Sense Hypocrates did well write that the Liver is seated in the Chest which other unskilful persons not understanding did imagine that Hypocrates was ill versed in Anatomy It s Figure is after a sort Oval though not exactly and Hypocrates compares it to a Tortoise or the Belly of a Lute In Mankind it is more bunching in the fore-part but in the middle of the Brest-bone it is flatter about the sides round because of the bowing of the Ribs in the Back more flat It s Magnitude in General varies according to the different degree of Heat for by the wideness of the Chest we measure the Heat of the Heart But in particular persons it is larger towards the lower Belly where the vital bowels are concealed and grows narrower by little and little at the beginning of the Neck It s outer Substance is partly bony partly fleshy This middle Belly is not wholly fleshy as the lower is 1. Because it was not to contain any Parts that were very much to be stretched 2. That over-much Fat might be bred there and hinder Respiration Yet is it partly fleshy because it contains Parts which-ought to be moved as the Heart and Lungs and for the same Cause It could not be altogether bony like the Skull for that is a very rare case which Cardan mentions in his 11. Book of Subtilties Page 458. in my Edition of a Man that instead of Ribs had one continued Bone â—rom the Throat to the Flanks Yet is it in part bony for to safeguard the noble Parts For Its Use is to contain the vital Parts as the lower and first Belly contains the Natural Now the Parts likewise of this Belly are either containing or contained and the former either common or proper The Common are the same which are in the lower Belly Howbeit these things following are here to be observed The Skin of the middle Belly is hairy under the Arm-pits These Hairs are called Subalares Pili being useful to keep those Parts from wearing and fretting in the Motion of the Arms seeing they exceedingly and quickly sweat because they are termed the Emunctories of the Heart receiving the Excrements thereof in some also that are hotter of constitution and strong-hearted the breast is hairy as the Groins are called the Emunctories of the Liver Moreover there is little Fat found in the Chest if you except the Dugs that Respiration may not be hurt by the weight thereof For by reason of its bony part so great plenty of the matter of Fat could not flow into it as in the lower Belly which is wholly fleshy and therefore alwayes the fattest part of the body the middle belly or Cavity is indifferently stored with Fat the Head is least fat of all But the fat it self being otherwise white is wont in the chest to appear a little more yellow then ordinary by reason of the heat of the vital Parts which lye under the same The proper Parts besides the Muscles Bones c. are the Dugs of both Sexes the Midriff the Membrane of the Sides termed Pleura and the Mediastinum or Partition-wall The Parts contained are the Bowels and Vessels The Bowels are the Heart with its Heart-bag or Pericardium the Lungs and part of the Wesand or Wind-pipe oâ— aspera Arteria The Vessels are the Branches of the Venae cava and Arteria magna underpropped with the Thymus or Kernel in the Throat and sundry Nerves Chap. I. Of the Dugs ACcording to our Anatomical Method the first Parts in the Chest which we dissect as soon as we have done with the lower Belly are the Dugs Now we shall treat of the Dugs of Women casting in between while wherein those of Men differ therefrom The Scituation of the Dugs is in the middle of the Brest above the Pectoral Muscle which draws to the Shoulder 1. Because of the nearness of the Heart from whence they receive heat 2. For Comeliness sake 3. For the more convenient giving of suck because the Infant cannot presently walk after the manner of Brutes but being embraced in his Mothers Arms it is applied to the Dugs No other Creatures have Dugs in their Breasts saving the Apes who hold their young ones in their Arms likewise Laurentius tells us the Elephant does the like and Riolanus sayes as much of the Bat or Flitter-mouse Some great Sea-fishes of the Whale-kind have Dugs on their Brests full of Milk as we lately observed in a Whale that came out of Norwey They are two in Number not because of Twins but that one being hurt the other might supply its Office Howbeit Varro reports that Sows will have so many Pigs as they have teats Walaeus in a certain woman observed three Dugs two on the left side of her Brest and one on the right And Cabrolius observed in a certain woman four Dugs on each side two As to their Magnitude In Girls new born there is only a Print or Mark visible on the brest and afterwards by little and little it swells and in little wenches hardly any thing appears beside the teats untill by degrees they grow to the bigness and shape of Apples and when they are raised two fingers high their Courses begin to flow In old women they wither away so that nothing appears but the Nipples the Fat and Kernels being consumed In women they swel more and in women with child the last moneths they are more and more encreased In men they do not rise so high as in women because ordinarily they were not to breed milk yet because of the equality of the kind it was convenient that men should have them as well as women And therefore in men the Dugs are commonly without Kernels yet in burly people the Fat which is under them raised the breasts In the Kingdom of Sengea the Dugs of women hang as low as their Bellies and in the Isle of Arnabo 't is said they turn them over their shoulders to their backs and there suckle their children Their Shape is roundish They represent as it were an half Globe And in some because of their over-great weight they hang down The Dug is divided into the Nipple and the Dug it self For in the middle of the Dug there is to be seen a peculiar Substance which Is called Papilla the Teat or Nipple being spungy like the Nut of a Mans Yard and therefore it will fall and rise when it is suckt or handled For it hath an excellent and exquisite Sense of feeling because it is as it were the Centre into which the ends of the Nerves Veins and Arteries do meet Which is apparent from the Delicacy of its Sense and the redness of its color a sure token of Blood brought in by the Arteries by reason of the Concourse whereof Chyrurgeons do judg Cancers and other Tumors about the Nipple pernicious Riolanus believes that the Skin is doubled and as it were
And by the Superaboundance or Deficiency hereof the Voice is hurt For in the former contracted by Distillations it becomes Hoarse in the latter through burning Feavers c. It becomes squeaâ—ing If it overabound we are quite Dumb and unable to speak and the moisture being consumed our Speech returns again which might happen in that same dumb Son of Craesus mentioned by Herodotus and in Aegle a Samian wrastler mentioned by Valerius Maximus and Zacharias Orphanus a Fool of whom Nicolas Fontanus tels a story in his Observations This Coat is of exquisite sense that it may raise it self to expel what ever is trouble-some thereunto Between these two Membranes is the proper substance of the Trachea arteria which is partly of the nature of a Gristle and partly of a Ligament The VIII TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE represents the Aspera Arteria the Oesophagus the recurrent Nerves about the Arteria Magna and the Arteria Axillaris behind FIG I AA The Muscle contracting the Oesophagus BBB The Oesophagus or Gullet CCC The Aspera arteria or Wesand placed under the Throate D. The Membrane between the Wesand and the Gullet EEEE The Nerves of the sixth Conjugation FF Nerves of the Tongue inserted behind GG The right recurrent Nerve turned back to the Artery of the Shoulder HH The left recurrent Nerve about the Descendent Trunk of the Arteria Magna II. A Nerve tending to the left Orifice of the Stomach and to the Diaphragma KK A Nerve descending to the Diaphragma L. The jugular Arteries on each side one M. The left humeral Artery N. The right Humeral or Shoulder Artery OO The Arteria Magna or great Artery PP The Trunks of the Arteries descending to the Lungs FIG II. This Figure shews the upper part of the Gullet with its Muscles AA The Musculi Cephalo-pharyngaei sâ— called BB. The Musculi Spheno-pharvngaei CC. The Musculi Sâ—â—lopharyngaei DD. The Sâ—luncterd awn from the Gullet E. The Inâ—de of the Gullet F. The Descending part of the Gullet page 120 I. For the Voices sake because that which makes a sound must be solid II. Otherwise by reason of its softness it would alwaies fall together and would not easily be opened in Respiration It was to be partly Ligamental and not wholly of a Gristly substance for if it should consist of one only Gristle or many circular ones I. It would be evermore open and not somtimes widen and then fall together II. It would bear hard upon the Gullet to which nevertheless it ought to give way especially in the swallowing down of solid meats that the Throat or Gullet might be sufficiently widned And so the Gristles help to frame the Voice and the Membranous Ligaments for Respiration The Gristles are many round like Rings but not exactly For on their backside where they touch the Gullet a fourth part of a circle is wanting in place whereof there is a Membranous substance From their shape they are termed Sigma-shap'd resembling the old Greek letter C til they are fixed in the Lungs for then changing their Fignre they change their name For the Wind-Pipes do there consist of perfect Gristles Round four square or Triangular but where they are joyned to the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs they become Membranous These Gristles are joyned together by Ligaments going between which in Men are more fleshy in brute Beasts more Membranous and in men the shew like little Muscles And the Gristles do every where keep an equal diâ—…n from another and the higher the â—…ey â—hey are It hath Vessels â—â—mmon wiâ—â— others Veins from the the external Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides Nerves from the Recurrent Nerves of the sixth pair It s Use is I. In drawing in the Air that by it as a Pipe the Air may be received from the Lungs as from a pair of Bellows Hence comes that same Wheezing in such as have the Tissick the Pipes of the Wesand being stopped so that the Air coming and going and not finding a free passage makes that Hissing noise II. In blowing the Air out I. That through it Fuliginous Excrements may be voided at the Mouth and Nostrils For which intent the mouths of the Vena arteriosa do so artificially joyn with the Mouths of the Aspera arteria that there is passage only for sooty steams but not for blood unless it come away by force and violent Coughing In the next place that it may help to form the voice which it doth by expiration likewise though some Juglers frame their Voice by inspiration only or drawing in of their Breath And therefore Hippocrates calls it the breathing and vocal Organ A wonder therefore it is that some Men can live long in the Water like Fishes by Nature and not by Art if Cardan is to be believed in the second Book de Subtilitate when he makes relation of one Calanus a Diver in Sicily who would lie three or four hours under the Water And how in the West-indies everywhere such as dive for Pearl-oysters will lie an hour together under the Water If they did this by some art it were not so wonderful So the Aegyptians are most perfect divers and exercise Robberies that way For as appears by the Description of Nicolus Christophori Radzivilij his journey to Hierusalem they lie lurking under the Waters and not being content to steal on land what ever they can catch they draw into the water and carry it away and frequently they catch a man as he lies upon a Ships deck draw him under the water and kill and strip him of his cloathes So that such as sail are said many times to watch all night armed And in the same parts aboundance of fisher men will dive under the water and catch fish with their hands and they will come up with a fish in cach Hand and a third in their mouths These persons doubtless do either live only by Transpiration as such do that have fits of the Apoplexy and the Mother or they have Anastomoses open in their Hearts by means of which as in the Womb the blood is freely moved without any motion of the Lungs Chap. XI Of the Larynx THe Head or beginning of this Lung-Pipe is termed LARYNX which is the voices Organ T is Situate in the Neck and that in the middle thereof for it is In Number one that there may be only one voice It s Figure is round and almost circular because it was to be hollow for the voices sake but on the foreside it is more Extuberant on the hinder side depressed that it may give way to the Gullet especially in the time of swallowing in which while the Oesophagus is depressed the Larynx runs back upwards and so assists the swallowing both by giving way and bearing down that which is to be swallowed It s Magnitude varies according to the Ages of persons For in younger persons the Larynx is strait which makes
Arm swel and being opened they void as much Blood as you wil yea all that is in the body Likewise if with your finger you press the Vein below the Orifice the blood stops if you take away your finger it runs again whence we gather that the blood runs from the outmost small Veins of the body upwards unto the great Veins and the Heart and not from the upper and greater Veins into the lower smaller and more remote 2. Without Blood-letting the Veins being pressed with the finger shew as much for if in an Arm either hot or whose Veins naturally swell you force the blood downwards with your finger towards the fingers there follows no blood in the upper part of the Vein but it appears empty Contrariwise if you force the blood from the Fingers-ward upwards you shall presently see the Veins full more blood following that which you forced up 3. If you shall plunge your Arms and Legs into cold Water or Snow being first bound when you unbind the same you shal perceive your Heart offended and made cold by the cold blood ascending thereunto and it will be warmed if you put your Legs or Arms as aforesaid into hot water Nor is it any other way by which cordiall Epithems applied to the Wrists and Privities do good 4. In persons that are hanged their Heads and Faces become red the Veins being distended because the recourse of the Blood into the Heart iâ— hindred as in opening of the Veins of the Head the upper parts in the Head swell the other parts towards the Heart being empty But the Halter being loosed from the dead body the swelling and redness of the Face does fall by little and little unless the Blood which is forced into the smallest Veins cannot run back again because of the coldness of the parts 5. In Dissections of Live-Animals the matter is most evident For in what part of the body soever you bind a Vein it appears lank and empty on that side of the Ligature next the Heart and on the other side it swels where it is furthest from the Heart and neerest the extream parts of the Body 6. In a living Anatomy if you lift up a Vein and open it being tied beyond the Ligature plenty of Blood flows out on this side nothing at all which you shall find true in the crural and jugular Veins of any Creature whatsoever though you cut the Veins quite in sunder as I have often experimented with the great Walaeus and Harvey was not ignorant thereof 7 The Valves of the Veins do conspire to this end which are so contrived that they stand all wide open towards the Heart and afford an easie passage from the smallest Veins to the greatest and from thence to the Heart But from the Heart and great Veins being shut they suffer nothing to go back no not Water driven by force or a Probe unless being hurt they gape 8. The Liver sends only to the Heart the Heart only to the Lungs and all the Arteries as hath been already demonstrated concerning the Heart Seeing therefore the Blood by continual pulsation is sent in so great quantity in all parts and yet cannot be repaired by Diet nor can return back to the Heart by reason of the Miter-fashioned Valves of the Aorta nor abide stil in the Arteries which are continually driving the same nor finally is there so much spent by the parts to be nourished it follows that what remains over and above is brought back again to the heart and enters the Veins by Circulation Whereof although some dark Footsteps are extant in the writings of the Ancients as I have proved in my Book de Luce Animalium and Walaeus and Riolanus do afterward declare the same at large yet it hath been more â—â—â—erly manifested in this Age of ours to that most ingenious Venetian Paul Sarpias Fulgentius as relates from his papers and soon after to Harvey an Englishman to whom the commendations and praise of first publishing the same to the World and proving iâ— by many Arguments and Experiments are justly due finally to Walaeus and others approving the same The Primary End therefore of the Veins is to carry and recarry Blood unto the Heart the secondary ends may be these following II. A little to prepare the said Blood as do the Rami Lactei or to finish and perfect the same as a small portion of Vena Cavae between the Liver and the Heart III. To perserve the Blood as the proper place preserves that which is placed therein as much as may be in a speedy passage and to retain it within its bounds For extravenated Blood or Blood out of its natural place viz. Veins and Arteries curdles and putrefies Also in the Veins themselves when they are ill affected and the course of the Blood is stopped somtimes the Blood is found congealed witness Fernelius somtimes a fatty substance is found instead of Blood as in the Nerves which Bontius saw among the Indians IV. Some would have the red veins to make Blood and the milkie veins to make Chyle but they are quite mistaken The Form of the Veins is taken from sundry Accidents It s Figure is that of a Conduit pipe It s Magnitude varies For the Veins are great in the Livet as in their Original in the Lungs because they are hot soft and in perpepetual motion and theresote they need much nourishment because much of their substance spends but especially because all the Blood in the Body passes this way out of the right into the left Venrricle of the Heart as hath been proved already In the Heart by reason of its heat and because it is to furnish the whole Body with Arterial Blood received in and sent out by continual pulsings Also the emulgent Veins are great by reason of plenty of blood and serosities which is brought back from the Kidnies to the Vena Cava But where the substance of a part is lasting and is not easily dissipated by reason of the smal quantity of Heat the Veins are lesser as in the Brain where the Veins do not alwaies easily appear and in the Bones where they never manifestly appear though the Animal be great In all parts towards the ends they are very small and are divided into Capillary Veins sprinkled into commonly confounded with the flesh that the superfluous Blood may be better received into them which is one way by which the Arterial Blood is mediately passed through the porous flesh to the Veins which way also Blood made of Chyle in the Liver is infused into the little branches of the Venae Cava The other is by the Arteries immediately For The Connexion is such with the Arteries that every Vein is for the most part attended with an Artery over which it lies and which it touches Galeâ— tels us a a Vein is seldom found without Arteries but no Artery is ever found without a Vein But there is in the Body a
to the left Emulgent or Vena cava in the right side through the Mesenterick Arteries to the Guts through the Veins to the â—amâ—s mesentericus through the Caeliack Arteries to the Spleen through the Ramus splenicus of Veâ—a porta forthwith to the Liver through the branches of the Arteria caeliaca which answer to the following Veins to the Stomach and Call through the Gastrick and Epiploick Veins to the Ramus splenicus that the short Arterial and Venal Vessels are branches of the caeliacal Artery and the Vena splenica which when they are come unto the middle space betwixt the Stomach and the Spleen are divided into two branches one of which goes to the Stomach the other to the Spleen by this branch of the Artery the Blood goes to the Spleen and by the branch of the Stomach to the Stomach and by the venal branches to the Trunk of Vas breve from the Stomach and the Spleen it is moved through the emulgent Arteries to the Vena cava by the coronal Artery of the Heart into the Vein out of the coronal vein of the Heart into the Vena cava by the Intercostal Arteries into the Pleura out of the 〈◊〉 by the Veins into the Azygos and thence into Vena cava And this I found by binding the Veins and Arteries 〈◊〉 live Anatomies which did swell in that part which diâ— look towards those parts from which we have shewed the course of Blood to come and the other parts did not only grow empty but quite settle and fall in And I was very careful not to bind an Artery with a Vein for then the Artery swelling towards the Heart would have ra sed the Vein above it and so it would have seemed that the Vein was filled on both sides the Ligature Now in the Head and Neck I saw and that in a live Goose most easily and in an Hen that the jugular being tied did swell from the Head towards the Ligature and was emptied from the Ligature towards the Cava so that it is there also man fest that the Blood returns from the Head through the Veins into the Heart But if it should come to the jugular veins I cannot determine since by reason of the hardness of the Skull I could not accurately dissect the living Brain but that the Beast would first die but credible it is nevertheless that it flows through the carotick and cervical Arteries unto the four Ventricles of the Brain for they have passages open to the said Ventricles For those most learned Men Franciscus Sylvius and Franc. Vander Shagen have told me that the fibrous substance being pul'd away which frequently is found congealed in the Veins and Arteries of dead bodies when it was drawn back in the carotick Artery it discovered a certain motion as far as to the third Ventricle of the Brain and veriâ—y since the blood out of the Ventricles through the jugular veins flows back into the Heart the Ventricles cannot receive it elsewhere then from the Arteries But whether the Arteries do shed it immediately into the Ventricles or into the branches which arise from the Ventricles is not very easily discerned because the Arteries are hardly distinguished from those little branches seeing the Arteries also have only one Coat in the Brain but I am apt to beleive that the Arteries empty their blood into those little branches of the Ventricles rather then into the Ventricles themselves because I have observed those vessels which are inserted into the Ventricles to be greatest near the ventricles as branches are wont to be at their Original And thus it is in grown persons but in the Child in the Womb the Circulation seems to be somewhat otherwise and thus I conceive it is The Blood out of the Mothers Womb does not go into the Umbilical Arteries which according to the Observation of Arantius are not joyned to the Womb but it enters into the Umbilical Vein and from thence into the Liver the Vena cava and right Ventricle of the Heart for the Heart beats in the Child though it be imperfect Out of the right Ventricle it goes into the Vena arteriosa but because the Lungs do not breath and therefore are not opened they cannot receive the blood plentifully noâ— send it to the Arteria venosa and therefore it goes out of the Vena arteriosa by a peculiar passage into the Aorta and likewise by a peculiar passage or hole of the Vena cava getting into the Arteria venosa 't is poured into the left Earlet of the Heart and into the left Ventricle thereof Out of the left Ventricle of the Heart just as that out of the Vena Arteriosa it enters into the Arteria Aorta so that in the Womb-child Nature useth the two Ventricles for one least in the Child in the womb which ought to have much but no intense heat and which must not be dry the Blood being twice boyled should be burnt being destitute of the cooling and Fanning action of the Lungs Out of the Artâ—â—ia Aorta the Blood-goes to the Umbilical Arteries for they being bound the part towards the Child doth pulse and swell the other part towards the Womb is void of pulsation Out of the Umbilical Arteries it goes to the Placenta or Womb-cake where the Arteries are joyned to the Veins by manifest Anastomoses and by those Anastomoses the blood entring into the Vein is again carried through all the forementioned journey These are the Vessels by which the blood flows from the Heart But from the Vessel of the Arteries it goes into the Veins after a double manner first and most usually by Anastomoses by which the Arteries are joyned to the Veins which Anastomoses are sometimes great and in the greater Vessels as about the Spleen in the Bladder in the Womb in the Womb-liver And the most accurate Bâ—slerus observes the like Anastomosis of the Arteria Aorta into the Vena cava of the Belly but I could never yet be so happy as to finde it in the Body of Man or Beast And therefore they are not all in the extream parts of the Body but some in the middle parts and therefore we see in a Cripple whose limbs are cut off the same motion of the blood continued out of the Arteries into the Veins Secondly it seems also possible that Blood may pass out of the Arteries into the Veins through the flesh it self for we see when a Vein is opened till the colour change Inflamations fall because the Blood shed out of the Vessels is drawn out of the Flesh But I conceive the passage of the Blood this way is but seldome and in small quantity So that it is now I conceive clear what the motion of the Blood is and by what waies it is accomplished it follows that we enquire what kind of motion it is and how it is performed I have observed that this Motion of the Blood out of the Heart
hang the Heart and Heart-bag dangling in so free a posture as to strike against no part of the Chest III. To sustaine the Vessels running through the same as also the Midriff in Mankind least it should by the weight of the Bowels be drawn too much downwards The II. TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE represents the Brest-bone cut off and lifted up also the Mediastinum and the Lungs with the Midriff FIG I. AAA The inner surface of the Brest-bone and the Gristles interwoven therein BB. The Dug-Veins and Arteries descending beneath the Brest-bone C. The Glandulous Body called Thymus DDDD The sides of the Mediastinum pluckâ— asunder EE The distance between the two Membranes of the Mediastinum which is caused by its forcible separation from the Brest-bone F. The Protuberancy of the Mediastinum where the Heart is seated GG The Lungs HH The Midriff I. Cartilago Ensiformis the Sword-like Gristle FIG II. A. The left Nerve of the Midriff B. The right Nerve thereof C. The upper Membrane of the Midriff a little separated D. The naked substance of the Midriff E. The Hole for the Gullet to descend through F. The hole or the Vena Cava GGG The Membranous part or Centre of the Midriff HHH The Portions or Appendices thereof between which the great Artery descends FIG III. Represents that same Glandulous Body seated by the Larynx AAA The Glandules or Kernels which naturally breed upon the Larynx B. A portion of the jugular Vein out of which two smal twigs proceeding do spread themselves through the substance of the Glandules or Kernels page 94 Blood-conveighing Vessels do pass through this Thymus or Sweet-bread howbeit in the substance thereof being dissected we cannot manifestly disscerne any The use therefore of the Thymus is 1. To underprop those great Vessels which ascend that way as the Vena Cava Arteria magna and their branches passing along to the Arms and Shoulder-blades 2. Also for safeguard as is usual and that the Vessels may not be hurt by touching upon the bones 3. That it may be as it were a cover and fence for the Heart for I have seen it as a Bulwork to the Heart which the Heart of a Child in the Womb stands in need of because as yet it stirs not And therefore it hath a large Thymus as a Sturgeon also hath and other Creatures which live in the Water by reason of the external cold Chap. V. Of the Heart-bag and the Humor contained therein THe Pericardium which some term the Coat Case Box Chamber Cover of the Heart or Heart-bag c. is a Membrane compassing the whole Heart whose Figure it therefore Emulates as also its Magnitude But it is so far distant from the Heart as is necessary for the Hearts motion and the reception of the Liquor contained in this Bag. Columbus assures us that a Scholar of his had no Pericardium It arises at the Basis from the Coates which compass the Vessels of the Heart which proceed from the Pleura for this Coat is not between the Basis of the Heart and the Pericardium where for their sakes It hath five Holes viz. for the ingate and outgate of the Vena Cava and for the letting out of the other three Vessels It s Situation is more to the left side then the right and more to the fore then the hinder part of the Body It is knit circularly to the Mediastinum with very many Fibres and to the neighbouring parts but especially the Nervous circle of the Midriff it cleaves exceeding close which is a thing peculiar to Mankind For herein a Man differs from Dogs and Apes and in all other Creatures likewise the difference holes It s External Surface is Fibrous the Internal slippery and both void of fat It s Substance is thick and hard and so much harder then the Lungs as it is softer then a bone Its Vessels It hath smal Veins below from the Phrenick Vessels above from the Axillary It hath no Arteries that can well be seen peradventure because it is so near the Heart Yet doubtless it hath some although hard to be discerned It hath very smal Nerves from the left Recurrent and the little twigs of the Septum It s Use is I. To be a firme tabernacle for the Heart that in its motion it might not strike against the hard parts of the Body II. To contain a wheyish or Watry Humor like Urin to see to though neither sharpe nor Salt transparently clear in some like water wherein flesh hath been washt Guil. Toletus in Burgensis calls it a flegmatick Humor of an unpleasing tast And because of this Liquor Galen resembles the Heart to a Bladder This Humor is found in all Animals naturally constituted both living and dead yea and in the Child in the Womb as appears by the dissection of bodies both living and dead But in some more in others less in persons that are in a Consumption it is very little and inclining to yellowness In persons Pleuritick it is now and then of a quittorish nature according to the Observation of Salmuth In dead bodies t is more plentyful Because then very many Spirits are in the cooled parts of the body condensed into water In Women Children and aged persons t is more plentyful by reason of the debility of their heat If it happen to be in two great a quantity Palpitation of Heart and a suffocating death follows therefrom if it be quite consumed a Consumption of the body happens But that it may be bread a fresh when it is spent we see clearly in those whose Heart-bag being wounded the said Liquor hath run out for in Johannes Saviolus his Heart-bag being wounded with a Dagger water issued at every Pulse of his Heart out of the wound yet was he happily cured by the Renowned Veslingus Whence this water should have its original the opinions of learned men are different I. The first Opinion is of those who will have it to be sent out of the Vessels of the Heart seeing Blood-letting cures the Panting of the Heart proceeding from the Super abundance of this Liquor And they conceive that this waterish Liquor is forced out by the fervent heat of the Heart as in a stick of wood when it burns the sap runs out Of kin to this is the Opinion of Nicolas Massa which will have it to proceed from the strainings of the blood which come from the Liver to the Ear of the Heart And Hofman is much of his mind who maintaines that it is part of that wheyish moisture which ascends to the Heart with the blood but because the motion thereof is perpetual there would no smal danger arise from so large an Afflux of Humors I let pass how that the stronger persons whose blood is moved most swiftly have less quantity of this Water then those that are weaker II. Others and among them Hippocrates seems to make one
Heart and the swelling thereof by reason of the Ebullition which afterward falls by reason of the inbred heavyness of the heart as parts puft up with wind do of their own accord settle when the wind is out and the heaving of the Earth caused by repletion and blowing up of wind settles again by the peculiar heavyness of the Earth Caspar Hofman flies to the inaequality of the boyling blood which is like boyling water part whereof ascends and part descends Others do interpret the matter with greater subtilty saying that the blood is changed into an Airie spirit Primerose saies that blood just as Milk Honey and very many things besides doth exceeding swel and rise so as to become nothing but a kind of Spirit or light Air. Leichnerus saith that of one grain of good blood a great quantity of Cordial Balsam is made even as by one grain of Odoriferous Gum cast upon a Cole an whole Chamber is filled with a delitious smel But many difficulties stand in the way of this Opinion 1. No boyling is of it self equal but the Pulse is somtimes equal 2. The Pulse should be greater according as the Boyling is greater But the boyling of the blood is greatest in burning Fevers by reason of the extremity of bubbling heat and the various nature of the Blood yet is the Pulse in such cases very smal and in Putrid Fevers it is evermore little in the beginning according to Galen 3. In live Anatomies if you wound the heart or the Arteries near the heart pure blood leaps out abundantly not frothy nor boyling nor heaving and it continues as it came forth Nor can it in a moment of time either boyl in the Heart or Leave boyling if it did boyl Yea and if in two Vessels you shall receive the veiny blood out of the Cava near the heart and the Arterial blood out of the Aorta near its orignal you shall find no difference neither at the first nor afterwards This Harvey Walaeus and as many as have made trial can witness with me 4. It cannot all be turned into pure spirit by the heart nor ought it so to be Not the former because there is not so much heat in a sound heart nor can the blood taken out of the Arteries set over a great fire be all extenuated as Conringius hath observed Not the latter because the parts for whose nourishment it is ordained are not meerly spiritual 5. Plunging into cold water would asswage the boyling But the Arm being hard bound till it swel and grow red again and then thrust into most cold Water or Snow when you unbind the same you shall perceive how much the Blood returning to the Heart doth cool the same as Harvey hath taught us The most subtile Renatus des Crates and Cornelius Hogelandius and Henricus Regius who tread in his footsteps with equal commendation do after another manner demonstrate the motion of the Heart to proceed from a Drop or two of blood rarified when the Ventricles of the Heart are not distended with blood of necessity two large drops do fall thereinto one out of the Cava into the right Ventricle another out of the venosa Arteria into the left because those two Vessels are alwaies full and their Mouths towards the Heart are open which drops because of their aptness to be dilated and the heat of the Heart and the remainders of blood therein burning presently they are set on fire and dilated by rarefaction by which the Valves through which the drops entred are shut and the Heart is distended But because of the straitness of the Ventricles the blood rarifying more and more cannot there abide therefore at the same moment of time it opens in the right Ventricle the three Valves of the Vena Arteriosa which look from without inwards and being agitated by heat it breaks out through the said Vena Arteriosa and by distending the same and al its branches and driving on the blood makes them beat the Pulse but in the left ventricle it opens the three valves of Arteria magna looking from without inwards and through them breaks into the great Artery which it widens and drives the next blood warmed and exâ—…led by the former pulsations into the rest of the Arteries of the whole body that they might be thereby distended And so they conceive the Diastole is caused And they say the reason of the Systole is because the blood being expelled out of the ventricles of the Heart the Heart is in part evacuated and the blood it self in the Arteries cooled wherefore of necessity the heart and Arteries must flag and sink whereupon way is again made for two drops more to enter that so the Diastole may be repeated I dare not deny a light Rarefaction from a gentle heat such as we observe in the opening of a Vein and I grant that it may be somtimes praeternaturally augmented but that a few drops should be rarified into so great a bulk as to cause the motion of the Heart and that they should be cooled in the Arteries many Arguments besides those before those opposed to the Ebullition of the blood do disswade 1. Living Dissections in which neither when the Heart nor when the Arteries are wounded does the blood come out drop by drop or rarified but pure such as the Ear had forced out 2. The Heart being cut in pieces or pricked is seen to pulse without any rarefaction of blood which is but imaginary 3. In strong Dogs the point of the Heart being cut off Walaeus observed that when by reason of the Efflux of Blood it was not half full it was nevertheless erected but not filled by rarefaction but when it was contracted that portion of blood which remained in the Heart was cast out to the distance of more then four Feet It is in vain to call in the outward Coldness of the Air as an assistant cause for the blood in the Heart doth not grow cold in a moment the heat thereof being yet Vigorous as a boyling pot taken from the fire and uncovered doth not immediately cease to boyl but after some time 4. Jacobus Back doth elegantly devince the same from the structure of the heart and its Vessels For the Musculous flesh of the heart being firme and strong is unapt to rise and fall by the bare Rarefaction of the blood A more vehement action is requisite to move this vast bulk Also the Arteries of the heart should have had a greater Orifice and the rarefied blood being to go forth would require a larger space then then was necessary for its entrance 5. A Confusion would arise in the motions of the Heart and valves as he observes The Diastole of both of them would be performed in the same time and so the valves should be useless both which is repugnant to experience Moreover the valves must be both shut and open in the Systole of the Arterie 6. That it should be cooled in the Arteries neither
Cava and Arteria venosa have trebble-pointed valves looking from without inwards the Arteries which carry away viz. the Aorta and the Vena Arteriosa have Sigma-shap'd or Mitre-fashion'd valves open inwards shut outwards The former admit blood into the Heart being open they suffer the blood to flow out being shut they hinder it from returning the same way The trebble-pointed valves do not only wink but they are close shut by the blood distending the Heart and by the constriction of the Heart which straitens the vessels The Sigmoides or Sigma-shap'd are shut by the Relaxation and falling in of the Heart in the Diastole whereby the Fibres being stretched out long-waies they are drawn downwards with the Walls and so shut like the Chains in Draw-bridges The Trebble-pointed or Tricuspides are opened by the impulse of new blood through the Cava and Arteria venosa and the Diastole of the Heart whereby the Fibres being drawn downwards they are opened But the Mitre-shap'd valves are open'd in the Systole by the Constriction of the Heart and the blood urgeing its way out Also they may be praeternaturally shut by the blood expelled and standing seated in the full vessells to which endeavouring to run back they make resistance by reason of their conformation which Artifice of Nature we see every where imitated by the Flood-gates and Locks made upon Rivers But that according to nature they are not shut by the returning of the expulsed blood as some conceive Walaeus proves Because 1. Our senses observe that the blood is carried from the Heart not to the Heart by the Arteries 2. In a rare and languishing Pulse the Artery doth not rise or swel last in the upper part towards the Heart but it swels there first 3. If an Artery be tied two fingers from the Heart and it be so opened betwixt the Ligature and the valves that the blood may freely pass forth yet the valves will divers times straitly be shut and the Heart is orderly moved TABLE VI. The Explication of the FIGURES This first FIGURE shewes the right side of the Heart entire and withall the Earlet cut off and the Vessels which goe out of the Heart but especially the Anastomosis by which Folius will have the Blood to flow from the right into the left Ventricle FIG I. AAA The Heart in its proper posture over the Surface whereof the Vena Coronaria is disseminated BB. The right Earlet of the Heart partly dissected partly intire C. A certain white and circular place between the Earlets in which on one side under a certain little skin like a valve an Anastomosis is found that is a wreathed winding hole through which Folius will have the Blood to pass into the left Ventricle D. The vena cava dissected as far as to the Situation of the Liver E. The Vena Aorta which goes to the Throat and Arms dissected F. The Arteria magna ascending G. The same descending near the Back-bone H. An Arterial Pipe which joines the great Arterie with the Arteria venosa I. The Arteria venesa yssuing out of the right Ventricle of the Heart K. The Vena Arteriosa Nurse of the Lungs yssueing out of the left Ventricle aaaa The Vena coronaria radicated and diffused through the surface of the Heart b. The beginning of this Vena coronaria in the Earlet near the Vena cava cccc A certain portion of the Earlet dissected dd The other part remaining yet intire ee A Probe thrust into the Anastomosis f. A little skin like a Valve placed at the mouth of the Anastomosis gggg The Branches of vena cava spred up and down and rooted in the Liver hhh Ascendent branches of the Arteria Magna FIG II. This other Figure shewes the left Ventricle of the Heart as also the Earlet dissected together with the going out of the Probe demonstrated in the first Figure AA The Heart cut open through the whole left Ventricle BBB An exact Representation of the said Ventricle C. The Egress of the Probe through the Anastomosis from the right into the left Earlet D. A Valve placed at the mouth of the great Artery EE The left Earlet of the Heart dissected being less then the right FF The Arteria Venosa going out of the right Ventricle of the Heart GG The Arteria Magna ascending H. The said Artery descending near the Back-bone I. The Arterial Pipe knitting the Vena Arteriosa to the Magna Arteria K. The Trunk of the great Artery ascending to the Arms and Throat aa A certain part of Vena Coronaria dispersed through the surface of the Heart the smallest part thereof is visible bb The Arteria Coronaria dissected cccc The left Earlet cut open as far as to the Vena Arteriosa dddd Certain Nervous particles in the very Ventricle of the Heart accounted Nerves by Aristotle ee The Probe thrust in through the Anastomosis fff Certain smal holes through which Folius will have the blood to pass while the Anastomosis grows together and there is need of less matter g. A Valve on the side also set before the Anastomosis page 112 And therefore many of the Ancients and later writers are deceived who imagined that the blood did freely pass out of the Heart and back again thereto And that the valves do not naturally close and open appears by a Tumor in the Arteries between the Ligature and the Heart and the emptying of the veins near the Heart The first vessel is the VENA CAVA inserted into the right Ventricle with a very large and gaping Orifice three times greater then the Orifice of the Aorta and therefore it seems rather to arise from the heart then from the Liver especially seeing it sticks so firmly to the right Ventricle that it cannot be separated therefrom Whether it hath any motion is hard to determine Aristotle and Galen seem to have been of that opinion but the Interpreters expound those places to mean an obscure motion But Walaeus hath discovered a manifest motion therein from the Jugulum as far as to the Liver but most evident near the heart and that therefore even in that place the Vena Cava is furnished with fleshy Fibres whereof it is destitute in other places Also Ent hath observed that the vena Cava of a dead Beast being with a mans Finger lightly touched in the Belly near the Thighs of the Beast did express a trembling motion It s Use is to bring in Blood from the Liver and the whole body by its ascending and descending Trunks A Membranous Circle grows to the Orifice thereof to strengthen the heart Which is presently split into three strong Membranous VALVES termed Janitrices Gatewarders looking from without inwards that the blood may indeed enter but not return back into the Cava They are termed TRICUSPIDES trebble-pointed by the Greeks Trichlochines because they are like the Triangular heads of Darts when they are shut and fall close one to another They grow as also the rest
all the rest do not fall in one moment And therefore we may suspect that the Diastole of the Arteries is caused by the impulse of blood and by their own proper dilatation and that both these causes contribute to the bloods motion Hence also it appears that this same impulse of the Blood is made only by the Heart nor does one part of the Arteries drive it into another for that part which drives by constriction that cannot in the same moment be dilated but all the Arteries are dilated in a moment And thus the blood is moved through the Arteries and out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the lesser Veins into the greater and the Vena cava it self the blood is moved also by Impulse For any Vein being bound in living Creatures it falls in and growes lank towards the Heart and it is filled in that part which is more remote from the Heart And this same Pulsion to the Heart seems to happen from any part of a Vein for a Vein bound or compressed in a living Arm it is not only sttretched in the part remoter from the Heart but also in the rest there of nearer the Heart it falls in and is emptied which nearer part if you also tie that also will be distended beyond the Ligature and will swell Now this Pulsion is caused by the Fibres whereof the Veins are constituted We conceive nevertheless that the veins do also draw least they should receive the blood without choice and that they may draw to themselves that which is most useful howbeit they seem to receive the blood more by Pulsion then by traction or drawing because the veins being bound are wonderfully distended In the Vena cava there is a certain Store-house of Blood wherein blood is treasured up for future Uses when it is more plentiful then that all of it need be sent unto the Heart And all these are Causes of the Natural motion of the blood To which the causes of the motion of the Chyle are not unlike for the Stomach contracting it self by its Fibres squeezes out as much Chyle as is digested And by that pressure it seems also to open the Pylorus for there seems not to be any spontaneous motion in the Pylorus such as is in the Stomach or the Guts The Chyle staies not long in the Guts but is presently driven out by the constriction of the transverse Fibres and while many fibres and which mutually follow one another do act the Chyle is pressed nor can it all slip downwards whereupon some of the pressed chyle slips into the milkie Veins yet least that the Chylus should slip too soon to the Fundament it is stopped by the constriction of the lower transverse Fibre and being thus shut and compressed above and beneath it is pressed through the wrinkled Coat of the Gut as it were through a strainer into the milkie Veins Now this same constriction of the transverse Fibres happens in all the thin or small Guts and in all the thick or round Guts in a certain order and at certain distances of time That the Chyle is moved through the milkie Veins into the Veins of the Portae into the Liver and somtimes also into the Vena cava by pulse a Ligature does shew It is also likely that Chyle is drawn out of the Guts and milkie Veins for it is moved more swiftly out of them then the Guts or Venae lacteae do seem to drive or force the same The Chylus in the Ramus mesentericus Vena partae and Vena cava being mingled with the blood is moved by the same cause which there as we have said does move the blood Now the Chylus is carried by peculiar Veins rather then by the Mesaraicks which contain blood because the Mesaraicks being to admit blood were to have their mouths opened into the Guts through which the blood would easily have slipt into the Guts Nor could the drawing Faculty prevent that inconveniency which is here much obscurer and much weaker then the expulsive Faculty As this Motion of the Chylus so also the circular motion of the blood hath its uses and conveniences of which the principal seem to be these That by the continual passage therof through the Heart the blood is also continually heated and whiles som blood goes through seldomer other blood oftner there is found in the Veins blood of all Qualities which while it is carryed into all parts and Nature unlocks and offers all the treasure to them they may be the better heated and receive that Nourishment which may be most convenient to feed and strengthen them But this motion does also contribute much to the preservation of the blood in its integrity free from corruption or putrefaction for Vitium capiunt ni moveantur aquae Unstirred waters easily corrupt which is also most true of the blood as we may daily see when the Vessels are obstructed It contributes also to the perfection of the Blood whilest by continual motion it is rarified and attenuated But it makes chiefly towards it perfection in that the blood is somtimes attenuated grows hot and is rarisied in the Heart and somtimes again it is condensed and congeales as it were in the Habit of the Body For no part in the Body is horter then the Heart and none less hot then the Habit of the Body And therefore there happens a certain Circulation as it were not unlike to that whereby the Chymists make their Spirits most subtile and perfect For the blood which is attenuated by heat after it is condensed by cold is able to persist in that thinness nor does it return to its old thickness from which degree of thinness in tract of time it attains to a greater by means of heat in which being again condensed by cold it comes to continue and so at last it becomes most fit for the making of vital Spirits For this end the blood is moved circularly but hath it not therefore elsewhere another motion Out of the smallest Arteries the blood is carried right out into the flesh that it may constitute the nameless humor the Ros Gluten and Cambium nor does it return hither from whence it came least the blood flowing through the least should hinder these humors from being gleued and assimilated to the parts It flows also somtimes chiefly because it is driven out of the Arteries into the flesh and frequently also the chief moving cause is attraction for the bones cannot without attraction receive the thicker part of the humor for their nourishment and leave the remaining thinner part thereof unfit to nourish them in the Vessels TABLE III. The FIGURE Explained AAAA The vulgar mesaraick Vein and Arteries derived from the Gate-vein called Porta BBBB The milkie Veins discovered by Asellius C. The Glandule or Kernel in the Centre of the Mesentery which Asellius calls the Pancreas or Sweetbread to which all the Branches
not on this fide the Ligature towards the heart but on that side the Ligature which is furthest from the Heart Now the Cause of that Tumor is not Pain caused by binding the part for oftentimes little and commonly no pain in the part bound And when the Arm is pinced or pained by Burning or otherwise it hath its Veins for the most part less swollen then upon a simple and bare Ligature Nor is it more likely that the Veins swell upon the Ligature because through the Veins which are straiter because they are bound greater pienty of Blood comes and with more swiftness from the Liver as about Bridges and in other places Rivers being straitned do run more swiftly For the Water of a River being gathered together in a narrow place is manifestly lifted up into a swelling from which when it falls it goes the faster but the arm being bound the contrary happens for they are not the Veins nighest the Liver from which blood should come but those farthest from the Liver which are most distended It remains therefore that the Veins swell beyond the Ligature because the motion of the blood running from the small veins into the Heart is stopped by the Ligature and being there gathered together distends the Vein But to the end I might be more certain hereof I bound the jugular and crural branch in living Creatures very strongly with a threed so that no blood might pass by and I opened that part of the Vein which was more remote from the Heart it bled plentifully swiftly vehemently soon after I loosed the band and cut the Vein asunder through the middle and the part thereof farthest from the Heart being drawn out of the body upwards presently and swiftly fell a bleeding whilst in the mean time the part of the Vein nearest the heart being somewhat elevated least the Creature strugling with pain should easily force out the Blood first it voided but little and afterwards no blood at all whence it seemed to me apparent that the blood came out of the veins far from the heart into those near the same and not out of the greater Veins into the lesser unless haply some neighbouring blood finding a way might slip away Any one may easily try as much in opening a vein in the Arm for if he force the blood above the Ligature upwards with his finger so that the vein appear empty yet shall he see the blood issue out as fast as ever below the Ligature which could not come through the upper branch being at present empty But if the Vein be thus distended with blood which is moved from the smaller veins to the Heart how can the artery be distended upon the ligature which divers excellent Physitians relate to have been so distended that it has been opened instead of a vein the truth is the Artery doth not swell upon the Ligatures being made unless where it is neer the Heart but farther off it falls in somewhat and is diminished as I have an hundred times and oftener experimented in the Dissections of living Anatomies But I do not think it was any of the authors meaning thar the remoter part of the Artery was distended by means of the Ligature but that their meaning only was where the Vein did not appear which was to be opened that there the place where it lay was to be sought by feeling and that by a pit by motion and swelling of the Blood it was to be found and when we feel a swelling or otherwise discover the same we should not presently conclude that there was the Vein for it might be an Artery which by reason of the hard binding had lost its pulse and which by reason of the thickness of the Coates not quite falling in might counterfeit a certain tumor and puffing-up as it were But moreover if the Vein swels by reason of the Blood returning to the Heart why does the vein also swel and if opened why void Blood when there is a Ligature made below as well as above the place phlebotomized which Blood cannot be thought possibly to come from the lower parts by reason of the Ligature made below the Orifice But this does not alwayes so happen but but sometimes only when the Arm is tied at a certain distance and then the greater Veins in the place between those two Ligatures do receive that blood from the smaller Veins which smaller Veins receive from the smaller Arteries which are joyned to the smal veins by way of Anastomosis And that indeed the blood which flows out betwixt the two Ligatures does come by way of Anastomosis out of the Arteries this is a sign and in that it flows more hotter and with more violence and more easie and sooner a Lipothymia or fainting fit follows the efflux hereof And this Ligature I am wont to make use of when I have signs that spirituous and hot blood is in fault and I bid the Chirurgeon seek out those Anastomoses by his Ligature for if the Ligature be made above the Anastomosis it stops the motion of the blood but beneath it does not stop it but the blood leaps out hotter to the feeling of the Patient When a Vein is opened and the blood runs out as soon as it begins to stop or come away sparingly or if it did so at first we loose the Ligature that the blood might run out faster Now the Ligature seems not therefore to be slacked to the intent the blood may come from the Liver through the Veins For though there be little or no blood above the Ligature yea only a pit appear in the Vein yet will the course of the Blood be increased by loosening the Ligature which cannot possibly come out of an empty Vein But by the loosening of the band the Blood may the better descend by the Arteries and pass out of them into the Veins because the Arteries being compressed by the Ligature by loosening the said Ligature become more free Now that the Arteries are not alwayes sufficiently at Liberty when the arm is bound the patient himself can witness who oft perceives the pulse of the Arterse at the Ligature which perception the compressed Arterie causes when it smites against the flesh And the Physitian if he examine the matter shall often find a less pulse in the bound aâ—m then in the free And I can testifie that I have divers times applyed my fingers to the Patients wrist when the band was to be loosed and observed that when by loosing the Ligature Blood came in more plentifully the Pulse became greater But if that Blood which flows out when a vein is opened comes out of the Arteries into the veins how can it be plentifully taken away for all the Arteries pulse equally and therefore they seem to afford blood to the Veins in one and the same measure and if so be therest of the arteries afford so much to their veins as the arteries of the Arms do to
is moved That it is only one kinde of blood It is not moved up and down in the Vessels like boiled water But it is moved oâ—e of one part into another Which motion perfectly to understanâ— the motion of the Chylus must be sought into That meat which is first eaten hath the first place in the Stomach The Stomach closely embraces the same It is moistned with the moisture of the Stomach It is cut and minced by an acid humour Which comes from the spleer Afterward it is changed into Cream Tom. seâ— 3. â— sâ—â—nt â—â—tâ—r How soon or late it is concoctèd and distributed All at once or by piecemeal Being digested it is distributed into the Guts and milky Veins See the Figure of the milky Veins pag. 563. Not through the Meseraick veins Alwaies white By one Continued passage of the milky veins Not to the Spleen But to the Liver Gut of the Liver into the Vena Cava Out of the Vena cava into the heart Out of the right Ventricle of the Heart into Vena arteriosa But not through the Sepâ—â—â—â— interâ—…tium or partition of the Heart Oâ—â— of the Vena arteriosa into the Arteria venosa and the left Ventricle of the Heart But not through the foramen ovale And thence into the Heart the Arteria aorta and the rest of small Arteries Out of the Arteries the Blood by commen mouths Known to the Ancients Goes into the Veins As the store of Blood sent into the parts doth shâ—â— The pressing a Vein below the orifice in Blood-letting The Ligature of a vein in living Anatomies Dissection of a Vein in living Creatures The emptying of the Veins appearing in the Skin But the Blood doth not come out of the greater Veins into the lesser Sevulsory Blood-letting doth not argue it Nor the Arms falling away occasioned by a Ligature Nor the Varices But it flows â—â—â— of the smaller vessels into the Vena cava Out of the Vena cava to the Heart again Yea that Blood which hath already past the Heart Because the Meat affords not so much Blood as the Heart passeth through Viz. about half an ounce at every pulse So that the Blood 〈◊〉 circularly Which motion of the Blood was not unknown to the Ancients To Hippocrates in Foëtins Ediâ—â—on pag. 344. pag. 277. pag. 229. To Diogiâ—â—â— Apolloniata To Plato To Aristotle But in this Age found out â—…sh by Paulus Servita Publish'd in Print by William Harvey Now this motion is made through all the Arteries and Veins of the Body Yea of the Head Yea in the Child in the Womb. It goes out of the Arteries into the Veins By Anastomoses And through the Flesh And that motion of the Blood Is continual Quick So that the whole Circuit or round is performed in less than a quarter of an hour Nor do the Fits of Agues argue any other Nor the Exacerbations of Feavers This motion is also vehement Not of like vehemence in the Arteries and Veins Yet the same Quickness in both Yet of greater quickness when the Heart beats One portion of blood doth not allwayes go the same way The Vital Spirits are moved with the Blood The Animal Spirits motion through the Nerves cannot be observed But the motion of the Chylus easily through the milkie Veins What kind of motion that iâ— The Cause of the Bloods motion Is not an iâ—bâ—â—â— power thereof Nor is the blood carried by the Spirits Nor is it voided by reason of rarâ—faction only Put it is drive by the Vena cava into the Earlâ—t Out of it into the Heart Yet is it drawn also The cause of the motion into the left Ventricle is the same Aâ—d happens in both places at one moment The Blood is driven out of the Heart into the Arteries when the Heart is contracted The Cause of the Constriction of the Heart Which is performed by help of the fibres The Heart after its Constriction returns to its Natural state And then it is dilated The Blood is driven out of the greater into the lesser Arteries Yet it is drawn withall Not necessarily by dilatation of the Artery Nor doth Galens experiment shew any other thing Yet Galen hath certain tokens that the dilatation of the Arteries helps their motion De usu puls cap. 5. An sanguis in Art c. 8. But the impulse i here caused only by the Hart. Out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the smaller Veins into the greater It is driven By every Particle of the Vein And drawn So also by Pulsion the Chyle is moved out of the Stomach Through the Guts By the milkie Veins And also drawn Why not through the mesaraick Veins The motion of the blood serves for the utility of the parts And that it may be preserved And to perfect the Blood The blood which is carried to nourish the part is not moved circularly Nor is there any other motion of the Blood whereby the Valves of the Heart are shut Nor in Passionâ— of the Mind Yet there is another praeternatural motion thereof The occasion of this second Letter Answer to the Objections That in Blood letting the Vein does swest at the binding Not through Pain Not by straining the Vein But because the motion of the Blood is stopped Nor doe the Arteries swel because of the Ligature But the Veins swel also with two Ligatures and wherefore Why in blood-letting they unbind the Arm when the blood does not run apace Why much blood may be taken away And more out of the Arm then out of the Hand Why it flows out of a wounded Arterie not bound The Ligature being loosed the blood stops and sometimes it runs and why But is stopped by holding the finger in the Vein below the Orifice Also when the Vein is cut asunder in the middle and wherefore No parts receive Blood by the veins excepting the liver How and why the venal blood differs from the arterial How menstrual Blood is collected about the womb How they are carried out of the Womb into the Head How it comes that the Humors passing through the Heart do not cause great Inconveniences The Objections against circumstances Nothing hinders but that half an ounce of Blood may be forced out of the Heart at every pulse Nothing hinders but that the Blood may be circularly moved in the child in the Womb. A sign that it is so indeed Though there be Anastomoses of the Veins arteries yet Tumors may arise Not by Rarifaction But by constriction of the heart the blood is driven in the Arteries Not in the dilatation though sometimes blood go out therein And being driven by all parts of the Veins it returns to the Heart By this motion the Veins and Arteries may be nourished And the blood ventilitated better
of the milkie Veins do go DD. Two milkie Branches greater then the rest ascending by the Porta and inserted into the Liver by the Opinion of Asellius EE The Lobes of the Liver F. The Gall. GG The empty Gut called Jejunum HH The Ilium OO Glandulous Flesh in Dogs by the Duodenum and the Entrance of the Jejunum which may be called in Dogs the lower part of the Pancreas page â—â—â— Some also there are who suppose that the blood being carried out of the Heart does go back and return again by the Arteries into the Heart Which they are therefore moved to think that they may be able to give a mechanick cause why the Valves of the Heart in the Orifice of the Arteries do fall down and are closed up I truly have alwaies esteem that a rare design of Erasistratus to explain all things that happen in our Body mechanically but I account it a rash thing in him to measure the Wisdom of God by his own Wisdom And these are to be counted Engins which evident reason and especially Sense do shew to be such Here contrariwise our Senses observe that the blood goes through the Arteries from the Heart not to the Heart and in a rare and languishing Pulse that the Artery does not swell last where it is knit to the Heart as it should do if that Opinion were true but first of all Also that the Valves are not shut by the blood running back we have this sign that in case the Artery be bound two fingers from the Heart and it be so opened betwixt the Ligature and the Valves that the blood may freely pass forth and therefore go neither backwards nor forwards yet the Valves may be divers times well sastned the Heart ordinarily moved and so as not to sâ—ed forth the blood save in its constriction And therefore if I would here allow of any mechanical Motion I should admit the common Opinion which saies that the shutting as of the heart so of the Valves is performed by contraction of the Fibres For that same contraction of the fibres in the Heart is every where obvious to the Eye-sight But we have truly no sign or â—oken that the Blood is any other waies directly moved through the Veins from the Heart or through the Arteries to the Heart In Joy truly the Humors move outwards but this may be betide by the Arteries alone And in Sadness the Humors may be moved inwardly through the Veins alone and they must needs do so for seeing the Pulse does not cease in Sadness and by the Pulse there goes continually somwhat through the Arteries outwards hardly can any thing be moved through the Arteries inwards and to the Heart Howbeit praeternaturally the humors have another motion besides that which we have here described whilest by their lightness or other activity they mount upwards or by their weight descend downwards as is manifest in such as have the Varices so called Also that way being shut up by which they were wont to be moved they are compelled to seek another So in a Duck I have divers times seen in the Vessels of the Breast the blood parti-coloured some whiteish some reddish which the Artery being contracted was moved to and from the Heart in divers sides of the Artery but that motion lasted not long nor did the blood ever enter into the Heart by that motion And thus most worthy Friend Bartholine I conceive I have answered your Question touching the motion of the Blood Whereinto I did enquire more scrupulously that I might better know the Nature of the Humors and their Deflux from which Flux of Humors innumerable Diseases arise I did also believe that I might more exactly understand how good or bad blood was generated if I knew those Parts by which the Humor passing along might be changed Also I conceived that I should be better able to judg how very many Diseases ought to be cured if I knew which Vein being opened would evacuate such and such parts and through what parts the Remedy ought to pass before it can come to the part affected Also innumerable things came into my mind diffused through our whole Art as the Doctrine of Pulses of Feavers of Inflammations their Generation and Cure and other things which made me desire to be acquainted with this Motion of Blood And the Experiments whereby I was brought into this Opinion are so evident that I doubt not to affirm that learned and discreer Physitians will henceforwards allow of this Motion of the Chyle and Blood Howbeit in some Causes and in certain circumstances of this Motion I cannot promise the like Agreement for sundry men are Naturally inclined by a disparity of their Judgments to embrace different Opinions Touching the truth of these Experiments you cannot my Bartholine make Question who have your self seen many of them and there were frequently present most learned Doctors of Physick not unknown to you Franciscus Sylvius Johannes Van Horn Ahasuerus Schmitnerus most accurate Dissecters and those persons of solid Learning Franciscus vander Schagen and Antonius Vockestaert nor were they only present but they also afforded their Counsels and Handiwork to help make the said Experiments to whom in that respect I am very much obliged And so farewel most learned Bartholine and persist to love me Dated at Leyden the 10. of the Kalends of October Anno 1640. THE SECOND LETTER OF THE Motion of the Blood To the said BARTHOLINUS SUch is the Fate of Writers that they are comcompelled to write when they are unwilling that so they may answer their Adversaries unless they would rather be wanting to themselves or the cause which they defend A certain learned Man would needs extort this from me being busied about far other matters For those Theses which he had before objected against he hath endeavored now lately by a peculiar Writing to refute In which Writing there are many witty and learned Passages but I find that fault in the Author which the Ancients found in Albutius the Rhetoritian who made it his Business in every Cause he pleaded not to say all that should be said but all that he was able to say Also that Motion of the Blood which is evident in live Dissections he hath never labored to observe just as if the matter might better be conceived by the Mind then he could see it with his Eyes But these and other things concerning those Theses I leave to the Care of Roger Drak who is now a Doctor of Physick at London a Man of an acute Wit and solid Learning I shall only meddle with such things as shall seem to oppose the circular Motion of Blood And in the first place what it is that Blood-letting does teach us in this Case concerning which that learned Man hath observed things worthy of Consideration A Surgeon being to open a Vein makes a Ligature upon the Arm that the Vein may swell The Vein that swells
theirs and is drawn out shall not the heart be soon destitute of all blood There is truly no danger at all For we have said the blood comes as fast unto the heart as it is driven thence Yet I cannot conceive the Blood enters all veins alike although the Arteries seem to pulse equally for all Liquors flow more easily and swiftly into an empty place in which there is nothing to drive and force them and moreover in this case the Blood is more forcibly drawn by the empty Veins then by the full ones Now more store of Blood issues from a vein opened in the cubit then in the Hand because all that blood which comes to the Veins through all the Anastomoses of the Cubit of the Hand must return through the Cubit Veins but less runs through the Veins of the Hand and that only which comes through the Anastomoses of the Hand Out of a wounded Arterie indeed the blood presently flowes although it be not bound But that happens because the Blood is carryed with greater vetiemence though the arteries then through the Veins by which vehemency it fills the Arterie lifts up and distends the Coat and if it be opened necessarily flies out Our of a Vein opened when Blood has flowed sufficiently we stop it by untieing the Ligature because the Blood may be carried again its old way now it is at Liberty and the way free But if it so happen that too much blood being gathered about the Ligature the Veins cannot give it a free passage or so large an orifice be made that the Blood may now go right out that way by which it went when it was shut in sometimes the Band being loosened the blood runs out in a full stream Which our Chyrurgeons at this very day that they may effectually stop they frequently compress the vein with their Thumbs a little below the Orifice and so they stop the blood least if they should compress it above the orifice the blood contained therein should presently curdle and hinder the healing up of the Vein And they that deny that the blood may thus be stopped I know not wherein we should credit them who would abuse us in a thing obvious to the Senses And seeing the Blood is stopped by compressing the lower part of the Vein it is truely manifest that the Blood ascends from the lower parts But in case it should happen not in Blood-letting but by some other mischance that a Vein should be so wounded that the Blood could not be stopped the Vein is cut asunder in the middest Whereupon the Vein being no longer strerched out as before the parts cut asunder are drawn upwards and downwards into the flesh by which flesh the mouths of the Veins are compressed and shut and that so much the more easily because the Blood can move its self so much the more easily through the neighboring veins which are extended and open the former being shut up and therefore for the very same cause a small Arterie being cut asunder athwart neither Bleeding nor Inflammation do follow Which things being so I conceive it is evident to all Men that such things as happen in Blood-letting do either prove the Circular motion of the Blood or at least are not against the same But seeing other Things are objected against us we must answer them also And first whereas they prove that the Blood comes through the Veins not out of the Arteries but from the Liver because some parts receive Blood and have Tumors arising from the Afflux of the Blood which parts have no Arteries amongst which they reckon the Pleura But it does not follow if the parts have not Arteries that their veins do not receive their blood from the Arteries but from the Liver for as we said the blood out of the Mesenterick and Celiack Arteries does not enter the Mesenterick and Splenick Veins through which it is carried to the Liver even so other veins may receive blood from the Arteries which they may carry into a part more remote from Arteries Howbeit there is no part of the Body of any bulk wherein the Anatomists do not rightly acknowledge Arteries to be And infinite Arteries do not as yet lie concealed from their knowledge because the smallest Arteries dispersed through the flesh have only one Coat as the Veins have Yea and in the Liver it self there are so many branches of the Arteria Celiaca as there are Branches of the Vena Porta and as many branches also there are of the Ductus Cholidocus all which have bin by Anatomists hitherto reckoned for Branches of Vena Porta because those three kinds of Vessels are in the Liver inclosed in a common Coat At least no man will ever deny the Arteries of the Pleura that has once seen the Chest of a living Creature opened for whilst the Chest is dissected Blood is wont to leap out of the Arteries of the Pleura Moreover they prove that Blood does not come out of the Arteries into the Veins because the Arm being so bound that the Arteries may still pulse the arm is not immeasurably swelled below the ligature whereas it ought to be so swollen and distended if by reason of the Ligature nothing can flow back into the greater Veins and at every pulse the Arteries drive somewhat into the lower veins at every contraction of which Contractions there are more then three thousand performed every hour Nevertheles it may come to pass that the Arm is not extended to such a bulk when it is bound because the veins are not totally shut up and the blood may by some creeping holes pass under the ligature and go into the greater veins as we see a part being closely bound to repel Humors for divers months or years is nevertheless nourished by the blood which flows through also it may come to pass that so little Blood is forced in through the Arteries of the bound Arm as that it cannot distend or Swell the same under a long time for that Blood only is forced in the veins being stretched with fullness which is in the Arteries from the Ligature unto the Hand for that which is above the Ligature can enter more easily into the veins by open Anastomoses Yea it may come to pass when the veins being distended do no longer permit the Blood to be forced into them by the Arteries that the pulse of the Arteries is stopped or that the Blood regurgitates upwards and enters the Veins above the Ligature through the Anastomoses the like whereto I saw in a Duck as I formerly related Unless one of these things happen the Arm would presently swel after it is bound and a suffocation of the innate Heat by the Abundance of Blood driven in would follow For I have often bound mine own and others Armes above the Wrist and I alwayes saw the veins distended and the Flesh to swell somewhat and grow red and oftentimes though not alwayes the arteries