Scythiās cure of the Scyatica which the Scythians did vse to open to helpe the Scyatica or hip-gowr The Iugular veynes he describeth in the fourth Booke de Morbis In his Booke de Natura ossium hee commandeth to open the veynes of the hams and ankles in pains of the Loynes and Testicles In the first Section of the 6. Book Epidemiωn in fits of the stone or inflāmations of the Kidneyes hee openeth the Ham veynes The shoulder veyne he describeth in his Booke de ossium Natura calling it sanguiflua or the blood-flowing veine In his Booke de victus ratione in morbis acutis in the Plurisie he openeth the Basilica or Liuer veine which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the inner or internall veine Now the common Originall and vse of the veines he declareth in his Booke de Alimento as also of the arteries 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the radication or roote of the veynes is the Liuer of the Arteries the Heart out of these blood spirits and heate are distributed into the whole body Of the Nerues you shall reade many things yet dispersedly but for their cōmon Originall which all men were ignorant of he pointed it out manifestlie All Hippo. discouered the Original of the Nerues men almost do hold that the softest nerues or nerues of sense doe arise from the brain the hard such as serue for motion from the Cerebellum or little braine but now it is resolued especially since Varolius his curious search by a new manner of anatomizing the head that all the Nerues euen the Opticks themselues doe arise from this Cerebellum or backeward Varolius commendation braine which me thinkes Hippocrates insinuateth in his Booke De ossium Natura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The originall of the Nerues is from the Occipitium or hinder part of the head euen to the racke bones the hippes the priuities the thighes the armes the legges and the feete Of Glandules or Kernels hee wrote an entire Booke and so much of the similar parts Of the Organicall parts also he wrote much and that excellently Of the Heart a Golden booke wherein he so excelleth that I thinke neither Galen nor Vesalius haue gone beyond Hippocrates Golden book of the Heart him for exact description but in it there are many things obscure which needes an Interpreter if the world were so happy The history of the infant the Principles of generation the conceyuing forming norishment life motion and birth hath he most excellentlie described in his bookes De Natura pueri De septimestri and De octimestri partu We conclude therefore that Hippocrates wrote very diuinely of Anatomy but withall so obscurely as his workes euen to this age seeme to be sealed from the greatest wits I think therefore An exhortation to take paines in Hippocrates that he shall merit most of Physicke who hauing all his furniture about him shall labour to make manifest to the world those diuine Oracles which hitherto we haue rather admired then vnderstoode What Galen hath written of Anatomie and how vniustly he is accused by the later writers especially by Vesalius CHAP. XI ALmost all the Grecians Arabians and Latines do very much extoll Galen as after Hippocrates the second Father of Physicke forasmuch as he hath The prayse of Galen in such sort amplified and adorned the whole Art by his deep and diuine writings that vnder him it may seeme to be as it were borne anew For indeede howbeit there were extant before many excellent Monuments Records yet were they so confused and shuffled out of order that it seemed a new worke to gather together those thinges that were dispersed to illustrate that which was hard and difficile rude and vnpolisht to distinguish and order that which was confused beside many things which he obserued in his owne particular experience For other parts of Physick I will say nothing but for Anatomy I will confidently auouch that Galen hath so beautified and accomplished it that he hath not onely dispersed the blacke clowds of ignorance which hung ouer the former ages but also giuen great light splendor to the insuing posterity For whereas there are three meanes which leade vs as it were by the hand to the perfect and exact knowledge of Anatomy namely Dissection of the Three things acomplishing an Anatomist parts their actions and their vses he hath so accurately described them all as he hath gotten the prize from all men not onely before him but euen after him also The manner of Dissection he hath manifested in his Bookes de Anatomicis administrationibus de Dissectione musculorum neruorum The actions of the seuerall parts he hath elegantly described to the life in his Booke de naturalibus facultatibus de placitis Hippocratis Platonis But aboue all are those seuenteene golden bookes of the Vse of parts which are truly called Diuine labours and hymnes sung in praise of the Creator So that the benefites we all and those before vs haue receyued by Galen are indeede very great and yet the more the pitty almost all the new Writers do continually carpe and barke at him yea teare and rend him whether it be by right or wrong wounding and lancing his credite vpon euery slight occasion one by way of cauill another ambitiously seeking to make himselfe esteemed by Galens disgrace and few with any desire that truth should take place But as flouds beating against the rockes by how much they rush with greater violence by so much they are more broken and driuen backe into the maine so such are their bootlesse and ridiculous endeauors who enterprize by the disgrace of another especially of their Maisters and Teachers to gaine reputation vnto themselues But let vs see wherein these Nouices do blame Galen First they say hee hath giuen vs onely the Anatomy of bruite beasts and not of Man hauing neuer dissected a mans body The slanderof the new Writers against Galen Againe they vrge that he was ignorant of many things which at this day are generally commonly knowne Thirdly they say he deliuers many things repugnant and contrary to himself Lastly that he hath written all things confusedly without Method or order For say they what Method can ther be obserued in his books of the vse of Parts which you cal diuine First he treats of the hand then of the legges and feete and last of all of the lower belly and the naturall parts How sillie these calumniations are and how miserably these The confutation of the first slander men are by their owne ignorance deceiued let all men heare and iudge For to begin with the first I say and affirme that Galen did not onely cut vp the bodies of Apes but manie times also the carkasses of men My witnesse shall be the author himselfe In his thirteenth booke de vsu partium I am determined saith he
the lower part vnder the heade where it is articulated vvith the Tarsus or wrest it buncheth out into a processe fig. 2 Ï€ wherevnto is inserted the tendon of the seuenth muscle of the foote and at the same place there are two Seedebones greater then the rest and crusted ouer with a gristle The second bone of the Afterwrest which sustaineth the foretoe is the longest vnlesse it be the fift which sustaineth the little toe for the length of this last is encreased by a notable The Bones of the Toes processe figure 2 Ï whereby it was articulated to the wrest because it was to bee lengthned into the outside of the foote to make a place of implantation for the tendon of the eight muscle of the foote These bones of the Afterwrest aboue and belowe haue Appendices crusted ouer with gristles their substance also and their cauity which conteyneth their marrow is answerable to the substance and cauity of the bones of the Afterwrest of the Hand Moreouer they are thrilled with small holes by which little veines and arteries as in other bones do passe in to nourish and cherish them After the bones of the Afterwrest doe follow the bones of the toes which make the third part of the foote and are in number fourteene fig. 1 ◠Ε. fig. 2 Λ Ε for euerie one of them consisteth of three bones as it is in the fingers of the hand excepting the great toe fig. 1 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and indeed their substance structure and situation is litle different from the haÌ„d sauing that the first ioynts haue a deeper sinus because the deeper heads of the bones of the pedium or Afterwrest are inserted into them And although the heads of the bones of the foot are large yet is not their sinus so large as in the hands that so in extention the toes might be more lifted vp and yeeld something to the ground vpon which we stande The great toe is formed of two bones fig. 1 Φ χ that the foreside of the cauity of the Afterwrest might more firmely rest vpon the earth All these Bones aboue and below haue Appendices and are crusted ouer with strong gristles to make the ioynt more glib which is articulated by Ginglymos alwayes excepting the last bones of the toes which are not articulated to any other bone but haue nayles cleaning vnto them Note also that the knuckles of the toes are shorter then those of the hands gibbous aboue and hollowe belowe the better to admit the Tendons of the muscles which bend the second and thirde ioynts Againe the first bones are greater then the second and the second greater then the third and the middle bone in foure toes seemeth to be square In like manner the bones of the great toe are thicker then the bones of the thumbe the rest of the bones of the toes are lesser then the bones of the fingers Finally the bones of the toes are also full of marrow CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Seed-bones and the Nayles THE Seed bones t. 25. f. 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are of the same number and position with the Seede-bones in the hands that is to say twelue and they are so much lesse and lesse conspicuous in the toes then they are in the fingers as the fingers are greater then the toes notwithstanding as the great toe hath greater bones theÌ„ the thumb so also are his seedbones larger Wherefore at the first ioynt of the great toe nere the head of the bone of the Afterwrest which is articulated to that ioynt there are two notable seede-bones which lye vnder the neruous part of the muscle which bendeth the first bone of the great toe and of these the inner is bigger almost by halfe then the other yea as big as half a great pease when the husk is off and not much vnlike it This bone the Arabians call Albadara and they say how foolishly let the Diuines speake that of this bone as it were of seed a man receyueth the new body wherewith he riseth at the resurrection that which lieth vnder the second ioynt of the great toe and is much lesse then the former leaneth vppon the tendon of the muscle which bendeth the second bone of the great toe CoÌ„cerning the rest of the seedbones they are disposed as is said in the history of the hand To this place wee thought good to refer two small bones found in the Ham neere the 2 Seed bones in the Hand thigh-bone and growing to the heads of the two first muscles which mooue the Foote These bones saith Vesalius are found in Harts in Dogs and Hares and such like dry creatures yea in old men also Their surface is slippery and regardeth the vpper part of the lower heads of the thigh to which bones this is peculiar that they do not leane vppon the tendons of the muscles as other seed-bones do but vpon their originals like as doth the bony part which in old men is fastned to the Cube-bone which bony part we meet withall in the tendon of the seauenth muscle of the foote there reflected Furthermore as we said before that to the outside of the ioynt whereat the bones of the Afterwrest which sustaineth the little finger is fastned to the wrest there is a small bone annexed so also in the foot at the outside of the articulation of that bone of the Afterwrest of the foote which supporteth the little toe ta 25. f. 1 2 μ where the fifte bone of the Afterwrest is articulated to the Cube-bone there is also found a small bone at the insertion of the tendon of the eight muscle of the foot These seed-bones although they seem to haue the same vse that they haue in the hands Their vse yet moreouer in the foot they are the cause why wheÌ„ we stand or walk whether the place be rough or smooth the foot applies it selfe more equally vnto the earth as also to keepe the toes when we stand or walke from being luxed by stones or any other eminent thing we shold light vpon Finally the extremities or ends of the toes as it is in the Fingers are couered and defended with nayles fastned to the skin on the outside of which we will add a few words The Nayles are called by the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their root 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the bottome or white moone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the filme that groweth to the root 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are The Nailes diuers opinions concerning the matter of the Nailes some thinke it is a glutinous moysture parched and dryed by the heate and driuen vnto the extreame parts and therefore saith Hippocrates are the nailes exceeding fast and thight beecause their matter is baked together Secondly Empedocles conceiued that the nails were made of nerues by congealation and therefore Foesius in his notes vpon Hippocrates cals the nailes Neruorum clausulas summas the terminations of the nerues giuen by Nature to make vp
the measure and proportion of mans body for as the body of a man is in length three hundred minutes in bredth fifty in heighth thirtie so the length of the Arke was three hundred cubites the bredth fifty and the heighth thirtie Moreouer in this proportion of his parts you shall finde both a circular figure which is of all other the most perfect and also a square which in the rest of the creatures you shall The circular and square figure appearing in Mans body not obserue For the Nauell being placed in the middle of the whole bodye and as it were in the centre if you lay a man vpon his back and as much as may be labour to spred both his hands and feete and keeping one end of the Compasse vnmooued and set vppon his nauill doe turne about the other end you shall come vnto both the thumbes toes of the feete and the middle finger of the handes and if in any part this proportion fayle you may immagine there is a defect in that part Also if you conceiue a measure betweene the feete spread abroad and likewise betweene the hande and the foote on either side you shal haue a perfect quadrate drawne and portrayed within a circle And this is the true quadrature of the circle not those immaginary lines whereof Archimedes wrote and which Archimedes quadrature of the circle found in mans body haue troubled the heades of all our Mathematicians for many ages when as euerie one might haue found it in himselfe These be excellent things which we haue obserued touching the figure and frame of mans body the temperature thereof and the proportion of the parts but this last exceedeth all admiration that in it selfe alone it should containe all whatsoeuer this whole world in his large and spacious bosome doth comprehend so as it 4. Man containeth in himselfe althings in the whole world may worthily be called a Litle world and the patterne and Epitome of the whole vniuerse The ancient Magitians for so naturall Philosophers were of olde tearmed as also the great wise Priests of the Egyptians did make of this whole vniuerse three parts the one vppermost or superiour which they tearmed the intellectuall and Angelical part the seate Three partes of the world of the Intelligentiae so they called the Spirits which by tradition from the Hebrues they vnderstood were in the heauen by whose direction and command the inferiour or lower world is guided and gouerned another middle which they tearmed the heauenly part in the middest whereof the Sun ruleth as the leader and moderater of the rest of the Stars the 3. sublunary or Elementary which is admirable abundantly fertile in procreating increasing and nourishing of creatures and plants The Images and resemblances of which three partes who seeth not plainly expressed and as it were portrayed out with a curious The Collatiō of man with the world pensill in the body of man The head the Castle and tower of the soule the seate of reason the mansion house of wisedome the treasury of memory iudgement and discourse wherein mankinde is most like to the Angels or intelligencies obtaining the loftiest and most eminent place in the body doth it not elegantly resemble that supreame and Angelicall part of the worlde The middle and celestiall part is in the breast or middle venter most exactly and euen to the life expressed For as in that celestiall part the Sun is predominant The elegant Analogie betweene the Sun and mans heart by whose motion beames and light all things haue their brightnesse luster and beauty so in the middest of the chest the heart resideth whose likenesse and proportion with the Sun is such and so great as the ancient writers haue beene bolde to call the Sun The hart of the world and the heart the Sunne of mans bodie For euen as by the perpetuall and continuall motion of the Sun and by the quickning and liuely heat thereof al things are cheered and made to flourish the earth is decked and adorned yea crowned with flowers brings foorth great varietie of fruites and yeelds out of her bosome innumerable kinds of Hearbes the shrubs thrust forth their buds or Iems and are cloathed with greene leaues in token of iollity all creatures are pricked forward with the goades and prouocations of luste and so rushing into venereall embracements do store and replenish with a large and abundant encrease both Citties Land and Seas for which cause Aristotle calleth this Aristotle prosperous refreshing and comfortable Starre 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as beeing the procreator of all things and on the contrary the same Starre of the Sunne being departed farre from our Coasts the earth begins to be horrid and looke deformed the shrubs are robbed and dispoyled of their leaues berries and verdure and a great part of those things which the fertility of Nature had brought foorth is weakened and wasted so in like manner by the perpetuall motion of the heart and by the vitall heate thereof this litle world is refreshed preserued and kept in vigor and good life neither can any thing therein be either fruitfull or fit and disposed to bring foorth vnlesse that mighty and puissant power of the heart do affoord and yeelde an effectuall power offoecundity The Vital faculty floweth from the heart as from the fountaine the Celestiall faculty from heauen This latter is saide to be the preseruer of all inferiour things the former kindleth nourisheth and refresheth the Naturall The excellēt similitude of the vitall and celestial faculties heate of euery part The Heauen workes vpon the inferiour world by his motion and light the Heart by his continual motion and aethereall spirit as it were a bright light cleareth and beautifieth all the parts of the body The motion and light are in the superiour bodies the instruments of the intelligencies and of the heauens of the intelligencies as of the first mouers vnmooued of the heauens as of the first moouer mooued The vital spirits and pulsation or beating of the heart are instruments of the soule and of the heart Of the soule as of a moouer not mooued of the heart as of a moouer mooued by the soule Now further who seeth not the sublunary part of the world expressed in the inferiour venter or lower belly for in it are contained the parts that are ordained for nourishment procreation so as we neede not make any doubt to professe and affirme that all things are found in the body of man which this vniuersall world doth embrace comprehend Wilt thou see in this Microcosme or little world the wandering Planets The moyst and watrie The wandering Planets in the little world power of the Moone is resembled by the streaming marrow and pith of the back braine The power of Venus is proportioned in the generatiue parts To Mercurie so variable and withall so ingenuous the instruments of eloquence and sweet deliuery are answereable Of the
lightnesse and nimble vse of the winges and Feathers the industry of the hands more then the impetuous force and violence of Bulles or the teeth or hooues of wilde and rauenous beastes because they cannot redeeme or free themselues from being oppressed by vs or acquit themselues from the soueraigntie of our authoritie What the Body of Man differeth from other Creatures and what it hath proper and peculiar in the composition and frame thereof Chap. IIII. ANd now least those that are skilfull and learned should want any thing in our discourse that belongeth to the dignity of Man and his admirable and wonderfull frame and composition let vs proceede vnto such other things as the diuine wisedome the Mother and Gouernor of all things hath vouchsafed only to man and see in what and how much the body of man differeth from the rest of the creatures As in man other creatures there is the same manner of life and nourishment so the frame and structure of the vitall naturall organes or instruments is not vnlike in them both but as for the sences and power of motion wherein the Nature of the Animality you must giue leaue to a Philosopher to vse his owne tearmes or liuelyhood consisteth forasmuch as in man they do attend vpon and serue a more noble Forme and are prepared to more diuine vses then for the auoiding of euill and such other obiects of the appetite it was therefore requisite that they should haue Organs framed and made with more curious and exquisite workemanship There are therefore in man ouer and besides those things that are already handled namely his vpright figure and his Hands which no other creatures haue there are I say many things in What there is in mans body proper peculiar to Man the structure and composition of the animall organes proper and peculiar to man which do yet more demonstratiuely prooue yea and expresse also the dignity of his bodie For to run through all from the head to the feet First of al liuing creatures only man hath a head made into a round and circular forme as it were turned on a wheele both that it might be 1. A round head the more capeable to receiue a greater quantity of braynes and lesse apt to be ouer-taken with danger either from without or within as also for the more ease in moouing and turning about and lastly because it was to be the mansion house of Reason that is the soule Now we know that the Soule was infused into vs from Heauen which euen to our sence is round and circular seeing then her heauenly habitation is round before shee be infused it was likewise requisite that her mansion heere below should bee orbicular also yet is the head of man not exquisitely round as a Bowle is but after a sort somewhat long also rising vp in the two crownes and on the sides it becommeth depressed and flatted Onely Man of all liuing creatures hath for his bignesse a braine very large and spacious and also very 2. A large brain moyst and watery the better to performe the varietie of the Animal functions and offices for the Soule doth not execute hir offices without the helpe of the Spirits the matter and the substance of the Spirits is blood now plenty of blood is not conteyned nor cannot be concluded within a little and small body The face is saide also to bee proper vnto man alone whereupon the Greekes call it 3. Man onely hath a face 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by a name deriued from the thing it selfe because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it seeth and is seene a farre off to other creatures Nature hath giuen onely a mouth or a beake but in the face of man courage shamefastnesse and maiesty haue their abode and therefore man alone is bashfull shamefast At the beholding of this face all creatures are affrighted because in it there shine foorth more beames of the diuine Nature then in all the body besides Furthermore this one thing is admirable therein that whereas in our face and countenance there are ten particles or not many moe yet you shall not finde any two among many thousands of men that haue their countenance in all parts alike but there is some diuersity both in the lines and in the proportion 4. Eyes of diuers colours Man alone hath his eyes enamelled with diuers colours that in great variety whereas other Creatures the horse excepted are in their kinds alwayes alike so shall you finde oxen to haue all blacke eyes Sheepe watry other creatures red The eyes of Man are distant one from the other but a very little space in respect of 5. The distance of the eyes our proportion of magnitude with other creatures that so the spirits might bee the more nimble and more speedily transmitted from one eye to another Man alone of all creatures saith Pliny hath his eyes vitiated and corrupted yea and 6. The deprauation of the eyes Plin. lib. 11. ca. 37. sometimes one or both wanting whereupon came the names or nick-names of Strabo one that is squint-eyed or goggle-eyed and Paetus for one that hath rouling eyes or squinted vpward The haires of the eye-lids are in four-footed Beasts only on the vpper lid in Birds on 7. Hairs on both sides the eies the neather Man onely the Estrich excepted hath haires on both sides both on the vpper and neather lid 8. A nose standing out The nose of a man is higher and standeth further out then the rest of his face for decency and comelinesse in other creatures it is not so but is flatted with the scull Onely in man the eares are fixed and immooueable and placed on either side in a 9. Eares imoueable Cānell bones right line with the eyes only in Man except it be Apes which are neerest to the proportion of mans body are those bones we call Clauiculae or Cannell bones which serue to establish the arme that in the diuers and sudden motions thereof it might not be dislocated There is no creature but Man hath Dugges in the forepart of his body the Elephants 10. Dugges haue indeed two dugs or paps but not in their breast Those parts which in Man are foremost that is on the forepart as the breast the belly 11 The diuersity of scituation of the parts the wezon c. foure-footed Beasts haue them below next vnto the ground and those that man hath on the hinder part as the backe the loynes and the buttockes Beasts haue them in their vpper part Man of all creatures is couered with the fewest haires vnlesse it be in his head which 12 Fewes haires as it is the moystest part of his body so also it is the most replenished with haires Againe in creatures that are couered with haires those parts are most hairy that bend downward toward the ground the rest are either smooth without haire or not so full of 13 A
difference in those parts that are couered with hairs them On the contrary Man is most hairy on the forepart because haires were made for a couering the prone or bending parts of Beasts stand in need to be couered yet the fore-parts are indeede more noble but they are cherished and in some sort couered by the bowing and bending of the body But in Man by reason of his lofty and vpright frame composition of bodye the forepart is alike exposed to outward iniury as the hinder part and therefore it was meete the more noble part should bee couered and as it were defended 14 Haire vnder the arm holes with haires Onely Man hath haires growing vnder the arme-holes and about the priuie members Man alone growes hoarie haired and bald-headed 15 Man alone hoary hayred The legs or haunches of all foure-footed Beastes are abundantly full of bones and sinnewes but very scantie of flesh on the contrary Man hath almost no part of his bodie 16 Hips legs thighes full of flesh more fleshy then his hips legs and thighes Four-footed beasts do bow both their fore-legs and their hinder legs contrary to man for he bowes his armes backward and his legs forward 17 The maner of bowing of the parts vnlike to other creatures Man when he is come to his full growth hath his vpper part lesser then his nether part but before hee bee growne his vpper part is the greater so is it not with the rest of the creatures and therefore his manner of going is not at all times alike but at first in his infancy he creepes on all foure afterwards by little and little hee raiseth vp himselfe and at length goes vpon his two feete In other creatures there is no difference of the bones but they doe all appeare perfect 19 The difference of the bones euen from their beginning but in Children the fore-part of the head is soft and tender long before it be hardned And whereas all other creatures come toothed into the world Man begins not to haue teeth till the seauenth month after his birth Furthermore of all creatures excepting birds that liue vpon the land Man alone is 20 Man alone two sooted Plato derided by Diogenes two-footed which mooued Plato to define him Animal bipes implume which definition Diogenes worthily derided when hee flung a Cocke whose feathers he had pluckt off into the Schoole and cried out Behold Platoes Man 21 Man alone go eth vpright Onely Man by the straitnesse of his legges goes exactly vpright Onely Man vseth to sit both because he cannot stand long as the brute beastes may 22 Man alone sitteth which haue foure feete and besides do lye vsually to rest themselues prostrate vppon the ground for that two feet cannot long beare the weight of the whole body as also because it is necessary for more noble and excellent vses to wit for the practising and exercising of Arts and for contemplation Onely Man hath a skin polished smooth cleare and very temperate other creatures 23 Man alone hath a smooth and slick skin haue either a shelly or scaly skin or altogether hairy or els too soft because Touching is the ground and foundation of all the sences and therefore the more simple and pure the touching is the clearer also and the purer is the sence and the phantasmes or imaginations the more subtle by meanes whereof the operation of the soule is so much the more lofty and profound And for this cause Aristotle in his second Booke De Anima is of opinion that the strength and vigor of the wit and vnderstanding are to bee iudged of by the Aristotle coursenesse or finenesse of the touch How profitable and behoouefull Anatomy is to the knowledge of Mans selfe CHAP. V. SEeing then that Man is a Litle world and containes in himselfe the seeds of all those things which are contained in the most spacious and ample bosom of this whole Vniuerse Starres Meteors Mettals Minerals Vegetables Animals and Spirits whosoeuer dooth well know himselfe knoweth allthings He that knowes himselfe knowes all things seeing in himselfe he hath the resemblances and representations of all things First he shall know God because hee is fashioned and framed according to his Image by reason whereof hee is called among the Diuines The Royall and Imperiall Temple of God he shall know also the Angels because hee hath vnderstanding as they haue he shall know the brute Beasts because he hath the faculties of sence and appetite common with them he groweth as the plants do hee hath being and existence as stones haue and in a word he is the rule and square of all bodies Wisely therefore did the Oracle of Apollo incite and stirre vp euery man to the knowledge of himselfe as Plato hath it in his Alcibiade This by the iudgement and consent of Plato in Alcibiade all men is true and sound Philosophy For Demonax being asked When he beganne to professe Philosophy made answere When I began to know my selfe Socrates held it the next How profitable it is to knowe our selues Demonax Socrates Thales point to fury and madnesse to enquire into high matters and to search into strange and vncouth businesses and bee ignorant in the meane while of those things that bee in our selues This preposterous skill was once very merrily and wittily by an old wife cast in the teeth of Thales the Philosopher of Miletum who as he inconsiderately cast vp his eyes to behold the Heauens fell into a pit the old wife cried out Thou Foole thou priest into matters that are aboue thee art ignorant of those things that are below thee nay euen within thee Surely it was a worthy speech and not beseeming an olde Beldame but a Philosopher But this same knowledge of a mans selfe as it is a very glorious thing so it is also very hard and Anatomy the most sure guide to the knowledge of our selues difficult And yet by the dissection of the body and by Anatomy wee shall easily attaine vnto this knowledge For seeing the soule of man being cast into this prison of the body cannot discharge her offices and functions without a corporeall Organ or instrument of the body whosoeuer will attaine vnto the knowledge of the soule it is necessarie that hee know the frame and composition of the body After this manner Democritus of Abdera that he might finde out the seate of anger and melancholy cut in peeces the bodies of beasts and when he was taxed of the Citizens for Democritus madnesse in so doing he was by the censure and determination of Hippocrates adiudged to be very wise and prudent Go too then Is not he saide to know himselfe who can tell how to temper and order the state and condition of his minde howe to appease those ciuill tumults within himselfe by the stormes and waues whereof he is pittifully tossed and how to suppresse and appease those
to set foorth the structure and composition of Man alone In his first booke de Anatomicis administrationibus It is meete to obserue and looke into euery particle especially in men In the second Booke Now saith hee the foote of an Ape differeth from the foote of a Man in that the structure of the fingers is not alike in them both In his fourth book de Anat. administ and in the third de vsu partium he sheweth the difference of the tendons which go to the legs and feete and in his first booke de Anat. Administ he saith that The head of the Thigh is more crooked in men then in Apes and the Muscles also vnlike which are inserted into the legge He sheweth also the dissimilitude between the Loynes of a Man and an ape In his second booke de ratione victus hee saith that A Man differeth from some creatures in the Originall of the Veyne called Azugos that is the solitary veine or without a peere In the 13. booke de vsu partium he saith That the wombe of a woman differeth much from that of other Creatures So then if Galen did so well vnderstand wherein the bodies of Men and Apes did agree wherin they did disagree it is very likely that he had made dissection of mens bodies for in things which are so like it is the part onely of an artist and expert practitioner to know and discerne what is differing and vnlike And so much for satisfaction to the first imputation which is iniuriously cast vpon Galen by his slanderous detractors They say farther that Galen was ignorant of many things which appertaine to the structure and composition The confutation of the second slander of mans body as if it were not proper to Man to be ignorant Was not Vesalius ignorant of a number of things which were afterward obserued and seene into by Fallopius do not we daily finde out many things whereof the former ages were vtterly ignorant I appeale to that of the ancient Poet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 One man seeth not all things And whereas they obiect that Galen doth not agree with himselfe but writeth manie A Custome of the Ancients things repugnant and quite contrary let them learne and bee aduertised that it was the manner of the ancients to deliuer many things diuers times according to the opinion of other men and the interpreters beare record that Hippocrates Aristotle and Plato did many times speake after the manner of the common people So Galen speaking according to the opinion of others may haply write some things that doe not so well agree together Galen himself euer agreeth with himselfe but when he disputeth precisely of the point of Anatomy then he alwayes agreeeth and accordeth with himselfe Lastly they clamor that his Books De vsu partium are written confusedly and vvithout Method but their heate and furie of gainsaying transports them I know not whither for the Method of these Bookes is admirable which being to many heeretofore vnknowne I will now make plaine and bring to light I am determined saith Galen to declare the structure and composition of Man and the vse of all his particular parts and therefore what he hath proper and peculiar therein wherein The wonderfull Method of the Books of Galen de vsu partium he differeth from other Creatures must first be opened First therefore for the nakednesse of his soule he hath Reason which is an art before all arts and in recompence of the nakednesse of his body hee hath the Hand an organe before all organes Of the Hand therefore which Man alone hath and no other Creature beside he disputeth in his first and second Bookes so accurately and elegantly that he hath preuented all men for getting any honour by treating of that subiect And because the legges haue a great affinity with the hands and that there is something proper and peculiar in the frame and structure of the same for onely Man by the benefit of his Legges goes directly vpright therefore in his third Booke he intreateth of the Legges for so the order of teaching seemeth to require that those things which are alike should be deliuered together Hauing declared what things they are which are proper to Man onely hee commeth then to such as are common vnto Man with other creatures And whereas of those parts whereof the bodies as well of men as of other perfect creatures are composed some doe preserue and maintaine either a particular and indiuiduall creature or the generall species or kind others do seruice administer vnto the former as the veyns arteries and nerues in the first place he disputeth of those that conserue the indiuidium or partciular creature and these are either naturall or vitall or animall by reason whereof the body is diuided into three Regions Of the Naturall parts hee disputeth in the fourth and fift Bookes of the Vitall in the sixt and seauenth of the Animall to wit the Brain in the eight ninth of those things which depend vpon the braine that is of the Instruments or organs of the sences in the tenth eleuenth twelfth and thirteenth bookes which may bee called the order of Nature The organes ordained for generation or propagation of the species or kindes aswel in men as women are described in the fourteenth and fifteenth books Those parts that are seruiceable to all these as the veines arteries and the nerues are delineated in the sixteenth The seauenteenth which is the last serueth as an Epilogue or conclusion to all the rest and therefore these slanderous accusers of so worthy a Writer are no better worth then to be sent packing from all society of ingenuous learned men How farre Aristotles skill stretched in Anatomy CHAP. XII ARistotle is intituled by all Philosophers the true interpreter of Nature the light the Genius the only spirit of truth who is able not The praise of Aristotle only to stir vp awaken mens minds but to fulfil satisfie them In a word he is another nature furnished with eloquence For he hath very curiously determined of all natural things and their causes but that so darkely and obscurely that he is vnderstood but by few for he was vnwilling to blab abroad and prophane the Mysteries of Philosophie amongst the rude multitude and therefore he hid them not vnder a veyle of Fables as the ancient Poets nor vnder a superstitious proportion of numbers as the Pythagoreans but wrapped them vp in obscure breuitie so sending them abroad as if he had kept them at home So the Cuttle-fish to deceyue the Fishermen powreth forth a blacke humor and in that clowd she escapeth And whereas there are two parts of naturall Philosophy the first concerning the generall and vniuersall nature of things the latter which searcheth out the particular nature of man and all liuing creatures In the first Aristotle was so absolutely excellent as no man no nor anie Aristotle was ignorant
action of the similar parts is common not proper Galen maketh foure orders of organs or instruments the first is such as are most simple which consist onely of similars as Foure orders of Organs the muscles The second are those that are composed of the first as fingers The third are such as are made of the second as the hand The fourth are such as are made of the third In a perfect Organ there are 4. kinds of parts as the arme Againe in euery perfect organ we may obserue foure kindes of parts The first is of those by which the action is originally performed where these are there is also the faculty and therefore they are said to bee the principall parts of the organ such is the Christalline humor in the eye for it onely is altered by colours and receiueth the images of visible things The second kind is of those without which the action is not performed and these doe not respect the action primarily and of themselues but the necessity of the Perse. action such are in the eye the opticke nerue the glassie humour and the albuginious which is like the white of an egge The third kinde is of those by which the action is better performed and these respect the perfection of the action and therefore are called Helpers such are in the eye the coates and the muskles which moue and turne the eyes with a wonderfull volubility The last kinde is of those parts which doe conserue or preserue the action these are the causes that all the rest do worke safely they respect the action not as it is an action simply but as it is to continue and indure such in the eyes are the browes lids and orbe of the eye and this is the nature of dissimilar and organicall parts But that we might not passe ouer anything wee will adde this one for a complement that Another diulsion of dissimilar parts of dissimilar parts some are such by the first institution of nature as the hands and the feet from which if you take all the similar parts you shall reduce them into nothing others are dissimilar secondarily because of the implications and textures of veines arteries and sinewes in them as the Heart the Braine and the Liuer for if you take from the Braine the common similar parts yet there will remaine the proper substance of the Braine The other differencies of the parts are vnfoulded CHAP. XXI THere are also other differences of parts not so necessary for a Chirurgion to know which notwithstanding because we would leaue nothing behinde vs we will briefly declare Galen in his Booke de arteparua maketh foure differences Galen maketh 4. differences of parts of parts some parts are principall as the Brayne the Heart the Liuer and the Testicles Some doe arise from these principal and minister vnto them as nerues veines arteries and seede vessels some neither gouerne others nor are gouerned of others but haue only in-bred faculties as bones gristles ligaments membranes Finally some parts haue vertues both in-bred and influent as the organs of sence and motion The Arabians gather the diuisions of parts from the substance the Temper How the Arabians distinguish he parts those things which follow the temper and those things which are accidentarie or happen to the part whence some parts are fleshy some spermaticall some hot others cold some moyst others dry some soft others hard some mooueable others immooueable finally some sensible others insensible Those which haue sence haue it either sharpe and quicke or stupid and dull A part is saide to haue exquisite sence three wayes either because of the perfection of the sense so the skin which couereth the palme of the hand and especially the fingers endes hath an exact perception of the tractable or touchable qualities or because it is more easily and sooner violated and offended by the internal and externall qualities which strike the sence so the eye is saide to be of very acute and quicke sence or because it hath a determinate or particular sence which no where else is to bee found so the mouth of the stomacke is of most exquisite sence that it might apprehend and feele the exhaustion or emptines and the suction or appetite of the other parts so also the parts of generation in both sexes haue in them a strange and strong desire and longing after their proper satisfaction The Anatomists commonly do diuide the whole body into the Head the Chest the lower belly and the ioynts The Egyptians into the head the necke the chest the hands The Egyptians diuision of the bodie Diocles. Fernelius his excellent diuision of the bodie the feet Diocles into the head the chest the belly and the bladder Fernelius in the second Book of his Method diuideth the body into publicke and priuate Regions and truely as I thinke very commodiously for a practising Physitian or Chirurgion The publick Region is threefold One and properly the first reacheth from the Gullet into the middle part of the Liuer in which are the stomacke the Meseraicke veynes the hollow part of the Liuer the Spleene and the Pancreas or sweete bread between them The second runneth from the midst of the Liuer into the small and hairy veines of the particular partes comprehending the gibbous or bounding part of the Liuer all the hollow veine the great arterie that accompanieth it and whatsoeuer portion of them is betweene the arme-holes the Groine The third Region comprehendeth the Muscles Membranes Bones and in a word all the Moles or mountenance of the body There are also many priuate Regions which haue their proper superfluities and peculiar passages for their expurgation And thus me thinkes I haue run through the nature of Man the Excellency Profite Necessitie and Method of Anatomy who haue written therof as well in olde times as of later yeares and among our selues the definitions diuisions of Anatomy the Subiect or proper Obiect of the same the nature of a Part with the differences and distributions of the same it remaineth now that we vntie such knots as might in this entrance intangle vs and so hinder our progresse to that wished end which we set before vs. A Dilucidation or Exposition of the Controuersies concerning the Subiect of ANATOMY The Praeface AS in the knowledge of Diuine Mysteries Implicit Fayth is the highway to perdition so in humane learning nothing giues a greater checke to the progresse of an Art then to beleeue it is already perfected and consummated by those which went before vs and therfore to rest our selues in their determinations For if the ancient Philosophers and Artists had contented thēselues to walke onely in the Tracke of their predecessours and had limited their Noble wits within other mens bounds the Father had neuer brought foorth the Daughter neuer had Time broght Truth to light which vpon the fall of Adam was chained in the deepe Abysse There is as of the World
yard with the foreskinne penis cum praeputio H. The stones or Testicles with the cod or scrotum II. The shoulders humeri 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 KK The armes Brach a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 L. The bowt of the arme called Gibber 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 M. The outside of the lower part of the arme cald cubitus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 N. The wrest cald Brachiale 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 O. The after-wrest postbrachiale 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 P. The Palme called Palma or vola manus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 φ The backe of the hand Dorsum manus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 QQ The fore and middle part of the thigh where wee apply cupping glasses to bring down womens courses 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 RR. The knee genu 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SS The Legg Tibia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 TT The calfe of the Leg sura 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VV. The instep tarsus XX. The top of the foote Dorsum pedis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 YY The Inner Ankles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ZZ The outwarde ankles αα The toes of the feete β The place vnder the inward ankle where the veine called Saphena is opened The Second Table shewing the outward backe parts of a Man A. The fore-part of the head synciput 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 B. The top or crown of the head vertex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 C. The hinder-part of the head occiput 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 From D. to D. The face Facies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 E. The eyebrowes supercilia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 F. The vpper eye-lid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * G. The tip of the nose cald Globulus nasi H. The back part of the neck cald ceruix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the nuke or nape of the neck there is a hollownes at the top of this ceruix where we apply Seatons I. The backe part of the shoulder top called axilla 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 KK The shoulder blades scapulae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1 2 3. On this place we set cupping glasses 4 5 6 7. The backe dorsum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8 9. The ridge spina dorsi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 L. The armehole ala 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * The elbow G bber brachij MMMM The sides Latera NN. The loines Lumbi or the region of the kidneyes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 OO The place of the hips coxendices where wee apply remedies for the Sciatica P. The place of the holy-bone or Os sacrum where we apply remedies in the diseases of the right gut Q The place of the Rumpe or Coccyx RR The Buttockes Nates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SS The backe parts of the thigh Femen TT The ham Poples 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 VV. The Calfe of the Leg. sura XX. The foote or paruus pes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 YY The vtter ankle Malleolus externus ZZ The heele calx or calcaneus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aa The sole of the foote Plantapedis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b The inside of the lower part of the arme called Vlna 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c The outside of the same Cubitus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dd The wrest Carpus ee The backe part of the hand dorsum manus g. The fore-finger index 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 h The thumb pollex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. The middle finger medius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 k. The ring-finger Annularis medicus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l The little finger Auricularis minimus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 brest bone behind with the backe round about on the outside with many Muscles on the inside with a Membrane which compasseth the ribbes The third Region is called the lower belly circumscribed aboue by the breast blade and the Midriffe below by the hip-bones The third region which is the belly the Haunch bones and the share bones behinde by fiue racke bones of the loines and the holy or great bone and before by the whole Abdomen or paunch The rest of the body we call the loynts in Latine artus and those are the armes and the legges which like The Ioynts boughes or branches grow out of the trunke of the body In the vpper region are contained What is contained in each region the Animal organs that is the braine which is the seate of the soule and the original or fountaine of sence and motion In the middle region are contained the vitall parts and parts seruing for respiration as the Heart the Lungs and the arteries In the lower region are contained all the naturall organs seruing for concoction of nourishment expurgation of excrements and procreation And therefore the vpper Region is called Animall the Why the vpper region is bonie middle Spirituall and the lowest Naturall The vpper is walled about on euery side with bones as it were a strong bulwarke or peece for defence because in it the soule which is the Queene of this Little world keepeth her residence or state The middle is partly bony Why the middle is partly bonie and partly fleshie and partly fleshy bony for the strength of the heart and to frame the cauity and fleshye for the more facile motion of the Systole and Diastole The lower region is before altogether fleshy that it might better bee contracted and distended and swell into a greater Why the lower is altogether fleshie proportion for the concoction of the aliment in the suppression of the excrements for the contayning and increase of the infant In which position who can but admire the wonderfull prouidence of the Creator The Animall Region hee hath set in the highest place as well for the conueniency of the sences for the voyce is better heard from aboue Why the animal region is highest the smell receiueth best an ascending vapour and the eyes which are as scout watches and spies doe see furthest from aboue as also because it was conuenient that the principall faculties of the soule should be as farre distant as they might frō the noysome vapors which doe exhale from the partes where the aliment is concocted and the excrements are retayned The spirituall Region which is the well-spring of heate and source of life is placed in Why the spiritual region is in the midst Why the natural is placed below the middest that it might difuse his sweet influence as well into the lower as into the vpper parts The naturall Region as it were the kitchin is built neere the ground that the excrements might better settle from the more noble parts and bee also more cleanly conuayed away And this shall suffice for a briefe diuision of the whole body and description of the three regions through all which we will walke at more leasure to obserue the diuers parts therein contayned But our perambulation shall not bee in an order answerable to the The order of dissection dignity of the parts but rather Anatomicall For
them so also by reason of age and growth of the body The chiefe cause of their thicknesse and thinnesse is the skin saith Aristotle 5. gener Animal j. which in some is thicke and in others thin in some rare The causes of their crassitude and in others thight and compact Another cause is the variety of the moisture lying vnder the skin for in some it is clammy in others waterish so out of a thicke skin thick hard haire and out of a thin skin thin and slender haires are produced And if the skin be rare and thicke the haires are also thicke by reason of the abundance of earthly substance and the laxity of the passages But if the skin be more thight and compact though it be thicke they come out thin by reason of the narrownesse of the passages So if the vapour whereof they are bred be waterish because it is quickly dryed vppe they growe not much in length but if it bee clammy and glutinous because it is not easily dried vp they spread themselues in length So that the cause of the length and shortnesse of haires is the abundance or scarsity of the humor wherewith they are fed And hence it is that the haires of the head are the longest of all the bodie because the Braine Of their lēgth The haires of the head are the longest affoordeth a great deale of a clammy moysture and because the braine is bigger then the other Glandules they are also crasse or thicke because the skin of the head is exceeding thicke yet rare and containing much moisture The haires of the head in Latine are called Capilli quisi capitis pili in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to cut In men they The names of the haires of the head are called Caesaries à frequēti caesione because they are often cut and in Women Coma because they bestow great paines in combing and curling them They are also in Woemen diuided by a line which in Greeke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine discrimen in English the shed Now the haire is either straight or curled eyther by reason of the exhalation it selfe or of the pores whereout they passe Of the exhalation the vvhich of being smoaky The causes of the strcitnesse or cuiling of the haire by the heate and drought maketh the haire curled For it hath a double course the earthy and dry part downeward the hot part vpwarde hence it boweth not downe right but wrinkingly because there is in it but little moisture much dry and earthy matter and this we may perceiue if we parch haires in the Sun or neare the fire for the crisping of the haire is as it were a kinde of convulsion because it wanteth moisture or else we may say the haire curleth by reason of the drinesse of the temper and therefore all Black-Moores haue curled or crisped haire By reason of the constitution of the pores wherein they are implanted For when the exhalation is so weake as that it cannot make a straight way for it selfe it Of Curling giueth a forme to the pore answereable to it owne contortions But if the exhalation bee strong enough yet it cannot ascend directly vpwardes by reason of the hardnesse of the Comparison skin then it turneth side-long like as we see the smoake and the flame when it is hindred to mount streight vpwards diuideth it selfe and turnes aslant Wherefore both by reason of the imbecility of the exhalation and of the hardnesse of the skin the roots of the haires grow awry Now it standeth with good reason that they should growe and continue still such as they were framed at the roote For no hard or dry body can be extended streight forth vnlesse it be first softned and mollified Those that haue aboundance of moisture and the pores streight haue their haire also streight Againe long haires are soft but the curled are hard Moreouer haires encrease Of streight haires grow more or lesse according to the Nature of the skin and the condition of the parts where they are implanted In the head they grow in greatest length and abundance next in the Beard because that skin is moderately hot dry especially when the haires are fine and slender But the haires of the eye-browes and of the eye-lids are smal and grow not almost at all but for the most part keep alwayes an equall magnitude and seldome fall because they haue vnder them a hard body like vnto a gristle For those haires that spring from soft and moderately moyst parts encrease very much as those of the head and the beard and Galen addeth those of the arme-pits and about the priuities but those that arise out of hard and dry places are small and almost of no growth yet in some the eye-browes grow so hairy in olde age as that they are constrained to cut them or else they would offend their eyes Haire buddeth in the chin when the skin beginneth to rarifie or The Beard grow thin the matter of it is a moysture sent thither from the head as Hippocrates holdeth in his Booke de Natura pueri and these haires make the Beard which is not alike in euery man for some about their chin and lips haue great store of haire some haue no haire there but very much on their cheekes Aristotle in the third Booke de Histor Animal the 11. chapter saith that the haires vse to grow extraordinarily in some diseases especially in consumptions hee addeth also in old bodies and dead corpes they receiue augmentation both in length and thicknesse but do not spring anew They varie likewise in colour and are answerable to the predominant humor for such The causes of the colours of the haires Hippocrates De Nat pueri The humour Galen When Black Reddish White as the humor is which the flesh draweth vnto it saith Hippocrates such also is the colour of the haire Galen in his second Booke de Temperamentis and the fift Chapter saith that the haire becomes blacke when the vaporous excrement scorched by the heate is changed into a perfect soote and somewhat red when the excrement impacted in the passage is not yet altogether growne black but yellow when the vapour is lesse scorched for the excrement that is so impacted proceedeth of yellow and not of blacke Choller White haires are made of Flegme and the colours betwixt these of a mixture of Flegme and choller But a question may be asked why in Beastes the colour of the haire followeth the colour of the skinne and in men it is far otherwise far the whitest men and women haue often Why mens haires are not of the colour of their skin haire coale blacke Aristotle maketh answere 5. de generatione Animal 3. and 3. Histor. 11. Because sayth hee a mans skin is thinner then the skin of any other Creatures of his magnitude and therefore the skinne cannot affoord any
matter of haire of it selfe or reteyne the excrement driuen to it so long as to giue it his owne colour The haire varyeth also by reason of the region and the diuerse dispositions of the ambient ayre so those that inhabite a hotte and dry country haue hard blacke dry curled and The Region brittle haire and of small growth as the Egyptians Arabians and Indians contrariwise those that inhabit in a moyst and cold climate haue soft haires which grow moderatly are small or fine straight and reddish as the Illirians Germans Sarmatians and all the coast of Scythia as Galen sayth But such as inhabit a temperate tract betweene these haue hayre of greater growth exceeding strong and somewhat blacke moderately thicke neither altogether curled nor altogether straight They vary also by reason of age for little children haue little haire because as yet their skin hath no pores nor any sootie excrement applying vnto it when they beginne to How haires alter acording to ages cotten which is about xii and xiiii yeares of age their haires are small and weake but as their youth growes strong and their flourishes grow vpon them which is towards xv xviii then their haires grow many great and strong as well because their skin is growne full of pores as also for that they abound with sootie excrements Those that are well in yeares haue hard haire because their skin becomes hard thicke in old age by reason of their coldnesse and siccity So we see some men when they grow in yeares become bald eyther for want of hot and clammy moisture or because naturally and originally their skin was somewhat too dry or else as Hippocrates saith because they abound Hippocrates De Nat. pueri The reason of baldnesse with Flegme which being stirred in their heads by carnall copulation and so growing hot when it arises into the skin it scorcheth the rootes of the haire and so causeth them to fall off and that is the reason why neyther Eunuches nor children vse to growe balde Now this baldnesse begins commonly in the forepart of the head because saieth Aristotle 5. generat Animal 3. it is dryest for there the skin lyeth vpon the bare bone without any interposition of fat as it is in the Nowle In like manner Men growing olde become gray-headed not by reason of drought for we see often that many haires become gray together but nothing can vpon a suddaine Why old men grow gray become dry the true cause is putrifaction for want of ventilation and therefore those that haue their heads continually couered grow sooner hoary then others as Aristotle obserued Galen in his second Booke de Temperam and the 5. chapter saith that before the 3. Hist Animal skin of the head is growne to extreame drinesse the haires become weak for want of conuenient foode and white because the nourishment wherewith they are fed is as it were the dregges of Flegme which in processe of time remaining about the skin do putrifie Of all parts the Temples are first hairy because they are very moyst by reason of the great Muscles which lye vnder them Now euery Muscle is fleshy and flesh is moyster then eyther bone or skin Next vnto them the forepart of the head growes white last of all the haire about the priuities and the eye-lids but no body growes bald in the temples or in the hinder part or nowle of the head The haires are fed by moysture therefore Hippocrates saith they grow most plentifully How haires are nourished where they finde moderate moysture for their foode which Aristotle saith is disposed at their roote for if you plucke them vp that moysture is drawne vp with them besides the haire is thicker at the roote then in the rest of his length because it hath some of that moisture newly applyed to it From these humors are exhalations raised and nature turnes the thickest and clammiest of the excrements into the nourishment of the haires Therefore when they are well fed and with lawdable aliment they encrease apace and are moderately crasse or thicke But when they are cut they do not beginne to grow vp againe where the Sheeres diuided them but at the root from whence they issue and so they encrease and are nourished by apposition as the teeth are not by the excrements of faultie and vicious humors but by excrements of the third concoction otherwise they would not fall off but rather encrease in those that haue the French disease and the Leprosy considering that in such bodies the Excrements of vicious humours are exceeding aboundant The vse of haires in generall is foure-fould First for a couer secondly for a defence The vses of the haires thirdly for an ornament vnto the partes vnder them fourthly to consume and waste away the thicke and fuliginous or sooty excrements So the haires of the head which are in great aboundance for of all creatures a man hath most haire on his head do couer the braine and shelter it from ouer much cold or heate For mans braine being in proportion greater Man more braine then any other creature and moyster then any other creatures it requireth accordingly a more carefull guarde and preseruation for that which is the moystest will most easily grow hot and cold againe And because the brain is seated farre from the fountaine of heat and neare vnto the bones and vnder them is not couered with any fatnesse the haires are prouided both to fence it and to keepe it warm They also waste and consume the thicker excrements and because it is not behoofefull for vs that wee keepe our heades alike couered in all ages of our life times of the yeare countries and constitutions of bodies therefore we may fit our selues vnto the times weare them either longer or shorter but if they be altogether shauen off they proue the cause of defluxions The haires of the head haue not onely this vse to couer the cheekes and chinne which women doe with veiles and maskes but also they serue for ornament For it is a venerable sight to see a man when he is come to the yeares fit for it to haue his face compassed about with thicke and comely haire Nature therefore hath made the vpper part of the cheek and the nose without haire least the whole face should be wilde and fearce vnbeseeming a milde and sociable creature such as a man is In women the smoothnesse of their face is their proper ornament they needed no ensigne of maiesty because they were borne to subiection And Nature hath giuen them such a form of body as is answerable to the disposition of their minde To conclude the vse of hayre is diuers according to the seuerall places where they are as for example the haire of the eye-browes serue for to receiue the humour falling downe from the head and those of the eye-lids to direct the sight and so of the rest Of the Cuticle or Skarfe-skin CHAP.
it grovveth so small that no man would beleeue there vvere any such thing Hence it may bee concluded that the Infant in the wombe draweth his mothers spirites by the vmbilicall arteries and liueth contented onely with the pulsation of the arteries not at all needing the help or motion of the heart CHAP. VIII Of the motion and scituation of the Infant in the wombe which are Animall faculties THE Soule being an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or act of an Naturall organicall body doeth not nor cannot performe her functions without a conuenient organ or instrument Wherefore in the first monethes the tender Infant by reason of Why the Infant moueth not the first 3. months the weaknes of the Brayne and softnesse of the sinewes is not able to moue his members But when the bones begin to gather strength and the nerues membranes and ligaments which before were full of a mucous and slimy humour begin to dry then the Infant kicketh and moueth The first beginning of this motion sayeth Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri and de morbis Mulierum is in Male children at the third moneth in Females at the fourth so When the motion begins Hippocrates that there is a certaine and definite proportion of the conformation and the motion of the Infant and a double time comming betweene them Male children therefore because they haue their conformation the thirtieth day doe mooue the ninetieth now the 90. day maketh vp the third moneth Females because they haue their conformation the two fortieth day they are mooued the hundered and twentyeth which fulfilleth the fourth moneth This motion of the Infant is not Naturall but voluntary as beeing perfourmed by the helpe of the Muscles contracting themselues The muscles are contracted because the The Infants motion voluntary Soule so commaundeth This commaundement is carryed by a corporeall Spirite and conuayed thorough the Nerues which Spirte is daylie generated in the Sinus of the Braine or in his substance of the Vitall which the Infant receiueth from the vmbilicall Arteries To this moouing faculty wee must also referre the scituation or position of the Infant in the wombe For so Hippocrates in his Prognostickes referreth the position or manner The scituation of the Infant of lying of the sickeman eyther prone that is downeward or supine that is vpward or on either side to the weaknes and strength of the mouing faculty The Naturall scituation of the Infant is thus described by Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri The Infant as he is placed in the wombe hath his hands at his knees and his head bent downe to his feete Wherefore he sitteth in the wombe crumpled contracted or bent The natural scituation Hippocrates round holding his knees with his hands and bending his head betweene them so that each eye is fixed to the thumbe of either hand and his nose betwixt his knees This Figure though it bee not exquifitely the meane or middle position as wee call it that is so Naturall as that all the partes are in their due position yet it commeth nearest thereunto and therefore is neither paynfull nor wearisome to the Infant and for the mother Figura media what it is very conuenient because thus the Infant taketh vp the least roome and beside riseth not so high that it should presse or beare vp the midriffe or the stomacke as we see in some women vvhen their burthen lyeth high they are short breathed and much more vnvvealdy The reason of the position as vve vse to say Moreouer this position is most fit for the easie birth of the Infant for lying thus vvith his head betvvixt his legges vvhen he seeketh meanes to get out he is sooner turned vvith his head dovvnevvard to the orifice of the vvombe vvhich manner of trauell is of all other the easiest and most secure both for the Infant and the mother as shall better appeare in the next Chapter CHAP. IX The exclusion or birth of thr Childe THE tender and soft particles of the Infant being now all perfected and established hee becommeth euery day greater and hotter and requireth more nourishment and being now not contented onely with transpiration desireth and striueth after a more free vse of the ayre Now when as the mother is not able to supply vnto the Infant either the ayre whereby it liueth in sufficient quantity through the narrow vmbilical arteries or other nourishment by the vmbilicall veines whereby it might be supported and refrigerated the Infant then as it were vndertaking of himselfe a beginning of motion striueth to free himselfe from the prison and dungeon wherein he was restrayned kicking therefore hee breaketh the membranes wherein he was inwrapped and arming himselfe with strong violence maketh way for his inlargement with all the strength and contention that he may This contention and distention the wombe ill brooking and besides being ouer burthened with the waight of the Infant now growne striueth to lay downe her loade and with The causes of a womās deliuerance all her strength by that expulsiue faculty wherewith she is especially furnished she rowzeth vppe her selfe and with violence thrusteth her guest out of possession of his true inheritance Thus the ioynt strife and as it were consent betwixt the Infant and the wombe bringeth to light a new man not vppon his feete nor side-long but as diuine Hippocrates hath foreshewed In what manner the Infant is borne 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is head-long so be his out-gate be naturall The reason is because the vpper parts which hang vpon the nauel string as at the beame of the ballance do ouerway the neather Furthermore this strife and contention of the Infant and the wombe is assisted by the voluntary endeuor of the woman in trauell which is by drawing in her breath and by that meanes bearing down the midriffe adde hereto the skilfull hand of the heads-woman or Midwife as we cal them for she setteth the woman in a due posture or position of parts receiueth the Infant gently which falleth from betwixt her knees directeth it if it offer it selfe amisse and finally draweth away as easily as is possible the after-birth which stayeth behinde Here Galen in his 15. Booke de vsu partium breakes out into an admiration of the Immortall Galens admiration at the prouidence of God God for the mouth or orifice of the womb which in the whole time that the burthen was carried was so exquisitly closed vp nowe enlargeth it selfe to that extent that the body of the Infant passeth through it This birth hath no certaine or limitted time in man as in other creatures but hapneth vncertainly at any time of the yeare the reason is because other creatures haue set times of copulation but man because the propagation of his kinde was most necessary is not tyed to any time or season but left to the liberty of his appetite and guidance of his discretion The time
then we say the infant doth respire not transpire And whereas they say that the heart hath not wherewith it may be refrigerated vnlesse it be moued VVe answere that the infant contained in the prison of the womb hath sufficient for the preseruation of his life from the mothers Arteries because it liueth as those creatures do which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 beside it receiueth some refrigeration from the lukewarme water wherein it swimmeth The last reason from the cutting out of liuing Infants our of their dead Mothers may seeme to some to vrge much but the answere is at hande That the vitall faculty diffused through all the arteries without the communion of the heart may for a short time preserue the infant aliue after the Mothers death We haue seene sayth Galen in his second Booke de Placitis a Sacrificed Beast walke after his Galen heart was taken away and haue often made experiment of the same in a Dogge What also if I shall say that those Mothers were Hystericall and esteemed as dead when yet they were aliue which thing is not vnvsuall The truth therfore of our opinion remaineth firme that the heart and the arteries of the infant do pulse or beate from a power proceeding from the The Conclusion heart and arteries of the Mother not from any proper and ingenit faculty of their owne that no new Arteriall blood is generated in his left ventricle seeing the Mothers Arteries do supply a sufficient quantity and that very pure From hence let the Peripatetiks learne how vnaduisedly Aristotle calleth the heart the Against the Peripatetiks principality of the heart first liuer moouer and blood-maker For both the Arteries of the infant do mooue before his heart and the heart liueth onely by the pulsation of the Arteries Finally as long as the infant is included in the wombe of his mother we do not beleeue that his heart is the Shop or Store house either of vitall spirits or of Ateriall blood QVEST. XXVIII Whether there be in the infant any generation of Animal spirits and what position the Infant hath in the womb THE moouing Faculty floweth into the flesh of the Muscles from the brain by the Nerues not by a simple irradiation or separated quality but by a Corporeall substance which the Physitians call Animalem spiritum an Animal spirit Seeing then the Infant in the wombe mooueth of his own accord sometimes to the right side sometimes to the left and oftentimes kicketh with his neeles it followeth necessarily that he hath also Animall spirits But whether he draweth these from his Mothers wombe as he doth the vitall or generateth them in the sinus or substance of the braine by a proper and inbred faculty it hath of long time beene a The generation of the Animall spirits in the infant great question In thinke that they are generated in the braine and my reasons are these Because there is no Communion or connexion betweene the Nerues of the wombe and of the infant as there is betweene their Veines and Arteries Now onely the Nerues conuey the Animall spirits You will Obiect that the Animall spirit standeth in neede of aer for his conseruation expurgation but no aer is inspirated as long as the infant is in the Mothers wombe I answere Obiection Solution that this Animall spirit is cherished purged tempered by that transpiration which is made by the vmbilicall arteries but his generation we thinke to be the same in the womb that is after the infant is borne which how it is we shal declare more at large in the seuenth Booke where we shall of purpose entreate of it Concerning the time of the infantes motion Hippocrates seemeth not alwaies of one In the time of the infantes motion Hippo. varrieth minde For in his Booke de Morbis mulierum he saith that male children moue the third moneth and females the fourth but in the third Section of his second Booke Epidemiâ—n he saith the infant is mooued the seuentith day in these words Whatsoeuer is mooued the seuenth day is perfected in the Triplicities And in his Booke de Nutritione thirty dayes forme the infant 70 mooueth it and 210. perfect it You may reconcile Hippocrates to himselfe in my The places reconciled opinion if you say that there is one motion obscure another so manifest that the eye may iudge of it and the hand may feele it if it be laide vpon the belly In 70. dayes the Infant may mooue but the motion shall be neyther visible nor to bee felt till after the thirde or fourth month And surely my selfe haue knowne a woman in three children confidentlie That the Infant may mooue at viii weekes auouch that after 8. or 9. weekes she hath alwayes felt her infant mooue very sensibly which I could not beleeue till I had well considered of this place in Hippocrates Concerning the position also or scituation of the infant in the wombe which is referred to the moouing Faculty there are some places which neede to be reconciled Hippocrates Concerning the position of the infant Different places reconciled in his Booke De Natura pueri saith that in the womb the infants head is neere vnto his feet Thou canst not iudge saith he though thou shouldst see an infant in the womb whether his head be placed aboue or below But in his Booke de Octimestri partu hee writeth that the head is placed in the vpper part of the wombe in these words All Infants are begotten hauing their heads vpward Aristotle in the 8. chapter of his 7. Booke De Natura Antmalium seemeth to reconcile these places on this manner All creatures saith hee in the first months after their Conformation beare their heads vpward but when they encrease and grow toward their byrth their heads bend downward Againe in Hippocrates Booke De Natura pueri almost all Copies haue it thus The Infant A diuers teading in Hippo seated in the wombe hath his hands at his cheekes yet all interpreters translate it ad Genua at the knees I thinke that both readings may be maintained for there are some Copyes of both readings For the Infant hath his hands at his cheekes and at his knees The palmes How both readings are made good of his hands take hold on his knees and the backes of his hand touch his cheekes For if as Aristotle writeth in the place next before quoted the infant is so rowled vp that his nose is betwixt his knees his eyes vppon his knees his eares on either side his knees and that with his hands he take hold of his knees he must necessarily rest both his cheekes vpon his hands Those things some haue written of the different scituation of Males and Females are but deuices of their owne braine But those things which Aristotle hath written in his seauenth Booke De Natura Animalium concerning the different scituation of diuerse creatures are well woorth the
come nowe to the differences thereof A Birth is either Naturall or not Naturall Legitimate or Illegitimate To a Naturall The differences of the birth The first condition required in a naturall birth birth three things are required The first that there bee an equall contention of the infant and the mother For the action of the birth is common both to the infant and the mother But to which of these we ought to attribute the beginning of the motion whether to the wombe or to the infant Galen expoundeth in his Commentarie vppon the 37. Aphorisme of the fift Section The Infant bringeth to the mother the beginning of the birth For being become larger and hotter and needing more store of Aliment and spirite with often and violent motions of his hands and feete hee breaketh the membranes And the wombe ouerburdned with so great a waight and so vnruly an inmate desiring to lay down her vnwealdy burden wholly contracteth it selfe to the shutting out of the infant So that from an equall contention of the infant and the wombe the birth proceedeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 according to Nature But if neither of them endeuour or but one of them fayle then is the birth not Naturall For if all the worke lye vpon the hand of the mother then is the byrth hard and laborious now that hapneth when the infant is weake or his strength spent or he be dead which Hippocrates expresseth in these words in his first Booke de morbis mulierum The birth is then most difficult when the Infant issueth either dead or apoplecticall that is depriued of motion and fence The second condition of the Naturall birth is that it come foorth in that figure which is according to Nature This figure Hippocrates first of all men described in his first Book The 2. condition de morbis mulierum and in his Bookes de Natura pueri and de Octimestri partu The Childe commeth with his head forward if he come according to Nature Nowe why this figure and A description of the natural figure forme of issuing is according to Nature Hippocrates rendreth a reason Because the Infant hanging vpon the Nauel as a ballance vpon a beame his vpper parts are the heauier and therfore his head turneth sooner downward Adde hereto that if the infant come with his head forward Why the head forward is the most naturall figure the rest of his parts being flexible like waxe doe not hinder the birth but yeelde and giue way vnto it But if he come with his feete forward his armes may be so spred and extended that they may hinder the rest of the body And this is Hippocrates opinion in his Book de Octimestri partu The flexible parts of the Infant are no hinderance vnto him if he issue with his head forward but if he come with his feete forward then they stop the passage That this figure of the head forward is the most Naturall safe way for the infant Pliny confirmeth in the 8. Chapter of his seauenth Booke de Naturali Historia The olde custome is sayeth hee Why dead men are carried with their feet forward that dead folk are carried to their graues with their feet forward because death is contrary to life As therefore a man commeth into the world with his head first so being dead hee must be carried out of the world with his feete first Beside this al other figures of the Birth are to be called not Naturall Now there are diuers figures of the birth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not Naturall but three especial with their feete forward with the side first or double all which Hippocrates expresseth in his Bookes de morbis Diuerse vnnaturall figures of the birth mulierum de Natura pueri It is dangerous when the feete come forward for in such a birth oftentimes the mother perisheth or the Infant or both together To deprecate or auert this danger the auntient Romanes built Alters to the two Carmentae the one of them was called Postuerta the other Prosae of the right or wrong proceeding of the birth And such births are commonly called Agrippae as it were aegrepartus So Agrippina sayde her sonne Agrippae why so called Nero came into the world with his feet forward The third Condition of a Naturall birth is that it bee swift easie and without any vehement The 3. condition symptomes I call that a lawfull or legitimate birth which commeth in due time that illigitimate which happeneth before or after the due time The eight moneth birth is illigitimate because it preuenteth the ninth moneth or stayeth after the seuenth month and this is the Nature of the Birth these are all the differencies thereof QVEST. XXX How many times there be of a Mans Birth and what they are ARistotle that Genius and Interpreter of Nature as he hath in all things acquitted Aristotle The times only of mans birth vncertaine himselfe wondrous well so herein also he hath written excellently that whereas Nature hath appoynted almost to all Creatures a determinate and certaine time for the bringing foorth of their young circumscribed and constant limits of their gestation yet to man shee hath granted a larger and freer patent for the time of his procration and gestation House Doues do euery month bill and breede young a Bitch whelps at foure moneths a Mare Foales the ninth and an Elephant the second yeare Onely man hath diuerse times wherein he is brought foorth the 7. 8. 9. 10. and 11. moneths This women doe all of them confesse whome wee ought to beleeue sayth Hippocrates in his Booke de Septimestri partu because they are most skilfull in this kinde of learning This also is confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates Aristotle Plutarch Galen and Aphrodysaeus and beside by certaine lawes of the Romanes The seuenth month is the first The 7. month the first time limit of a mans birth and before seauen moneths no infant suruiueth albeit some Egyptians the Poets of Naxus and many Spaniards report that some haue beene borne aliue the sixt moneth The seuenth-moneth birth Hippocrates saieth is vitall or dooth suruiue in his booke De Principijs The Infant borne the seuenth month is reasonably borne and liueth He is reasonably The 7 month childe Vitall Hippocrates borne because he wanteth nothing in the perfection of his parts for in the two months following there is nothing added to the perfection of the parts but vnto the perfection of his strength Aristotle in his 7. booke De Natura animalium affirmeth the same as also Aphrodisaeus in his Problemes Galen in his Commentary vpon Hippocrates book de Septimestri partu saith Aristotle Galen Lawes of the Romanes that he hath seene many children borne the seuenth month suruiue and do well The same in Honor of Hippocrates was concluded by the Roman Lawes and standeth in force at this day euen among our selues Pliny reporteth that Sempronius
thinke that the head was therefore made round because it is the seate and habitation of the soule For the soule is infused into vs out of heauen which is round Adde heereto that the most Noble member deserued the most noble figure Notwithstanding though the figure of the head be round yet is it not exquisitely and Why compressed to a haire globous but some what long swelling out with two tops like promontories which therefore they call heads of land it is also pressed on the sides Long it was to containe the braine and the Cerebellum swelling out before because of the mamillary processes which are the Organes of smelling and behind to admit the originall of the marrow of the backe It is pressed on the sides but more forward first because the processe of the backe called Dorsalis is much thicker then that ordained for the outlet of the Nerues of the face Secondly because in the forepart there was to be a bosome or hollownesse into which the More on the fore-part aer was plentifully to passe that is the mouth Thirdly that the eyes rowling on eyther side might not haue their prospect hindred by the bones of the temples which would haue beene if the skull in that place had beene more embowed Lastly that the head might stand equally ballanced for seeing the forepart hath his waight increased by the Iawes the head would haue waighed too much forward if the back-part had not beene more embowed and runne out as it were into a knowle which therefore with little alteration in the word and lesse in the sence we call the nowle of the head But descanting thus about the figure of the head it must be vnderstood that we meane a head Naturally disposed for otherwise of vnnaturall formes some are perfectly round others do rise vp in the toppe likk a ridge almost of a house bearing bredth little in the Naturall heads Crowne The round head they call in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it hath no 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ietty eyther in the forehead or in the nowle The sharpe or turbinated head is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or as Athenaeus hath it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because to them that behold it it seemeth somewhat sharpe like a Vnnaturall suger-loafe Such a head had Thersites in Homer much like those moulded Cups among Thersites in Homer the Graecians which were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eustathius rather thinketh it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth flame because flame endeth in a sharpe Cone or spire But of the formes a little more heereafter when we will also exhibite the pictures both of the Naturall and of the vnnaturall formes The magnitude of the head is diuers in diuers creatures yet greater in man then in any The magnitude other because his braines are of a bigger bulke A little head is alwayes faulty because it argueth both the impotency and weaknesse of the forming faculty and also the want of spermaticall matter Whence it is that Physiognomers say that a little head betokeneth A little head a sudden and rash wit because in such there is want of spirits which being pent vp in a narrow roome are heated aboue measure and beside haue no space to mooue themselues in A great head if other things be aequall that is if there be an equal proportion of all the A great head bones is alwayes laudable Whence Hippocrates in the sixt Book of his Epidemiωn sayeth that we must esteeme and measure the nature of the bones according to the magnitude of Hippocrater expounded the head not that the bones doe arise from the head but because all the bones should proportionably answere to those to which they are articulated or ioyned For example The bones of the arme to the shoulder bones the hippes to the holy-bone the holy-bone to the racke-bones the racks to the marrow of the back the marrow to the brain the brayn to the skull But Aristotle in his Problems sayth that a man is the wisest creature because he hath Aristotle expounded a little and a short head We must vnderstand that by paruitie he meaneth the thinnesse of the bones and the flesh not that the inward cauity of the skull is little in respect of other creatures The head is scituated in the highest place because say the Platonists it behoued that the The scituation intelligible faculty of the Soule as the Queene and Princesse of the rest should sit in an eleuated Tribunall that the Irascible and Concupiscible faculties as handmaydes should rest at her feete be seruiceable vnto her and obey her commands Galen doeth not say in his 8. Booke of the Vse of parts though Auerrhoes would father it and fasten it vpon him that the Galen Auerrhoes head was made for the eies for it was made onely for the braine but he saith indeede that it was lifted vp into the highest place because of the eyes For the eies being ordained as Why the brain is set highest scout-watches to looke out for vs night and day it was requisite that their station should bee in the highest place but because the sight stoode in neede of the softest sinew and the shortest least his soft body if it had beene any thing lengthned might haue beene in danger of breaking therefore it was necessary that the braine which is the originall of sinewes should be placed neare the eies neither doth this scite of the braine auaile the eies onely but also all the sences for the smel better apprehendeth an ascending vapour and the voice is better heard from aboue The Head is diuided into two parts the one is hayrie the other without haire the hairy The parts of the head and their names part is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Calua the scalp that which is without haire is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Factes the face The scalpe from the cauity and roundnes of it is called by Aristotle in the first Booke of his Historie of creatures and the 7. Section and by Pollux 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This comprehendeth all the vpper part backward as farre as the haire groweth forward to the forehead it hath three partes The forepart reacheth from the foreheade to the Coronall suture or The parts of the scalp crowny seame taketh vp almost halfe of the head it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth to water because it is the softest and the moystest Sinciput also of the Latines as if it were summum caput the top of the head although there be a higher place The backpart of the scalp reacheth from the Lambdall suture to the first rack-bone of Hippocrates Aristotle the necke Hippocrates in his Booke de vulneribus capitis calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it is fibrous and
together with the vaine and artery is dispersed into the inner muscles of the thigh The third lower then the former disperseth his fauours to the muscles of the yard and to some of the muscles also of the thigh not forgetting the skin of the lesk and afterward it determineth in the neighbour muscles aboue the middle of the thigh The fourth which is the thickest driest and strongest of all the nerues hauing his originall from the fowre vpper spondells of the Os sacrum or the holy bone gliding along betwixt it and the hanche bone affordeth certaine branches vnto the neighbor parts as vnto the skin of the buttockes and of the thighe and to the muscles contained vnder them Afterward departing into two branches the lesser falleth by the Perone and giueth two shootes vnto each toe the greater stretching along the leg and the foote giueth likewise two branches to each toe but both these boughs by the way as they passe doe touch at the heads of the muscles and at the skin of the leg and the foote and doe tye them together And this shall serue for a short description of the vessells The muscles of the foote are diuers some Bend the thigh Extend it bring it to the body lead it from the body and turne it about others doe moue the leg with the selfe same kinds of motions others bend and extend the foote it selfe Finally there are others which The muscles of the feete The bones of the feete moue the toes of the feete the particular history of all which you may require in the next booke of the muscles The bones of the feete are very many one of the thigh two of the legge called perone and Tibia together with the whirle bone of the Knee the wrest of the feete called peatum hath seauen bones the after-wrest called Metapedium hath fiue and there be 14 of the Toes to which may be added seed-bones like to those which we found in the hand Of all which we will giue you satisfaction in our Booke of the Bones CHAP. X. An explication of the dissimilar parts of the whole foote THE great foote is diuided as the hand into three dissimilar parts the Femur or Thigh the Tibia or Legge and the pes or Foot The Thigh is called Femur The partes of the foote in the large acceptation a ferendo because the creature is therewith sustained or held vppe The fleshy parts are called by Hippocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fore-partes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Pulpie or fleshy part about the ioynt belowe is on the backeside into which the Knee is bent called Poples the Ham because it is folded Post that is backward the fore-parte is called Genu that is the Knee The second part of the foote from the Knee to the Heele is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Tibia we call it the Leg the forepart whereof Antetibiale the Shinne the hinder and fleshy part Sura the Calfe the two processes without flesh neere the bottome Maleoli or the Ancles The last part of the foote is called pes paruus properly the Foote because it is the basis or pedistall wherupon the whole body resteth and it is the true organ or Instrument of progression as the hand is diuided into three parts the Wrest the After-wrest and the Toes The Wrest is called pedium and consisteth of seuen bones foure of which haue proper names the other three none The forepart of this pedium is called the instep The backe part is round and is called Calx or the Heele the lower part of it is called Calcaneum because with it wee do calcare Terram tread vpon the Earth and we call it the pitch of the heele The second part of the foote consisteth of fiue bones and answereth to the After-wrest of the hand in Latine it is called Tarsus the lower part of it is called the plant or the soale of the foote the vpper part betwixt the Instep and the Toes is called pectus or dorsum pedis the brest or backe of the foote Finally the Toes are fiue answering to the fingers of the Hand and haue their owne orders making three ranks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 excepting the great toe These bones are ioyned by Ginglymos and haue seede-bones for theyr firmer The Vse of the seed-bons in the foote articulation for these small bones make the foote stronger when we stand stil or walk on especially if our way be through sharpe places where otherwise the toes might easilie be luxed if they could be turned backe with stones or any other higher or vnequall substance whereupon we should tread And this is the true and succinct description of the Ioynts wherewith wee desire the Reader to rest contented at this time because he shall finde a more accurate delineation of all the parts of them in their seuerall places in the Tractes following beginning with the most compounded parts and so proceeding till wee come vnto the most Simple and Similar The End of the Ninth Booke of the Ioynts THE TENTH BOOKE Of Flesh that is of the Muscles the Bovvels and the Glandules The Praeface AS our ability time auocatiōs haue giuen vs leaue we haue gone through our first diuision of the body of Man into the three Regions Naturall Vitall and Animall and the Ioynts It remayneth now that we dissolue euery one of these into those parts whereof they are compounded laying each apart by themselues that their Natures and differences may better appeare In this Analysis or Resolution wee will first begin with the Flesh which beside that it maketh the greatest part of the bulk of the Body is also somewhat more compounded then the rest of the Similar parts Next wee will entreat of the Vessels that is to say of the Veines Arteries and Sinewes for these are the Riuers or Brookes which conuay the Bloud the Spirits the Heate the Life the Motion and the Sense into all the parts and corners of this Little world Afterward we will descend vnto the Gristles Ligaments Membranes and Fibres Parts not onely Spermaticall and Similar but also Simple that is not Organicall Last of all wee will come vnto the Bones that is to the foundation of this goodly Structure the Pedestall or Columns vpon which the frame of the body of Man is reared and whereby it is strengthened and supported I know well that some Anatomistes of the best note haue in their deliuery of this Art quite inuerted this order which we haue proposed vnto our selues beginning first with the Bones and so ascending by the Gristles Ligaments Membranes Vessels and Flesh vnto the three Regions and the Ioynts which Methode being Geneticall we conceiue to be rather the way of Nature then of Art for Nature first lineth out of the masse of Seede the warp of the body and after with the woofe filleth vp the empty distances first she layeth the foundation rayseth the stories
TABVLA XXXI FIG I. FIG II. FIG III. n 1 3. the second muscle extending the leg called Vastus externus θ 1 2 the third muscle extending the leg called Vastus internus χ 1 2 3 the fourth extender of the leg or the Right muscle μ 3 the first extender of the thigh called Glutteus maior â— 2. the inner anckle o 1 3 the vtter anckle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1 A fleshy part of the first extender of the leg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2 the fift extender of the thigh called Triceps or the three headed muscle σ 2 the first bender of the thigh called Lumbalis Ï„ 2 the second bender of the thigh called Illiacus u 1 the third bender of the thigh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1 2 the first extender of the foote or the internall Gastrocnimius ω 1 2 3 the third extender of the foote or the external Gastrocnimius p 1 A portion of the second extender of the toes which Vesalius maketh the ninth muscle of the foote q 3 the greater processe of the thigh called Rotator r 3. the transuerse ligament reaching from the brace to the heele t 2 A portion of the 5. muscle of the thigh x 2 the bone of the legge bare y 1 3 the tendon of the first extender of the toes z 1 3 A transuerse ligament aboue the foote The ninth or the fourth extender called also the right muscle Tab. 3 1 and those that follow fig. 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 x lyeth on the outside vppon the first bender and is seated on the middest of the forepart It ariseth with a neruous and acute originall figure 8 character 1 from the internall protuberation of the haunch bone on tbe fore-side aboue the Cuppe of the Coxendix From thence it is deriued directly through the length and forepart of the thigh betweene the seuenth and the eight muscles and being by degrees increased with a fleshly substance it becommeth againe by degrees more slender aboue the middle of the thigh fig. 8. char 2. and determineth into a very long and exceeding strong tendon aboue the whirle where it is a little narrower and more slender But in the forepart of the whirle it is againe dilated and being mixed with the tendons of the two forenamed muscles is very strongly inserted to the leg on the foreside immediatly vnder the ioynt But in Munkies it is most what membranous and inserted into the leg much lower Neither this onely but also the tendons of the other muscles are more membranous and broder in men then in Apes And with this tendon of the Munkies three muscles is the whirle bone couered yea it groweth to his forepart and serueth the knee for a ligament This is the muscle which is like a Snake or the fish because of his broade tayle which is called Mus or the Mouse which vshereth the â—hall that he offend not against the rockes from which fish the muscles of the whole body haue their denomination The tenth and last muscle of the leg is called the oblique moouer and from his situation The tenth poplitaeus the muscle of the Ham tab 34. 38. fig. 14. 16. 28. ΛΛ for it linkes in the ham vnder that muscle of the foote whichis called Gastrocnimius and Platâ—ris next of al to the bones and therefore we canot meete with it before these bee remoued It is a short and slender muscle and issueth with a neruous fig. â— 16. char â— and round originall from the externall head of the thigh after it is increased with fleshy fibres and running vnder the ligament climing obliquely ouer the bone Tibia or the leg determineth brode and fleshy and is inserted into the backe and inner part of the legge at his appendix Tab. 31. char 5. His vse is to mooue the leg obliquely outward and therewith also to turne the foote somewhat inword toward the other for the foote is specially articulated with the leg-bone and therefore Galen sayd that it was the principall author of the bending of the leg CHAP. XXXVIII Of the muscles of the Thigh THE Thigh is that part which is betwixt the ioynt of the huckle bone and the knee and consisteth of one bone as doth the arme This part because it is moued according to our good pleasure by reason of his round head and that with all kind of motion it stood in neede to haue muscles and those very many These muscles doe mooue the thigh either directly or in compasse Directly either lengthwise or ouerthwart and that either by extention or by flexion It is extended either The motións of the thigh when we stand vpright and make as we say a curtesie bending the thigh moderately inward and downeward toward the earth Or backeward into the posterior part when wee lift our thighs vpward especially toward the outside which kinde of position may bee seene in that they call a Backe caper This extention is made by the helpe of fiue muscles which most what doe occupie the posterior part And the first foure of these doe lie vpon the huckle bone and the fifth vpon the thigh The thigh is bent when we lift it vpward and forward and especially toward the inside in extension it is toward the outside as it is in Anticke dances and this motion is II muscles of the thigh performed by three muscles situated before two of them are seated in the cauity of the belly and the third in the thigh The circumaction or compassing of the thigh is either inward or outward and performed by three muscles placed in the coxendix VVee conclude therefore that there are eleuen muscles of the thigh although I know many more may be named if we diuide the fifth muscle into foure make two of the fleshy pouch which compasseth the tendon of the tenth muscle adde the twelfth muscle described by Arantius for then each thigh shall haue seuenteen muscles which shall extend it bend it leade it in compas draw one thigh two another diuide them asunder or lift one thigh ouer another as Taylers vse to sit at their worke Of all which motions we will speak in order The first extender is called Glutaeus maior the greater buttecke muscle because it maketh almost all the buttocke on one side tab 31. and those that follow fig. 3. 4. 8. μ. for it is thicke and fleshy and lyeth iust vnder the skin being appointed with the two following to make the quishion of the seate It ariseth with a fleshy broade and semi-circular originall from the whole circumference of the haunch bones from the lower part of the holy bone where it is contiguous with his opposite and from the beginning of the rumpe bone tab 32. fig. 4. a b c. Afterward descending a little obliquely and riding ouer the ioynt of the huckle-bone which it strengthneth as it were with a couering it becommeth narrower and more slender and so endeth into a strong and brode tendon which is partly inserted into the roote
muscle haply may be diuided into two Arantius after he hath described this muscle found out by Fallopius he addeth another Arantius his 12. muscle so making the number of the muscles of the thigh to be a full Iury in these words When you haue cut away the muscles which bend the legge from their originals if you diligently marke the place you shal finde vnder the eleuenth muscle a twelfth which is much stronger then the former but lyeth very deepe It hath an originall opposite vnto the eleuenth beginning from the forepart of the share-bone where it is perforated it is distinguished with a membrane of the nature of a Ligament This originall sayeth hee is fleshy and almost orbiculer or round It degenerateth into a strong and round tendon This muscle being ledde about like a semicircle to the outside of the thigh together with the second compasser and the pursse that is with the tenth and eleuenth muscles to guide the sphericall or round motion of the thigh CHAP. XXXIX Of the Muscles of the foote THE Foote is moued two wayes directly and to the sides directly also or in The motions of the foote length two wayes for it is eyther extended backward when it is led out of his transuerse position a little obliquely toward the earth and that by the helpe of fiue muscles placed in the back part together with the second and third benders of the toes as when we walke or dance or it is bent forwarde by three muscles to which may be added that portion of the muscle which some make the ninth but we account it for a part of the second muscle which stretcheth the toes and these are placed together with the first and second extenders of the toes on the foreparte but the outward side of the legge for the inside of the legge euen vnto the calfe is without flesh This motion is not so strong as the former and therefore doth not stand in need of so great muscles The foote is also moued to the sides and so a little compassed which motion because His muscles it is very weake hath not any particular or priuate muscles allotted thereto but is ledde to the outside by the anterior muscles and to the inside by the posterior The extending muscles therefore of the foote are fiue and the benders three The first extender is called Gastrocnemius internus Tab. 31 and those that follow fig. The first extender 1 2 3 4 13 14 Ψ the internall Calfe-muscle ariseth from the inner head of the thigh about the knee as it were with a double originall The one vpper fig 13 b which is fleshy and broade the other lower and vtter which is neruous and liuid fig. 13 c. The first a descending a little vnder the ioynt of the knee is confounded with the second and both together make a fleshy and thicke muscle which about the middle part of the legge after it hath formed the inner part of the Calfe fig. 13 aboue e becommeth narrower and endeth into a broad fig. 13 f and neruous tendon in the middest whereof notwithstanding a fleshy portion sheweth itselfe running a little way therein which being vnited with the tendon of the next muscle following fig. 13 and 14 ω is in Apes inserted into the heele but in men it groweth to the 4 extender of the foot fig. 14 â— in somuch that euen to the very heele it cannot be separated there-from And these three muscles doe draw the hee le vpward and backeward and doe fasten the foote vpon the earth or reflect it downeward and backward Table 35. Sheweth some Muscles of the Thigh the Legge the Foote and the Toes TABVLA XXXV FIG X FIG XI FIG XII This Muscle when it hath formed the outward part of the calfe endeth in a tendon which is so mixed with a Tendon of the former that it seemeth to bee but one Muscle to Columbus and Archangelus for they haue but one tendon and one implantation and these two together with the fourth doe make the pulpe or calfe of the Leg. But because in the direction of the Leg those heades are returned backward and so compressed least any offence should thereby proceede each originall hath a small side-bone The seede hones ioyned to it to receiue the violence and abate it in their smooth and slippery Surface which standeth vp from the substance of the Muscles and doeth regard the smooth superficies of the heades of the thigh whereuppon they leane These Seede-bones also doe keepe the Muscles from attrition and laceration and adde strength vnto them The third Extender is called Plantaris or the Muscle of the palme or treade Ta. 13. and those that follow fig. 7 14 16 H The 3. extender It lurketh in the hamme vnder the former and is very slender It ariseth with a fleshy and narrow originall from the outward head of the thigh neare the ioynt but descending obliquely from the externall toward the internall part it is dilated yet the fleshy part thereof is small for presently vnder the knee it determineth into a very slender neruous and exceeding long tendon fig. 14. 15. 16. p Ta. 31. fig 2. and 4. H so long that among all the round Tendons of the body there is none longer This Tendon is spread ouer the muscle following whereto in his progresse it is strongly tyed and implanted into the inside of the heele behinde Sometimes it groweth broade and by the sides of the heele is spent into the whole skinne of the palme or pâ—ant of the foote as the palme muscle in the hand But when this muscle as it is with the muscle of the palme of the hand is wanting then his tendon is substituted by the second bender of the toes His vse is to writhe and turne the foote inward The fourth Extender is called Soleus or the Muscle of the Soale Tab. 31. and those that follow fig 2 7 14 16 I The 4. extender It is the greatest and the thickest Muscle of the foote and lyeth vnder the former Muscles and where the two first leane vppon it it is liuid like them It ariseth neruous and strong from the backepart of the Fibula or Brace where it is articulated with the Tibia or Leg-bone and becomming thicker it exceedeth in bredth both the bones of the Leg but about the middle it is by degrees angustated or straytned and a little aboue the heele degenerateth into a thicke and very strong Tendon which on the foreside is nourished or encreased with a substance like flesh farther then it is on the backside and being vnited with the Tendon of the first and second Muscles Ta. 38. fig. 16 Ψ ω I is implanted very strongly into the backpart of the heele where for this Muscles sake it is depressed and rough His vse is to extend the foote and firme it vpon the ground But because the bone of the heele standeth out beyond the rectitude of the bone of the
according to the length of the bone into the third ioynt of the foure Toes The vse of this Muscle is to bend those foure toes to contract them strongly and to lead them one to another The fift Muscle is also the third bender ta 36. fig 16 17. S it is seated vnder the middle of the soale and ariseth with an originall mixed betwixt a neruous and a fleshy from The fift the lower part of the heele-bone and the forepart of his protuberation Presently after his originall it becommeth fleshy and passeth toward the Toes being by degrees dilated or spread abroad according to the forme of the foote At the middest whereof it is deuided into foure fleshy parts ta 36. fig. 16. char 21. which parts being separated doe each of them produce a round tendon which are receiued at the roote of the first ioynt by the transuerse Ligament and being deuided as it is in the hand with a long section each of them growing broade are inserted into the second bone of the foure Toes The vse of this Muscle is to bend the second ioynt of the foure Toes There also groweth very strongly a broade tendon ta 34. fig. 15. ζ vnder all the fleshy substance of this Muscle which serueth insteade of the broade tendon of the hand and sometimes is the tendon of the third muscle of the Foote which is called Plantaris This tendon is of exquisite sense the better to forwarne vs vppon the instant of externall iniuries Table 36. is the same with 31. Folio 806. The sixt Muscle is called Abductor pollicis inferior the lower backe-leader of the great The sixt or Toe tab 31. and those that follow fig 1 2. 7 11 16 g It lyeth to the inside of the Foote throughout the length thereof and resembleth the fashion of a Mouse His originall is neruous from the heele on the inside neare the muscle foregoing and becomming fleshy it is fastned to that bone of the wrest of the Foote which supporteth the great Toe degenerateth into a round tendon which is implanted on the outside into the first bone of the said great Toe to lead it from the rest The seauenth Muscle is called Abductor minimi digiti inferior the lower back-leader of the Little Toe tab 31. and those that follow fig. 3 4 15 16. V It is situated in the externall The seauenth part of the Foote and ariseth with a neruous originall from the vtter part of the Hee le where there is a protuberation and becomming fleshy it expresseth the forme of a perfect Muscle and is affixed to that processe of the wrest-bone which sustaineth the little Toe and determineth into a round Tendon which is infixed into the outside of the first bone of the little Toe to lead it from the rest These three are couered or inuested by a thicke and broade tendon as it was in the palme of the hand The 8. 9. 10. and 11. Muscles or the 3. 4. 5. and 6. Extenders called also Lumbricales The 8. 9. 10. 11. Table 38. sheweth the Muscles of the Foote and the Toes thereof But the 18. the 19. Figures shew the right Foote as did those two in the 34. Table but here it is more bared from the Muscles TABVLA XXXVIII FIG XVI FIG XVII FIG XX. FIG XIIX FIG XIX H 16 the 3 extender of the Foote called Plantaris I 16. the 4. extender of the foote called Soleus K 18 19 the fift extender of the foote called Tibiaeus posticus M 16 18 19. the 2 bender of the foote or the first Peroneus N 18 19. the 3 bender of the foot or the second Peroneus Q 16 17 18 the first muscle bending the toes of the foote or the bender of the great toe R 16 17 the second bender of the toes or their great bender S 16 17 the 3 muscle bending the toes or their other bender T 16. the lower abductor of the great toe V 16 the abductor of the little toe X 17 18 the foure muscles called Lumbricales Z 16 the muscles called Interossei or the bone bound muscles Λ 16 the muscle mouing the Leg obliquely called Popliteus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 16 the first bender of the thigh called Lumbalis descendens Ï„ 16 the 2 bender of the thigh called Illiacus internus φ 16 a portion of the first compasser of the thigh ψ 16 the first extender of the foot called Gastrocnimius internus ω 16 the second extender of the foote called Gastrocnimius externus * 16 the thigh bone bare 1 2 3 Char. 19 three Sinns or bosomes made to carry three tendons 3 char 16 a ligament hanging from the ioynts of the Toes doing the office of the broad tendon 4 5 char 16 the originall of the muscle of the ham called Poplitaeus at 4 his insertion at 5. 13 char 16 the originall of the first bender of the toes 14 15 char 16 17 the tendon of that muscle at 14 his insertion at the great Toe 15. 16 char 16 the beginning of the second bender of the toes 17 cha 16 17 the tendon of the same arising there 18 char 17 the tendon deuided into foure parts 19 char 18 the commixtion of the tendons 20 21 char 16 the third bender of the toes his originall from the heele at 20 his diuision into foure tendons at 21. 22 char 16 17 18 a fleshy portion growing to the bones of the foote at the great toe Figure 20 sheweth the Ligaments growing to the ioynts and the Bones of the Leg the Thigh A B The thigh bone at A his vpper head at B. C D the 2 lower heads thereof E the bone of the leg F his vpper protuberation G the lower sinus or cauity H the inner ankle I the Brace-bone called Fibula K the vtter ankle L the vpper a round ligament of the head of the thtgh L the lower a muscle in the calfe or the fourth of the foote M M a ligament compassing the vpper ioynt of the thing N A ligament growing to the greater processe of the thigh O A Ligament affixed to the lesser processe of the thigh P P a ligament involuing the ioynt of the knee Q R a ligament set to the vtter and inner side of the knee S a ligament coupling the protuberation of the leg-bone marked with F and the thigh together T V a ligament binding the leg-bone and the Brace together aboue and below X a membranous ligament sastning together the Leg and the Brace Y Z a transuerse ligament gathering the nerues 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a tendon made of three muscles of the foote and inserted into the heele a b ligaments ioyning the heele to the Leg and the Brace from the bone of the leg to the heele at a from the Brace to the heele at b. c d A gristly Ligament running from the inner Ankle into the inside of the Talus at c another ioyning the Brace to the Talus the wormy Muscles tab â—6 figu 17 18 x
are not so vnited but that they remayne a good while two distinct Nerues contayned in one membrane which was the cause of the errour They get out of the Scull at the second hole of the Nowle-bone by which the greater branch of the internall Iugular veine did ascend into the braine The one of these Nerues is the anterior and the lesse the other is the posterior or the greater The lesser when it hath gotten out of the Scull descendeth directly vnto the muscles of His egresse the Tongue to whose roote it affoordeth a branch and to those muscles which occupy the Fauces or chops and into them most part of it is consumed The greater Nerue not farre from his egresse sendeth a branch backward tab 22. fig. 2. f which is distributed with many surcles into the muscles that occupy the necke especially into the Cowle muscle which is the second of the shoulder-blade The Trunke it selfe descending is connected or tyed to the seauenth Coniugation tab 22. fig. 2. â— to the Sleepy artery and to the internall Iugular veine by the interuening His descending trunke or interposition of a membrane and at the sides of the Larinx or Throttle it is increased by a branch from the seauenth Coniugation tabl 22. fig. 2. i with which branch notwithstanding it is not mixed for Platerus in this mixtion mist his marke but colligated or tyed thereto Presently after it sendeth surcles ouerthwart ta 22. fig. 2. g vnto the muscles of the Larinx especially those on the inside thereof It affordeth also a few small branches distinct from the former to the muscles of the Fauces or chops From thence it descendeth vnto the Chest and runneth quite through his capacity as also thorough the capacitie of the lower belly and distributeth many branches vnto the bowels of both bellies as wee haue partly declared already and shall do heereafter towards the end of this booke And because it runneth almost through all the bowels of the body it is therefore called Coniugatio vaga the gadding or wandering coniugation Falopius tels vs that the Membrane wherewith this sixt nerue is inuested as it falleth through the perforation assumeth vnto it selfe sometime manifestly sometime secretly a Falopius his conceit of the Oliue-like bodies few small and capillary fibres of the nerue and when it is out of the scul produceth a certaine long bodie resembling an Oliue which is sometimes single sometimes double in both sides and the colour fleshy although the substance be neruous and hard This Oliue-like body endeth into a certaine neruous fibre which falling down the neck together with some propagations of nerues coupled together which yssue from the first and second and fourth and fift and sixt or from the first and second and fift and sixte and seuenth paires of the necke doth make a texture or complication of vesselles like a little net which descendeth on either hand downe the forepart of the whole necke and in that complication saith he other new Oliue-like bodies do sometimes grow togither whose number is vncertaine consisting of no other substance but as it were a heape of nerues growing together into a callous or fast body like a scarre And this coniunction of nerues he calleth sexti paris plexum the texture or complication of the sixt coniugation from which texture many nerues saith he do descend vnto the basis of the heart Here from also very often doth a nerue take his originall which on both sides is conueyed vnto the midriffe although it receiue a further increment or encrease from the fourth and fift coniugations of the necke Hee affirmeth further that from this complication there yssueth a nerue which descending through the Chest along the rootes of the ribs is conueyed to the roots of the Mesentery Thus farre Falopius Now that from this sixt coniugation nerues are sent vnto the bowelles and not from Why the bowelles haue nerues from this coniugation and not from the spinall Marrow the marrow contained in the rack-bones this reason may be giuen because hauing not voluntary motion they did not stand in neede of so hard Nerues as doe arise out of the spinall marrow properly so called yet that they might not be altogether without Sense they receiue Nerues of Sense that is soft nerues issuing out of the marrow of the Braine whilst it is yet contained in the scull and the rather saith Galen in the 11 chap. of his ninth Booke de vsu partium because the substance it selfe of the bowels is but soft but because these Nerues were to go a long iourney least they should be offended they are inuested with strong membranes and besides fastned to the bodies by which they passe It is also worth the obseruation that the nerues which are disseminated from the sixt A notable obseruation coniugation into the trunke of the bodye are as large almost at their terminations after they haue bene diuersly diuided and subdiuided as they are in their originall which cannot be saide of any other vessell It hath bene also publickly deliuered I thinke from no other warrant but speculatiue Learning that this nerue descendeth into the ioynts and A nouell conceite in the feete is the cause of the great consent betwixt the feet and the head For mine own part I could neuer haue light of any such diuarications out of Classicke Anatomists beside what neede we search for an imaginary way of consent when we know that which is direct and agreed vpon by all which is the branches of the nerues of the spinal marrow wonderfully vniting themselues in the Tendons of the Muscles of the foote by which any annoyance may at the first hand be conueyed vnto the marrow of the backe and so vnto the Braine Moreouer Galens reason of the allowance of these Nerues of the sixte coniugation to the bowels in the place last before quoted were but of small moment if the feet also had nerues deriued therefrom But this onely by the way The seauenth Coniugation which Archangelus accounteth for the eight because he maketh the organs of smelling a coniugation of nerues the seauenth coniugation I say The seauenth coniugation Tab. 22. fig. 1 h fig. 2 H mooueth the tongue and is the hardest of all those that yssue out of the Braine within the scull and indeede it taketh his originall from a harder beginning that is to say in the bindpart of the Nowle-bone where the marrow of the Braine endeth saith Galen in the twelfth of his ninth Booke de vsu partium From the beginning of the His originall spinall marrow saith Vesalius but before it yssue out of the scull From the Braine not from the After-braine saith Columbus Archangelus saith from the backpart of the marrow where the cauity is that is compared to a writing pen. From the marrow of the Braine saith Bauhine when it is ready to fall out of the scull Tab. 22. fig. 1 2 E that is to say at the
the Ell which is also couered with a Cristle might be mooued This bosome or cauity was made double fig. 3 10 xy His Appendances because there are two bones of the wrest articulated therewith to wit the first and the second ta 22. fig. 1 2 4 5 char 1 2 also where these two are ioyned together the sinus protuberateth moderately in the middest Fig. 3 10 z yet beside that protuberation it hath also a processe fig. 3 7 9 10 α The outside of the Appendixe of the wand as also of the wrest is gibbous and therein hath foure sinus insculped or grauen fig. 4 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thorough which the tendons of the muscles might be more certainly conducted through the annular Ligaments The The Sinus fourth of these n is very shallow but rough for it bringeth foorth a transuerse Ligament and beside swelleth vpward for into that swelling the tendon of the Long muscle which turneth the wand vpward is infixed There is also in the same place another sinus common to the Ell and the wand Fig. 4 θ made for the Tendon of the muscle that extendeth the little Finger t Both these bones of the Cubit are of a solide and hard substance excepting their Appendances The consistence of the bones of the cubit and full of smal holes bored also to containe marrow but if you consider them apart they are one contrary to another in respect of their parts for the vpper part of the Ell is the thicker the lower is the thinner contrariwise the vpper part of the VVand is the thinner the lower is the thicker Finally the vse of the wand is to moue the Hand downward and vpward as also in compasse although the Ell saith Archangelus be not moued CHAP. XXX Of the Bones of the Hand properly so called that is of the Wrest and After-wrest THE Bones of the Hand doe follow in the next place which are of foure sortes first those of the Wrest secondly those of the Afterwrest thirdly the bones of the Fingers fourthly the Seede-bones called Sesamina The Wrest is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine properly by Celsus brachiale The wrest but the Greek word is also among the Latines grown into vse which is carpus wee call it the Wrest which is that part of the Hand which is articulated to the Cubite and to the After-wrest and is construed or made of eight bones most Anatomistes say of seauen but because the first is thought to bee double therefore sayth Archangelus we account eight These bones are distinguished in a double order the reason was that the Hand might 8. bones be moued with more agility ta 22. fig. 3 char 5 6 These eight bones do differ in their magnitude forme situation and consistence and in the first generation are all gristles and not bones but in processe of time they become hard and grow bony Their substance is spongy as are all the rest of the bones which of gristles become bony of which kinde are all Appendices the bones of the breast and such like These bones are not without marrow and beside are couered ouer with gristly and strong Ligaments whereby they are so compacted together but the vpper more then the lower that if you doe not deuide the Ligaments and the Membranes also you will thinke that they are but one bone which hath deceiued some Anatomists They haue a double superficies the one exterior and gibbous fig 4 the other interior their surface and sinuated or concauous figu 3 and aboue where they are ioyned to the Cubit as also below where they are articulated with the After-wrest they are all smooth and crusted ouer with a gristle but beside that gristle where they touch one another they haue also sinus or cauities and heades crusted with a slippery gristle and this articulation of these Their articulation bones is to be referred to that third kinde which Galen calleth Neutrall and doubtfull for in respect of their composition it may be called Dearticulation and in respect of their pure motion it may bee called Coarticulation Foure of these are reposed in the vpper ranke of the wrest which is next vnto the Cubit tab 22 figur 1 2 3 4 char 1 2 3 4 the other foure in the lower ranke chara 5 6 7 8 But because these bones want proper names therefore they are distinguished onely by their order and number VVe call that the first which maketh the inside of the vpper ranke It is a long bone The first bone of the wrest curued inward and articulated to the VVand together with the second bone of the latter ranke and his head entreth into a sinus of the second bone on the inside Another head it hath also which is greater then the former and lower and entreth before into a sinus formed by the fift and sixt bones It hath also a notable sinus wherein together with the second bone it admitteth on the inside the head of the seauenth bone The second bone of the wrest leaneth vnto the former and is lesse then it it is reposed behind in a sinus insculped in the appendix of the VVand tab 21 fig. 3 10 x y and is ioyned on the foreside with the first bone below with the seauenth behind with the third hauing a plaine superficies The third is ioyned with a plaine superficies also to the Ell and his gristle ta 21 figu 3 4 7 8 T againe to the second and the fourth and below it hath a large head which entreth into a sinus of the eight bone The fourth bone is called Os rectum the Right-bone and is the hardest and the least of al the rest and almost round for it is neither hollowed nor protuberated as the rest are It is ioyned with a depressed head to the externall side of the third bone and seemeth also to be a little inserted into the processe of the eight bone otherwise it toucheth no bone of that ranke but in the vpper part thereof the Tendon of the muscle that bendeth the wrest is inserted below two muscles haue their originall which goe into the little Finger Table 22. Fig. 1. 2. The first sheweth the inside of the bones of the Hand the second the outside Figure 3. 4. shew the inside and outside of the bones of the wrest Fig. 5. The posterior part of the bones of the wrest articulated to the Cubit Fig. 6. their anterior part ioyned to the Afterwrest Fig. 7. Two bones making the first Ioynt of the Fingers Fig. 8. The second Ioynt Fig. 9. The third Ioynt Fig. 10. A Nayle parted from the Finger and shewed on both sides Fig. 11. The Seede-bones in the Foote the Hand TABVLA XXII FIG I. FIG II. III IIII V VI. VII IIX IX X IX Fig. 7 8 9. A 7 the bone of the Afterwrest which supporteth the fore finger B 7 The first bone of Fore finger C 7 the round head
◠which receyueth the interior part of the head of the brace-bone which is a little rough fig. 5 6 11 τ and so the Brace and the Leg or the shin and the shank are ioyned together but where these bones are conioyned there commeth a strong Ligament betwixt them which fasteneth them together both in the circumference and where they touch one another So also behind it is depressed fig. 2 4 m and sheweth as it were three sinus which conuey the three Tendons of the fift muscle of the foote and the two benders of the toes for these muscles run out vnto the foote The lower part of the Legge or the lower heade is thicke which for all the appendix that is added and the plentifull gristle wherewith it is crusted ouer and made broader The lower part of the leg is notwithstanding lesser then the vpper whose Appendix together with the appendix of the Brace do make in the surface a large sinus fig. 9 defgh which receiueth the Talus tab 25 fig. 3 4 5 6 or the Coccall bone but in the appendix of the leg bone there is as it were a double sinus figure 9 10 ef distinguished by a swelling knot which buncheth lightly in the middest betwixt them fig. 7 10 d It hath also a thicke processe yssuing from the inside tab 24. fi 1 Φ 2 3 9 10 i which processe in that part that regardeth the sinus fig. 9 g is hollow smooth and crusted ouer with a gristle whereby the cauity is enlarged and by that means it receyueth the Talus more commodiously for that being inserted into the Sinus it cannot be mooued out of his place The other side of the processe which regardeth the other Legge is gibbous and without flesh fig 2 3 9 10 i But in the opposite part the legge could not haue had another processe because it was necessary that in it there should bee a long sinus into which a part of the Brace-bone was to enter Table 24. sheweth the bones of the Legge and the Brace together with the gristles about the knee Fig. 1 2. shewe the right Legge whole both the fore-part and the back-part Fig. 3 4. shew the foreside and the backeside of the Legge or Shank-bone Fig. 5 6. shew the foreside and the backside of the Brace or Shin-bone Fig. 7. sheweth the vpper part of the Shanke-bone to which the thigh is articulated Fig. 8. two gristles increasing the cauity of the ioynt of the Leg-bone at the knee Fig. 9 the lower part of the whole Leg where on the foreside it receiueth the Talus or the Instep Fig. 10. the backpart of the lower end of the Leg-bone Figure 11. sheweth the inside of the lower end of the Brace or Shin-bone where it is articulated with the Talus or Instep TABVLA XXIIII FIG I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII VIII IX X. XI This processe is by degrees dilated and determineth into two browes wherefore also the shinne-bone or the fibula departeth into a processe that so the bone of the Talus might be contayned or kept in by both the processes that it should not slippe out on this side nor on that side And if at any time the luxation of the Talus doe happen it is rather to the inner processe then to the vtter because the proces of the Brace-bone is lengthned out somewhat longer then the other These processes are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 malleoli the Ankles the processe of the Leg-bone is The Ankles called the inner ankle and the processe of the Brace-bone is called the vtter ankle The inner Ankle figure 1 p fig 2 3 9 10 i in the lower end of the backepart hath a rough sinus fig 4 10 k whereout yssueth a gristly ligament whereby the bone of the leg is fastned to the Talus so likewise in the lower and foreside figu 1 3 9 l of the appendix The inner ankle there is a sinus rough transuerse and long from whence groweth a ligament which fastneth the necke of the Talus ta 25 fig. 3 N to the leg bone Finally this bone as also the Brace is notably hollowed within and that cauity conteyneth they marrow neither is it without other perforations The vse of the Leg-bone His vse sayth Archangelus is to make the progression more expedite and nimble And thus much of the Leg or Shank-bone Of the Brace or Shin-bone The other bone of the Legge is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fibula because as in buildings those Irons whereby the beames and pannes are ioyned together are called fibulae or braces so this lesser The brace bone His names bone may also be well called the Brace because it ioyneth together the muscles of the Legge it is also called canna minor and in English if you will the Shin-bone It is seated on the outside of the Leg as the wand is on the outside of the Cubit aboue it entreth into a plaine and crusted sinus of the Leg-bone fig. 5 Q vnder the head thereof tab 24 fig 1 C vnder A below it entreth into a long sinus of the Legge fig 1 from ◠to D At both the ends it is articulated by Arthrodia or adarticulation whose motion is obscure In the middest the two bones doe stand off one from another figure 2 Y betwixt V and X that so the muscles of the foote might finde place between them especially in the vpperpart because there the Leg is bent into a sinus In this distance there is a membranous ligament which fastneth the skinne and the shanke-bone together The length of the Brace-bone is equall to the length of the other for although aboue it do not ascend into the knee yet belowe it descendeth lower then the shanke-bone but in breadth and thicknesse it commeth farre short Moreouer a little vnder the middest it is somewhat curued toward the Legbone and the outside is after a sort concauous fig 1 2 Z yea to say true the figure of it is not much vnlike the figure of the Leg-bone it selfe It hath two heades one aboue and another below whereto there groweth an Appendix which endeth into an acute processe somewhat exasperated The vpper of these is His heads below the head of the shanke-bone figu 1 C vnder A which is defended with an Appendix the vpper and crusted ouer with a gristle it is round and on the outside swelleth very notably figu 5 b c the better to receiue the rendon of the fourth muscle of the Legge as also to giue an originall vnto the head of the seauenth muscle of the foote The Appendix of this head hath on the inside a large and ample sinus figure 5. Q crusted ouer with a gristle whereto the head of the Appendix of the Leg-bone is articulated fig 4 R. The lower head tendeth into a sharpnesse figu 1 ◠and descendeth so much lower then the Leg-bone as the head of the leg-bone ascended aboue the Brace in the
top it is the lower also furnished with one appendix fig. 1 ◠2 5 6 9 n which growing thick departeth with a processe called the outward ankle which desendeth somewhat lower then the vtter ankle and maketh the externall side fig. 9. 11. h of the common sinus fig. 7. d e f g h which receiueth the Talus or bone of the instep and is crusted ouer with a gristle This ankle is lower then the inner and on the outside gibbous some part of it also may bee felt without flesh and from it some muscles of the foote properly so called take their originall on the inside it hath a rough sinus fig. 2 6 11 r out of which ariseth the gristly Ligament which fastneth the Brace or shin-bone to the instep Aboue the Ankle there is a sinus fig. 2 6 q couered with a transuerse Ligament where vnder the tendons of the sixt and seauenth muscles of the foote are safely conuayed Betwixt these two heads the body of the Brace or shin-bone is vnequall because of the liues cauities and lines therein made for the insertion of muscles so that about the middle it seemeth to be triangular for before there appeareth an acute and swelling line fi 1. 2. ss behind it is depressed and hath on either hand a strutting line fig. 1 2. 5. 6. tt vv and these lines make the three sides of the Brace-bone fig 1 5 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 α 2 6. β In like manner at the lower end aboue the appendix fig. 5. 6. 11 τ there buncheth out an asperity at which place by the interposition of a ligament it is fastned to the shanke or leg-bone The vse of the Brace-bone is threefold the first to ioyne the Leg and the Instep whereby the foote is bent and extended secondly to defend the vessels and muscles of the Leg The vse of it from outward iniuries for the Brace-bone couereth for the most part the course of them all Thirdly to sustaine strengthen and secure the Legge by fastening it to the outward head of the Thigh-bone Moreouer as the wand helpeth to mooue the Hand so the Brace-bone helpeth to moue the Foot in compasse saith Archangelus CHAP. XXXV Of the whirle-bone of the Knee BEfore we part from the Leg you must remember that there is a bone placed The names of the whirle bone before the ioynt of the Knee tab 23. figu 4. and 5. which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it lieth vpon the knee others call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Milstone because it is very like it Celsus calleth it patella or the Sawcer It is also very commonly called Rotula we will call it the Whirle-bone It is a bone common to the Thigh the Leg although it be separated from them both for it is placed before their articulation In each knee there is one somewhat round and broad and ending into a sharpnesse where it resteth vpon the Leg. The magnitude of it is moderate the latitude scarce two fingers broade the longitude is somewhat thereabouts the thicknesse is vnequall for in the extremities it is thinne and growes thicker by degrees so that in the middest it buncheth out like a compassed buckler or if you will like an embowed Looking glasse such as they vsed in ancient times The vpper part therof How it is fastned groweth to the thicke Tendons of the seauenth eight and ninth muscles of the Thigh which by the knee doe runne vnto the Leg by these Tendons it is established for they serue it in steade of a Ligament to fasten it both to the Thigh and to the Leg moreouer on the outside it is couered by them on the inside it is crusted ouer with a smooth and slippery gristle at lest the greatest part of it especially where it reguardeth the Thigh and this gristle maketh the motion more glib for it will easily moue vnder a mans finger Columbus cannot taste this conceit but sayeth that it is fastned both to the Thigh and to the Leg by Ligaments of his owne which sayeth hee doe grow from the Appendices of the Thigh and the Legge so also sayth Archangelus yet he doth not deny but it is established by the Tendons of the muscles before spoken of But Bauhine leaneth more to the first opinion of Vesalius that it hath no other Ligaments but the Tendons If these Tendons to which it groweth be cunningly taken away it will appeare both before and in the sides ta 24. fig. 4. rough and full of blind holes but behinde it hath a moderate protuberation fig. 5. g h and shallow bosoms on either side fig. 5. i k crusted ouer with a gristle of which the vtter is the larger and the broader This protuberation wee spake of is receiued by the sinus which is betwixt the heads of the Thigh f. 1. R betwixt ◠◠like as the bosome of this whirlebone receiueth the heads of the Thigh wherefore the Thigh receiueth the whirle the whirle the Thigh and so are ioyned by Ginglymos but the whirle and the Leg-bone are ioyned by adarticulation His articulation wherefore it is moouable least it should make the motion of that ioynt difficile or hard Moreouer the inner and lower part fig. 5. L where it groweth into a processe and regardeth the vpper part of the Legge-bone is rough and perforated that it might growe the faster to the Tendons of the foresaid muscles The substance of the whirle is at the first gristly and so remayneth for certain months Afterward it groweth as hard as a hard Appendix and at length bony hard solid such as it appeareth in growne bodies so sayth Falopius in his obseruations and with him Bauhine consenteth Columbus thinketh it groweth not beyonde the height of an hard Appendix The vse of it is to couer and to firme the laxe and dissolute composition of the ioynt of the Thigh and the Leg least in progression and walking the Thigh should luxe outward as also that when we goe downe a hill it might support the ioynt Moreouer by the help of the whirle when the knee is gathered directly backward it is bent into a right angle Finally it defendeth the Tendons of the foresaid muscles least in the bending of the knee when the Thigh bone presseth forward it should beare to hard vppon them and in a worde as the Seede-bones of which wee spake before the hardnesse of it receiueth the violence of the Thigh-bone and breaketh it that it shoulde not compresse those Tendons CHAP. XXXVI Of the Bones of the foote properly so called and particularly of the Wrest of the Foote WE are now come vnto the third and last part of the Foote which is properly called the Foote and Pes extremus or Pes paruus It hath 38. bones and three parts The first part is called Tarsus which we call the wrest of the Foot and hath seauen bones The second is called metatarsus or pedium the Afterwrest of the
Foote hath fiue bones The third part is of the Toes which haue foureteene bones to which wee may adde twelue Seed-bones Of these in order Of the seauen bones of the Tarsus or wrest of the Foot foure haue names the other three are not so much beholding yet vnto Anatomists The first ta 25 fig 1. and 2. Ρ and the whole third fourth fift and sixt figures which The first bone of the Tarsus the Greciancs cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Os balistae and Talus The Dye or pastern bone lyeth vnder the Appendices of the shinne and shanke-bones as a firme and stable foundation and yet it seemeth to lye onely vnder the shanke and this bone is not onelye found in men but in all other creatures whose feete are deuided into Toes In the vpper part thereof there is a smooth and round knub fig. 3. 4. 6. ABCD crusted ouer with a gristle which representeth the forme of the nut of a Crosse bow or the fourth part of a wheele The surface also of the knot is as it were foure square limitted about the edges with foure sides and therefore by some is called quatrio the first and second of these fig. 3. 5. 6. from A to B and from C to D goe through his length the third is on the foreside from A to C the fourth on the backside from C to D In the middle it hath a shallow cauity fig. 3. EE with rising sides figu 3. FF like the sides of the furrow of a pulley wherein the rope runneth by which sinus it is coupled by Ginglymos with the appendix of the shankbone tab 24. fig 9. 10. def The sides of it are plaine and sloping crusted ouer with a thinne gristle to receiue the Ankles the inside fig. 5. G is crusted but a little way and receiueth the inner Ankle of the Legge the outside is broader fig. 6. H and more hollowed descending lower the better to admit the outward ankle of the Brace-bone which also descendeth lower tab 24. fig. 9. 11. b And thus the Talus is ioyned with the Leg and the Brace which articulation serueth for the right motion of the foote which that it might more easily perfourme and without attrition of the bones it is on both hands crusted ouer with a gristle Furthermore on the inside it hath a rough sinus figu 5. l where into a gristly Ligament is receiued which groweth from the inner ankle and whereby the Talus is fastned to the shanke Againe on the outside fig. 6. ◠there is another sinus which receiueth a Ligament produced from the outward ankle Moreouer on the backside at the root of the protuberation where it is ioyned to the Leg and the heele fig. 5. after BD there is a roughnes partly to receiue the ligaments which grow from the Leg partly to reach other ligaments vnto the heele There is also in the backepart figure 5. 6. LM a sinus prepared for the transition of the tendons of muscles which attaine to the sole of the foote Yet further this first bone is not onely ioyned with the shin and the shanke but also with the Boate-bone and therefore the forepart of the Talus is lengthned into a long neck figu 3 4 5 6 N and the necke endeth into a round head O couered ouer with a slippery gristle which is receiued by the large and round sinus or bosom fig. 11. R of the bote-bone and by the meanes hereof the foote is moderately and with an obscure motion mooued inward and outward and something also in compasse At the Hee le also this Die or pasterne-bone is fastned with a double ioynt and therfore the lower part thereof hath on the backside a large and deepe sinus fig. 4. Q couered ouer with a gristle into which the large and broad head figu 7. 8. 9. P of the heelebone is inserted before it hath a long and smooth protuberation fig. 4. S which is receiued by a long bosome figu 7. 8. 9. R on the backside of the heele Betwixt these two spaces or in the middest of these ioynts there is a deepe and rough cauity figu 4 TT whereto the sinus of the heele fig 7 8 9 R is opposite and answerable the vse of which cauity is to contain a mucous substance and fat withall whereby these bones are moystned that they should not grow dry by perpetuall motion Moreouer in the same cauity doe grow these gristly ligaments which in this place doe very strongly binde the Die bone to the heele and therefore when the bones are cleansed and afterward fastened together there remayneth in this place a great distance Sometime also on the backeside it is extended aboue the heele where it bends inward as it were into a double small processe It hath no appendix for it hath need of equall strength on euery side neither receiueth it the insertion of muscles neither doth it offer originall vnto them The substance of this bone in the original as also of all the other bones of the wrest of the foote excepting the heele is a gristle but in growne bodies it is on the inside fungous yet where the processes break forth solid and dense sauing that it is perforated manifold The second bone of the Wrest fig. 1. and 2 Δ and the whole seauen eight and nine The second bone of the wrest The heele figures is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Calx calcaneum pedis calcar in English the Heele This is the greatest and the thickest bone of the whole foot properly so called and was so made for more strength and firmitude For the extention and flexion of the foote are made by the articulation of the Talus or Dye-bone to the bones of the Leg and the brace Againe the motion of the foote to the sides is wrought by the coniunction of the Talus to the boate-bone the rest of the connexions of the bones which are many and small do little assist the former As therefore the Talus or pasterne bone is the principall agent in the motions of the foote so is the heele the principall firmer and establisher thereof And vnlesse the heele His vse had beene greater then the Talus not only the pasterne it selfe but the shanke also would slip backward for it lyeth directly vnder the shank and almost alone supporteth it and by it the Thigh and by the Thigh the whole body It was therefore very necessary that it should be a notable large bone or else Nature had beene very improuidēt to lay so great a weight vpon it It behoued also that his articulation should be very firme not wauering or vnstedfast and therefore Nature ioyned his processes with many hard gristly broade and round ligaments not onely to the pasterne bone but also to other bones neare adioyning to make his strength more assured VVherefore it doth not onely lye vnder the talus and sustaine it but is also articulated
thereto and to the cube To the Talus the vpper part of his large head fig. 6. 8. 9. P entring into the sinus of the Talus fig. 4. Q and againe the heele admitteth into a narrow and almost plaine sinus of his own fig. 7. 8. 9. R the protuberation of the Talus fig. 9. S to the Cube bone it is ioyned on the foreside fig. 11. R by his depressed head fig 7. i The lower part of the Hee le fig. 2. XYZ is somewhat broad that the foote might stand more safely rough also and vnequall because of the muscles It hath a rough fig. 2. yz fig. 8. y fig. 9. z and transuerse processe running from behind downeward from whose foreside ariseth the muscle which bendeth the second bones of the foure Toes and the fleshy portion from which are produced the muscles which leade the foure Toes to the great Toe wherefore within the processe there is a cauity least when the foot is fastened vppon the ground the heads of these muscles should be compressed The head of the heele or the vpper part thereof in children hath an Appendix and is like a round body hauing a light impression raysed with a little ruggednes fig. 7. 8. 9. ab into which impression the Ligaments of the shanke bone and of the pasterne are inserted On the backside this vpper part is depressed and rough on either hand f. 2. 8. 9. c in which depression and asperity the greatest and strongest tendon of the whole body that is of the first second and fourth muscles of the foote is inserted On the foreside it hath rough and deepe bosomes figure 7. vv which with the bosomes of the pasterne are filled with gristles The sides of the heele are broad and depressed The inside fig. 2. 8. dd is smmoth and notably sinewated in the middest are three inscriptions figure 2. 8. e to make way for the tendons of the fift muscle of the foote and the two benders of the last ioynts which passe that way vnto the sole of the foote that way also passe the veines arteries and nerues which are also defended by the processe of the heele which maketh the inside of the heele very deepe Table 25. Sheweth the bones of the Foote properly so called Fig. 1. 2. shewe the bones of the right foote fastened together their vpper face and their neather face Fig. 3. 4. 5 6. shewe the vpper lower inner outer sides of the Talus or pasterne Fig. 7. 8. 9. shewe the same sides of the Heele Fig. 10. 11. sheweth the forward and backward side of the boate-bone Fig. 12. 13. shew the fore and backepart of the wrest made of foure bones TABVLA XXV FIG I II III IIII V VI. VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII The outside fig. 2 9 Z is depressed rough and vnequall out of whose lower part yssueth the muscle which leadeth the little Toe from the rest but in the foreside there is a little sinus fig. 1 7 9 S crusted ouer with a Gristle which we meet withall vnder a smal processe and through this sinus the tendons of the seuenth and eight muscles of the sole do passe and are reflected vnto the backside if the vtter ankle That part of the heele that is next the little Toe is on the foreside smooth by reason of a gristle wherewith it is crusted ouer and the vpper part shooteth out a large head raised somewhat high by which head the heele is articulated into a sinus of the Cube-bone almost plaine fig. 1 2 θ belowe it hath an oblique Sinus bending inwarde which receyueth a part of the Cube-bone The third bone of the wrest figu 10. 11 is called by the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nauiforme Os Nauiculare Cymba the Boat-bone because it is long deepe behinde hollowe before and in the vpper part gibbous fig. 1 o p in the lower part hollow fig. 10 11 q t This The 3. bone of the Wrest Bote-bone is seated in the inside of the foote and by the mediation thereof the greatest part of the wrest is ioyned to the Talus For on the backside it hath a Sinus figure 11 k deep and transuersely long fi 1 olmn in which the head of the talus fig. 3 4 5 O is inserted and this articulation must be referred to an obscure Enarthrosis or Inarticulation because the motion thereof is obscure The other part hath a long head bunching out and distinguished with a threefold superficies or surface fig. 10 l m n to which the three last bones are articulated fig. 1 2 12 13. char 1 2 3 but because they are very smooth it is to be doubted whether they receiue or are receyued The outside of this Boate-bone is large round and sinuated fig. 10 q r and 11 q especially where it is ioyned to the fift bone Presently after it is angustated by degrees and endeth into an internall narrow processe Fig. 10 q resembling the prow of a ship The inside is prominent so that it maketh a notable protuberation which protuberation maketh the lower Sinus Figu 10 11 q ouer which it hangeth much greater vvhere the tendon of the sixt muscle of the foote is reflected Finally this Boat-bone is rough aboue and below that from thence the Ligaments might yssue which tye this bone to the Talus and the bones of the wrest of the foote These three bones whereto there is nothing aunswerable in the hand and are as it were the basis of the leg the Ancients haue not numbred among the bones of the wrest of the foote There follow other foure which say they do alone make the tarsus or wrest and are like vnto the wrest of the hand for being ioyned together by Ligamentes they make as it were an Arch whose vpper superficies is conuexe the lower concauous or hollow for the Cube-bone is ioyned to the heele and the three following to the Boate-bone and with them are together lifted vp from the earth for such a construction as this is stronger both for the fastening of the foote and sustaining of the hodye for an arched building is more strong and lasting These bones also were necessarily prominent that vnder such prominences a cauity should be left wherein as wel the tendons of those muscles should be secured which run vnder the sole as also the muscles themselues which arise from the lower part of the wrest and are directed to the toes of the foote for if the sole had bene plaine the Muscles with their tendons would haue bene compressed and so neither could a man haue trauelled without paine and besides the muscles had beene kept from performing their office in flexion and extention Moreouer where these bones are ioyned one to the sides of another they are not couered ouer with gristles sauing onely where they beare vppon the Boate-bone Otherwhere they are coupled with gristly Ligaments They are also without appendices and their substance is like the substance of the
pasterne and Boat-bones They differ also in quantity and figure conferre Fig. 1 with 2. and 12 with 13 for the two first are far greater then those two in the middest and are ioyned to the foure bones of the Pedium or After-wrest but we will intreate of them particularly The fourth bone of the wrest Fig. 12 13. char 4 is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Os Cubiforme The 4. bone from the forme of a Dye because it hath as it were six sides It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Os Miltiforme because it hath diuers formes the Arabians call it Grandinsoum This bone on the outside of the foote is placed before the heele It is greater then the rest the first side of it Fig. 13 x is ioyned behinde to the heele Fig. 7 i with an vnequall surface and resteth vpon the ground and it is doubtfull whither it receyue or be receyued Archangelus affirmeth both the second side figu 12 α β before is ioyned with a continuall superficies to the fourth and fift bones of the After-wrest and supporteth them like a basis the third side is inward fig. 12 13 γ and articulated to the seauenth bone of the wrest the fourth side is outward fig. 12 13 d and obscurely plaine neither doth it ioyn to any bone no more then the two following sides do for the fift side is aboue plain and rough fig. 12 13 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the sixt is below fig. 2 ζ n fig. 3 ζ Finally the latter end or extremity of it hath a processe diuided by a middle sinus fig. 2 n which is long and oblique whereat the tendon of the seuenth muscle of the foote is reuolued The fift bone of the wrest Fig. 12 char 1 fig. 13 s as also the two following are called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cuneiformea because they are like wedges This fift occupyeth the inside of the foote and is seated ouer against the great toe On the foreside it is sinuated The 5. bone Fig. 13 γ to receiue a portion of the processe of the Boatbone behind it receiueth the first bone of the pedium or Afterwrest and it is vncertain whether it be sinewated or prominent which vncertainty is common to the backeward bones as they are coupled either one with another or with the bones of the After-wrest so that they seeme to be conioyned by Ginglymos because they haue obscure Sinus or bosomes notwithstanding this part seemeth to haue two small knots or protuberations because the bone of the Afterwrest carrieth the shew of a double cauity the vpper part is but small and a litle conuex whereby it is ioyned to a shallow or superficiary Sinus of the sixte bone the lower side is thicker that it might rest faster vpon the ground The sixt bone of the wrest fig. 12 13. char 2 7 is called Cuneiforme minus the lesser wedge and if you regard the vpper part which looketh toward the foote it is broade somewhat arched and as it were foure-cornered If you respect the lower part which The 6 bone looketh toward the foote it is very narrow and edged and so resembleth a wedge as also doth the seauenth which is next vnto it for they both seeme to be like wedges interposed amongst the rest to ioyne them the faster together This sixt bone behind is ioyned to the Boate-bone Fig. 13 t before it lightly buncheth out and is fastened to the second bone of the After-wrest Fig. 12 χ on the inside it is ioyned with the outside of the fifte bone of the wrest and on the outside with the outside of the seuenth The seuenth bone of the wrest Fig. 12 13. char 31 is called Cuneiforme medium the The 7 bone middle wedge and is seated betwixt the fourth and the sixt It is some-what like a Quadrangle but longer for on the backside it hath a small sinus Figu 13 u which receyueth the protuberation of the Boat-bone on the foreside it admitteth the thirde bone of the Afterwrest Fig. 12 λ and the sides of it touch the sides of the sixt and the fourth Bones And thus it is placed amongst the bones like a wedge below it swelleth out with a protuberation Fig 13 θ whereinto the fift muscle of the foote is inserted The twelfth Figure sheweth the anteriour face of the foure bones of the wrest of the foote fastened together the thirteenth Figure sheweth their backside CHAP. XXXVII Of the Bones of the After-wrest and the Toes of the Feete THE second part of the Foot is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Grecians by Celsus Planta the tread of the Foote by others pecten and by others Matatorsum because The afterwrist of the foote it is answerable to the Metacarpium in the hand we will call it the Afterwrest of the Foote Tab. 25. fig. 1 Char. I II III IV V It is compounded of fiue bones which are articulated to the Bones of the Tarsus or wrest and do sustaine the bones of the Toes To the Tarsus or wrest they are ioyned by somewhat plaine and smooth superficies Fig 12 2 χ λ α β The first which is placed before the great toe is adarticulated to the inner bone of the wrest that which is placed before the next to the great toe is ioyned to the second bone of the wrest that which is placed before the middle toe to the third fig. 2 betwixt Ï Ï€ the other two are adarticulated to the Cube-bone Fig. 2 neere Ï and n And as the bones of the VVrest of the foote are not placed on the foreside in a right line so of the bones of the After-wrest one enclineth more backward then another Notwithstanding they stand in one order or ranke as do the bones of the Toes which maketh much to stability and firmitude They are long bones and round and end on both sides into heads For where they are articulated with the bones of the wrest they are thicke and sinewated and ioyned together by their sides where they recede or depart by degrees one from another they become slender and leaue a distance betweene them for the Muscles called Interossei which wee called the Bone-bound Muscles But their lower heads which are inserted into the deepe bosomes of the first ioynts of the Toes fig. 1 2 ξ in φ are orbicular and on the backside encreased with an Appendix The heads of these bones are more diuided towards the vpper part and lesse toward the lower quite contrary to that it is in the handes and the reason was because in detxention it behooued that the Toes of the feete should be more eleuated then the fingers of the hand which kinde of articulation we call Enarthrosis or Inarticulation The first of these that is set before the great toe is the thickest of them all the shortest hauing a rounder head that so the great toe might bee better mooued to the sides The first then any of the rest In