tooke his way towards the riuer of Ebro The Romane captaines being aduertised of all these things Asdrubal prepares to goe into Italie and knowing of what consequence Asdrubals passage into Italie was whereas Hannibal alone did much trouble the Romane state they imployed all their wits and meanes to stop him Wherefore leauing all other affaires they joyned all their forces in one body and passing the riuer of Ebro towards which Asdrubal approached being doubtful whether they should fight or by assailing some towne or countrey that was confederat to the Carthaginians seeke onely to stay and diuert him In the end they made a shew to besiege Ibera The policie of the Roman and Carthaginian captaines a towne which was rich and mightie in those quarters But Asdrubal to diuert them and to succour his allies marched with his armie towards another towne which a little before was yeelded to the Romanes wherefore they left the towne and went directly towards Asdrubal The armies were some dayes within a league and a halfe one of another before they came to battell making light sallies one vpon another In the end as if it had beene agreed vpon they put their armies in battell The Romanes diuided their troupes into three The order of the two armies some of their footmen were placed before and some behind their ensignes and the horsemen vpon the wings on either side Asdrubal set the Spanish footmen in the middest of the battell the Carthaginians on the right hand and the Africanes on the left To the Carthaginians he added the Numidian horsemen that were mercinaries and the other Africanes in the head of the battell yet he put no Numidians on the left hand but such as had beene accustomed to go with two horses together to the warre and when they had wearied one Agilitie of the Numidian horsemen they leapt nimbly on the other which was fresh being armed in the hottest of the fight so actiue and nimble they were and their horses so gentle and tractable Being thus in battell the Generals had equall hopes for there was no great difference betwixt their forces either in number or qualitie of men of warre but among the souldiours it was not so The Romanes were persuaded that the safetie of Rome and Italie and their returne to their houses depended vpon this battell and therefore they were resolued to vanquish or die But the Spanrards whereof the most part of the other armie did consist had not that resolution desiring rather to be beaten in Spaine than to be drawne into Italie conquerours Wherefore at the first charge their battailons in the middest were forced and turned their backes the fight was more furious on either hand for the Romans were furiously charged on the one hand by the Carthaginians and on the other by the Africanes and in a manner compassed in when as their whole armie being joyned together in one bodie easily repulsed them So fighting in two parts the Romans had the aduantage euery where and were masters of the field The slaughter was great and had beene greater if the Spaniards had not fled so fast in the beginning The horsemen did not in a manner fight for when as the Moors and Numidians did see their squadron in the middest wauer they began to flie leauing their wings naked and leading the Elephants away with them Asdrubal hauing continued vntill the end of the fight retired out of the prease with some few that followed him The enemies campe A victorie of great consequence for the Romans and all their baggage was spoyled by the Romans Through this victory if there remained any people in Spaine which were not firme and constant to the Romans they were now confirmed On the other side Asdrubal saw himselfe not onely out of hope to lead an armie into Italie but also in some doubt where he should find a place of assurance in Spaine These newes being aduertised to Rome by the two Scipioes were verie pleasing not so much for the victorie which they had obtained Asdrubals passage â—nto Italy broken as for that Asdrubals passage was broken This Summer was prosperous for the Romanes affaires but they began to want victuall and the sea-men both mariners and souldiors were in a manner naked Wherfore the captaines gaue the Senat to vnderstand That they must of necessitie prouide for these wants else they should not be able to entertaine neither the armie nor the countrey For the which the Senat gaue order by the good husbandrie of the magistrats and the willingnesse of priuat persons so as there were some found which did vndertake to furnish the armies in Spaine of all things necessarie for three yeares Asdrubal accompanied by Mago and Amilcar sonne to Bomilcar Illiturgis besieged by the Carthaginians relieued by the Romane Carthaginian captaines were come to besiege the towne of Illiturgis which had reuolted from them to the Romane party about the which they had made three camps through which the Scipioes two brethren past by force with great slaughter of their enemies and put victuals into the towne whereof they had great need and hauing encouraged the inhabitants to carrie themselues valiantly in the defence of their walls as they had seene them do which came to succour them they resolued to make a furious sallie vpon the enemies for t in Asdrubals quarter Which Mago and Amilcar seeing they ran thither with all their forces so as that day the Carthaginians had 60000 men in battell without their campe A memorable defeat by the Carthaginians against 26000 Romans or thereabouts who notwithstanding had the victorie without any doubt hauing slaine more of their enemies than they were themselues taken aboue 3000 prisoners woon about 1000 good horses of seruice caried away 59 ensignes slaine fiue Elephants in fight made the enemies to raise their camps and which was their chiefe designe freed the towne of Illiturgis from siege The Carthaginians to recouer their honour Spain fit to supplie armies went to besiege Incibile another place allied to the Romans hauing filled their bands and made new supplies in the country who demaunded nothing more than warre so as there were any hope of spoyle for at that time Spaine did abound in youth There they did rather increase their shame Another victory by the Romans for being assailed by the Romans they lost 13000 souldiours more which were slaine vpon the place 3000 prisoners two and fortie ensignes and nine Elephants Then in a manner all Spaine did adhere vnto the Romans to whom this Summer was verie succesfull The yeare following when as Q. Fabius and M. Claudius Marcellus were Consuls and the fift of the second Punicke warre had diuers euents for Asdrubal and Mago defeated great armies of Spaniards which were allied to the Romanes before they had left their garrisons where they had wintered to passe the riuer of Ebro and in a manner all that part of Spaine was recouered by the Carthaginians
the same iniunction which had beene made vnto him by the Podesta of Padoua in the yeare 1598 was againe intimated vnto him by foure Deputies of the Seigniorie all standing vp bare headed with great respect where they pronounced this sentence vnto him and he still couered if we shall beleeue the Portugals Going forth of the Senat many presented themselues to accompanie him to his lodging but he would not suffer them The Portugals which were at Venice D. Christopher D. Iohn de Castro Diego Manuel Roderigo Marques Sebastian Figueyra Francisco Antonio Sampayo and Chrysostome Monkes with many others whereof some had seene him often in Portugal and since in Barbarie after the defeat protest that at the first sight of him they were much amazed for that they saw him differ so much in age and haire but hauing well obserued his countenance his forehead his eies his nose his lippe of Austria that is to say greater than the ordinarie the which most of the Princes of that house haue from whence he was descended by his grandmother Catherine sister to the Emperour Charles the fift and by his mother Ioane daughter to the said Emperour his stature his speech his writing all the visible markes of his bodie whereby they did know him infallibly the left parts as his arme hand leg and foot shorter than the right his wart vpon the little toe of the right foot which was almost like vnto a sixt toe the moles of his face and hands his hurt vpon his right brow head the place where he wanted a tooth in his right jawe beneath the which Sebastian Nero his Chirurgion had once pulled out all which markes with many other did rauish them with wonderful admiration forced them to confesse that he was their true naturall king who was miraculously preserued for the restoring of Portugal and for the benefit of Christendome and they liue yet in this expectation Sampayo a Doctor and professour of Diuinitie at Tolousa and a Iacobin by profession to giue an indubitable beleefe to this new manifestation and to make the world thinke that it were Atheisme not to beleeue it writing to Paris presumed to deliuer these words I assure you that Iesus Christ is no more the sonne of the true and eternall God whom I call to witnesse Presumption of Doctor Sampayo than this is D. Sebastian our true and naturall king and Lord. A bold speech although it were an vndoubted truth confest by all the world the comparison is vnlawfull the which I doubt cannot be made without blasphemie seeing there is no proportion betwixt the Creator and the Creature Beeing at libertie the Portugals which were at Venice besought him to speake vnto them to the end they might see if his speech would giue them as much knowledge of his qualitie as his countenance had done not being able to iudge of the inward many by the outward parts whereupon he spake vnto them after the Portugal manner proudly royally telling thē what he was what his life had bin since his ouerthrow in Afrike which forced teares from him in speaking and from them in hearing Being thus resolued they were much troubled how they should saue him from the ambushes of the Spaniards for they were aduertised that the Embassadour of Castille laid wait for him at euery passage The duke of Sauoy the Earle of Fuentes had the like charge The Archbishop of Spalato offred to conduct him safely in his Caroche vnto the frontiers of Germany but they would not trust him yet they knew not what to resolue some would carry him to Lions where they treated of a peace with the duke of Sauoy whereas when they saw any troup of horse a far off they ran to meet them with acclamations hoping to see D. Sebastian king of Portugal thereupon built goodly castles in Spaine Others desired he should rather passe by Florence to imbarke at Liuorne so get to Marseilles But as euery one in particular sought to haue the honour to preserue the king their obstinate disagreement spoiled all They made choice of the worst followed the aduice of Sampayo who was a turbulent cholericke man they attire him like a monke of the Order of S. Dominike imbarke him in a gondole in the night from whence he goes to Padoua there he changed his habit for a cloake and a rapier D. Sebastian staied prisoner at Florence so went to Florence whereas the duke caused him to be stayed by the aduice of the Archbishop of Pisa where he kept him vntil the 23 of Aprill The king of Spaine beeing aduertised that hee was at Florence prest the great duke to deliuer him vnto the Viceroy of Naples and to his entreaties he addes threats But why should he deliuer him King of Spaine demands D. Sebastian seeing that the Venetians seeme rather by their sentence to giue their prisoner means to seeke justice elsewhere than to take knowledge of his cause Shall he violate the law of nations in deliuering him that trusted vnto his protection Being thus in suspence betwixt the feare of threats and the reason of deniall they represent vnto him a great armie at the king of Spaine deuotion the which affrights all Italie and threatens his estates He desires rather to auoid the storme than to incense a mightie Prince He is deliuered to the Viceroy of Naples and to draw a warre vpon him the end whereof must needs be ruinous Whereupon he sent him to Orbirello where some appointed by the Viceroy receiued him and conducted him safely to Naples Seeing himselfe in the Castillans power and that he had nothing free but theayre and his tongue he poured forth all that might be spoken against one that may be taxed of treason inhospitalitie and treacherie as the violence of choler thrust him on to strange imprecations against them that do so deliuer vp the poore vnjustly afflicted which commit themselues to the safegard of another Notwithstanding these violent humors he presented himselfe before the earle of Lemos Viceroy of Naples with as setled a countenance as he had done to the Senat of Venice and the great Duke yea the Portugals say with as great majestie as if he had beene fitting in his royall throne at Lisbone For at his comming in to a great hall seeing the Viceroy bare headed whether it were to respect the title of a king which he did attribute vnto himselfe or by reason of the heat Couer you Earle of Lemos said he with such a hardie grauitie as it amazed the whole companie The Viceroy demanded of him Whence comes this authoritie to commaund me To whom he answered It is borne with me You seeme not to know me I know who you are doe you not remember that the deceased king Philip mine vncle sent you twice vnto me when I raigned in Portugall Declaring vnto him euery particular so precisely as it bred some scruple in the minds of the
neighbours They haue timber to serue them as well for the building of houses as for shipping whereof they haue great store And who can denie that in Nauarre Asturia and Gallicia there are goodly and fruitfull vallies Fertilitie of the country betwixt Duero and Mimo Can wee desire a countrey more abounding in all good things than that which is betwixt the riuers of Duero and Minio at this time belonging vnto the Realme of Portugall the which being scarce a day and a halfs journey in length and much lesse in breadth hath an Archbishopricke which is that of Braga Porto Gallego a bishopricke and containes in it aboue one thousand and foure hundred parishes fiue hundred Colledges of Canons and one hundred and thirtie Conuents it hath six ports of the sea aboue two hundred bridges of stone and two thousand and fiue hundred fountaines But who doth not admire the Genets of Spaine The horses of Spaine which I had almost forgotten their beautie swiftnesse and easinesse to breake especially of those of Andalusia which drinke of the water of Guadalquibir whereby according to the Spaniards opinion they are made more nimble and swift Of this race was the horse which Iulius Caesar esteemed so much as when hee was dead hee caused his image to be set vp in Venus Temple at Rome Of them and of the Lusitanians their neighbours Mares conceâ—uing by the wind the auntients would make vs beleeue that they were conceiued by the winds which the mares did receiue when they were desirous of the horse blowing from the West namely from the places where the horses feed the which some thinke not impossible Of all these things no man that hath any knowledge of the world can doubt And if any one would object That Spaine cannot bee so fertile as wee make it for that they are supplied with corne from Fraunce England Sicile and Germanie and that they carrie great store of linnen cloth and other merchandise out of Brittaine Normandie Flanders Holland and elsewhere without the which the Spaniards must of necessitie perish Let him consider the great regions discouered by the Spaniards within these hundred and twentie yeares what great fleets Spaine hath continually entertained rigged and victualed as well for the East as Westerne voiages and what need they haue to furnish those countries whith such things as they borrow whereof without doubt they should haue sufficient for themselues but not to furnish a new world the which doth also wast their men daily to people these discouered countries The nature of the Spaniards And withall let him adde the haughtie and couetous disposition of the Spanish nation who doe willingly leaue their labour to goe vnto the mynes or to goe to the warres and neuer follow any worke but when they are forced by necessities 15 Hauing hitherto discoursed of the situation and fertilitie of Spaine The manners of the Spaniards let vs speake something of the manners and kind of life which the Spaniards haue from time to time obserued that being entred into our discourse wee may not bee interrupted therewith When as the Carthaginians came into Spaine and long after the Romanes had got some footing there were few walled townes in the countrey but many great burroughes and villages The most ciuile were they of the Betique prouince and the worst souldiours of them all giuing themselues to trade of merchandise by sea and somewhat to letters and in a maner like vnto those that liue vpon the coast of the Mediterranean sea But as for the rest they were all rustick and barbarous The qualities of the mountaine Spaniards namely the Mountainers and aboue all the Gallicians Asturians and Cantabrians whose ordinarie trade was to rob and steale contemning labour vntill that the Romanes taught them to liue more ciuilly and peaceably ruining their forts and retreats They were traitors spies and readie vpon all occasions to steale They carried targuets two foot long a dagger at their sides clothed in a doublet of linnen cloth stifned and quilted Armes of the antient Spaniards and these were their armes For there were no cuirasses nor head-peeces among them but on their heads they carried high hats made of sinewes and on their legges boots of haire and in their hands many darts some of them carried jauelins whereof the heads were of copper They wore long haire like women Their exercises were fencing and running both on foot and horsebacke and their combates by troupes They loued libertie aboue all things Libertie deere to the Spaniards which made the Romanes to see many examples of crueltie euen in the weakest sex for there were many mothers among the Cantabrians which slue their own children many daughters who for the like cause murthered their parents so deere libertie was vnto this nation to maintaine the which and fearing they might be forced in any thing they did vsually carrie poyson about them and if they were surprised and made slaues they sought by some notable villanie to giue their masters occasion to kill them It was often seene that when they were tyed to the crosse to be executed they did sing for joy of their approaching death but some haue shewed this resolution vpon good and commendable occasions as to conceal the secrets of their masters and friends or after they had reuenged their death or the wrong which had beene done them Their religion was infamous The Spaniards religion infamous for they sacrificed humane creatures vnto their gods euen their prisoners cutting off their right hands to offer them vp Their Priests and Diuines tooke their conjectures from the intrals both of men and beasts but aboue all they tooke their diuination from their countenances when as they receiued the deadly blow and fell to the ground As for their manner of liuing The Spaniards liuing simple and rude it was simple and rude they dranke water lay vpon the ground and did eat the flesh of goats which they did sacrifice vnto Mars they made cakes of dried acornes the which they did eat warme They did willingly banquet with their parents and had tables and seats of stone against the wall where they did appoint the most honourable places according to their ages and dignities They had no vse of siluer coined but did exchange ware for ware They had a beastly and filthie manner of washing and perfuming themselues with vrine which had stood long stinking with the which both men and women did rub their bodies and faces yea euen their teeth imagining that it was a preseruatiue against many infirmities the which is not disallowed by the Physitians This filthie obseruation was common then in Spaine among them all They did seuerely punish malefactors Their manner of iustice and especially parricides whom they did stone without their confines If any one were sicke they carried him into the highwayes and corners of the streets after the manner of the Aegyptians to take counsell and helpe
armes throughout all Spaine and that in these tumults they should haue meanes to spoyle the champian countrey and to ransacke townes and that any excesse in such a tumultuous time In a confusion of the state all excesse seemes light would be held light As they did expect from time to time fresh newes not onely of Scipioes death but also of his funerall when as they saw that not any one did come and that this bruit did vanish by little and little they began to find their owne errours demaunding in a rage Where they were that had abused them with that vntruth seeking to persuade themselues that they had not maliciously inuented it but rather beleeued it inconsideratly Wherefore these new captaines were abandoned and they began now to abhorre the false markes and titles and the commaund which they had vsurped apprehending the force of justice whereunto they were subject This sedition being somewhat pacified and certaine newes come of Scipioes recouerie there came seuen Colonels sent by him vnto the campe at whose arriuall the souldiours began againe to fall into their frenzie but they were pacified by them with good words addressing themselues to such as were of their acquaintance then going about the lodgings and tents The discretion of the Colonels to pacifie the mâ—tinie euen vnto the Generals seat and lodging if they found any assembled together they spake mildly vnto them demaunding the reason of their alteration and blaming in some sort their actions Their generall excuse was That they were not payed and that they had beene carefull to punish them of Illiturgis for their wickednesse committed after the defeat of two armies and of two great captaines but not rewarded their desers which after these misfortunes had maintained the honour of Rome and preserued the countrey by their vertue and valour The Tribunes or Colonels seemed to allow of their reasons saying That they would make report thereof vnto Scipio and that they were exceeding glad there was no harme but that might be easily cured that thankes be to God Scipio and the commonweale of Rome had meanes both to content and reward them Scipio was better acquainted with warre than with ciuile seditions so as he was somewhat troubled how he should carrie himselfe in this action fearing that as the souldiours had done in their excesse so he in punishing them might exceed measure he therefore resolued to proceed with mildnesse There were collectors sent presently to the tributarie townes to leuie money giuing the souldiours hope by that meanes that within few dayes they should be mustered and paied and then he made a proclamation That all the souldiours should come to new Carthage to receiue their pay either all together or by companies apart In the meane time the Spaniards which were rebelled retired home to their houses the which did wholly pacifie the sedition in the Romanes campe Mandonius and Indibilis being aduertised that Scipio was liuing gaue ouer their enterprise and were abandoned by all those that had followed them finding not any one neither Romane nor stranger that would bee a companion of their follies There grew a question among the seditious Whether they should go to Carthage or not euerie one casting what was most safe and expedient for them if they must needs goe whether they should goe all together or in companies one after another in the end they resolued that their best course was to submit themselues vnto Scipioes mercie saying The mutinous souldiors resolue to submit themselues to Scipioes mercie That he had pardoned enemies and that their offence was none of the greatest for there had not beene any man slaine nor wounded And for the safest they should goe all together Whilest they consulted what they should doe they also resolued at Carthage how they should intreat them Some were of opinion to punish them all in generall saying That it was a meere rebellion and no sedition others aduised to punish the authors onely which might bee some fiue and thirtie in all This aduice was followed that the punishment should end whereas the offence began And to the end they should not thinke this counsell was held to punish the seditious as soone as euer they came forth a proclamation was made That euerie one should haue his horse and armes readie to march against Mandonius and Indibilis and that they should giue order to haue victuals readie for certaine dayes and to make other preparations for the armie which should march The seuen Tribunes which had beene sent to the mutined souldiours and who had pacified them with good words were sent againe to meet them to either of which was giuen a note in the which were written fiue names of the authors of this disorder with commaundement That being among them either of them should seeke to draw them that were in his roll into his lodging and there make them good cheere and to drinke of the best vntill they were drunke and then to put them into safe keeping without any brute These troupes approached to new Carthage and vnderstood by all those they met that the next day they should march against the Lucetanes vnder the conduct of Syllanus and Lelius the which did greatly rejoyce them not onely freeing their hearts from feare but also persuading themselues The heads of the seditious are punished for the multitude that by that meanes their Generall should rather be in their power than they in his About Sunne set they entred into the towne finding the other souldiours preparing themselues to march They were entertained with words fit for the businesse which was in hand That their comming was pleasing vnto the Generall the other armie being readie to march with such like words They lodged and refreshed themselues and the heads of the mutines were drawne by a deuice into certaine houses where they were taken and bound A little before day the baggage of the armie which they made shew should dislodge began to march and at the breake of day the companies followed but they stayed at the gates whereas they set good gards that no souldiour might goe out of the towne Then they called these souldiors newly come to the assemblie who came before the Generals Tribunall with great arrogancie as if they would haue terrified him Then the Generall went vp to his seat of justice and at the same time the companies which were in armes at the gates were called backe who compassed them in behind they being vnarmed then their hearts began to faint and that which did most amaze them as they confessed afterward was the vigorous countenance of Scipio whom they expected to find leane and pale Hauing continued there some space without any word speaking vntill the chiefe offendours were brought vnto the place they being come he began to reprehend them sharpely for that contrarie to their dueties and the naturall bond they had vnto their countrey and against the oath made vnto their commaunders they had shewed themselues rebels
theefe lastly he was head of an armie and was in possibilitie to make himselfe king of Spaine The Pretor Vetilius defeated and taken prisouer by Viriatus This action did win him much credit and reputation among the neighbour nations Vetilius meaning to pursue him fell into ambushes which he had laied in a certaine passage couered with wood so as being charged in front by Viriatus his horsemen and on either side by his footmen the Roman armie was wholly defeated and the Pretor Vetilius found among the prisoners who being scorned as a man of no value by him that had taken him for that he was old and fat he was instantly slaine The Romanes which escaped at this rout An other defeat of the Romanes gathered head at Tartesse being some 6000 men whom Vetilius Questor or Treasurer caused to rest for a time and hauing made a new leuie of 5000 of their allyes he sent them all to encounter Viriatus but there returned not one being all cut in peeces whereupon the Questor kept himselfe within the wals attending to be relieued by some other Roman armie In the meane time Viriatus spoyled the fertile fields of the Carpetanians 21 Then came C. Plautius for Pretor bringing ten thousand foot and thirteene hundred horse from Rome Whereof Viriatus being aduertised hee made shew to flie after whom Plautius sent 4000 of his best men C. Plautius defeated by Viriatus who were suddenly charged by them that fled before them and were in a manner all slaine Viriatus passing beyond the riuer of Tayo went and campt in a certaine mountaine full of oliues called Venus mount whereas Plautius burning with desire of reuenge for their former losses was vanquished again with great losse and forced to retire before his time and winter in his forts not daring to shew himselfe in field so as Viriatus did run ouer all the countrey at his pleasure and ransomed the townes which would saue their corne and other fruits which was readie to gather else he set fire of it 22 Claudius Vnimanus Cl. Vnimanus defeated by Viriatus an other Pretor being sent against this captain was also defeated increasing the disgrace receiued by his predecessors where he lost all the forces which he had brought The rods and axes the coats of armes of Captaines and other spoyles taken from the Romans were hung vp by Viriatus in the mountaines in signe of his victories And soone after 300 Lusitanians hauing encountred 1000 Romanes in a certaine strait the Romanes lost 320 of their men and the others but 70 besides as the Romane horsemen pursued some Lusitanians on foot which retired one of the troupe turning head thrust a Romanes horse through with a pike and presently strucke off the mans head with his sword whereat the rest being amazed they staied and pursued not this Lusitanian who retired softly mocking them 23 After C. Vnimanus mention is made of C. Nigidius who was sent Pretor into the further Spaine and was as vnfortunate as the rest 24 Q. Fabius Maximus An. Romae 608. and L. Hostilius being Consuls C. Lelius was sent Pretor into Spaine against Viriatus who mannaged the warre with great wisdome but as the daunger increased and manie people of Spaine moued with the valour and fortune of Viriatus rebelled the Senat of Rome decreed that one of the Consuls should goe in person to that warre with a Consular armie so as Q. Fab. Maximus Aemilianus Qu. Fab. Max. Consull sent against Viriatus sonne to Paulus Aemilius who subdued Perseus king of Macedonie was sent thither a Captaine instructed in the seuere discipline of his father who hauing leuied two legions of new souldiors with some bands of their allyes he led some 15000 foot and 2000 horse into Spaine Being arriued at Orsone a towne in Spaine he would not expose his new souldiors which had not been tryed in any incounters but kept them within their forts and by little and little trayned them with light skirmishes but Viriatus carried awaie both spoyle and honor for the first yeare But Fabius charge being prolonged and he remaining Proconsull in Spaine supposing that his armie was now sufficiently trayned Qu. Fab. Max. defeats Viriatus he went to field and vanquished Viriatus in a set battaile tooke two townes from him and pursued him to a place called Becor After this exploit hee led his armie to winter at Cordoue 26 Viriatus finding himself neither so safe nor so strong as he was wont he solicited the Areuaces Belles and Titthes a warlike people and drew them from the Romanes alliance These did raise a long and dangerous warre which was called the Numantine by reason of Numance one of their townes Viriatus had Quintius a Romane captaine against him in an other quarter by whom he was put to rout forced to retire into his fort on mount Venus yet making roads from thence hee slue 1000 of Quintius souldiours at one time tooke some ensignes and in the end made the enemies armie retire besides he chased away the garrison which was in Ituca and spoyled the Basitans country during which disorders Quintius kept himselfe within Cordoue either for cowardise or want of judgement sending a captaine of the towne of Italique in Spaine against the enemie Q. Metellus the Consull was sent into Celtiberia who subdued the Vacceans with great expedition and continued his gouernment aboue a yeare 27 Q. Fab. Maximus Seruilianus Ann. Româ— 610 being Consul succeeded Quintius and went into Spaine with an armie according to his dignitie making about 16000 foot and 1600 horse he also sent to Micipsa king of the Numidians for elephants As this Consull conducted a part of his armie to Ituca Viriatus came and charged him with 6000 men making horrible cries and wearing long locks after the accustomed manner of these barbarians in their warres whom the Romanes withstood with great difficultie The Consul Seruilianus defeats Viriatus in Spaine and is but to rout by him but when as the rest of their armie was ioyned with them and that ten elephants were arriued out of Lybia with 300 horses the Consul Seruilianus went and prouoked the enemie to fight vanquished him and put him to flight yet he could not so well conteyne his men but they pursued in disorder and confusion as it fals out often so as Viriatus watchfull vpon all occasions turned head vpon them that pursued slue a great number and pursued the rest vnto their campe the which he attempted to force and without the vertue of Fannius Fannius defends the Romane campel from Viriatus father in law to C. Lelius he had entred to the totall ruine of the Romane armie Night approching made the enemie retire leauing the Romanes much troubled and amazed But afterwards Viriatus a man without rest molested them day and night sometimes by his souldiours lightly armed sometimes by his horsemen vntill that he forced the Consull to dislodge and to retyre to Ituca Then he tooke
himselfe to be carried to Tarracona The Cantabrians assailed both by land and sea towards Gaule Aquitaine came to fight with Antistius and Firmius by whom they were defeated in many encounters and their townes taken A great number of Gallicians hauing fortified themselues on a mountaine then called Medullius neere vnto the riuer of Minio Cruell 〈◊〉 of Barbarians they were besieged and so pressed as they must of necessitie either fight or yeeld but hauing not the courage to defend themselues and being loath to fall into seruitude they all slew themselues The Asturians being camped neere vnto the riuer which giues the name vnto their countrey thought to surprise the Romane armie and without doubt had defeated them if their enterprise had not beene discouered They were afterwards put to rout by P. Carisius but not without great slaughter of his men Hee also tooke Lancia the chiefe towne of Asturia being abandoned So the warre ended and at the same instant Augustus hauing dismissed the old souldiours hee gaue them leaue to build the towne of Emerita in Lusitania Emerita sounded by Augustus Saragâ—sse at this day it is Merida in Portugall Then also the towne of Salduba was first called Cesar Augusta in honor of Octauius Augustus it is now Saragosse the which he did much enlarge with buildings Fiue and twentie yeares before the birth of our Sauiour the way was paued from Cordoua to Astigi vpon the Ocean It appeares by this inscription which is at Cordoua on a pillar of greene stone whereon Augustus name is grauen and the number of twelue miles which is the distance from Cordoua to the sea Imp. Caesar. Diui. F. Augustus Cos. VIII Trib. Potest XXI Pont. Max. A. Baete Iano Augusto Ad. Oceanum C. XXI This Temple of Ianus was by all conjectures built by Augustus at Cordoua in signe of a perpetuall peace After Caesars returne Sextus Apuleius Proconsull shewed some proofes of his valour in Spaine for the which he triumphed and afterwards L. Aemilius suppressed the Cantabrians Gouernment of Spaine vnder the emperours and Asturians who rebelled againe After which time Spaine was gouerned by Pretors and Proconsuls the which are sometimes called in Latine Praesides vnto the time of Dioclesian and Maximin Strabo saith That in his time which was during the empires of Augustus and Tiberius the prouince of Betica was giuen vnto the people of Rome who appointed a Gouernour or Pretor hauing a Lieutenant and a Treasurer the rest of Spaine remaining at the emperours disposition who sent two lieutenants the one in qualitie of Vice-Pretor the other as Vice-Consull The Vice-Pretor with the helpe of a lieutenant or legat did justice and had jurisdiction ouer all Lusitania from the riuer of Betis vnto Duero the other part being Taracconese did obey the Vice-Consull who had a great armie entertained with three lieutenants the one commaunded the Cantabrians Asturians and the country of Gallicia the other gouerned along the Mediterranean sea and the third had charge of the inner countries The Generals place of residence was at Carthagene or Tarracone The emperours which came after made first two and then one Gouernour of Spaine and not alwayes of one sort About the time of Maximinian and Dioclesian the Gouernours were called Earles Earles and Vicars gouerning Spaine and their lieutenants Vicars and when as the Gothes began to erect a kingdome that small portion which held for the Romanes along the shore of the prouince of Carthagene and the mountains of the Cantabrians and Asturians Dukes called Prâ—fecti were gouerned by Dukes whom they called Praefecti Octauius Caesar surnamed Augustus The fiâ—st yere of Christ. 752 of Rome had held the empire about two and fortie yeares when our Sauiour Iesus Christ the eternall sonne of God was borne God and man of the virgine Marie of the tribe of Iuda in the citie of Beth-leem of Iuda which was in the yere 757 of the foundation of Rome The night when as the Lord of peace came vpon the earth was as some write as bright and cleere in Spaine as the noone day The computation of times shall hereafter be taken from the birth of our Sauiour An. 16 of Christ in the 16 yeare of whose life Augustus died Then Sextilius Hena a Poet of Cordoua flourished in Spaine being now brought wholly to the manners of the Romans 21 The Spaniards being much affected to Augustus did obtaine of C. Tiberius Nero his successour leaue to build a goodly temple in honour of him in the towne of Tarracone This emperour kept the Gallicians Asturians and Cantabrians vnder with strong garrisons hauing beene formerly subdued by Augustus In his time they of Lisbone gaue it out That they had seene and heard Triton in certaine hollow rockes Triton a diuelish illusion singing and playing vpon a comet as they painted him And Plinie reports that vpon the sea shore a Nereide had beene seene couered with scales yea whereas she caried a humane shape and that they had heard the grones and complaints she made dying Vibius Serenus a tyrannous gouernor punished Vnder Tiberius Vibius Serenus Proconsull of the further Spaine accused by his owne sonne and conuicted was condemned as a tyrant and banished into the island Amorgos one of the Cyclades Iunius Gallio brother to Seneca the Senator was also banished for that he had propounded in Senat to honour the old souldiours which had beene dismist with higher seats in the Theatre and at publique shewes hauing not first spoken thereof vnto the emperour Tiberius The Spanish flatterers doing idolatrie vnto princes would also haue made a temple vnto Tiberius and to his mother the which was prohibited Tiberius saying Tiberius doth madesâ—ly refuse diuine honours Anno 16. That he was a man and no god demaunding no other thing of them but that they would retaine a good and commendable memorie of him after his death The six and twentieth yeare of our saluation L. Piso a great oppressor of the people was slaine in the hither Spaine where he was Pretor An exacting gouernour slaine by a peasant by a peasant of Termes who being taken and tortured would neuer confesse who had made him to commit this murther This man slipping out of the officers hands which led him to the racke againe beat his own head so violently against a stone as instantly he lost both sence and life In those times one of the richest men of Spaine called Sextus Marius was accused to haue accompanied with his owne daughter carnally for the which he was cast downe headlong from the rocke Tarpeien but his great wealth was the cause of his death more than his crime Tiberius had raigned seuenteene yeares Anno 34. when as our Sauiour Iesus Christ suffered death for the redemption of mankind hauing finished the three and thirtieth yeare of his life 22 The healthfull doctrine of our redemption by him The Gospel preached in Spain in Tiberius time was
be Zeineb was one was the fourth Caliph of the Arabians There was already growne great contention among this nation touching matters of religion it being vaine and without ground by reason of many absurdities which did contradict one another which was no maruell for Mahumet being ignorant of all learning Mahumet ignorant of all learning could not set downe his conceptions with any good method or order but as they came into his braine he wrot them downe and neuer perused them after so as oftentimes forgetting what he had before set downe preached or otherwise published he ordained diuers things which were repugnant and absurd Whereunto the people which then followed him being all giuen to armes poore needie grosse and ignorant tooke no good regard their spirit being attentiue to the exterior countenance and if there were any more subtile force and danger stopt their mouthes But after some yeares they had more libertie and leasure to thinke thereof and to examine Mahumets doctrine which was taught so as they grew into many disputes To remedie the which Ozmen caused the papers of the Prophet to be sought out whereof they found a great cofer full in the house of Aissa his widow Alcoran of the Arabians with the helpe whereof he caused their Alcoran or Alfurcan to be compiled shewing himselfe verie liberall to them that laboured therein Yet some thinke that this worke was begun by his predecessour Homar and that he did reduce it into a better method and into chapters Hucba one of his lieutenants inuaded Africke and ruined Carthage so as Tunis came then to be well peopled Cairoan built and soone after Cairoan an hundred miles vp in the countrey and somewhat farre from the sea was built which since was a royall seat of the Arabians Muhauias also who gouerned Aegypt went with an infinit number of vessels into Cypres which island he spoyled Caire built by Muhauias This Muhauias was the founder of Caire neere vnto the ruines of the auntient Memphis the which from a little burrough came to the greatnesse and state wee haue seene it in our fathers time and by his wisedome and conduct the estate of the Arabians was much augmented He assailed the Romanes armie vpon the confines of Lycia and put it to rout so as the emperour Constant then raigning was forced to flie in a disguised habit Muhauias being puft vp with this victorie Rhodes taken by Muhauias he besieged and tooke Rhodes beat downe that great Collosse of the Sunne being 70 cubits high or 80 as some write and sold the mettall to a merchant Iew who laded 900 cammels therewith and carried moreouer out of that island infinit other goodly and rich workes for it was replenished with such things as Plinie writes who witnesseth that there hath beene numbred in it 73000 figures or statues and an hundred Colosses After these exploits he sent his armie at sea to the island of Sicile from whence they were repulsed by Olympius Exarch or Gouernour of Italie He himselfe returned into Syria and there raised a great armie by land to inuade Capadocia whither he marched By these high exploits Muhauias was in great reputation among the Arabians which made him aspire to the soueraigne dignitie whereunto the death of the Caliph Ozmen seemed to inuite him wherefore he brought backe his armie Ozmen dyed in the twelfth yeare of his raigne The miserable death of Ozmen the 653 of our Sauiour and the 36 of the Arabians being set vpon in his palace by the Sarasins which were of the faction of Ali his brother in law they forced him to kill himselfe for that hee would not fall aliue into their hands Some write that Ali himselfe slew him by the persuasion of Aissa Mahumets widow There was great dissention then among the Arabians vpon the election of a new Caliph the competitors were Ali Muhauias and Mahumet Ali obtained it by armes against Mahumet but he was to trie it with Muhauias who finding himselfe followed by a great armie of old souldiors Aegyptians and Syrians and himselfe being also and expert captaine hee gaue him many crosses for the space of a 11 moneths so as by a common consent their quarell was put to the arbitrement of Alascates and Alasci two old men of great reputation among them who notwithstanding could neuer agree so as they returned againe to armes till that Ali was slaine by the practises of Muhauias neere vnto the towne of Cufa in Arabia and there buried wherefore the place is called vnto this day Massad Ali that is to say the house of Ali. The inhabitants of Cufa and Aratha did chuse for Caliph in his place Alhacem eldest sonne to him and to Fatima eldest daughter to Mahumet who in his carriage and behauiour represented his grandfather by his mothers side Being established hee marched with an armie against Muhauias but being one neere vnto another when as euerie man attended a bloudie battell suddenly Albacem either moued by feare or pietie and his natural mildnesse came and cast himselfe at Muhauias feet acknowledging him his superiour so as they entred into Cufa the which they did ransome for a great summe of money and being come from thence to Ietrib Muhauias set the royall diademe with his own hands vpon Alhacems head and would haue him raigne which he assured himselfe would not be long for hee dyed within six moneths after Thus Muhauias being freed from all competitors Muhauias Caliph of the Arabians raigned alone he was according vnto some sonne in law to Mahumet hauing maried his daughter Zeineb as it is likely in her second mariage from which mariage the royall familie of Aben Humeia is descended It is hee which changed the Caliphes seat to Damas. Damas the seat of the Caliphes He first inuaded the Romane empire with happie successe Constant sitting in the imperiall seat from whom he did exact a tribute He ouerrun Africke from whence there were brought by the Sarasins aboue fourescore thousand persons slaues And in the time of Constantine surnamed Pogonat or the Bearded hee tooke Cizicus a sea towne from whence afterwards with a great fleet of ships he infested the prouinces of the empire yea and Constantinople it selfe but vnfortunatly for the Arabians for after great losses both by sea and land Muhauias remained tributarie to the Romanes Arabians tributaries to the Romaneâ— to whom hee promised to pay yearely three thousand pounds of gold fourescore slaues and as many horses and withall to deliuer 50 Christian prisoners at the emperors choyce By this meanes there was a peace or truce concluded for thirtie yeares betwixt the Romanes and Arabians during the which Muhauias began to trouble the Potentates of his owne sect reformed and subdued the Persians and gaue them Matur for their Gouernour Mahumets sect was spread farre into the East but with great inconstancie and mingled with heresies A Councell of Mahumetists at Damas. by reason whereof hee
people at the seege of this castle retired himselfe to a strong hold from whence euery day he offered the King battaile A bloudy fight betwixt the Kings army and that 〈◊〉 D. Hugo de Caodona beeing come to fight the victory remained for a while doubtfull on either side but the last it fell to the King there died as well in this incounter as in the skirmishes of the seege more then fifteene hundred of the enemies and very neere as many on the Kings part so as hee had small occasion to reckon this victory in the number of his happy ones From thence the Kings army marched to the aide of the Archbishop of Tarragon whom those of Lerida and Ceruera held beseeged in a place very discommodious who freed him from thence In an other place Don Alphonso of Arragon obtained a great victory neere vnto the towne of Saint Colomba with whom the Kings army ioyning that place yeelded besides this the towne of Ceriall was taken by force and all the country thereabout whilest the Queene and the Earle of Foix in an other place tooke the towne of Moncada by assault with many other places which for feare yeelded vnto them Whilest the affaires of King Iohn succeeded well in Cattalogna Moores the King of Castile made open warres vpon the frontiers of Granada since the defeate of the Infant Haly Muly-Hacen wherein Don Iohn de Guzman the first Duke of Medina Sidonia sonne to Count Henry of Niebla who was drowned before Gibralter Gibralter taken by the Castillians made excellent proofe of his valor and good conduct and he had the good hap to subiect the city of Gibraltar to the crowne of Castile which his father had attempted in vaine The newes of this conquest were so pleasing to King Henry as amongest his other titles hee would bee called King of Gibraltar for this city had beene the chiefe in the Kingdome of Abomelech the Infant of Marocco sonne to King Alboacen of the kindred of the Merins This happie exploite was accompanied with the taking of the City of Archedona by the Maister of Calatraua Don Pedro Giron brother to the Marquis of Villena The keeping of Gibraltar was committed for that time to Pedro de Porras About this time diuers Princes and Potentates sent their Ambassadors to the King of Castile Castile namely from his cosin King Fernand of Naples from Pope Pius and the Colledge of Cardinals and from the Venetians who desired his perpetuall friendship and confederacy The Geneuois offered him fealty and homage and withall to become his subiects but King Henry contenting himselfe with his owne estates not being by nature ambitious did not desire to meddle in those forraine businesses albeit there wanted not diuers of his councell to animate him therevnto King Iohn hauing Nauarre and Arragon at Moncada ioyned his army with that of the Queene his wife and his sonne in law the Earle of Foix the councell thought it fit to send to beseege the City of Barcelona and it was so concluded notwithstanding that the King was of a contrary opinion The Barcelonois had receiued the aboue mentioned aide from Castile Barcelona erecteth the banners of Castile and resoluing neuer more to obey the King of Arragon they had set vp the banners of Castile the citty was very rich and greatly furnished with men and munition very strong in their walles and towers and excellently wel prouided of al things belonging to the sea by reason whereof they made sundry sallies and skirmishes with the Kings army to the great losse and hinderance thereof as well by land as by sea and namely they gaue chase to captaine Vilago who kept the sea from them with eight Gallies of Arragon so as the King thought it the best way to raise his seege after that hee had beene before it by the space of twenty daies causing his sonne Don Alphonso of Arragon to spoile the country round about the citty From thence the army marched to Villa-franca which was taken by force and there the King caused to be executed by order of law foure hundred of the Inhabitants beeing prouoked therevnto by the death of two French captaines which were slaine at his entery into the towne which became such a terror to the rest of the townes thereabouts as diuerse yeelded without any resistance at all They beseeged the city of Tarragon Tarragon yeelded to the king which at the first made resistance yet neuer sallied forth of their wals but when they beheld their fields burnt and the continual battery and assaults of the enemies their courage began to shrinke especially when the aide which was sent them from Barcelona was at their landing constrained to flie backe to their Gallies then with very easie conditions they yeelded to the King who left Roderigo of Rebolledo for their Gouernor he himselfe going backe to Ballaguer The Cattelans thus distressed sent new Ambassadors into Castile one of them was the Archdeacon of Girona who being ioyned to the Ambassador resident with King Henry made new offers of submission and full obedience vnto him beseeching him to intitule himselfe King of Arragon and Earle of Barcelona seeing that hee was assured that those dominions did by all diuine and humaine right belong vnto him and that now the voluntary consent of the people did inuite him therevnto requesting moreouer aide of souldiars The King of Castile beside this publique Ambassage was solicited therevnto by sundry Lords and other cities of Valencia and Arragon and to speake truely hee did greatly incline to their demaunds but the Archbishop of Toledo and the Marquis of Villena the Kings chiefe councellors after whose appetite the whole affaires of the Kingdome were gouerned were of a contrary opinion and peraduenture they had intelligence with King Iohn of Arragon but it was not certainely knowne whether it were so or no wherefore the businesse beeing debated on by the councell the Ambassadors receiued this answere that if they ment to haue any aide of souldiars it did then behoue them to bring store of money with them and as for the title to the crowne of Arragon and county of Barcelona King Henry would consider thereon with more mature deliberation The Ambassadors replied that if it would please the King to take their cause in hand and to shew himselfe openly in their defence as his subiects they would venture their heads if within threescore daies after they did not bring into the Kings coffers the summe of seuen hundred thousand florins of gold This seemed a dreame to the Archbishop and the Marquis for the summe was exceeding great for those times and they two hauing an other purpose wrought so well as king Henry not onely refused their offers but withdrew himselfe wholy from the warre of Arragon giuing them to vnderstand that he had rather with the helpe of the French King mediate a good peace for them Now the Marquis and the Archbishop did purpose The King
the Mores which daily past into Affricke vnder the Kings safe-conduct of their great good successe in those warres of Granado sent his Ambassadours to them with rich presents who did request their friendship and protection and permission for their Kings subiects to saile vpon the seas without hurt or feare of the Spanish gallies the which was graunted them so as the King their maister did not giue ayde and assistance to those of Malaga and other Mores of Granado their enemies Matters standing at a stay a certaine Moore borne at Tunis leading a solitarie life neere to Guadix called Abraham Alguerri a man of a low stature and aged began to preach how that their Prophet Mahumet had reuealed to him that if Malaga were this one time releeued it should neuer more be in danger to be taken therefore vnder the conduct of this Hermite who was reputed a holy man foure hundred horsemen did hazard to enter the towne who making way thorough the guards and trenches of the campe two hundred of them passed into the cittie and the rest of them were cut in peeces The Hermite in the meane time had withdrawne himselfe aside and looking as if hee had beene rauished in spirit was at his prayers in great deuotion the Christian souldiors which pursued the Moores did finde him and brought him before the Marquis of Cales who askt him what he was hee made answer that hee was an holy man vnto whom God reuealed his great secrets which should happen in that seege and end by the taking of Malaga whith the number of seauen and what signifies seauen sayd the Marquis are they yeares or moneths they are neither yeares nor monthes quoth the Hermit but weekes daies or howers but enquire no farther of mee for Alla that is God hath commanded mee to tell the rest in secret to the King and Queene and to none others The Marquis although hee made a iest of that hee heard the Moore say did neuerthelesse send him to the King by a reuolted Moore for hee would not leaue his owne quarter especially so soone after the fight when hee arriued the King was a sleepe and the Queene taking no delight to behold such manner of foolish people hee was brought into a tent A Mahomâ—tan Hermiteâ— murtherer where Don Beatrix de Bouadilla was in talke with Don Aluaro Son to the Duke of Bragança who was fled from Portugall and Ruy Lopes de Toledo the Queenes Treasorer The Marchiones looking vpon this old Hermit bad them giue him some meate hee seeing her to bee richly apparrelled and they that were with her in like manner asked those that were next him if it was the King and Queene they to mocke him told him it was they Then the villaine who of purpose came from his cell with an intent to kill them layd hand vpon a short Cimetar that hee wore vnder his habit and therewith gaue Don Aluaro such a stroake vpon the head as he had well neere slaine him and being ready to doe as much to the Marquis the Treasorer there present did hold him backe and the rest runne out of the tent yet at the noyse diuers of the Marquis seruants came running in and hewed the wicked Hermit in peeces The King beeing awake and hearing what was done did greatly wonder at his boldnesse and was afterward better guarded The peeces of the Moores body were with engines throwne into the Citty in reuenge whereof the Moors did kill a Christian prisoner who was a man of note and setting him vpon an asse they draue it towards the campe where at the same instant Don Henriques de Guzman Duke of Medina Sidonia with his trayne did arriue who besides the supply of soldiours which hee brought did lend the King twenty thousand golden doubles and the very day of his comming more then a hundred shippes loden with victualls and munition did arriue in the roade neere to Malaga where-with the army was greatly refreshed and the Duke highly honored and esteemed for such a seruice Soone after there arriued other succors from the Duke of Infantasgo The Moores being againe summoned to yeeld and not to attend the miseries which a victory gotten by force doth bring with it being still obstinate and hauing notice of certaine diseases in the campe they would by no meanes harken there-vnto wherefore they were assayled a fresh and did as valiantly defend them-selues killing many Christians The citty beeing in great want of victualls the Moores did already beginne to eate rosted skins and other such like things but they had still some idle Prophet or other which confirmed them in there obstinacy yet notwithstanding two of the cheefest Moores in the citty Superstitions Moores whose names were Amet-Aben-Amar and Ali Dudux and with them an Alfaqui called Abraham Alharis with diuers Marchants officers and men of quality being ioyned together came and besought the gouernour to take some order for the people of the Citty which dyed for hunger who without any hope of releefe could not anoyd the enemies rigor and that hee needed not to thinke it a disgrace to him to yeeld the citty of Malaga seeing that other places as strong as it in the realme of Granado had yeelded to the Christians if hee thought to better their estate by a battayle they wisht him to march forth to the fight for they were not able any longer to liue in so great necessity but all this serued to no purpose The King perceauinge the obstinacy of this wretched people caused certaine peeces of ordonance to bee bent against the towers of the bridge the first of which was wonne by assault Francisco Ramiers of Madrid Captaine of the artillery hasting and increasing the battery to prepare entrance for the soldiours was by the king made knight the same day for his good seruice The beseeged being brought to the last dispaire a great troupe of horse and foote animated by one of their Prophets made a furious sally vpon the quarters of the masters of Saint Iames and Alcantara where at the beginning they caused great disorder comming vnlook't for but at the last they were repulsed and beaten back with great slaughter and the Moore Prophet was the first man that was slaine By this ouerthrow the Alcaide or Gouernor beeing excused from making any more resistance gaue the inhabitants leaue to capitulate as well as they could with the Kings of Castile wherefore they sent Amet-Aben-Amar and Ali Dudux and three other principall Moores to the Campe who besought the Kings to receiue them for Mudejares or vassals and to giue to them and the rest of the Cittizens the towne of Coin to dwell in and to permit those that would to passe into Affrick with their goods the King told them that the great Commander of Leon should make them an answer the which was that for as much as the extremity of hunger had constrained them to yeeld and not any good will to the Kings it behooued them to
inhabited in Castile and Leon were enioyned to turne to the Christian Religion and to be baptized within three moneths on paine of hauing their goods confiscate and perpetuall banishment This decree was receiued Negligent Pastors stirre vp persâ—cutions published and executed by an inconsiderate zeale and without the knowledge of the King and Queene thinking thereby as it is likely to augment Christian Religion and to confirme vnto themselues the name and title of Catholike Kings wherunto they were incited by the Prelates and slothfull Pastors who contemned their charge of teaching good and wholesome doctrine and likewise by the Monkes and other seditious Church-men who desired rather to destroy then to feed those miserable creatures vnto whom they were in perpetuall detestation and skandall by meanes of their wicked and corrupted liues whereby it came to passe that the name of God was prophaned and blasphemed among the Iewes and Mahometans of those times who would rather haue retired a thousand leagues then to draw neere to receiue any religious instruction from so irreligious people whose pietie was but childish ceremonies and external seruices their knowledge meere cunning and deceipt to maintaine and increase their riches ease and vnruly appetites and their ayme and end honours and worldly glorie with a popular opinion of wisedome in the affaires of this world the which was playne and euident to people of vnderstanding among the Infidels therefore it behooued such euill-affected persons and no way disposed to amend as were the Prelates of those daies to set forward such councels and to cause the Kings of Spaine to practise-courses fit and pleasing to the Diuell who is a murtherer from the beginning of the world and author of all ruine and desolation the which hath beene since practised in all places of Christendome with very bad successe for torments death confiscations of goods and such other like violences cannot beget a grayne of fayth in the heart of man whose seed is the word of God the watering the holy workes of vnfained charitie by the example of the heauenly Father and the encrease thereof the spirit of the Lord but they may well bring foorth Atheisme Hypocrisie and despaire in aboundance which are the offerings which the enemy of Christ Iesus doth demaund Now the poore Iewes The 〈◊〉 of those who pâ—rsâ—cuted the Iewes at the publication of this Edict were marueilously perplexed and afflicted with sundry passions for their religion liues and goods which were very great whereunto perhaps the Kings Councell had regard thinking by their obstinacie which is a vice proper and peculiar to that nation to find meanes to fill the treasurie emptied in the last warres by the confiscation of so great wealth as they possessed in Spain and to redeeme the altenated reuenues of the Crowne and the Queenes ingaged Iewels Now the most religious Spanish Iewes tooke counsell in these three moneths space of delay before they were to leaue the countrey and found meanes to send away their money and chiefe goods out of Spaine wherein they were ayded and befriended by many honest-minded Christians who beeing mooued with pittie and humanitie did helpe to hide them and to conuey them into Portugall Affricke Italy and else-where whether that nation went great numbers of them did spred themselues ouer Macedon Humanity of Christians towards the banished Iewes Greece and other Regions possessed by the Turkes whom they taught to make Ordinance and Artillerie and the art of making Gun-powder Harguebuzes and such other engins which they haue sufficiently vsed to the hurt of Christendome The rest of them who loued their ease did value the countrie where they were borne and their goods The Turks and Infidels make profit of the Iewes banishment aboue all other matters and were baptized and profession either true or fained of Christian Religion such as they could learn and comprehend in so short a time the which did cause another inconuenience for in processe of time the noble families of Spaine allying themselues by marriage to that race did wholy contaminate and pollute themselues both in bloud and beleefe The Nobilâ—tie of Spayne contaminated by the allyances with the conucâ—â—ed Iewes These are the effects which this violent law of King Fernand and Queene Izabella did produce by the which the Spaniards end in the 2082. yeare of the Iewes habitation in Spayne if so be they faile not in their account The same rigour was obserued against them in Arragon Valencia Cattalonia Sicill and other places vnder the Kings obedience who from Cordoua went into Arragon to order the affaires of that kingdome Beeing in the Cittie of Barcelona God sent them a small aduertisement for as King Fernand on a morning came foorth of the towne-house King Fernand hurt at Barcelona where himselfe in person had assisted at the pleas of iustice and beeing come downe to the foot of the stayres towards the kings house talking to his Treasurer a certaine mad man borne at Remença whose name was Iohn de Cagnamares drew neere vnto him and lifting up a short sword hee gaue him such a blow from the eare downe to the shoulders as it was a wonder that hee strake not off his head Whereat the King beeing astonished and thinking it to be some conspiracie he cryed out Saint Marie helpe me oh what treason oh what treason thinking that some others would make an end of what that foolish fellow had begunne but when hee perceiued that no man stirred but that euery one stepped before him to the end the other might not redouble his blow and that a Gentleman that was his Caruer and one more had stept to the offendour meaning to haue stabbed him to deathwith poynards hee commanded not to kill him therefore they ledde him to prison and dressed his wounds beeing afterward examined who had procured him to commit that treason they could neither then nor after that hee was healed by any torments whatsoeuer get any thing out of him but that the diuell had assured him if he would kill the king to be king himselfe The cittie of Barcelona beeing highly displeased that this act had beene committed in their iurisdiction and beleeuing verily that there had beene some conspiracie did put themselues in armes and the tumult could not be appeased vntill the king whose wound was newly drest and stitched vp with seuen stitches of a needle did come and shew himselfe out of his lodging windowes to the people to assure them that hee was aliue and then euery man went home to his own house The foole who had comitted the deed was by law condemned to haue his hands and feete cutte off his eyes pulled foorth of his head to bee dismembred with burning pincers and to bee drawn on a cart to the common dung hill where his bodie was burned hauing bene first strangled by the Queens clemencie In these businesses the yeare 1492. was spent in which the Brotherhood of the Court beganne and the building
sat him down at one of the corners of the field accoÌ„pained with 12 knights sending the like number to the other opposit corner commanding them that they shold not remoue froÌ„ thence before the end of the combat To either of the other two corners he sent 3 noblemen of quality instructed in like maner Then hauing commanded silence one of the marshals of the field cried out with a loud voice in the emperours name going to euery one of the 4 corners that it was forbidden vpon pain of death for any one to make a noise whilest the champions did fight nor to make any signe by deed voice or word neither in spitting coffing blowing of the nose neezing or whistling nor by beating of hands or feet lifting vp of the hands nor by shaking of the head or any motion of the bodie to giue them aduertisement courage feare or amazement nor otherwise to instruct them in what they haue to do except their godfathers in their charge duty And then the two kinghts entred the field in compleat armor holding in their hands their battel axes their swords by their sides Peter Toreilla the first for that he was challenger accompained with his godfather presented himself before the constable who demanded of him what he was for what cause he was entred so armed hauing receiued his answer he caused him to put off his head peece to know him then he caused him to put it on againe sent him to one of the corners of the camp where he was receiued by the three noblemen that were plast there Then he past to the other corner opposit being set in the midest of the 12 knights that were left there by him he made the like demands ceremonies to Ierom Anca who was also presented vnto him by his godfather from theÌ„ce sent to the other corner right against his aduersary wher he was in like maner receiued by 3 noblemen After al this the constable went to his first seat then the truÌ„pets did sound again which hauing done the knights which shold fight their godfathers fel vpoÌ„ their knees praied which done either of the godfathers hauing imbraced his chaÌ„pion exhorted him to fight valianâ—ly he bad him farewel then they rerired into their PauillioÌ„s After which one cried out that they shold let the good champions go Then they came affronted one another couragiously fighting a long time with their battel axes somtimes one reeling somtimes another vntil they had broken them in peeces Being thus vnarmed they had no leasure to draw their swords they were so neere one vnto another so as they fell to handy gripes one seeking to ouerthrow another But the emperor who would not lose theÌ„ cast his rod in sign that they shold part them saying that they had done enough and that he held them both for good knights wherupon all they that were set at the foure corners being 30 in al ran but they had great difficulty to part them they wer so incensed one against another crying contendiâ—g for honor and victorie whereas either of them thought he had the aduantage In the end the respect of the emperour made them retire yet wold they not be friends but threatned one another bitterly contemning the constables persuasions who told them that they shold rest satisfied reuerence the emperours testimony who had pronounced with his own mouth that either of theÌ„ had behaued him self valiantly had done his duty so as their honors were vntoucht The emperor was coÌ„strained throgh their obstinacy to send them both to prison froÌ„ whence they parted not vntil they were reoÌ„ciled at the least in shew for they were neuer perfect friends If of two bad things we must chuse the one as some think it necessary the maner of coÌ„bats practised in the time of our predecessors wold seem more tollerable then that which is vsed at this day for in that they made a certain kind of trial of doubtful things The princes leue or of his lieutenants was required who first of al took knowledge whether the cause did merit that two men of quality and honor shold hazard their liues who might serue the publike in better affaies or their Soueraigne or their owne families If after mature deliberation they held it fit to grant the combate they came vnto it with great ceremonies as we haue shewed witnessing that in those times they made no little esteem of the life of men They did carefully procurea certain equality preuenting surprises by any aduaÌ„tage in armes strength and dexterity of horse or otherwise They made them sweare that there was no â—lander in them but that they came to fight for a iust quarel to defend their honors The point wherin it did confist in those daies was to reuerence God their princes the lords of the â—ee Point of honour of the ancients to be loyal true to al men curteous 〈◊〉 modest amoÌ„g friends valiant couragious against their enemies in war If it were known that in this point of honor any one were falsly blamed or wronged by deed with aduantage of time place or company with vnequall and extraordinary armes or that hee had otherwise iust cause to complaine they caused speedy reparation to be done of the wrong as the cause required either by the lawe or militarie customes which did neuer allow the combate when there was any other remedy Much lesâ—e did they suffer a gentlemaÌ„ of honor to come to the vncertain triall of armes with one that was conuicted of rashnes or manifest slander He that was vanquished in the combat was held guilty of that wherof he was accused or a slanderer alyar if he did liue he was punished ignominiously by degradation sometimes by death The combat was most coÌ„monly continued or staied according to the pleasure of the prince or of iudges that were appointed who most commonly did part the champions before they came to the extremity declaring them both vpon the place to be good hardie knights which did also shew a wise affection to preserue the nobility to better vses If any were found so froward disobedient as notable to get leaue to fight in the countrie of their natural prince should go vnto some other soueraign neere or far off to grant them a place of combat hauing fought they were not to return into their country for they were held for mutins yea felons guilty of high treason there was great difficulty to obtain letters of abolitioÌ„ for such offeÌ„ces Moderne combats and the Maximes of the point of honour at this day But in our daies al this is out of vse their proceedings in combats is very different For if it happen that any man offend another without cause or reason the point of honor is that he must maintaine his deed not giue any excuse nor confesse that he hath erred for that were
a handie stroke enriched with plates and threds of gold and siluer and for offensiue armes some had clubs about foure foot long and the heads as big as two fists hauing fiue or six sharpe pikes of mettall others carried hatchets like vnto our halbeards which they could handle well As for their rereward or subsidiarie squadrons to releue the rest they were all pikes whose heads were better armed than ours bee Frauncis Picarro found the Indians of Peru in this equipage to resist him it may bee say they that haue written of his enterprises to make his conquests more admirable vnto vs For not confessing that either he or any one of his captaines made any account of the Indians of the countrey whom they had drawne vnto their partie and joyned with them in the aboue mentioned combat of Caxamalcan and others they vaunt that this great king Atabalipa was vanquished with all that great multitude of men of war which did accompanie him by lesse than fiue hundred foot and an hundred and twentie horse of the Spanish nation whereof most of the footmen were crossebowes hauing few harquebuses yet they confesse that they had some peeces of ordnance whereunto they attribute some part of their victories saying That the Indians were almost dead for feare seeing these engines spit fire and hearing the noyse thereof wherewith they had neuer been acquainted the which hath some likelyhood Atabalipa was sonne to a warlike and valiant prince Beginning of Atabalipa called Cusco who comming out of the prouince of Quito which is directly vnder the Equinoctiall line towards the South sea had conquered by armes from many other kings and lords those ample regions wherof his sonne was in an instant dispossest at the comming of these Spaniards and hauing there built the citie of Cusco had called it by his owne name and made it the seat of his empire which was aboue three hundred leagues long and broad stretching from the South to the West At his death he left an hundred children males and females most of which liued when Atabalipa was defeated and taken To Guescar whom some also cal Cusco he had left the greatest part of his conquered countries and had giuen to Atabalipa the realme of Quito where he was borne But Guescar not satisfied vnlesse he might haue all did first moue war to dispossesse his brother wherein he was vnfortunat for after many vnhappie incounters he was quite defeated and taken by Chilicuchima lieutenant to Atabalipa by whose commandement although he were a prisoner in the Spaniards hands he was strangled the which did so displease the gouernor Francis Picarro as he conceiued a mortall hatred against the king and his lieutenant not ceasing vntill he had put them to death yet after that he had discouered by their meanes the treasures of the realme had seised of a good part of them and was assured the rest could not escape him In the distribution of which treasure he did afterwards shew himselfe verie vniust and false as well towards his souldiers as to the Emperor his master whom he did frustrate of a good part of his right of the fifts It seemed that God by this sudden easie conquest had prepared a fit subiect for the Emperor Charles to settle a perfect estate at Peru but his ministers did corrupt it All things were there according to a mans desire to execute a great and memorable designe the which had bin admirable to posteritie were it in regard of the glorie of God or temporall commodities in regard of the riches and all sorts of blessings the which heauen and all the elements doe powre downe aboundantly vpon that region but especially for the aptnesse of the people Maners of the people of Peru. who were found ciuile and capable of reason much more than they that had bin first discouered at the islands or vpon the continent of those Westerne Indies towards the North sea They did not find them naked and without shame but apparelled both men and women handsome in their garments industrious in their buildings and in all other arts and workes tillers of the ground feeders of pastures marchants sociable and courteous as wel among themselues as to strangers and religious also although it were after the Pagan maner whose imperfections should not be censured with rigor but excused with an intention to reforme them in time by good examples of pietie and charitie and by justice well and duely ministred considering that in their religion and maners they were not more sauage and barbarous than the first auncient Spaniards before they were ciuilized and instructed of whom we haue made mention in the beginning of this historie They did beleeue the immortalitie of the soule the resurrection of the body and therefore they buried their dead with honour and did graue markes vpon their tombs which did shew the forepassed life of the deceased into whose tombs they did cast precious jewels and brought meat and drinke thither and many times their wiues and seruants did shut them in there did willingly statue themselues They did punish adulterie with death and did put out the eyes of theeues Their childrens children or some other of their bloud did inherit their goods and not their owne children except those of kings Men might take as many wiues as they would and did often marie thier owne sisters Thus among the seedes of pietie humanitie and policie they had errours and blemishes like sensuall people which knew not the true God nor his justice The which they did not measure by the perfect rule of nature but according to their corrupt imaginations and their breeding destitute of light and good gouernement Through this defect they did worship the starres as gods and especially an Idoll which had its temple in the citie of Pancacami who spake Oracles vnto them and from whom they attended all their prosperities It is the vsuall course of the Gentiles to whom the mysteries of saluation are not reuealed which are speciall graces And had not these poore Perusians vices in that regard which were common with the auncient Aegyptians Grecians Romans and other such famous nations who haue beene happily drawne from Paganisme to Christianitie among whom the world hath seene so many goodly Churches to flourish by the bountie of kings and Emperours and by the doctrine diligence and exemplarie life of good bishops But the Spaniards nor their commaunders had no such intent as their actions written doe witnesse It was sufficient for them to commaund these ignorant people proudly to make profession of Christians in assisting at the ceremonies vpon paine of death or seruitude And it fell out often I know not through what charitie that many which for feare had caused themselues to be baptised were by them instantly slaine that they might haue no leasure to denie it And thus they sayed they procured their soules health These courses which could not bee pleasing vnto God drew his warth vpon the
caused a countermine to be made but with exceeding great toyle by reason of the hardnesse of the stone whereon it stood vpon which bulwarke he did also plant two great peeces with the which hee did wonderfully annoy the enemie breaking two of their Basiliskes and dismounting the third They continued their batterie fiue dayes against those two bulwarkes and did somewhat ruine that of Saint Thomas and they did so spoyle the parapets of Saint Iames as the gunners could not stand to charge their peeces yet for all this they saw no meanes to take the fort and they were rather fit to consume the besieged at leasure than to make way for an assault Afterwards they planted another batterie against Saint Iohns bulwarke which was weaker resoluing to seeke to force it and the other two which they found to bee in bad estate wherefore they began to batter them anew with many great peeces In the meane time there fell out an accident which did so terrifie king Mamudio as doubting of his life hee returned to Madaba and was neuer more seene in the campe for that a peece being discharged from the fort slue a kinsman of his which was verie neere him Yet Zaffer continuing his designe hee ruined Saint Thomas Saint Iohn and the curtaine verie much whose breaches falling into the ditch they began to make the way euen for the Barbarians to goe to the assault They had also raysed in the neerest trench a caualier or mount from whence they might looke into the fort so as the Portugals could not safely goe to their places of gard without great daunger and therefore Mascaregna was forced to rayse vp a platforme against it whereon hee planted fortie harquebusiers vnder Anthonio Pezanna to driue the enemie from thence which could not bee done without great toyle and the losse of many so as the number of the besieged decreased dayly but they increased in courage and resolution The harquebusiers vpon the platforme not performing that which was needfull they raised another caualier neere vnto the church on the which hauing planted a Basiliske they made such spoyle of the enemies as no man durst stay there It seemed the ruines of the bulwarkes were such as if they might fill vp the ditch to come to the assault there would bee no great difficultie to force the fort and therefore with a long and infinit toyle he began to dig certaine trenches to fill vp the ditch and for that they would not be troubled in the carriage of it they were couered ouer head with quarters of timber and chaulke layed thicke vpon it to defend it from fire and shot Carrying stuffe by this chanell and casting it into the ditch they made their worke in such sort as they were not annoyed nor yet seene by the defendants for the which they found a remedie in opening a little doore whereby they were accustomed to goe into the ditch but it was stopped vp with the ruines and it did behooue them to cleanse it and make vse thereof the which they did verie secretly in the night to feed the enemie the longer with that hope But they in the end finding that their worke did not aduance and discouering the reason they drew Zaffer himselfe thither to view the place and to prouide some remedie a happie accident for the besieged for whilest that hee went carefully vp and downe considering of all things putting his head aboue the trench Zaffer generall of the armie against Diu slain and leaning vpon his hand a great shot came and tooke away his hand and the top of his head so as he fell downe dead Hee being slaine the armie was in some confusion to name a successour so as attending order from the king he declared that Rumecan the sonne of Zaffer deceased should hold his place who in his fathers life time had beene generall of the ordnance This man shewed himselfe much more carefull and vnderstanding than either friends or enemies did at the first beleeue so as following euerie action without rest and trying all possible meanes they raysed vp the caualier againe with new matter being halfe ruined where hauing planted two Basiliskes they made so great a â—â—ine as they stopt vp the doore by the which the Christians came forth to emptie the ditch so as they could no more oppose themselues being tyred by a multitude of their enemies which came daily in great numbers to the campe and the besieged decreasing wonderfully and therefore they had sent another Fregate to the Viceroy to solicite him to send them greater succours The enemies hauing filled vp the ditch and torne the bulwarkes of Saint Iohn and Saint Thomas verie sore Assault giueâ— at Diu. they sought to climbe vp hauing set vp long beames and peeces of wood crosse like ladders with such obstinacie as the vndaunted valour of the defendants was not sufficient to repulse them vsing many meanes to annoy them whereof one wrought great effect They tyed certaine piles together with chaynes of yron and betwixt euerie pile they put pitch rozen and other matter to burne the which being fired and cast vpon the enemie it did burne and spoyle them and at the least did stay their furie yet neither fire yron nor stones could terrifie them Seeing therefore that place in great daunger and the little fort made neere to Saint Iohns bulwarke being weake from the which both it and the curtaine were defended by Antonio Pazanna with fortie souldiers hee was commaunded if need required to goe and succour D. Fernando de Castro with some of his men who on the nineteenth of Iulie had with great valour repulst the enemies which were come in great numbers vpon the breach But the enemie hauing now made the ditch euen he resolued the next day to giue a generall assault going the night before to their temples and praying with great affection after the manner of the Gentiles to their imaginarie gods Which Fernando Carâ—â—ial captaine of the tower vpon the water seeing hee aduertised Mascaregna that hee might prepare for his defence with such forces as he had remaining Two houres before day the Barbarians presented themselues to the assault Assault generall at Diu. their greatest force was against Saint Thomas bulwarke where Lewis de Sosa with certaine choice souldiers behaued themselues worthily though with some losse And at this time the Portugals leauing the places of least danger to succour where need required had left the corner of the fort next vnto the sea without defendants where by reason of the height of the rocks they did not thinke the enemie would make any attempt but they whether discouering it then or suspecting it before as it is likely being not yet day and the â—ide being gone had left the water very low sent some of their most actiue and resolute souldiers with ladders who being threescore in number mounted without discouerie In the end they were discouered to be not only vpon the walls but within
Iohns feet and demaund pardon of king Philip That they should yeeld vp their armes and Engines That they should bee receiued into grace and all that was past forgotten That they should not be wronged by word nor deede nor molested by the Inquisâ—â—ion That they that were reduced should bee sent withall securitie with their goods wiues and children to such places as should be assigned them to liue in for they must leaue the Alpuxarres According vnto this accord a submission was made by Habaqui to D. Iohn at Padâ—les and the Ensignes being deliuered D. Alfonso de Granado Venega went to Aben Aboo to giue him better assurance passing by Alcolea where hee found Xoâ—ibi they went together to Cadiar where hee was well entertained by Aben Aboo and Habaqui and hauing had much conference vpon the assurance which D. Alfonso had charge to promise them such as they should demaund they proceeded so farre in their accord as most of the Turkes that were in the army were dismist and sent home well 〈◊〉 But after D. Alfonsos departure Moores after the accord retract many of these Moores considering better of the importance of this reduction began to distrust passing into Barbarie and returned not and for that they had left Aben Aboo in mind to retract they did solicite the Turkes and Moores of Afrike not to foâ—beare to succoâ—r them of Spaine whereunto they found many Lords among the Moores verie willing So as in a short time there came many vessels to that Coast bringing souldiers armes and munition from Barbarie The which confirmed Aben Aboo and others in the resolution they had neuer to put themselues into the hands of the king of Spaine nor of his Lieutenants beginning to hate and curse them that had dealt in this treaâ—ise and especially Hernand Habaqui This confusion among the heads did so amaze the common people of the Moores as they came in great troupes to yeeld themselues to the kings mercie and to his Gouernours and Captaines who had commandement to receiue them and not to suffer any outrage to bee done vnto them Others that could escape did more willingly passe the Sea for they did not submit themselues but through hunger and by an opinion they had conceiued that they could not prosper vnder their heads nor bee freed from their miseries by them seeing they were continually in discord The armies were still on foot during these Ambiguities yet somewhat neglected and weake for they still expected when they should bee dismist The Duke of Sesse broght his armie before the Castle of Fer which was a store-house of Turkes to succour them and tooke it D. Sancho de Leua did also take certaine foists The Captaines of places ranne wheresoeuer they heard there were any Moores in armes which made many to hasten their reduction Many souldiers being disbanded did not forbeate the Moores that had submitted but did spoile them and make their wiues and children captiues to keep them or sell them for slaues to preuent the which they vsed all diligence to draw them from their ancient habitations to liue farther off in places assigned them according to the accord and certaine diuisions which had beene made The more to incite the Moores to submit themselues the President D. Pedro de Desa wrote a letter of exhortation to the nation of the Moores in the Arabian â—ong as if it had beene some Morabite or Hermite of the law of Mahomet who persuaded them to barken to a peace and to free themselues of so many miseries causing many copies thereof to be made the which being dispersed among that nation did hasten the reduction of many Habaqui seeing that Aben Aboo wet back that the party was much diminished being diuided among theÌ„selues went to D. Iohn â—old him with great assurance that if he wold giue him fiue hundred shot hee would bring Aben Aboo bound vnto him D. Iohn would not giue him any men but hee caused eight hundred Crownes to bee deliuered him to leuie them where hee should thinke good and to performe what hee had promised Habaqui being resolute to imploy himselfe for the performance of the accord came to Vercheul where his wife and children were to haue them prepare themselues for hee meant to take them from thence and to carrie them to Guadix passing by Iessen hee saw certaine Moores walking idlely vpon the place of whome hee demaunded proudly why they staied to goe vnto those places which were assigned them by the treatie of peace To whome they answered that they attended the commaundement of Aben Aboo And I tell you replyed hee that if Aben Aboo be so tedious and vnwilling â—oldnes of a Moore I will lead him to D. Iohn of Austria bound at my horse taile These words were told to Aben Aboo by some one of these Moores whereat being much incensed hee sent one hundred and fiftie Turkes which he had reserued for his gard and two companies of Moores in whome hee trusted to goe and take him at Vercheul Habaqui hearing a noise in the night got out of his lodging and beganne to flie away who without doubt had escaped had not his white Turban discouered him a farre off which was the cause that they pursued and tooke him Being brought before Aben Aboo hee reproacht him with his presumption and proud threats against him that was his king telling him that hee knew well hee was a Traitour and that hee sought to make his peace apart with the Christians and bring all the rest of Moores to the slaughter or slauerie whereupon hee caused him to bee presently led into a secret place Habaqui straâ—gled and there to be strangled by his houshold Seruants and then hee caused his bodie to bee bound vp in a fagot of reedes and to bee cast into a precipice where it remained many daies and no man knew what became of him Being rid of this man hee sent into all places where the Moores were not reduced to aduertise them that they should not submit putting them in hope by counterfeit newes of succours by the Turkish armie and other such meanes yet hee did not leaue to write to D. Alfonso of Granado and to D. Fernand of Barrades the Mediatours that hee continued still in the same minde but the effects shewed the contrarie for a brother of his called Galipe hauing beene defeated as hee went towards Ronde and Bentomis with two hundred Souldiers to maintaine the Moores of that quarter in rebellion they vnderstood all his practises how hee did sollicite the Turkes and Moores of Affrike That hee made an accompt to haue twelue thousand men that hee made prouision of come that hee had put eight hundred men into Pitres and that hee fortified himselfe and prepared for warre Finally to free them from all doubt being prest by letters from Hernand de Barredes and by mouth by Hernand Valles de Palacios who was sent expresly vnto him to make declaration if hee would ratifie the
Capitulations hee answered plainely and after a proud and disdainefull maner that they were deceiued who thought hee would put himselfe into the power of king Philip or trust to his promises for the Moores of those times had sufficient proofes besides those which their predecessors had left in what maner the kings of Castille were accustomed to keepe their faith This being reported the king commaunded they should continue the warre with all violence and not pardon any Moore that was armed but preserue them that were quiet The duke of Arcos had the charge to presse them of Ronde and of Sierra Vermeille Warre renued with the Moores The great Commander was to enter againe into the Alpuxarres whereas many defended themselues But in the end the Moores finding that their head was destitute of means and Counsel most of them submitted themselues and Aben Aboo found himselfe so abandoned as he had no care but how to saue himselfe in Barbary being resolued neuer to trie king Philips clemency flying from caue to caue from rock to rock betwixt Vercheul Treuelles which are the roughest parts of those mountaines hauing scarfe 400 men which followed him being notwithstāding like a troublesom thorn whereof the king desired much to be free Whē as it pleaseth god to take away al difficulties wherewith men are troubled he suddenly raiseth occasions and can giue vnexpected ends to great affaires many times by meane instruments Practises of a Goldsmith to end the warre with the Moores There was a Goldsmith at Granado called Barrero a pleasant man and well knowne to the Moores and Christians dwelling in the Alpuxarres where before the warre hee was woont to goe and sell rings of gold and siluer and other toyes of his trade and tooke in exchange from them silke pearles and other things Barrero returning to his woonted traffique vpon the reduction of some burroughes in those mountaines hee came to Cadiar and to Vercheul at such time as the captaine of the garrison called Galas Rotulo de Villa-Real hauing taken certaine Moores theeues of Aben Aboos traine was readie to haue them shot One of them knowing Barrero came and saluted him and reported his misfortune vnto him intreating him to bee a meanes for his deliuerie The Goldsmith knew this Moore and demaunded newes of Aben Aboo who were about him and his chiefe counsellors The prisoner told him what he knew and that his most familiar friends were a Secretarie of his called Bernardin Aben Amer and a captaine whom they called Seniz of Vercheul but he gaue most credit to Aben Amer. Barrero who in former time had beene verie familiar with Aben Amer thought it fit to write vnto him touching the reduction of his master asking the Moore if hee could find meanes to carrie a letter and not be discouered and hee would cause him to bee set at libertie The Moore did promise and sweare it Wherefore Barrero hauing acquainted captaine Rotulo with his enterprise hee intreated him to keepe this prisoner vntill his returne from Granado whither he would goe and aske leaue to conferre with the Secretarie of Aben Aboo whom he had knowne long hoping to draw him to persuade his master to yeeld The great Commaunder gaue him leaue to write and conferre and being returned to Vercheul hee dispatcht this Moore with a persuasiue letter to Aben Amer. This messenger could not so passe the rockes and caues of Vercheul but hee fell into the hands of Seniz men who led him to their master Beining examined whence he came and whither he went hee aunswered That he had escaped the hands of the captaine of the garrison of Vercheul and Cadiar who held him prisoner Seniz not beleeuing him threatened to racke him wherewith being terrified hee sayed That in truth hee was a prisoner and that to saue his life hee had taken vpon him to carrie a letter to Bernardin Aben Amer but hee knew not what it contained and so hee gaue it him Seniz hauing read it was verie well pleased saying vnto the Moore That it was happie for him hee had fallen into his hands for if hee had gone to Aben Amer he would haue hanged him as soone as he had giuen him this letter That hee meant to send him backe to him that had written it willing him to bee faithfull for hee should bee well rewarded This poore Moore being glad promised to doe any thing that hee should commaund him Seniz and Francis Barrero met at a certaine place appointed and concluded betwixt them That Barrero should returne to Granado and bring a generall pardon in good forme to all those that had beene in armes since the treatie made with Habagui in the which Aben Aboo should bee expresly named These letters were dispatcht with all fauour wherein nothing was omitted Barrero hauing brought them and deliuered them to Seniz it happened that Aben Aboo was aduertised of this conference wherewith hee was much discontented and came in the night with a small traine to the caue where Seniz retired himselfe leauing his people a little way off in a passage vnder the rocke keeping two Moores onely with him whom hee made to stay at the entrie of that naturall caue which was in the top of the mountaine of Huzun aboue Vercheul and Mecine of Bombaron Hee demaunded verie disdainfully of Seniz Who had giuen him leaue to treat with the enemie You aunswered Seniz and it is in consequence of former conferences the which I tell you wee must continue and end and therefore let vs not loose the opportunitie to recouer king Philips fauour and let vs not through had counsell seeke our owne ruines putting instantly into his hand these letters of pardon the which Aben Aboo reiected crying out That it was nothing but villanie and treason offering to goe forth to call his men One of them which hee had left at the entrie of the caue would haue come in but he was put backe and throwne downe a Precipice the other fled and hee himselfe was stayed to reason with him but he was in such a rage as hee would not heare any thing so as Seniz seeing his obstinacie resolued to kill him and lifting vp a long harquebuse which hee had in his hand hee gaue him such a blow on the head as he ouerthrew him and then he and his men stabd him with their daggers Aben Aboo king of the Moores slaine They which attended him being aduertised by the Moore which had fled That they had slaine his companion and that he thought they had done as much vnto the king retired This done Seniz sent to aduertise Francis Barrero thereof and that hee should send a moyle to carrie the kings bodie to Vercheul the which was done and Seniz inuited to come with all assurance to the garrison where hee was entertained and much made of by Leonard Rotulo brother to captaine Galas then absent and then hee and Barrero went vnto the citie whither they caused the bodie to be carried where
yeelded to the Turkes hauing but seuen barrels of powder left they began to treat of an accord and hauing made a truce the first of August the next day they gaue hostages of either side The conditions were That the citie should be yeelded to the Turkes the persons armes and goods of souldiers and citizens being safe who might remaine there and liue in the laws of Christ and not be wronged in their honours nor substance That such as would depart might haue free passage into Candie and three yeares respite and that the souldiers should be garded by the Turkish gallies that no outrage should be done them and that they might carrie with them fiue peeces of ordnance and three of their best horses That they should not make any Mosques of their churches nor charge the citizens with any carriages or tenthes Mustafa signed these conditions and the souldiers began to imbarke in the gallies and other vessels which the Turks had sent into the port and on the fift day at night Bragadino hauing sent the keyes to Mustafa by cont Nestor Martinengo he went himselfe in person with Astor Baglioni Iohn Antonio Quirini Andrew Brigadino cont Lewis Martinengo with other Commaunders of great worth Mustafa receiued them in shew with great honour and causing them to sit downe hee discoursed with them of diuers things at last he said That the Christians which had imbarked to goe from Famagosta the night before they meant to passe into Candie and to other places belonging to the Venetians had cruelly and treacherously slaine all the Turkish slaues which they had and that three had escaped with great difficultie out of the citie to aduertise the Bassa thereof And therefore he had giuen order that the Turkes should not goe out of the hauen with their vessels before they had good caution for their securitie that they should not be slaine or made slaues in Candie or any other place Whereunto Bragadino answered That it was not in the accord to giue any hostages and therefore he meant not to doe it denying absolutely that there were any Turkes slaine as he had said Mustafa was much altered with this answer and made a signe with his hand that he should come neere him then he caused his interpreter to speake certaine words vnto him in his eare which were not heard nor yet Brigadinos answer but he seemed more furious than a Tigre and striking Marc Antonio vpon the head he and all the rest were presently taken being all vnarmed for it is a custome among the Turkes that no stranger comes vnto them with his armes Men of worth treacherously put to death by Mustafa Then causing them to be led out of the tent he caused Astor Baglioni Andrew Bragadino Iohn Antonio Quirini Lewis Martinengo and the knight del Haste to bee cut in peeces in his presence one after another Marc Antonio being reserued for a more horrible death Cont Hercoles Martinengo being there in hostage was saued by one of the Bassaes Eunuches who tooke him for his slaue The souldiers which were in the campe to the number of three hundred were all slaine and those that were imbarked were made slaues Two dayes after Mustafa entred into Famagosta Death of Marc Antonio Bragadino and hauing caused Bragadinos eares to bee cut off when hee was taken prisoner hee made him to bee set vpon the maine yard of the Admirals gallie of Rhodes to bee a spectacle to the Christians that were there in captiuitie In the end hee caused him to bee set vpon the pillorie in the market place and there to bee flayed aliue by a Iew this lord shewing still a noble resolution and full of Christian pietie neither did hee during all his torments and disgraces which they did vnto him shew any signe of feare or basenesse still reproaching that treacher with the breach of his faith euen vnto his death Then hee caused him to be quartered and one of them to bee set vpon either batterie his skinne was stuft with straw and hung at the yard of one of his galliots being first a miserable spectacle to all the coast of Soria and then to Selim in Constantinople Thus after threescore and fifteene dayes batterie and many assaults the Turkes hauing spent an hundred and fiftie thousand shot of great ordnance Famagosta was taken D. Iohn of Austria came the foure and twentieth of August to Messina D. Iohn d' Austria comes to Messina being receiued by the two other Generals Colonna and Veniero with great honour where all the forces of the league not being yet arriued he called the two Generals with some others of greatest judgement in martiall affaires to counsell to resolue what they had to doe but for that their opinions were diuers it was ordered that they should set them downe in writing with their reasons but the resolution was deferred vntill the arriuall of the rest of the gallies On the first of September Iohn Andrew Doria arriued with twelue gallies hauing imbarkt Germanes and Lombards at Spetie after whom came the marquesse of S. Crux with thirtie gallies from Naples and the next day Quirini and Canale with threescore from Candie soone after there came some ships from Naples laden with men and munition and some gallies from Palermo conducted by Cardona but some other vessels could not come so soone being left to imbarke three thousand Italian foot and 1000 Spaniards that were at Otranto Number of Christians fleet at Messina There were at Messina the eight of September twelue gallies of the Popes 81 of the king of Spaines with twentie ships of burthen some say twentie fiue one hundred and eight gallies of the Seigniorie of Venice six galleasses and two ships three gallies of Malta and three of the Order of S. Lazaro so as there were in the whole fleet two hundred and seuen gallies six gallnasses and two and twentie ships besides foists and other smaller vessels and in them at the least twentie thousand fighting men with victuals and munition sufficient Those that had chiefe charge in this armie besides the Generals were these Ascanio de la Corna was Campe-master generall for the king of Spaine the earle of S. Fiora was Generall of the Italians the Colonels were cont Paulo Sforza the earle of Sarno and Gasper Toraldi the Colonels of the Dutch were the earle of London and Vinciguerra of Arco And of the fleet Iohn Andrew Doria was Generall of his owne gallies which the king paied D. Aluaro de Bassan marquesse of S. Crux gouerned them of Naples with the like title D. Iohn of Cardona them of Sicile and D. Cesare d' Aualos the ships Gabrio Serbelloni was Generall of the ordnance The names of the rest of the Commaunders I omit to auoid tediousnesse The Pope sent Iohn Paulo Odescalco to Messina to hasten their departure and to inrich them with many indulgences being to fight against the enemies of the holy Church Then after a solemne procession they
were D. Michel de Moncado D. Bernardin de Cardines and Salazar Captaine of the Citadell of Palermo in the middest were D. Francis Zapate and Lewis Carrillo and in the poupe D. Iohn with the great Commaunder of Castille the Earle of Plego D. Lewis de Cordoua Roderigo de Benauides D. Iohn de Guzman D. Philip de Heredia Ruy Dias de Mendosa and others In Aly Bassas galley were foure hundred Ianisaries shot and some Archers tryed men who fought verie valiantly against D. Iohns Spaniards who entred twice into the Turkes Admirall and were valiantly repulst by them Aly being succoured by diuers others gallies which were about him but such was the resolution of the Christians as they became masters thereof Marc Antonio Colonna arriuing in whose galley was the Commander Romeias who wanted neither iudgement nor courage Aly Bassa was slaine and in a maner all that were in his galley his head was cut from his bodie and presented vnto D. Iohn who caused it to bee set vpon the end of a pike for a spectacle to encourage the Christians to pursue the victorie and to daunt the Turkes who began then to faint Iohn Andrew Doria was also Victor on his part but some said that hee might haue done better if hee had list for hee suffered Vluccialy to escape In these actions there is no man troubled but such as are in them the rest speake at pleasure The most furious combat was in the left wing of the armie whereas the Proueditor Barbarigo commaunded who left scarce any one of the enemies gallies but was broken sunk or taken This wise and valiant Captaine was shot into the eye with an arrow whereof hee dyed Portau Bassa fled away in a boat seeing Aly slaine and the battell lost Caracossa Gouernour of Valona a famous Pyrat was slaine by Honorat Gaietan Captaine of one of the Popes Gallies The valour of Martin de Padille was great who with his onely galley tooke three of the enemies It was an horrible spectacle to see the Sea dyed with bloud full of dead Carkasses and peeces of gallies Many sought to runne themselues on gronnd but they were preuented by the Venetian gallies many Turkes cast themselues into the Sea thinking to saue their liues by swimming but they fainted and perished before they got to land It was the greatest victorie that had beene at Sea in many ages Number of the dead The battell continued eighteene houres wherein they spent some part of the night there died about fiue and twentie thousand Turkes and almost all the Commaunders others write that there were fifteene thousand Turkes slaine and seuen thousand Christian and some write thirteene thousand There were taken and carried away one hundred and seuenteene gallies and thirteene Galleots and many were sunke the number whereof was vnknowne there were some thirtie and nine gallies galleots and foists which escaped and came to Lepanto which relikes Vluccialy had charge to conduct to Constantinople yet they were so ill handled as hee was faine to leaue sixe of them behind They tooke one hundred and seuenteene Canons and two hundred fiftie and eight small peeces of Ordnance some number three thousand eight hundred fortie and sixe prisoners and some 5000 among which were the two Sons of Aly Bassa Sirocco gouernor of Negropont was taken but he was so wounded as he died soone after his wife who was exceeding faire was also taken prisoner There were 15000 Christian slaues set at libertie The Christians besides priuat men lost 14 Captaines of gallies and sixty knights of Malta and aboue eight thousand that were hurt of men of name there were slaine Augustin Barbarigo the Prouiditor with fifteene other gentlemen of Venice D. Bernardin de Cardine a Spaniard Horatio and Virginio Vrsini with diuers others and of wounded D. Iohn himselfe the Generall Veniero Paul Iourdain Vrsini the earle of Sancta Fiora Troilo Saâ—elli and Thomas de Medicis They found in Alys galley two and twentie thousand peeces of gold called Soldamini and in that of Caracossa forty thousand The whole prey was diuided at Port Caligiero some write at Corfu to euerie one of the confederates according to the rate the king of Spaine had of six parts three the state of Venice two and the Pope one and all the captaines and souldiers were commended and rewarded for their good seruice After which D. Iohn Marc Antonio Colonna and D. Iohn Andrew Doria retyred to Messina whereas they found that the Marquesse of Pescara the Viceroy was newly dead hauing frequented women too much Marc Antonio Colonna went to Rome the great Commaunder of Castille with him to treat with the Pope touching the next yeres seruice for the league and to goe to his gouernment of the duchie of Milan which the king had giuen him after the death of the duke of Albuquerque This victorie was wonne the seuenth of October 1571 without any further poursuit for the opinions of the commanders depending of sundrie masters were diuers and also for that the season of the yeare was too farre spent The duke of Alba being incensed against the Queene of England Duke of Alba sends to treat with the queene of England for that she had staied his money and as hee thought fauoured the Rebels of the Netherlands vnder hand he studied how to crosse her and to cause some troubles in her Countrie and to giue the better forme to that which had been begun by his practises hee sent Chiapin Vitelli vnder colour to treat with her of the composition of reprisals and restitution of that which had beene taken from king Philips subiects but hee gaue him secret instructions against that state if hee might conueniently effect them There was no meanes to come to any accompt for the spoiles which were taken by the English from any of the king of Spaines subiects or adherents for that they were either wasted by priuat men or else the truth could not be verified Wherefore Vitelli was sent backe with good words and could doe nothing in that respect And as for the enterprises whereof hee had charge to conferre with certaine Noble men discontented with the present gouernment hee could not worke any thing for during his aboad in England hee was carefully obserued yet the Pope had his Spies and Negotiators in the countrie and did solicite king Philip to help to depriue the queen both of her crowne and life and that the Roman Catholikes and such as vnder that pretext desired innouations might be the Masters To effect this they had need both of men and money but especially of a stranger to bee their leader such a one as the duke of Alba whome they held to be fitter than any other The king whither through importunitie or willingly being full of other affaires yeelded and it happened that Chiapin Vitelli after his returne from England comming into Spaine to craue leaue of the king for that he was called into Italie by some princes vnto whome
to leaue it and to defend his fort betwixt the citie Goulette the which was presently inuested by the Moors towards the town but he scattered them often by his continuall sallies and â—lew great numbers Goulette being besieged Porto Carrero did importune Serbelloni to send him men the which he did by the lake but the Turkes did soone take that passage from them making a long bridge of barques bound together and thereon as it were a causey of earth whereon they placed many musketiers The batterie planted against the bastion which looked towards the sea made a great breach where the Turkes gaue a terrible assault with bridges made of maine yards according to their custome the which notwithstanding was defended by the valour of the Christians Ignorance of Porto Carrerâ— but Porto Carrero did either forget the dueties whereunto men besieged are bound or hee did not know them Hee neuer would suffer his men to make a sallie it seemes hee feared to wast poulder and shot so as the Turkes had good meanes to view the fort to lodge and to plant their ordnance at their pleasures And to shew the great arrogancie of this gouernor whereas Anthonie Carrafe a gentleman of Naples sought to giue him good aduice he caused him to be strangled to be cast in a sacke into the sea Serbelloni although he had need of all his strength within the fort yet knowing the importaunce of Goulette he weakened himselfe to fortifie it being continually called on by D. Pedro and sent him men as he could yet could he not preuent it but that Goulette was taken by force Sinan hauing caused a general assault to be giuen the which was continued with such fresh supplies one after an other without intermission as they within it were no longer able to make any more resistance but were forced and all or the greatest part put to the sword Goulette taken by 〈◊〉 some write that Porto Carrero with three hundred souldiers were made slaues and that the sonne of King Amida was taken in that place Goulette being taken the Turkes went and besieged the fort both by sea and land hauing filled certaine great barques with packes of wooll wet to choake their cannon shot and planted many harquebuziers in them with long fowling peeces which carried very great bullets to keepe the besieged from their defences Sinan made batteries and cast vp trenches to approach vnto the fort as he was accustomed to batter sappe and mine at one instant in diuers places where hauing made great breaches hee caused three seuerall assaults to be giuen but they were all resolutely defended and hee caused fire to be set to a mine the which did more harme vnto the Turkes than vnto the besieged The assaults were continued vnto the fourth time still they were repulsed with great slaughter but this valor decreasing by litle and litle through their ordinary assaults they were so weake at the fift which was generall and more obstinate than any of the rest as the place was forced and all within cut in peeces excepted Serbelloni who was taken being wounded and drawne by the beard before the Bassa who caused him to bee kept Pagan Doria flying the Turkes and thinking to find more mercie with the Moores was slaine by them Fort at Tunis taken by assault and his head set vpon a pike Porto Carrero being a prisoner died within few dayes after as some say of poison D. Iohn de Sinoghera after these two losses was left alone with three hundred and fiftie men to defend the tower vpon the lake standing betwixt Tunis and Goulette the which although it were very strong yet considering his owne strength and the enemies he could not hope to make any long defence he yielded vpon certaine conditions and passed afterwards into Sicile to carrie newes of this great losse This Goulette the honour of the Emperours conquests the which kept Afrike in awe was lost through carelesnesse Sinan caused it to be rased to the ground and then returned triumphantly to Constantinople 17 This yere the Christians reaped both losse and dishonour in Afrike D. Sebâ—stian King of Portugall goes into Afrike for D. Sebastian the yong King of Portugall of too warre like a disposition as we haue shewed and desirous of glorie seeking to aduaunce himselfe by some enterprises against the Moores hauing not imparted any thing vnto the Queene his grandmother nor vnto the Cardinall his vncle by whose care his actions should haue beene gouerned by reason of his age which was voyd of experience He sent D. Antonio Prior of Crato his cosin but base to Tanger in Afrike which did belong vnto the Crowne of Portugall and made him his lieutenant generall there deliuering him the Standard with great solemnitie He would haue him accompanied with some numbers of soldiers but specially with many knights and within few dayes after the King himselfe taking many of the chiefe noble men with him imbarked at Cascais whenas no man suspected it and went in like maner into Afrike leauing order in Portugall that some knights should follow him and therefore hee did write many priuat letters vnto them Being come to Tanger and hauing tried the Moors forces in the neighbour garrisons and seeing his men in all their skirmishes to be ouerlayed with multitudes and the nimblenesse of the enemies horse he beganne to consider better of the daunger whereinto he had runne of whom depended the peace and quiet of his whole Realme and so being better aduised by some noble men of authoritie that were with him but especially being moued by a letter written by father Lewis Gonzales a Iesuite who had beene his Scholemaster and was then in great credit with him he resolued to returne presently ⧠THE 30 BOOKE OF THE Historie of Spaine The Contents 1 D. Lewis de Requesens great Commaunder of Castille sent gouernour into the Low Countries for King Philip. 2 D. Iohn of Austria sent Gouernour into the Low Countries 3 Death of D. Iohn of Austria 4 Xerifes Kings of Maroc and Fez their beginning and proceeding 5 D. Sebastian first of that name King of Portugall 6 He led an armie into Afrike 7 Battell in Afrike and death of D. Sebastian 8 D. Henry 17 King of Portugall a Cardinall 9 Pretendants to the Crowne of Portugall 10 D. Anthonie Prior of Crato a bastard made legitimate disanulled by King Henrie 11 Fiue gouernours in Portugall during the inter-reigne 12 Death of the King D. Henrie 13 Confusions in Portugall all during the inter-reigne 14 The king D. Philip meanes to debate his right by armes 15 Aduice and Councell of the Doctors in Spaine touching the Kings title 16 D. Antonio is declared Defender of the Realme against King Philips forces and then is saluted King 17 Duke of Alba generall of the King of Spaines armie in Portugall and his exploits 18 Defeat and flight of D. Antonio and the taking of Lisbone 19 Death of D. Anna Queene of Spaine
in Spaine of a great army preparing in England to send into Portugall Prouision for defence of Portugal for the restoring of Don Antonio wherevpon the King made prouision for the defence thereof sending the Earle of Fuentes for Generall into Portugall with good troupes hee augmented the number of their horse giuing the charge to D. Alphonso Vargas he made D. Francis de Padiglia Camp-master General Andreas d' Alua Pouruoier and Iohn Maldonado Auditor The prouisions for this enterprise beeing made Voiage of Portugal they went from Plimouth in Aprill Sir Iohn Norris and Sir Francis Drake being Generalls they had with them sixe of the Queenes twenty ships of warre and as some write a hundred and forty for transportation hauing when they tooke shipping a eleuen thousand souldiers and two thousand fiue hundred marriners within sixe daies after their departure from England being the twentith day of Aprill the army landed in a bay within a mile off the Groine without impeach from whence they marched presently towards the towne approching within halfe a mile they were incountred by the enemy who beeing charged retired to their gates and then the Generall lodged the army in the villages and houses thereabouts Generall Norris hauing viewed the towne before daie resolued for to attempt it by scaladoe and to land some Artillerie to beate the shippes and gallies which did play vpon their troupes Groine the base towne surprized the which was effectually performed so as the Gallies were forced presently to abandon the roade and goe to Farrol and then they prepared with all speed to surprize the base towne the which was done the next day after they entring it in three seuerall places where after good resistance in one place they were forced to abandon it they all retyring into the high towne the which they might easily doe for that the English knew not their passages The rest that were not put to the sword in the fury fled to the rockes in the Island where they did hide themselues in caues whereas many were daily found out D. Iohn de Luna a man of great command hauing hidden himselfe in a house came forth the next morning and yeelded himselfe Iohn de Vera a Commissary of the victuals was also taken that night who confessed that at the entry of the English into the towne there were fiue hundred Spainards in seuen companies as it seemed returned weake from the voyage of England all vnder D. Iohn de Luna the captaines names were D. Diego Baçan base sonne to the Marquis of Santa Cruz. D. Antonio de Herera D. Pedro Manriques brother to the Earle of Paredes D. Ieronimo Mouray of the Order of Saint Iohn hee was in the fort D. Gomes de Caruajal captaine Mouçon and Caucasa de Socas And that the day that the English landed there came from Retenzas the companies of D. Iohn de Mosale and of D. Pedro Ponce de Leon. He confessed moreouer that there was order giuen for the baking of 300000. of biscuit that there was two thousand pipes of wine in the towne and a hundred and fifty in the ships That there was lately come 300000. ducats from the Marquis of Seralba That there was a thousand Iarres of oyle with great store of beanes pease wheat and fish That there were three thousand kintals of beefe and not twenty daies before there entred three barkes laden with mach and harguebuses There were some others taken and there were slaine by the common souldiers about fiue hundred At their first entry into the towne the souldiers finding three sellars full of wine distempred themselues so as many beeing drunke were hurt from the high towne and this disorder was the cause of a great mortality which fell in the English army There was aboundance of victuals and prouision for shipping and warre which the Commissary confest to be for a new voyage into England After the taking of the base towne there came some two thousand men out of the country downe to the very gates as resolutly as if they would haue entred but the English that were in gard making head against them they fled away disordredly hauing lost some eighteene of their men The Generall attempted the high towne both by mine and battery and going to the assault the loose rubish vnder their feete failed them so as they could not stand They had diuers men hurt in their retreat and they lost some twenty or thirty vnder the ruines of a tower which fell The day after that the English had offred an assault Succors come to releeue the Groyne the General vnderstood by a prisoner that the Earle of Andrada had gathered an army together of eight thousand men at Puente de Burgos six miles from the towne which was but the beginning of an army there being a greater leauy ready to come vnder the conduct of the Earle of Altemira either to releeue the Groyne or to incampe neere vnto the place where the English should imbarke and to hinder there shipping for to that end the Marquis of Seralba had written vnto them both the first night of their landing as the Commissary had confest or else to stop their passage into the country whether they went daily by troupes and burnt spoiled and tooke great booties The Generall resolued the next day to goe and visit these forces leading nine Regiments with him In the foreward were the regiments of Sir Edward Norrys Master of the Ordinance Sir Roger Williams and Collonel Sydneys In the battaile that of the Generall of Collonel Lane and Collonel Medkerke And in the reereward Sir Henry Norrys Collonel Huntleys and Collonel Brets Regiments leauing the other fiue Regiments with Generall Drake for the garde of the Ordinance Vpon the sixth day of May in the morning they discouered the enemy within halfe a mile off their campe against whom the shot of the foreward skirmished and forced them to retire vnto their bridge which was of stone built vpon Arches ouer a creeke that came from the sea At the foote whereof on the other side the enemy lay verie strongly intrenched who beeing with his shot at the further end of the bridge Sir Edward Norris who ledde the foreward and marched in the head of the pikes past the bridge without any stay at all beeing accompanied by Colonell Sydney Captaine Hinder Captain Fulford and others The way was euen but they must passe thorough a storme of small shot for the bridge was flanked on both sides with their shot at the farther end there was a barricado but they that had it in gard seeing the proud approch of the English Sir Edward Norris nurt forsooke it where Sir Edward Norris entred and charging the first he encountred with his pike ouer-thrusting himselfe hee fell and was sore hurt on the head at the sword but was honorably rescued by the Generall his brother Colonell Sidney and some other Gentlemen Captaine Hinder hauing his cask shot off had fiue wounds in the
Master of Malta had contributed The Venetians would not infringe the peace they had with the great Turke and yet they prouided for all things necessarie for their defence both by sea and land if any did quarrell with them The enterprise was iust and worthy of the first stratagems of a Prince who desires to begin his raigne by some worthy act Enterprise iust but not blest of heauen the opportunity of doing well being so fauourable as if Christendome could haue made her profit by the diuision which was then in Mahomets estate by the mutinies of the Ianisaries and the reuolts in Asia they might in shew haue aduanced the accomplishment of that prophecy whereof the Turkes doe not speake but with sighes That by the common armes of the Christians they shall be rooted from the face of the earth This armie being imbarked they came in the beginning of Iuly to Naples to make prouision of great store of armes and a good number of Petards which made the world thinke that hee would both arme some of the Turkes subiects which were ready to reuolt and that he had intelligence in some place to surprise it suddenly And for that footmen are alwaies weake if they bee not seconded by some horse they made prouision also of fifteene hundred or two thousand armors for horsemen The Venetians seeing them bend their course towards Messina entred into new apprehensions that if they attempted any thing in Albania they should bee troubled in their gulphe but being come to Trepany which is the promontarie of Sicile next to Afrike they were freed from this feare Hauing past the Ilands of Baleares they then thought it was for Alger But Cigala of Sicile was come from Constantinople with fifty gallies to crosse his designes and to watch him vpon his retreat being loth to fight at one instant against the Christians and against the Moores their slaues and rebels for it was giuen out that the Christian army should be assisted with eight or ten thousand Moores and some Christians Wherefore Cigala had drawne all them that dwelt along the Sea-coast and might fauour this army into the Towne and did shut vp aboue tenne thousand slaues in caues tyed with double chaines and straitly garded There was great hope of good successe of this enterprise and the Spaniards said that the King would giue good testimony of his affection to Christendome Prince Doria the better to fauour this designe had intreated the great Master of Malta in the king of Spaines name to send some gallies to spoile in the Leuant seas and to make a diuersion of the Turkes forces and to aduertise him of their course They were verie fortunate in the designe for passing into Morea with fiue gallies Beauregard a French knight had commandement to set a Petard to the gate of Chasteauneuf Chasteauneuf in Morea taken by the knights of Malta which the Turkes call Passana and in the meane time some other knights should attempt it by Scalado on the other side As nothing is easie to cowards so the valiant find nothing difficult where they entred with such furie as they forced the second Port and yet it was valiantly defended by seuen or eight hundred Turkes where they tooke many slaues cloyed their ordnance spoyled and burnt the Town and countrie about it and returned with speed The Sea armie of Spaine recouered the coast of Afrike but both men at land and windes at Sea were banded against it God would not blesse this enterprise although it were iust and holie the reasons remaine in the Register of his justice and infinit wisdome against the which wee may not murmure as the Romanes did against the conduct and gouernment of their gods when as they saw that Pompey doing nothing according vnto justice was fauoured with their assistence and when as he fought for their laws and countrie yea for the gods themselues he was most vnfortunate Prince Doria seeing that both heauen earth and sea did crosse his designes resolued to retire and not attempt any thing The Prince of Parma did serue as a voluntarie in this army who grieuing to see this great armie returne without any imployment desiring rather to erre in iudgement than in the greatnesse of his courage told Prince Doria That hee should not suffer so goodlie an armie to returne without some attempt Prince of Parmas speech to Prince Doria the which had done nothing but incense a mightie enemy who to bee reuenged of a dead enterprise ready for execution Prince Dorias answere 〈…〉 would seeke to annoy the king of Spaine in all his estates To whome the old man made this presen◠answere I know my charge my head is growne white in learning this experience Your excellencie is accomptable vnto the king my lord but for your pike onely and I for a whole army wherein although I haue beene vnfortunate yet will I not that other parts belonging to my charge as courage authoritie and experience shall faile mee or that any shall obiect vnto me that I haue erred therein A gallant and worthy answere to tech a yong Prince how great soeuer hee bee in an armie that hee must onely studie to obey and not to lead and commaund which was the Generalls charge So Prince Doria hauing discharged his armie went towards Genoua chosing rather to giue them cause to speake disgracefully of his retreat than to haue attempted an impossible enterprise in vaine The Popes Gallies attended the Prince of Parma at Barcelona who was gone into Spaine to kisse the king of Spaines hands Those of the great duke of Tuscany went to Genoua and from thence to Liuorne Most of the Souldiers came and lodged in the duchie of Milan to the vtter ruine of the Countrie Policie of the earle of Fuentes But the Earle of Fuentes who neuer forceth the people when hee can persuade them found an inuention to make this burthen sweet and supportable Hee sought to drawe their commerce by water from Milan to Pauia and caused them to digge Trenches to bring the Riuers together which are betwixt those Townes The people seeing commodities that might well recompence their losses with aduantage seasoned the remembrance of their present harme with the hope of so great a good Many haue attempted the like but in vaine who in the end haue beene forced to giue ouer the worke and to leaue the world as it was made The Emperour Charlemaigne sought to ioyne the Riuer of Rhin to the Danowe and the Morelle to the Rhin to the end the French might traffike by water throughout all Europe and to this end hee caused great and deepe Trenches to bee made but finding lets not fore-seene nor thought off they remained vnprofitable and filled of themselues And the Earle of Fuentes incounters great difficulties in this designe which did frustrate their worke and renewed the peoples complaints when as they sawe themselues surcharged with the ruines of this last Ship-wracke and that the