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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05335	Of the interchangeable course, or variety of things in the whole world and the concurrence of armes and learning, thorough the first and famousest nations: from the beginning of ciuility, and memory of man, to this present. Moreouer, whether it be true or no, that there can be nothing sayd, which hath not bin said heretofore: and that we ought by our owne inuentions to augment the doctrine of the auncients; not contenting our selues with translations, expositions, corrections, and abridgments of their writings. Written in French by Loys le Roy called Regius: and translated into English by R.A.; De la vicissitude ou variete des choses en l'univers. English	Leroy, Louis, d. 1577.; Ashley, Robert, 1565-1641.	1594 (1594)	STC 15488; ESTC S113483	275,844	270

imitantia fulmen Corripiunt Vulcane tuum dum Theutonas armas Inuentum dum tela Jouis mortalibus affers Nec mora signantes certam sibi quisque volucrem Inclusam salicum cineris sulphúrque nitrumque Materiam accendunt seruata in veste fauilla Fomite correpta diffusa repente furit vis Ignea circumsepta simulque cita obice rupto Intrusam impellit glandem volat illa per auras Stridula exanimes passim per prata iacebant Deiectae volucres magno micat ignibus aer Cum tonitru quo sylua omnis ripaeque recuruae Et percussa imo sonuerunt aequora fundo This age hath brough forth many great and notable inuentions on which notwithstanding I will not stand because they are rather accessarie to the auncient things then exceeding the vnderstanding of our forfathers all antiquitie hauing not any thing to compare vnto these three But amongst the meruailes of our age there haue bin manifested new and strange maladies vnknowen of the Auncients and not treated of by any Greek Arabian or Romain Phisitian as if there were not enough alreadie dispersed ouer the world to the number of three hundred and more without speaking of the inconueniencies hapning euery day by the excesses which men do vse Moreouer there are risen Sects in many Countries which haue much troubled the publicke peace and cooled the mutuall charitie of men Whereof some more curious will attribute the cause to the celestiall motions For as we haue obserued in times past in the notable mutations of mankind where nature hath showed her greatest forces that extreme euill and wickednes hath met with excellent vertue and extraordinarie calamities haue accompanied great felicitie so could not one imagin any kind of vnhappinesse or ●ice which is not found in this age so happie in the restitution of good learning and restoring of sciences Neither is there any amongst all men either Christians or barbarous Nations but hath suffered much No part of the habitable earth no person is exempted from affections which increase from day to day and are too much knowen to our damage and confusion Euery where the publike estates haue ●in afflicted changed or destroied and euery where the Religion troubled with heresies Not only all Europe but also the farthest regions of Asia and Africk the inhabitants of the new found lands and of the East and West Indies being innumerable in multitude and dispersed into infinite places haue bin troubled with foreine and ciuile warres long continued wherehence hath followed the excessiue price of all things with often famines and pestilences We must think that God being angrie with men sendeth such calamities generally and particularly to correct our vices and to bring vs to a greater knowledge and reuerence of him For there was neuer in the world more wickednes more impietie or more disloialtie Deuocion is quenched simplicitie and innocencie mocked at and there remayneth but a shadow of Iustice. All is turned vpside downe nothing goeth as it ought But the most notable aduersities and prosperities of this age are elegantly represented by Fracastorius in these goodly Verses Credo equidem quaedam nobis diuinitus esse Inuenta ignaros fatis ducentibus ipsis Nam quanquam fera tempestas iniqua fuerunt Sydera non tamen omnino praesentia diuûm Abfuit à nobis placidi clementia coeli Si morbum insolitum si dura tristia bella Vidimus sparsos dominorum caede penates Oppidaque incensasque vrbes subuersáque regna Et templa captis temerata altaria sacris Elumina deiectas si perrumpentia ripas Euertere sata medijs nemora eruta in vndis Et pecora domini correptaque rura natarunt Obseditque inimica ipsas penuria terras Haec eadem tamen haec aetas quod fata negarunt Antiquis totum potuit sulcare carinis Id pelagi immensum quod circuit Amphitrite Nec visum satis extremo ex Atlante repostos Hesperidum penetrare sinus praxumque sub Arcto Inspectare alia praeruptaque littora rapti Atque Arabo aduehere Carmano ex aequore merces Aurorae sed itum in populos Titanidis vsque est Supta Indum Gangémque supra qua terminus olim Calygare noti orbis erat superata Cyambe Et dites Ebeno foelices macere syluae Denique à nostro diuersum gentibus orbem Diuersum coelo clarum maioribus astris Remigio audaci a●●igimus ducentibus dijs The end of the tenth Booke A COMPARISON OF THIS AGE with the most famous former Ages to know wherein it is superiour inferiour or equall vnto them and first touching the warfare of these dayes with the auncient Greek and Romain The Eleuenth Booke THE excellencie of this age being briefly declared we will hence forward compare it with the most famous of the former in matter of Armes Artillerie Captaines Armies Battailes Sieges Empires and other States voiages by sea and by land discoueries of Countries riches maners and sciences to know wherein it is superiour or inferiour or equall vnto them beginning with the comparison of the warfare of these daies with the auncient Greeke and Romaine It is said that CYAXARES king of the Medians was the first that distributed the men of warre of Asia into Bandes Squadrons and Companies and ordayned that the horsemen and footmen should haue their quarters apart and should no more march confusedly as they were wont to do The ROMAINS accounting more of their Infanterie then of their Caualerie and founding on it all the desseignes of their power diuided their footmen into those that were heauily and such as were lightly armed whom they called Velites vnder which word were vnderstood all such as vsed slings darts and bowes the greatest part of whom as Polybius saith were armed with a caske and to couer themselues had a shield or target on their arme and fought without keeping any rank or order a good way from the heaule or maine armie The men that were heauily armed had a salade which couered their head and came downe as far as their shoulders There bodie was armed with cuirasses which with the tases couered their ●highes as far as their knees They had moreouer their leggs and their armes couered with greues and vantbrasses and caried also a shield of fower foote long and two and a halfe broad which had a circle or plate of yron aboue to sustaine the blowes the better and to keepe it from cleauing and an other plate of yron vnderneath which kept the shield from being wasted and worne with leaning it on the ground which might be compared to a pauois prouided that the pauois had in the verie midst thereof a bosse of yron well set on and close ioyned as their shieldes had the better thereby to endure the blowes and strokes which should fall thereon Besides they had a sword girt on their left side and on their right side a short dagger They had a dart in their hand

Chamlet whereunto haue bin added fustians bombasies sarges cloth of Gold and Siluer purple and skarlet with other infinite colours making of these stuffes shirts rochets wimples doublets caps hats hoods gowns coats cloaks cassocks ierkins iackets enriched with ornaments trimmings embroderies and laces after diuers fashions whith change from Countrie to Countrie and from day to day thorough the lightnes of persons Of tanned and coried leather they haue made Ierkins buskins bootes shooes and pantofles and lyned and faced them with veluet They haue applied Carcanets and Chaines to their necks brasselets to their hands rings to their fingers spectacles to their eies paynting to their cheekes iewels to their eares tyres and borders of gold to their heads and garters to their leggs distinguishing by the habits the Princes from the subiects the Magistrats from priuate men the noble from the base the learned from the ignorant and the holie from the prophane What shall I say of the skinns of Wolues Sables Martins and other precious furres fet from the farthest parts of the North which they buy for excessiue prices Plinietelleth it for a wonderfull strange thing and full of great superfluitie that he had seen Lollia Paulina a Romain Ladie widow of the Emperour Caligula at a wedding banquet hauing her head necke and bosome couered and her handes likewise with pearles and Emeraudes ioyned together and enterlaced which iewels were esteemed to bee worth a Million of crownes The Queene Cleopatra comming to meete Antonius in Cilicia put her selfe on the ryuer Cydnus into a boate whose sterne was all of gold the sayles of Purple the oares of Siluer which kept stroke in rowing with the sound of Musicke Touching her person shee was laied vnder a pauilion of gold tyssued decked like the Goddesse Venus and round about her were maruailous odoriferous and sweet smells and perfumes Heliogabalus slept on a tyke full of hares heares and partridge-feathers The bed of Darius the last King of the Persians was sumptuouslie garnished and couered with a vine of golde in maner of a grate or lettice enriched with raisins and grapes hanging in it all of precious stones And at his bedds head there was in Treasure fiue thousand Talents of golde at his bedds foote three thousand Talents of Siluer So much and so deerely he esteemed and valued his nights pleasure that he would haue his head rest on so great cheuisance But yet the excesse in buylding hath bin more outragious for comming out of hollow trees houells bowers cabins and lodges couered with straw and reedes and going into houses buylded with brickes stones and marble cut squared and fastened with morter plaister lyme and varnish hanged with Tapistrie and painted couered with slattes and tyles the roofe hollow with arches and vaults and the flower curiouslie paued and wrought diuided by halles vpper and lower chambers vtter chambers inner chambers with-drawing-chambers bedchambers wardrobes cabinets closets staires entries galleries and terrasses They haue accomodated arts and artificers for the buylding and furnishing of them as Architects masons plaisterers tylers carpenters smithes glasiers tapisters painters grauers cutters caruers melters casters of Images goldsmithes gilders lock-smithes and others buylding pallaices castles townes cities bridges conduicts pyramides sepulchers theaters amphitheaters bathes and porches turning the course of streames and raising of mounts and throwing downe mountains with prodigalitie exceeding all boundes of reason hoping thereby to make their names immortall And whereas it was necessarie for them intertayning that varietie and magnificence to trafique by sea and by land and to haue Cariers on them both to th end to receiue from other places such commodities as they wanted or to send abroad such things as abounded with them to nauigate they hollowed first the bodies of trees after the maner of the Indian Canoes and afterwards made boates schiffes pinacies and gallies with three fower fiue sixe seauen eight and ten Oares on a side yea to thirtie on a side foistes brigantines barkes caruels ships hulks gallions galliasses armadoes and argosies with their tackling and furniture of anchors cabels mastes sayles artillerie ordinance victuals and compas or boxe To receiue keepe and repaire them arsenals portes and hauens To guide and to man them were appointed Pilots mariners sailers rowers and gallyslaues euen as carters wagoners coachmen and horse-keepers were ordayned for trafick and trauaile by land And for both cariages cursitours regraters porters balencers Masters of ports customers controllers reuisitors and serchers To serue which turne with more ease it was needfull to coine money of gold siluer brasse and copper defined in value by the quantitie and waight marked with diuerse figures according to the diuersitie of the Countrie where it is made being not possible to vse permutation in euery thing and therefore were brought in money-tellers and changers Moreouer it was necessarie to haue Notaries or Scriueners to passe the contracts of Markets sergeants huissiers solicitors proctors informers auditors iudges counsailors presidents registers criers and executours of sentences For the expedition of roiall letters Secretaries Maisters of requests Chauncelors or Keepers of seales The Physicians Chirurgians and Apothecaries do serue for health vsing druggs comming for the most part out of strange Countries as Rheubarbe Cassia Aloe Agarike and such others Gymnasts pedotribes athletes fencers wrastlers runners swimmers leapers and tumblers for the exercise of the bodie For pleasure and recreation singers minstrells musicians plaiers on instruments organists dauncers and ballad-makers rymers iesters iuglers barbers perfumers drawers of flowers and curious workes Also not contented with stickes and stones which the simplicitie of nature furnished vnto their Choler they haue inuented infinite sorts of armes and weapons both offenssiue and defensiue long-bowes and crosse-bowes with arrowes and quiuers slings darts iauelins lances pikes partysans halbards swords bucklers rapiers and daggers shieldes targets cuyras●es brigandines headpeeces helmets caskes morions and salads gorgets pauldrons vantbrasses tasses gauntlets cuisses and greues engines to shoote in the field or to batter wals catapults and ramms in old time and of late canons double-canons demy-canons basilisks coluerins sakers faulcons minions and chambers and for smaller shot and maniable muskets caliuers harquebuzes daggs and pistols Seruing for the warres armorers furbishers spurriers sadlers ryders horsebreeders horsekeepers smithes and farriers founders and mounters of great ordinance saltpeter-men powder-makers canoniers Colonels Captains souldiers with their Ensignes trumpets drummes and other Officers Going farther yet they haue found out other estates offices and exercises imploying some about conducting and managing the publick reuenewes as Receiuours Treasorers Masters of accompts Auditours Controllers Others about the counsaile of Princes and of States Others to the establishing and preseruing of the Lawes seeing to the publick gouernment to discipline and correction of maners Then amongst so many commodities idlenesse increasing with ease and wealth they applied themselues to the studie of learning by reason that all naturally desire to know new things strange admirable faire and

giuing to some force without lightnesse to others lightnesse without force he armed some and for those which were without armes he inuented other succour Those which he had inclosed in a little body he lifted them vp into the aire with feathers or commaunded them to craule on the earth He fortifyed such as were growen into a great Masse with their Masse it selfe And likewise he proceeded with the rest giuing to euery one his vertues After he had so furnished them to th end they should not distroy one another he gaue them meanes to defend them th one from the other and to remaine abroad without couert Clothing some of them with thicke heare little houses or shells and skales of diuers sorts with feathers or hard skinnes against the vntemperatenes of Winter Sommer and of the same things made them beds and natural couches ioining to their feet clawes nailes and callosites to their heads hornes teeth and tronks then distributed to them food making some to eate grasse on the earth others to feed on fruits roots of trees others more greedy to deuoure one another Prouided that they which liued on pray should be in some sort barren and the others that were subiect to be deuoured more fruitful to th end that the kind should continue For the diuine prouidence hath bin wise therin making al fearful beasts and such as are good to ●eed on very fruitful lest by being often eaten there should faile of the kind euen as hurtfull and harmeful beasts are of small increase Therefore the hare is very fruitfull and alone of al kind of venison surchargeth the burden in his belly because that men beasts and birds do prosecute him to death Likewise the Cony is sound so ful of rabets that some of them are yet without heare others somewhat riper and others going out of the belly But the Lyonesse which is the strongest and hardiest of all beastes neuer bringeth but one and but once in her life But Epimetheus being not very wise he gaue all to the brute beastes reseruing nothing for man whom he left alone without force without power without propertie starke naked without armour without clothing vnhosed and vnshood without conuenient food and wanting all things In such sort that he could not resist other creatures being then more excellent then himselfe For the staggs ran swifter the beares and Lions were stronger the Peacock was fairer the fox was craftier the Emmet more diligent and the snayle better lodged then he Euery beast found a medicine fit for his malady and hurt whereof man was ignorant Of this came such a confusion that men perished by little and little thorough diuers sorts of cruelt●e In such sort that their kind had soone bin consumed without the aduise of prudent Prometheus who seeing so great a fault to redresse it stole from Vulcan and Minerua the artificial wisedom togither with the fire being not possible to obtaine it or to vse it without fire and so did distribute it to mankinde by meanes whereof men began for their common commoditie to assemble togither for feare of the be astes and to th end to resist them helping one another and seeking here and there after safe places for their habitation they learned to make houses and garments to auoid the sharpnes of cold and the force of heate to reserue fruits for their necessitie to prepare armes for their defence and to finde out other commodities for their life Which finally necessity it selfe being inuentour of all things maketh knowen particularly to the vnderstanding of men vnto whom were giuen for helpes their hands speach and reason Reason to inuent speach to cōmunicate the hands to accomplish that which they should either inuent themselues by reason or learne of others by speach for no other creature doth speak in deed for as much as speach proceedeth of reason nor hath hands though peraduenture somewhat like vnto handes Wherefore man hath first found out by reason the most necessary thinges as food clothing and armes and afterward such as serue for pleasure ornament and magnificence he hath imposed names on euery thing inuented letters of diuers sorts and sundry kinds of writing made all arts both mechanical and liberall proceeding so farr as to measure the earth and the sea to reduce by instruments the mighty masse of heauen scarse to be comprehended by vnderstanding and to propose it before our eyes Moreouer the same Plato affirmeth that before men liued in company and spake togither or that they had begun to inuent and exercise arts for as much as they alone of al other creatures did participate of the diuine nature being indewed with an immortall soule that they by reason of this diuine affinitie did thinke first that there were Gods and so honoured them and prayed to them from thence had religion her beginning publicke gouernment iudgement negotiation and traficke by Sea and by land lawes were established magistrates created innumerable trades inuented houses villages and townes builded consequently cities castles and fortresses and then kingdoms and Empires erected Wherehence hath succeeded the greatnes and excellency of mankind such as we see it at this day From thence I say began religion which is more natural to men then all their other arts and inuentions no nation in the world hauing bin found so rude so cruel barbarous but that it had some appearance of religion For howbeit that the greater part is ignorant what God how they ought to worship him yet al notwithstanding do agree that we ought to honour pray and feare one God the authour of all things which is confirmed not only in the first and most auncient nations as the Ethiopians Indians Armenians Chaldees Hebrewes Assyrians Egyptians Greekes Romains and Gaules but also in the Goths Vandales Sarazens Tartarians Turkes Persians Cathayans or Chinoys And not onely in our hemisphere but also amongst the Antipodes and Sauages of the new found lands of whom heretofore we neuer had any knowledge They which haue nauigated thither haue found many people liuing yet as the first men without letters without Lawes without Kings without common wealthes without arts but yet not without religion who beleeue that the soules of the dead go into other places according to such workes as they haue done in this life To intertaine it haue bin appointed cerimonies praiers ordained temples edifyed oratories chapels hospitals almeshouses cloisters and couents Sacrificers or priests haue bin instituted and much respected in all Countries And if it pleased God that hee woulde be worshipped thoroughout all the world in one selfe same maner men shoulde be deliuered of great hatred and cruel discorde happening amongst them thorough the diuersitie of Religions AT THE beginning men were very simple and rude in all thinges little differing from beastes They did eate in the fieldes and mountaines the rawe fleshe of beastes or herbes with their rootes stalkes and leaues which the earth brought foorth of his owne accorde and in

for warre and fitter to make slaues and drudges then our owne seruants The most honourable amongest them neuer liued equally familiarly or ciuilly but continue all their life to doe outrage vnto some and seruice vnto others as people of depraued natures By their aboundance of riches they decke their bodies magnificently hauing their mindes base and vile by their Monarchie And being resident in Court they learne to humble them selues and to haue a cowardly hart worshipping a mortall man and calling him God and making lesse account of Gods then of men Those also which inhabite towardes the Sea who are called Satrapes doe not dishonour the Persian discipline but perseuer in the same manners behauing them selues disloyally towardes their friendes and cowardly towardes their enemies and humbling themselues on one side and swelling on the other they dispise their allies and honour their aduersaries XENOPHON comparing the raigne of Cyrus and of his successours and rendring a reason of the chaunge of manners which happened in that nation sayth that before time not onely the king but all priuate men also were wont to keepe faithfully and constantly their promise made either by oath or by touching of handes yea euen to those which had done some offence worthy of death but this faithfulnesse was afterward lost For before if any one had hazarded himselfe in perils for the King had subdued some nation taken a Towne or done any vertuous exployte the King raised him vnto honour but sithence traitours and such as to creepe into fauour kept neither promise nor faith were most reckoned of in Court After whose example all the inhabitants of Asia haue run into all iniustice and impiety Also afterward they became more licentious in ill doing and more couetous and so consequently more wicked For they raunsomed and constrayned to pay money not only such as were culpable of crimes and guilty of great misdeeds but also those which had not done any iniust or dishonest act wherhence it came to passe that not onely malefactours but al those of the richer sort were in continuall feare and would not yeeld themselues to the most mighty and durst not approach or trust to the king neither be of his bandes of ordinance neither go to warre vnder him By meanes whereof it was more then lawfull for those which made warre on them to forrage and spoile their Countrey without fight and to the people to reuolt without feare of punishment as well for their impiety toward the Gods as for their iniustice towardes men Moreouer they became more faint of courage and vntoward of mind and disposition not vsing any discipline either of body or mind hauing lost and left off that maner of exercising themselues which was commaunded them and all rules of good life For before there was a law amongst them that they should not spit nor blowe their noses which was not ordained to make them retaine the humours within their bodies but to th end that by exercise all those humours should be consumed and they haue their bodies stronger and liuelier now the custome not to spit nor blow their noses remained still but to take paines at any labour or exercise there was no such matter They had also an other Law to eate but once a day to thend to haue the rest of the time free to bestowe on their busines and it is true that they did eate but once a day but they began it early in the morning and so continued eating and drinking til night when they go to bed Before they dranke no wine and abhorred all dronkennes but sithence they gaue themselues to wine and thought it no shame to be dronke They were wont to go so oft on hunting that it suffised to keepe them in breath and their horses also but they left off that as they did other good things Moreouer the order for their children to frequent the Court remained but the discipline of ryding horses and vaulting was altogither lost And whereas in times past the children learned iustice by seeing causes iudged according to right and reason that was altogither abolished because that none ouercame in iudgement but those which gaue most money They vsed before in their liuing the discipline and continence of the the Persians and did onely weare the magnificent habit of the Medes but they afterwards suffered the Persian constancy to be extinguished and obserued curiously the delicacy of the Medes It suffised them not to haue their beds made very soft but their feet also trode vpon tapistry lest their going on the pauement should make any noise The seruice of the Table and things inuented for magnificence were augmented from day to day with new licourousnes and delicacies In the winter it was not enough for them to haue their head body and feete couered but they vsed to weare double gloues In Summer the shadowes of the trees could not content them but they had men about them which inuented other kindes of shades to coole them after a strange fashion Their auncient custome was to be alwaies on horseback and neuer on foote to th end to make them good men at armes but now they had more clothes and couerings on their horses then on their beds and cared not so much for matter of armes and horsemanship as to be sat at their ease How should they not then become more effeminate and faint in matters of war then they were before For then it was the custome of the Countrey for those which held lands to furnish men at armes and to send them forth to seruice likewise to giue good pay to garrisons whensoeuer there was occasion for defence of their countrey but since that time porters cookes bakers cupbearers tasters waiters on the bathes seruants of the table ryders horskeepers such as carry and recarry meate groomes of the Chamber for their downlying and their vprysing barbers and trimmers persumers and painters and others of such like occupations were they which the rich men sent in steed of men of armes to the warre to th end that they should bring them their pay Euen those which seemed the best shewed themselues cowards knowing the euill recompence which they were to looke for And finding in themselues their owne cowardise they went about no expedition without the Greeks whether it were to make warre in their Countrey or that the Greekes assailed them thinking that they could not ouercome without their helpe and that which is more they holpe themselues with the Greeks themselues to make warre against the Greekes They were indeed a great multitude but vnprofitable in fight as it was clerely knowen by the valiancy and hardines of the Macedonian ALEXANDER who with xl or l. thousand fighting men at the most ouercame three times DARIVS the last King of the Persians who led fower or fiue hundred thousand and brought him into such extremity that thinking to reunite himselfe in the third ouerthrow he was traiterously taken by BESSVS gouernour of Bactria which

the common wealth of Rome Hannibal to Italy and the countrie of Lybia TAMBERLAN brought the Turks to a piteous state out of which they soone arose and became more mighty then before as the Greekes and Romaines oppressed by Xerxses and Hannibal when they thought themselues vtterly ouerthrowen came to greater glory A COMPARISON OF THE KING doms Empires or Monarchies and common weales of these daies with those of auncient time IT is mencioned in the holy scripture how Nabuchodonosor saw an Image of an exceeding greatnes the head whereof was of gold the brest and armes of siluer the belly and thighes of brasse the leggs of yron the feete part of yron and part of earth And when he was awaked because he could not remember his dreame and yet founde himselfe sore troubled and fryghted therewith hee called togither his deuinours before him whom he commanded to expound vnto him what his dreame was and the meaning thereof and if they failed herein he threatned to put them to death Which being vnderstood by Daniel a yong man that had bin brought thither as a Captiue from Hierusalem he made it knowen that he could fulfill the kinges desire and being presented to the king he declared first what the king had dreamed and then interpreted the meaning of his dreame saying that the Image signified the foure soueraigne Empires of the world which should succeed in order one after another namely the Babylonian Persian Greeke and Romain Thereupon he spake vnto the king in such termes Thou art certainly the golden head of this Image thou I say whom God hath decked with supreme power and glorie to whom he hath giuen dominion ouer all men ouer the beastes of the field and the birds of the aire And after thee shall come another kingdome of siluer that is to say worse then thine which is present The third shall be of brasse which shall be stretched out farr and wide the fourth of yron for as yron bruseth and ouercommeth al things so likewise this fourth shal bruse all the rest and subdue them to it selfe The power of Nabuchodonosor is compared to a high tree reaching vnto heauen and couering the vniuersall world with the shadow thereof whose leaues are singularly faire and the fruit so plentiful that all beastes are fed and fatted therewith In whose boughes and branches all sorts of birdes do build their nestes and make their resorte Whereby the scripture signifieth the Assyrian Monarchie which was augmented vnder this King and exalted to the highest Daniel also sawe in a dreame foure beastes comming out of the sea a Lyon a Beare a Leopard and the fourth being terrible and horrible to behold The Lyon signifieth the raigne of the Assyrians and the two winges which hee giueth him are as the two members of this Empire Babylon and Assyria By the Beare is meant the kingdome of Persia by which that of Babylon was destroyed The three ribbes which he sayth were betweene his teeth are the principall Kings of this Monarchie Cyrus Darius and Artaxerxes excelling aboue the rest which haue eaten much flesh that is to say haue ioyned many nations to their dominion The Panther or Leopard is the Empire of Alexander the great or of the Grecians The foure winges and heades are the foure kingdoms issued out of this Monarchie after the death of Alexander The fourth and last beast is the Romain Empire the ten hornes are the members or parts thereof Syria Egypt Asia the lesser Greece Africke Spayne France Italy Germany and England for the ROMAINS ruled ouer all these Nations Amongst these ten hornes ariseth and groweth vp another little horne which taketh away three of the otherten whereby is vnderstood the kingdome of MAHOMET or of the TVRKES which being risen from a small beginning in the Romaine Monarchy hath seized the three principall partes thereof Egypt Asia and Greece Moreouer this little horne hath eies and is iniurious against God for Mahomet proposed new Doctrine hauing the appearance of wisedome which is signified by the eies and yet notwithstanding blasphemeth God abolishing the Christian doctrine and outraging of his Saincts vntil such time as the Auncient which hath neither beginning nor ende commeth vnto Iudgement Whereby is euidently to bee vnderstood that the course of this world shal end in this Empire that there shal not folow any other But that al principalities of the world being abolished that euerlasting kingdome shal come whereof CHRIST is the Author and conductour Thus haue some Diuines expounded Daniel Others accommodate it onely vnto Babylon which fell vnder the dominion of the Persians Medes Greeks and Parthians which hath bin often desolate and finally ouerthrowen not thinking it good to reduce all Empires vnto foure considering there haue bin others of great power and largenes As of the Medes who supplanted the Assyrians of the Parthians which ouercame the Macedonians oftentimes vanquished the Romains as hauing parted the world with thē obtained the East ruled al Asia between the red sea and the Caspian a good way toward the Indies Of the Egyptians whose kings excelled in praise of valiancy deeds of armes al other nations which would blot out deface the great excellent victories of the Persians Macedonians Romains if the long course of yeres would permit their renown to endure till this time the rest no way surpassing them but in the happines of their Historiographers who are more read by a fresher memory of their antiquitie Of the Arabians or Sarasens which possessed Persia Babylon destroying the Romain Empire in the East and enioyed a great part of Asia Africke and Europe planting there not onely their armies and seigniories but their religion also and their tongue Of the Gothes who inuaded not onely the prouinces of the Romaine Empire in the West but tooke and sacked Rome the seate of the Empire raigning in Italy lxx yeres although Alexander who ouerthrewe the kingdome of the Persians raigned but twelue yeares who like a lightening thunder leaped into diuers parts leauing his state to many successours disagreeing amongst themselues who lost it incontinently Finally of the Tartarians who may be compared with all the former who won Bactriana and Sogdiana the prouinces of the Babylonian Persian and Parthian Empire and destroied Babylon it selfe vnder the conduct of their Lord Halao At this day there are great estates namely toward the East Of Cathay or of China in the Northren India and of Narsingue in the Southern whereunto the Persian is neere That of the Moscouite in the North and the Abyssin or Ethiopian in the south In the West the Spanish and French The Turkish is as it were in the middest of all very great and riche which notwithstanding is not to be compared to that of the Romaines who ruled from the Orcades and Thule on the one side Spaine and Mauritania on the other as far as the hill Caucasus and to the riuer Euphrates and the higher Ethiopia trauersing