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A01080 A learned commendation of the politique lawes of Englande vvherin by moste pitthy reasons & euident demonstrations they are plainelye proued farre to excell aswell the ciuile lawes of the Empiere, as also all other lawes of the world, with a large discourse of the difference betwene the. ii. gouernements of kingdomes: whereof the one is onely regall, and the other consisteth of regall and polityque administration conioyned. written in latine aboue an hundred yeares past, by the learned and right honorable maister Fortescue knight ... And newly translated into Englishe by Robert Mulcaster.; De laudibus legum Angliae. English and Latin Fortescue, John, Sir, 1394?-1476?; Mulcaster, Robert. 16th Century 1567 (1567) STC 11194; ESTC S102454 98,618 567

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amonge y e sāe one shal be the rueler and the other shal be rueled wherfore a people that wyll rayse thēselfs into a kingdome or into any other bodie politique must euer appointe one to be chiefe rueler of the whole bodie which in kīgdōes is called a kīge After this kīde of order as out of the embryō rieseth a bodie natural ruled by ōe head euen so of a multitude of people arieseth a kyngedōe whiche is a bodie mistical goūned by ōe mā as by an head And like as in a natural body as saieth the Philosopher the hart is y e first y e liueth hauig w tin it bloud which it distributeth among all y e other members whereby they are quickened doe lyue sēblably in a bodye politik y e intēt of y e people is the first liuely thīg hauing w tin it bloud y t is to say politike prouision for the vtilitie welth of the same people which it dealeth furth imparteth aswel to the head as to al y e mēbers of the same body wherby y e body is nourished mainteined Furthermore the lawe vnder the which a multitude of men is made a people representeth the sēblance of synews ī y e body natural Because that lyke as by synewes the ioynyng of the bodie is made sounde so by the lawe which taketh the name a ligando y t is to witte of byndynge suche a misticall bodie is knytt and preserued together And the members bones of the same bodye whereby is represented y e soundenes of the wealth wherby that bodie is susteyned do by the lawes as the naturall bodie by synewes reteyne eueryone their proper fūctions And as the head of a bodi natural cā not chaūge his sinewes nor cā not denie or witholde from his inferiour mēbers their peculiar powers seueral nourishm̄tz of bloud no more cā a kīge which is y e head of a bodie politik chaūge the lawes of y e bodie nor withdrawe from the same people their proper substāce against their wills and consentes in that behalfe Nowe you vnderstande most noble prince the fourme of institucion of a kīgdome politique wherebye you maye measure the power whiche the king therof maye exercise ouer the lawe and subiectes of the same For such a kinge ys made and ordeyned for y e defence of the lawe of his subiectes and of theire bodies and goodes whereunto he receaueth power of his people so y t hee can not gouern his people by any other power Wherfore to satisfy your request in y t you desire to be certified how it cōmeth to pas that in y e powers of kings ther is so great diuersitie suerly in mine opinion the diuersitie of the institutiōz or first ordinances of those dignities whiche I haue nowe declared is the onelye cause of this foresayde difference as of the premisses by the discourse of reason you maye easelye gather For thus y e kingdome of Englande oute of Brutes retinue of the Troians whiche he brought out of the coastes of Italie and Greece firste grewe to a politique regall dominion Thus also Scotland which somtime was subiect to Englande as a Dukedome thereof was aduaūced to a politik and roiall kingdome Many other kīgdōs also had thus their first begīninge not onely of regal but also of politique gouernement Wherefore Diodorus Siculus in his seconde boke of olde histories thus writeth of the Egiptiās The Egiptien kings liued first not after y e licentious maner of other rulers whose will pleasure is in steede of law but they kept thēselfes as priuate persones in subiection of the lawes And this did they willingly beeing perswaded that by obeyinge the laws thei should bee blessed For of suche rulers as folowed theire owne lusts they supposed many thinges to be done whereby they were brought in daunger of diuers harmes and perylles And in his fowerth boke thus he writethe The Ethiopian kinge as sone as hee is created he ordereth his life accordīg to y e laws and doth al things after y e maner and custom of hys countrey assigninge neyther rewarde nor punishment to anye man otherthen the law made by his predecessours appointethe He reportethe likewise of the kinge of Saba in Arabia the happie and of certein other kinges whiche in olde time honorablye reigned SAnctus Augustinꝰ in libro xix de ciuitate dei capitulo xxiii dicit Quod populus ēcetus hominū iuris consensu et vtilitatis cōmunione sociatus Nec tamē populus huiusmodi dum Acephelꝰ id est sine capite est corpus vocare meretur Quia vt in naturalibus capite detruncato residuū nō corpꝰ sed trūcū appellamꝰ sicet in politicis sine capite cōmunitas nullatenus corporatur Quo p̄mo politic̄ dicit philosophus quôd quādocūque ex pluribꝰ cōstituitur vnū inter illa vnū erit regēs et alia erūt recta Quare populū se in regnum aliudue corpꝰ politic̄ erigere volētē sēꝑ oport ’ vnū p̄ficere totius corporis illiꝰ regitiuū quē regē nōin̄ solit ’ ē Hoc ordin̄ sicut ex embrione corpꝰ surgit phisi cū vno capite regulatum sic ex populo erumpit regnum qd corpus extat misticū vno hoīe vt capite gubernatū Et sicut in naturali corꝑe vt dicit philosophus cor est primum viuēs habēs in se sāguinē quē emittit in oīa eius mēbra vnde illa vegetāt ’ et viuūt sic ī corꝑe politico intētio populi primū viuidū est habēs in se sanguinē vz ꝓuisionē politicā vtilit ’ populi illiꝰ quā in caput et in oīa mēbra eiusdē corꝑis ipsa trāsmittit quo corpus illud alitur vegetatur Lex vero sub qua cetꝰ hominū populus efficitur neruorū corporis phisici tenet ration̄ q̄a sicut ꝑ neruos cōpago corporis solidatur sic per legem quae a ligando dicitur corpus huiusmodi misticum ligatur et seruatur in vnū et eius dem corporis mēbra ac ossa quae veritatis qua cōmunitas illa sustentatur soliditatē denotāt per legem vt corpus naturale per neruos propria retinent iura Et vt non potest caput corporis phisici neruos suos cōmutare neque mēbris suis ꝓp̄as vires et ꝓp̄a sāguinis alim̄ta denegare nec rex qui caput corpor ’ politici ē mutar ’ potest leges corpor ’ illiꝰ nec eiusdē populi substātias ꝓprias subtrahere reclamantibꝰ eis aut inuitis Hēs ex hoc iā prīceps institutiōis politici Regni formā ex qua metiri poteris potesta tē quā rex eiꝰ in leges ipsiꝰ aut subditos valeat exercer ’ Ad tutelā nāque legis subditorū ac eorū corpū et bonorū rex hm̄odi erectꝰ est et ad hāc potestatē a populo effluxā ipse hēt quô ei nō licet potestate alia suo populo dn̄ari Quare vt
’ sinagoga dū sub solo deo rege qui eam in regnū peculiare adoptabat illa militabat sed demum eius petitione Rege homine sibi cōstituto sub lege tātum regali ipsa de inceps humiliata est Sub qua tamen dum optimi reges sibi prefuerunt ipsa plausit et cum discoli ei preessebant ipsa ī consolabiliter lugebat vt regū liber hec destinctiꝰ manifestauit Tamē q̄a de materia ista in opusculo qd tui contemplacione de natura legis naturae exaraui sufficienter puto me diceptasse plꝰ inde loqui iam de sisto Here the prince demaūdeth a question Cap. 10. Immediatly the prīce thꝰ said Howe cōmeth this to passe good Chauncellour that ōe kynge maye gouerne his people by power royal onely and y e an other kynge cā haue no such power seīg bothe this kynges are ī dignitie equall I cannot chose but muche muse and marueil why ī power they should thus differ TVnc princeps illico sic ait Vnde hoc cācellarie qd Rex vnus plebem suā regaliter tātū regere valeat et regi alteri potestas huiusmodi denegatur equalis fastigii cū sint reges ambo Cur in potestate sint ipsi dispares nequeo nō admirari The aunswere to this question is here omitted for that in another worke it is handeled at large Cap. 11. I haue sufficiētly qd the chaūcellour declared in my foresaid worke y t the Kynge whose gouernemēt is politique is of no lesse power then he that royally ruelethe his people after his owne pleasure howbeit they differ ī autoritie ouer their subiets as in the sāe worke I haue shewed saye I styll Of whiche differēce I wyll opē vnto you the cause as I can CAncellarius Non minoris esse potestatis regem politicê imperātem quā qui vt vult regaliter regit populum suum in supradicto opusculo sufficiēter est ostensum Diuersae tamē autoritatis eos ī subditos suos ibidem vt iam nulla tenꝰ denegaui cuius diūsitatis causā vt potero tibi pādā Howe Kingedomes rueled by royall gouernement onely first beganne Cap. 12. Men ī tymes passed excellynge in power gredie of dignitie glorie did many tymes by plaīe force subdue vnto them their neighbours the nations adioynyng and cōpelled them to do thē seruice and to obeye their cōmaundements which cōmaundemētz afterward they decreed too be vnto those people verie lawes And by longe sufferaūce of the sāe y e people so subdued beyng by their subduers defended from the iniuries of other agreed consented to lyue vnder the dominion of the same their subduers thīkīge it better for thē to be vnder y e ēpiere of ōe mā whiche might be hable to defēde thē agaīst other thē to be ī daūger to be opp̄ssed of all such as would violētli offer them any wronge And thus certein kingedōes were begonne And those subduers thꝰ rulīg y e people vnto thē subdued tooke vpō thē of ruelīge to be called Rulers which our language termethe kynges And their ruele or dominiō was named onely royall or kingly So Nemroth was the first y t gott vnto hīself a kingedōe And yett ī the holie scripturs he is not called a kīge but a stout or mightie hūter before y e lorde For lyke as a hūter subdueth wyld beasts lyuīge at their libertie so did he brīge mē vnder his obediēt So did Belꝰ subdue y e Assyrians Ninꝰ the most ꝑte of Asia So also did the Romaines vsurpe the empier of the whole worlde And thus almost were the kīgdōes of all nations begonne Wherefore the lorde beinge displeased withe the children of Israell requierīge to haue a Kynge as then all other natiōs had commaūded the lawe regall to be declared vnto thē by y e prophett Which lawe regal was no other thinge but the pleasure of the kynge their gouernour as in the first book of the kynges more fully it is cōteyned Nowe you vnderstande as I suppose most noble prīce the fourme and fassion of the begynnyng of those Kyngedomes that be regally possessed and rueled Wherefore nowe I wyll assaye to make plaīe vnto you how by what meāes y e gouernemēt of the Kyngdō politique toke his first entraunce begynynge to the ende and intent y e when you knowe the begynnynges of them both it may be right easye for you thereby too discerne the cause of the diuersitie which in your questiō is conteyned HOmines quō dam potentia praepollētes auidi dignitatis et gloriae vicinas sepe gentes sibi viribꝰ subiugarūt ac ipsis seruire obtem perare quoque iussionibꝰ suis cōpulerunt quas iussiones extunc leges hominibus illis esse ipsi sanctierunt Quarū ꝑpetione diutina subiectus sic populꝰ dum ꝑ subitiētes a ceterorū iniuriis defēdebatur in subicientiū dominiū cōsentierūt Oportuniꝰ esse arbitrātes se vnius subdi Iꝑio quo erga alios defēder ’ quā ōniū eos īfestar ’ volētiū opp̄ssionibꝰ expōi Sicque regna quaedá inchoata sūt et subicientes illi dū subiectum populū sic rexerūt a regendo sibi nomē regis vsurpa rūt eorū quoque dominatꝰ tātū regalis dictꝰ est Sic Nēbrogh primus sibi regnū cōparauit tamē non rex ipse sed Robustꝰ venator corā domino sacris litteris appellatus est Quia vt venator feras libertat ’ fruētes ipse homines sibi cōpescuit obedire Sic Belus assirios et Ninus quā magnā Asiae ꝑtē ditioni suae subegerunt Sic et Rōani orbis iperiū vsurpar ’ qualit ’ ferè in omnibus gentibus regna īchoata sunt Quare dum filii Israel regem postu●abāt sicut tunc habuerunt omnes gētes dominus inde offensus legem regalem eis per prophetam explanari mandauit Quae nō aliud fuit quā placitum regis eis preessentis vt in primo Regum libro plenius edocetur Habes nunc ni fallor princeps clarissim̄ formam exordii regnorum regaliter possessorū Quare quomodo regnū politicè regulatū p̄mitꝰ erupit etiam iā propalare conabor vt cognitis amborum regnorum initiis causam diuersitatis quam tu queris inde elicer● tibi facillimum sit Howe Kyngedomes of politique gouernaūce were first begonne Cap. 13. SAint Austē ī y e xxiii chapter of his xix booke De ciuitate dei saith y e a People is a multitude of men associated by the consent of lawe and communion of wealthe And yett such a people beynge headless that is to saye without a heade is not worthye to be called a bodie For as in thynges naturall when the heade is cutt of the residue is not called a bodie but a truncheon so likewyse in thinges politique a cominalte w tout a head is in no wise corporate Wherefore Aristotle ī the first booke of his ciuile philosophie saieth y e whēsoeuer ōe is made of many