a fellow 1. Is almost triangular it maketh up the lower part of the orbit of the eye the lesser corner a part of the os jugale and mala 2. Maketh up the greater corner of the eye from whence there is a hole that passeth to the cavity of the nostrill This bone is small thin cleere slightly cleaving to the other So that it is seldome found in sculs digged out of the ground Here fistula lachrymalis is seated 3. Maketh up the greatest part of the roofe of the mouth and the arched part wherein the teeth are inserted 4. With his fellow maketh up the bony part of the ridge of the nose These two are severed by a suture Within they are rough to receive the cartilages within these there is a bone cleaving to the processe of the spongious bone dividing the nostrils it is called septumnarium 5. Is placed at the end of the palat of the mouth where the holes of the nostrils passe to the throat To these Columbus addeth a tenth Hee will have it to be like unto a plough and to disjoyne the lower part of the nostrils Of the lower Iaw The lower Jaw hath but one bone It resembleth the Greek letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a bow It hath two holes the one is more backward and larger thorow this passe some nerves from the fift paire to the roots of the teeth as also a small veine and artery The other is more outward not so round thorow the passe some sprigs of the sinews to the lower lip You may passe thorow these holes a brissell CAP. III. Of the Teeth THere be three ranks of teeth Those of the first ranke are called incisores incisorii cutrers and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they shew themselves when we laugh there be most commonly foure of them in each jaw they have but one fang and so easily fall out These first make way out of the gums because the tops of them are sharpest Those in the second ranke are called canini or dogs teeth from their length above the rest hardnesse and sharpnes In each jaw there are but two on each side of the grinders one They are called oculares or eye-teeth not that they reach to the orbit of the eye for they mount not higher than the nostrils but because sprigs of the nerves which move the eyes are carried to them These in the third rank are called molares grinders because like milles they grind the meat Most commonly they are twenty in number five in each side of every jaw Of these the two hindermost are called genuini and denta sapientiae because they shew not themselves untill man come to the yeares of discretion to wit the 28 30 yea even to old age it selfe In some they never appeare Those of the upper jaw have more fangs than those of the lower First because they hang. Secondly because the substance of the upper jaw is not so firme as that of the lower The teeth come out in man the seventh moneth and sometimes more slowly but in beasts sooner because they are to eat solid meat Of these teeth ten in each gum to wit the foure grinders the two dogs teeth and foure grinders doe cast The fore teeth cast the foure five and six yeare of the age the hinder flower The teeth as they are worne by use so they grow againe untill the decrepit old age for if a tooth fall out and grow no more the tooth answering it groweth logner Nature labouring to fill the space of the lost tooth As concerning the feeling of the teeth first of all they rather receive the impression of the first qualities to wit heat and cold and rather of cold than heat contrary to the fleshy parts Secondly not the whole tooth but the inner part towards the root which is more soft by reason of the sinew in the cavity of it and the membrane The hard outer part is insensible CAP. IV. Of the bones of the trunke of the body THese may be divided into those which are seated betweene the bones of the head and the rump bone and those which are placed betweene the last vertebra of the spina and the thigh bone Those which are seated betweene the head bones and the rumpe bone are either anterior laterall or posterior The bone in the forepart is called os pectoris the brest bone and os ensiforme because being long and broad and ending into a pointed cartilage it representeth the daggers of the ancients It is called also sternum because it is laid above the ribs and leaneth upon them It is composed of three parts 1. Is the highest bone large thick plaine yet unequall above arched resembling the pummill of the dagger It is called by some Iugulum and superior furcula It hath two cavities 1. Is in the upper part to receive the tops of the cannell bone 2. Is within about the middle to give way to the wind-pipe going down The second bone is narrower and hath sundry cavities for the receiving of the grissils of the ribs The third is broader and endeth into the cartilage which is called Cartilago 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sword-like cartilage and mucronata because it is pointed The pit which here appeareth outwardly is favea or scrobuculus cordis the pit of the heart The bones of the sternum are distinguished by transverse and are joyned together by cartilages The ribs are in number 12. whereof some are called vera genuinae legitimae lawfull and ribs indeed because they are more arched and reach to the sternum Some are called nothae spiriae adulterae illegitimae short or bastard ribs The true ribs are in number seven they are round and bony where they are joyned eith the vertebrae of the back but grisly and broad where they are joyned to the brest bone In the lower part they are hollow to receive a vein and an artery In making incision there to discharge quittour out of the cavity of the brest we must shun this part The inner side is smoother than the outer by reason of the pleura The bastard ribs are in number five so called because they are shorte lesse arched touch not the sternum and are softer They onely are joyned with the vertebrae of the back and end in long cartilages which turning upwards cleave together except the last which cleaveth to none to give way to the liver spleene and upper guts All the short ribs give way to the distention of the belly The bones of the back part of the trunks joyned are spina dorsi so called because the hinder part of it is sharp It reacheth from the head to the rump bone It is composed of 24. verterae 7. of the neck 12. of the back and five of the loynes Every vertebra is hollow within to receive the Spinalis medulla and at the sides to give way to the sinewes The first two vertebrae of the neck are joyned to the head by ligaments The first is
stones and the seminary vessels WOMEN have stones as Men have but they differ in eleven things 1. In situation for they are placed not without the hypogastrium as in men but within it that they might be the hotter and more fruitfull 2. In quantity for they are lesser 3. In their frame for they are composed of five or six bladders which make them uneven whereas the stones of men are smooth these bladders containe an humidity like to whey but it is thicker 4. The stones of women have no cremasters but are stayed by the broad laterall ligaments called the bats wings 5. They have no prostates 6. They differ in figure for in man they are ovall but in woman flattish 7. They have but one membrane whereas mans hath foure 8. In substance for they are more soft and flaggy than in man 9. In temperature for they are more cold than mans stones and containe a thin and watrish seed 10. In women they are tyed to the sides of the uterus by the two upper ligaments which are loose and membranous 11. In women which are not with child they are placed above the matrix two inches distant from it The seminary vessels preparing are foure two veines and so many arteries The vein of the right side springeth as in man from the trunck of the vena cava under the emulgent but that of the left side springeth from the middle of the emulgent of the same side Both the arteries spring from the descending trunck of the great artery These veins are not united as in man before they come to the stones but are divided into two branches Whereof the greater being stayed by the membranous ligament is caried to the stone but the lesser endeth in the bottome of the matrix in the upper part for the nutrition of the matrix and the embryo These vasa preparantia differ from those in men in these things First they are shorter than in man by reason of the shortnesse of the passage but they have more wreathings where they make corpus varicosum about the stone that the seed may be the better prepared Secondly they passe not whole to the stones as in man but are divided in the mid way as hath been said One thing is to be noted that the spermatick veins receive the arteries as they passe by the sides of the uterus that the bloud might be the better elaborat for if you blow up the vena spermatica both the right and left vessels of the matrix are blowne up From hence you may perceive the communion of all the vessels of the matrix The Vesa deferentia spring from the lower part of the stones They are firme white and nervous They passe by the membranous ligament to the matrix not straight but wreathed that the shortnesse of the way might be recompensed with the multitude of windings Neere the stones they are somewhat broad When they have marched a little they become narrow and about the matrix they become broad againe and end in the cornua capacity of it Amongst these vessels the last to be considered is Tuba Fallopiana Spigeltus calleth it Vas coecum lib. 8. cap. 20. because it hath but one orifice as the intestinum coecum annexed to colon this springeth from the cornua or bunches and resembleth the end of a trumpet and passeth obliqaely over against the stone caried by the membranous ligament and compasseth the stones but it neither proceedeth from the stones neither is inserted into them And as in its beginning it is open so in its ending it is shut Riolan will have it to be the end of the ejaculatory vessell ending within the matrix He observeth that within it is to be seene a long white and sinewy body which he will have to be the continuation of the ejaculatory vessell He noteth also that a small sprig doth passe but wreathed from the ejaculatory by the sides of the uterus to the orifice by the which women with child spend their seed in the act of generation which Spigelius denieth in the cited place and checketh Laurentius for affirming such a passage THE SECOND Book of the Brest CAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it HItherto then of the lower belly the seat of the naturall spirit and of the parts appointed for nutrition and procreation Now it followeth that we handle the middle cavity the seat of the vitall spirit which containeth those parts appointed for the cherishing of the naturall heat the distribution of the same to all other parts of the body and the cooling of it if it exceed the naturall degree This ventricle is seated in the middle betweene the uppermost which is the head and lowermost which is the belly for it was fit that it should be so that the heat passing thorow all and bestowing life should equally bee bestowed upon all the parts of the body It is severed from the head by the neck from the belly by the midrife It is bounded in the forepart by the brest-bone and cartilages In the sides by the ribs Behind by the vertebrae of the back The figure of it is ovall somewhat flat before and behind whereas in beasts it is somewhat sharp So that onely man lieth on his back It is partly bony partly fleshy that it might admit motion and yet not styfle the heart the fleshy parts being suspended by the bony The fore part of it is called sternum the sides costae and the hinder parts dorsum The parts whereof it is composed are either containing or contained The parts containing are either common or proper The parts containing common are in number foure Cuticula Cutis Pinguedo and Membrana carnosa The scarfe skin and skin of it do differ from those in the belly for it is hairy under the arme pits and above the pit of the heart the skin of the back is both harder and thicker and so is lesse hairy Secondly the skin of the back part is of an exquisit feeling first because many twigs of sinews are bestowed upon it from the Nervis proceeding from the spinalis medulla secondly by reason of the muscles of the brest placed there which have many tendons and so are very sensible As for the fat it is not plentifull here as in the belly first because the naturall heat here is sufficiently preserved without it secondly because it would have hindered the motion of the brest Onely here it is somewhat yellowish The Membrana carnosa here in the forepart of the neck is more fleshy than in other parts chiefly where the musculus quadratus is framed which pulleth downe the cheekes and lips CAP. II. Of the Dugs THe proper containing parts are either externall or internall The externall are in number three the dugs the muscles the bones The internall proper containing parts are three in like manner the pleura the mediastinum and
THE MANVALL of the Anatomy or dissections of the body of Man Which usually are shewed in the publike Anatomicall Exercises Methodically digested into 6 Books By Alexander Read D of Physick London sold by F. Constable at his Shop Church neere 163◠THE MANVALL of the Anatomy of dissection of the body of Man containing the enumeration and description of the parts of the same which usually are shewed in the publike Anatomicall exercises Enlarged and more methodically digested into 6 Books BY ALEXANDER READ Doctor of Physick a Fellow of the Physitians College of London and a brother of the Worshipfull Company of the Barber-Chirurgeons LONDON Printed by J. H. for F. Constable and are to be sold at his shop under Saint Martins Church neere Ludgate 1638. CAROLO Magnae Britanniae Monarchae Hiberniaeque ac Galiae Regi potentissimo fausta omnia precor EN offero Majestati vestrae lucubratiunculas istas Anatomicas Munus fate or te minimè dignum quem Deus ad supremum ferè honoris in terris culmen evexit Nihilominus si omnia justo trutinae examine pensentur quivis aequus arbiter pronuntiabit eas ad te properare debere Cogitaverat pridem apud se Majestas vestra quà m utile imo necessarium huic Reipublicae sit multos habere peritos Chirurgos sive Pax alma floreat sive Bellum ingruat Quapropter ea sanxit ut doctus aliquis ac peritus Medicus communion is hujus fratribus ex suggestu singulis aiebus Martis huic exercitio destinatis praecepta artis traderet ab auditoribus excipienda atque Anatomicis dissectionibus temporibus constitutis praecsset Quum ea munia mihi obeunda ante aliquot annos commissa fuissent animadverti illorum inrebus anatomicis profectum mirè tardatum quod nullum haberent compendium Anatomicum lingua vulgari emissum Ut huic desiderio occurrerem compendiolum tale inlucem emisi ex cujus lectione tyrones fructum aliquem percepere Verum quum proficientibus visum fuisset nimis jejunum sumpsi id iterum in manus ac copiosius de humani corporis partibus disserui Quum itaqque secunda cura refictum in lucem emittendum sit ad quem potius quà m ad vestram Majestatem tendet quae primae foeturae autrix fuit Nec est quod verear me audaciae aut inverecundiae crimen incursurum Quum mihi securitatem promittat eximia vestra comitas atque affabilitas erga omnes quae omnium amorem conciliant ut dignitas regia timorem Quae duo Sceptra Regibus firmant Unum hoc opellae huic ex hac Dedicatione promittere possum Eam gratiorem omnibus futuram quod tanti ac talis Regis nomen sibi praescripserit Scribebam Londini 4. Calend Octob. Anni ab exhibito in carne Messia supra millesimum sexcentesimum tricesimi septimi Vestrae Majestatis cultor humilimus ALEXANDER REIDUS Scoto-Britannus The Number and Contents of the Bookes THe first Booke containeth the description of the parts of the belly and hath 27. Chap. The second Booke containeth the description of the parts of the brest and hath 9. Chapters The third booke describeth the head and hath 16. Chapt. The fourth setteth downe the veines arteries and sinews of the limbs and hath 7. Chap. The fifth setteth downe the bones and hath 10. Chapters With the sixth Booke of muscles and a Table of the figures Fig. I. Fig. II. THE FIRST Booke of the lower cavitie called Abdomen CAP. I. Of the division of the parts of the body of man in generall ANatomy is an artificiall separation of the parts of the body of section practised to attaine to the knowledge of the frame of it and the use of each part In Anatomicall exercises first the whole carcase doth offer it selfe then the parts The whole hath foure regions to wit the fore and back parts and the laterall which are the right and left I call the whole that which containeth the parts and a part that which is contained in the whole according to the most ample acception of the terme part for in a more strict acceptation a part is a body solid cohering with the whole endued with life and framed to performe some function A part then must bee solid the humours then cannot bee numbred amongst the parts because they are fluid Secondly it must have life and so the extremities of haires and nailes are not to be accounted parts Thirdly one part must not nourish another and so the bloud fat and spirits are not parts Fourthly it must have a circumscription Fifthly it must bee united with the whole Sixthly it must have some action and use The principall differences of parts are taken either from their nature or functions From their nature parts are said to be either similary or dissimilary A similary part is that whose particles are of the same substance and denomination with the whole as every portion of a bone is a bone It is otherwise called a simple part Of simple parts there are ten in number to wit the skin a membrane the flesh a fiber a veine an artery a nerve a ligament a cartilage and a bone they are comprehended in these two lines Cartilago caro membrana arteria nervus Vena ligamentum cutis os lentissima fibra To these a tendon which is the principall part of a muscle may be added for the substance of it is simple without any composition Of the former simple parts some are simple indeed and these are in number seven the skin a membrane the flesh a fibre a ligament a cartilage a bone The rest are onely simple to the eye or sense and not to reason for a nerve for example is composed of many filaments covered with a membrane A dissimilary part is that whose portions are neither of the same substance nor the same denomination as a muscle in the which are flesh a nerve and a tendon It is otherwise called a compound part and an organicall part In an organicall part foure particles are found First the chiefe particle as the crystallin humour in the eye Secondly that particle without the which the action cannot bee performed as the optick nerve Thirdly that which furthereth the action as are the membranes and muscles Fourthly that by the which the action is preserved as the eyelids Of organicall parts there are foure degrees The first is made onely of the similars as a muscle The second receiveth the first kind of organicall parts and other similaries as a finger The third admitteth those of the second degree as the hand The fourth is made of the third and other parts as the arme Parts from their function are said to bee either sustaining or sustained The bones sustaine the frame of the whole body the rest are sustained Now these are the cavities or the limbs CAP. II. Of the circumscription regions
downe So that as this muscle doth embrace the which is to be swallowed and beareth it downe so the fourth seconding this doth receive it and send it further towards the stomack that it returneth not About the top of the brest there is a glandulous body spongious white and soft called thymus and lactes In a calfe a dainty morsell It holdeth up the branches of the vena cava and aorta ascending Which passe to the armes and saveth them from touching the bones CAP. XII Of the neck THe neck cellum joyneth the brest and head together It is long to helpe the voyce so those living creatures which make no noyse have no neck as fishes but those who have a long necke make a huge noyse as geeses and cranes The inner parts are the vessels which passe to the head the wind-pipe and the gullet with others The outer are the parts common of the body and the muscles of these I will speake in the discourse of muscles The parts remarkable in section are these 1. The soporall arteries 2. Internall jugulars 3. The recurrent nerves betweene these 4. The larynx or wind-pipe-head framed of five cartilages 5. Glottis the chinke of it 6. Epiglottis the cover of the chinke 7. Vvula which is a red fleshy and fungous substance It is covered with the reduplication of the skin of the roofe of the mouth 8. Gula or favus the mouth of the stomack 9. Tonsillae the almonds these moisten the mouth for chewing and tongue for tasting The description of the recurrent nerves you shall find where the sixt conjugation of nerves proceeding from the braine is set downe cap. 3. of the head THE THIRD Book of the uppermost cavity of the body the Head Caput in Latine CAP. I. Of the Braine Fig. III. The Scalp hath foure parts 1. Sinciput the forepart beginning at the forehead and reaching to the coronall suture 2. Occiput the hinder part possessing the diâ—â—â—â—ce betweene the future Lambdoides and the first vertebra of the neck 3. Vertex the crown that which is betweene the former two somewhat arched 4. Tempora the temples which are the laterall parts betweene the eyes and the eares The parts whereof the scalpe is framed are either containing or contained The parts containing are either common or proper The common are the scarfe skin the skin the fat and membrana carnosa The proper are either soft or hard The soft are two the muscles and pericranium Of the muscles we will speake in their proper place Pericranium is a membrane thin and soft proceeding from the dura mater passing thorow the futures of the head covering the scull The hard containing part is the scull Looke for it in the Treatise of Bones The parts under the skull contained are the meninges the membranes which wrap the braine and the braine it selfe The membranes are two The first is called dura meninx or dura mater the hard membrane it doth loosely lap in the whole braine and there is some distance betweene it and the skull to give way to the motion of the braine It hath two membranes That next to the skull is harder rougher and of lesse sense because it was to touch the skull The inner is smooth whiter and bedewed with a waterish humidity It seemeth to spring from the lower part of the skull because it cleaveth fast to it It is tyed to with the pia mater and the braine by the vessels but to the skull by small fibres arising of it selfe passing thorow the sutures and framing the pericranium It is fourefold where it parteth the cerebrum from the cerebellum In the crowne of the head where it parteth the braine into the right and left part it is doubled and because this reduplication in the hinder part is broader and forwards becomming narrower representeth a sicle it is called falx By these foldings the Sinus or ventricles are framed which are receptacles of plentiful bloud and spirits They are in number foure The first and second begin about the bâ—â—sis of the occiput at the sides of lamb doides where the veins and arteries discharge themselves The third is long and passeth to the nose and is framed of the former two joyned together The fourth is short and betweene the cerebrum and cerebellum goeth to the penis This ariseth where the former three meet This beginning is of some called Tâ—râ—ular From hence veins do passe for the nourishing of the braine for from the sinus veins creepe upward to the cranium and by the futures to the pericranium and downeward to the pia mater cerebrum and cerebellum These veins cleave by a thin tunicle to the sides of the sinus seeing these cavities have pulsation these veins supply the office both of veins and arteries These containe great plenty of bloud seeing the braine being large and in continuall lacketh much nourishment The great bleeding at the nose happens by reason of the third sinus opened Pia mater or dura meninx immediatly wrappeth and keepeth in the braine Whereofore it is thin soft and of exquisite sense Cerebrum or the brain is of a substance moyst and soft to receive the impression of similitudes for it is the place of imagination and memory The life is not in the whole body of colour it is white It hath the figure of the skull In the forepart it hath bunchings out called precessus mammillares In the upper part it is full of foldings as the guts have to carry safely the vessels In weight it containeth 4. or 5. lib. and is as big again as an Oxes braine The parts of the brain are these the outer and the inner The outer of a grayish colour or betweene white and yellow is of a softer substance and compasseth the inner The inner is more solide and whiter called Corpus callosum This hath two parts the one is somewhat round which hath the figure of the skull the other is that which proceedeth from it In the large round part the three ventricles are contained The other proceedeth of the round and containeth the fourth ventricle called calamus scriptorius In this ventricle the animall spirit seemeth to be made for it is pure and cleane but the other ventricle full of impurities having under them the glandula pituitaria for evacuation of them The braine is the towre of the sensitive soule In contraction it sendeth the animall spirits into the nerves dispersed thorow the whole body by the which it communicateth the faculty of feeling and moving In dilatation it draweth the vitall spirits from the soporall arteries and the aire by the nostrils so that the matter of the animall spirit is arteriall bloud furnished with the vitall spirit and aire It may â—e thought that the animal spirit for sense is contained in the outer are softest part of the braine but for moving in the inner more solide and white part The braine hath five branches of veins from the internall jugulars whereof some
enter into the ventricles of the dura mater others are spred thorow the menings and the substance of the braine out of the cavities of the Dura mater It hath foure arteries from the soporals and those of the neck The portions which proceed from the inner part of the braine are cerebellum and spinalis medulla Cerebellum or the little braine is composed of two round laterall parts making up as it were a globe it hath two worme-like processes one is seated at the forepart the other at the hinder part of it to hinder the obstruction of the fourth ventricle by the compression of the cerebellum The Spinalis medulla is of a harder substance than the braine It is divided into two parts the right and the left as the braine is which are severed by the dura mater immediatly wrapping it so that the palsie sometimes invadeth but one side About the sixt and seventh vertebra of the brest it beginneth to be separate into divers twists which ending into small haire like substances represent a Horse-taile This will appeare if the marrow of a beast or man newly killed be put in water suffered to stand for a while It is compassed with 3. membranes The next to it is from the pia mater the middlemost from the dura mater and the outmost from the ligament which bindeth the forepart of the vertebrae One portion of the Spinalis medulla is within the skull foure inches in length above the great hole of the occiput from whence all the sinews spring which are ascribed to the braine the other is without the skull from whence the 32. paire doe spring CAP. II. Of other parts to be seene in the Braine BEsides those parts named sundry others are to be shewed whereof 1. Is Rete mirabile so called from the wonderfull knittings of the twigs of arteries proceeding from the soporall about the basis of the braine at the sides of the sell of os sphaenoides In this is the first preparation of the animall spirit 2. Glandula pituitaria so called because it receiveth the thick pituitous excrements from the ventricles by the infundibulum and so is placed at the end of the infundibulum in the sell of the sphaenoides It is harder than ordinary glandules above it is hollow below round It is covered with the pia mater the excrements which come to it sometimes it turneth downe to the palat of the mouth somtimes it suffereth to slip down by the holes seated in the lower part of the cranium By shutting the infundibulum it keepeth in also the animall spirits 3. Septum or Speculum lucidum divideth in the upper part the ventricles It is loose and wrinckled but if spred out it is cleere some will have it to be a reduplication of the pia mater some a thin portion of the braine it selfe 4. Fornix or testudo is the lower white part where the ventricles are joyned It is triangular and under the corpus callosum 5. Nates are the two portions of the roots of spinalis medulla proceeding from the cerebellum these are uppermost and largest 6. Testes are the two small portions proceeding of the roots from the braine these are lowermost 7. Vulva is the long chinke between the prominences 8. Anus is nothing else but that space which is caused of the meeting of the foure trunkes of the spinalis medulla 9. Glandula pinealis or penis so called from the figure for it is like a seed of the pine apple or a little pricke it is set about the beginning of the hole which passeth from the middle ventricle to the fourth It is of a substance somewhat hard and is covered with a thin skin 10. Plexus choroides vel reticularis It is a texture of small veins and arteries placed between the fore ventricles and the testudo or fornix As the animall spirit is first prepared in the rete mirabile so it is more elaborat here and perfected in the fourth ventricle but kept in the whole braine as in a storehouse CAP III. Of the seven paires of sinewes BEfore I set downe these paires I advertise you of one thing that all the sinewes of the body spring from the spinalis medulla as it is rooted within the skull or extended to the spina and not from the braine The first paire is made up by those which are called optici or visorii so called because they bring the opticke spirits to the eye They spring from the nates they meet about the sell of os sphaenoides not by simple touching or intersection but by confusion of their substances and mutuall penetration Then being divided they passe to the center of the eye these are big thick and soft The second paire is framed of those called motorii oculorum this paire springeth from the innermost part of the beginning of the prolongation of the spinalis medulla In the beginning it is like to one cord which is the cause that when one eye moveth the other moveth also This paire is lesser and harder than the visorii It accompanieth them This together with one branch of the third paire which passeth to the jaw passeth thorow the long hole not the round and is inserted into the muscles of the eye and eye-lids The third paire is made up by those called gustatorii because the twigs of this paire being carried to the membran of the tongue cause the sense of tasting This paire proceedet from the root of spinalis medulla As it ariseth it is divided into two large branches whereof one is carryed to the orbit of the eye by the hole of the second The other being carryed out of the skull by the holes of the lower jaw bestoweth twigs upon the muscles of the lower lip and every tooth The fourth conjugation beginneth about the place of the former but being lesse and harder accompanying the other and passing thorow the same hole is implanted into the membrane of the palat of the mouth this serveth also for tasting The first conjugation the auditorii make up this paire beginning somewhat below the other it marcheth by the sides of the basis of the braine and entring into os petrosum is divided into two branches the greater being inserted into the end of cochlea or the hole of hearing is the instrument of hearing The lesser being carried downe to the first and second vertebra of the neck it sendeth twigs to the proper muscles of the larynx from hence ariseth a dry cough somtimes when we pick our eares somewhat deeply The sixt paire is called vagum because it bestoweth branches to sundry parts amongst the rest to all the parts of the belly which require sense For these being soft parts did not require hard sinewe from the spinalis medulla It riseth a little below the former each filure being straitwayes united it passeth out of the cranium by the hole of the backe part of the head by the which the internall jugular entereth then going down by the
occiput and first vertebra The fore branch is bestowed upon the muscles of the back side of the head and the muscles of the vertebra of the neck The second conjugation by the hindermost branch turned up ascendeth to the skin of the head the eares and the muscles but by the foremost branch it is carried unto those muscles which are common to the second spondill and the occiput The third conjugation sendeth its foremost branch to those muscles which bend the necke but the hindermost to the muscles which raise up the neck and head The fourth conjugation sendeth its lesser and hindermost branch to the muscles of the neck but the foremost and largest to the muscles which lift up the shoulder blade and the arme The fift conjugation with it lesser twig turneth to the hindermost muscles of the neck and with the greater joyneth it selfe with the twigs of the fourth paire The sixt paire by the lesser and hindermost branch passeth to the hindermost muscles but with the foremost and biggest to the arme and the diaphragma The seventh with the greater branch passeth to the arme but with the lesser to the hindermost muscles As for the nerves of the backe each of them hath two branches one lesser which is sent to the muscles of the back and one greater which is bestowed upon the intercostall muscles One thing is to be noted that the sinews which proceed from the vertebrae of the short ribs are bigger than those which are communicate to the upper intercostall muscles Those about the middle of the rib are divided into two twigs whereof the uttermost is carried outward but the innermost inwardly along the rib These nerves were to bee biggest because they are distributed both to the muscles of the belly and to the parts contained in it As for the nerves of the loynes each paire of these hath anterior and posterior branches which are spent partly upon the muscles of the loyns and hypogastrium partly upon the legs The lumbares nervi or sinews of the loyns meet and are mingled with the costales Whereby it commeth to passe that the parts which are contained within the peritonaeum have their strength from the spinalis medulla as their sense from the braine for according to Galen cap. 5. lib. 16. de us part the costall nerve is a sprig of the sixt conjugation As for the nerves of os sacrum the first paire hath two branches as those of the loynes to wit the anterior and posterior but the rest of the paires before they come out are double on each side and on each side one nerve marcheth forward and another backward The uppermost three which are anterior goe to the leg The two lowermost passed to the muscles of the anus and bladder Fig. IV. Fig. V. Booke V. Of the Bones CAP. I. Of the nature of a Bone FOure causes concurre to the perfecting of a bone First the efficient cause is the ossifick faculty of the spirit unto whom the naturall heat ministreth Secondly the materiall cause is twofold the one is of generation the other of nutrition The matter of generation is the seed which doth consist of a thick humor and the spirit The matter of nutrition is double the remote is bloud with the which all parts of the body are nourished The immediat cause is the marrowy juice in the spongious bones and the marrow it selfe which is contained in the cavities of big bones In the small cavities of the smaller bones the marrow is white but red in the ample cavities of the large bones The marrow is not covered with a membrane as the marrow of the back and therefore it is unsensible contrary to Parrey By the small holes in the ends of the bones the veins and arteries enter but no nerves for they onely feele by the benefit of the periostium Thirdly the forme of the bone is twofold the essentiall is its dry and cold temperature The accidentall is its figure which for the most part is round or flat Fourthly the finall cause is double The generall is that which serveth the whole body it is threefold 1. Is to establish the soft parts 2. Is to give figure to the parts 3. Is to further the motion of the body The speciall is that which is proper to every particular bone Of the premisses such a description of a bone may be gathered A bone is a similary part most dry and cold unflexible compacted of the thickest part of the seed by the spirit the naturall heat concurring to afford stablenesse and figure to the whole body CAP. II. An enumeration of the bones of mans body and first of the bones of the Head ALl the bones of the body of man belong either to the head the truncke of the body or to the lims The bones which make up the head united are called Cranium from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a helmet because as a helmet it defendeth the braine It is also called calva and calvaria The bones of the head are either proper or common The proper bones are in number six 1. Os frontis coronale inverecundum os puppis the bone of the forehead it reacheth to the coronall future above There are two cavities in this bone betweene the tables above the eye-browes Wounds in these hardly admit cicatrization This bone hath three holes one internall in the scull above the spongious bone two outward about the middle of the eye-brows to give way to the sinews which passe to the forehead 2. And 3. are called ossa syncipities vel verticis to other parietalia arcualia bregmatis 4. Os occipitis basilare os prorae os memoriae os pixidis to the Gracian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the noddle It is the thickest of all and hath five holes One big neere the first vertebra of the neck The other foure serve for letting out of sinews letting out of veins arteries 5. and 6. are ossa temporum petrosa parietalis These have six holes The two externall which make the passage to hearing are biggest the rest are small Within the passages of hearing are seated three bones on each side Malleus incus stapes The hammer anvill and stirrop Os Iugale or Zygomatis placed under the eye is no severall bone but is framed of the processes of two bones to wit petrosum and the maxilla united by an oblique suture The bones common to the head and upper jaw are two 1. Os spoenoides cuneiforme or wedge-like bone to others paxillare os colatorii palati basilare It hath sundry holes for vessels to passe 2. Os spongoides spongiosum spongiforme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cribriforme or Cribrosum the spongious or sive-like bone It filleth the cavitie of the Nostrils The Jaw-bones are two the upper and the lower In these are placed the sockets for the teeth called alucoli loculi fostulae praesepiola mortariola The upper Jaw is framed of 11. bones five on each side fellowes and one without
called Atlas because it stayeth the head It hath no spina The second is called the tuâ—ner because a processe like unto a dogs tooth round and long rising from it and inserted into the first vertebra is the cause that the head and first vertebra turne about it If a luxation fall out here it is incurable The third vertebra of the neck is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the rest has no names The vertebrae of the back are in number 12. receiving so many ribs these are full of holes but small to give way to the nourishing vessels The processe of the eleventh is straight and the twelfth is called the Girter The vertebrae of the loynes are five These are more apt to move than those of the back that wee may the more easily bend our selves towards the ground Now the bones which are betweene the lowest vertebra of the loynes and the thigh bone are in number three 1. Ossacrum the great bone the stay of the back it is triangular broad and immoveable smooth and hollow in the forepart but bunched and rough in the hinder part It is framed of five bones called vertebrae not for that they serve for motion as the vertebrae but because they are like to them in aged persons they seeme one bone but in children they may be separated The holes in this are not in the sides but before and behind which are greater because the sinewes that passe are greater 2. Is Os coccycis the cuckoes bill from the likenesse of it or the rump bone It is framed of three of foure bones and two cartilages The connexion of it is loose In men it is bent inward to stay the intestinum rectum in women outward to make way in the time of birth 3. Is Os coxae or innominatum It is at the sides of os sacrum and is framed of three bones os ilii pubis and ischii joyned together by cartilages untill the seventh yeare In aged persons it seemeth one bone Os ilii so called because it receiveth the small gut called ilium it is the first part uppermost and broadest joyned to os sacrum by a strong membranous ligament although a cartilage goe betweene The unequall and semicircular circumference of it is called spina the inner part hollow and broad is called costa The outer part having unequall lines is called dorsum This is more large in a woman than in a man Os pubis or pectinis the share bone it is the fore and middle part The two being one on each side are joyned with a cartilage more loosely in women so that in the time of birth they gape and give way to the infant These with the os sacrum make that cavitie with is called pelvis Wherein the bladder the wombe and some guts are contained Ischion or coxendix is the lower and outward part of os coxae wherein is the cavity which receiveth os semoris The cartilagineous proces of this bone is called supercilium The ends of this bone are further a sunder in women than men and so the pelvis is larger CAP. V. Of the Cannell bone and the shoulder blade THe bones of the trunke are either those of the armes or of the legs The bones of the arme are either above the joynt of the shoulder or under above the joynt are two 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they shut the brest and like a key locke the shoulder blade with the brest bone It is also called ligula the binder os furcale or furcula superior the upper bended bone the cannell bone These two bones one in each side are seated at the top of the brest bone transversly In figure the represent the great Romane S. for they seeme to be framed of two semicircular bones but placed one opposit to another Towards the throat they are arched but below hollow 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it maketh the broadnesse of the shoulder the barbarous authors call it spatula the shoulder blade It leaneth upon the upper ribs towards the back It is almost triangular The outer part is arched the inner hollow That part of the shoulder which is joyned with the clavicula is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or humeri mucro the point of the shoulder The adjutorium is joynted in the superficiall cavity of the neck of this bone CAP. VI. Of the bones of the Arme. THe arme hath three parts the shoulder the elbow and the hand The shoulder hath but one long round and strong bone called os humeri the shoulder bone The upper part of it is joynted with the shoulder blade but the lower part with the two bones of the elbow The Elbow hath two bones 1. Ulna the yard because we measure with it In the upper part it is joyned with the lower part of the shoulder bone In the lower part it is articulat with the wrest by a cartilaginous substance The barbarous authors call this bone focile majus the greater focill 2. Radius the small bone called by the barbarians focile minus the small focill In the midst it is a little parred from ulna betweene which there is a small ligament Above the ulna receiveth Radius but below the Radius receiveth ulna The upper part of this bone is joyned with the outer processe of the shoulder bone but the lower part is joyned with the wrest bone at the greatest finger The upper part of this bone is smaller than the lower quite contrary to the frame of the ulna The hand hath 3. parts 1. Carpus by the Arabians Rasetta the wrest bone It is framed of a cluster of eight bones which have no proper names yet differing in bignesse and figure They are so tied with strong ligaments arising from the processes of ulna and radius that they seeme but one bone First they are cartilages afterward becom spongious bones Of these bones foure are above joynted with ulna and radius but the lower foure are joyned with the bones of Metacarpium Here you are to observe the ring-like ligaments appointed for the safe carrying of the tendons of the muscles which move the fingers The inner strengtheneth the tendons w ch bend the fingers but the outer the tendons which extend 2. Metacarpium the distance between wrest and fingers This hath five bones reckoning amongst these the first of the thumb These bones are joyned with the bones of the wrest by ligaments but with the fingers by articulation They are within hollow and containe marrow About the middle they are a little parted to give way to the muscles called Interossei The fingers have fifteen bones for in each finger there are three And although the first bone of the thumb hath beene reckoned amongst the rasettae yet because it hath a more plyant articulation it serveth for the first bone of the thumb In the bones of the fingers the first is bigger than the second the secoÌ„d than the third About the joynts they are thicker the knobs
of the ribs which ly under the brests for these growing very big they become bony the better to hold them up They are in sundry parts of the body 1. In the head there are foure to wit of the eye-lids nose and eares and the trochlea of the eye 2. In the brest there be three to wit the cartilages of the larynx the small pipes of the wind-pipe dispersed thorow the lungs and cartilago ensiformis 3. The long ribs are joyned to the sternum by cartilages 4. The vertebrae of the back are joyned together by cartilages Last of all sundry are seene in the articulations which are loose and in the conjunction of bones CAP. X. Of a Ligament A Ligament is a similary part without feeling in substance meane betweene a cartilage and a membrane appointed firmly to knit the joynts Of the ligaments some are membranous such are those who inviron the joynts some cartilagineous as those which are betweene the joynts as is seene in the articulation of the thigh-bone with the coxendix Ligaments are to bee found in divers parts of the body 1. The bone of the tongue hath two strong ligaments one on each side Besides on each side it hath round ones by the which it is tyed to the adjacent parts to stay it in the middle of the mouth Secondly the tongue hath a strong membranous ligament in the lower part about the middle of it About the end of it the fraenum is to be seene which if it come to the fore-teeth it hindereth the motion of the tongue and speech Children being so troubled are said to bee tongue-tyed and must have it cut 3. The ligaments which tye the vertebrae of the brest and loynes the ribs with the vertebrae and the ribs with the brest-bone are membranous 4. Sundry are to bee seene in the belly The first tyeth the os ilium to os sacrum The second tyeth the os sacrum to the coxendix The third joyneth the share bones and is cartilaginous The fourth compasseth them circularly and is membranous The fift compasseth the hole of os pubis and is membranous 5. In the arme these appeare 1. Five tye the adjutorium to the shoulder blade 2. The bones of the elbow ulna and radius are tyed first one to another secondly to the shoulder-bone and thirdly to the wrest by membranous ligaments 3. There are two annular ligaments which being transverse direct the tendons which passe to the fingers They are two One in the outside for the tendons of the extending muscles the other in the inner side for the tendons of the contracting muscles 4. The bones of the wrest back of the hand and fingers have membranous ligaments 5. In the leg these may be found out First the thigh-bone is tyed to the Coxendix by two ligaments Secondly the lower end of it is tyed to Tibia and Fibula by six ligaments Thirdly the Tibia is joyned to the Fibula by a membranous ligament Fourthly tibia and fibula are joyned to the ankley by three ligaments Fifthly the ankley is tyed with the bones of the foot by five ligaments Sixthly the bones of the instep and toes are tyed with such ligaments as those are which are seene in the hand An Explication of some termes which are found in Anatomicall authors in the doctrine of bones COtulae or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not Cotyledones acetabula are called deepe cavities in the articulations of the bones If the hollownesse be shallow they are called glenae or glenoides from the forme of the cavities of the eyes which appeare when the eye-lids are shut Epiphysis appendix adnascentia additamentum is called a bone which groweth to the end of another bone It is of a spongious substance and at the first gristly for the most part but in time groweth bony It may bee seene in the shoulder blade both the focils of the legs both at the knee and foot and in the thigh-bone where the rotator magnus is Apophysis in some bones caput in some Cervix in some Tuberculum in some Spina in some mucro is a part of a bone not added but bunching out above the smooth superficies It is also called Ecphysis processus productio extuberantia Supercilia or labra are called the upper brim◠of the cavities of the joynts As for the number of the bones of the body of Man COmmonly they are holden to bee 246. accoding to this distich Adde quater denis bis centum senaque habebis Quà m te multiplici condidit osse Deus The head hath 8. The upper Jaw 11. The lower Jaw one The teeth are 32. sometimes 28. The spina hath 24. Os sacrum hath most commonly 5. The ribs are 24. The brest-bone is composed of 3. The cannell bones are 2. The shoulder blades are 2. The flanck bones are 2. In the armes there are 60. In both the feet 64. Os hyoides of the tongue 1. The small bones of the eares 6. The two great toes have foure great seed bones The number of the small feeed bones is uncertaine If with some Anatomists you reckon twenty foure small seed bones in the two hands and so many in the two feet besides the two great ones of both the great toes If you adde in like manner the two small bones in each ham and the eighth bone in each hand betweene the Carpus and metacarpium and the bony substance annexed to the cuboides in both the feet in old persons you shall have fifty foure more which being joyned to 246. make up 302. expressed thus Ter centum binis compactum est ossibus istud Quod cernis corpus non est quod plura requires If you find one more that breakes no square FINIS The explication of the first Figure 1. The hairy scalp 2. The fore-head 3. The eare 4. The eyes 5. The nose 6 The mouth 7. The chin 8. The temple 9. The cheeke 10. The arme 11. The hand 12. The brest 13. The sides 14. The belly 15. The genitals 16. The thighs 17. The knees 18. The legs 19. The feet The explication of the second Figure 1. The back part of the head 2. The shoulder 3. The elbow 4. The back 5. The buttocks 6. The hams 7. The calies of the legs 8. The ankles 9. The insteps 10. The heele These two Figures are to be placed as they stand in order immediatly after the Title before the first Chapter The explication of the third Figure 1. The musculous skin of the head 2. The muscles of the arme 3. The muscles of the brest 4 The muscles of the belly 5. The muscles of the thigh 6. The muscles of the legs This Figure is to be placed before the first chapter of the Treatise of the Muscles The explication of the fourth Figure 1. The bones of the head 2. The bones of chaine of the back 3. The shoulder-blade 4. The ribs 5. The Os sacrum 6. The thigh bone 7. The bones of the knee 8. The bones of the