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A64096 Orang-outang, sive, Homo sylvestris, or, The anatomy of a pygmie compared with that of a monkey, an ape, and a man to which is added, A philological essay concerning the pygmies, the cynocephali, the satyrs and sphinges of the ancients : wherein it will appear that they are all either apes or monkeys, and not men, as formerly pretended / by Edward Tyson ... Tyson, Edward, 1650-1708.; Gucht, Michael van der, 1660-1725. 1699 (1699) Wing T3598; ESTC R185850 159,017 232

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almost bare Nature therefore has cloathed it with Hair as a Brute to defend it from the Injuries of the Weather and when it goes on all four as a Quadruped it seems all hairy When it goes erect as a Biped it appears before less hairy and more like a Man After our Pygmie was taken and a little used to wear Cloaths it was fond enough of them and what it could not put on himself it would bring in his Hands to some of the Company to help him to put on It would lie in a Bed place his Head on the Pillow and pull the Cloaths over him as a Man would do but was so careless and so very a Brute as to do all Nature's Occasions there It was very full of Lice when it came under my Hands which it may be it got on Ship-board for they were exactly like those on Humane Bodies Seignior Redi observes in most Animals a particular sort of Louse and gives the Figures of a great many The Hair of our Pygmie or Wild Man was of a Coal-black colour and strait and much more resembling the Hair of Men than the Furr of Brutes For in the Furr of Brutes besides the longer Hair there is usually a finer and shorter Pile intermixt Here 't was all of a kind only about the Pubis the hair was greyish seemed longer and somewhat different so on the upper Lip and Chin there were greyish hairs like a Beard And I was told by the Owners that once it held the Bason it 's self to be trimmed The Face Hands and Soles of the Feet were bare and without Hair and so was most part of the Forehead But down the sides of the Face 't was very hairy the hairs there being about an Inch and half long and longer than in most Parts of the Body besides The tendency of the Hair of all the Body was downwards but only from the Wrists to the Elbow 't was upwards so that at the Elbow the Hair of the Shoulder and the Arm ran contrary to one another Now in Quadrupeds the Hair in the fore-limbs have usually the same Inclination downwards and it being here different it suggested an Argument to me as if Nature did design it as a Biped But we will lay no more stress upon it than it will bear The Hair on the back-side of the Hands did run transverse inclining to the outside of the Hands and those of the hinder sides of the Thighs were transverse likewise Man tho' not so hairy as Brutes and as Aristotle observes more hairy before than behind yet if exposed to the hardships of the Weather like them no doubt but he would become hairy on the Body likewise which might possibly be the Case of Nebuchadnezzar And very Remarkable is that Story of Peter Serrano a Spaniard who was castaway and escaped to a Desart Island which from him afterwards received it's Name as 't is related by the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega. For having with the greatest difficulty sustained a miserable Life for three Years The Hairs of his Body grew in that manner that he was covered all over with Bristles the hair of his Head and Beard reaching to his Waste that he appeared like some Wild or Savage Creature e Arist Their Face hath Many Resemblances to a Man's for they have Nostrils and Ears alike and Teeth like a Man's both the Fore-teeth and the Grinders Pliny seems to have respect to this Text of Aristotle and what follows where he tells us Nam simiarum genera perfectam Hominis imitationem continent facie Naribus Auribus Palpebris quas solae Quadrupedum in inferiore habent Genâ Jam Mammas in Pectore Brachia Crura in contrarium similitèr flexa In manibus ungues digitos longioremque medium Pedibus paulùm differunt sunt enim ut manus praelongi sed vestigium Palmae simile faciunt Pollex quoque his Articuli ut homini ac praeter Genitale hoc in maribus tantùm Viscera etiam interiora omnia ad exemplar We will compare both their Accounts with our Pygmie and observe wherein they agree or differ from us As for the Iace of our Pygmie it was liker a Man's than Ape 's and Monkeys Faces are For it 's Forehead was larger and more globous and the upper and lower Jaw not so long or prominent and more spread and it 's Head more than as big again as either of theirs But why the Philosopher after his general Assertion of the likeness of the Face of an Ape to that of a Man's should first of all instance in the Nose which is so much different may seem strange Since in a Man the Nose is protuberant and rising jutting out much beyond the whole surface and herein 't is altogether unlike to that of Brutes and the Ape-kind too 'T is not therefore on this account that the Comparison is made But I rather think his meaning must be that an Ape 's Nose is like Man's in that it is not extended to the length of the Rostrum or upper Jaw as in Dogs and other Brutes but reaches only to the upper Lip à simis Naribus or this flatness of the Nose most do derive the word Simia tho' others as Vossius would have it quasi mimia à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 imitari from mimicking But Scaliger will not allow it Dicitur autem Simia saith he non ab Imitatione ut Grammatici imperiti sed à simitate The Nose of our Pygmie was flat like an Ape 's not protuberant as a Man's and on the outside of each Nostril there was a little slit turning upwards as in Apes 'T is observed of the Indian Blacks that their Nose is much flatter than the Europeans which may be thought rather Natural to that Nation than occasioned as some would make us believe by the Mother's tying the Infant to her Back and so when at Work bruising and flatting it against her Shoulders because 't is so universal in them all As to the Ears none could more resemble those of a Man than our Pygmie's both as to the largeness colour shape and structure Here I observed the Helix Ant-Helix Concha Alvearium Tragus Anti-tragus and Lobus only the Cartilage was very fine and thin and the Ears did not lye so flat to the Head as they do in a Man But that may be from the Custom of binding our Heads when Infants The Teeth of our Pygmie resembled a Man's more than do those of Apes and Monkeys as I shall shew in the Ostcology f Arist And whereas other Quadrupeds have not Hair on both Eye-lids these have But 't is very fine especially that on the lower Eye-lid and very small But other Quadrupeds have none there In our Pygmie the Cilia or Hair of both Eye-lids appeared very fair and plain but not so large as in Men. The Supercilia or Hair of the Eye-brows seem'd to be rubb'd off which might be occasioned by the jutting out
Part of the Extensor Radialis 23.23 The Flexor Radialis that of the left Arm hanging at it's insertion 24. 24. The Perforatus that of the left side hanging by its Tendons on the Palm of the Hand 25. The Perforans a little raised in the left Arm. 26. The Tendon of the Flexor Vlnaris as it runs to the Carpus 27. A Tendinous Expansion like the Palmaris in Man but here was no Muscle which is often seen in Humane Bodies 28. 28. The Abductor Pollicis 29. The Flexor Secundi internodij Pollicis 30. Abductor Indicis 31. 31. The Lumbricales 32. The Abductor minimi digiti 33. The Pectoralis that of the left side being raised to shew the decussation of it's Fibres as in Man 34. Part of the Musculus subclavius 35. Serratus minor anticus 36. 36. The Intercostales externi 37.37 The Serratus major anticus where 't is indented with the Musculus obliquus descendens 38. 38. The Obliquus descendens 39. The Obliquus ascendens as it appeared after the descendens was removed 40.40 The Musculi Recti with their Paragraphs or Inscriptions as in Man 41. 41. The Musculus communis Membranosi 42. 42. The Sartorius 43. 43. The Rectus Femoris 44. 44. The Vastus internus 45. Part of the Vastus externus 46. 46. Parts of the Triceps 47 47. The Pectinaeus 48. The Gracilis 49. 49. The Tibialis Anticus 50. Part of the Gasterocnemius 51. Parts of the Peronei 52. The Extensor Pollicis longus 53. The Extensor Pollicis brevis which differ'd in this Animal from that in Man 54. The Tendons of the Extensor Communis digitorum as they pass between the Interossij 55. The Abductor minimi digiti 56. The Pronator Radij Quadratus 57. Part of the Supinator Radij brevis at it's Insertion to the Radius Figure the Fourth Shews the Muscles of the Back-part of the Body a. THE Sagittal Suture b. The Lambdoidal Suture c. c. c. The Spines of the Superior Vertebrae of the Thorax and of one of the Inferior of the Neck d. The Extremity of the Clavicle where it is connected to the Spine of the Scapula e. The Spine of the Scapula f. The lower Angle of the Scapula g. The upper part of the Os Humeri made bare by raising the Deltoid Muscle h. h. The Acromion or Elbow i. The External Protuberance of the Os Humeri where the upper part of the Radius is Articulated k. The Vlna l. l. The Spines of the Back and Loins m. m. The Spines of the Ossa Ilium n. The Os Coccygis o. The Great Trochanter p. The Trunk of the Great Crural Nerve q. q. The Ossa Ischij r. r. r. The Crural Nerves in the Hams s s The Os Calcis t. t. The Malleolus Internus u. The Malleolus externus w. w. The Great Toe x. x. The four little Toes y. y. The Pelvis left open by taking out the Anus with the Rectum No 1.1.1.1 The Musculus Cucularis raised on the right side and left fastened to the Occiput and to its Insertion at the Spine of the Scapula and Clavicle 2. Part of the Splenius 3. Part of the Mastoideus 4. Part of the Complexus 5. Part of the Levator Scapulae 6. Rhomboides 7. Part of the Serratus superior posticus 8. Supraspinatus 9. Infraspinatus X. The Teres minor which is larger here than in Man 11. The Teres major 12. The Deltoides raised 13. 13. 13. 13. The Latissimus Dorsi on the right side in situ in the left freed from it's Original and hanging down 14. The Biceps Externus seu Gemellus 15. The Anchonaeus 16. Part of the Brachaeus internus 17. Part of the Biceps internus 18. The Supinator Radij longus 19. The Extensor Carpi Radialis 20. 20. The Extensor Carpi Vlnaris 21. 21. The Extensor Communis digitorum on the right side hanging by its Tendons 22. 22. The Extensor minimi digiti on the right side hanging down 23. The Extensores Pollicis 24. The Supinator Radij brevis 25. The Abductor minimi digiti 26. The Musculi interossei 27. The Abductor Pollicis 28. The Longissimus Dorsi 29. The Sacrolumbalis 30. 30. The Intercostales 31. Part of the Serratus major anticus 32. The Serratus inferior posticus 33. The Glutaeus maximus on the left side in situ on the right freed from its Origin and left at it's Insertion 34. The Glutaeus medius 35. The Pyriformis 36. The Marsupialis s Obturator 37. 37. Part of the Triceps 38. 38. The Gracilis 39. The Semimembranosus 40. The Seminervosus 41. The Biceps femoris 42. Part of the Vastus externus 43. 43. The Gasterocnemius externus that of the right side hanging to its Insertion at the Os Calcis 44. The Gasterocnemius Internus 45. Part of the flexor Digitorum perforatus 46. The fleshy part of the flexor Digitorum perforatus 47. The flexor Ossis Pollicis together with the Abductor Pollicis raised from it's Origin and hanging down 48. The Musculi Lumbricales The fifth Figure Represents the Sceleton or the Bones 1. THE Os Frontis 2. The Os Bregmatis 3. Part of the Os Occipitis 4. Os Temporale seu Squammosum 5. Os Jugale seu Zygomaticum 6. The first Bone of the Vpper Jaw 7. The Os Lachrymale 8. The Os Narium 9. The fourth Bone of the Vpper Jaw 10. The upper part of the Os Sphaenoides 11. The lower Jaw a. The Processus Condyloides of the lower Jaw b. The Processus Corone c. The Coronal Suture d. The Sutura Ossis Temporalis seu Squammosi e. A Foramen for the passing the Nerves and the Blood Vessels in the upper Jaw f. A like Foramen in the under Jaw g. Where the Skull was sawed to take out the Brain h. The Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck j. j. The Oblique ascending and descending Processes of the Neck 12. 12. The Vertebrae of the Neck 13. 13. The Claviculae or Collar Bones K. K. The Connection of the Claviculae to the Spina Scapulae 14.14 The Internal parts of the Scapula l. l. The Processus Chorocoides Scapulae 15. 15. The Os Humeri † † A Sinus for receiving the External Tendon of the head of the Biceps m. m. A Sinus for receiving the Prominence n.n. of the Vlna upon bending the Arm. 16. 16. The Vlna o. Part of the Olecranon of the Vlna of the left Arm. 17. 17. The Radius p. A Prominence of the Radius to which the internal great Tendon of the Musculus Biceps is inserted 18. 18. The Bones of the Carpus which in a great measure were Cartilaginous 19. 19. The Bones of the Metacarpus 20. 20. The Bones of the Thumb 21. 21. The Bones of the Fingers 22. 22. The Sternum or Os Pectoris 23. The Cartilago Ensiformis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. The Thirteen Ribs of each side 24. The Vertebrae of the Back 25. The Vertebrae of the Loins q. The Transverse Processes of the