to be 4. When the Company is drawn up into a Body the Colours must be flying and by the Way in case the General or supreme of the Wars or any Noble Stranger worthy of respect do come immediately upon his or their approach the Ensign-bearer in all humility is to bow the head of his Colours waving them with the bow of his body and to raise both it and himself up again And as the said person shall pass away the Drum shall beat and the Colours shall be displayed This also the Ensign shall do in all Marchings or other motions of Civil Exercises where your Superiours pass by you or you by them Nay it is expedient and fit so to be done to any Gentleman that is your familiar for it is no more but as the vailing of your hat or giving your friend a courtesie 5. Now when the Body is drawn up into Battalia and the Enemy within view thereof then every man being in his place is to express all the Gallantry he can and especially the Ensign-bearer either in displaying his Colours standing marching charging and retreiting or retiring and all these ought not to be done at one time but when the bodies are joyning and they must be done with great respect for to use the Postures directly to the motion or standing of the Body and not to do as I have seen some in ordinary Militia Discipline that have but one or two motions of their Colours upon and for all occasions as if true Honour had such weak inventions this without doubt is most base and unworthy To proceed to the Postures of the Ensign They are in general as followeth so well as I can express them for they are better in execution and to be taught by example than any pen can describe them 1. To change them with a plain wave from hand to hand 2. To change them with lofty turns from hand to hand each hand performing their turns before you deliver them as from the right to the left and from the left to the right as at first 3. From the right hand with a wave and lofty turn jutting the Colours upon the left shoulder and raising up with the same hand again and with lofty turns to deliver it into the left hand that so thereby you may execute the same upon the right shoulder and after the turns to deliver it into the right hand as at first 4. With and from the right hand with lofty turns throw your Colours under the left arm recovering them speedily back with conceived Florishes you deliver them into the left hand you may execute the same with the left hand 5. With turns or flourishes you bring the butt end of the staff to your left hand turning the palm of your left hand outwards but not for the reception of it and with the same hand only throw it off upon its turn with a flourish to deliver it into the left hand and to perform the same with the left hand and deliver the Colours into the right hand as at first 6. With lofty turns bring the Colours over the head down right but not too low before and raising it again with the fore-turn and back-turn over the head changing of hands and delivering as before 7. From the right hand deliver into your left hand with the palm of your hand uppermost the butt end of your staff turning it backwards upon the left shoulder and turning it over the head with the same hand you deliver it into the right hand after the same manner which being performed with the right hand you proceed to the next 8. From the right hand with lofty turns fore-turns and back-turns you deliver your staff into your left hind and wheel it with the same hand on the same side and after your recovery to deliver it into the right hand performing of the same and proceed 9. From the right hand upon the left shoulder raising it and turning with its back-turn into the neck with its returns and lofty florishes over the head you deliver the Colours into the left and with the left hand upon the right shoulder you execute the same delivering them into your right hand as at first 10. 'T is by some termed the Figure of eighth that is with the right hand the half wheel on the left side and so back on the right side and then delivering it into the left hand to perform the same 11. To turn it round the head oftentimes upon the palm with your fingers of your right hand so recovering it with lofty florishes you deliver it into your left hand to perform the same and so delivering of them into the right hand And if it be your pleasure to be compleat in the Exercise of them you go back to the tenth and so conclude with the first And in your conclusion I have seen some to furl them up as they display them and so to open them again But to furl them up in the field it is most ridiculous Others there are that I have seen to round them oftentimes about their middles but I cannot justifie it upon any Military account Others I have seen that thinking to display their Colours bravely delivered them from hand to hand under leg I must boldly inform such as use it that 't is a debasement to the Captains Colours and an unworthy Act in the performers of it I told you of some particular Postures and proper for the Ensign-bearer to observe 1. Standing when the Body stands you are to display the Colours to and fro in a direct circle and changing from hand to hand and no more without you are commanded to shew the excellency of your parts but be sure to be well guarded when you shall be so commanded 2. In marching the Posture is to display the Colours with the right hand only casting the Ensign still forwards waving it close over and by the right shoulder never crossing the Body but still keeping it flying on the out-side of the right shoulder 3. The charging Posture is to carry the staff extended streight forward before your body waving it to and fro as high as your bosome being ready to give the assistance or aid with the left hand for the preservation of your Colours or to offend the Enemy if occasion require The retiring or retreiting posture is a mixture compounded of the three former for in the first retreit or drawing away of the Company he shall use the posture of marching but if the Enemy press near upon him he shall stand upon his guard and use the posture of charging and in fine having quit himself of danger he shall use the standing posture a little and then march or troop away according to the directions of the commander And lastly when the Ensign returns from the field and is to be lodged in former times the Lieutenant had the Vanguard but that I shall not insist upon because I have observed it to be left off by able
they may not touch each other but that the Match in its turning or Coyles have its sides equally distant one from the other then throw again upon that a good quantity of Sand and coyl in the Cord again as before Continue thus your work until your pot be full then cover the pot with a cover of the same earth and close well the joynts with Lute made of fat Earth that no Air may enter This being well and surely done put lighted coals round about the pot and let it stand in this posture some time then take it away and let it stand until it be quite cold before you open it When 't is perfectly cold take off the Cover pour out the Sand and draw out the match for 't is prepared and will burn as we have said CHAP. XXIV Of the Square and Cube Roots VVE have already in the Second Chapter of this Book shewn the way of molding and casting peices of Ordnance if well understood you cannot be ignorant in the way of Casting Shot Therefore to avoyd any thing that might be tedious or unnecessary to the Students of this art we will come to the most necessary things concerning Shot that is such as every Gunner ought to know But because most of the propositions depend upon the knowledg of the Square and Cube Roots which many though otherwise knowing in most common Arithmetick do not understand I thought it good therefore to shew the Extraction of the Square and Cube Roots after a very easie way with the necessary propositions in Gunnery thereunto belonging A Table of Squares and Cubes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Roots 1. 4. 9. 16. 25. 36. 49. 64. 81. Squares 1. 8. 27. 64. 125. 216. 343. 512. 729. Cubes The Extraction of the Square Root Set down any number of figures as you shall think good as 2735716 then begin at your first right hand figure that is at 6 and make a prick under it and so along every other figure as you may see here already done and seeing the first prick to the left hand falls to be under 2 therefore seek in the Table above in the ranck of Squares for this number 2 or the nearest number less which here we find to be 1 and over it we find the Root to be 1 which must be placed in the quotient and likewise under the first prick to the left hand then having 1 for a Divisor and 1 for the quotient say but the common Rule of Division 1 times 1 is one 1 from 2 and there remains 1 which sent over the 2 then double the quotient and it makes 2 which place between the two first pricks to the left hand that is under 7 then say how many times 2 in 17 here you must be very cautious not to take too many which here may be six times place the 6 in the quotient as before and under the second prick that is under 3 and divide as before then double the quotient which is now 16 and it makes 32 place the 2 between the second and third prick viz. under 5 and the 3 before it under the 6 so the 32 will stand under the 175 which is above then say how many times 3 in 17 which you will find to be 5 place it in the quotient and under the third prick and divide as before always setting the Remainder over the head of its proper figures then double the quotient again which is now 165 and it makes 330 place the 0 between the two pricks as before and place the figures before it to the left hand as you see above and the first figure to the left will be 3 which stands under 13 then say how many times 3 in 13 which will be 4 which place in the quotient and under the fourth or last prick and divide as before so you will find no Remainder which assures the number given to be a square number The proof of these is known by multiplying the square Root found in it self taking in the remains if any be and it must produce that given number otherwise it is false Note how many pricks you have and so many numbers must the quotient consist of If the number given be not a true Square then a fraction will remain which fraction you may find out the value thereof to a tenth hundredth or a thousandth part c. Doing thus set next to the right hand after the Sum proposed two four or six cyphers or more for the more cyphers you put the less is your Error and every two cyphers will produce a fractional figure more than the Integers belonging to the proper quotient which are tenths hundredths or thousand parts of a Unite according to the number of cyphers added that is if you add two cyphers then you find the tenths of a Unite c. But the Square Root being not of so much use in Gunnery as the Cube Root we shall proceed no farther to Exemplifie the same supposing it to be done already in the Treatise of Military Discipline The Extraction of the Cube Root Begin at your right hand as you did in Extracting the Square Root and set pricks under every fourth figure that is leave two figures unprickt or between the pricks and so proceed to the left until you have done as here you see 7 5 6 7 8 7 3 2 the number of pricks shew the number of figures that will be in the quotient Then see by the Table before in this Chapter the nearest Cube to the numbers standing over the first prick to the right hand which is 75 I search in the Table of Cubes and find the nearest number to it in the Table of Cubes to be 64 and its Root 4 which must be set down in the quotient and likewise its Cube 64 under the prick and if that number doth not amount to so much as the number standing over the prick then substract it from the same and set the Remainder overhead Then triple the quotient and that triple you must set under the next number to the right hand before that prick where you did last end Multiply that tripled number by the quotient and set it down under the first triple and that number let be your Divisor Then as in common Division must you look how many times the Divisor in the figures is standing over them and place that in the quotient This done Multiply your quotient by your Divisor and set it under your Divisor with a Line between Then multiply the last figure in the quotient by it self and then in the triple and set that figure under the former one figure more to the right hand Lastly Multiply the last figure cubically and set that Sum also one figure to the Right hand then add all these three multiplications together and substract it out of figures standing over the first and second prick and the Remainder set over them This done again triple the quotient and proceed exactly as
Cylinder for Culverin three Diameters for the Saker three and a half Diameters and for lesser Pieces four Diameters of the Cylinder which length will also serve for the Cartredge SECT II. By the weight of Powder for any one Piece to find the weight of Powder proper to any other Piece of Ordnance To perform this work you must find by the foregoing Table the Cube of the Diameter of the bore of the Piece whose allowance of Powder you know also the Cube of the Diameter of the bore of the Piece whose allowance of Powder you desire to know Then say as the Cube of the known Piece is the quantity of Powder known so is the Cube of the Diameter of the unknown Piece to the quantity of Powder proper to the unknown Piece SECT III. Practical Experiments concerning the Allowance of Powder necessary to any Piece in time of Service It is always necessary to take care in time of Service of over-loading a Piece which Error many run into only minding the bore of a Piece and not minding whether the Metal will bear it and so endanger themselves and other standers by To avoid such errors observe these experienced Rules To a Demy-Cannon fortified of Brass about 4400 or a little more there is allowed by the Tower 5 ounces and a half of Powder to every hundred weight of Metal yet in time of Service Gunners do allow but 3 ounces ¾ to every hundred weight of Metal which doth amount to 10 l. ¼ Demy-Cannon Drake of Iron about 3800 l. is allowed by the Tower 3 ounces and a half of Powder to every hundred weight of Metal which will be durable in time of Service but there are Drakes of 4400 l. which must be allowed more according to the proportion of their weight Culverin fortified Brass of 4600 l. is allowed by the Tower 3 ounces and a half of powder compleat to every hundred weight of Metal which may be burnt in time of Service with very little abatement Culverin Drakes of 40000 l. or thereabouts of Iron for these Pieces may be allowed in time of Service 3 ounces to every hundred weight of metal but proportionably must be allowed for Pieces of greater or lesser weight The 12 Pounders fortified of Brass of 3200 l. for Guns of this weight and nature is usually allowed 3 ounces and a half for every hundred weight of Metal Demy-Culverin Brass of 3300 l. there is allowed by the Tower for Pieces of Ordnance of this nature 3 ounces and a half and somthing more to every hundred weight of Metal the which is approved a very sufficient Allowance Demy-Culverin Drakes of 2900 l. is allowed by most two ounces three quarters to each hundred weight of metal which will be durable in time of Service Saker fortified Brass of 2000 l. is allowed 3 ounces and somthing more for every hundred weight of Metal but there may be a small abatement in time of Service CHAP. XXVII To know whether a Piece of Ordnante be truly bored or no. YOu must provide a Pike-staff about a foot longer than the bore of the Piece and at the end thereof fasten a Rammer head that will just fill all the bore to the touch hole and at the other end of the staff you must bore a hole big enough to put through a Rod of Iron which must hang from the same and at the other end of the Rod must be made a weight about the bigness of a Saker Shot this is done to make the Pike-staff and Rammer head to lie with the same side upward when they are taken out of the Piece as they did when they were within the Piece then you must put your Instrument thus prepared into the Piece letting the Iron Ball that is at the end of the Rod which is put through the hole bored a cross the Pike-staff hang perpendicular then take your priming Iron or some other bodkin and put it down the touch hole to the Rammer head making a mark therewith this done draw out your Instrument and lay the same on a long Table with the Iron Ball hanging off the end perpendicular as it did when the Instrument was in the Piece then observe whether the mark you made upon the Rammer head when it was in the Piece be just upon the uppermost part of the same if it be the bore of the Piece lies neither to the right hand nor to the left but if you find it any thing to the right or left hand so much lyeth the bore either to the right or left and the Piece in Shooting must be ordered and charged accordingly But if you would know whether the bore lie more upwards or downwards then bend a Wire at the very end so that it being put in at the very touch hole may ketch at the metal when it is drawn out then put the Wire down the touch hole till it touch the bottom of the metal in the Chamber then holding it in that place make a mark upon the wire just even with the touch hole after draw up the wire until it ketch at the metal on the top of the Chamber and holding it there make a mark as before the difference between the two marks is the just wideness of the Chamber and the distance between the first mark and the end of the Wire having half the Diameter of the Chamber of the Piece substracted from it will leave half the Diameter of the Piece if the Piece be true bored but if the Piece's number be more than half the Diameter of the Piece the bore lieth too far from the touch hole and the upper part of the metal is thickest but if lesser the lower part of the metal is thickest or hath most metal CHAP. XXVIII Of the necessary Instruments for a Gunner with several other necessary things A Master Gunner intending upon service ought most chiefly to be prepared with these Instruments as Calabers Compasses height board Sight Rule Gunners Scale and a Gunners quadrant to divide as well into 12 as 90 equal parts with a Geometrical Square to make Montures Levels heights Breadths Distances and Profundities of which you shall read more in the Second Part also with a little brass Level Scales Weights Priming-Irons Moulds to make Cross-bar Shot for Musquets a Book of Accompts and an Iron wire or Spring and a Transome to dispart a Piece of Ordnance that the Transome may go up and down according to the Diameter and thickness of the Piece let the Transom be long enough to reach the base Ring from the touch hole In the next place he ought to be very expert in the knowledg of cutting out making up and finishing all sorts of Ladles Spunges Rammers Cartredges c. For which purpose you may have Recourse to the foregoing Table And because it may somtimes happen by reason of the steepness badness and unevenness of the way you may be driven to dismount and remount your Piece e're you get up to the top
being more likely to labour after Victory not only for his Liberty but for his goods or estate As for those that were absolutely necessitous they might have liberty promised by their Enemies and so betray their Trust Again they would never take any Souldiers into their Armies but such as were well exercised before-hand and this did their work and obtained them Victories against their Enemies Vegetius Lib. 1. Chap. 8. The private Souldiers duty is as followeth Whensoever he is commanded for service let him labour to be sober and patient enduring all hardships and travels To know and observe all Orders Military Liv. Compleatly Armed and expert in the use thereof Horridum militem esse decet non caelato auro argentóque sed ferro It becometh a Souldier best to appear terrible not to be garnished with gold and silver but with steel And Souldiers ought not only to be obedient to their Captains but chiefly to Love God and Honour their King This being the duty of a Souldier in general there are two particular duties belonging to him that is as a Sentinel and a Scout 2. Sentinels The further any Sentinels are set from the body of the Guard it is thought necessary two should be placed and there they are to endeavour both to hear and see thereby to learn of their Enemy what may be intended and what they have discovered that whilst one goeth to certifie the Captain of the Guard the other may stand fixt and observe what else might happen in his fellows absence A Sentinel must not alight from his Horse unless it be for natural necessity and but one of them at once Near to the Body of the Guard there may be placed but a single Sentinel to observe the moving of the double If the distances be not too large if there be any other Cross-ways or advenues that each Sentinel may see the other then there may be but a single set for they must know that they are set there only to certifie the Body of the Guard concerning the several occurrances that may happen Suppose a Sentinel should be provoked by any advantagious affairs It is resolved he must not stir a foot for that Sentinel that shall by day or night remove from the place where he was set by his Corporal before he shall be by him fetched off or relieved shall he punished with death Polyb. lib. 1. If the whole Troop be upon the Guard the Lieutenant is to set forth the first Sentinels with the Corporal according to his directive Commands received Directions and to change them conducting them to his Guard but the Cornet is not to forsake his Standard Then the Captain of the Guard is to go the first Round to see not only that all things are safe but also whether thâ—se Sentinels are vigilent And upon his return there are four other Rounders to be sent twice in a night to discover round the Quarters Observe that no Sentinel is to have the Word but Officers and Corporals 3. Scouts They are not only to discover the High-wayes but also to scoure them they are to be of a number answerable to the danger of the Guard for the hazzard of them may prove dangerous both to a private Guard or an Army in General They are to give notice of the Enemies motion of his approach and of the number of them that all suddain surprizes may be prevented 4. A Provost Martial For the badge of his Office he is to have in his hand a staffe or Truncheon and having the same in his hand it is death for any Souldier violently to lay hands on him All Delinquents are to be delivered to him by the Chief in Command He is not to enter any quarter without the leave of the Chief Officer for any Prisoner He is to clear all by-ways of Souldiers that no prejudice may be done by them in their March He is to see all Orders published be duly executed He must be an honest man and take no Bribes 5. A Trumpeter ought to be a man skilful in all the sounds of the Trumpet distinctly He ought to deliver all Embassies c. He ought to observe the Enemies Works Guards and Souldiers that he may give a good accompt thereof at his return And for the better performance thereof he ought to be a man witty and subtle and to manage it discreetly He ought not in the least to discover any thing as may prejudice his own party He must not fail to sound the hours commanded One Trumpet is to be with the Cornet and he is to be allowed by the Captain for him who is to receive a list of the Guards from the Cornet and is privately to warn the Souldiers thereof 6. Corporals in a Troop of Horse have been always allowed to be of great use who ought to be of a civil carriage and stout spirit they are to be three or more according to the allowance of Horse c. They are to be assistant to the Lieutenant in placing of the Sentinels each in their several squadrons when they are to perform duty If any parties are to be sent abroad either for discovery or to scoure the high-wayes a Corporal is to be sent with them He is bound to keep a list of his Squadron 7. A Quarter-Master ought to be a man of much fidelity in regard of distributing of the Word and Billets He is to have the Command of the Troop in the absence of his superiour Officers Who in going to make his Billets is to have a Souldier along with him by the appointment of the Lieutenant who is to return to the Troop to conduct them to their Quarters 8. A Cornet ought to be a man of gallant behaviour and undaunted courage His place in the Troop upon a march is on the front of his own squadron and to take the Standard himself marching through any great Town or City or when commanded or into the field with it flying and when any General shall appear in the field he is to drop the head of his standard towards the ground in obeysance to him His Place when the Troop is drawn up to the opinion of some is for to exercise upon the left of the Captain somewhat behind the Captain But in fight or skirmish he is to place himself in the first rank of his own squadron with his staffe sunkt or slopt and in danger it is more honour to break his Launce or staff himself then to suffer his standard to be broken and taken from him He is to keep a list of the Troop and wait every day upon his Superiour Officers and such Souldiers as his Captain and Lieutenant shall appoint he shall send to the Guard In the absence of the Captain and Lieutenant he is to command the Troop 9. For the Lieutenant The Reer is assigned him for his place and was antiently called Tregidux that is a Reer Commander And Lieutenant is a French word signifying one which
in the Front and Reer and then of firing by Ranks And first of Files firing in the Front 1. Files firing in the Front The right hand File and the left hand File March some distance before the head of the Troop and Rank themselves to the right and left inward and so Present and Give fire which being performed let them wheel off to the right and left outwards into the Reer of their first Station and so set themselves in their respective places even with the remainder of the Body leaving distance for every Rank to march into his proper place after they have once fired over 2. Files firing in the Reer When they have thus fired they are immediately to fall off to the right and left and March forth into their places As you observe in each firing both the Files do rank themselves and then fire Now a further exercise you may Command for each File to face in opposition and fire each to the other Firing in the Front firing in the Reer I shall now demonstrate one platforme of firing by Rank But in firing by Rank observe the first Rank may advance upon a larg Trot Gallop or Carrere as Command is given between thirty or fourty paces from the Body The first Rank having fired wheels off to the left if occasion will permit and falls into the Reer and immediatly upon the wheeling off of the first Rank the second advanceth according to Command and fireth and so the third You may fire also by divisions which is of singular use in the exercise of Horse either by firing by single divisions both in Front and Reer or in opposition both in Front and Reer also as in firing of the Files before mentioned so that I need not trouble you with any platformes of them After that these firings have been performed and the Souldier is grown expert in the handling of his Arms and well managing of his Horse there is one thing that ought not to be forgot by any Commander which is of most excellent use That is for the Souldier to be well exercised both with his Carabine and Pistol to shoote with Bullet at Marks which if it be not well exercised and taught it will be to little purpose as to the Executive part of this Art So it ought to be the care of every Chief Officer to exercise those Troops under his Command sometimes as occasion may serve in a Regimental way leaving sufficient distances betwen each Troop that each other may be relieved orderly and so to retreat in due order to avoid Confusion CHAP. X. The Conclusion BEfore I conclude these few spent hours about the Exercise of the Horse and that my demonstrating of them but three in depth I hear many brave Souldiers but old ones to make some objections against me As first in medling with that which is of too high a concern for me My answer to that is breifly That those that have writ Books of this Art although they have been gallant Souldiers if they had been in Command now and of late years to have seen what have been performed in the Executive part of the Horse service they would correct their Judgements and amend their Mode of Exercise finding in it much error and serviceable for nought but to prolong Execution as if all experienced genus's in this Art should be tyed up to the Low Country services And what I have done is but my duty if accepted else for my own private use also for my friends and relations that come after me And because there ought to be a great deal of care had in a work of this nature I leave the correction hereof to the better Learned and more Experienced in this Military Art And for the drawing of the Horse but three in File I say If the Grecian Writers were alive and some of our Modern Writers that have Commented upon them and made Collectives out of them which they have published for authentick Maximes in this Art would now much admire to see our Mode of Exercise so changed for the better 64 in a Troop When as our late Cruso in his Military instructions in his platformes of Exercise demonstrates then Eight in depth and Eight in rank And Captain Ward in his Drilling and exercise of Horse is six in File and twenty in Rank Leo Ch. 7. Sect. 81. Ch. 14. Sect. 78. 108 109. and alleadgeth it for the best and is taken out of Polibius General of the Achaeans Horse Leo writeth almost the same That if there be many horse to be exercised they are to be ordered ten in File and if but few no more but five giving this reason That if the Body be but shallow the Body will be so weak that it is subject it self to fraction Then Livie verifieth that of Leo and saith the Souldiers had then Speares of four and twenty foot in Length which was to match the Pikes of the Infantry But in some process of time as History makes it appear the Macedonians found great inconveniency in the length of those Spears and made some of them to be fifteen foot in length and being then at that length determined that five Horse in depth was too many as to be offensive to their Enemies but notwithstanding these results endeavoured to make their Battalias seem to be square and for their better advantage in shew order ten in Rank and five in File to every Troop of Horse And these depths were only in those dayes used when the Horse fought only with Spears and Guns not at all used Now if they had the use of Guns so much as we and should fire in Ranks five six eight or ten in depth and our mode of fighting being but three in File their exercise would be so long in the performance thereof that it would not only be tedious but hazzardous to us for of late years it hath been experienced and seldome known any Troops to stand it out as may be thought that time in competition for victory for we know that the ordering of our Horse in making a large Front as occasion and ground will give leave and thereby over-winging our Enemies Battalia hath proved Victorious And whereas they alleadge when they are six and eight in File they can make their body to shew powerful against their Enemy by commanding them to double their Fronts by their Middle-men or half-file-leaders and can if occasion serve take away a party in the reer and file the Enemy in their Flank or Flanks c. But this I conceive to be dangerous and of ill consequence for when we are settled in Battalia three deep we are then fixed for service and need not be troubled in doubling of the Front thereby we are free from distraction and other disturbances which are most incident by suddain motions to the breaking of Ranks and the like which contrarywise is with us for our fighting is not by wheeling off as formerly but by charging at Pistols
of powder for the Train reaching the powder in K that putting a match to it you may blow up the Mine at the time appointed As for the Attacque it self which is ordered when the Mine is sprung and the breach made I leave that to the Officers and Souldiers to whom these things belong CHAP. XXIV Of defending Towns 1. THe first beginning is to keep the enemy from the Town as far off and as long as you can Therefore whatsoever without the works can put a stop to the Enemy the Besiegers must possess and defend as long as they can 2. They must use all their endeavour to hinder the approaches of the Enemy therefore let them sally frequently but warily least they fall into snares to the irreparable loss of the Town and rout and kill the Pioneers and Souldiers Let them throw down the Lines that are finish'd and if they cannot carry away their Guns they must spike them up by driving Nails in their Touch-holes 3. Those outward works which they can keep no longer must be retrenched see what we said before of Retrenchments but if they are utterly like to be lost they must be blow'n up together with those that possess them 4. The sapping of the out-brestwork must be intercepted by a counter and transverse Sappe 5. The filling of the Ditch and the building of the Gallery must be hindered at a distance by the continual firing of Musquets great Guns hand Granadoes and other fireworks nor is there any other way if the Ditch be full of water But if the Ditch be dry then they must fall upon the builders of the Gallery with handy-stroaks as well as with all that which I declared above And the Gallery it self must either be destroyed by fire or blown up with a Mine 6. But if notwithstanding all this the force of the Enemy prevailing the Gallery is brought over to the Bulwork and the Bulwork it self be undermined Against this plague no remedy remains but to find out the place of the Mine To do this they use several practises Some by the motion of Pease leaping on a drum-Drum-head well braced do conjecture at the place of their digging others boaring a very long Augur into the ground suspected and applying their ear to it think to hear the stroakes of their digging others use other ways to discover it The most certain way is by countermining to search the foundation of the Bulwork The Mine being found the powder must be carried out but if the streightness of time will not permit it must be wetted and a passage opened for the fire 7. The Bulworks being blown up if the Besieged have no inward works remaining the last refuge is that since they can no longer resist the Enemy with wall and Rampar that they stop his passage with arms and hands as he is breaking in at the breach Which since they are rather the parts of Captains and Souldiers than the Engineers I leave the rest to them and put an end to this treatise FINIS A New Exact and most Expeditious METHOD Of Delineating all manner of FORTIFICATIONS Regular and Irregular As well from the INTERIOR as from the EXTERIOR POLIGONE Being comprehended within the Two Faces or Superficies of a MEDALL LONDON Printed in the Year 1672. A New Exact and most Expeditious METHOD Of Delineating all manner of FORTIFICATIONS Regular and Irregular as well from the Interior as from the Exterior Poligon being comprehended within the Two Faces or Superficies of a MEDALL The use of the First Face or Superficies of the MEDALL as represented in Fig. A. THe first Face or Superficies of the Medall serves to delineate all manner of Fortifications from the Base or Exterior Poligon And that 1. From a Pentagon to a Right Line as being the more perfect 2. From a Square to a Pentagon as being the less perfect Figures 1. From a Pentagon to a Right Line Having divided the given Base or Exterior Poligon A A as in Fig. C into two equal parts in the point D from that point D erect a Perpendicular D E of a sufficient length Then take any measure whatsoever be it a Chain Pole Staff or Stake out of a Hedge and mark out 3 or 6 or 9 or 12 or 15 or 18 or 21 or 24 or 27 or 30 Lengths upon the Line A D in the point B from which raise a Perpendicular B C equal to â…“ of A B so is C a visual point through which is to be drawn the Line A F cutting the Perpendicular D E in the point E And E a visual point through which is to be drawn the Line A N. Which done divide the Perpendicular D E into eight equal parts and make either of the Lines E N and E F equal to nine of those parts And then from the points N and F of the Lines A N and A F let fall the Perpendicular N O till it cut the Line A F in the point O. And so likewise the Perpendicular E P till it cut the Line A N in the point P. Lastly joyn the points A O N F P A and so you have A O and A P for the two Faces N O and F P for the two Flancks and N F for the Curtain of that Fortification And observing the same Method from all the Bases the Fortification becomes entire as in Fig. C. 2. From a Square to a Pentagon The Method of delineating from a Square to a Pentagon is the very same with that from a Pentagon to a Right Line Onely instead of marking out three Lengths upon the Half-Base you are to mark out 15 for the Line G H. And instead of 1 you are to allow 4 for the Perpendicular H I. And lastly instead of dividing the Perpendicular K L into eight parts you are to divide it into five and of those parts you are to set off seven both upon the Line L M and upon the Line L R. And this is all the difference as may be clearly seen in Fig. D. The use of the Second Face or Superficies of the MEDALL as represented in Fig. B. THe second Face or Superficies of this Medall directs how to delineate any Fortification by the Interior Poligon And that from a Square to a Right Line For Example The Interior Poligon D F O being given as in Fig. E first draw the Capital Lines A G K T and M Q of a sufficient length Then by the foregoing Directions describe a Fortification inward upon this Interior Poligon as though it were an Exterior Which done continue the Courtains and so you have given you the two Lines A C and K M which you are to divide equally in the points B and L. And from those 2 Points to draw the four Lines B D B F L F and L O As likewise from the two points E and N you are to draw the four Lines E G E H N T and N Q so as E G may be parallel to B D E H to B F