periosteum that which covers the braine pan is called the pericranion which covers the braine is called the mevinx that which covers the ribs and the contained parts as the heart lights and aspera arteria is a proper coate and is called a compassing membrane that which containes the naturall parts and gives to every one his proper coat is called peritoneum and from these the parts have feeling for if you scrape the periosteum from the bone you may cut the bone burn it or any thing without any paine Skinne The skin is the greatest of all the membranes it is the coat covering all the body except such places by which any excrements are evacuated as the eies eares nose privities fundament mouth and ends of the fingers where the nailes grow it is the sluce of the whole body through which it is purged by sweat from all fulginous excrements of substance it is spermaticke for being once lost it cannot be restored as formerly it was but there remaines a skar which is nothing els but flesh dried beyond measure it takes its feeling from the nerves of which together with veines and arteries it is composed and is by nature cold and drie ordained for to keep safe and sound the continuity of the whole body and all the parts thereof from the violent assault of all externall dangers Simple flesh Simple flesh may be seene in the gummes and ends of the fingers the flesh of a muscle is very like these â—ut it is not simple in the pâ—ppes and stones it is called gludulous flesh and the substance of the heart and liver is called flesh but improperly Fat Fat and flesh proceed both from one and the same matter that is blood the difference is that flesh comes of blood heate and overdried the fat from cold by a certaine congealing or growing together of membranes it is of a middle temper betweene heat and cold although it may seeme cold in respect of the efficient cause that is of cold by which it concreates in the joynts is another sort of fat farre more solid and hard then the former and it is mixed with a viscid humour tough like the whites of Egs that it may for a good space moisten those parts which are subject to much drines by their continuall motion another kinde of fat is called seame Seame which is much dryer then ordinary fat and lyes principally about the midriffe where there are many windings of arteries and veines it lyes also about the reines loynes and basis of the heart Compound members Those parts are called compound which are made and composed by the mediation or immediately of the simple which they terme otherwise organicall or instrumentall as an Arme Leg Hand Foote and others of that kinde the simple parts cannot be devided into any particles but of the same kinde but the compound may they are called instrumentall and organicall because they performe such actions of themselves as serves for the preservation of themselves and the whole body as the eye by it selfe not assisted by any other part seeth and by his faculty defends the whole body and also it selfe In each instrumentall part we observe foure properties One by which the action is properly performed as the Christaline humour in the eye The Second without which the action cannot be perfomed as the nerve the other humors of the eye The Third whereby the action is better and more conveniently done as the tunicles and muscles The Fourth by which the action is preserved as the eye-lid and circle of the eye The same we say of the hand as First by the muscle Secondly by the ligament Thirdly by the bones and nailes Fourthly by the veines arteries and skinne Instrumentall parts The instrumentall parts have a fourefold order those that are immediately composed of the simple are of the first order as the muscles and vessels they are of the second that consist of the first simple and others besides as the fingers they are of the third that are composed of the second order and others besides as the hand in generall The fourth order is the whole body the instrument of the soule In all these parts whether simple or compound we doe consider nine things Substance Quantity Figure Composition Number Connexion Temperature Action and Use Amongst the organicall parts there is three principall parts governing all the rest viz. the Braine Heart and Liver because from them some force power or faculty proceeds and flowes over the whole body when as there is no such sent from any other part To these some adde the testicles not for that they are of necessity of the individuall or peculiar body but for generation and preservation of the species Herein we may see the industry of nature who like a good Architect seeks not only to build and furnish her fabricke with all kinde of materialls necessary by which the body may live but also she hath furnished it with the testicles thereby to make it immortall because hereby every one may substitute another in his place before he depart this world The veines arteries and nerves are the first simple instrumentall parts the veines Veines spring all from the liver the arteries Arteries from the heart except only the vena arteriosa which hath its originall from the eight ventricle of the heart it is called vena arteriosa Vena arteriosa compositively therefore is not reckoned amongst the simple instrumentall parts for it is called a veine because it distributes alimentary blood to the lungs and arterious because like an artery it consists of two coates all the rest consist but of one coate knit together with a triple kinde of fibres and this veine hath two principall cavities one by which the Chylus is carried to the liver and is called vena porta Vena porta or the gate veine the other by which the blood made out of the Chylus is dispersed amongst all the members for nourishment and is called vena cava Vena cava the hollow veine The gate veine hath its originall in the blunt end or lower end of the liver and there it spreads its rootes The hollow veine beginneth in the gibbous part of the liver The truncke of the gate veine is divided into two principall branches the one is splenicus which is carried to the spleene the other is mesentericus which goes to the mesentery it hath other small slips that nourish the most part of the lower belly and take their names from the parts they nourish as that which nourishes the ventricle is called grastica intestinalis that nourishes the intestines cistica which brings nourishment to the bladder of the gall from the mesentery branch spring small slips to the right gut which makes the hemorroids The truncke of the hollow veine is also divided into two branches one is carried upwards to nourish the superiour parts another is carried downward to nourish the inferiour An artery differs from a veine because it consists of two
coates that the spirits may not be exhaled and that it may not be broken by the continuall motion and beating a veine beates very little or not at all A nerve A nerve is that which proceeding from the braine or spinall marrow hath sence and motion some partes of the body which have nerves have feeling also but no voluntary motion as the membranes veines arteries guts and all the entrailes from the braine arise two soft nerves which have feeling the hard nerves spring from the spinall marrow and are moving from the braine proceed seven conjugations of nerves from the spinall marrowe thirty paire that is sixty nerves some nerves cannot be perceived to be hollow at all it is a simple part of our body bred and nourished by a grosse and phlegmaticke humour The second instruments Of the three first and simple instruments veines nerves and arteries and of the eight aforesaid parts least conformable being knit in due quantity number and scite spring the second instruments amongst which the muscles Muscles have the first place as being the instruments of voluntary motion which is performed six maner of waies viz. upwards downewards forwards backwards to the right hand and to the left hand this is simple motion the second voluntary motion is circularly as when you lure a hauke you swinge your hand round A muscle consists of veines nerves and arterious flesh and fibres from which they receive nourishment life sense and motion they are reckoned amongst the second instruments because they consist of a coate a tendon and a ligament and are devided into three partes the begining middle and end the head insertion and neather parte and these are all differing in figure scituation perforation and quantity colour and connexion The fingers The fingers consist not only of veines of which they are nourished of arteries from whence they receive spirit and vitall heate nerves by which they feele and muscles whereby they are mooved but also of three bones in each finger that is fifteene in each hand which are hollow fistulous and full of thinne and liquid marrow and not of grosse and thick as in the arme or thigh whereby they are fortified and sustained likewise of ligaments whereby the bones are connexed of flâ—sh and skin by whose coniunction is ordained the true organicall touching the fingers are in number five The nailes are generated by the fibers of the ligaments and the excrements of the tendons which are terminated at the bottom of the nailes The hand The hand consists of five fingers the palme or hollow of the hand the back of the hand and the wrest it is the instrument of instuments made for to take up and hold any thing for with the hands are all the other instruments made it is devided into five fingers the more easily to take up even the least bodies of any figure or fashion soever and to this end nature ordained us the nailes because the fingers ends being soft flesh might not turne away in meeting with a hard body The heart The heart is the chiefe mansion of the soule the organe of the vitall faculty and is placed in the body as the Sun in the firmament it is placed by nature as it were in a box that it may have free liberty to spread it selfe and receive hurt neither from the ribs or vertebres of the chest it containes a continuall moisture that by its motion and heat it may not be over dried it consists of a hard and dense flesh in which are two hollowes the right side is the biggest the left side is the more corpulent and thereby the more straite but it is the more solid and thick that the vitall spirits which are worked in it may not be exhaled In the right hollow are two vessels a branch of the hollow veine whereby the heart drawes the bloud from the liver and the gate veine by which it sends the bloud throughly concocted and subtilized to the lunges In the left side also are two vessels the great Artery Aorta whereby it sends the vitall spirits every way and the arteria venosa whereby it receives the aire from the lunges which are only the bellowes of the heart to coole it The heart hath auricles or little eares on every side to hold up the gate vein and branch of the hollow veine that they be not broken by the violent motion of the heart the heart is one alone scituate most commonly upon the fourth vertebrae of the chest being placed there by nature because it is the most sure and armed place and is besides as it were covered on every side by the hands of the lunges and is made of a more dense solid and compact substance then any other part of the body because it must have a naturall motion of its selfe These thinges I have spoken in briefe only to shew you how necessary it is to be perfect in Anatomie wherby you shall the more easily discern the pâ—rts affâ—cted by the place of paine and cure it by a fit application of remedies without the hurting of any other part next I shall speake of the faculties CHAP. V. Of Faculties What a faculty is A Faculty is a certaine power and efficient cause proceeding from the temperament of the part and the cause whereof proceed the actions and powers of the body The animall faculty Of these are three kindes in every perfect body that is the Animall Vitall and Naturall which have a certaine simpathy one with another for if one be hurt all the rest suffer with it The Animall is that which proceeds from the proper temperament of the braine and yields knowledge sense and voluntary motion and this is of three kindes 1. Moving which remaines in the Muscles and Nerves as the fit instruments of voluntary motion 2. Sensative which consists in the five externall senses Sight Hearing Taste Smell and Touch. 3. and principall which comprehends the reasonable faculty the memory and fantasie The Animall faculty being thus seated in the braine sends from thence sence and motion by the nerves or certaine chanels into the whole body Vitall faculty But the Vitall faculty is that which sendeth life to every member of the whole body and maintaines the essence of the spirits and this hath his seat in the heart from whence he sends heat through the arteries to every part of the body and is much hindred by diseases in the breast Naturall faculty The naturall faculty is that which carries the nourishment into all the members of the body and this claimes his place in the liver it is by Avicen and most of the ancient Philosophers concluded that this naturall faculty is divided into two parts whereof one is the preserving of life and health unseparable and to nourish the body as comming from the fountaine and mint of nourishment the other is the preserving and maintaining the forme and species made in generation First by drawing the seminall matter from the humours of the body and
converting it into the humour called inominata humiditas Secondly by forming this seminall matter in the vessels and testicles Thirdly by reducing the seminall matter into simple members Fourthly by forming it at the command of the Creator into his Image and likenesse but I will only shwe you what faculties attend on these before named and for the rest I shall referre the desirous to Galen in libro de Hippocrat Platonicis dogmat li. 9. de curan morb cap. 10. lib. de potent natural It being more then my brevity will permit me to speake of Those faculties therefore that attend the forenamed three are in number foure viz. Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive The Attractive drawes that juice which is most fit to nourish the body by heate and as it were a kinde of violence and is made three manner of waies 1. by heat 2. likenesse of substance 3. and to fill up vacant places it is said to be by heat as when frictions and rubbings are applied to any part of the body hot emplasters or vesicatories by which the native heate is encreased and nourishment is drawne to the part after which manner all the other parts draw The likenesse of substance is a certaine inexplicable propriety following the same forme and similitude as you may perceive in the loadstone amber and purgations which draw nourishment from the part not confusedly and indifferently but definitly and with a desire even as a familiar friend a part therefore drawes nourishment by heat but by the similitude of substance it drawes this or that nourishment such as is most fit for it as the braine drawes phlegmaticke blood the lunges cholericke blood after this manner the liver drawes the Chyle the reines the urine for every one drawes that it may get thereby as the bladder of the gall drawes the gall and delights in it because of the similitude of the substance and the propriety of the matter received to the place receiving Now the attraction to fill up vacant places is made by the desire the naturall parts have to shunne the fault of vacancy so that the light are carried downewards and the heavy are raised upwards by the ordination of nature to that end and in this manner doe the heart arteries and lunges attract aire to temper and qualifie the native heat But because the parts cannot enjoy their nourishment that they have acquired unlesse the attracted be somewhile staied for every action hath his time therefore nature like a good and skilfull workeman hath given every part a faculty of holding and retaining the nourishment untill it be made perfect by concoction into the forme of Chyle it is helped by coldnesse and drynesse Digestive faculty The digeive faculty is that which turnes the nourishment brought in by the attractive faculty and retained by the retentive faculty into a fit substance for that part whose faculty it is as from the stomacke the nourishment is turned into Chyle from Chyle the digestive faculty in the meseraicke veines turnes it into blood which by a third kinde is brought to the members and assimulated to them and converted into the same substance as may be perceived in the paps of women and testicles of men Expulsive faculty And because from aboundance of excrements proceed many dangerous diseases and that no nourishment whatsoever but hath his faeces therefore hath nature placed the expulsive faculty which is only appointed to expâ—ll those superfluities which by no action of heat can obtaine the forme of the part and thus the wombe at the appointed time doth send forth the infant by a most vehement expulsive faculty Now if any of these faculties be wanting in a body the health must needs decay for want of nourishment but if these faculties doe rightly performe their duties then the nourishment is changed into the proper substance of the part and truly assimulated to it CHAP. VI. Of the Actions What an action is THE next thing we must speake of is of the Actions which arise from the aforesaid faculties for as a faculty depends on a temperament so an Action depends on a faculty and therefore it is called an active motion proceeding from a faculty for let the faculty be removed away and there will be no action These actions are three in number Animall Vitall and Naturall which are called also Simple and Compound Simple actions simple to whom one alone operative faculty with its naturall instruments doth concurre as Attraction which is caused of the faculty Attractive by Heat and drinesse Retention which is caused of the faculty Retentive by Cold and drinesse Digestion which is caused of the faculty Digestive by Heat and moisture Expulsion which is caused of the faculty Expulsive by Cold and moisture Compound actions The compound is made either of two faculties as the naturall desire of meat proceeds from the attractive and sensative faculty by which the stomackes feeles emptinesse for five naturall motions goe before the naturall desire As First the emptinsse of the members Secondly the Attraction or sucking of the members by the veines Thirdly the attraction of the veines from the liver Fourthly the sucking of the liver from the stomacke by the meseraicke veines Fithly the sense and feeling in the stomacke from whence proceedes the naturall desire of meat This compound may be made of more then two faculties as the carrying which is as much to say as the helping forward of the nourishment in its passage to the members and the egestion of the excrements and urine which is made three waies by the sensative that feeles the burthen by the appetitive or desiring which desires to be eased and the expulsive which expelleth and driveth the excrement to the instrument Naturall actions Actions are either voluntary or naturall the naturall are performed against our will as the continuall motion and pulsation of the heart and arteries and expulsion of excrements and these actions flow from the liver and veines or from the heart and arteries and therefore are they called naturall and vitall actions The unvoluntary vitall actions be the dilatation contraction of the heart and arteries which we commonly call pulse by that they draw in and by this they expell or drive forth The unvoluntary vitall actions be generation which proceedeth from the generative faculty and growth and nutrition which proceedeth from the growing and nourishing faculty Generation Generation is a producing of matter and introducing of a substantiall forme into the said matter Growth Growth is an inlarging of the solid parts retaining still both the figure and solidity as the bones whose encrease the whole body followes Nutrition Nutrition is a perfect assimulation of that nourishment which is digested into the nature of the part which digests and is performed by the foure aforesaid actions Attractive Retentive Digestive and Expulsive Voluntary motions The voluntary motions we willingly performe are three the sensative action the moving action and the principall The sensative comprehends all
the five senses sight hearing taste smell and touch to the performance whereof necessarily occurre these three 1. the organe 2. the medium or meane 3. the object The organe is the animall spirit diffused all over the body the meane carries the object to the instrument the object is an externall quality that can by a medicine stirre up the organe as for example sight is the seeing faculty acted by the eye which is the organe the object is the visible quality before the eye the medium arrives the object at the eye The hearing faculty whereof the eare is the organe every sound the object the medium is the ayre that carries the sound to the eare The smelling faculty commeth from the mammillary processes produced from the proper substance of the braine and seated in the upper part of the nose the object is every smell the medium by which it is carried is to men birds and beasts the aire to fishes the water The action of the taste is performed by the tongue the object is the taste of severall meats and drinkes the medium is either externall as is the spittle that doth moisten the tongue or internall as the spongy flesh of the tongue it selfe All parts endued with a nerve enjoy the sense of touching the object is every tractable quality as heat cold roughnesse c. The medium is either the skin or the flesh endued with those nerves The next action is voluntary motion and is performed by a muscle as I shewed you in the Chapter of Parts or Members either by extention or contraction upward downeward to the right hand to the left hand forward or backward The principall action is threefold 1. Imagination 2. Reason 3. and Memory Imagination is a certaine distinguishing apprehension Reason is a certaine judiciall estimation of things apprehended Memory is the sure storer of all things as in a magazine which the minde oft unfolds CHAP. VII Of Spirits What a spirit is THE Spirit is the substance subtle and acrious of our body bred of the most pure and thinne bloud and is the prime instrument wherby the members shall performe their office and they abide most in the heart and arteries in the braine and nerves Division of spirits The Spirits are divided into three parts animall vital naturall Animall spirit the animall is seated in the braine for there it is prepared and made and of which a great part is sent to the eyes by the nerves optickes and some to the eares and divers other parts this kind is called animall because it is the chiefe and prime instrument of life Vitall spirit The vitall spirit hath his chief mansion in the left ventricle of the heart and in the arteries and is made of the evaporation of the bloud and furnished with matter from the aire which we draw in breathing and is sent from his seate in the heart through the channels of the arteries into the whole for the conservation of naturall heate Naturall spirit The naturall spirit is engendred in the liver and veines and there remaines while the bloud is made and other naturall operations perfected the use of it is to helpe the concoction both of the whole body and of each severall part and to carry blood and heate to them These spirits being dissipated we cannot hope for life because the flower therof is decaied and wasted in their defect Now to these naturall things which I have shewed you are associate and joyned these foure following viz. Age Colour Figure or Scite and Kinde or Composure Age is a space or part of our life in which our bodies are subject to mutations and of this I have sufficiently spoken before The Colour shewes the temperament of the body and the just proportion of humours as if there be a just proportion of the foure humours the colour is red if aboundance of melancholy the colour is livide and blacke if aboundance of choller the colour is citrine and yellow if phlegme the colour is white and pale Scite and figure shew the good composure and connexion of all the parts of a body fitly and duely compacted as they ought to be of this kind there are foure quadrature crassitude or thickenesse extenuation and fatnesse Sex is the distinction betwixt Male and Female not in parts but in constitution as the Male is commonly hot the Female cold and so are Eunuches CHAP. VIII Of things not naturall which is the second part of Physicke What things not naturall are HAving shewed you things naturall whereof mans body is composed and what they are as Elements Humours c. as we formerly comprehended under the name naturall we will now proceed in the description of things not naturall which are used to conserve and defend the body composed and made of the things naturall already spoken of these doe pertaine to that of Physicke which is for preserving health and are the meane betwixt things naturall and things against nature for they doe not constitute our nature as things naturall neither doe they hurt or damage it as things against nature but they are indifferent good if they be well used and bad if they be ill used the use whereof we consider from foure conditions quantity quality occasion and manner of using These being observed you may effect and cause things doubtfull of themselves to bring undoubted health things not naturall are in number six 1. the aire that goeth about us 2. the meate and drinke we use 3. the motion and rest of our bodies 4. sleeping and waking 5. repletion and inanition or things to be expelled or retained 6. and perturbations of the minde CHAP. IX Of Aire Aire AIRE is so necessary for us that not one minute of health can be enjoyed without the same as we may perceive by the continuall transpiration and breathing that all living creatures have for their refreshing and to regender the spirit animal and therefore because we so often draw it in breath it out it wil be very necessary for our health to know what aire is wholesome and what unwholesome for the aire doth alter our bodies three manner of waies by quality as if it be horter moister or drier by substance as if it be more grosser or more subtle then is fit or by mutation which any man may prove who makes a suddaine change out of a quiet aire into a stormy and that is troubled with winds The most healthfull Aire Therefore the most healthfull and best aire is that which is cleere subtle and pure free and open on every side exempt from evill evaporations fennes sinkes cloudes rotten and carrion like smells of dead carkasses standing pooles and all corruption that is neither is too hot nor too cold too drie nor too moist and this aire is the best both for the preserving of health and curing of diseases Evill Aire The evill aire is quite contrary to the good as that which is putride shut prest up in some narrow place thicke rotten
naturall heate encreased expels phlegme Age is also to be considered for young men that are in their flourishing age suffer more hurt then old men that are cold and drie The immoderate and overmuch use of venery procures divers discomodities as the faintnesse of the spirits forgetfulnesse losse of sight stinking of the mouth diseases of the joynts as trembling palsey gowtes of all kindes both in feet hands and fingers crampes runing of the reines pissing of bloud shedding of urine unvoluntary and divers times the French pox with exulceration of the privities Menstruous fluxe The monthly purgation evacuates not onely the humours and ill juice of the belly but also it cleanseth the body and whole masse of bloud it diminisheth not the bloud at all but only taketh away the impurity thereof for the crudest thinnest and the most faeculent bloud is purged by the wombe which if it stayed would generate many dangerous diseases by its putrefaction for bloud restrained putrifies therefore in such that often misse their naturall purgations it is very fit and necessary that they take decoctions sirrups or pilles such as are to provoke them Now for the evacuation of tumours I have seene divers that have dyed by the unskilfulnesse of such as had them in cure or else by their carelesnesse by letting the matter flow forth altogether at one time and not by little and little and at severall times as it should wherby not a little quantity of the spirits and heat hath flowed out therwith and so consequently a dissolution of all the powers CHAP. XIV Of passions and perturbations of the mind which are commonly called the accidents of the mind Accidents of the mind PErturbations or passions of the mind are the suffering of the mind either by joy hope love hatred anger and the like which bring great mutations in the body most necessary to be remarked because of the great chances that ensue thereupon for by these motions the heate and spirits are sometimes gently sometimes violently diffused over all the body for enjoying of the present or future good or by receiving any affront whereby many have so exceedingly been moved that they have died What joy is Ioy is an affection of the minde of a thing good and pleasant which recreates and quickens all the faculties and stirres up the spirits for it proceeds from the heart mooved by the facultie at the thing causing mirth and the heart thus mooved is dilated and ready to receive the exhilarating object and by the force of the dilatation it sends forth much heat and spirits together with the bloud into all the body insomuch that oftentimes death ensues because the heart is altogether destitute of bloud What anger is Anger is a suddaine revocation or calling back the spirits to the externall parts with a desire of revenge it causeth the same effusion of heate in us as joy doth but farre speedier it inflameth the whole habitude of the body spirits and humours and also the braines and nerves Griefe Sorrow dries and wastes the body by a lingring consumption because by it the heart is straitned the heat extinct and the spirits cannot be generated nor if any be yet they cannot freely passe into the members with the bloud Feare Feare is a motion which calles back and drawes in the spirits to the heart by the arteries and not by little and little as sorrow but suddenly and violently which suffocateth the naturall heate causeth trembling maketh the face pale and the extreame parts cold with an universall shaking and pulsation of the heart Shame Shame is a motion of our body mixed of anger and feare anger for being suspected or knowne in a fault and fearing the judgement of others if feare prevaile over anger the face wâ—xeth pale the bloud running back to the heart but if anger get the dominion then on the contrary the bloud runnes to the face and the eies look red but there is another kind of shame which we call shamefastnes shamefastnes in which the bloud goes and comes forward and backward but it is a gentle motion not hurting the heart and is familiar to yong maids who often blush by being taken with a fault unawares These things ought to be considered by every practitioner in the curing of any disease for if any accident happen that shall procure any one or more of these perturbations and passions you shall easily perceive a suddaine alteration in the patient Next I shall shew you the things against nature which are such as are apt to weaken and corrupt the state of our body CHAP. XV. Of things against nature which is the third part of Physicke and first of a disease What are things against nature THings against nature are three a disease the cause of a disease and a symptom Distemperature A Disease is an affect against nature which manifestly hurteth the operations of the body health is an effect according to nature perfecting the actions of our body A disease is threefold distemperature evill conformation and solution of continuity distemperature is a disease of the similar parts of it selfe hurtfull diseases of the similar parts are as many as there are distemperatures and so many distemperatures as there were at the first kindes of temperaments whereof foure are simple as hot cold moist and dry as many are compound as hot and moist cold and dry cold and moist hot and dry the distemperature is called hot when the naturall heat is augmented and encreased so much either in all or in part that it hurts the operations and so of the rest Evill conformity Evill conformity is a fault of the organick parts and ind is called a disease in number as when some thing abounds or somewhat wants that is needfull towards the undergoing of the function of the organick part as if a hand have foure or six fingers it cannot so well take hold on any thing if a man have but one testicle or more then two he is not so fit for generation Also such things as grow against naure and adhere to some pâ—rt as a polypus in the nose a caruncle in the conduit of the yard and the like these are diseases in number but if a member be cut off either in part or in all it is a disease of defect and of this sort are all such things as are contrary to nature as the stone wormes and the like likewise if an arme or a legge be too long or too short or if any part be either bigger or lesser then is necessâ—ry it is called a disease of greatnes for nature hath given to every part a certaine kind of species and bignes which if it exceed or be lesse then it is not right if the testicles pappes or the belly wax so big that the actions are therby hindred it is called a disease of encreased greatnesse in one part as when the tongue is longer or shorter then it should be it hinders the speech But besides the number of the
neere hills stinkes the sea and all such townes that stand low and close infected with evill and noisome savors that which is nebulous and exposed to south winde and the mouldy putrified aire inclosed in unhabited dampe houses and so wants ventulation and it is the evill aire that causes townes scituate on or neare the sea coast at the end of summer and in the autumne to be afflicted with the plague and divers other dangerous maladies How the aire is changed Now the aire is changed five manner of waies first by the time of the yeare secondly by the starres thirdly by the windes fourthly by the earth and fiftly by fumes and vapors Aire is changed by the time of the yeare as in spring summer autumn and winter the spring maketh the aire temperate the summer maketh it hot and dry which ought to be corrected by things that are cold and moist the autumne cold and dry the winter cold and moist and must be all corrected by their contraries Aire is changed by the starres by the proximity of the sunne to them or when the starres approach neere the sun that is when they end their course sooner then the sunne by whose nerves the aire is heate and the further from the sunne the colder it is By the windes the aire is changed for those places have the healthfullest aire where the windes blow freely as in champion countries where the people live longer and more free from diseases Aire is also changed by the earth and that is twofould the scituation and the composure by the scituation divers waies as the altitude produces cold at least so farre as it is habitable and likewise depth procures heat latitude either in plaines or mountaines for the most part causes temperate aire but the aire of the south mountaines is cold and unhabitable but the north is hotter because of the reflection of the beames of the Sunne espâ—cially betwixt the north line and Cancer and the nearnesse of the sea changes the temperature of the aire as thus the south sea heats and dries the north sea cooles and dries by composure of the country divers waies also is the aire changed as by the nature wherof it consists as the rocky countries are cold and drie the durty clayey countries are cold and moist c. according to the complexion of the matter it is composed of Vapours and fumes of the earth alter the aire especially such as proceed from fennes moores and other putride places from which an evill savour and breath is exhaled Finally because aire is so powerfull in woundes and diseases the ancient Phisitions councelled to change the aire if it might possibly be if not then to correct and accomodate it by art CAAP. X. Of meate and drink Meat and drink NOurishment is another part of preserving health and is as necessary as aire is it is either temperate or intemperate either of good juice or ill of easie or hard concoction The temperate is such meates as taken in due order doe cause no distemper in our bodies as is bread made of wheate as there are fewe temperate men so there are fewe temperate meates the intemperate are almost all which by some qualitie doe alter the state of our bodies as for example wine mustard garlicke leekes onyons c. doe heate and so doth pottage made with hotte hearbes as hissop time c. Bread made of barley grapes and porrage made with coole hearbes as sorrell lettuse c. do coole What diet is best Some kind of nourishments breed phlegme some choller some melancholy and some execrments those that generate good bloud are these viz. red wine milke reere egges the flesh of hens and capons the flesh of birds is to be preferred before any flesh either kid or veale because they generate better juice for these that are fed tame in the house cannot be so wholesome as those that live in a free cleare aire black and thick wines breed ill juice the like doth oxes flesh goates flesh but worst of all is the flesh of bulles foxes and asses bread that is made of yellow and sweete wheate well drest and leavoned is the best for nourishment Pulse All manner of pulse do breede wind and increase melancholy beanes that are greene are cold and moist and generate crude bloud and winde drie beanes are cold and dry the flowre wherof is much used in cataplasmes that are to drie and coole as in hot apostumes of the pappes Rice Rice is a great binder and therfore vsed in clysters to stop a laske it generates thick juice and obstruction of the veines if it be much used Fish All fish doe of themselves yield a cold and moist nourishment and much phlegme But let the quality of meats be never so good yet too much quantity taken will cause their nourishment to prove evil for gluttony and intemperance is the maintainer of Physitians for it destroies more then the sword but we should eate to live and not live to eate therfore we finde it best for any mans health to eate so little as he may continually have an appetite and to perform some exercise to help concoction likewise to keep a due order and time of eating and drinking Drinke As for drinke I hold that good cleare wine that is of a good colour and tast moderately taken doth nourish also Beere and Ale that is old and cleane is a good drinke but with these must also be observed a moderation for too much drinke destroyeth the digestion as one very well notes that the first draught quenches the thirst the second maketh man joyfull the third drunke the fourth quite out of his sences CHAP. XI Of Labour and Rest Labour and rest and what it is LAbour is a vehement motion of the body untill they be as we say out of breath for by the motion of the joynts the heat is encreased and carried through the veines and arteries to the heart from whence it is that we require a more stronger and oftner breathing and by this word labour or exercise is comprehended all manner of running riding leaping playing wrastling dancing fencing and carrying of burthens and is â—ccounted very necessary for our health for let iron lie still and it gathers rust the memory not exercised doth decay so doth the whole body if it continue in idlenesse it gathers together much phlegme and excrements which would be dissipated by exercise for it doth helpe the naturall health quicken the spirits make all the senses the better performe their severall offices it openeth the pores of our body whereby all the excrements are consumed and wasted and finally it comforteh all the spirits and members that they may the better undergoe their functions In exercise consider first the time which is the fittest before meate and secondly the manner of the exercise which is generall or particular generall as playing at ball and leaping particular as when one part only is exercised as walking exercises the legges fighting the
a haire bagge and presse out the Oyle It is good to cleare the skin and restore haire and to cure maligne and fistulous Vlcers Oyle of Hypericon or S. Iohns Wort. 16 R. The tops of S. Iohns Wort that is full ripe ℥ iii. steepe them in odoriferous Wine three daies then boile them close stopped in a double vessell afterward presse it then put to it a pound more of fresh S. Iohns Wort and steep boile and presse it as before and likewise the third time and if the Wine diminish adde more lastly take of cleare Turpentine ʒ iii. old Oyle ℥ vi Saffron ℈ i. boile them in a double Vessell untill the Wine be consumed then presse it and separate the Oyle from the grosse bottome It is Hot and Dry Stiptick it consolides wounds and helpes incision of the Nerves and burning of fire asswageth the paine of the Thighes and Bladder and provokes Vrine and monethly visits Oyle of Whelpes for wounds made by Gunshot 17 R. Two Whelpes Earth-wormes lib. i. Oyle of Lillies lib. ii Venice Turpentine ℥ vi Aqua vitae ℥ i. boile the Whelpes alive in the Oyle untill the flesh part from the bones then put in the Wormes being first prepared in white Wine and boile them in the oile till they become dry then straine it gently through a Towell and lastly adde your Turpentine and Aqua-Vitae Oyle of Vitrioll 18 R. Of Vitrioll lib. x. and powder it and put it into an earthen pot and set it upon hot coales untill it be calcined that is when it becomes reddish when it is throughly cold breake the pot and powder it againe and calcine it againe and thus doe untill it be perfectly calcined and exactly red of colour then powder it and put it into an earthen retort adding for every pound of Vitrioll 1. quarter of Tile sheards or small pieces of Brick then set the Retort luted safely to the receiver in a reverberating Fornace alwaies keeping a strong fire for the space of eight and forty houres more or lesse according to the quantity of the distilling Liquor you shall know when the distillation is finished by the receiver which will recover his naturall colour and perspicuity Your receiver must be very large lest it break also it must be set in a vessell of cold water lest it break by being over hot This Oyle comforteth the belly and stirs up the appetite calefies the cold stomack consumes Phlegme and cuts tough viscous Humors it helps the Dysentery Celiack passion it mitigates the heat of Feavers and destroys the Hecocks Nauseousnesse and Loathing of meat it must be taken very carefully tempered with something else as five or sixe drops to 2. ounces of conserve of Roses so it may be safely taken also upon whatsoever it falls it burnes it An Oyle approved for the Sciatica 19 R. Plantaine Lavender-spike Fennell Wallwort red Sage red Nettles Camomill Wormwood Marigolds with the black head Briony ana wash them chop them seethe them in new strong Ale in an earthen pot to the consumption of the halfe then straine them and put to the decoction black Snailes reboile it untill it become an oyle Oleum Benedictum 20 R. Oyle Omphacine lib. ii of Storax Calamite Ladanum Olibanum Saffron Gum arabeck Madder Gumme of Ivy tree Aloes citrine Mastick Cloves Galingale Cinamon Nutmegs Cubebes ana ℥ ii Gumme Elem. lib. i. Myrrhe Bdellium ana ℥ i. ss Galbanum ℥ vi Spike Lignum Aloes ana ℥ i. Rosin of the Pine Oppoponax Armoniack anaʒ x. powder those that are to be powdered and mingle them with the said Oyle and put them in a Limbeck with his head and receiver well stopped with Lute sapient and distill them Secundum artem put the Alimbeck upon a soft fire the space of xii houres encreasing the same from six to six houres till all be stilled then powder the rest of the spices again and so with the distilled Oile distill thē again and at the last you shall have an Oyle like Balme Which is good for the Crampe the Falling sicknesse the Coronall commissure being anointed a Mundification with a strong Medicine premised it cureth great fresh Wounds and cold Catarres one drop put into the Eare with Cotton amendeth the hearing chiefly of a cold cause a Rose Cake moistened in the said Oyle and laid to the Temples easeth the Megrim and taketh away the Swimming of the head halfe an ounce of the said Oyle drunke with a little odoriferous Wine in the morning three dayes together comforteth and reneweth the Heart and Lungs taken with a little odoriferous Wine it is good for quartain Feavers the receit must be almost one spoonfull for foure dayes together one houre before day upon such daies as no Paroxysme is looked for taken the space of thirty dayes with a little Wine and a little Piony cureth the Falling sicknesse and paines of the grand Poxe it is good for stinging of venomous Beasts and weaknesse of Sinewes and may be compared to Balsamum The composition of Oleum Magistrale invented by Aparice a Moriscoe living in Spaine 21 R. A quart of the best and oldest white Wine of the oldest Oyle Olive lib. iii. to these adde the flowers and leaves of these hearbes following viz. Of Hypericon lib. sem Cardus Benedictus Valerian the least Sage ana ℥ iiii steepe these in the Wine and Oyle foure and twenty houres then boile them in a nealed pot or Copper vessell on a gentle fire till the Wine be consumed alwaies stirring it then take it from the fire and straine it and put to the straining of good Venice Turpentine lib. i. sem then boile it againe upon a soft fire a quarter of an houre then adde thereunto Olibanum ℥ v. Myrrhe ℥ iii. Sanguis Draconis ℥ i. then boile it till the Incense and Myrrhe be dissolved then take it from the fire and let it stand till it be cold then put it into a glasse bottle and set it 8. or 10. dayes in the Sun and the longer you keep it the better The true application of this Oyle according to the qualities of the Wounds and Diseases doth consist in these points following viz. To the Patient to the Preparative to the Wound or Diseases to the Plaister to the diseased Part. 1 FIrst let the Patient eate and drinke freely what hee will he may eate to his dinner new laid Egges Mutton wilde Foule of the Woods if they have bled at night roast any of these he need not forbeare grosse Meates nor Wine if before he used them but if his body be plethorick or subject to a Feaver he must be carefull in his dyet and if he drinke any Wine it must be allayed with Water 2. If the Wound be great he must keepe his Chamber if not his Bed for feare of taking the aire 3. He must lye as well on the one side as on the other and also on the wounded side especially an houre before he be drest that the Humors may descend to
the Wound 4 He must endure the Oyle as hot as can be possibly for it is the stronger in his operation if it be applyed scalding hot also he must abstaine from women both in the time of his cure and for twenty dayes after if the wound be great To prepare the Wound you shall take good white Wine and boile in it one handfull of Incense which is only to comfort it and herewith wash the Wound within and without as hot as the Patient can suffer it then wipe it very dry before you apply the Oyle If the Wound come by biting or contusion he shall be dressed twice a day in Winter at 8. in the morning and 3. in the afternoone in summer at 9. in the morning and 4. in the afternoone but if they be green Wounds then change not the plaister after the first dressing untill the next day If the wound be in the head you shall shave away the haire 2. or 3. fingers broad round about the wound and then stay the blood with Lint or Towe dipt in the said Oyle with which you shall fill the wound then lay on a cloth 2. or 3. doubles dipt in the prepared Wine and rung hard out so broad as you have cut away the haire then rowle it up Note that at the first dressing the Wine ought not to be used lest a fluxe of blood follow if the wound be large dresse it but once a day for feare of bleeding for 2. or 3. dressings afterward you may wash the wound with the Wine as aforesaid then fill the wound with Oyle and cover it with Lint steeped in the same and upon that a compresse of Linnen 3. double round about dipt in the Oyle and upon that a compresse dipt in the said Wine as aforesaid when you perceive the wound neare Cicatrizing use only this unguent following R. Of the aforesaid Oyle Venice Turpentine new Waxe ana Set it on a fire in a pan and alwaies stir it for a quarter of an houre then let it coole and when it is cold put it up for your use And when you use it let it serve both for the Vnguent and Emplaister the Vnguent you must apply with Lint and upon it a little dry Lint and upon that an Emplaister of the aforesaid Vnguent When a wound is made in the Head by contusion and healed up so that there is ingendred an Impostume or other accident which may be an offence to the braine then you shall shave it wash it and wipe it as before then anoint it with the said Oyle round about and lay upon it compresses wet in the said Oyle and Wine as before doe this for the space of v. or vi dayes If the wound be in the Legs or any sinewy and musculous Part overthwart it must be stitched or if there be any dislocation it must be placed in due order and then wash the wound as before and if you feare any Symptomes then wash also the whole Member afterwards anoint the whole member with the said Oyle and lay round about it a linen cloth steeped therein and upon that a double cloth steeped in the said Wine and then roll it gently doe the rest as in wounds of the Head if there be loose bones or any thing against nature in the wound then put in a Tent to keepe it open untill such time as you have taken them forth If the wound be made by Gun-shot Sword or Pike then first stay the blood and wash and wipe the wound as before and if the member be pierced through then Tent it on both sides according to the depth thereof that the bruised blood may evacuate and so dresse it twice aday both sides alike both washing and wiping and anointing if the wound pierce into the body then tie the Tent with a thred lest it slip into the body and day by day you shall shorten the Tent as occasion shall serve If any part where there chanceth any Apostumation or swelling whether it will maturate or resolve thou shalt bathe the place with the said Wine warme and lay thereon linen clothes steeped in the said Wine and wrung out a good breadth round about the place and if it resolve then apply the said Wine and Oyle untill it be whole but if it come to suppuration then use it as other wounds For the Haemorroids First wash them with the Wine and lay on linen clothes wet with Oyle and upon them other clothes wet with Oyle and upon them other clothes wet in Wine as before For the Gouts First anoint all the grieved place with the Oyle then apply linen clothes upon it steeped in scalding Water and wrung out hard this done three or foure times will ease the paine For Cankers If the Canker be not opened the washing with the said Wine and the pledgets steeped in the Oyle and applied will open it then performe the rest of the Cure as aforesaid For paine in the Reines You shall anoint the Reines very well with the said Oyle from the ridge of the backe to the belly then lay on a linnen cloth steeped in seething Water and wrung out hard and upon it a great Pledget of Towe and wrap his Legs very warme with cloathes and let him lye downe on his Bed and warme covered let him sweat For old Vlcers First cut the Lip thereof with a sharpe Razor then wash it and anoint it as aforesaid To make Oyle of Snailes 22 R. A quart of garden-Snailes in the shels wash them cleane and breake the slimie skinne at the mouth of the shell then put them in a cloth with a handfull of Bay Salt and hang them up with a dish underneath to receive the Oyle which drops from them This Oyle being anointed upon the hollow of the necke and so downe the backe bone and from the throat downe to the end of the breast bone cureth a consumption if taken in time To make Oyle of a Dogge for the Gowt 23 R. A fat Dogge and kill him and take out his Guts and Bowels and Gall but keepe in the Heart and Lungs and Liver then fill the body full of Frogges and blacke Snailes and sowe him up strongly and rost him on a Spit as long as he will drop one drop then put the Liquor in a cleare Vessell and put thereto a pint of Oyle of Bay and blacke Soape â„¥ i. and temper them together and anoint the grieved Part therewith An Oyle for the Palsie 24 R. A new earthen pot and fill it full of Camomil and stop it well and set it in another Pot under ground for x l. dayes then take it up and you shall finde Oyle therein and anoint the place therwith if it be thy head anoint thy forehead if thy hands anoint thy Wrists To make Oyle of Swallowes 25 R. Ten Swallowes beat them quicke in a Morter with Spike Lavender Cotten Knot-grasse Ribwort Balme Valerian Rosemary tops Woodbine tops strings of Vines French Mallows tops of Alehooe
and penetrates into all the parts of the Body and also after a Purgation it provoketh sweat and corrects the malice of all humours To make Sirrup of Vinegar compound 3 The Sirrup of Vinegar compound is made by boyling Hearbes Rootes or Seedes in Water and of the Decoction to make a Sirrup with Vinegar and Sugar the Hearbes or Seedes ought to be such as are fittest to prepare the humour you intend to purge To make Catholicum simplex 4 R. Of the rootes of Enula Campana Buglosse Cichorie or wilde Endive Marshmallowes Polipodie of the Oake seed of Bastard Saffron all beaten ana â„¥ ii Hyssop Staechados Bawme Agrimony Mugwort Betony Scolopendria or Stoneferne ana m. ii Raisins stoned â„¥ iii. of the foure great cold Seedes Aniseedes Licoras ana Ê’ iii. boyle all these according to Art in lib. x. of Hydromell which is xv lib. of water boyled with lib. i. of Honey skummed cleane as it boyles till three pounds be consumed then straine the Decoction and macerate therein the space of xii houres the cleansed leaves of Sene beaten â„¥ iiii the Sirrup of the infusion of pale Roses lib. i. of the best clarified Honey lib. ii boile them with an easie fire unto the thicknesse of Honey putting into it last of all of the best Rubarbe and purest Cinamon ana â„¥ i. yellow Sanders â„¥ i. Nutmegs Ê’ ii the Dose is â„¥ i. the whole composition is lib. iiii the Doses be about 50. This doth purge all humours gently from all parts of the Body and may be given to women with childe old folke or children either with an Ague or without To make Catholicum Majus 4 R. Of the foure great cold Seedes cleansed of white Poppy seed ana Ê’ i. Gumme Dragant Ê’ iii. red Roses Yellow Sanders Cinamon ana Ê’ ii Ginger Ê’ i. of the best and choisest Rubarbe Diacridium ana â„¥ ss Agaricke Turbith ana Ê’ ii white Sugar dissolved in Rose water in the which â„¥ ii of the leaves of Sene have beene incocted lib. i. let Tables be compounded of weight Ê’ iii. the Dose is one Table the whole composition is lib. i. ss the Doses be about 50. It gathereth humours from all places of the Body more forcibly without disturbance of the body or strength To make a Sirrup of white Roses by infusion 6 R. Of the Water of infusion of white Roses lib. v. clarified Sugar lib. iiii boyle them with a lent fire to the thicknesse of a Sirrup soake lib. ii of Fresh white Roses in lib. vi of warme water twelve houres covered instead of these put in other fresh Roses then wring those out and put in other fresh Roses nine or tenne times untill the water have the strength of the Roses in which the Sugar must be dissolved This Sirrup draweth from the Entrailes thinne Choler and waterish humors to be given to children and old folkes and those that are sicke Sirrup of the Iuice of Lemmons 7 The Sirrup of the juyce of Lemmons of Citrons of Oranges of unripe Grapes of Pomegranates of Sorrell of Ribes or red Gooseberries the order of making them is all alike for the juyce of every one of them must be purged by running through a Woollen Strainer freely without compulsion and to every vii lib. of Iuyce adde of good white Sugar lib. 5. and boile them in a Tinne Vessell on a soft fire to a Sirrup The Sirrup of the Iuyce of Lemmons doth asswage heate and thirst and restraineth corruption in Feavers it defendeth the Stomacke Heart and Noble parts it purgeth the Kidneyes and provoketh Vrine Sirrup of Citrons doth the like the Sirrup of Pomegranates corroborates the Stomacke the Spleene Liver and Lungs and restraineth vomiting Sirrup of Oranges is more pleasant Sirrup of unripe Grapes doth more quench thirst Sirrup of the Iuyce of Sorrell doth allay Choler and open obstructions the Sirrup of red Gooseberries is more sweet in taste and more astringent Oxymel simple 8 R. Of the clearest Water and of the best Honey ana lib. iiii boyle them untill halfe the Water be consumed then poure in of very sharpe Vinegar lib. ii and let them be boyled againe to a Sirrup it doth extenuate grosse humours and scoure slimy matter and open old obstructions and Asthma that is obstructions of the Lungs with Flegme whereof ariseth shortnesse of Wind. Sirrup of Endive 9 R. Of fresh Endive Lettice Agrimony Garden Succory Liverwort Sowthistle Hawkeweed ana m. i. ss of the foure great cold Seedes ana â„¥ i. red and white Sanders red Roses bruised ana Ê’ ii boyle them in lib. viii of Water to the halfe then straine it and to the decoction put of white Sugar lib. iiii seeth them all together againe and scumme and fine them as they boyle then adde of the Iuyce of Endive purged by setling lib. i. afterwards of the pure Iuyce of Pomegranates without dregs â„¥ iiii boyle them all to a Sirrup It cooles purges and corroborates the Liver and is good after Purgations Sirrup of Harts-tongue 10 R. Of Oake Ferne Rootes of both kindes of Buglosse the barke of the root of the Caper bush Barks of Tamariske ana â„¥ ii Harts-tongue m. iii. Maydenhaire Balmemint Hoppes Dodder ana m. ii boyle them in lib. ix of Water untill there remaine v. straine it and put to the decoction of white Sugar lib. iiii boyle them and fine them to a Sirrup It is good against Melancholly and abateth the Swelling of the Spleene Sirrup of dry Roses 11 R. Of Water lib. iiii make it warme and infuse in it for the space of xx iiii houres red Roses dried lib. i. straine it and dissolve therein white Sugar lib. ii then boyle them to a Sirrup It doth mitigate the hot Diseases of the Braine asswages thirst strengthens the Stomacke causeth Sleepe and stayeth Fluxes of the Belly agglutinates and mundifies Vlcers Sirrup of Poppy 12 R. the Heads of white Poppie not throughly riped and new â„¥ viii the Heads of blacke Poppy fresh gathered â„¥ vi Aqua Coelestis lib. iiii boyle them to the consumption of halfe and put thereinto Sugar and Penids ana â„¥ viii boyle them to a Sirrup It is good against Catarrhes and Coughes mitigateth the heate of the forehead helpeth Frenzies and Watchings and so procureth Sleepe To make Diacodion 13 R. The heads of white Poppy neither the greatest nor ripest nu xii Aqua Coelestis lib. ii boyle them to the thid part and when it is strained put thereto of the best Sapa that is new Wine boyled to the third part â„¥ iiii of the purest Honey â„¥ ii boyle all these together and in the end of the Decoction put red Roses Flowers of Pomegranates Acatia Sumach ana Ê’ ii Seed of Purselaine white and red Corrall ana Ê’ i. This Sirrup procureth Sleepe and helpeth the Catarrhes and stayeth all Fluxes of the Belly Sirrup of Violets compound 14 R. The fresh gathered Flowers of Violets â„¥ ii Seed of Quinces and Mallowes ana â„¥ i. Iujubes Sebestens