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Word A Word B Word C Word D Occurrence Frequency Band MI MI Band Prominent
head_n degree_n temperate_a zone_n 80 3 15.3552 5 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A03380 The schoole of skil containing two bookes: the first, of the sphere, of heauen, of the starres, of their orbes, and of the earth, &c. The second, of the sphericall elements, of the celestiall circles, and of their vses, &c. Orderly set forth according to art, with apt figures and proportions in their proper places, by Tho. Hill. Hill, Thomas, b. ca. 1528.; Jaggard, William, 1569-1623. 1599 (1599) STC 13502; ESTC S104125 144,541 253

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shadow_n for_o with_o they_o the_o nooneshadowe_v continual_o run_v or_o go_v towards_o one_o quarter_n only_o so_o that_o to_o they_o dwell_v northward_o the_o noon_n shadow_n streach_v towarth_a the_o arctic_a or_o northerly_a quarter_n by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o sun_n never_o ascend_v over_o their_o head_n but_o continual_o cast_v or_o streach_v his_o beam_n thwart_o into_o those_o country_n which_o always_o form_n their_o thwart_a angle_n with_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o earth_n or_o else_o fall_v a-slope_n upon_o the_o earth_n those_o people_n which_o possess_v and_o dwell_v under_o either_o untemperate_a or_o cold_a zone_n be_v name_v of_o the_o greek_a writer_n periskioi_n periscij_fw-la for_o that_o their_o shadow_n in_o one_o artificial_a day_n be_v carry_v and_o run_v round_o as_o it_o be_v about_o they_o on_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o earth_n so_o that_o the_o sun_n unto_o those_o place_n cast_v or_o send_v not_o straight_o thwart_a or_o slope_n but_o long_a 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body_n round_o but_o the_o hollow_a upper_a face_n be_v the_o inward_a compass_n about_o in_o the_o hollow_a orb_n or_o the_o body_n hollow_a a_o centre_n be_v the_o middle_a prick_n in_o a_o circle_n from_o which_o all_o right_a line_n draw_v unto_o the_o compass_n about_o the_o same_o be_v equal_a between_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o also_o a_o centre_n of_o the_o sphere_n be_v a_o middle_a prick_n in_o the_o sphere_n from_o which_o all_o right_a line_n draw_v unto_o the_o emboss_a upper_a face_n we_o agree_v in_o length_n the_o exe_n tree_n be_v a_o right_a line_n draw_v by_o the_o centre_n of_o ●e_a sphere_n and_o with_o both_o his_o end_n pierce_v unto_o the_o ●des_n of_o the_o emboss_a upper_a face_n about_o which_o the_o sphere_n 〈◊〉_d turn_v the_o pole_n be_v the_o very_a end_n of_o the_o exetrée_n appea_v on_o each_o side_n about_o which_o heaven_n be_v turn_v also_o the_o ●oles_n of_o the_o turn_n be_v name_v the_o end_n and_o top_n and_o name_v beside_o the_o end_a 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of_o 160._o degree_n and_o 30._o minute_n of_o latitude_n from_o the_o equatour_n it_o be_v 4._o degree_n and_o 15._o scruple_n distant_a the_o other_o city_n and_o place_n in_o the_o country_n of_o pontus_n name_v trapezus_n be_v a_o head_n city_n of_o cappadocia_n and_o be_v the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o the_o emperor_n this_o have_v the_o longitude_n of_o 70._o degree_n and_o 30._o minute_n and_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o same_o be_v of_o 43._o degree_n and_o 5._o scruple_n the_o difference_n of_o longitude_n between_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v of_o 90._o degree_n the_o ark_n of_o distance_n between_o both_o place_n be_v of_o 87._o degree_n and_o 6._o minute_n to_o which_o 1306._o &_o a_o half_a german_a mile_n answer_v if_o the_o unequal_a arke_n of_o the_o latitude_n and_o angle_v of_o the_o difference_n of_o longitude_n be_v lesser_a than_o the_o right_n it_o canse_v a_o diverse_a reason_n of_o the_o search_n by_o which_o the_o ark_n of_o the_o complement_n of_o the_o 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longitude_n between_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v of_o 33._o degree_n and_o 22._o minute_n another_o example_n not_o unlike_o the_o former_a and_o not_o much_o vary_v from_o the_o former_a as_o the_o longitude_n of_o jerusalem_n which_o be_v of_o 66._o degree_n and_o no_o minute_n the_o latitude_n of_o 31._o degree_n and_o 40._o scruple_n the_o longitude_n of_o viteberge_n be_v of_o 30._o degree_n and_o 30._o minute_n the_o latitude_n 51._o degree_n and_o 50._o scruple_n the_o difference_n between_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o of_o longitude_n be_v of_o 35._o degree_n and_o 50._o scruple_n if_o in_o place_n unequal_o distant_a from_o the_o equatoure_n the_o angle_n of_o the_o difference_n of_o longitude_n be_v blunt_a by_o which_o the_o difference_n of_o longitude_n shall_v appear_v great_a than_o the_o quadrant_a or_o thus_o that_o
but_o especial_o at_o noon_n in_o every_o week_n be_v well_o perceive_v to_o descend_v and_o go_v low_o and_o low_o until_o he_o become_v unto_o the_o tropic_n of_o capricorn_n or_o the_o winter_n circle_n where_o he_o turn_v again_o as_o you_o may_v plain_o learn_v and_o understand_v by_o the_o former_a description_n of_o that_o circle_n the_o tropic_n of_o capricorn_n be_v a_o lesser_a circle_n and_o one_o of_o the_o natural_a circle_n which_o be_v by_o the_o like_a space_n distant_a from_o the_o equatoure_n into_o the_o south_n and_o describe_v of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o capricorn_n as_o be_v uttermost_a towards_o the_o south_n which_o be_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o sun_n great_a departure_n from_o we_o and_o of_o his_o long_a digression_n unto_o the_o south_n that_o he_o define_v and_o make_v this_o circle_n also_o be_v call_v the_o winter_n solstice_n and_o winter_n tropic_n in_o that_o when_o the_o sun_n come_v into_o this_o circle_n it_o be_v present_o winter_n that_o be_v the_o short_a day_n of_o the_o year_n also_o the_o less●●_n portion_n of_o this_o circle_n be_v to_o we_o above_o the_o horizone_n and_o the_o great_a beneath_o or_o under_o the_o horizon_n beside_o the_o sun_n journey_n end_v at_o the_o south_n and_o cross_v or_o devide_v both_o the_o burn_a and_o temperate_a southerly_a zone_n the_o brumal_a or_o winter_n tropic_n as_o write_v proclus_n that_o be_v further_a towards_o the_o south_n of_o all_o those_o which_o the_o sun_n describe_v by_o his_o draw_v about_o of_o the_o first_o mover_n into_o which_o when_o the_o sun_n fall_v he_o cause_v his_o winterly_a return_n so_o that_o the_o long_a night_n of_o the_o year_n and_o short_a day_n be_v at_o that_o time_n procure_v from_o which_o he_o go_v no_o further_a towards_o the_o south_n but_o return_v unto_o the_o contrary_a quarter_n of_o the_o world_n and_o hereof_o this_o circle_n be_v call_v a_o tropic_n or_o circle_n of_o return_n now_o these_o three_o be_v principal_o note_v the_o equatour_n and_o the_o two_o tropicke_n for_o the_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o the_o instruction_n of_o the_o two_o tropic_n afore_o speak_v of_o may_v more_o perfect_o be_v understand_v conceive_v this_o figure_n here_o demonstrate_v in_o which_o a_o h_z b_o e._n be_v the_o meridian_n a_o d_o b._n the_o right_a horizone_n d._n the_o centre_n of_o the_o principal_a a._n the_o northerly_a pole_n b._n the_o southerly_a pole_n g_o d_o c._n the_o circle_n of_o the_o zodiac_n h_o d_o e._n the_o equatour_n which_o here_o be_v mean_v to_o be_v abate_o describe_v when_o the_o sun_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o in_o the_o true_a section_n of_o the_o equatoure_n and_o zodiac_n as_o in_o the_o letter_n d._n from_o which_o point_n when_o the_o sun_n return_v towards_o the_o northerly_a pole_n a._n under_o the_o circle_n g_o d_o c._n he_o than_o describe_v in_o each_o day_n by_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o first_o mover_n each_o parallel_n until_o he_o be_v come_v in_o the_o meridiane_a unto_o the_o point_n g_o from_o which_o he_o can_v not_o further_o ascend_v towards_o our_o zenith_n in_o the_o meridian_n of_o which_o in_o the_o same_o day_n the_o sun_n describe_v g_o f._n the_o parallel_n to_o the_o equatour_n which_o be_v call_v the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n in_o that_o the_o sun_n begin_v from_o this_o place_n to_o approach_v or_o draw_v near_o to_o the_o equatoure_n unto_o which_o when_o the_o sun_n shall_v come_v he_o than_o descend_v unto_o the_o nether_a half_a sphere_n in_o the_o half_a circle_n d_o c._n he_o be_v come_v again_o unto_o the_o point_n c_o do_v from_o his_o centre_n by_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o principal_a or_o first_o mover_n in_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n describe_v the_o parallel_n c_o i._n that_o be_v the_o tropic_n of_o capricorn_n the_o polare_fw-la circle_n be_v two_o of_o the_o lesser_a circle_n near_o to_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n be_v alike_o equal_a distant_a to_o the_o equatour_n which_o upon_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o equatour_n describe_v be_v draw_v by_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o zodiac_n and_o these_o be_v name_v the_o polare_fw-la circle_n in_o that_o they_o be_v near_o to_o the_o pole_n of_o which_o that_o near_o to_o the_o pole_n arctic_a be_v call_v the_o arctic_a circle_n of_o the_o great_a or_o lesser_a bear_n draw_v in_o it_o or_o for_o that_o this_o circle_n be_v describe_v about_o the_o pole_n arctic_a the_o other_o that_o be_v right_a against_o be_v name_v the_o antarctic_a circle_n in_o that_o it_o be_v draw_v about_o the_o antarctic_a pole_n or_o thus_o the_o arctic_a be_v a_o lesser_a circle_n which_o the_o northerly_a pole_n of_o the_o zodiac_n be_v so_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o pole_n arctic_a of_o the_o world_n as_o be_v the_o sun_n great_a declination_n or_o as_o proclus_n write_v that_o the_o before_o foot_n of_o the_o great_a bear_n by_o the_o daily_a motion_n form_v the_o same_o circle_n after_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o learned_a be_v distant_a from_o the_o equatour_n 66._o degree_n and_o 30._o minute_n almost_o to_o who_o this_o altitude_n be_v high_a by_o 23._o degree_n and_o almost_o 29._o minute_n to_o those_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o pole_n arctic_a extaunt_a in_o sight_n and_o continual_o appear_v it_o also_o seclude_v and_o part_v the_o untemperate_a northerly_a zone_n from_o the_o next_o temperate_a zone_n where_o the_o solsticiall_a tropic_n be_v make_v the_o northerly_a circle_n and_o in_o that_o place_n under_o this_o altitude_n of_o the_o pole_n 66._o degree_n and_o 31._o minute_n there_o all_o the_o star_n and_o image_n contain_v from_o the_o solsticiall_a tropic_n unto_o the_o pole_n be_v see_v as_o both_o the_o bear_n the_o dragon_n cepheus_n cassiopia_n perseus_n auriga_fw-la or_o the_o carter_n whole_a boötes_n except_o from_o the_o knee_n downward_o the_o crown_n hercules_n except_o the_o head_n and_o right_a arm_n the_o harp_n the_o swan_n the_o great_a horse_n andromeda_n except_o the_o left_a cubit_n the_o half_a of_o the_o northerly_a fish_n almost_o deltoton_n a_o part_n of_o the_o back_n of_o taurus_n the_o neck_n and_o northerly_a horn_n a_o great_a part_n of_o gemini_fw-la and_o the_o head_n and_o neck_n of_o leo._n and_o not_o unlike_a to_o the_o former_a do_v proclus_n describe_v they_o where_o he_o write_v that_o the_o northerly_a circle_n be_v the_o same_o which_o of_o all_o those_o that_o to_o we_o continual_o be_v see_v or_o appear_v be_v for_o truth_n the_o great_a and_o that_o also_o touch_v the_o horizone_n at_o one_o only_a point_n be_v whole_o describe_v above_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o star_n that_o be_v enclose_v within_o this_o circle_n do_v neither_o rise_v nor_o set_v but_o be_v continual_o see_v all_o the_o night_n draw_v about_o the_o pole_n the_o south_n or_o antarctic_n circle_n be_v thus_o define_v of_o he_o that_o the_o same_o be_v equal_a and_o equidistant_a to_o the_o northerly_a or_o arctic_a circle_n and_o touch_v the_o horizon_n at_o one_o point_n the_o whole_a of_o this_o circle_n be_v hide_v under_o our_o horizone_n so_o that_o all_o the_o star_n place_v and_o draw_v in_o it_o abide_v ever_o out_o of_o sight_n to_o us._n the_o like_a description_n that_o the_o antarctic_a parallel_n be_v a_o lesser_a circle_n which_o the_o southerly_a pole_n of_o the_o zodiac_n draw_v about_o as_o it_o be_v by_o the_o daily_a motion_n do_v describe_v about_o the_o southerly_a top_n of_o the_o world_n and_o be_v by_o a_o like_a space_n distant_a from_o the_o equatoure_n and_o the_o antarctic_a pole_n of_o the_o world_n as_o the_o arctic_a be_v from_o his_o opposite_a and_o do_v separate_v or_o divide_v the_o untemperate_a southerly_a zone_n from_o the_o next_o temperate_a zone_n further_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o ecclipticke_a from_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n do_v agree_v with_o the_o great_a bow_v or_o declination_n of_o the_o ecclipticke_a or_o the_o sun_n in_o that_o the_o pole_n from_o their_o circle_n be_v always_o distant_a a_o quarter_n of_o the_o circle_n and_o the_o colour_n of_o the_o solstice_n be_v here_o take_v for_o that_o which_o comprehend_v either_o pole_n and_o when_o the_o quarter_n stand_v between_o the_o pole_n and_o the_o circle_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v in_o themselves_o or_o between_o one_o the_o other_o equal_a as_o the_o ark_n of_o the_o same_o circle_n than_o the_o middle_a ark_n common_a to_o both_o which_o as_o exempt_v go_v between_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n and_o the_o ecclipticke_a and_o so_o part_v and_o leave_v they_o equal_a for_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o other_o equal_a ark_n be_v from_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o ecclipticke_a unto_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n and_o the_o other_o be_v
tropic_n all_o heaven_n into_o five_o part_n or_o region_n which_o they_o call_v zone_n the_o description_n name_n quality_n and_o utility_n of_o the_o zone_n the_o four_o lesser_a circle_n call_v parallel_n that_o be_v afore_o describe_v do_v divide_v the_o whole_a heaven_n toward_o the_o pole_n into_o five_o space_n which_o that_o heaven_n may_v be_v compass_v about_o with_o these_o large_a swath_n the_o astronomer_n of_o the_o same_o call_v they_o zone_n or_o otherwise_o of_o the_o latin_n gerdil_n the_o cosmographer_n by_o the_o same_o imagination_n apply_v do_v also_o dispose_v and_o distribute_v the_o whole_a globe_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o five_o room_n or_o space_n lie_v direct_o under_o and_o agreeable_a in_o proportion_n to_o they_o in_o heaven_n wherefore_o a_o zone_n after_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o greek_n be_v a_o portion_n tract_n or_o space_n of_o heaven_n or_o earth_n between_o the_o two_o parallel_n or_o lesser_a circle_n be_v nigh_a equidistant_n or_o contain_v between_o the_o room_n equidistaunt_a and_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n and_o gyrd_v or_o compass_v as_o it_o be_v the_o heaven_n or_o earth_n or_o thus_o a_o zone_n be_v a_o space_n of_o earth_n like_a to_o the_o two_o parallel_n or_o lesser_a circle_n above_o which_o the_o astronomer_n imagine_v to_o run_v on_o the_o upper_a face_n of_o the_o sphere_n and_o as_o the_o whole_a portion_n include_v by_o the_o two_o tropic_n call_v the_o burn_a zone_n do_v compass_v heaven_n as_o a_o girdle_n even_o so_o imagine_v the_o room_n of_o the_o earth_n lie_v right_o under_o the_o tropic_n the_o zone_n have_v sundry_a name_n for_o of_o the_o greek_n they_o be_v call_v zóne_fw-la and_o of_o the_o latin_n by_o a_o borrow_a word_n zona_fw-la as_o may_v appear_v by_o julius_n firmicus_n macrobius_n virgilius_n ouide_v and_o other_o latin_n that_o heaven_n or_o earth_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v gird_v about_o with_o these_o martianus_n name_v they_o swath_n tully_n and_o macrobius_n name_v they_o by_o the_o like_a reason_n gyrdle_n ouide_v name_v they_o plague_n that_o be_v room_n or_o space_n and_o how_o many_o zone_n they_o be_v may_v easy_o appear_v in_o that_o the_o astrologian_n geographer_n physician_n and_o poet_n do_v divide_v as_o well_o the_o heaven_n as_o earth_n into_o sieve_n room_n or_o space_n by_o the_o four_o parallel_n or_o lesser_a circle_n of_o which_o there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o zone_n the_o celestial_a and_o the_o earthly_a the_o celestial_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o earthly_a in_o that_o the_o earthly_a lie_n direct_o under_o they_o and_o of_o the_o zone_n the_o celestial_a be_v they_o which_o the_o astronomer_n by_o imagination_n describe_v and_o distribute_v in_o the_o hollow_a of_o heaven_n the_o earthly_a be_v they_o which_o lie_v perpendicular_o under_o and_o both_o also_o be_v temperate_a and_o untemperate_a zone_n the_o celestial_a zone_n in_o that_o they_o have_v nothing_o of_o the_o elementary_a quality_n therefore_o do_v they_o not_o by_o heat_n burn_v and_o scorch_v nor_o by_o cold_a make_v stiff_a nor_o cause_v a_o temperate_a mixture_n of_o quality_n or_o temperatnesse_n yet_o be_v they_o note_v and_o discern_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o quality_n as_o the_o earthly_a zone_n which_o be_v the_o author_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o fountain_n both_o of_o light_n and_o heat_n and_o run_v continual_o in_o the_o middle_a zone_n of_o heaven_n be_v diverse_o feel_v according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o distance_n or_o thus_o there_o be_v no_o quality_n formal_o attribute_v to_o the_o celestial_a zone_n but_o to_o they_o only_o virtual_o which_o be_v on_o this_o wise_a to_o be_v understand_v as_o that_o the_o celestial_a zone_n of_o themselves_o be_v neither_o cold_a hot_a nor_o temperate_a but_o be_v so_o call_v through_o the_o sun_n declination_n from_o the_o equatour_n as_o well_o into_o the_o north_n as_o into_o the_o south_n quarter_n of_o the_o world_n in_o the_o which_o declination_n be_v the_o like_a matter_n feel_v as_o well_o in_o the_o sun_n right_o send_v down_o of_o beam_n as_o in_o the_o thwart_a projection_n of_o they_o on_o the_o upper_a face_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o diverse_o change_v the_o heat_n 〈◊〉_d the_o scorch_a or_o untemperate_a middle_a zone_n which_o through_o the_o heat_n and_o burn_a beam_n the_o sun_n there_o cause_v when_o he_o be_v over_o the_o head_n or_o in_o the_o noonestéed_n place_n be_v contain_v between_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o sun_n journey_n which_o the_o two_o tropic_n make_v and_o include_v 47._o degree_n of_o heaven_n for_o the_o two_o tropic_n be_v on_o either_o side_n the_o equatoure_n so_o that_o it_o use_v the_o middle_a room_n in_o the_o burn_a zone_n from_o which_o the_o sun_n toward_o the_o north_n and_o south_n never_o decline_v above_o 23._o degree_n and_o 29._o minute_n by_o which_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v there_o as_o hot_a in_o the_o middle_n of_o winter_n as_o it_o be_v in_o spain_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o summer_n and_o therefore_o not_o disagrée_v to_o that_o which_o the_o ancient_a cosmographer_n write_v that_o the_o country_n lie_v under_o this_o space_n or_o rather_o under_o the_o equatour_n be_v habit_v through_o the_o burn_a heat_n and_o of_o they_o for_o this_o cause_n name_v the_o burn_a or_o scorch_a zone_n but_o of_o late_a year_n it_o be_v find_v contrary_a in_o that_o at_o molucca_n good-hope_a calicute_n and_o samatra_n rich_a drug_n and_o other_o fine_a spice_n have_v be_v there_o get_v by_o the_o spantard_n and_o portugese_n and_o year_o haunt_v by_o they_o as_o at_o this_o day_n the_o same_o be_v thorough_o know_v to_o many_o which_o also_o confess_v that_o the_o place_n under_o the_o equinoctial_a and_o the_o rich_a city_n calecute_v be_v by_o the_o sea_n coast_n of_o ind_n stand_v between_o the_o equatour_n and_o our_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o unto_o the_o other_o tropic_n south_n under_o the_o burn_a zone_n that_o the_o place_n be_v habitable_a and_o people_v although_o very_o cumbersome_a 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u_z p._n the_o earthly_a globe_n s_o n._n the_o earthly_a tropic_n of_o cancer_n k_o o._n the_o tropic_n of_o capricorn_n t_o u._n and_o q_o p._n the_o arctic_a circle_n to_o these_o answer_n f_o r_o o_o k_o b_o b._n and_o d_o s_o m_o c_o c._n also_o c_o ff_v b_o a_o g_o e_o e_o i._n the_o celestial_a circle_n and_o what_o the_o proportion_n f_o d._n be_v unto_o the_o whole_a compass_n d_o a_fw-fr k_o g_o f_o the_o same_n be_v as_o above_o write_v the_o proportion_n r_o s._n unto_o the_o whole_a cyrcumference_n of_o the_o earthly_a globe_n and_o on_o this_o wise_a conceive_v of_o the_o other_o circle_n the_o letter_n f_o d._n be_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o celestial_a burn_a zone_n and_o r_o s._n of_o the_o earthly_a do_v c._n
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a_o man_n to_o describe_v the_o cyrcumference_n of_o the_o circle_n in_o that_o outward_a face_n of_o the_o instrument_n to_o conclude_v the_o zodiac_n be_v mean_v and_o describe_v according_a to_o his_o definition_n be_v a_o great_a circle_n who_o cyrcumference_n in_o the_o hollow_a of_o the_o first_o mover_n describe_v into_o sign_n degree_n and_o minute_n as_o be_v afore_o write_v be_v divide_v and_o see_v that_o circle_n describe_v by_o the_o sun_n yearly_a motion_n be_v imagine_v straight_o draw_v and_o define_v or_o determine_v from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n course_n by_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o with_o the_o sun_n be_v draw_v by_o a_o perfect_a revolution_n towards_o the_o east_n for_o this_o line_n in_o that_o motion_n cut_v the_o hollow_a upper_a face_n of_o the_o first_o mover_n do_v describe_v the_o cyrcumference_n of_o the_o zdiacke_n so_o that_o if_o the_o plain_a upper_a face_n of_o the_o sun_n course_n be_v extend_v until_o it_o cut_v the_o 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