomack doth rise and then the Diaphragm is drawn in wrinkles by its Fibers both in its membranous Center and fleshy Circumference Before I finish my speech of the Diaphragm I would have you take notice of this one thing That those fleshy productions of the Diaphragm above the Loyns as it were Appendicles do lurk under the Receptacle of the Chyle so that they cannot be distended but together with them distending the Receptacle it self they compell it to issue out the Chyle it contains and these are enough of the Diaphragm We will answer the Objections brought against our Opinion asserting That Respiration is the sole inciter of the Chyle into the Lacteal Veins THE OBJECTIONS AGAINST RESPIRATION Answered VVHy therefore sayst thou should not Respiration of it self blind thrust into the Lacteals digested with undigested with pure seculent Except Reader I were resolv'd of Common Opinions onely to admit that which is voyc'd by the testimony of Experience I would answer Seeing the Lacteal Veins do not immediatly receive the Chyle from the Stomack for it hath no Lacteals that Concoction is perfected before it comes from the Stomack and for that whatsoever Aliment descends into the Guts most ready prepared that Chyle should be expressed out thereof it cannot become raw by the mixture of any undigested substance But because many times not a few things do rush down out of the Stomach towards the Fundament or Bladder before the finishing of requisite Concoction neither is there any patent way betwixt the Stomack and Bladder but that of the Lacteals I am my self compell'd to confess that many times even Crude Aliments do descend from the Stomack And indeed presently after the immoderate drinking of Wine a man in Cups shall make water neither doth that limpider Urine which he maketh receive any tast or tincture Hence I reason that it hath not flowed through the Mass of Blood from which it should have received something of either The stay of Urine in the Body made of Mineral waters is most short The Urine within a quarter of an hour after the taking of Asparagus receives its swell and colour Yea the Juice press'd out of the Indian Figs makes the Urine become Purple Therefore I I say believe that before the Concoction be finish'd these Liquors hast to the Bladder by the passage of the Chyle the Pylore admitting them either for the urging over-fulness or for the opening force of these Diuretick Liquors or for some other reason Neither object the Vas breve that its postern doth empty these superfluities in the Milt and from thence spread in the Liver are gathered again that they may ascend to the Heart and afterwards being thrust into the Arteries at last are thrown headlong by the Emulgents into the Reins For both the shortness of time doth not agree to so great a Circuit and they through so many errours and mixture of humours should not onely receive a tincture but which is against our daily experience should be sharpned with saltness But if thou shouldst suspect unperceivable passages from the Stomake towards the Reins suffer thy self Reader not to believe such passages till with their grown greatness they leave of to evanish out of thy sight I would rather believe that these Liquors flow out of the Stomack by the Pylorus and that they are thrust out of the Guts through the Lacteals unto the Receptacle of the Chyle discovered by us under the Mesentery and from thence partly by the Chylous passage of the Breast do flow