Selected quad for the lemma: heart_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
heart_n	artery_n	blood_n	lung_n	3,010	5	11.3115	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A49891	The compleat surgeon or, the whole art of surgery explain'd in a most familiar method. Containing an exact account of its principles and several parts, viz. Of the bones, muscles, tumurs, ulcers, and wounds simple and complicated, or those by gun-shot; as also of venereal diseases, the scruvy, fractures, luxations, and all sorts of chirurgical operations; together with their proper bandages and dressings. To which is added, a chirurgical dispensatory; shewing the manner how to prepare all such medicines as are most necessary for a surgeon, and particularly the mercurial panacæa. Written in French by M. le Clerc, physician in ordinary, and privy-counsellor to the French King; and faithfully translated into English.; Chirurgie complette. English	Le Clerc, M. (Charles Gabriel), b. 1644.; Le Clerc, Daniel, 1652-1728.	1696 (1696)	Wing L810A; ESTC R224148	161,414	374

from the Throat to the Mouth of the Stomach The Stomach it self is situated immediately under the Diaphragm or Midriff between the Liver and the Spleen having two Orifices whereof the Left is properly call'd Stomachus or the Upper and the Right at its other Extremity Pylorus or the lower Orifice It s Figure resembleth that of a Bag-Pipe and the greater part of its Body lies toward the Left side It is compos'd of three Membranes viz. one Common which it receives from the Peritonaeum and two Proper the two uppermost being smooth and the innermost altogether wrinkled What is the Pancreas or Sweet-bread It is a Fat Body consisting of many Glandules wrapt up in the same Tunicle being situated under the Pylorus or lower Orifice of the Stomach It helps Digestion and hath divers other uses but its principal Office is to separate the serous Particles of the Blood to be convey'd afterward into the Gut Duodenum by a Canal or Passage nam'd the Pancreatick This Juice serves to cause the Chyle to ferment with the Choler in order to remove the grosser Particles from those that ought to enter into the Lacteal Vessels Into how many sorts are the Guts distinguish'd There are two sorts viz. the thin and the thick How many thin or small Guts are there Three that is to say the Duodenum the Jejunum and the Ileon How many thick Guts are there Three likewise viz. the Coecum the Colon and the Rectum Why are some of them call'd thin Guts and others thick Because the thin are smaller being appointed only to transport the Chyle out of the Stomach into the Reserver whereas the thick are more large and stronger serving to carry forth the gross Excrements out of the Belly Are the six Guts of an equal length No the Duodenum which is the first of the thin Guts is only twelve Fingers breadth long The Jejunum being the second so call'd because always empty is five Foot long The third is nam'd Ileon by reason of its great Turnings which oblige it to pass to the Os Ilion wher● it produceth a Rupture it extends it self almost twenty Foot in length The first of the thick Guts known by th● Name of Coecum is very short and properly only an Appendix or Bag of a Finger's length That which follows is the Colon being the largest of all and full of little Cells which are fill'd sometimes with Wind and other Matters that excite the Pains of the Colick It encompasseth the thin Guts in passing from the top to the bottom of the Belly by the means o●● its great Circumvolutions and is from eight to nine Foot long The last is the Rectum o● streight Gut so nam'd because it goes directly to the Fundament It is no longer than ones Hand but it is fleshy and situated upon the Os Sacrum and the Coccyx or Rump-Bone What is the Peristaltick Motion of the Guts It is the successive Motion and Undulation whereby the Guts insensibly push forward from the top to the bottom the Matters contain'd in them and that Motion which on the contrary is perform'd from the bottom to the top is term'd the Antiperistaltick as it happens in the Iliack Passion or twisting of the Guts call'd Domine Miserere by reason of its intolerable Pain What is the Mesentery It is a kind of Membrane somewhat fleshy which is join'd to the Spine in the bottom and middle of the Belly and by its folding keeps all the Guts steady in their place it is all over beset with red white and Lymphatick Vessels that is to say those that carry the Blood Chyle and Lympha which serves to cause this last to run more freely and to ferment Three notable Glandules are also observ'd therein the greatest whereof lies in the middle and is nam'd Asellius's Pancreas the two other lesser are call'd Lumbar Glandules as being situated near the Left Kidney From each of these Glandules proceeds a small Branch and both are united together to make the great Lacteal Vein or Thoracick Canal This Tube conveys the Chyle along the Vertebra's of the Back to the Left Subclavian Vein from whence it passeth into the ascending Vena Cava and descends in the Right Ventricle of the Heart where it assumes the form of Blood fro●● whence it passeth to the Lungs thro' the Pulmonary Artery then it returns to the Hear thro' the Pulmonary Vein and goes forth agai● thro' the Left Ventricle of the Heart between the Aorta or great Artery to be afterward distributed to all the Parts of the Body This i● the ordinary Passage for the Circulation of th● Chyle and the Sanguification of the Heart What is the Liver The Liver being the thickest of all the Bo●●els is plac'd in the Right Hypochondrium at th● distance only of a Fingers breadth from the Diaphragm its Figure much resembling that of 〈◊〉 thick piece of Beef It is Convex on the outside and Concave within its Substance is so● and tender its Colour and Consistence being lik● coagulated Blood It is cleft at bottom and divided into two Lobes viz. one greater an● the other less Its Office is to purifie the Ma● of Blood by Filtration and it is bound by two strong Ligaments the first whereof adheres 〈◊〉 the Diaphragm and the second to the Xiphoid● or Sword-like Cartilage Two great Veins tak● their Rise from hence viz. the Vena Portae an● the Vena Cava which form innumerable Bra●ches as it were Roots in the Body of th● Liver The Gall-Bladder is fasten'd to the ho●low part thereof and dischargeth its Chole● into the Gut Duodenum thro' the Vessels that be●● the Name of Meatus Choledochi or Ductus Bi●●ares This Choler is not a meer Excremen● but on the contrary of singular Use in causin● the Fermentation of the Chyle and bringing to perfection What is the Spleen The Spleen is a Bowel resembling a Hart's Tongue in shape and situated in the Left Hypochondrium over-against the Liver Its length is about half a Foot and its breadth equal to that of three Fingers its Substance being soft as that of the Liver and its Colour like dark coagulated Blood It is fasten'd to the Peritonaeum Left Kidney Diaphragm and to the Caul on the inside as also to the Stomach by certain Veins call'd Vasa Brevia nevertheless these Ligatures do not hinder it from wandering here and there in the lower Belly where it often changeth its place and causeth many dreadful Symptoms by its irregular Motions It s Office is to Subtilize the Blood by cleansing and refining it What are the Reins The Reins or Kidneys are Parts of a Fleshy Consistence harder and more firm than that of the Liver and Spleen They are both situated in the sides of the Umbilical Region upon the Muscle Psoas between the two Tunicks of the Peritonoeum but the Right is lower than the Left Their Shape resembleth that of a French Bean and they receive Nerves from the Stomach whence Vomitings are frequently

perform'd b● others upon the Bodies of their Patients What are the Diseases in general that belong 〈◊〉 Surgery They are Tumours Impostumes Wound● Ulcers Fractures Dislocations and generall● all sorts of Distempers whereto Manual Operations may be applyed What are the Instruments in general which a● commonly used in Surgery for the curing of Diseases They are Five viz. the Hand Bandages Medicines the Incision-Knife and Fire What is the general Practice which ought to be observ'd in the Application of these different helps Hippocrates teacheth us in saying that whe● Medicines are not sufficient recourse may b● had to the Incision-Knife and afterward t● Fire intimating that we must proceed by degrees Are there any Distempers that may be cured 〈◊〉 the Surgeon's Hand alone Yes as when a simple and small Dislocation 〈◊〉 only to be reduced CHAP. II. Of Chirurgical Instruments portable and not portable WHAT do you call portable and not portable Instruments Portable Instruments are those which the Surgeon carries in his Lancet-Case with his Plaister-Box and not portable are those that he doth not carry about him but is oblig'd to keep at home the former being appointed for the ready help which he daily administers to his Patients and the others for greater Operations What are the Instruments which a Surgeon ought to have in his Plaister-Box These Instruments are a good pair of Sizzers a Razor an Incision-Knife streight and crooked a Spatula a greater Lancet to open Impostumes and lesser for letting Blood They likewise carry separately in very near Lancet-Cases a hollow Probe made of Silver or fine Steel as also many other Probes streight crooked folding and of different thickness a Pipe of Silver or fine Steel to convey the cauterizing Button to a remote Part without running the hazard of burning those that are near it another Pipe or Tube serving instead of a Case for Needles which have Eyes at one end for sowing a Carlet or thick triangular Needle a small File a Steel Instrument to cleanse the Teeth a Fleam a pair of crooked Forceps to draw a Tooth a Pelican a Crow's Bill several sorts of Raspatories a Hook to hold up the Skin in cutting c. What are the Instruments which a Surgeon ought to keep in his Repository to perform the greater Operations Some of them are peculiar to certain Operations and others are common to all The Instruments appropriated to particular Operations are the Trepan for opening the Bones in the Head or elsewhere The Catheters or Probes for Men and Women afflicted with the Stone or difficulty of making Water Extractors to lay hold on the Stone in Lithotomy and to gather together the Gravel large crooked Incision-Knives and a Saw to make Amputations of the Arms or Legs great Needles with three Edges to be used in making Setons small Needles to couch Cataracts other Needles thin Plates and Buckles to close a Hair-Lip c. May not the Salvatory be reckon'd among the portable Instruments Yes because the Balsams Ointments and Plaisters contain'd therein are means whereof the Surgeon makes use to restore Health CHAP. III. Of Anatomy in general and in particular of all the Parts whereof the Humane Body is compos'd WHAT is Anatomy It is the Analysis or exact Division of all the Parts of a Body to discover their Nature and Original What is requisite to be observ'd by a Surgeon before he goes about to dissect a Body Two things viz. The external Structure of the Body and the Proportion or Correspondence between the outward Parts and those that are within Why so Because without this exterior and general Knowledge the Surgeon wou'd be often mistaken in the Judgment he is to pass concerning a Dislocation or Wound inasmuch as it is by the Deformity which he perceives in the Member that he knows the Dislocation as it is also by the means of the Correspondence which the outward Parts have with the inward that he is enabled to draw any certain Consequences relating to a Wound which penetrates into the Body What is a Part It is that whereof the whole Body is compos'd and which partakes of a common Life or Sensation with it How many sorts of Parts are there in a Humane Body We may well reckon up Fifteen distinct Parts which are the Bone the Cartilage the Ligament the Tendon the Membrane the Fibre the Nerve the Vein the Artery the Flesh the Fat the Skin the Scarf-Skin the Hair and the Nails What is a Bone It is the hardest and driest Part of the whole Body and that which constitutes its principal Support What is a Cartilage or Gristle It is a yielding and supple Part which partakes of the Nature of a Bone and is always fasten'd to its Extremities to mollifie and facilitate its Motion What is a Ligament It is a Membranous Contexture usually sticking to the Bones to contain them as also sometimes to other Parts to suspend and retain them in their proper place What is a Tendon It is the Tail or Extremity of the Muscles made by the re-union of all the Fibres of their Body which serves to corroborate it in its Action and to give Motion to the Part. What is a Membrane It is a Nervous Part the use whereof is to adorn and secure the Cavities of the Body on the inside and to wrap up or cover the Parts What is a Fibre They are fleshy Lines of which the Body of a Muscle is compos'd What is a Nerve It is a long white and thin Body consisting of many Fibres enclos'd within a double Tunick and design'd to carry the Animal Spirits into all the Parts to give them Sense and Motion What is an Artery It is a Canal compos'd of Four Coats that carryeth with a kind of Beating or Pulse even to the very Extremity of the Parts the Blood full of Spirits which proceeds from the Heart to distribute to them at the same time both Life and Nourishment What is a Vein It is a Canal made likewise of Four Tunicles which receives the Arterial Blood to carry it back to the Heart What is Flesh It is a Part which is form'd of Blood thicken'd by the natural Heat and that constitutes the Body of a Muscle What is Fat It is a soft Body made of the Unctuous and Sulphurous part of the Blood What is the Derma or Skin It is a Net compos'd of Fibres Veins Arteries Lymphatick Vessels and Nerves which covers the whole Body to defend it from the Injuries of the Air and to serve as an universal Emunctory It is very thin in the Face sticking close to the Flesh and is pierc'd with an infinite number of imperceptible Pores affording a Passage to insensible Transpiration What is the Epiderma or Scarf-Skin It is a small fine Skin transparent and insensible having also innumerable Pores for the discharging of Sweat and other Humours by imperceptible Transpiration It is extended over the whole inner Skin to dull its too exquisite Sense by covering

Motion of the Eyes The fourth Pair is nam'd Oculorum Pathetici which shews the Passion of the Mind in the Eyes whereto it imparts a String as well as to the Lips The fifth is call'd the Gustative and appropriated to the Taste because it sends Twigs more especially to the Tongue as also to the Forehead Temples Face Nostrils Teeth and Privy-Parts The Sixth is likewise for the Taste and goes to the Palate The seventh is the Auditive Nerve that enters into the Os Petrosum where it divides it self into many Branches which when gone forth are distributed to the Muscles of the Tongue Lips Mouth Face Fore-head Eye-Lids c. The eighth is the Os Vagum or wandering Pair which is united to the Intercostal Nerve as also to the Recurrent Diaphragmatick Mesenterick c. The ninth Pair after having form'd a True with the eighth disperseth its Twigs sever ways whereof one is join'd with the Twig 〈◊〉 the tenth to be distributed together into 〈◊〉 Muscle Stern●hyoideus and into the Tongue The Intercostal and Spinal are not Pairs Nerves but only Branches or Twigs of othe● Pairs What is the Distribution and Vse of the th●● Pairs of Nerves that proceed from the Spinal M●row There are seven that go forth from the sev●● vertebra's of the Neck twelve from those 〈◊〉 the Back five from the Loins and six fro● the Os Sacrum according to the following Pr●gression The first of the seven Pairs of Nerves of 〈◊〉 Neck proceeds from between the Occipital Bo●● and the first Vertebra nam'd Atlas its Fibres b●ing lost in the Muscles of the hinder-part of 〈◊〉 Head and Neck The second Pair springs from between the f●●●● and second Vertebra of the Neck the Fibr●● whereof are lost in the Muscles of the Head a●● in the Skin of the Face The third Pair issueth from between the seco●● and third Vertebra of the Neck and its Fib●●● are lost in the Flexor Muscles and Extensors 〈◊〉 of the Neck The fourth fifth sixth and seventh Pairs p●●ceed from between the Vertebra's as before 〈◊〉 their Fibres are lost in the Neck of the Omo●●ta in the Arm and in the Diaphragme or M●●riff Here it ought to be observ'd by the w●● that the Arms receive Branches not only from 〈◊〉 four last Pairs of the Nerves of the Neck but also from the two first Pairs of the Back which are extended even to the end of the Fingers Whence it happens that in the Palsie of the Arms Remedies are usually apply'd to the Vertebra's of the Neck and that in Phlebotomy or letting Blood care must be taken to avoid pricking the Nerve which accompanies the Basilick Vein in the Elbow The twelve Pairs of Nerves that have their Beginning from between the Vertebra's of the Back are each of them divided into two Branches as the others and their Branches are distributed in like manner to the Muscles of the Breast and to those of the Back and Abdomen The five Pairs which take their Rise from between the Vertebra's of the Loins have thicker Branches than the others and the distribution of them is made to the Muscles of the Loins Hypogastrium and Thighs Of the six Pairs of Nerves that proceed from the Os Sacrum the four Upper with the three Lower of the Loins send forth Fibres of Nerves to the Thigh Leg and Foot and the two last Pairs impart Nerves to the Anus Bladder and privy Parts What is the Structure of the Arteries The Arteries are long and round Canals consisting of four sorts of Tunicks or Membranes which have their Rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart from whence they receive the Blood and convey it to all the Parts of the Body for their Nourishment What is the Construction of these four Tunicks or Membranes of the Arteries The first being thin and Nervous in its outward Superficies is in the Inside a Plexus or Interlacement of small Veins and Arteries and Fibres of Nerves which enter into the other following Tunicks to nourish them The second sticking close to the former is altogether full of whitish Glandules that serve to separate the serous Particles of the Blood The third is intirely Musculous and interwoven with Annular Fibres The fourth is very thin and hath its Fibres all streight Whence proceeds the Pulse or beating of the Arteries It is deriv'd from the Heart and exactly answers to its Motion of Diastole and Systole By what Name is the first Trunk of the Arteries call'd and what is the Effect of the Distribution made thence to the whole Body The first Trunk of the Arteries is nam'd Aorta or the thick Artery which proceeds immediately from the left Ventricle of the Heart whereto it communicates before its departure from the Pericardium one or two small Branches call'd the Coronary Afterward it is divided into two Branches whereof one goes upward and is term'd the Ascending Artery and the other downward under the Denomination of the Descending Artery The Ascending Artery ariseth upward along the Aspera Arteria or Wind-Pipe to the Clavicles and is there divided into two Branches call'd the Subclavian Arteries one whereof goes forward to the Right side and the other to the Left and they both send forth on each side divers Branches which take their Names from the several Parts whereto they are distributed such are the Carotides or Soporales Interni Externi which pass to the Head the Mediastina the Intercostal the Axillar and others The Descending Artery before its departure from the Breast affords certain Branches to the Pericardium Diaphragm and lower Ribs afterward it penetrates the Diaphragm and constitutes seven double Branches The first is of those that are call'd Coeliack and which go to the Liver and Spleen The second Branch contains the Vpper Mesenterick The third the Emulgent which pass to the Reins The fourth the Spermatick which are extended to the Genitals The fifth the Lower Mesenterick The sixth the Lumbar And the seventh the Muscular But assoon as the great Trunk is come downward to the Os Sacrum it divides it self into two thick Arteries nam'd the Iliack which are distributed on both sides each of them making two Internal and External Branches which likewise impart Sprigs or lesser Arteries to the Bladder Anus Matrix and other adjacent Parts Then the Master-Branch forms the Crural Arteries on the inside of the Thighs which are communicated by multiplying their Number even to the ends of the Toes in passing over the External Ancle-Bones of the Feet What is the Structure of the Veins The Veins are long and round Canals made of four kinds of Tunicks or Membranes whose Office it is to receive the Blood that remains after the Nourishment is taken and to carry it back to the Heart to be reviv'd What is the Form of the four Tunicks that make the Canals of the Veins The first is a Contexture of Nervous and streight Fibres The second is a Plexus of small Vessels that carry the Nourishment The

occasion'd in the Nephritical Colicks They are 〈◊〉 asten'd to the Midriff Loins and Aorta by the Emulgent Arteries as also to the Bladder by the Vreters The Right Kidney likewise adheres to the Gut Caecum and the Left to the Colon. Their Office is to filtrate or strain the Urine in the Pelves or Basons which they have in the middle of their Body on the inside and to cause it to run thro' the Vessels call'd Vreters into the Bladder Immediately above the Reins on each side is a flat and soft Glandule of the thickness of 〈◊〉 Nut they are nam'd Renal Glandules or Ca●sulae Atribiliariae because they contain a blackish Liquor which as they say serves as i● were Leaven for the Blood to set it a fermenting What is the Bladder It is the Bason or Reserver of Urines of a Membranous Substance as the Stomach bei●● plac'd in the middle of the Hypogastrick Region so that it is guarded by the Os Sacr●●● behind and by the Os Pubis before Two Par● are to be distinguish'd therein viz. it s Botto● and Top by its Membranous Bottom it 〈◊〉 join'd to the Navel and suspended by the mea● of the Vrachus and the two Umbilical Arter●● which degenerate into Ligaments in adult P●●sons As by its fleshy Neck longer and crooke● in Men and shorter and streight in Wom● it cleaves to the Intestinum Rectum in the former and to the Neck of the Womb in the later Lastly its Office is to receive the Uri●● to keep them and to discharge them fr●● time to time What are the Genitals in Men They are the Spermatick Vessels the Tes●cles and the Penis The Spermatick Vessels a● a Vein and an Artery on each side the form proceeding from the Aorta or thick Artery the Heart and the other from the Branches the Vena Cava of the Liver These Arte●● and Veins are terminated in the Body of 〈◊〉 Testicles which are two in Number enclos'd within the Scrotum The Office of the Testicles is to filtrate the Seed which is brought thither from all the parts of the Body thro' the Spermatick Vessels called Praeparantia and afterwards to cause it to pass thro' others nam'd Deferentia to the Vesiculae Seminales from whence it is forc'd into the Vreter thro' two small and very short Canals The Penis or Yard is a Nervous and Membranous Part well furnish'd with Veins and Arteries containing in the middle the Canal of the Vreter Its Extremity which consists of a very delicate and spongy sort of Flesh is call'd Balanus or Glans and the Nut the Skin that covers it being nam'd the Praeputium or the Fore-Skin Thus by the means of this swell'd Part and stiff thro' the affluence of the Spirits the Male injects his Seed into the Matrix of the Female to propagate his Kind What are the Parts appropriated to Generation in Women They are the Spermatick Vessels the Ovaries or Testicles and the Matrix The Spermatick Vessels are a Vein and an Artery on each side as in Men The Ovaries or Testicles situated on the side of the bottom of the Matrix are almost of the same bigness with those of Men but of a round and flat Figure The Vesiculae or little Bladders which they contain are usually term'd Ova or Eggs by Modern Anatomists and the Vessels that pass from these Testicles or Ovaries to the Cornua of the Vterus are call'd Deferentia or Ejaculatoria The Matrix Vterus or Womb is the principal Organ of Generation and the place where it is perform'd resembling the Figure of a Peat with its Head upward and being situated between the Gut Rectum and the Bladder It is of a fleshy and membranous Substance retain'd in its place by four Ligaments fasten'd to the bottom whereof the two upper are large ones proceeding from the Loins and the two lower round taking their Rise from the Groin where they form a kind of Goose-Foot which is extended to the Os Pubis and the flat part of the Thighs which is the cause that Women are in danger of Miscarrying when they fall upon their Knees The Exterior Neck of the Womb call'd Vagina is made almost in form of a Throat or Gullet extending it self outwardly to the sides of the Lips of the Pudendum and being terminated inwardly at the internal Orifice of the Matrix the shape whereof resembleth that of the Muzzle or Nose of a little Dog The outward Neck of the womb is fasten'd to the Bladder and the Os Pubis before and in the hinder part to the Os Sacrum Between the Lips of the Pudendum lie the Nymphae which are plac'd at the Extremity of the Canal of the Bladder to convey the Urines and somewhat farther appear four Caruncles or small pieces of Flesh at the Entrance of the Vagina which when join'd together make the thin Membrane call'd Hymen CHAP. XIV Of the Anatomy of the Thorax Breast or middle Venter WHAT is the Breast It is a Cavity in which the Heart and the Lungs are principally enclos'd What is to be consider'd outwardly in the Breast It s extent and the situation of the Parts therein contain'd What is its extent It is extended from the Clavicles to the Xiphoides or Sword-like Cartilage on the fore-part and bounded on the hinder by the twelfth Vertebra of the Back having all the Ribs to form its Circumference and the Diaphragm for its Bounds at bottom separating it from the Abdomen or lower Belly What is the situation of the Parts contain'd in the Breast The Lungs take up the upper Region and fill almost the whole Space descending at the distance of two Fingers breadth from the Diaphragm the Heart is situated in the middle bearing its Point somewhat towards the Left side under the Lobes of the Lungs which are divided by the Mediastinum that distinguishes them into the Right and Left Parts How is the Breast Anatomiz'd or open'd After the dissection of the five Teguments and the removal of the Muscles as in the lower Belly the Anatomist proceeds to lift up the Sternum or Breast-Bone by separating it from the Ribs then it is laid upon the Face or else entirely taken away to the end that the internal Parts of the Breast may be more clearly discover'd whereupon immediately appear the Heart the Lungs the Diaphragm and the Mediastinum which sticks to the Sternum throughout its whole length What is the Heart It is a most noble Part being the Fountain of Life and the first Original of the Motion of a●● the others on which account it is call'd Prim●● vivens ultimum moriens that is to say the first Member that begins to live and the la●● that dies What Parts are to be consider'd in the Heart It s fleshy Substance with all its Fibres turn●● round like the Skrews of a Vice its Basis Poin● Auricles Ventricles large Vessels Pericardium and Ligatures or Tyes The Basis is the uppermost and broadest part the Point is the

lowermost and narrowest part the two Auricles 〈◊〉 small Ears being as it were little Cisterns 〈◊〉 Reservers that pour the Blood by degrees it to the Heart are situated on each side abo●● the Ventricles The Ventricles which are likewise two in Number are certain Cavities 〈◊〉 its Right and Left Sides The large Vessels 〈◊〉 the Aorta or great Artery and the Vena Ca●●● together with the Pulmonary Artery and Ve●●● The Pericardium is a kind of Bag fill'd wi●● Water wherein the Heart is kept which 〈◊〉 fasten'd to the Mediastinum by its Basis and to the large Vessels that enter and go out of its Ventricles What are the Terms appropriated to the continual beating of the Heart They are Diastole and Systole from whence proceed two several Motions the first whereof is that of Dilatation and the other of Contraction communicated to all the Arteries which have the same Pulse To what use serves the Water contain'd in the Pericardium It prevents the drying of the Heart by its perpetual Motion What are the Lungs They are an Organ serving for Respiration of a soft Substance and porous as a Spunge being all over beset with Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphatick Vessels and perforated with small Cartilaginous Tubes that are imparted to it from the Wind-Pipe and are call'd Bronchia Their Natural Colour is a pale Red and marbl'd dark Brown and their whole Body is wrapt up in a fine smooth Membrane which they receive from the Pleuron They are suspended by the Wind-Pipe by their proper Artery and Vein and by the Ligatures that fasten them to the Sternum Mediastinum and frequently to the Pleuron it self They are also divided into the Right and Left Parts by the Mediastinum having four or five Lobes whereof those on the Left side cover the Heart Their continual Motion consists in Inspiration to take in the Air and Expiration to drive it out The Larynx makes the Entrance of the Wind-Pipe into the Lungs and the Pharynx that of the O●sophagus or Gullet at the bottom of the Mouth to pass into the Stomach CHAP. XV. Of the Anatomy of the Head or upper Venter WHAT is the Head It is a bony Part that contains and encloseth the Brain within its Cavity What is most remarkable in the outward parts of the Head The Temporal Arteries the Crotaphitae of Temporal Muscles and the Sutures of the Skull Why are these things considerable The Temporal Arteries are of good Note because they are expos'd on the outside lying even with the Skin The Crotophite Muscles are so likewise in regard that they cannot be hurt without danger of Convulsions by reason of the Pericranium with which they are cover'd And the Sutures because the Meninges of the Brain proceed from thence to form the Pericranium What is the Pericranium It is a Membrane that lies under the thick hairy Skin of the Head and immediately covers the Skull What are the Meninges They are two Membranes that enclose the Substance or Marrow of the Brain What is a Suture It is a kind of thick Seam or Stitch that serves to unite the Bones of the Skull How many sorts of Sutures are there There are two sorts viz. the true and the false or Bastard What are the true Sutures They are three in number namely the Sagittal the Coronal and the Lambdoidal What is the disposition or situation of the true Sutures The Sagittal is streight beginning in the middle of the Fore-head and sometimes at the root of the Nose and being terminated behind at the joining of the two Branches of the Lambdoidal Suture The Coronal appears in form of a Crown passing to the middle of the Head and descending thro' the Temples to finish its Circumference in the Root of the Nose The Lambdoidal Suture is made like an open Pair of Compasses the Legs whereof are extended toward the Shoulders and the Button is in the top of the Head backward What are the Bastard Sutures They are those that are call'd Squamous or scaly What is the disposition or natural situation of these false Sutures They are plac'd at the two sides of the Head and make a Semi-Circle of the bigness of the Ears round the same Ears What difference is there between the true and spurious Sutures The true Sutures are made in form of the Teeth of a Saw which enter one into the other and the false or Bastard ones are those that resemble the Scales of Fishes which are join'd together by passing one over the other What is the Vse of the Sutures The Ancients were of Opinion that they were made to hinder the Fracture of one Skull-Bone from passing thro' the whole Head but there is more reason to believe that they have the three following Uses that is to say 1. To promote the transpiration of the Brain 2. To give Passage to the Vessels that go to the Diploe 3. To retain the Meninges and to support the Mass of the Brain which is cover'd by them What are the Names of the Bones that compose the Skull The Bone of the fore-part of the Head is call'd Sinciput or the Fore-head-Bone as also the Frontal or Coronal Bone The Bone of the hinder-part enclos'd within the Lambdoidal Suture is term'd the Occipital The two Bones that form the upper-part and are distinguish'd by the Sagittal Suture bear the Name of Parietals one being on the Right side and the other on the Left And those behind the Ears are call'd Temporal Squamosa or Petrosa These also are distinguish'd into the Right and Left Temporals and are join'd to the bottom of the Par●etal by a bastard squamous Suture What is most remarkable in the thickness of the Skull-Bones The Diploe which is nothing else but a Plex●● or Contexture of small Vessels that nourish the Bones and in the middle of their thickness make the distinction of the first and second Tablature of the Bones whence it sometimes happens that an exfoliative Trepan or Semi-Trepan is sufficient when the first of these two Tables is only broken the other remaining entire Is the Brain which is preserv'd in the Skull all of one Piece or one equal Mass No it is distinguish'd by the means of the Meninges into the Brain it self and the Cerebellum or little Brain the Brain properly so called takes up almost the whole Cavity of the Skull and the Cerebellum is lodg'd altogether in the hinder-part where it constitutes only one entire Body whereas the former is divided into the Right and Left Parts by the Meninges which cut it even to the bottom whence these Foldings are call'd Falx i. e. a Scythe or Sickle What is chiefly remarkable in the Substance of the Brain The Ventricles or Cavities which are found therein together with the great Numbe of Veins Arteries Lymphatick Vessels and Nerves that carry Sense to all the Parts of the Body and Spirits for their Motion An exact Historical Account of all the Holes of the Skull and the Vessels that pass thro'

Apozemes or Decoctions of Endive Cicory Sorrel Becabunga and Snail-Water are in like manner very good for the same purpose Ointment of Styrax is frequently us'd in the Hospital call'd Hôtel-Dieu at Paris and apply'd to Spots and callous Swellings that arise in the Legs A TREATISE OF Wounds Ulcers and Sutures CHAP. I. Of Sutures SUTURES or Stitches are made only in recent and as yet bleeding Wounds when they cannot be re-united by Bandage as are the transverse provided there be no Contusion nor loss of Substance nor great Haemorrhages as also that the Wounds were not made by the biting of venomous Beasts that there be no violent Inflammations and that the Bones are not laid open because generally 't is necessary to cause 'em to be exfoliated neither is this Operation to be perform'd in the Breast by reason of its Motion The Instruments proper for the making of Stitches are streight and crooked Needles with waxed Thread and these Sutures are of four sorts viz. first the Intermittent Stitch for transverse Wounds the second for the Hare-Lip the third commonly call'd the Dry Stitch for superficial Wounds and the fourth term'd the Glover's Stitch. The Intermittent Stitch is that which is made at certain separated Points according to the following manner After having taken away all extraneous Bodies out of the Wound let a Servant draw together its Sides or Lips and let a Needle with waxed Thread be pass'd thro' the middle from the outside to the inside several Points being made proportionably to its length It is requisite to pierce a good way beyond the Edge of the Wound and to penetrate to the bottom lest any Blood shou'd remain in the Space that might hinder the reuniting If the Wound hath Corners the Surgeon begins to sow there and before the Knot is made causeth the Lips of the Wound to be drawn exactly close one to another The Knots must be begun with that in the middle and a single one is first made on the side opposite to the running of the Matter laying upon this Knot if it be thought convenient a small Bolster of waxed Linnen on which is tied a Slip-Knot to the end that it may be untied if any bad Accident should happen If a Plaister be apply'd to the Wound after the Stitching a small Bolster is to be laid over the Knots to prevent their sticking to the Plaister In case any Inflammation happens in the Wound the Knots may be loosen'd and ty'd again when the Symptoms cease But if the Inflammation continue the Threads are to be cut by passing a Probe underneath When the Wound is clos'd the Threads are cut in like manner with a Probe and in drawing 'em out a Finger must be laid near the Knot lest the Wound should open again To make the second sort of Stitch for the Hare-Lip a small streight Needle is pass'd into the sides of the Wound and the Thread is twisted round the Needle by crossing it above at every Stitch. To form the Dry Stitch in very superficial Wounds a piece of new Linnen-Cloth is to be taken wherein are made Digitations or many Corners the Selvedge or Hem ought to be on the side of these Corners or Digitations and a small Thread-Lace is ty'd to every one of ' em Afterward this Cloth is dipt in strong Glue and apply'd about a Finger's breadth from the Edges of the Wound so that a piece thereof being stuck on each side the Laces may be ty'd together to cause the Lips of the Wound to meet To make the Glover's Stitch the Operator having drawn together the Lips of the Wound holds 'em between two Fingers passeth a Needle underneath 'em and soweth 'em upward all along after the manner of Glovers CHAP II. Of Wounds in general WHAT is a Wound A Wound is a recent violent and bloody Rupture or Solution of the Natural Union of the soft Parts made by a pricking cutting or bruising Instrument What ought to be observ'd before all things in the curing of Wounds It is requisite to take notice of their differences as well as of the Instruments with which they were made to the end that Consequences may be drawn from thence for the Application of proper Remedies From whence arise the differences of Wounds and which be they They are taken either from their Figure or Situation With regard to their Figure they are call'd Long Broad or Wide Triangular Great Little Superficial or Deep and with respect to their Situation they are term'd Simple Complicated Dangerous or Mortal What is a Simple and a Complicated Wound A Simple Wound is that which only opens the Flesh and hath no other concomitant Circumstances but a Complicated Wound on the contrary is that which is attended with grievous Symptoms as Haemorrhages Fractures of Bones Dislocation Lameness and others of the like Nature What is a dangerous and mortal Wound A dangerous Wound is that which is complicated the Accidents whereof are dreadful As when an Artery is open'd or prick'd when a Nerve or Tendon is cut or when the Wound is near a Joynt and accompanied with a Dislocation or Fracture A mortal Wound is that which must be inevitably follow'd by Death as is that which is situated deep in a principal Part necessary for the Preservation of Life What are the Parts wherein Wounds are mortal They are the Brain the Heart the Lungs the Oesophagus or Gullet the Diaphragm the Liver the Stomach the Spleen the small Guts the Bladder the Womb and generally all the great Vessels Wherein doth the Cure of Wounds consist In helping Nature readily to procure the reuniting of the Parts that have been divided after having taken away or asswag'd every thing that might cause an Obstacle What are the things that hinder the speedy reunion of the Parts They are extraneous Bodies found therein as Bullets Flocks and Pieces of Wood or Stone c. As also sometimes the Accidents which attend 'em as an Haemorrhage or Flux of Blood Inflammation Esthiomenus or Mortification Hypersarcosis or an Excrescence of Flesh Dislocation the Fracture of a Bone the Splinter of a Bone sometimes a contrary Air. REMEDIES What are the Remedies proper for stopping an Haemorrhage or Flux of Blood The common Remedy is a kind of Cataplasm made up with the Powders of Aloes Dragons-Blood Bole Armenick and Whites of Eggs which are mix'd together and laid upon the Wound But the following is an excellent one Take two Ounces of Vinegar a Dram of C●ol cothar two Drams of Crocus Martis Astringens beat the wh●●e together steeping Muscus Quercinus therein then throw upon it the Powder of Mushrooms or of Crepitus Lupi Apply this Remedy and you 'll soon stop the Haemorrhage taking Care nevertheless to bind the Part well otherwise the Astringents do not readily take Effect To this Purpose you may also make use of Cobwebs Mill-Dust and the Powder of Worm-eaten Oak or else take Oven-Soot mixt with the Juice of the Dung of an Ass