〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 intersepire itaque latine dicitur Septum transver sum inter spiritualia naturalia dividens perfectly unless incâ—sing the Ribs you open the Breast in that manner which shall bee spoken of below Of the Septum transversum or Diafragma the Midriff THe parts containing being seen the contained do follow and first is to be seen a Pannicular muscle called Diafragma Secondly the Pannicle Mediastinus Thirdly the Pannicle called Capsula and Receptaculum Cordis the Receptacle of the Heart after those Members shall be seen the Heart and the residue of the parts contained in the Breast I say that within the body between the upper and the middle belly is a certain substance pannicular and fleshy fastned to the Back about the twelfth Spondile which is fastned to the Back toward the fore-part alwaies by the extremities of the false Ribs untill it is terminated and bound to the end of the lower Furcula of the Breast and so it divideth the natural members from the vital and this member is called Septum transversum and Paries and Phrenes and Diafragma and Galen in his Book de Voce Anhclitu calleth it Percordium which is a Muscle and not a Pannicle yet it executeth the office of a Pannicle in defending the Heart and the upper members from the stinking vapours fuming up from the members of nutrition its fleshy part is at the extream parts of it and its Chord is in the center of it united to the Lungs because by that Situation it serveth to move it To this is the Pannicle Pleura fastned throughout toward the upper part and in the same manner the Sifac is fastned to it below it is perforated toward the Back by the Vein Chilis ascending from which there do remain in it two Veins nourishing it one on the right the other on the left the Artery Aorta descending doth also perforate it toward rhe Back and the Gula or Merum which is immediately fastned to the Ventricle toward the Lower Belly It s shape and quantity appear its Substance Colligancy and Situation are spoken of yet it is fastned to the Heart by small Arteries and to the Brain by three pair of Nerves whereof two come from the Nuca and one from the Brain and those appear sometimes notable It s complexion is hot and moist its helps are in part spoken of yet Galen said that in it is the beginning of respiration and of all the strength of the body and these helps hee first found out it helpeth also in expelling from the Stomach and from the Intestines and from the Matrix some matters contained in them it also provoketh laughter according to some by moving the minde in ticklings beside the will It suffereth passions of all sorts its solution is deadly Of the Mediastinus Mediastinus eo quod hunc ventrem mediâ— dividit AFter the Anatomy of the Diafragma cometh the Pannicle Mediastinus so called because it divideth the void places of the Breast in the middle according to the length it hath also other names for the seeing of which first separate the bones of the Breast from the Ribs on the right side and on the left in like manner lest you should hurt the parts contained in the Breast separate also the Diafragma before from the bones of the Breast and you shall observe that Pannicle to divide the Breast from the bottome to the top and from before backward its substance is pannicular its figure and quantity appear its Situation is spoken of in number they are two Pannicles notably distant toward the fore-part having in them a notable hollowness but toward the Back it appeareth one onely it hath Colligancy with the Pleura from which according to some it hath its Original it hath also Colligancy with the Diafragma and with the Back and with the Lungs by means of a Pannicle risen from the Pleura it hath also Colligancy with the Meri witness Avicen and also with the bones of the Breast it hath Colligancy also with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver by Veins its complexion is cold and dry its helps are to divide the Breast and the Lungs through the middle that if hurt should happen to one part it might not happen to the other it also defendeth the upper Furculaes from it there is also a conservation of the heat of the Heart it endureth passions of all sorts Of the Capsula Cordis In qua ut in capsula Cor includitur THe aforesaid things being seen you must put away the formost bones of the Breast separating them from the former part of the Pannicle Mediastinus which leave in its place untill you have seen the Anatomy of the Lungs take away also the tops of the Ribs on both sides that yee may have large room for the seeing of the other parts and in that Section you shall well consider the bones of the Breast and also the Pleura but leave the Diafragma whole where you can fastned in its place especially to the Back that the Nerves coming to it from above may bee seen and that the Colligancy of the Gula or Meri with it might bee seen Those things being taken away you shall see the Lungs in the middle whereof is one Pannicle fastned to the Mediastinus which is hard and gross that it might the better defend the Heart from outward things the shape whereof is even as the Bowel contained of it called the Heart which is hollow and like a Pouch and therefore it is called Capsula a little Coffer in which there is the Heart it self and water in a notable quantity bedewing it and hindring lest it should bee dried up by its strong heat which if it be exhaust there is caused Morbus Cardiacus or the passion of the Heart whereby a living creature is brought to a consumption as it hapned to Galens Ape this Capsula is very sensible and perhaps was perfectly bred at the first with the Heart It s substance situation shape and helps have been spoken of in number it is one its quantity appeareth it is fastned to the pannicular roots of the Heart and to the Pleurs and Mediastinus and Diafragma by their Pellicles to the Liver by Veins to the Heart by Arteries to the Brain by Nerves its native complexion is cold and dry but influent hot because it is next the Heart it suffereth paâ—sions of all sorts Leave in their place the aforesaid Capsula and Mediastinus and Diafragma untill you have seen the Anatomy of the descending Nerves which as they descend to the lower belly do send branches to the aforesaid Members as it shall be spoken hereafter Of the Heart Cor a Cura quia in eo omnis sollicitude scientiâ—â—ausa manet AFter the Capsula the Heart doth occur in the Anatomy of which and also of the Lungs and of some parts of the Head and Neck I will proceed more largely by
made it both easie for any to be had and by the vulgâ—â— to be understood I crave your excuse for this freedom both in commending the Author and informing the Reader that hee bee not mislead as also to adde that I suppose the word Colligancy may in some places be read continuation or connexion or communion without wrong to the Authors sense but in all shall willingly submit and so conclude Feb. â—4 1659 60. Tho. Wharton De Libello Jacobi Berengarii 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Anagr. Jacobus Berengarius Vis Cibare Bonus ager â—nè cibare vâ—â—is loquitur Jacobus adesto Est bonus inquit ager qui bene pascit oves 〈◊〉 Barengarius duro percussit aratro Fructus distribuit pauperis auxilio Henricus Jackson 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Errata FOl. 77. for quantiby read quantiâ—â— f. 80. for different Vessels r. deferent Vessels f. 108. for cancrenated r. caneerated f. 114. for on the upper part it containeth the Natural members and on the lower the Vital c. r. for on the upper part it containeth the Vital members and on the lower the Natural f. 223. for of Mundinus is called inâ—â—sivi r. are called incisivi f. 24â— for endimious r. endemious f. 249. for and first it is to be noted r. and first is to be noted f. 263. for from which the voyce and conservatâ—â—â— of life reboundeth r. from which the voyce reboundeth and it is a conservation of life f. 309. for concur r. occur f. 313. for safety and such like r. â—â—fâ—â—ti and such like A Brief and Practical ANATOMY THis Work hath two Parts the first handleth things Universal the second things Particular the first â—oth according to the opinions of â—ome denote Anatomia to be deâ—ived of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Greek word which â—n Latine signifieth per and surâ—um through upward a thing â—ruly equal and right and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—hich is divisio or sectio a division â—r section as it were a right diviâ—ion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Declarat etiam aequalem quandam distributionem Vi. Scap. through or about the parts But by a truer interpretation 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in composition amongst the â—est signifieth a certain enquiry â—ade through all the parts whereupon in composition of this word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is incido to incise it signifieth in singulas partes seco that is to make incision into every part to the end that we may know what and how many they be and although it may seem reason that every thing should bee spoken of what parts it hath yet use hath obtained this that it bee spoken of Animals and especially of men Therefore Anatomia or Anatome Anatomy is a division of all the parts of a living Creature that wee may know their Substance Quantity Number Figure the Situation and Colligancy of them and Colligantia from Colligo as is such an affinity of the parts as is by being tied or fastned to one another all these are in dead bodies and therefore Galen said in his Book of the Constitution of the Art of healing I think it were necessary for â—â— when we intend this Art not only to know the parts and their composition but their operations also and in this Physicians do differ from Builders for they doe only know the parts and compositions of Houses whereof none hath operation because it is not a living Creature but by Physicians of the members of man insomuch as he is a living Creature operations are to bee sought and because that in a living man and not in a dead there are Operations Complexions and Passions so that these three being added to the other six there are in a real Anatomy those aforesaid nine things to be considered But because we must begin from the whole as being best known First some dead body being laid with his face upward in a place fit for dissection demonstration being before washed the hairs shaved and very well cleansed from filth even from the head to the feet we must know that the body is divided into four parts that is into three notable Bellies and the extreams to wit the hands and the feet with some others The first part being the Head is Testa an earthen pot called in Latine Caput quia ibi sâ—nsus initium capiunt because the Senses take their beginning there in which the Animal members are contained and this is called the highest Belly The second part is a Cavity between the ribs and the bones annexed to them in which there are principally the Spiritual or Vital members and some others and this is called Pectus and Cassus the brest and the middle belly The third part is the hollowness which is within the Abdomen and part of the Back underneath the Septum transversum otherwise Diafragma and goeth down before unto the Pecten and behind unto the Anus in which the Nutritive members and also the Generative are partly contained and this is called the lower belly The fourth part is the whole residue of the body as the neck the hands and the feet and parts that belong unto them Of the Anatomy of the lower Belly THe universal part being seen I come to the particular in which the Work-man must begin his incision from the lower belly wherein there are many members first to be Anatomised and cast away lest if they bee left behind they should hinder the rest of the body by their putrefaction and evil savour Therefore let this Belly be considered according to the nine aforesaid conditions and first for the Substance which is diverse as well according to the parts Containing as the parts Contained the Substance of the parts Contained will appear in its place but the Substance of the parts Containing in the former and lateral part is Pannicular and Musculous that it may bee fit for Constriction and Dilatation because of impregnation and food and the like There is also notable fatness in these parts in a fat Body but in a lean body little and sometimes none at all and fatness is not properly a member but increasing and diminishing as a superfluity nevertheless profitable But the hinder substance of this belly is fleshy musculous bony and also somewhat membranous It s Quantity and Figure are apparent its Situation and place is under the belly of the Vital members the Septum transversum being between and it beginneth from the lower furcula of the Brest and from the bounds of the five lower Ribs on both sides and goeth unto that part in which the body is divided into two parts by the great Feet to which it is fastned The great fooâ— is the whole thigh leg and foot from the groyn downward it hath Colligancy with the Brain by means of the Nerves and with the Heart by means of the Arteries and with the middle Belly by some Muscles the Colligancy that it hath with the Liver and with the members of Generation is sufficiently
enter into them and you shall see in this Figure how the Mouth of the Matrix is above the Neck which Mouth is that Hole which you see above the Neck of the Matrix The third Figure of the Matrix YOu have in the Belly of this Figure the Matrix opened in which you see some black pricks shewing the Heads of the Veins which are called Cotilidones You have besides the Matrix turned in without the Belly and it is that Figure over which you see the Finger a token of the present Figure and in the bottome of the Matrix is a certain depression as you see which is that that distinguisheth the right side from the left neither may there another division bee found in the Matrix and them black pricks are the Cotilidones and you see how the Neck of the Matrix is without Cotilidones and you see how the Neck is like to a mans Yard The fourth Figure of the Matrix BEcause things ten times repeated are wont to please you have here two other figures of the Matrix whereof one is turned in in which you see how in the Receptacle throughout are many black prints betokening so many Cotilidones which nevertheless are not in the Neck in the other you see the natural Matrix with the Testicles and Spermatical vessels and the horny Ligaments with which it is fastned to the Anchae you see also the Neck and Mouth through which the Menstrues and the young one go forth and the seed of man entreth in Of the Anatomy of the Middle Belly THe aforesaid things being seen dissect the Middle belly in which are the Vital members with which also for the better orders sake you shall see some members of the former part of the Neck and some parts of the Face within and without before the upper Belly be Anatomized The Parts first to bee seen are the Members of the Breast which is called Cassus Clibanum and of some Thorax for in that are parts containing and contained And of the parts containing as in the Lower belly some are common some proper and some more proper The parts common are all the parts compassing the emptiness of the Breast whereof some are bcfore some on the sides and some behinde But in that Belly neither is it so in the Belly of the Natural members are placed the upper parts neither are the lower determined by them as in the Upper belly because the parts before on the sides and behind in the Belly of the Natural members are united and do make the lower part of that and in like manner make the upper part of this Belly for this is terminated in its upper part but that in its lower part as in a point and this is compassed about of the aforesaid parts above and that below But the Septum transversum or Diafragma doth mediate between them and maketh the uppermost part of the lower Belly and the lowermost of the upper but because the Septum transversum is common to both Bellies therefore it is not properly and determinately put for any containing part of the aforesaid Bellies but Authours do place it among the parts contained nevertheless it is a part contained and containing and it is called contained in as much as it is within the hollowness of the body and it is containing because on the upper part it containeth the Natural members and on the lower the Vital I say therefore that the coâ—mon part of the Middle belly before and on the sides is calâ—â—d Pectus but the hinder part is called Summum dorsi the top of the Back and they that place the Neck with the Back do name this middle part of the Belly the middle of the Back But the parts proper some also are before some on the sides and some behinde those which are before are commonly appointed three to wit an upper a lower and a middle The upper is a place where immediately under the Neck are joyned together two Bones both of them reaching side-waies toward the Shoulders called the two Lateral Furculaes and this part is named the upper Furcula taking its name from its figure and place taking up a little room especially in the length of the Breast and this place of some is called Jugulum and Clavis Immediately under that is the middle Isido vi Rider de pectore part properly called Pectus so called Quia pexa est inter Eminentes Mamillarum partes because it is hairy between the Eminent parts of the Teats and this part is downward from the first aforesaid part almost as far as the Septum transversum in length but in breadth as much as is the breadth of the bones of the Breast the Ribs excepted But the lower part is the place where the aforesaid bones of the Breast are terminated about the Region of the Septum transversum and because those bones reach on the Sides making likewise a Fork therefore this place is called the lower Furcula in the middle of which is Cartilago scutalis called Pomum granatum because it is like to a part of the Balaustium that is of the flower of the Pomgranate But the lateral parts are termed the Ribs and the Sides and the Region of the Teats But the posteriour parts some are in the middle and some on the Sides those in the middle are called Interscapilium Metaphrenon Noton those on the sides are called Scapulae Spatulae Scapilium but some do call the lateral parts with those in the middle Metaphrenon Noton But the parts more proper some are also before some on the sides and some behinde Those which are before are first the Skin the Fat some muscles the bones and Cartilages and the Pannicle Pleura But the lateral parts are the Skin the Fat the substance of the Teats many Muscles Ribs and also the Pannicle Pleura Last of all are the parts behinde to wit the Skin some fat flesh musculous and some simple not musculous filling up certain Vacuities of the bones twelve Spondiles of the Ribs or of the Breast and the Pannicle Pleura The parts contained are the muscle Diafragma called Septum transversum which according to some is to be numbred among the parts contained of the Breast in as much as its principal operation is to serve the Heart by reason of its motion by which it moveth the Lungs there is after that the Pannicle Mediastinus Capsula Cordis the Heart with his Artery Aorta and the Lungs with their Vessels the Vena Chilis ascending the Nerves descendent and the ascendent which are called Reversivi the Glandule called Timum Morum the Gula that is the passage for the meat from the mouth to the Ventricle with the Pannicles covering the aforesaid Members The substance of this Belly is pellicular fat bony cartilagineous musculous and pannicular The Bones of it are not united as in the Head but divided that the Breast might bee obedient to the motion of breathing and therefore for
its motion there are muscles in it Galen said 7 de Utilit If the Breast were made of muscles onely they would fall upon the Heart and Lungs that therefore there might bee some space between and that in like manner the whole Organ might be moved the muscles are placed to the Bones by course This Belly called Pectus is great in quantity because it serves many and great members yet it hath a greater hollowness behinde than before the beginning whereof toward the hinder part is from the first Spondiles under the Neck unto the Septum transversum as much as twelve Ribs contain but before it taketh up onely the part contained between the upper Furcula and the lower inclusively In a man the Breast is broad not carinated as in the greater part of Beasts yet it is broader in a man than in a woman but for the bearing of the young the lower Belly is greater in a woman than in a man and for this reason the Region of the Reins of the bone Sacrum and the Ancharum in a woman is very large The Shape and Number and Situation of the Breast appears but the inward concavity of it is like to the hollowness of half an Egge cut obliquely through the breadth the part whereof is sharper toward the Neck it is also like to the nail of an Oxes hoof as is the figure of the Lungs It hath Colligancy with the whole body its complexion is according to its parts its native complexion actuated through influence is hot the helps of it are principally to keep the Heart and the Lungs it suffers passions of all sorts Mamilla diminut â—x Mamma quae ex voâ—e infant um dicitur ut etiam Papilla ex voâ—e Pappas Of Mamillae or the Teats IN the former part of the Breast toward the sides are two round Members taking their name Mamilla from their * The Author taketh Mamilla from Mamillana a kinde of Figs like Dugs Figure called of the Ancients Rumae In the middle of each of them there is one little Knob which is called Papilla through which the Infant feeds about which there is a Circle which is red or roset and sometimes black called in Greek Fos. The substance of these is of Veins Arteries and Nerves between which there is a hollowness which glandulous flesh doth fill up being white without sense and by reason of its whiteness when blood staieth in them it is made white and is turned into Milk and the Teats turn blood to whiteness and make Milk as the Liver turneth Chilus into redness and maketh it blood for every one of them turneth the humour in them contained to its own likeness in nature and colour of this blood being made white the one part nourisheth the Teats and the other is Milk and this is a profitable superfluity Unto the Teats do come their Veins and Arteries descending from the Region of the Armpits about the Ribs and also from the Region of the Pecten do come Veins through the Abdomen which you have kept above those Veins and Arteries do best appear in a body very lean but in a fat they are hidden but they are very well seen in a Faetus of three or four moneths The number of the Teats and the quantity appear yet they are greater in a woman than in a man for the ingendring of Milk their Situation is in the Breast because it is broad not carinated in which thâ—y may fitly bee placed and also because the superfluity of the Members above passeth not into Hairs neither into the Teeth nor into the Horns as in brute Beasts They have Colligancy with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver and Matrix by Veins but they receive the greatest part of the blood from the Matrix of which the Milk is made therefore those that give suck have not their Menstrues unless seldome and few and in those that have not their Menstrues in due time their Teats swell also the Teats do swell and are pained a little before the time of the Menstrues because the Matrix and the Veins therewith united are full The helps of them in a man are for comeliness and for the defence of the Members of the Breast and they reverberate heat to the Heart and sometime there is Milk made in a man by reason of the abundance of Nutriment especially in one that hath great and strong Teats in a woman they have also the aforesaid helps but they are principally for the ingendring of Milk that the new-born Childe might bee nourished therewith untill it can swallow solid meat and Milk is a proportioned nutriment for the new-born Childe because it is made of blood by which it was first nourished in the womb they suffer diseases of all sorts Of the Muscles of the Pectus quasi pactus quod ex costis quae veluti firmamentum pectoris sunt compactum aut pactinatum fit Gasp Baubinus Breast THe aforesaid things being seen and noted you may excoriate the Skin of the whole Breast leaving the muscles in their place and incise the Teats that you may see their substance especially their flesh in which are Veins and Arteries dispersed throughout and ye shall observe the * Papilla nipples to have very many small holes from which the Milk goeth out at which holes according to some the extremities of the aforesaid Veins are terminated through which the Milk goeth forth and according to others the Milk goeth forth from the Spongiosities of the flesh of the Teat terminated at the holes of the Nipple and not immediately from the Veins both of them are probable These being seen you shall note in the Breast many muscles which move the Breast voluntarily although the Breast may also bee moved naturally to wit according to the motion of the Heart and Lungs as wee have said in our Commentaries whereof some are without some between the Ribs and some within the Breast Of those without there are two under the upper Furculaes continual with the first Rib which do reach to the head of the Spatula and with them are united one other pair whereof every odd is doubling the first pair and making it into two parts the upper part whereof is continued to the Neck and moveth that but the lower moveth the Breast and this pair is continued with one pair which is continual with the fifth and sixth Rib. After that is another pair in the hollowness of the Spatula continued with one pair coming from the Spondiles even unto the Spatula and all they are as it were one pair which are continued with the hinder Ribs After that is another pair risen from the sixth Spondile of the Neck and from the first and second upper Spondile of the Breast continued with the same Ribs and all those muscles do diâ—â—te the Breast After that there is one other pair extended under the roots of the upper Ribs which descending is united with
growing alwayes less descendeth to all the parts of it even unto the Pannicle inclusively envolving it from the Faringa or Epiglottis through the foremost part of the Neck united to the Gula this is hard and alwayes open and also bigger than the rest and it is compounded of very many Cartilagea each whereof is united one near to the other by pannicular ligaments and this is called Trachea and Aspera arteria and Laringa and Bronchium its Cartilages in the Lungs are entire and also annilar but in the Neck they are incompleat and in the manner of a C. From their Magnitude and Figure it is judged in the Hawkings of them whether there bee Ulcers in the extream parts of the Lungs or in the middle or in the neck Between these Cartilages and in all the Trachea within and without there is a Pannicle of a mean substance perfectly circular fastned to the jawes and mouth in which are Vills lengthning and â—â—ortning the Trachea in the motions of the Lungs The helps of this Pannicle is also to defend those Cartilages from the going in of extraneal things it is also a pacifier of the voyce in the going out This Pipe doth not carry bloud as others but only Air also by this alone the unnatural things contained in the brest are purged out having entred into it in the time of the dilatation of the Lungs by the thin Pannicle involving it therefore is there caused an expulsion of Sanies and other unnatural things to the mouth and without the Heart not being troubled This Pipe also possesseth a middle situation among the rest on the right side of it is the quiet Vein but on the left side the Pulsant Vein but the Pulsant Vein toward the former parts without the Heart doth immediately enter into the substance of the Lungs lest by reason of the motion of it because it is subtile it should receive solution but the Vein not pulsant because it is double-coated and strong doth not immediately enter the Lungs but first compassing about the Trachea it also entreth the Lungs reaching toward the hinder parts In this Bowel onely the pulsant Vein hath not without cause changed substance with the not pulsant for the Vein not pulsant called Arterial in other members is single in the Lungs double-coated first lest it should bee broken by the continual motion thereof seconâ—ly that it might also contain subtile blood nourishing the flesh of the Lungs and also the Trachea But the pulsant Vein called the venal Artery is of a single coat nimble in motion that it might obey dilatation and constriction in a short space this bringeth Ayr to the Heart and carrieth it out in it also there is spiritual blood nourishing the Lungs as some would have it but it is rather giving it life its branches are united or joyned together with the branches of the Trachea through which the Lungs giveth Ayr to the Heart but the Heart not being unthankfull giveth life and nutrition unto that The branches of this Vein are so narrow that the blood cannot pierce through them to the Trachea and therefore they are passable to the Ayr but impassable to the blood but if they be notably opened the blood floweth from them to the Trachea and perhaps as some would have it from the branche â—f the Vein not pulsant blood also floweth into the Trachea whereby is caused spitting of blood without the solution of the Veins of the Breast nevertheless the pulsant Vein is more apt to this Every one of the aforesaid vessels in their first entrance of the Lungs is divided into five branches always growing less throughout all the parts thereof and multiplying their branches two are in the left side and three on the right whereof one less than the rest goeth to the little Lobe on the right side cleaving more to the Back which as wee said before is a Coverlet to the Chilis ascending The shape of the Lungs is like unto an Oxes hoof in number some think that they are two members united into one in such wise that it appeareth one Lung with five Lobes divided into two like parts that one being hurt the other might remain firm in the hinder part it is longer than before following the situation of the Midriff in number it is one the quantity of it the situation and colligancy appear its complexion is hot from the part of its contents and place but by accident because of the Flegms remaining iâ— it it is cold its helps are to serve the Heart by preparation and carrying it serveth also to the breathing and to the voice and in like manner to speech and its little Lobe serveth to the Chilis ascending it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of some parts of Collum ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membrum â— secundum eminentiam quia capitis basis aut fulcrum alii a colle quia ascendit ab humeris collis more the Neck and of the pulsant and quiet Veins inclusively ascending from the Liver and the Heart even unto the Head and Hands THe aforesaid things being seen in the Section of parts the Trachea should first occurre and the Epiglottis and also the Gula nevertheless these for the present cannot well be seen unless the Anatomy of the Neck and some parts of the Face be set before which being seen wee will speak of the parts aforesaid the Lungs therefore being dispatched reserve some of the upper fleshy part of it for the seeing of the Trunck of the Trachea Arteria laying aside the rest except the fifth Lobe of it which cleaveth to the Back keep also a certain glandule neer unto it which is called morum and timum that the situation of the Chilis and the ascendent Artery upon these may be seen to which these two members are a coverlet you shall also keep the Heart and its Capsula and the Pannicle Mediastinus and the Stomach and also the Midriff for the enquiring of other things of them Those things being kept for better orders sake I come first unto the speech of the Neck and I term the Neck to be an Organical member noble and very necessary to a man for the members contained in it which witness Aristotle 3 de partibus Cap. 3. is made for the Trachea serving to the Lungs and for the Gula But Galen in his eighth book de juvamentis Cap. 1. saith that it is principally for the Lungs because creatures wanting a Neck want Lungs as Fishes but he addeth that the Neck is the way of those members which descend from above downward of â—hem which ascend from below upward those which descend are the Nerves the Gula some muscles and the Nuca but the ascending are the pulsant Veins and the quiet and the Nuca is contained of the Spondiles that it may bee safe from outward hurts and that hollowness which is between the parts of the Veins and Arteries is filled by glandules remaining
there and all those are kept of their Coverings and Ligaments after that they are all covered with the Skin and that which is compounded of all those is the Neck which is placed for the Cane of the Lungs by which is made the voice and breathing also the Neck in some creatures is instead of a Hand because they take their meat from the earth by the help of the Neck by reason of the length of their feet But of this sort the Neck serves for the Cane of the Lungs and by means of it the Nerves do reach to the Arms and to the Hands and to the Diafragma and to other members the Nuca being their guide and therefore for the Original of the Nerves were the Spondiles placed between the Breast and the Head of which the Neck is compounded These things Galen speaketh which nevertheless saith not whether the Trachea ascend or descend and although hee may say that the Gula doth descend yet perhaps it doth ascend neither can its descent bee proved more than its ascent neither of the Trachea because they have not a manifest beginning as Veins and Arteries and as Nerves Wee may therefore say for the present that the Neck is taken for that part upon which the Head is sustained and turned which serveth to the upper Belly to the middle and also to the lower by means of Nerves descending from the Brain and from the Nuca the situation of which is before from the upper Furculaes of the Breast and behinde from the upper Spondile of the Ribs and on the sides from above the Shoulders unto the bone of the Head called Basillare and commonly the hinder part of it is called Cervix of which shall bee spoken somewhere else but the former part is called Collum and because this member is principally for the Trachea it shall bee the nobler oâ— these parts for the nobility oâ— which the Anatomy of the Neck is to bee placed with it and because the Trachea is a part of the Lungs which is of the more principal parts of the middle Belly spoken of before therefore the Anatomy of the Neck for the present commeth with the Anatomy of the middle Belly This part named Trachea is called of many Guttur and Faringa although Faringae according to some are the Veins which do swell in great voices and those Veins are called of Celsus Granges and Fragitides and of some Sfragitides and those Veins with the Arabians are called Guidez and Apopleticae and Somni and of some Pensiles and Spermatici and Juveniles and Jugulares and â—anicae and of Galen in libro de â— part they are called Fagotiâ— because they are near unto â— passageâ— of the meat and of â—e Carotides or Somni but Celâ— calleth the Arteries onely that â—ain there Carotidas called so of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is Somnus sleep â—ecause according to some for â—he most part there is an opilation made in the branches of those Arteries causing sleep and also the Apoplexy And of those Veins there is on both sides one immediately under the Skin which is commonly called Guidez manifesta also on both sides under some notable muscles of the Neck is one Vein which is called Guidez occulta and Profunda the hidden and deep Guidez which is fellow to the Artery Carotida With those profound Veins and Arteries there is on both sides assotiated one Nerve of a notable greatness which is called Descendens from which do arise on both sides the Reversives of all which speech shall be made â—â—tle below Also the former part of â— Neck is called of some Jugâ— and of some Gula althougâ—â— well because Gula is the pâ— of meats and drinks and â—gulum is that part which is imâ—â—diately above the upper Furâ—â—laes of the Breast nevertheleâ— some call the aforesaid Furculaâ—â— Jugulum and Clavis and Clidâ—â— and Clidia the extreamity oâ— these Furculaes toward the Spatulaes is called Epomis but the other part toward the middle of the Breast is called Parasâ—â—gis The aforesaid things being noted the Anatomy of the muscles moving the Neck and Head should occurre after the Skin but wee cannot have the perfect demonstration of them unless the Anatomy of those Nerves Veins and aforesaid Arteries should bee destroyed therefore wee will bee silent of these referring the Readers to Galen and to Avicen and â—er Authours for these musâ—â—e many in number and di◠〈◊〉 placed and therefore they 〈◊〉 be seen with diligence 〈◊〉 finding out of which you 〈◊〉 attend to them onely be◠〈◊〉 â—hey are Anatomized with â—culty and for this Galen 12 â—â—l part Cap. 8. where hee â—eth of these muscles said â—oncerneth him to be diligently â—re-exercised who studies cerâ—inly to follow these things here â—oken of he saith also in the same â—lace that speech only is not suffiâ—nt in Anatomy but there is reâ—red touching and seeing and â—refore let there be refuge to the â—foresaid Authours because wee should attend to the Neck and Head onely in which are many muscles as well about the Spondiles as elsewhere which in a common Anatomy cannot bee seen For the Head by means of the Neck with its bones and musâ—les hath many motions whereâ—â— some witness Avicen prima partitione primi libri are propâ— to the Head and some commâ— to it and to the five Spondiles â— the Neck by which there iâ— compound motion of the decliâ—tion of the Head and Neck toâ—ther and those motions doe â—ther bow forward or backwaâ— or on the right or on the â—â— and between them is a motion â— conversion or turning about aâ—â— those muscles are many and great because the Position of them is of many shapes and also because they have great and almost continual motions therefore Galâ—â— in the place afore said 〈◊〉 they compass about the Head â— every side which they move unâ— any part that you would decliâ— it concerning the number â— them there is discord betweâ— Avicen and some of his Companâ—ons contrarying him Therefore the enquiry of them being partly left alone incise the skin from the sides of the neck laying bare the lateral and anteriour muscles above which iâ—mediately under the skin you shall note the Vein Guidez manifesta which you reserved unhurt after that incise those great Muscles descending obliquely from the eaâ—s even unto the upper Furculaes towards the middle of the Breast under which on both sides is one Glandule to the form as it were of an Almond which is filling the empty places there remaining between the Veins and Arteries about the lower part of the Epiglottis and therefore it is called Aequatrix partium colli the equal divider of the parts of the Neck which also it moystneth in necessities you shall also observe under those glandules on both sides one notable Vein Guiâ—ez and in like manner one Artery fellow to it which are called Occultae and Apopleticae many names of which are spoken of above Neer unto the aforesaid Arteries and Veins you
shall also note one Nerve on both sides compounded of many Fibers these Nerves are called descending and the reversive Nerves doe spring from these of which a fair enquiry shall be made below Keep those Nerves and 〈◊〉 branches of the aforesaid Arâ—â—â—â— and either Vein to wit the â—â—den and the manifest untill thâ—â— you have seen the Veins and Aâ—teries ascending from the Heart and from the Liver even unto that place for the seeing of which the Work-man may return back again about the region of the gibbous part of the Liver and there hee will note a great trunk of the Vein Chilis ascending which in its ascension first perforateth the Midriff and there sendeth forâ—â— many little Veins on both sidâ—â— whereof two doe feed the Midâ—â— but the rest doe nourish the lower ribs and the members near unto them But a very great branch of it ascending reacheth even unto the Heart being every way loose without an Artery fellow to it and by that branch the gibbous part of the Liver is vented and perhaps vivified This branch is divided into three parts one whereof much less than the rest entreth about the roots of the Heart and is dispersed through the substance thereof and nourisheth it Another bigger than the rest is united to the right mansion of the Heart and bringeth bloud very plentifully to it From that branch according to some that Vein called Arterialis which nourisheth the Lungs taketh its original but of these Veins wee have spoken somewhat in the Section of the Heart The third Branch of the aforesaid which is also notable ascendeth also above from the region of the Heart under which is a certain glandulous flesh called Morum and Timum and this together with the fifth lobe of the Lungs which cleaveth to the back is as wee have said before a Mattresse or Bed to the aforesaid Branch ascending even unto the highest Furcula of the Breast where this Vein is parted into two branches reaching transverse towards the Spatulaes on the right side and on the left in that same manner also doth the great Artery called Aorta Ascendens reach transversly toward the Sâ—â—tulaes and that you may the better see those Veins and Arteries lay aside the upper Furcula yet warily lest you loosen the members near unto them Those things being dispatched you must see the aforesaid Veins and Arteries noting first that every one of them is divided into two Branches one whereof as well of the Vein as Artery ascendeth by the Neck on both sides towards the Head from which doe arise all the Veins of the Neck called Guidez which you shall keep to be better seen afterwards Another Branch also on both sides is divided into five parts one of them nourisheth the upper Ribs and one the place of the Spatulaes and one the deep muscles of the Neck and one penetrateth in the upper Spondiles of the Neck and from thence passeth to the Head and the branches of the pulsant Vein do associate them Another branch greater than all the aforesaid five reacheth to the Axilla or Armpit and this is divided into four parts one of them is spread in the muscles placed above the Breast which move the Spatulaes and one entteth in the loose flesh and in certain Pannicles of the Axillaes and one goeth from the upper part of the Breast about the Teats descending toward the Abdomen and this according to some nourisheth them and in part carrieth the matter of milk to them and this as wee have said elsewhere is coupled in the Abdomen with a Vein ascending from the Inguina and from the Matrix to the Teats and of that branch Galen speaketh in 14 de utilit part cap. 8. saying That from the Thorax do reach Veins to the Hypocondria and to the whole Epigastrion and are coupled with Veins which are carried from the lower parts to the Matrix having Colligancy that when the living creature is increased in the Matrix they might bring in the nourishment for it which being born theâ— puff up the Teats again wherefore it hapneth that the Menstrues and to give suck cannot well be together But another branch greater than the aforesaid is divided on both sides into three branches one reacheth to the muscles which are in the Spatulaes and one to the muscles of the Axillaes but another bigger than the aforesaid reacheth by a neer part toward the Adjutorium and this goeth unto the little hand this branch is called Asellaris and Basillica which being flebotomized helpeth in diseases of the Breast by reason of its neer Colligancy unto the true Ribs and to the whole Breast this Vein is also called of the Vulgar the Liver vein because it is neerer to it than the Cephalica But of the first branches which I spake that you should keep from which are made the Guidez there ascendeth on both sides one and before they do much ascend â—hey are divided into two parts on both sides one of them is called Guidez manifesta the manifest Guidez because it is neer unto the Skin easily apt to bee seen which in one living swelleth in a strong voice but the other because it is below some muscles is called Guidez profunda submersa the deep and overwhelmed Guidez And indeed the manifest Guidez presently when it ascendeth above the Furcula is divided into two parts on both sides whereof one ascendeth but the other is involved about the Furcula from which do arise many branches nourishing the parts neer unto them and some of those branches do again ascend and are united again with the aforesaid first branch of the manifest Guidez but before they are united one notable branch reacheth to the Spatula and by the outside under the Skin of the Adjutory is terminated even unto the little hand and this is called Spatularis Humeralis and Cephalica because it helpeth the Head by reason of the neer Colligancy that it hath with its Guidez that nourisheth the Head but of that Vein Cephalica and also of Basilica and of the Artery fellow to it it shall be spoken more amply in the particular Anatomy of the great and little Hand And the aforesaid manifest Guidez on both sides notable is immediately under the Skin above the muscles of the Neck which with its branches doth nourish the upper and lower Mandible and the Tongue and the Head ascending on the outside about the Ears And some would have that those branches of the manifest Guidez which are about the Ears should be called Venae Spermaticae because they say that the Sperm cometh by them from the Brain and they are moved from the sayings of Hippocrates in his Book de aere aqua which saith that whosoever have the Veins behinde the Ears cut they are altogether deprived of all Generation nevertheless there are some that think that such Veins are from the branches of the profound Guidez which nourish the muscles remaining between the first and second
Spondile of the Neck and some which say that Hippocrates did understand by the Veins the very Arteries because they are more fit for good Sperm than the Veins nevertheless Hippocrates saith in the same place that Sperm also cometh from the whole and Avicen 20 tertii cap. 3. saith that Galen knew not whether the incision of these Veins may cause barrenness to incurre or no nevertheless he said but it seemeth to mee that it doth not matter that the Sperm should bee of the Brain onely although the nourishing of it be of the Brain nevertheless it is gathered by the good Anatomy of the Spermatick vessels that the incision of these Veins behinde the Ears maketh not barren by reason of the Sperm descending by them nevertheless those Veins being cut may weaken the Brain so that it may not duly send the Animal spirit for conception and this the profound Guidez may rather do than the manifest and the Arteries may rather do this than the Veins because they are the carriers of the Spirit but either is possible But the profound Guidez on both sides neer to the Meri or Gula ascendeth below the aforesaid muscles which you cut and in its ascent sendeth forth branches nourishing the Gula and the muscles of the Faringa they also nourish the muscles remaining between the first and second Spondile of the Neck from which according to some the Spermatick Veins recited of Hippocrates do arise which are behinde the Ears of which there is yet a controversie They also nourish the Pericranium ascending by it from the bottom even unto the top of the Head and there by perforating the Cranium they descend to the Dura and Pia Mater carrying nourishment to them Also from the aforesaid profound Vein doth arise one branch on both sides piercing the bone Basilare in the direct of the commissure Lambda and being born up of the Dura Mater it ascendeth even unto the top of the Head and from that in the same place do go forth many branches through the pores of the Skull which also do nourish the Pericranium nevertheless the greater part of the aforesaid branches ascending within the Skull with the Dura Mater do pass into the Pia Mater with which also do pass some branches of the aforesaid manifest Guidez piercing the Skull on the top of the Head from the outward to the inward part and from hence they pass to the substance of the Brain and nourish that Also some of the aforesaid Branches in the direct of the Commissure Sagittalis and Lambda doe enter into the Dura mater being doubled in that place and this place is as it were a presse of which the bloud is pressed out from the aforesaid Veins into a certain large place being near there towards the outside which is called Platea Fovea Palmentum and Lacuna about which Platea are certain Veins sucking the bloud pressed out into it which out of the same doe nourish the center of the Brain and all those Veins within the skull together with the Arteries are those of which it is rightly called Secundina and otherwise it is called Pia Mater But the aforesaid Arteries called Carotides being in the Neck near to the Veins Guidez and the descendent Nerves ascending on the sides of the Neck on both sides doe reach with some Branches dispersing here and there before and also behind and to the Tongue and to the upper Mandibles and the lower and in the whole face and in the hinder part of the Head and some notable ones about the Ears in the Temples doe reach with their Branches to the top of the Head and some also reaching to the muscles about the common juncture are spread abroad to the Neck and to the Head where there is a great hole from which the spinal Marrow goeth forth it may bee from those branches Hippocrates said that Sperm descendeth from the Brain because the Ancients did call the Arteries also Veins and therefore Avicen said twenty tertii that these Veins were continued to the Nuke that they might not bee farre off from the Brain in which there is light milkey bloud which goeth first to the Reins forthwith after that to the Veins reaching to the Testicles and one notable Branch of these Arteries on both sides pierceth the bone Bafilare toward the former part and is united to the Pia Mater giving life to the Brain and carrying spirit to the Ventricles thereof From that Branch ascended on both sides immediately above this bone Basilare according to the Hinges of Physick is made the Retentirabile which is according to them of a notable magnitude which is before behind and on the sides And the aforesaid Veins nourishing the Brain in their ascent must bee sustained of some solid body as is the Pericranium and Dura Mater because they cannot ascend by themselves for their single and soft coat and the bloud in them is more apt to descend than to ascend because it is heavie But the Arteries are not joyned to any solid body but standing by themselves do ascend too within the Skull because they are double coated and hard And it was not necessary that they should ascend and afterwards turn their heads downward as the Veins because their bloud is light and more apt for ascending than descending Yet you shall better see the branches of those Veins and also of some Arteries in the Anatomy of the Members following The substance of Veins and Arteries hath been spoken of in another place their complexion is judged from the composition of them their shape is known they have Colligancy with the whole body their bigness is also known they are bigger in one body than in another But the situation of many of them is often varied in number they are unperceiveable because many of them are hidden their helps are to feed all the members they also suffer passions of all sorts but there often hapneth to them a streightned opilation caused from the fulness of bloud which if it bee made in the branches of the Veins Guidez there always followeth profundity of sleep the Apoplexie and extream suffocation That Vein Guidez is sometimes flebotomized yet seldome in our Region and Age its incision helpeth the Leprosie not confirmed and in a strong squinancy in a sharp Astma in straightness of breathing in hoarsness of voice caused by super-abounding of blood in an Apostume of the Lungs for evacuation and diversion sake for the antecedent cause in the beginning and augmentation nevertheless this incision of the Veins Guidez is to bee made by a learned hand with a Flebm or Lancet having some Obstacle neer the point lest all the sides of the Vein be opened for these Veins are slippery in the touching of them because they are not annexed to the flesh as many others as well also because of the soft and slippery glandules being under them as also lest the Flebm should prick a Nerve or other members placed there But the manner
of flebotomizing these Veins is thus first let the lower Belly of the Patient be bound between the Ilia and Hypochondria with a girdle decently binding let him also hold his mouth shut in expelling the air from the Breast then let the Patient decline his head to the contrary side that is to bee let bloud because by doing so the Vein swelleth as a Chord extended and with a fit instrument holding the Vein firm with the hand or other device the Vein must be peirced in the more eminent place Authors commend such a Section to bee made according to the breadth nevertheless I would doe it obliquely and let not the quantity of bloud bee superfluous neither let it bee done the second time and let the Work-man have with him powders constringent for stopping of Bloud as Bole-Armonick Sanguis Draconis the hairs of a Hare Mummy the barks of Frankinsence Aloes and the like and among all let him have Vitriol or Colcotar also Soot is praised and burnt Beans and Paper burnt Skins and the likc to these the white of an Egge well beaten being always laid over and with decent Ligature and the Patient lying with his head lifted up for eight days with light sleep and decent diet as farre as it shall seem good to the lawful Physician Of the Anatomy of the descending and the Reversive Nerves THe Anatomy of the Veins ascending Nervus ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nuto flecto quia Nervi instrumenta voluntarii motus Gal from the Liver upward being dispatched in which also many things have been spoken of the Arteries ascending I return to the descendent Nerves from which the Reversives doe arise and I say that in the lateral parts of the Neck a little under the Ears between or under some Muscles are notable Veins and Arteries as it was manifested before to which on both sides there doth adhere one notable Nerve called Descendent these Nerves the Ancients did call Apoplecticos and not well because they did not know the operations of them witness Galen in his Book De Voce anhelitu And these Nerves doe arise principally from the sixth pair of the Nerves of the Brain and they rise also from the third and descend perpendicularly because in such sort they must move the members These Nerves are compounded of many branches whereof some by descending witness Galen are spread abroad to the Heart and to its Capsula to the Mediastinus and likewise to the Breast in the roots of the Ribs and some notable enough to the mouth of the Stomach and to the Diafragma and some lesser to the Liver to the Spleen to the Kidnies and to other sensible members of the lower Bellies to which also doe goe certain Nerves obliquely descending from the Nuke and from those Nerves descending some notable branches are again turned back upward which are called Reversivi and Retro Redeuntes which are commonly called the Nerves of the Voyce and they reach toward the Epiglottis binding themselves with certain of its muscles whose heads are placed at the lower parts of its body Some branches also of the aforesaid descendent Nerves besides those Reversives doe goe likewise by descending to some of the Muscles of the Epiglottis the heads whereof are turned upward and they are Reversives as it pleaseth some with their muscles they shut the cartilage Cymbalaris and Glotida but the muscles of the descending Nerves doe move other Cartilages and also they open the Cymbalaris From the seventh pair also and from the Nuca doe come Nerves to the muscles of the Epiglottis which doe move it obliquely witnesse Galen Those Nerves are two one right the other left nevertheless they are divided into very many Fibers or branches as it appears because of the many members to which they goe Their quantity and colour is apparent their complexion and substance is such as of other Nerves yet the Reversives are drier and harder because they are to bear notable and as it were continual motions especially when they shut the Epiglottis to which shutting there is required a stronger motion than to the opening of it because there are more muscles opening than shutting it also the motion of the Heart of the Lungs and of the Breast doth open it and therefore that such Nerves should bee strong Nature hath set them afarre off from the moyst Brain from which by how much the more they are distant by so much the more drier are they and they pass near unto the Heart about the Artery where perhaps by reason of its heat they doe obtain driness and hardness and they are turned back upward that by drawing downward they might shut the Epiglottis which when they are relaxed many other muscles helping the Epiglottis is opened Their situation is on the sides of the Neck descending to the aforesaid members but the Nerves which are called Reversivi in the left side begin to bee turned back to the upper parts when they meet with the great Artery Aorta in the place a little above the Heart where that Artery is first forked and beginneth to bee turned back through the Breast to the lower members about which great branch descending is made the motion of the attraction and relaxation of those Nerves and that bifurcation of the Artery is to those Nerves as a wheel upon which water is drawn from a Well with a cord and this place as well on the left as on the right about which these reversive Nerves are moved or to which they are joyned in their motion is called of Galen Diablum and Flexor it is also called of some Girgilus and Bachan and Galen in his eighth Book De juvamentis cap. 2. doth resemble that reversion of the Nerves to those that with Horses in a Camp are turned back to the way from which they first came and saith that it is as it were a turning back of a thing upon a small wheel and in the seventh De Utilitate cap. 14. hee saith that he first of all found out those Nerves placed in that manner and their Muscles having the heads of them downward He saith also that that reversion of those Nerves sheweth that the Nerves have their original from the Brain and not from the Heart as Aristotle did think for if the Nerves should have their beginning from the Heart those Reversives should come from it and not from the Brain as it appeareth to sence And to those Reversive Nerves of the right side Nature hath also made the Girgilus or that wheel which shee made in the left side of one sufficiently noted branch of the Artery ascending being obliqued toward the right Arm-pit about the upper Furcula of the Breast of the right side which Artery goeth to the right Arm to which branch it hath joyned other Pellicles remaining there that it might bee strong because this branch is not so great as is that about which the reversive Nerves of the
of the Glotida doe shut it sometimes by themselves and sometimes by accident The shape of the Gula is veâ—â— long dilated in the upper 〈◊〉 the Fances like a trumpet 〈◊〉 is not like a Cane for it is like a Gut whose lower Orifice is continual to the Stomack where hath notable sence by reason of notable branches of Nerves â—â—om the Brain terminated at it its â—uantity appeareth in number it is â—â—e member it is fastned to the â—outh and to the Epiglottis most â—irmly so that one is hardly seâ—arated from the other it is also â—astned to the Throat throughâ—â—â— to the Heart by Arteries to â—he Liver by Veins and to the â—rain by the aforesaid Nerves â—â— complexion tendeth to hot but â—ot excelling because it is very â—â—nnicular its helps are to carry â—â—ings swallowed to the Stomack â—â—d to bring back many superâ—â—ous things from it to without â—e mouth it suffereth passions fall sorts He that desireth with diligence â—o have the demonstration of the â—hroat and Gula first let him see â—e â—â—tuation of them beginning 〈…〉 lowest part noting the â—ula and as he goes upward let â—im â—ore the Colligancy of it â—ith the Throat separating them with a Falx or other device neâ—â— unto the Epiglottis nothing the a foresaid Muscles to some of which hee shall see the Reversire Nerves to be fastned The Muscles being seen â—â— him separate the Gula in the â—â— of it from the Epiglottis and â—â— him note its Cartilages notinâ— also the situation of the boâ—â— Lambda which with its two greatter additaments embraceth thâ— Cartilage Scutalis and with iâ— lesser sustaineth the Tongue aftâ—â— that the three aforesaid Cartilagâ— of the Epiglottis may be seen aâ—â— the fourth Cartilage united wiâ—â— fatness and pellicle called Glotiâ—â— by means of which is made tâ—â— shutting of the Epiglottis afterwards let the Tongue be cut noting its aforesaid parts and theâ— things suffice for the Anatomy â—â— the middle Belly in which I havâ— been prolixe and not absurdâ—â— because these things are deliâ—â—â— to learners Of the Anatomy of the upper Belly THe upper Belly is named Caâ—ut the Head Quia ibi sensus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Grecis dict 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cavitate Bauhin â—â—tium capiunt because the Senses â—â—e their beginning there which â—â— Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the â—â—ad for the present is taken for aâ— that which is sustained by the Neck in which the Animal members are contained that is the â—â—ain of the former part of which â—ere is demonstration made of â—ome parts for the better orders â—â—ke This Belly in a man is notable â—â— its contents and it hath parts â—â—mmon and proper of the comâ—oâ— some is before some behind â—l some on the sides some aâ—ove some beneath the former â—â— is called Sinciput the hinder â—â— Occiput the lateral Tempora â—â— Temples and the place of the Ears and the upper part is called Interciput Vertex and Cacumen â—â— the lower is called Basis capitis the Basis of the Head and of its members whether the Head bâ—e for the Brain or for the Eyes we have spoken in another place The parts proper some are câ—â—taining and some contained tâ—e containing are all the outwaâ—d parts to wit first the Hairs which nevertheless are not to bee numbred in the parts of the Heaâ— unless unproperly because they are not members but they are reckoned as a superfluity sometimes profitable Secondly is the Skin which is gross somewhat fleshy thâ—â— the Hairs might bee well fastned iâ— it and that it might be a defence to the parts below it Under the skin is a little flesâ— or none except in the Fore-heaâ—â— and in the Temples After the Skin and Flesh is â— Pannicle compassing the wholâ— bone of the Head called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Arabick â—â—mocatim and of some Zinziâ— mater After the Pericraneum followeth the bone of the Head called of the Latines Calva and Testa and in Greek Craneum or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 corneum Licophroni autem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab imperando because it is hard The things contained are the hard Pannicle and the soft Pannicle this is called Pia mater and â—â—cundina but that is called Dura â—ater and above the mouth in the bottom of the Head below the hard Pannicle manifold use doth place the Rete mirabile Within the aforesaid Pannicles is the medullous substance of the â—â—ain with its Ventricles Glanâ—â—les Worms and Nerves risen from the Brain yet the Pia Maâ—â—r and the Dura are of some plaâ—ed among the parts containing â—ut the Nose and the Miringa of the Ears in like manner and the Eyes also are placed among the â—â—rts of the Head contained but not in the upper Belly neverâ—â—eless they are contained in the â—ead and so the whole Face is contained in it also Therefore the Hairs are first to â—â— examined which are engendred by reason of the vaporoâ—â— matter raised up from the whole to the Head as it were overflowing by reason of the heat â—â— the whole body and from hence are made the hairs of the Heâ—d called Capilli made for their end because they are for comliness as it pleaseth some and that it might defend the Head from many outward things The Skin of the Head appeareth of it self this wanteth motion unless in the Fore-head and the Temples it is therefore deprived of Muscles it hath also little sense You shall by excoriating the whole skin from the Head see the Pannicle called Pericraneum every way made involving the Head that the Dura Mater miâ—hâ— be hung up in the Craneum by commissures and by many other pores of the Craneum this Pannicle is also there lest the Skull should meet with the Skin anâ— the flesh of the Head without a medium and that the Craneum by means of it might be sensible and that there might inhere to this Pannicle Veins and Arteries feeding the Head on the outside and those which enter in by the Commissures and other Pores and those which goe out After that Pannicle is the Bone called Craneum which lay bare throughout considering the form of it which ought to bee round that it might be of the greater capacity and less apt to be hurt and it is lightly compressed on the sides making the Prow of a ship before and the Poope behind that its Ventricles might bee long serving the better to the operations of the understanding and every form erring from that is evil and by how much the more it is differâ—â—g from that it is the worse this bone is not one continual nor hard and thick as are many other but thin and spongious not very gross and compounded with some Commissures or Junctures Neverthelesse the joynts of it are not knobby but with teeth like Sawes and rough because they are not moved and the Skull is so that its junctures might bee stronger
and that if hurt should happen to one part the other might remain unhurt and also that the vertue of a Medicine to be applied to the Head for an offence of the Brain might the better work its effect and that the vapours raised up from the whole and from the Brain might the more easily goe forth and bee resolved and therefore the upper part of it is thinner than any other part neither is it very hard there because hurt doth not happen to the top as to other parts yet fiery Mars hurteth every place and it is such lest it should burthen the body but it is thicken in the fore-head because it is soft there nevertheless it hath two tables within which there is a notable hollowness lest it should burthen the body and that between them there might be air implanted receiving the favours and this part is softer than the rest because that which it containeth is softer But the Bone behind is harder because that which is contained behind is harder also the Bone behind is harder because the eyes cannot defend it with their sight yet it is thicker and harder in the sides that it might bee shrill because there within the substance of it the Organ of Hearing ought to bee placed Also part of this bone in the hinder part toward the Neck is thick gross compact and hard and also on the sides behind the Ears because there are fastned strong Chords of the Neck which have great and almost continual motions and behind the Ear are certain sharâ— eminences called Clavales and Aculares being very hard to which many Muscles are fastned moving the members of the mouth and of the face and of the neck which if they had been soft should not resist the aforesaid motions And this Bone is also hard about the Temples because there are great Muscles moving the Mandibles and therefore all those bones on the sides toward the hinder part are hard as a rock and are called Petrosa Also the lower part of this Craneum called Os Basilare is hard chiefly in the direct of the Palate where the Optick Nerves are situated in the form of a Cross through which perforated in that place like a Sieve the moyst watery superfluity of the Brain descendeth and this place is commonly called Collatorium This Bone Basilare in the top of it is not smooth but unequal which may best be seen in Church-yard as also other parts of the Head and likewise all the bones of the Body to the seeing of which let not him have recourse which is not a lawful Physician The number of the Bones of the whole Head and the names of their Commissures I have very well spoken of in my Commentaries upon Mundinus therefore I let pass the declaring of many things for brevities sake especially because the Writers of them doe not agree Part of this Bone hapning first is that in which are the places of the Eyes called Frons the Forehead which is terminated in the first Saw-like juncture meeting it which is called Coronalis because as it pleaseth some Kings are crowned in that place or perhaps because this Commissure beareth as it were a Bow-like or Circular and Coronal form descending from the top of the Head of both sides unto the corners of the places of the eyes which are toward the ears Right against this Bone is one other Bone terminated in the Saw-like juncture placed in the hinder part of the Head which is called Commissura Lambdae because it is like to that Greek Letter which is called Lambda this Commissure hath also the form of a Bow Between these Junctures is another Commissure also like a Saw placed in the top of the Head reaching from before backward and this is called Sagittalis because it goeth strait from every of the aforesaid Bow-like junctures to the other as an Arrow standeth to a Bow At the sides of this Bone above the two Ossa paris in the walls of the Temples are two rough Junctures on either side one the lower bones of which doe ride over the upper bones The first three Junctures are called true penetrating within by a direct line and those last penetrating obliquely are called false Between those lateral Commissures ascending toward thâ— Sagittalis there is also on both sides one other rough Juncture which is seldom seen unless in heads macerated a good while or boyled to the uttermost between which and the Sagittalis are two bones on either side one thinner than the other bones of the Head which Galen calleth Ossa Bregmatis and Avicen Prima primi calleth it Craneum that place where the Coronal juncture is joyned with the Sagittalis is called of some Bregma and Zuendech and Fontanella capitis in which the bone groweth together in Children at the last and there are applied Cauteries and Cerates and other local Medicines for Catarrs and many other Diseases in other parts of the Head also are many other Junctures of which speech is not made because Physicians have not so much regard of them as of the aforesaid From that which hath been said hath appeared the situation substance and shape of the Head its quantity lyeth open its helps and Colligancy are in part and shall be spoken of in number it is one the number of the parts is spoken of and also of the Commissures of the Craneum whereof three are like Saws penetrating directly inward the rest are like Scales peâ—etrating obliquely It s complexion is the complexion of the parts compounding it it suffereth passions of all sorts which if they be in the coverings and in the Brain it self are judged ill more or less according to the place and quality of the Disease Of the Dura Mater THe aforesaid parts being seen Meniux dicta ex rotunditate à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 luna that the parts contained within the Skull may bee more fitly seen divide the Head from the Neck about the third Spondile after that cut the Skull a little above the Ears unto the inward circumference of it round about so that you may not hurt the Dura Mater keeping always the aforesaid situation This being done lift up the whole upper bone cut from its lower part with some Elevatory fit and strong because it is most firmly fastned to the Dura Mater on every side as well in the Commissures as in many other pores of it The Skull being lifted up you shall see the Dura Mater called also Miringa which is a pannicle somewhat thick sinowy and strong yet it is porous that the vapours may goe forth from the Brain its figure is plain extended into a circular form comprehending within it the whole medullous substance of the Brain with the Pia Mater The Dura Mater is doubled from the Prow to the Poop according to the length and in the direct of the Commissure Sagittalis within the substance of the Brain for the quantity of two inches dividing the right part from the left it is also doubled
they are without motion for the most part some doe think that the Memorative Vertue is in the lower part of them therefore those that would remember doe rub those parts the truth is that that last concavity of the first Ventricle of the Brain being doubled in which I doe place the Memorative Vertue doth reach obliquely toward the Ears and perhaps that by reason of this the rubbing of those parts doth help the memory These members are covered with Skin yet they have some flesh very firmly united to their skin there is not sense in them unless a little their shape is known to all they are winding as Periwincles that the air making the sound might the better flow into them without violence Their perforation is in a bone more thick than any other part of the Skull within which is a certain hollowness which a certain thin and solid Pannicle doth cover risen according to some from the Auditive Nerve which is of the fifth pair of the Nerves of the Brain In the aforesaid hollowness which the aforesaid Pannicle doth cover before is implanted air which receiveth the forms of hearing which it giveth to the Auditive Nerve dilated into the Pannicle which is called Miringa Auris and then the sense of hearing comprehendeth the Vocal wave and every other sound coming to it And to this Pannicle within the aforesaid hollowness are added two little bones apt to bee moved of the air there in the next motion which in their motion doe strike one another of which according to some are caused all the forms of sound more and less according to the air moved without There are some which would have the aforesaid Pannicle to rise from the Pia Mater which passeth with the Auditive Nerve to the aforesaid hollowness but concerning its beginning see our Commentaries For the well seeing of these things there is required a learned hand with Tenacles a crooked Knife a Saw and a fit Mallet because the aforesaid things as well the Nerve which cometh from within as the Miringa which is toward the Orifice of the Ear with the little bones are seen with difficulty From the aforesaid things is seen the inward and outward substance of the Ear its situation quantity shape number and Colligancy appear their complexion is cold and dry their helps are known to all they suffer passions of all sorts their proper passion is the hurt of the Auditive Vertue Of the upper Mandibles THe Ears being seen lest any part of the Head should remain untouched I come to the Mandibulae à mandendo cujus in actione non parum adjuvant upper Mandibles which are placed after the aforesaid members for better orders sake those Mandibles have only two proper bones under the Nose and are divided by one only commissure by the length of the Palate in which are the Teeth which are in shape name and number like to those which are in the lower Mandibles These upper Mandibles are according to some compounded of twelve and more bones but improperly because they doe adde them of the eyes and Ossa Paris and those of the balls of the Face and other bones to the two aforesaid bones The substance number quantity situation shape Colligancy and complexion of these Mandibles appear their helps are those which are of the lower and which are of the Palate they suffer passions of all sorts Of the Involutions above the Palate FRom the Fauces above the Palate Palatum quod labiis dentibusque quasi palis munitum sit vel Palatum quasi palam latum to the holes of the Nose is an ample way by which a man continually breathes to and fro to this about the top are certain little Vaults windings or caves placed under the Colatory below the Embotum of the Brain the bony walls of which are subtile and pelliculiar hence by the holes of the Nose and by the Fauces the gross excrements of the Brain are streamed forth to the mouth For the well seeing of those the great hole of the bone Basilare by which the Nuca descendeth being first seen and those Spondiles of the Neck being well shewen which you took away with the head divide the Bone Basilare with a Saw or Falx through the middle even unto the Palate inclusively and you shall see all the aforesaid things very well Of the Anatomy of the Extreams THe Head being dispatched in a common dissection the hinder part of the Neck doth first occur called * Ruffo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tendo sic etiam Lat. Tendo quiaix capitis motu tenditur Tenon and * Cervix quasi Cerebri via Cervix whose situation is from the Bone Basilare of the Head even unto the seventh Spondile inclusively descending from the head downwards This part hath parts contained and containing the Containing are the Skin the Muscles the Pannicles and the Spondiles The Contained are the Membranes covering the Nuke the Nuca it self with its Nerves Veins and Arteries Of the Containing some are without some within those which are without some are above some below and some in the middle The upper outward parts are called of some Fontanella Colli and it is the place where the first and also the second Spondile are joyned to the Head this place is called of Avicen 4 Primi Alchadam in which are applied many Cauteries for divers dispositions of the Head and there also are Setons placed It s lowest part is called of Avicen Alchael or Alchel and the middle part between these is called Nocra From Alchael even unto the Alkadam inclusively there are between every Spondile actual Cauteries applied to Children in preservation from the Epilepsie and it is a singular remedy Among the outward parts containing is also placed the Skin first occurring which is to be excoriated that the other outward parts containing may bee seen to wit the Muscles which in this Section are placed after for the reason spoken of in the Anatomy of the former parts of the Neck which nevertheless by the excoriating may be shewen after a certain confused manner and casting them away first noting the quantity substance situation complexion and shape of them the number Colligancy and helps of them being omitted which cannot bee wholly comprehended by reason of the diflection of the head placed before and of the former parts of the neck which things being seen the bones of the Neck doe occur placed among the former parts containing These Bones are called Spondyli and they are seven which are more subtile than the rest because they must bee light lest they should burden the body and they are such because Nothos called corruptly Nuca is grosser there which by descending is alwaies made more subtile because it sendeth part of its substance for every Spondile yet the first Spondile united to the Head is grosser in the hinder part than the other six yet it hath a broader perforation and the greatest part
Nerve on the right another on the left as they are also alwaies in all the other Spondiles and the second pair goeth forth from the middle between the first and second Spondile and in like manner is the third pair between the second and third Spondile of the Neck and every Spondile descending hath one pair of Nerves correspondent unto it either in the Orifice of its fellow or in the Orifice proper to its self and the last Spondile Alhovius which is contiguous to the first of the three Bones Alhosos or Candae hath its pair of Nerves as likewise the Spondiles above it but between that and the first of the Spondiles Alhosos is another pair of Nerves and by reason of that doubled pair there are thirty one pair and one Nerve unfellowed because by descending between the first Spondile and the second there is one pair and between the second and the third there is also one other pair but from the last Bone which is properly called Canda goeth forth one Nerve only and as so there are thirty Spondiles true and not true and one Nerve without a fellow Their Colligancy is better known from whom than to whom and they have Colligancy with the greatest part of members having motion their situation and quantity appears as also their number the helps of those Nerves are to give motion and sense they suffer passions of all sorts From the aforesaid things doth appear that in a mans body there are thirty eight pair of Nerves and one Nerve which in all are seventy sevâ—n those two excepted which goe to the Nose for the Olfactive Vertue which are not commonly termed Nerves because they are too soft yet I call them Nerves in as much as they are the Organs of the sense of Smelling and as so there are seventy nine vvhereof sixty three come from the Nuca and fourteen from the Brain or sixteen the Mamillary caruncles being reckoned with them of which it hath been spoken above in the Anatomy of the Nerves of the Brain which afterwards are terminated to infinite Branches and Fibers which sense doth not comprehend and these are thus The Nerves coming from the Brain are seven pair or eight The Nerves of the Nuca of the Neck are eight pair The Nerves of the Nuca of the Back and of the Ribs are twelve pair The Nerves of the Nuca of the Reins or Alkatim are five pair The Nerves of the Nuca of Alhovius are three pair The Nerves of the Nuca of Alhosos with the two Nerves between the Spondiles Alhosos and Alhovius are three pair and one odde Nerve going forth from the Cauda The Figure of the Spondiles and Nerves IN this Figure you may easily see the number of the Spondiles and you see how from the substance of the first Spondile doe goe forth two Nerves from either side one and you may note the number of the Nerves in the extremity of the lines placed in that Figure Yet note Reader that the Figure hath not a true similitude with the Spondiles except in number but their true Figure is seen in the true Spondiles dried in Church-yards Of the Anatomy of the Hands Manus à manando quod ex Brachiis mâ—net vel quod boc instrumento potissimum actiones è nobis emanent THe aforesaid things being seen I doe first come to the Veins of the Hands used to bee Flebotomised with which also we shall see the Cartilages the Marrow the Bones and the Nayls the Muscles of such members being let alone which in a common dissection are not shewen yet the knowledge of Muscles is a very great help in Chirurgery witnesse Aver primo colliget and therefore because for the present they cannot be shewen we will place in the end of the Book certain Figures shewing some Muscles especially the outmost we will also place Figures shewing the principal bones First therefore doe occur two members placed on the sides which from the shoulders even unto the extremity of the Fingers are of Galen called the great hands these members for the present have three parts The first part beginning from the top is commonly called Adjutorium above which is the Spatula which also of some is placed in the great hand Under the first part called Adjutorium is the second called Brachium and between these is the juncture called Cubitus but commonly Brachium is taken of many for that first and second part aforesaid Under the second is the third part called the little hand and it is properly called Manus ab emanando quia ab ist a parte fere omnia artificia emanant because almost all Handy-crafts doe flow from that part Between that and the second is one juncture compounded of very many Bones called in Arabick Raseta and Ascam and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Those things being noted you shall excoriate the whole skin of the great hand with diligence from the Neck even unto the ends of the Fingers and you shall see first the Vein Basilica that is Regia or Kingly the Ancients before Aristotle did call that Vein Jecoraria and it keepeth that name yet because it is commonly called Vena Hepatis the Liver Vein it is also called Ascellaris or Axillaris because as it appeareth above in the Anatomy of the Veins this Vein passeth by the Ascella for Ascella is that hollow place on both sides which is under the shoulders in the lateral part between the upper part of the Brest and the top of the Adjutory which because it hath no vent in many doth savour ill for it is not vented witness Aristotle in his Pâ—oblems in these places is a notable part of glandulous flesh which receiveth some excrements of the Heart as likewise the kernels which are about the Inguina and in the Neck about the Guidez not much distant from the Ears which receive the superfluities of the Liver and Brain and those places are called the Emulctories of the Heart of the Liver and of the Brain and those fleshes are as it were a mattress to the great Veins placed about them This Vein called Ascellaris and Basilica descendeth by the inside and lowest part of the Arm with the Artery fellow to it for a certain distance after that the Vein is notably manifested alone about the juncture of the Cubite in the inward part and there is flebotomised and helpeth principally for the Diseases of the Brest because it is immediately united to the Veins nourishing its parts But from the Neck by the outside there doth pass from the shoulders to that Juncture by the Adjutory one Vein called Spatularis Humeralis and Cephalica which also about the Juncture of the Cubite is flebotomised which principally helpeth for Discases of the Head and Neck because it is immediately united to the Veins Guidez Between them is one Vein reaching over-thwart from the one to the other from which it receiveth bloud indifferently this is called Nigra Communis and Media because it emptieth
reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good Sâ—eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as â— fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aortâ— spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to iâ— another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or Vâ—â—tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it â—â—d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is