Selected quad for the lemma: heart_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
heart_n	artery_n	blood_n	lung_n	3,010	5	11.3115	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A29782	Nature's cabinet unlock'd wherein is discovered the natural causes of metals, stones, precious earths, juyces, humors, and spirits, the nature of plants in general, their affections, parts, and kinds in particular : together with a description of the individual parts and species of all animate bodies ... : with a compendious anatomy of the body of man, as also the manner of his formation in the womb / by Tho. Browne ...	Browne, Thomas, Sir, 1605-1682.	1657 (1657)	Wing B5065; ESTC R16043	87,410	340

compelling them into one of the ligaments serving the arteries to a voluntary motion the fibres of the tendons growing of the junctures are joyned amongst themselves E They are called spermatick parts because they are generated of seed and not of blood which argues that their colour must be white and cold in substance All nerves do arise from the brain and not from the heart as Aristotle imagined their use is to carry that animal spirit gotten in the brain and the motive and sensitive faculty and to communicate it to the body F The veins and arteries are joyned with a friendly intercourse that the veins may supply them with matter of spirit for the spirit doth cherish the blood with its heat in the arteries and there are mutual orifices that the spirit may take nutriment out of the veins and the veins spirit and heat out of the arteries But the arteries and veins do differ First in their original because they come out of the sinister ventricle of the heart Secondly in their function because they subminister vital spirits to the whole body Third●…y in their substance for the ar●…eries so likewise the veins do ●…onsist of a membranous body ●…et more solid harder and con●…rmed by more crasser tunicles Now a tunicle is twofold exterior interior that fibre which is knit with many strait and crooked windings hath the like crassitude and firmness with the tunicle of the veins but this hath five times a more harder and grosser substance lest the subtil spirit should exhale and the artery it self be broken with the perpetual motion of the heart Fourthly in motion for the arteries are moved without intermission by dilatation and contraction when dilated they draw the cold air and when contracted cast out hot fumes G This question is moved by Physitians and Philosophers about the veins Whether they have a force or faculty to generate blood Some maintain it that the blood which the veins contain within themselves to elaborate more exquisitely and to be made by an insited force and faculty and therefore in that blood that the chiefest degree of perfection is gotten But the falsity of this opinion is easily known by those who diligently mark the thin tunicle of the veins and its white substance Now it is provided by nature that every part of the body should be converted to the other and transmuted into its colour then how can the veins with their thinness and whiteness change white chyle and gross into red and pure blood Therefore more truer is that opinion that the generation of blood is onely the work of the liver which doth make blood by a certain force and faculty within it self seated all the sanguifick force is given to the veins yet they receive it from the liver as Avicen demonstrates H Aristotle and Hippocrates do prove that fibres do concrete the blood by their frigidity because that blood out of which fibres are taken can never be concreted by any cold for when blood is let out of the veins if it doth not concrete it is a sign of death I Fat is the matter of blood and although it be made of the cream of blood yet notwithstanding it is cold and without blood degenerating into fat by the want of heat and frigidity of the membrane it consists of coldness and dryness because by heat it is melted and by the humidity of other parts coagulated by cold The efficient cause is the want of heat which is thus proved because you shall finde no fat as to any quantity about the liver or the heart or any other hot part by reason of the heat of those parts K Take this as another definition of the cutis the skin is a thin part membranous porous endowed with blood the tegument or cover of all the parts of the body which as it is easily taken away by accident so it doth easily grow again which denotes thus much that the skin is not altogether endowed with a sensitive faculty but onely so far as it hath the nerves and of the faculty of blood in it and whereas it is defined to be membranous that is smooth simple thin and white and that it hath a middle nature between flesh and nerves for neither is it altogether without blood as the nerves are so neither doth it abound with blood as the flesh doth whence it is adjudged to be the rule of temperaments and indeed the skin about the hands in it there is the most exquisite and perfect faculty of sense but not so in other parts of the body and the skin is porous that it may thereby attract the coldness of the air and expulse the excrementitious vapours of the body Now the excrement which comes out of the pores is sweat sweat is an excrementitious humidity of the third coction breaking out by the skin in the species or form of water the matter of sweat is the whole humidity which is gotten in meat and drink which thing is necessary to all animals because it might make way for other aliment and not longer lie in the vessels it is of the same genus with urine onely differing in this that the urine is carried to the bladder this with blood a longer passage through the body its efficient cause is heat but not so vehement as to have a drying faculty but moist so calefying the nature of sweat by the habit of the body that it becomes thin and so softens the skin by relaxation that it may the better pass through those whose skins are hard and thick are very unapt to sweat L Flesh may be taken either properly or improperly when properly taken then absolutely that which is described by us and it is the chiefest part of the muscles for the substance of them doth truly and properly deserve the name of flesh that which is taken improperly is the flesh of the bowels generated of blood poured out as the liver heart and lungs CHAP. 10. Of External dissimilar Parts 1. HItherto we have spoken of similar parts Now of dissimilar or organical which are diversly compounded of the similar 2. And they are either external or internal 3. The external parts are first the head secondly the trunk of the body thirdly the artus under which we comprehend the arms and feet 4. The head is the highest part of the body globular set upon the neck the seat of the animal faculty 5. Its parts that are external are chiefly the skull and the face 6. The skull is a crafs bone of the head round distinguished into twenty bones and certain futures covering the brain environing it on every side 7. Its bones are thus distinguished there are two in the crown one in the front two in the temples one in the form of a wedge another in the form of a sieve twelve in the superior jaw and one in the hinder part of the head 8. There are three sutures The first is transverse the crown going from towards one ear to the

conveying away of excrements and like as there are three concoctions in our bodies so there are three excrements and three kinds of vessels instituted for these In the second species of concoction these excrements are generated one somewhat heavy answering to secies to wit melancholy juice another somewhat light and more of air like to flour to wit yellow choler the third watry and serous now every one of these hath distinct receptacles and because choler is expurged first of all therefore its receptacle is nigh to the liver And concerning these vessels we have before treated the use of this vessel the gall gathered therein doth shew and the cause is expounded why there is no branch carried into the ventricle from this vessel the figure of this vessel is long and round after the form of a Pear its substance is membranous that it may accordingly be filled or emptied contracted or dilated it hath one thick and proper tunicle yet notwithstanding contexted of a treble kind of fibres within it the fibres are strait whereby it allures choler into it and they are somewhat crooked by which it retains it but without they are transverse by which it protrudes it The use of this vessel of the gall is to receive choler and if it be carried over the whole body it offends because it is endowed with a fiery vertue for it hinders nutrition and inflames the body much Why gall is gathered into this vessel is upon a double necessity First that it may heat the liver and hinder putrefaction it calefies the liver because its humour is more hot and sharp then blood it hinders putrefaction because it takes away the abundant humidity of the sharp humour Secondly that it may drive out of the ventricle the chyle into the intestines together with its superfluities N The spleen is a terrestrial member because it attracts by a certain symbole to it self the terrestrial part of blood in man its flesh is obscure but in hogs it hath a white colour but in dogs a more splendid redness then the liver It is lax and spungeous that it may the better receive the feculent and gross humour into it self and that it may not quickly delabe out of it but continue longer in it that it may be made more apt for its nature and so be nourished by its better part O The substance of the reins are hard and dense like to the substance of the heart the humour thereof is thin and therefore with more difficulty attracted When the humour here is very watrish it cannot be expurged with a convenient celerity from one rein and therefore there are two which are placed near the spina dorsi at the beginning of the loyns the right part thereof in a man is under the liver the left under the spleen the emulgent veins and ureteres serve to evacuate the serous humidity to the reins P The substance of the bladder is nervous and membranous that it may more commodiously be extended corrugated when it is full or empty and it ought to be extended lest the water flow out at unseasonable times but contain a moderate quantity thereof it hath two tunicles the one proper and internal whose substance is densē and firm lest it should be eroded by the homour of the air and this is interwoven with fibres within strait and without transverse which are for the attraction retention and expulsion of urine the other is an exterior tunicle improperly so called and hath its rise from the Peritoneum it hath a fleshy neck having a muscle whereby it is constringed that it may hinder an involuntary flux of the urine Q The stones in both sexes are made for the ingendering of seed therefore the substance of them are glandulous white and soft that such a seed may be produced by reason of the required similitude between the generating and that which is generated but it is made crass and in colour white by reason of the exquisite coction made by the interior heat of the vessels and stones as the menstruum of the dugs is converted into milk and dealbated so the stones do make blood prepared in the spermatick vessels by coction perfect seed which becomes idoneous for generation R They are called Parastatae for their similitude for Parastatae signifies certain folds gathered within themselves S The substance of the yard of a man is spungious and rare that it may be both erected and flank stiff and soft but in other animals it is bony as in a wolf dog or sea-fox but if it were bony in a man it would be an impediment in the main business CHAP. 12. Of the parts of the middle belly serving the vital faculty 1. HAving expounded the natural members of the lowest region we proceed to the parts of the middle cavity which are called vitals and they are placed in the thorax and they are the heart and the lungs 2. But these organs are distinguished from naturals by a certain partition-wall which they call Diaphragma 3. And the A Diaphragma is a round pannicle consisting of flesh nerves and membranes going cross to the sides and tyed to the back the twelfth joynt dividing the natural members from the vitals 4. A certain thin membrane called Pleura doth succinge and embrace all the parts contained in the thorax 5. Now the heart is B a principal part of the middle belly consisting of hard dense and solid flesh woven with a treble kind of strings of a Pyramidal form not unlike to a Pine-nut and it is the house of the vital faculty 6. For it is the principle of C life the fountain of heat and nectar of life the Rhisoma or the spring head of the arteries the Primum mobile of the pulse and respiration which being ●…ively the whole body is lively ●…f faint all the parts are faint and if it perish the rest of the ●…ody perishes 7. And although the heart is ●…ut one in all animals yet it may ●…e divided D into two parts the ●…ight and the left 8. The right resembles the form of the moon increasing and it receives blood from the vena cava flowing into it and prepares it and makes it more perfect and so distributes it partly into the lungs for their nutrition and partly into the left side of the heart by passages not altogether occult and as it is with the matter of vital matters 9. The left hath the form of the Crest of an Helmet and is more overwhelmed into the substance of the heart containing the vital spirit begotten of pure blood distributed by the artery Aorta into the body and again receives the air out of the lungs by the venous artery 10. And both these sides have their vessels two whereof appear in the right side and so many in the left 11. In the right indeed there are two veins the vena cava and the vena arteriosa in the left there are two arteries the great artery and the venous artery 12. There

is a certain partition which divides either side the vulgar call it the seventh medium which at the first sight appears crass but after a more curious inspection it is found to have many holes in it that there may be an easie passage from the left side to the right notwithstanding what the Neotericks exclaim against it and urge to the contrary 13. Furthermore there are certain appendixes membranous and full of windings leaping to each side of the ventricle which are called Auriculae not from its use or action but similitude 14. On the right side it lies open to the door of the vena cava the left is placed in the orifice of the venous artery and it is larger because it is the receptacle of gross blood the latter is the less because it contains air 15. The chief use of those Auriculars are First that they be ready receptacles of blood and air that they do not confusedly pass into the heart and so to suffocate the heart by oppression Secondly lest the vena cava and the venous artery be broken in violent motions for they have great force in drawing of blood and air in to the heart 16. The lungs E are of rare parts light and spungious and as it were concreted of spumous blood like the substance of a Snail seated in the thorax filling its whole cavity the instrument of breath and voice 17. And although it is but one in body yet it is divided into two parts by the membrane called Mediastinus the right and left 18. Either part consists of two Globes or Knots the one superior the other inferior often discernable and sometimes obscure 19. The use of these is that its flesh or substance should not be collaberated or tyred but that it may be more actively moved and that the heart be embraced on every side 20. The air is transmitted into the lungs by the asper-artery whose structure is constituted of Veins Cartilages Membranes and Nerves The Commentary A DIaphragma hath divers appellations for it is sometimes derived from the verb Diaphratto that is to fortifie because Diaphrattei that is it separates out the middle and low belly and also it is called the seventh transverse it is called Diaphragma and by ancient Medicks called Phrenas because as some judge by its inflammation the minde is hurt It s use is noble for it separates between the spiritual and vital bowels and the heart and the lungs from the naturals which separation Aristotle thinks to be made by nature lest the vapours which do exhale from meat offend the heart in which the soul he thinks doth reside But this opinion is false because the fumes do pass by the Oesophagum To conclude the Diaphragma hath two holes placed in organs ascending and descending Again it helps exspiration and inspiration for when the thorax is contracted then the inspiration is dilated but when it is laxed then inspiration is made Again it helps the ejection of the excrements by its motion with the muscles of the Abdomen Again it is the rise of the organs whereby it pleasantly affects the heart and causes laughter D The covering which defends the heart and contains it in its seat and hinders it lest it should be oppressed with its vicine members is called Capsula which contains also a certain watrish humour lest it should 〈◊〉 and dry with too much heat the substance of the heart is hard and dense lest it should be broken by its violent motions Its substance saith Aristotle is thick and spiss into which heat is received strongly and therefore its temperament is the hottest of all the members it is endowed with three kinds of fibres strait crooked and transverse that it may both draw contain and expel Now Aristotle thinks these fibres to be nerves and the principle of the nerves to be in the heart but he is deceived its figure is Pyramidal but not absolutely so in brutes but it is more flat then in a man it is placed in the thorax as the safest place and on the left side thereof C This is the shop of the vital faculty and therefore it is rightly called by Aristotle the first thing that lives and ●…he last that dies by its perpetual motion and heat it begets vital spirits for when it is dilated which motion is called Dyastole it allures unto it and draws blood by the benefit of the strait fibres from the vena cava by the venous artery but when it is constringed which is called Systole it sends blood from the right ventricle into the lungs by which they are nourished and that by the venous artery but the vital spirit out of the left by Aorta into the whole body and both ways it converts into vital spirit by attenuating the pure blood into vapour D There are two remarkable ventricles of the heart the right and the left between these there is a partition which distinguishes the one from the other which whereas it is crass and firm it is not rightly called by Aristotle the third side or belly but lest that the passages may seem to be made by this it sends out blood into another ventricle by narrow pores E The lung is called by the Greeks pneumon a pneo which is to breath because it is the organ of breathing therefore the lung ought to consist of such a substance that it may be filled and distended with air like a pair of bellows The primary Cause of which action is its proper substance which helps the motion thereof for when it is dilated it draws air and by the venal artery carries it to the heart by which the heat of the heart is allayed and the vital spirit as with food thereby cherished The figure of the Lung resembles the hoof of an ox which is divided by the Mediastinum into two parts it is the organ of voice which I prove because no animal hath a voice that hath not a lung there are some that say that there are two lungs but truly it is but one divided into two parts the right and the left And again both the parts consist of two Globes the one superior the other inferior sometimes seen open and sometimes shut the use thereof is that it may be moved more nimbly and so amplex the heart more easily CHAP. 13. Of the parts of the Animal faculty 1. VVE have spoken sufficiently of the parts of the middle belly Now we proceed to the organs of the supream region serving the animal faculty and they are such as are ●…ontained in the brain 2. The brain A is a soft part white and medullous fabricated of pure seed and spirit involved as it were in folds compassed about with a thin skin and contained in the cavity of the brain the principle of the animal faculty c. 3. And this is the highest of all the bowels and the next to heaven this is the tower of the senses the highest pinnacle the regiment of the minde 4. For the

other and doth knit the bone of the forehead to the rest of the body 9. The second is called Sagittalis which goes along the head and doth knit the two bones of the crown 10. The third doth ascend from the posterior part of one ear to the end of the sagittal suture and again deflects to the other ear in the form of the letter A and doth knit the bone of the hinder part of the head with the rest of the body 11. Thus much for the skull Now for the face which is called that whole in a man which is under the forehead or as Aristotle saith That interior part which is under the skull 12. This doth comprehend the eyes ears nose cheekes and mouth 13. The eye is no other thing then the organ of sight consisting of tunicles and humors 14. And because it ought to receive the several species of light and colours therefore it is formed of pellucid matter 15. The tunicles of the eyes besides the white which arising from the Peritoneum doth joyn the eye to the head whence it is called conjunctiva and adnata are four First the horny tunicle which is clear shining like to a horn Secondly the Uvea which is like to the husk of a grape and it adheres to the horny tunicle embracing the apple of the eye Thirdly the Retina or tunicle resembling a net which is of the substance it self of the visive nerves bringing an animal spirit to the eye and again the Idea of the object to the brain Fourthly the Aranea or like to sand containing the chrystalline humor and separating it from the white 16. The humors of the eyes are three First the watry humour which serves for the gathering of resemblances Secondly the glassy humour for the forming of those idea's 17. The ear is an organical part of the body and the instrument of hearing 18. It s nature is compounded of divers parts very artificiously of nerves membranes bones cartilage which gathereth sounds and so accordingly altereth them 19. Its bones are first Malleus Secondly Incus Thirdly Stapes of whose colision sound is said to be made 20. The nose is an organical part placed in the middle of the face the instrument of respiration and smelling 21. It s part is either superior or inferior 22. The superior is the bony part which is immoveable and this the inferior part the exteor is the back of the nose 23. The inferior part is moveable which is the end being round divided into parts consisting of muscles 24. A cheek is nothing else then the superior part of the jaw and the inferior 25. The superior cheek is that part of the face next to the front from both the ears to the lowest part of the jaws 26. The inferior is the moveable part of the face containing the teeth 27. The whole mouth is called that space which is between the lips and the jaws in which is contained the teeth the tongue the palate and throat-pipe 28. The teeth are A the hardest of all bones hollow within endowed with veins arteries and nerves ordained for to soften and prepare meat for the stomach 29. Those are in number thirty twenty whereof are accounted cheek-teeth eight cutting which are the foremost and four eye-teeth in either jaw two 30. The tongue is B a carneous part rare and lax the organ of taste and speech 31. The palate is the superior part of the mouth a little concavated bored through with many holes by which flegme doth ascend from the brain into the mouth 32. The throat-pipe C is fungous flesh long hanging from the palate to the mouth conducing to the moduling of voice in a man 33. Truncus is the whole body with head arms or legs 34. Some part of it is anterior and some posterior 35. The anterior again is either superior and that is called the thorax or inferior that is the belly 36. The thorax D or brest is the anterior part of the trunk which is subject to the neck and it is the seat of the vital members 37. It s proper parts are either soft and fleshy or bony and cartilaginous 38. The carnous parts are those many muscles placed in the thorax of which sort are all the muscles of aspiration and scapulation some of them moving the arms 39. To these carnous parts belong the paps which are parts sited or placed on each side in the middle region of the brest glandulous and woven with veins and arteries serving for the generation of milk in women 40. For these parts for their rare and cavernous substance which they have do receive into them menstruous blood which is the matter of milk which afterwards is levigated cocted and converted into a white liquor both by a specifical vertue of the flesh of the paps as also from the heat of the heart whereunto it is near 41. Hence Aristotle rightly concluded that milk was nothing else then superfluous blood changed and made white 42. The bony parts thereof are threefold the first bone is called Sternon and Sethos and it is on the anterior part in which the ribs do meet and under which the mouth of the ventricle doth lie hid 43. The cartilaginous extremity of this is after the form of a spear or buckler and it is called malum granatum 44. Secondly the two neck-bones which are called cleides and these bones are twins subject to the neck declining to the tops of the shoulders 45. The thorax F consists of twenty four ribs twelve on either side and they are either true or counterfeit 46. They are true which are coarticulated and they are the seven superior 47. The spurious or imperfect are those that are not coarticulated and they are the five inferior 48. The inferior part of the thorax is portended from the brest where the true ribs end backwards to the hips or pubes 49. The exterior part of this above the belly is portended to the going down of the spurious ribs and is called Spigastrion the inferior proceeds from the belly even to the hairy parts of the genitals and it is called Hypogastrion 50. The posterior part of the trunk is called the back and it is all that part which descends from the neck to the buttocks 51. It s substance is constituted 1. of the shoulderblade 2. Spina dorsi 3. hip bones 52. The shoulderblades are two bones placed after the thorax in the back inarticulated in the arms to strengthen the ribs and for the implantation of the muscles 53. Spina dorsi is no other thing then that series or structure of joynts extended even from the first joynts of the hinder part of the neck to the lowest called ●…cygs 34. There are in number of these joynts thirty four seven whereof are of the neck twelve of the thorax five of the loyns six of the sacred bone four of the ossis Coccygos twenty four of the formost are rightly named joynts because by them the body is turned divers ways the rest

aliment blood into the general mass of the body But here another question will arise how can the spirits flow into the inward and most remote parts but by penetration and dimension Answer Some bodies are crass and solid and some thin and tender through those that are hard they cannot penetrate but the spirits because they are thin do fly all manner of sense and are diffused without impediment in a moment this way and that way with a certain kind of celerity and do pervade the members neither by their presence filling them nor by their absence emptying them E And in this spirit all the causes come to be considered the matter is the natural spirit procreated in the liver thence carried by the vena cava with the arterious blood that is the purest of blood upwards going into the right side of the heart where it is attenuated most accurately by the passages not altogether occult but if a dog be dissected it will be found in the left side the efficient cause is the strong heat of the heart attenuating and making thin the vital spirit it 's form its rarefaction not unlike to the tenuity of a little flame its end is to conserve life diffused from the heart by the arteries into the universal body F The matter of this spirit is that vital which is carried by the crevices of the arteries to the basis of the brain and it doth slide thereinto as into a net which is placed there by nature as a labyrinth for when any matter would exactly elaborate it doth devise a longer stay in the instruments of coction and afterwards by another context is intromitted into ventricles of the brain the efficient cause is motion but chiefly the proper force of the solid substance of the brain whereby this spirit doth exactly elaborate and so become animal the form of it is rarefaction made perfect by the degeneration of the vital spirit into the animal its end is to shew a sensitive and moving faculty with great celerity from the middle ventricle of the brain by the nerves into the whole body by which spirit the animal faculty is apprehended in man of reason and memory if its force or motion be not hindred CHAP. 9. Of the similar parts of an Animate body 1. HAving expounded the contained parts the continent do follow which consist of substance by reason of that firmness and solidity they have 2. And they are either homogeneous or heterogeneous similar or dissimilar 3. A similar A part is that which may be divided into similes according to the particles of sense and into the same species 4. Of similar parts some are spermatical others carnous 5. The spermatick parts are those which are generated immediately of the crassament of seed and so coalesced into hard substances 6. Of which sort are Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Nerves Arteries Veins Fibres Fat 's Skin 7. Bones are the hardest parts B of animates dry and cold begotten of the crassament of seed by exustion to the stability of the whole 8. These are endowed with no sense because first no Nerves are disseminated by their substance Secondly if they were sensible they could not endure daily labors without great pain and that sensation would either take away the greatest part of action or render it frustraneous 9. A Cartilage C is a kin to these which is a substance or part a little softer then bones and harder then any other member and flexible after a certain manner made to the keeping of motion in its destinated parts 10. A Ligament D is a simple part of the body hard and begotten of seed yet softer then a Cartilage and yielding to the touch knitting the bones together 11. A certain portion of these is called tendous which is a similar part begotten of Fibres Nerves and Ligaments mixed in a muscle all which are called articles 12. A Membrane is a similar part begotten of seed tender covering several other parts 13. The Nerves are spermatick parts arising from the brain or back-bone the interior part of the marrow the exterior of the membrane carrying the animal spirit to sense and motion 14. They are distinguished into softer or harder 15. They are soft which do arise from the former part of the brain 16. And they are seven conjugations for none of all the Nerves are simple but all conjugated whence they are called paria nervorum 17. The chiefest of these are inserted in the centre of the eye and are called the visive or optick nerves carrying the faculty of seeing unto them 18. The second propagation of moving of the nerves is the eyes 19. The third society is partly scattered into the tunicle of the tongue to propogate to the taste and part dispersed in other parts of the face 20. The fourth conjugation is a certain proportion dispersed in the palate 21. The fifth is carried by the auditory passage to the drum of the ears and they are called the auditory nerves 22. The sixth is a large portion of nerves wandring and running almost through all the bowels 23. The seventh arises from the hinder part of the head and the marrow of the back-bone and inserted into the muscles of the tongue and is said to move the tongue 24. The crasser nerves in which there is a more obtuser faculty and they do come out of the marrow of the back-bone carrying sense and motion to the internal parts 25. And thirty of these are alike and combined seven to the hinder part of the neck twelve to the Thorax five to the Lungs six to the sacred bones all which do disperse themselvs like boughs into the other parts of the body 26. The Arteries F are hollow vessels long having two tunicles and those crass and substantial ordained for the deducing of the vital spirit and for temperating and expurging of the heart and other parts to heat 27. And they do arise out of the heart of which two principal Arteries do spring out of the left side thereof from which two all the other take their original Arteria Aorta et Arteria venosa 28. The great Artery Aorta is the foundation of all other Arteries and doth carry the vital spirit to all the other parts of the body 29. The venous artery is stretched out like a quill from the same side of the heart into the liver from whence it brings air to cool the heart 30. A vein G is a similar part and round and hollow like to a reed arising from the liver consisting of one tunicle contexted of three Fibres carrying blood for nutriment together with the natural spirit to the several parts of the body 31. Veins are distinguished into principal and less principal 32. The Principal are those out of which as out of a trunk or stock others do arise and they are two vena porta and vena cava 33 Vena porta is a great vein coming out of the hollow part of the liver and excepting all the Mesenterian veins

they cannot breath longer they cease to live But insects do live though they cannot breath for when they are cut in two parts they will live in each part whereas it is not possible that all the parts of an animal should breath Observe this last Argument to impugne all the Ancients opinion Fishes do therefore breath because the life of animals consists not without breath These are the reasons of Arist. denying fish to breath But because there is a heart in them therefore they have need to have their heat temperated and that it may be so temperated they draw in by their gills water for air and let it out by the same For as in man the lungs and the thorax are lifted up and down in breathing so the gills of fish are dilated and contracted in drawing in of water to temper the heat of the heart for when the gills are dilated they draw in some small portion of water which is conveyed by certain passages to the heart which cools the heat thereof and when their gills are contracted the water again is expelled Some do stifly oppugne these opinions whose reasons we shall now consider of First a Fish is an animal therefore breathing is necessary because it hath need of air I answer If by breathing or respiration they understand refrigeration then the consequence is to be received but if they mean the attraction of air I deny it for the spiration of air is onely competent to those animals endowed with lungs but Fish may be refrigerated by that water which both they draw in by the mouth and gills Secondly Air is contained under the earth therefore under the water and by consequence fish do attract it and so breath Ans. I deny the consequence though air may easily pierce into the earth which is porous cavernous and dry yet into the water it cannot pierce because of the fluidness of its body being so easily reduced to unity and so closely gathering it self together that there can be no vacuity for air for if a Staff be thrust into the water and drawn out again there will be no hol●… left or resemblance where it was but will forthwith rise up and swim at top But if it be fixed into the earth the hole whereinto it was put will remain which is immediately filled with air and therefore it is that the breathing faculty of Moles under the earth is not taken away because they always make a hole whereby they receive breath But now in water no pores or passages can be apprehended whereby air may be attracted therefore it is impossible that fish should breath therein Thirdly Fishes do breathe by their gills therefore breath is drawn by them though not in the usuall manner I answer that some spiration i●… manifest or perfect some obscure and imperfect 'T is manifest in those animals that are endowed with the organs of spiration and then it is properly called respiration but that ●…tion of the fishes gills is more rightly tearmed transpiration and onely answers by Analogy to the true spiration for as their parts viz. lungs and gills differ in species so also their functions differ for as the wings o●… birds and fins of fishes do agree analogically in themselves as to the efficient cause viz. of motion yet they are not of the same Genus because fish by their fins do not fly as birds by their wings but swim so those gills that are given to fish in stead of lungs are not of the same species with the lungs of animals The fourth is taken from Experience if fish be put into a vessel with a narrow orifice filled half full of water and so the mouth of the vessel stopped there is so great a desire in them of the injoying of the air that they strive who shall be uppermost swimming one upon another for no other cause then a desire to be next the air Scaliger answers the reason of their so much strugling is not for the injoyment of air but the avoiding of their close imprisonment endeavouring to finde a way out of the vessel to free themselves from that scarcity of water into a place of more plenty and liberty Fifthly if a vessel full of water and with a row orifice be closely covered the fish that are encloistered within are suddenly suffocated because no air can come unto them therefore 't is absolute necessary for fish to breathe under the water for the preservation of their lives This if it be true I thus answer If so then it may be judged to happen rather from the defect of the celestial light then air for thereby force and heat is added by the influence of light for all animate things stand in need of this celestial spirit for the preservation of their lives Again if it be so that fish included in a vessel are suffocated it must happen that the water being deprived of air loses it nature Scaliger Exer. 275 for it is preserved from corruption by the air as from a superiour form therefore it kills the fish But to conclude If fish should die for want of air how come they to live where the waters are frozen all over many thousands of paces together or can they receive air through the ice therefore the Objections of our Antagonists are frothy and vain L Insects are called by the Greeks Entoma because they have Bodies distinguished some into two three and some more incisures and they have in stead of blood a certain vital jui●…e or humour which is Analogous to blood which assoon as it is exhausted they perish And because those Insects want blood their natures are cold and therefore it is that they breathe not for breath is given to animals by nature to ●…ool the blood and because those insects saith Aristotle want bowels therefore they leave no respiration because they have no convenient organs for that use But against this received opinion of Aristotle Pliny objects that Insects do breathe which he maintains by two Arguments First That many kinds of Insects do put forth a certain noise as Bees and those that want wings others to sing as Grashoppers so also Gnats Flies make a certain buzzing noise which cannot be except they received air I answer When Bees and Flies make a noise it happens by the agitation of the interior spirit and not the exterior for those Insects that seem to sing as Grashoppers do make a noi●…e from the agitation of the included spirits fretting as it were against that membrane with which their bodies are wrapped for they do not make a noise by the attracting of spirit at the mouth for they alone in the Universal Genus of animals by the observation of Aristotle want mouths Secondly Insects are endowed with smelling but smelling cannot be effected but with the attraction of air by respiration therefore they breathe I answer The Sense of smelling is far different in these Insects from that in other sanguineous animals for they have this