moist or dry The moist is called the Ascites by reason of the similitude it hath with a leather bottle or Borachio because the waterish humor is contained in that capacity as it were in such a vessell The dry is called the Tympanites or Timpany by reason the belly swolne with winde sounds like a Tympanum that is a Drum But when the whole habit of the body is distended with a Phlegmaticke humor it is called Anasarca or Leucophlegmatia In this last kinde of Dropsie the lower parts first swell as which by reason of their site are more subject to receive defluxions and more remote from the fountaine of the native heate wherefore if you presse them downe the print of your finger will remaine sometime after the patients face will become pale and puffed up whereby it may be distinguished from the two other kinds of Dropsie For in them first the belly then by a certaine consequence the thighes and feet doe swell There are besides also particular Dropsies contained in the strait bounds of certaine places such are the Hydrocephalos in the head the Bronchochele in the throat the Pleurocele in the Chest the Hydrocele in the Scrotum or Cod and so of the rest Yet they all arise from the same cause that is the weaknesse or defect of the altering or concocting faculties especially of the liver which hath beene caused by a Scyrrbus or any kinde of great distemper cheifly cold whether it happen primarily or secondarily by reason of some hote distemper dissipating the native and inbred heate such a Dropsie is uncureable or else it comes by consent of some other higher or lower part for if in the Lungs Midriffe or Reines there be any distemper or disease bred it is easily communicated to the gibbous part of the Liver by the branches of the hollow veine which runne thither But if the mischiefe proceed from the Spleene Stomacke Mesentery Guts especially the Iejunum and Ileum it creeps into the hollow side of the Liver by the meseraicke veines and other branches of the Vena porta or Gate-veine For thus such as are troubled with the Asthma ptisicke Spleene Iaundise and also the Phrensie fall into a Dropsie Lastly all such as have the menstruall or haemorrhoidall bloud suppressed or too immoderatly flowing contrary to their custome either overwhelmes diminisheth or extinguisheth the native heate no otherwise than fire which is suffocated by too great a quantity of wood or dieth and is extinguished for want thereof We must looke for the same from the excrements of the belly or bladder cast forth either too sparingly or too immoderatly Or by too large quantity of meates too cold and rashly devoured without any order To conclude by every default of externall causes through which occasion error may happen in diet or exercise The Ascites is distinguished from the two other kinds of Dropsies both by the magnitude of the efficient cause as also by the violence of the Symptomes as the dejected appetite thirst and swelling of the Abdomen And also when the body is moved or turned upon either side you may heare a sound as of the jogging of water in a vessell halfe full Lastly the humor is diversely driven upwards or downewards according to the turning of the body and compression of the Abdomen It also causeth various Symptomes by pressure of the parts to which it floweth For it causeth difficultie of breathing and the cough by pressing the Midriffe by sweating through into the capacity of the Chest it causeth like Symptomes as the Empyema Besides also the Patients often seeme as it were by the ebbing and flowing of the waterish humor one while to be carryed to the skies and another whiles to be drowned in the water which I have learnt not by reading of any author but by the report of the patients themselves But if these waterish humors be fallen downe to the lower parts they suppresse the excrements of the Gutts and bladder by pressing straitning the passages When the patient lies on his backe the tumor seemes lesse because it is spread on both sides On the contrary when hee stands or sits it seemes greater for that all the humor is forced or driven into the lower belly whence hee feeles a heavines in the Pecten or share The upper parts of the body fall away by defect of the bloud fit for nourishment in quality and consistence but the lower parts swell by the flowing downe of the Serous and watrish humor to them The pulse is little quicke and hard with tention This disease is of the kinde of Chronicall or long diseases wherefore it is scarce or never cured especially in those who have it from their mothers wombe who have the Action of their Stomacke depraved and those who are cachecticke old and lastly all such as have the naturall facultie languishing and faultie On the contrary young and strong men especially if they have no Feaver and finally all who can endure labour and those exercises which are fit for curing this disease easily recover principally if they use a Physition before the water which is gathered together doe putrifie and infect the bowells by its contagion CHAP. XII Of the cure of the Dropsie THe beginning of the cure must be with gentle and milde medicines neither must we come to a Paracentesis unlesse we have formerly used and tried these Therefore it shall be the part of the Physition to prescribe a drying diet and such medicines as carry away water both by stoole and urine Hippocrates ordaines this powder for Hydropicke persons â„ž Canthar ablatis capitib alis â„¥ ss Comburentur in furno fiat pulvis of which administer two graines in white wine for nature helped by this and the like remedies hath not seldome beene seene to have cured the dropsie But that we may hasten the cure it will be availeable to stirre up the native heate of the part by application of those medicines which have a discussing force as bagges baths ointments and emplaisters Let bagges be made of drie and harsh Bran Oates Salt Sulphure being made hot or for want of them of Sander or Ashes often heated The more effectuall baths are salt nitrous and sulphurous waters whether by Nature or Art that is prepared by the dissolution of Salt niter and Sulphur to which if Rue Marjarom the leaves of Fennell and tops of Dill of Staechas and the like be added the businesse will goe better forwards Let the ointments be made of the oyles of Rue Dill Baies and Squills in which some Euphorbium Pellitory of Spaine or Pepper have beene boyled Let plaisters be made of Franckinsence Myrrhe Turpintine Costus Baiberies English galengall hony the dung of Oxen Pigeons Goats Horses and the like which also may be applied by themselves If the disease continue we must come to Synapismes and Phoenigmes that is to rubrifying and vesicatory medicines When
bones of Ilium to bee drawne the breadth of ones finger from Os sacrum and moreover in many unto whom I have been called being in great extremity of difficult and hard travell I have not onely heard but also felt the bones to crackle and make a noise when I laid my hand upon the coccyx or rumpe by the violence of the distention Also honest matrons have declared unto me that they themselves a few daies before the birth have felt and heard the noise of those bones separating themselves one from another with great paine Also a long time after the birth many doe feele great paine and ache about the region of the coccix and Os sacrum so that when nature is not able to repaire the dissolved continuity of the bones of Ilium they are constrained to halt all the dayes of their life after But the bones of the share called Ossa pubis I have never seene to be separated as many do also affirme It is reported that in Italy they break the coccyx or rumpe in all maidens that when they come to bee married they may beare children with the lesser travaile in childe-birth but this is a forged tale for that bone being broken is naturally and of its owne accord repaired and joyned together again with a Callus whereby the birth of the childe will be more difficult and hard CHAP. XIV Of the situation of the infant in the wombe REASON cannot shew the certain situation of the infant in the wombe for I have found it altogether uncertaine variable and divers both in living and dead women in the dead by opening their bodies presently after they were dead and in the living by helping them by the industry of my hand when they have beene in danger of perishing by travell of child-birth for by putting my hand into the womb I have felt the infant comming forth sometimes with his feet forwards sometimes with his hands and sometimes with his hands and feet turned backwards and sometimes forwards as the figure following plainely describeth I have often found them comming forth with their knees forwards and sometimes with one of the feet and sometimes with their belly forwards their hands and feet being lifted upwards as the former figure sheweth at large Sometimes I have found the infant comming with his feet down-wards striding awide and sometimes headlong stretching one of his armes downward out at length and that was an Hermaphrodite as the figure following plainly declareth One time I observed in the birth of twinnes that the one came with his head forwards and the other with his feet according as here I have thought good to describe them In the bodies of women that died in travaile of childe I have sometimes found children no bigger than if they had beene but foure moneths in the wombe situated in a round compasse like a hoope with their head bowed downe to the knees with both their hands under the knees and their heeles close to their buttockes And moreover I protest before God that I found a childe being yet alive in the body of his mother whom I opened so soone as shee was dead lying all along stretched out with his face upwards and the palmes of his hands joyned together as if he were at prayer CHAP. XV. Which is the legitimate and naturall and which the illegitimate or unnaturall time of childe birth TO all living creatures except man the time of conception and bringing forth their young is certaine and definite but the issue of man commeth into the world sometimes in the seventh sometimes in the eighth and sometimes which is most frequent in the ninth moneth sometimes in the tenth moneth yea sometimes in the beginning of the eleventh moneth Massurius reports that Lucius Papyrius the Pretor the second heire commencing a suit gave the possession of the goods away from him seeing the mother of the childe affirmed that she went thirteen moneths therewith being there is no certaine definite time of child-birth The child that is borne in the sixt moneth cannot be long lived because that at that time all his body or members are not perfectly finished or absolutely formed In the seventh moneth it is proved by reason and experience that the infant may be long lived But in the eight moneth it is seldome or never long lived the reason thereof is as the Astronomers suppose because that at that time Saturne ruleth those coldnesse and drynesse is contrary to the originall of life but yet the phisicall reason is more true for the physitians say that the childe in the wombe doth often times in the seaventh moneth strive to bee set at liberty from the inclosure of the wombe and therefore it contendeth and laboureth greatlie and so with labouring and striving it becommeth weak that all the time of the eight moneth it cannot recover his strength again whereby it may renew his accustomed use of striving and that some by such labouring and striving hurt themselves and so dye Yet some strong and lusty women are thought to bring forth their children being lively and strong on the eight moneth as Aristotle testifieth of the Aegyptians the Poets of the inhabitants of the Isle of Naxus and many of the Spaniards Furthermore I cannot sufficiently marvaile that the wombe which all the time of childe-bearing is so closed together that one can scarce put a probe into it unlesse it be happely by reason of superfoetation or when it is open for a short time to purge it selfe that presently before the time of childe-birth it should gape and waxe so wide that the infant may passe through it and presently after it to close againe as if it had never been opened But because that the travell of the first time of childe-birth is wont to be very difficult and grievous I thinke it not unmeet that all women a little before the time of their first travell anoint and relaxe their privie parts with the unguent here described â„ž sper ceti â„¥ ii ol amygd dul â„¥ iv cerae alb medul cervin â„¥ iii. axung ans gallin an â„¥ i. tereb venet â„¥ ii make thereof an ointment to anoint the thighes share privie parts and genitalls Furthermore it shall not bee unprofitable to make a trusse or girdle of most thinne and gentle dog-skinne which being also anointed with the same unguent may serve very necessarily for the better carrying of the infant in the wombe Also bathes that are made of the decoction of mollifying herbs are also very profitable to relaxe the privie parts a little before the time of the birth That is supposed to bee a naturall and easie birth when the infant commeth forth with his head forwards presently following the flux of the water and that is more difficult when the infant commeth with his feet forwards all the other wayes are most difficult Therefore Mid-wives are to be admonished that as often as they shall perceive the infant to be comming
forth none of those waies but either with his belly or his backe forwards as it were double or else with his hands and feet together or with his head forwards and one of his hands stretched out that they should turne it and draw it out by the feet for the doing whereof if they be not sufficient let them crave the assistance and helpe of some expert Chirurgian CHAP. XVI Signes of the birth at hand THere will bee great paine under the navell and at the groines and spreading therehence towards the Vertebrae of the loines and then especially when they are drawne backe from the Os sacrum the bones Ilia and the Coccix are thrust outward the genitalls swell with paine and a certaine feaver-like shaking invades the body the face waxeth red by reason of the endeavour of nature armed unto the expulsion of the infant And when these signes appeare let all things bee prepared ready to the childe-birth Therefore first of all let the woman that is in travell be placed in her bed conveniently neither with her face upwards nor sitting but with her backe upwards and somewhat high that she may breath at more liberty and have the more power or strength to labour Therefore she ought to have her legs wide one from another and crooked or her heeles some-what bowed uptowards her buttocks so that she may lean on a staffe that must be placed overthwart the bed There are some that do travell in a stoole or chair made for the purpose others standing upright on their feet and leaning on the poast or piller of the bed But you must take diligent heed that you doe not exhort or perswade the woman in travell to strive or labour to expell the birth before the forenamed signes thereof doe manifestly shew that it is at hand For by such labour or pains she might be wearied or so weakened that when shee should strive or labour she shall have no power or strength so to doe If all these things doe fall out well in the childe-birth the businesse is to be committed to nature and to the Mid-wife And the woman with child must onely bee admonished that when shee feeleth very strong paine that shee presently therewith strive with most strong expression shutting her mouth and nose if shee please and at the same time let the mydwife with her hands force the infant from above downewards But if the birth bee more difficult and painefull by reason that the waters wherein the infant lay are flowed out long before and the womb be dry this ointment following is to be prepared â„ž butyri recentis sine sale in aqua artemesiae loti â„¥ ii mucaginis ficuum semin lini altheae cum aqua sabinae extractae an â„¥ ss olei liliorum â„¥ i. Make thereof an ointment wherewith let the mydwife often annoynt the secret parts Also this powder following may bee prepared â„ž Cinamom cort cassiae fistul dictamni an Ê’iss sacch albi ad pondus omnium make thereof a most subtle and fine powder Let the woman that is in extremity by reason of difficult and painefull travell in child-birth take halfe an ounce thereof at a time with the decoction of linseede or in white wine for it will cause more speedy and easie deliverance of the childe Moreover let the mydwife anoynt her hands with this ointment following as often as shee putteth them into the necke of the wombe and therewith also anoint the parts about it â„ž olei ex seminibus lint â„¥ i. ss olei de castoreo â„¥ ss moschataeÊ’iii ladaniÊ’i make thereof a liniment Moreover you may provoke sneesing by putting a little pepper or white hellebore in powder into the nostrils Linseed beaten and given in a potion with the water of Mugwort and Savine is supposed to cause speedy deliverance Also the medicine following is commended for the same purpose â„ž corticis cassiae fistul conquassatae â„¥ ii cicer rub m. ss bulliant cum vino albo aqua sufficienti sub finem addendo sabinae Ê’ii cinamomiÊ’ss crocigr vi make thereof a potion which being taken let sneesing bee provoked as it is above-said and let her shut or close her mouth and nostrils Many times it happeneth that the infant commeth into the world ouâ— of the wombe having his head covered or wrapped about with portion of the â—…dine or tunicle wherein it is enclosed especially when by the much strong and happy striving of the mother he commeth forth together with the water wherein it lyeth in the wombe and then the mydwives prophesie or foretell that the childe shall be happy because hee is borne as it were with a hood on his head But I suppose that it doth betoken health of body both to the infant and also to his mother for it is a token of easie deliverance For when the birth is difficult and painfull the child never bringeth that membrane out with him but it remaineth behinde in the passage of the genitals or secret parts because they are narrow For even so the Snake or Adder when shee would cast her skinne thereby to renew her age creepeth through some narrow or straight passage Presently after the birth the woman so delivered must take two or three spoonefuls of the oyle of sweet almonds extracted without fire and tempered with sugar Some will rather use the yolks of egges with sugar some the wine called Ipocras others cullises or gelly but alwaies divers things are to bee used according as the patient or the woman in childbed shall be grieved and as the Physician shall give counsell both to cease and asswage the furious torments and paine of the throwes to recover her strength and nourish her Throwes come presently after the birth of the child because that then the veines nature being wholly converted to expulsion cast out the reliques of the menstruall matter that hath beene suppressed for the space of nine moneths into the wombe with great violence which because they are grosse slimie and dreggish cannot come forth without great paine both to the veines from whence they come and also unto the wombe whereinto they goe also then by the conversion of that portion thereof that remaineth into winde and by the undiscreete admission of the aire in the time of the child-birth the wombe and all the secret parts will swell unlesse it be prevented with some digesting repelling or mollifying oile or by artificiall rowling of the parts about the belly CHAP. XVII What is to bee done presently after the child is borne PResently after the child is borne the mydwife must draw away the secundine or after birth as gently as shee can but if she cannot let her put her hands into the wombe and so draw it out separating it from the other parts for otherwise if it should continue longer it would bee more difficult to bee gotten out because that presently after the birth the orifice of the wombe is drawn
with a little swelling with a knife or lancet so breaking and opening a way for them notwithstanding that a little fluxe of blood will follow by the tension of the gummes of which kind of remedy I have with prosperous and happy successe made tryall in some of mine owne children in the presence of Feureus Altinus and Cortinus Doctors of Physick and Guillemeau the Kings Chirurgian which is much better and more safe than to doe as some nurses doe who taught onely by the instinct of nature with their nailes and scratching breake and teare or rent the childrens gummes The Duke of Nevers had a sonne of eight moneths old which died of late and when wee with the Physitians that were present diligently sought for the cause of his death we could impute it unto nothing else than to the contumacious hardnesse of the gums which was greater than was convenient for a childe of that age for therefore the teeth could not breake forth nor make a passage for themselves to come forth of which our judgement this was the tryall that when we cut his gummes with a knife we found all his teeth appearing as it were in an array ready to come forth which if it had bin done when he lived doubtlesse he might have beene preserved The End of the twenty fourth Booke OF MONSTERS AND PRODIGIES THE TWENTY FIFTH BOOK THE PREFACE WEe call Monsters what things soever are brought forth contrary to the common decree and order of nature So wee terme that infant monstrous which is borne with one arme alone or with two heads But we define Prodigies those things which happen contrary to the whole course of nature that is altogether differing and dissenting from nature as if a woman should bee delivered of a Snake or a Dogge Of the first sort are thought all those in which any of those things which ought and are accustomed to bee according to nature is wanting or doth abound is changed worne covered or defended hurt or not put in his right place for somtimes some are born with more fingers than they should other some but with one finger some with those parts devided which should be joyned others with those parts joyned which should bee devided some are borne with the privityes of both sexes male and female And Aristotle saw a Goate with a horne upon her knee No living creature was ever borne which wanted the Heart but some have beene seene wanting the Spleene others with two Spleenes and some wanting one of the Reines And none have bin known to have wanted the whole Liver although some have bin found that had it not perfect and whole and there have beene those which wanted the Gall when by nature they should have had it and besides it hath beene seene that the Liver contrary to his naturall site hath lien on the left side and the Spleene on the right Some women also have had their privities closed and not perforated the membranous obstacle which they call the Hymen hindering And men are sometimes borne with their fundaments eares noses and the rest of the passages shut and are accounted monstrous nature erring from its entended scope But to conclude those Monsters are thought to portend some ill which are much differing from their nature CHAP. I. Of the cause of Monsters and first of those Monsters which appeare for the glory of God and the punishent of mens wickednesse THere are reckoned up many causes of monsters the first whereof is the glory of God that his immense power may be manifested to those which are ignorant of it by the sending of those things which happen contrary to nature for thus our Saviour Christ answered the Disciples asking whether he or his parents had offended who being born blind received his sight from him that neither he nor his parents had committed any fault so great but this to have happened onely that the glory and majesty of God should be divulged by that miracle and such great workes Another cause is that God may either punish mens wickednesse or shew signes of punishment at hand because parents sometimes lye and joine themselves together without law and measure or luxuriously and beastly or at such times as they ought to forbeare by the command of God and the Church such monstrous horrid and unnaturall births doe happen At Verona Anno Dom. 1254. a mare foaled a colt with the perfect face of a man but all the rest of the body like an horse a little after that the warre betweene the Florentines and Pisans began by which all Italy was in a combustion The figure of a Colt with a mans face About the time that Pope Julius the second raised up all Italy and the greatest part of Christendome against Lewis the twelfth the King of France in the yeere of our Lord 1512. in which yeere upon Easter day neere Ravenna was fought that mortall battell in which the Popes forces were overthrowne a monster was borne in Ravenna having a horne upon the crowne of his head and besides two wings and one foot alone most like to the feet of birds of prey and in the knee thereof an eye the privities of male and female the rest of the body like a man as you may see by the following figure The figure of awinged Monster The third cause is an abundance of seed overflowing matter The fourth the same in too little quantity and deficient The fift the force and efficacy of imagination The sixt the straightnesse of the wombe The seaventh the disorderly site of the party with childe and the position of the parts of the body The eighth a fall straine or stroake especially upon the belly of a woman with child The ninth hereditary diseases or affects by any other accident The tenth the confusion and mingling together of the seed The eleventh the craft and wickednesse of the divell There are some others which are accounted for monsters because they have their originall or essence full of admiration or doe assume a certaine prodigious forme by the craft of some begging companions therefore we will speak briefly of them in their place in this our treatise of monsters CHAP. II. Of monsters caused by too great abundance of seed SEeing wee have already handled the two former and truely finall causes of monsters we must now come to those which are the matereall corporeall and efficient causes taking our beginning from that we call the too great abundance of the matter of seed It is the opinion of those Philosophers which have written of monsters that if at any time a creature bearing one at once as man shall cast forth more seed in copulation than is necessary to the generation of one body it cannot be that onely one should bee begot of all that therefore from thence either two or more must arise whereby it commeth to passe that these are rather judged wonders because they happen seldome and contrary to common custome Superfluous parts
the three first those which they call the Extremities neither doe they teach to what rancke of the three prime parts each extremitie should be reduced From whence many difficulties happen in reading the writings of Anatomists for shunning whereof we will prosecute as wee have said that distinction of mans body which we have touched before Wherefore as wee said before mans body is devided into three principall and generall parts Animall Vitall and Naturall By the Animall parts wee understand not onely the parts pertaining to the head which are bounded with the crowne of the head the coller-bones and the first Vertebra of the breast but also the extremities because they are organs and instruments of the motive facultie 〈…〉 seemes to have confirmed the same where hee writes Those who have a thicke and great head have also great bones nerves and limbs And in another place hâ—â—â—aith those who have great heads and when they stoope shew a long necke such have all their parts large but chiefly the animal Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatnesse of the bones and the rest of the members but that he might shew the equallity and private-â—are or government of nature being most just and exact in the fabricke of mans body as if she hath well framed the head it should not be unlike that shee idlely or careleâ—…y neglected the other parts which are lesse seene I thought good to dilate this passage least any might abuse that authoritie of Hippocrates and gather from thence that not onely the bones membranes ligaments gristles and all the other animall parts but also the veines and arteries depend on the head as the originall But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body he will understand wee have a farre other meaning By the vitall parts we understand onely the heart arteries lungs winde-pipe and other particles annexed to these But by the naturall wee would have all those parts understood which are contained in the whole compasse of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body and the processes of the Erythroides the second coate of the Testicles For as much as belongs to all the other parts which we call containing they must be reckoned in the number of the animall which notwithstanding we must thus devide into principall sensitive and motive and againe each of these in the manner following For first the principall is devided into the imaginative which is the first and upper part of the braine with its two ventricles and other annexed particles into the reasoning which is a part of the braine lying under the former and as it were the toppe thereof with its third ventricle Into the memorative which is the cerebellâ—… or afterbraine with a ventricle hollowed in its substance Secondly the sensitive is parted into the visive which is in the eyes the auditive in the eares the smelling in the nose the tasting in the tongue and palate the tactive or touching which is in the body but most exquisite in the skinne which invests the palmes of the hands Thirdly the motive is devided into the progressive which intimates the legges and the comprehensive which intimates the hands Lastly into simply motive which are three parts called bellies for the greatest part terminating and containing for the vitall the instrument of the faculty of the heart and dilatation of the arteries are the direct or streight fibers but of the constrictive the transverse but the three kinds of fibers together of the pulsificke or if you please you may devide them into parts serving for respiration as are the lungs and weazon and parts serving for vitall motion as are the heart and arteries furnished with these fibers which we formerly mentioned The devision of the naturall parts remaines which is into the nourishing auctive and generative which againe are distributed into attractive universall and particular retentive concoctive distributive assimulative expulsive The attractive as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricule the retentive as the Pylorus or lower passage of the stomacke the concoctive as the body of the ventricle or its inner coate the distributive as the three small guts the expulsive as the three great guts we may say the same of the liver for that drawes by the mesaraicke and gate veines retaines by the narrow orifices of the veines dispersed through the substance thereof it concocts by its proper flesh distributes by the hollow veine expels by the spleene bladder of the gall and kidneies We also see the parts in the testicles devided into as many functions for they draw by the preparing vessels retaine by the varieous crooked passages in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and facultie they distribute by the ejaculatorie at the glandules called Prostata and the hornes of the wombe supplying the place of prostates Lastly they expell or cast forth by the prostates hornes and adjoyning parts For as much as belongs to the particular attraction retention concoction distribution assimulation of each part that depends of the particular temper and as they terme it occulte propertie of each similar and simple part Neither doe these particular actions differ from the universall but that the generall are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers but the speciall by the severall occult propertie of their flesh arising from their temperature which we may call a specificke propertie Now in the composition of mans body nature principally aimes at three things The first is to create parts necessary for life as are the heart braine and liver The second to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living as the eyes nose eares armes and hands The third is for the propagation and renewing the species or kind as the privie parts testicles and wombe And this is my opinion of the true distinction of mans body furnished with so many parts for the performance of so many faculties which you if you please may approve of and follow If not you may follow the common and vulgar which is into three bellies or capacities the upper middle lower that is the head breast and lower belly and the limbs or joints In which by the head we doe not understand all the Animall parts but onely those which are from the crowne of the head to the first vertebra of the necke or to the first of the backe if according to the opinion of Galen Lib. de ossibus where he makes mention of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia we reckon the necke amongst the parts of the head By the brest whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard or short ribbs and the midriffe By the lower belly the rest of the trunke of the body from the ends of the ribbs to the share-bones by the limbs we understand the armes and legges We will follow
the grinding muscles because they move the skin as a mill to grinde asunder the meale From their forme or figure because some are like Mice other like Lizards which have their Leggs cut off for that they imitate in their belly body or tendon the belly or taile of such creatures from whence the names of Musculus and Lacertus are derived Such are those which bend the wrest and which are fastened to the bone of the Leg which extend the foot Others are triangular as that which lifts up the arme called Epomis or Deltoides and that which drawes the arme to the breast called the Pectorall muscle Others quadrangular as the Rhomboides or Lozenge muscle of the shoulder blade and the two hindesum-muscles serving for respiration and two of the wrests which turne down the hand Others consist of more than foure angles as the oblique descending and that muscle with joynes it selfe to it from the shoulder blade others are round and broad as the Midriffe others circular as the Sphincter muscle of the fundament and bladder others are of a pyramidall figure as the seaventh muscle of the eye which compasses the opticke nerve in beasts but not in men Others have a semicirculer forme as that which shuts up the eye feated at the lesser corner thereof Others resemble a Monks cowle or hood as the Trapezius of the shoulder blade Besides others at their first originall are narrow but broad at their insertion as the Saw-muscle of the shoulder and the transverse of the Epigastrium others are quire contrary as the three Muscles of the Hippe others keepe an equall breadth or bignesse in all places as the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest others are long and slender as the long muscle of the thigh others are long and broad as the oblique descending muscles of the Epigastrium others are directly contrary as the Intercostall which are very narrow From their perforations for some are perforated as the Midriffe which hath three holes as also the oblique and transverse of the Epigastrium that so they may give passage forth to the preparing spermaticke vessells and to the ejaculatory vessells the Coate Erythroides associating and strengthening them others are not perforated From their magnitude for some are most large as the two muscles of the Hipp others very small as the eight small muscles of the necke and the proper muscles of the Throtle and the wormy muscles Others are of an indifferent magnitude From their colour for some are white and red as the Temporall muscles which have Tendons comming from the midst of their belly others are livide as the three greater muscles of the calfe of the leg which colour they have by the admixtion of the white or tendinous nervy coate with the red flesh for this coat by its thicknesse darkning the colour of the flesh so that it cannot shew its rednesse and fresh colour makes it seeme of that livide colour From their scituation for some are superficiary as those which appeare under the skin and fat others deepe in and hid as the smooth and foure twin muscles some are stretched out and as it were spred over in a streight and plaine passage as the muscles of the thigh which move the legge except the Ham-muscle others oblique as those of the Epigastrium other some transverse as the transverse of the Epigastrium where you must observe that although all the fibers of the muscles are direct yet we call them oblique and transverse by comparing them to the right muscles as which by the concourse of the fibers make a streight or acute angle From the sorts of fibers for some have one kinde of fiber yet the greatest part enjoy two sorts running so up and downe that they either are crossed like the letter X as happens in the pectorall and grinding muscles or else doe not concurre as in the Trapezij Others have three sorts of fibers as the broad muscle of the face From their coherence and connexion or their texture of nervous fibers for some have fibers somewhat more distant and remote immediately at their originall than in other places as you may see in the muscles of the buttocks Others in their midst and belly which by reason thereof in such muscles is more big or tumid their head and taile being slender as happens in most of the muscles of the arme and leg in which the dense masse of flesh interwoven with fibers disioynes the fibers in so great a distance in other some the fibers are more distant in the taile as in the greater Saw-muscle arising from the bottome of the shoulder blade in others they are equally distant through the whole muscle as in the muscles of the wrest and betweene the ribbs From their head for in some it is fleshy interwoven with few fibers as in the muscles of the buttocks in others it is wholy nervous as in the most-broadmuscle common to the arme and shoulder blade and in the three muscles of the thigh proceeding from the tuberosity of the hucle bone in some it is nervous and fleshy as in the internall and externall muscle of the arme Besides some have one head others two as the bender of the elbow and the externall of the legge others three as the Threeheaded muscle of the thigh But wee must note that the word nerve or sinew is here taken in a large signification for a ligament nerve and tendon as Galen saith Lib de Ossibus and moreover we must observe that the head of a muscle is one while above another while below otherwhiles in the midst as in the Midriffe as you may know by the insertion of the Nerve because it enters the muscle by its head From their belly also there be some differences of muscles taken for some have their belly immediately at their beginning as the muscles of the buttocks others at their insertion as the Midriffe Others just at their head as those which put forth the Calfe of the leg in others it is somewhat further off as in those which draw backe the arme and which bend the legge in others the belly extends even from the head to the taile as in the intercostall muscles and these of the wrest in others it is produced even to their insertion as in those of the palmes of the hands and soles of the feet some have a double belly distinguished by a nervous substance as those which open the mouth and those which arise from the roote of the lower processe of the shoulder blade Moreover the differences of muscels are drawne also from the Tendons for some have none at least which are manifest as the muscles of the lips and the sphincter muscles the intercostall and those of the wrest others have them in part and want them in part as the Midriffe for the Midriffe wants a Tendon at the ends of the shorter ribs but hath two at the first Vertebra of the Loines
in which it is terminated Others have a Tendon indeede But some of these move with the bone some not as the muscles of the eyes and besides some of these have broad and membranous tendons as the muscles of the eyes and Epigastrium except the right muscles in others they are thicke and round as in the benders of the fingers in others they are lesse round but more broad than thicke such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles and Soleus of the legge others have short Tendons as the muscles which turne downe the hand othersome long as those of the plames of the hands and soles of the feet besides others produce Tendons from the end of their belly which Tendons are manifest others from the midst as the Temporall muscles Besides also others diffuse many tendons from their belly as in the hands the benders of the fingers and the extenders of the feet Othersome put forth but one which sometimes is devided into many as those which bend the third articulation of the foot otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon as the three muscles of the Calfe of the leg and those which bend the cubit and leg All tendons have their originall when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle are by litle and litle drawne and meet together untill at last carried to the joynt they are there fastened for the fit bending and extension thereof From the contrariety of their Actions for some parts have contrary muscles benders and extenders Other parts have none for the Cods and fundament have onely lifters up From their function for some are made for direct motions as those which extend the fingers and toes others for oblique as the Supinators of the hand and the Pronators others performe both as the pectorall muscle which moves the Arme obliquely upward and downeward as the upper and lower fibers are contracted and also out right if all the fibers be contracted together which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles because that by understanding them the prognosticke will be more certaine and also the application of remedies to each part and if any occasion be either to make incision or suture we may be more certaine whether the part affected be more or lesse nervous CHAP. IX Of the parts of a Muscle HAving declared the nature and differences of a muscle we must note that some of the parts thereof are compound or universall others simple or particular The compound are the head Belly and taile The simple are ligaments a nerve flesh a veine artery and coate For the compound parts by the head we understand the beginning and originall of a muscle which is one while ligamentous and nervous otherwhiles also fleshy By the belly that portion which is absolutely fleshy But by the taile we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve partly of a ligament promiscuously comming forth from the belly of the muscle For asmuch as belongs to the simple which are sixe in number three are called proper and three common The proper are a Ligament from a bone a nerve proceeding from the Braine or spinall marrow and flesh compact by the concretion of blood The Common are a veine from the Liver or trunke arising from thence an artery proceeding from the Heart a Coate produced by the nervous ligamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle But for the simple use of all such parts the nerve is as it were the principall part of a muscle which gives it sense and motion the Ligament gives strength the flesh containes the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the muscle and strengthens it filling up all the void spaces and also it preserves the native humidity of these parts and cherisheth the heat implanted in them and to conclude defends it from all externall injuries for like a fan it opposeth it selfe against the heat of the Sunne and is as a garment against the cold and as a cushion in all falls and bruises and as a buckler or defence against wounding weapons The veine nourishes the muscle the arterie gives it life the coat preserves the harmony of all the parts thereof lest they should be any wayes disioyned or corrupted by purulent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the muscles as we see it happens in a Gangrene where the corruption hath invaded this membrane by the breaking out of the more acride matter or filth CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a muscle HAving gone thus farre it remaines that we more particularly inquire into each part of a muscle that if it be possible nothing may be wanting to this discourse Wherefore a Ligament properly so called is a simple part of mans body next of a bone and gristle the most terrestriall dry hard cold white taking its originall immediatly or by the interposition of some Medium from the BOnes or Gristles from whence also the Muscles have their beginning wherby it comes to passe that a ligament is void of sense unlesse it receive a nerve from some other place For so the Ligaments which compose strengthen the Tongue and yeard are partakers of sense and it inserts it self into the bone and gristle that so it may bind them together and strengthen and beautifie the whole joynt or connexion for these three be the principal uses of a Ligament then diffusing it self into the membranes and muscles to strengthen those parts A nerve to speake properly is also a simple parte of our body bred and nourished by a grosse and Phlegmaticke humor such as the braine the originall of all the nerves and also the Spinall marrow endewed with the faculty of feeling and oftentimes also of moving For there be divers parts of the body which have nerves yet are destitute of all voluntary motion having the sense onely of feeling as the membranes veines arteries guts and all the entrailes A nerve is covered with a double cover from the two membranes of the braine and besides also with a third proceeding from the ligaments which fasten the hinder part of the head to the Vertebra's or else from the Pericranium Wee understand no other things by the fibers of a nerve or of a Ligament than long and slender threds white solid cold strong more or lesse according to the quantity of the substance which is partly nervous and sensible partly Ligamentous and insensible You must imagine the same of the fleshy fibers in their kind but of these threds some are straight for attraction others oblique for retention of that which is convenient for the creature and lastly some transverse for the expulsion of which is unprofitable But when these transverse threds are extended in length they are lessened in bredth but when they are directly contracted they are shortened in length But when they
figure but somwhat long together with the yarde representing the shape of the letter S. It is placed in men at the end of the right Gut and Perinaeum rising upwards even to the roots of the yarde and with it bending it self downwards in weomen it is short broad and streight ending at the orifice of the necke of the wombe betweene the nervous bodyes of the Nymphae In men it hath connexion with the bladder the ejaculatory vessels the right gut and yarde but in weomen onely with the necke of the wombe and privities The use of it is in men to cast forth seed and urine in weomen onely urine But wee must note that the share bones must be divided and pulled asunder in that part where they are joyned that so you may the more exactly observe the scituation of these parts Besides you must note that by the Perinaeum we understand nothing else in men and weomen than that space which is from the fundament to the privities in which the seame is called Taurus CHAP. XXXII Of the yarde NOw followes the declaration of the Privy parts of men and weomen and first wee will treat of mens The yard is of a ligamentous substance because it hath its originall from bones it is of an indifferent magnitude in all dimensions yet in some bigger in some lesse the figure of it is round but yet some what flatted above and beneath It is composed of a double coat Nerves veines arteryes two ligaments the passage of the urine and foure muscles It hath its coats both from the true skin as also from the fleshy pannicle but the veines and Arteryes from these of the lower part of the lower belly which runne on the lower part of the Holy-bone into the yard as the seminary vessels runne on the upper part The ligaments of the yard proceed on both sides from the sides and lower commissure of the share-bones wherefore the yard is immediatly at his root furnished with a double ligament but these two presently runne into one spungy one The passage of the urine scituate in the lower part of the yarde comes from the neck of the bladder betweene the two ligaments For the foure muscles the two side ones composeing or making a great part of the yard proceed from the inward extuberancy of the Hip-bone and presently they are dilated from their originall and then grow lesse againe The two other lower arise from the muscles of the fundament and accompany the urinary passage the length of the perinaeum untill they enter the yard but these two muscles cleave so close together that they may seeme one haveing a triangular forme The action of these foure muscles in the act of generation is they open and dilate this common passage of urine and seed that the seede may be forciblely or violently cast into the feild of nature and besides they then keepe the yarde so stiffe that it cannot bend to either side The yard is in number one and scituate upon the lower parts of the share bone that it might bee more stiffe in erection It hath connexion with the share-bone and neighbouring parts by the particles of which it is composed It is of a cold and dry temper The action of it is to cast the seed into the wombe for preservation of mankinde The head of it begins where the tendons end this head from the figure thereof is called Glans and Balanus that is the Nut and the skin which covers that head is called Praeputium that is the foreskin The flesh of this Glandule is of a middle nature between the Glandulous flesh and true skin But you must note that the Ligaments of the yarde are spongy contrary to the condition of others and filled with grosse and blacke blood But all these stirred up by the delight of desired pleasure and provoked with a venereall fire swell up and erect the yard CHAP. XXXIII Of the spermaticke vessels and testicles in weomen NOw we should treat of the Privy parts in weomen but because they depend upon the necke and proper body of the wombe we will first speake of the wombe hauing first declared what difference there is betweene the spermaticke vessels and testicles of men and weomen Wherefore we must know that the spermatick vessels in weomen do nothing differ from those in men in substance figure composure number connexion temper originall and use but only in magnitude and distribution for weomen have them more large and short It was sit they should be more large because they should not onely convey the matter fit for generation of young and nourishment of the testicles but also sufficient for the nourishment of the wombe and child but shorter because they end at the testicles and wombe within the belly in weomen Where you must note that the preparing spermaticke vessels a litle before they come to the Testicles are divided into two unequall branches of which the lesser bended after the same manner as wee said in men goes into the head of the testicle through which it sends a slender branch into the coats of the testicles for life and nourishment and not onely into the coats but also into the leading vessels But the bigger branch descends on each side by the upper part of the wombe betweene the proper coate and the common from the Peritonaeum where it is devided into divers branches By this difference of the spermaticke vessels you may easily understand why weomen cast forth lesse seed than men For their Testicles they differ litle from mens but in quantity For they are lesser and in figure more hollow and flat by reason of their defective heat which could not elevate or lift them vp to their just magnitude Their composure is more simple for they want the scrotum or cod the fleshy coate and also according to the opinion of some the Erythroides but in place thereof they have another from the Peritonaeum which covers the proper coat that is the Epididymis or Dartos Silvius writes that womens Testicles wants the Erythroides yet it is certaine that besides their peculiar coat Dartos they have another from the peritonaeum which is the Erythroides or as Fallopius calls it the Elythroides that is as much as the vaginalis or sheath But I thinke that this error hath sprung from the misunderstanding that place in Galen where he writes that womens testicles want the Epidedymis For we must not understand that to be spoken of the coate but of the varicous parastats as I formerly said They differ nothing in number but in fite for in men they hang without the belly at the share bone above the Peritonaeum weomen have them lying hide in their belly nere the bottome at the sides of the wombe but yet so as they touch not the body of the wombe But these testicles are tyed to the wombe both by a coate from the Peritonaeum as also by the
the Chest The Preface HAving finished the first Booke of our Anatomy in explanation of the naturall parts contained in the lower belly now order requires that we treat of the Brest that so the parts in some sort already explained I meane the veines and arteries may bee dispatched after the same order and manner without interposition of any other matter And besides also that we may the more exactly and chearefully shew the rest of the parts which remaine as the head and limbs knowing already the originall of those vessels which are dispersed through them To this purpose we will define what the Chest is and then we will divide it into its parts Thirdly in these we will consider which parts containe and which are contained that so we may more happily finish our intended discourse CHAP. I. What the Thorax or the Chest is into what parts it may be devided and the nature of these parts THe Thorax or Chest is the middle belly terminated or bounded above with the coller-bones below with the midriffe before with the Sternū or brest behind with the twelve Vertebra's of the backe on both sides with the true and bastard ribs and with the intercostall and intercartilagineous muscles Nature hath given it this structure and composition lest that being a defence for the vitall parts against externall injuries it should hinder respiration which is no lesse needfull for the preservation of the native heate diffused by the vitall spirits and shut up in the heart as in the fountaine therof against internal injuries than the other forementioned parts against externall For if the chest should have bin all bony verily it had beene the stronger but it would have hindred our respiration or breathing which is performed by the dilating and contracting thereof Wherefore lest one of these should hinder the other nature hath framed it partly bony and gristlely and partly fleshie Some render another reason hereof which is that nature hath framed the chest that it might here also observe the order used by it in the fabricke of things which is that it might conjoine the parts much disagreeing in their composure as the lower belly altogether fleshie and the head all bony by a medium partaker both of the bony and fleshie substance which course wee see it hath observed in the connexion of the fire and water by the interposition of the aire of the earth and aire by the water placed betweene them The Chest is divided into three parts the upper lower and middle the collar bones containe the upper the midriffe the lower and the Sternon the middle The Sternon in Galens opinion is composed of seven bones I beleeve by reason of the great stature of the people that lived then Now in our times you shall oft finde it compact of three foure or five bones although we will not deny but that we have often observed it especially in young bodies to consist of seven or eight bones Wherefore those who have fewer bones in number in their Sternon have them larger that they might be sufficient to receive the ribbes This is the common opinion of the Sternon Yet Fallopius hath described it farre otherwise wherefore let those who desire to know more hereof looke in his observations At the lower part of the Sternon there is a gristle called commonly Furcula and Malum granatum or the Pomegranate because it resembles that fruite others call it Cartilago scutiformis that is the brest-blade It is placed there to be as it were a bulwarke or defence to the mouth of the stomacke endued with most exquisite sense and also that it should doe the like to that part of the midriffe which the liver beares up in that place situate above the orifice of the ventricule by the ligament comming betweene descending from the lower part of the same gristle into the upper part of the liuer The common people thinke that this gristle sometimes fals downe But it so adheares and is united to the bones of the Sternon that the falling thereof may seeme to be without any danger although oft times it may bee so moistened with watery and serous humidities with which the orifice of the stomacke abounds that as it were soaked and drunke with these it may be so relaxed that it may seeme to be out of its place in which case it may be pressed and forced by the hand into the former place and seate as also by applying outwardly and taking inwardly astringent and drying medicines to exhaust the superfluous humiditie This gristle at its beginning is narrow but more broad and obtuse at its end somewhat resembling the round or blunt point of a sword whereupon it is also called Cartilago Ensiformis or the swordlike gristle In some it hath a double in others a single point In old people it degenerates into a bone Now because we make mention of this gristle we will shew both what a gristle is and how many differences thereof there be that henceforward as often as wee shall have occasion to speake of a gristle you may understand what it is A gristle is a similar part of our bodies next to abone most terrestriall cold drie hard weighty and without sense differing from a bone in drienesse onely the which is more in a bone Wherefore a gristle being lost cannot be regenerated like as a bone without the interposition of a Callus The difference of these are almost the same with bones that is from their consistence substance greatnesse number site figure connexion action and use Omitting the other for brevitie sake I will only handle those differences which arise from site use and connexion Therefore gristles either adhere to the bones or of and by themselves make some part as the gristles of the eyelids called Tarsi of the Epiglottis and throatle And others which adhere to bones either adhere by the interposition of no medium as those which come betweene the bones of the Sternon the collar bones the share and hanch bones and others or by a ligament comming betweene as those which are at the ends of the bastard ribs to the Sternon by the meanes of a ligament that by those ligaments being softer than a gristle the motions of the chest may be more quickly and safely performed The gristles which depend on bones doe not onely yeeld strength to the bones but to themselves and the parts contained in them against such things as may breake and bruise them The gristles of the Sternon and at the ends of the bastard ribs are of this sort By this we may gather that the gristles have a double use one to polish and levigate the parts to which that slippery smoothnesse was necessary for performance of their dutie and for this use serve the gristles which are at the joynts to make their motions the more nimble The other use is to defend those parts upon which they are placed from externall injuries by breaking violent
inspiration But the first of the other muscles being as many in number which contract the Chest in expiration arising from the holy-bone and the oblique processes of the loines ascends firmely and confusedly adhering with the Musculus sacer or holy-muscle which we shall describe hereafter to the roots of the twelve ribbes imparting in the ascent a small tendon to each of them by which it drawes these ribbs towards the transverse processes and by reason of its Originall it is called Sacrolumbus that is the Holy loine-muscle The second third and fourth which we said were the oblique descendent right and transverse of the Epigrastium have beene formerly described in their place But by the way you must note that these three muscles of the Epigastrium helpe expiration rather by accident than of themselves to wit by driving backe the midriffe towards the lungs by the entrailes which also they force upwards by drawing the parts into which they are inserted towards their Originall The fifth which we called the Triangulus or Triangular may be called the Compressor of the gristles which proceeding from the inner sides of the Sternon goes to all the gristles of the true ribbes this is more apparent under the Sternon in beasts than in men though it be not very obscure in them neither For the internall Intercostall muscles in my judgement they arise from the lower sides of the upper ribbe and descending obliquely from the fore part backwards are inserted into the upper side of the ribbe next under it so that they may follow the production of the fibers of the externall Intercartilaginei as the sixe internall Intercartilaginei follow the site of the externall Intercostall proceeding from behinde forwards wherefore as well the Intercostall as the Intercartilaginei every where intersect each other after the similitude of the letter X. I know some have written that the internall muscles whether intercostall or Intercartalaginei ascend from the upper sides of the lower ribbe forwards or backwards But if this were true it would follow that these muscles admitted their nerves in their taile and not in their head seeing the nerve alwayes goes under the ribbe and not above it The last muscle of the Chest that is the Diaphragma or Midriffe is sufficiently described before wherefore it remaines wee describe the muscles of the Loines These are sixe in number on each side three equall in thicknesse strength and situation one of these bends and the other two extend the Loines it is called by reason of the figure the Triangulus or Triangular which bends the Loines it ascends from a great part of the hinde side of the Hanch-bone into the transverse processes of the Loines and the last of the Chest on the inside for which cause it is made of fibers short long and indifferent answering to the nearenesse or distance of the said processes The first of the extenders is called the Semispinatus because even to the middle of its body it takes the originall from the spines of the holy-bones and Loines this with its oblique fibers ascends from all the said spines to the transverse processes as well of the Loines as Chest The other is called Sacer the Holy-muscle because it takes its originall from the Holy-bone or the sides thereof it ascends with its oblique fibers to the spines of the Loines and of the eleaven lower Rack-bones of the Chest CHAP. XIX Of the Muscles of the Shoulder-blade NOw we must describe the muscles of the extreme parts and first of the Arme taking our beginning from these of the Shoulder-blade But first that we may the better understand their description we must observe the nature and condition of the shoulder-blade Therefore the blade bone on that part which lies next unto the ribbs is somewhat hollowed wherefore on the other side it some what buncles out It hath two ribbs one above another below by the upper is ment nothing else than a border or right line which looking towards the temples is extended from the exterior angle thereof under the collar-bone even to the Processe Coracoides which this ribbe produces in the end thereof By the lower the underside which lies towards the lower belly and the short ribbs Besides in this shoulder-blade we observe the basis head and spine By the basts we understand the broader part of the shoulder-blade which lookes towards the backe-bone By the head we understand the narrower part thereof in which it receives the head of the Arme in a cavity indifferently hollow which it produces both by it selfe as also by certaine gristles which there fastened encompasse that cavity This kinde of cavity is called Glene This receives and containes the bone of the arme by a certaine strong ligament encompassing strengthening the joynt which kind of ligament is common to all other joints this ligament arises from the bottome of the cavity of the shoulder-blade and circularly encompasses the whole joynt fastening it selfe to the head of the arme there are also other ligaments besides this which encompasse strengthen this articulation By the spine is ment a processe which rising by little and little upon the gibbous part of the blade from the basis thereof where it was low and deprest becomes higher untill it ends in the Acromion or upper part thereof Nature hath made two productions in this bone that is to say the Acromion from the spine and the Coracoides from the upper side for the strengthening of the articulation of the arme and shoulder-blade that is left the arme should be easily strained upward or forwards besides it is fastened to the clavicle by the processe Acromion The muscles which move the shoulder-blade are sixe in number of which foure are proper and two common The first of the foure proper seated in the forepart ascends from the bones of five or sixe of the upper ribbs to the Coracoides which it drawes forwards and is called Serratus minor that is the Lesser saw-muscle which that you may plainely shew it is fit you pull the pectorall muscle from the collar-bone almost to the middle of the Sternon The other first opposite against it is placed on the fore side and drawes its originall from the three lower spines of the necke and the three upper of the Chest from whence it extends it selfe and ends into all the gristly basis of the shoulder-blade drawing it backwards it is called the Rhomboides The third from its action is called the Levator or the heaver or lifter up seated in the upper part it descends from the transverse processes of the foure first Vertebrae of the necke into the upper angle and spine of the blade The fourth called Trapezius or the Table-muscle is seated in the backe part and is membranous at the originall but presently becoms fleshy it arises from almost all the backe-part of the head from all the spines of the
so that unlesse nature had otherwise provided a sufficient receptacle for the head of this bone as by the ligamēts of the neighbouring Muscles it would otherwise have bin in perpetuall danger of dislocation Thus the Arme-bone is fastened to the shoulder-blade Gynglymos when the bones mutually receive each other such like composition hath the Cubit and Arme-bone or more straitly as by synarthrosis whē the bones are more straitly knit so that they can performe no motions in the body Of this Articulation there are also 3 kinds that is Gomphysis as when one bone so receives another as a Pin is fastened in the hole made by a peircer thus the teeth are fastened in the Iawes Sutura like a Saw or teeth of a combe as the bones of the scul are mutually knit together or as scales or tiles are laid after which manner the stony bones are fastened to these of the Synciput Harmonis which is by interposition of a simple line which parts bones abutting one upon another as the bones of the Nose An Epitome or briefe recitall of all the Muscles of mans body As I have formerly reckoned up the bones so here I have decreed to recite the muscles of mans body Wherefore in the face we first meet with the broad or skin muscle arising from the flshy pannicle covering the whole necke almost all the face Then follow 4 perteining to the upper eye-lids In the Orbs of the eyes lye 14 that is 7 in each Orbe of which 4 are called right two oblique and one pyramidall Then succeed 4 of the nose two externall on each side one and two internall these draw it together and the other open it After these come the ten muscles of the lower Iaw of which two are called the Crotaphitae or Temporall two Masseteres or Grinders two round which seeme to me rather to perteine to the lips than to this Iaw two litle ones hid in the mouth arising from the winged processe of the wedge-bone two openers of the mouth being nervous or tendinous in their midst Then follow the 8 muscles of the lips that is 4 of the upper and as many of the lower shutting and opening the mouth The tongue with his ten muscles is hid as it were in the den of the mouth Wherfore the muscles of the whole face are 51. In the fore part of the neck are found the muscles of the bone Hyoides throtle now 8 muscles hold the bone Hyoides as equally ballanced of which there are 2 upper arising from the Chin 2 on the sides from the processe Styloides perforated in their midst through which the 2 openers of the mouth in that part nervous do passe 2 arise from the Sternō lastly 2 from the upper rib of the shoulder-blade to the Coracoides which also in their midst are nervous in which place the two Mastoidei lye upon them The Throtle composed of three gristles hath eighteene or twenty muscles of which sixe or eight are common and twelue proper Of the common there are two above two below and two at the sides of the first gristle to which wee may adde these two which serve for the opening of the Epiglottis which are alwayes found in great foure footed beasts for to presse downe the Epiglottis The proper are twelue which almost all of them come from the second gristle so to be inserted into the first and third of which some are before others behinde the Thyroides Besides these there are the Mastoidei which bend the head But in the backe part of the Necke there are twelue muscles also appointed for to move the head so that in all there are fourteene muscles serving for the motion of the head the two fore Mastoidei and the twelue hinde Muscles that is to say the two Splenij two Complexi foure Right and so many oblique which are very short so that they passe not beyond the first and second Vertebra The Necke hath eight Muscles of which two are called the long lying before upon the bodyes of the Vertebrae the two Scaleni which are at the sides the two Spinati which runne alongst the Spine the two transverse which goe to the transverse processes of the Chest The Chest hath 81 Muscles of which some are on the fore part some on the hinde others on the sides they are all combined or coupled together except the Midriffe Now of these there are the two Subclavij the two great Saw-muscles which proceed from the basis of the shoulder-blade the foure litle Rbomboides or square muscles that is two above and two below the two Sacrolumbi the two binders of the Gristles within the Chest Besides there are twenty and two externall and as many internall Intercostall muscles twenty foure Intercartilaginei that is twelue externall and as many internall so that the Intercostall and Intercartilaginei are 68 which with the twelue before mentioned make the number of 80 Muscles Adde to these the Midriffe being without an associate and you shall have the number formerly mentioned to wit 81. But also if you will adde to these the Muscles of the lower belly I will not much gainsay it because by accident they helpe inspiration and exspiration Wherefore of the eight muscles of the Epigastrium there are foure Oblique of which two are descendent and so many ascendent two right to which you may adde the two Assisting or Pyramidall muscles which come from the share-bone if it please you to separate them from the head of the right muscles There are sixe or eight Muscles of the Loynes of which two bend the loines which are the triangular the two Semispinati two Sacri two are in the midst of the backe which for that cause we may call the Rachitae or Chine-muscles Now that hereafter we may severally and distinctly set downe the muscles of the extreme parts will we come to the privities Where for the use of the Testicles there are two Muscles called the Cremasteres or Hanging Muscles At the roote of the yard or Perinaeum there are foure others partly for the commodious passing of the urine and seed and partly for erecting the yarde The Sphincter Muscle is seated at the Necke of the Bladder At the end of the right Gut are three Muscles two Levatores Ani or Lifters up of the fundament and one Sphincter or shutting Muscle Now let us prosequute the Muscles of the Extremities or Limbs But it will be sufficient to mention onely the Muscles of one side because seeing these parts of the body are double those things which are said of the one may be applyed to the other Wherefore the muscles of the Arme beginning with these of the shoulder-blade at the least are 42. for there are 4 of the shoulder-blade of the Arme properly or particularly so called seven or eight and there are three foure or five proper muscles of the Cubite that is appointed for the performance of the motions thereof in the
must presently be made in the flesh lying there under shall be consolidated the skinne by its falling therein may serve for that purpose then therefore let him divide the musculous flesh and Peritonaum with a small wound not hurting the Kall or Guts Then put into the wound a trunke or golden or silver crooked pipe of the thicknesse of a Gooses-quill and of the length of some halfe a finger Let that part of it which goes into the capacity of the belly have something a broad head and that perforated with two small holes by which a string being fastened it may be bound so about the body that it cannot be moved unlesse at the Chirurgions pleasure Let a spunge be put into the pipe which may receive the dropping humor and let it be taken out when you would evacuate the water but let it not be powred out all together but by little and little for feare of dissipation of the spirits and resolution of the faculties which I once saw happen to one sicke of the Dropsie He being impatient of the disease and cure thereof thrust a Bodkin into his belly and did much rejoyce at the powring forth of the water as if he had bin freed from the humor and the disease but died within a few houres because the force of the water running forth could by no meanes be staied for the incision was not artificially made But it will not be sufficient to have made way for the humor by the meanes aforementioned but also the externall orifice of the pipe must be stopped and strengthened by double cloathes and a strong ligature least any of the water flow forth against our wills But we must note that the pipe is not to be drawne out of the wound before as much water shall be issued forth as we desire the tumor requireth for once drawne forth it cannot easily be put in againe and without force paine be fitted to the lips of the wound because the skin and fleshy pannicle cover it by their falling into the wound of the flesh or muscle But whilest the water is in evacuation we must have a diligent care of feeding the Patient as also of his strength for if that faile and he seeme to be debilitated the effusion of the water must be staied for some dayes which at the length performed according to our desire the wound must be so consolidated that the Chirurgion beware it degenerate not into a Fistula The Figure of a Pipe informe of a Quill to evacuate the water in Dropsies Others performe this businesse after another manner for making an incision they thrust through the lipps of the wound with a needle and threed but they take up much of the fleshie substance with the needle least that which is taken up should be rent and torne by the forcible drawing of the lippes together Then the threed it selfe is wrapped up and downe over both ends of the needle so thrust through as is usually done in a hare-lippe that so the lippes of the wound may so closely cohere that not a drop of water may get out against the Chirurgions will Sometimes such as are cured and healed of the Dropsie fall into the Iaundise whom I usually cure after this manner â„ž sterc anser Ê’ij dissolve it in â„¥ iij vini alb coletur make a Potion and let it be given two houres before meate CHAP. XIII Of the tumor and relaxation of the Navell THe Exomphalos or swelling of the Navell is caused by the Peritonaeum either relaxed or broken for by this occasion oft-times the Guts and oft-times the Kall fall into the seat of the Navell and sometimes superfluous flesh is there generated otherwise this tumor is as an Aneurisma by too great a quantity of bloud powred forth in that place otherwise by a flatulent matter and sometimes by a waterish humor If the humor be occasioned by the Kall the part it selfe will retaine his proper colour that is the colour of the skinne the tumor will be soft and almost without paine and which will reside without noise either by the pressure of your fingers or of it selfe when the Patient lieth on his backe but the tumor caused by the guts is more unequall and when it is forced in by the pressure of your fingers there is such a noise heard as in the Enterocele but if the tumor proceede of superfluous flesh it will be harder and more stubborne not easily retiring into the body although the Patient lie upon his backe and you presse it with your fingers The tumor is softer which proceeds of winde but which will not retire into the body and sounds under your naile like a taber If the swelling be caused by a waterish humor it hath all things common with the flatuous tumor except that it is not so visible and without noise If it be from effusion of bloud it is of a livid colour but if the effused bloud shall be arteriall then there are the signes of an Aneurisme Wherefore when the tumor is caused by the Guts Kall Winde or a waterish humour it is cured by Chirurgery but not if it proceede from a fleshie excrescence or suffusion of bloud The tumor of the Navell proceeding from the Kall and Guts the Patient must lie upon his backe to be cured and then the Kall and Guts must with your fingers be forced into their due place then the skinne with which the tumor is circumscribed must be taken up with your fingers and thrust through with a needle drawing after it a double twined and strong threed then it must be scatified about the sides that so it may be the easier agglutinated Then must it be thrust through with a needle three or foure times according to the manner and condition of the distention and tumor And so twitch it strongly with a threed that the skinne which is so bound may at length fall off together with the ligatures But also you may cut off the skinne so distended even to the ligature and then cicatrize it as shall be fit A flatulent tumor of the Navell shall be cured with the same remedies as we shall hereafter mention in the cure of a windy rupture but the watery may be powred forth by making a small incision And the wound shall be kept open so long untill all the water be drained forth CHAP. XIIII Of the Tumors of the Groines and Codds called Herniae that is Ruptures THe ancient Phisitions have made many kindes of Ruptures yet indeede there are onely three to be called by that name that is the Intestinalis or that of the guts the Zirbalis or that of the kall and that which is mixed of them both The other kindes of Ruptures have come into this order rather by similitude than any truth of the thing for in them the Gut or Kall doe not forsake their places The Greekes have given to all these severall names
cannot suffer straight binding such are the Throat Belly as also all parts oppressed with paine For the part vexed with paine abhorreth binding The use thereof is to hold to locall Medicines It is performed with a Rowler which consists some whiles of one some whiles of more heads All these Rowlers ought to be of linnen and such as is neither too new nor too old neither too course nor too fine Their breadth must be proportionable to the parts to which they shall bee applyed the indication of their largenesse being taken from their magnitude figure and site As wee shall shew more at large in our Tractates of Fractures and Dislocations The Chirurgion shall performe the first scope of curing Wounds which is of preserving the temper of the Wounded part by appointing a good order of Diet by the Prescript of a Physition by using universall and locall Medicines A slender cold and moyst Diet must be observed untill that time be passed wherein the patient may be safe and free from accidents which are usually feared Therefore let him bee fed sparingly especially if he be plethorick he shall abstaine from salt and spiced flesh and also from wine If he shall be of a Cholerick or Sanguine nature In steed of wine he shall use the decoction of Barly or Liquerice or Water and Sugar He shall keepe himselfe quiet for rest is in Celsus opinion the very best Medicine Hee shall avoyde Venery Contentions Brawles Anger and other perturbations of the mind When hee shall seeme to bee past danger it will bee time to fall by little and little to his accustomed maner of diet and life Vniversall remedies are Phlebotomies and purging which have force to divert and hinder defluxion wherby the temper of the part might be in danger of change For Phlebotomy it is not alwayes necessary as in small wounds and bodies which are neither troubled with ill humours nor plethoricke But it is onely required in great wounds where there is feare of defluxion paine Delirium Raving and unquietnesse and lastly in a body that is Plethoricke and when the joynts tendons or nerves are wounded Gentle purgations must bee appointed because the humours are moved and inraged by stronger whence there is danger of defluxion and inflammation wherefore nothing is to be attempted in this case without the advice of a Physition The Topick and particular Medicines are Agglutinative which ought to be indued with a drying and astrictive quality whereby they may hold together the lips of the wound and drive away defluxion having alwayes regard to the nature of the part and the greatnesse of the disease The Simple Medicines are Glibanum Alâ—es Sarcocolla Bole-Armenick Terra sigillata Sanguis Draconis Common and Venice Turpentine Gumme Elemni Plantane Horse-tayle the greater Comfery Farina Volatilis and many other things of this kind which wee shall speake of hereafter in our Antidotary The fifth scope of healing wounds is the Correction of those Symptomes or Accidents which are accustomed to follow wounds which thing verily makes the Chirurgion have much to doe For he is often forced to omit the proper cure of the disease so to resist the accidents and symptomes as bleeding paine inflammation a feaver convulsion palsie talking idly or distraction and the like Of which wee shall treat briefly and particularly after we have first spoken of Sutures as much as we shall thinke fitting for this place CHAP. VI. Of Sutures WHen Wounds are made alongst the thighes Legs and armes they may easily want Sutures because the solution of continuity is easily restored by Ligatures but when they are made overthwart they require a Suture because the flesh and all such like parts being cut are drawne towards the sound parts whereby it comes to passe that they part the further each from other wherefore that they may be joyned and so kept they must be sowed and if the wound be deepe you must take up much flesh with your needle for if you onely take hold of the upper part the wound is onely superficially healed but the matter shut up and gathered together in the bottome of the wound will cause abscesses and hollow Vlcers Wherefore now wee must treate of making of Sutures The first called Interpunctus leaves the distance of a fingers breadth and therfore is fit for the greene wounds of the fleshy parts which cannot be cured with a Ligature and in which no heterogeneous or strange body remaines It is performed after this manner You must have a smooth needle with a threed in it having a three square point that so it may the better enter the skin with the head of it some what hollowed that the threed may lie therein for so the needle will the better goe through You must also have alittle pipe with a hole or window in the end which you must hold and thrust against the lip of the wound that it bee not moved to the one side or other whilest you thrust thorough the needle And that wee may see thorough that window when the needle is thrust thorough and also draw it together with the threed and withall hold the lip of the wound in more firmly that it follow not at the drawing forth of the needle and threed Having thus pierced the lips of the wound tie a knot neere to which cut off the threed least that if any of it bee left below the knot it may so stick to the Emplasters that it cannot be plucked and separated from them without paine when they are taken off But you must note the first stitch must be thrust through the midst of the wound and then the second must be in that space which is betweene the midst and one of the ends but when you have made your stitches the lips of the wound must not be too closely joyned but a little space must be left open betweene them that the matter may have free passage forth and the inflammation and paine may be avoyded otherwise if they shall be closely joyned together without any distance betweene a tumor after arising when the matter shall come to suppuration the lips will be so much distended that they may easily be broken by the stifnesse of the threed But you must neither take hold of too much nor too little flesh with your needle for too little will not hold and too much causeth paine and inflammation And besides leaves an ill favoured scarre Yet in deepe wounds such as are those which are made in the thicker Muscles the needle must be thrust home that so it may comprehend more of the fleshy substance least the thred drawne away by the weight of the flesh not taken hold of may bee broken But oft times wounds are seene made in such places as it will be needfull the Chirurgion should have a crooked needle and pipe otherwise the Suture will not succeede according to his desire Wherefore I have thought good to set forth both
easily and without harme But if by these meanes the putrifaction be not restrained and the tumor bee encreased so much that the Dura Mater rising farre above the scull remaines unmoveable blacke and dry and the patients eyes looke fiery stand forth of his head and rowle up and downe with unquietnesse and a phrensie and these so many ill accidents be not sugitive but constant then know that death is at hand both by reason of the corruption of the gangraene of a noble part as also by extinction of the natiue heate CHAP. XXII Of the cure of the Braine being shaken or moved WEe have formerly declared the causes signes and symptomes of the concussion or shaking of the Braine without any wound of the musculous skinne or fracture of the bone wherefore for the present I will treate of the cure Therefore in this case for that there is feare that some vessell is broken under the scull it is fit presently to open the cephalicke veine And let bloud bee plentifully taken according to the strength of the patient as also respectively to the disease both which is present and like to ensue taking the advice of a Physition Then when you have shaven away the haire you shall apply to the whole head and often renue the forementioned cataplasme Ex farinis aleâ— rosaceâ— oxymelite and other like cold and moyst repelling medicines But you must eschew dry and too astringent medicines must bee shunned such as are Vnguentum de bolo and the like for they obstruct too vehemently and hinder the passage sorth of the vapours both by the sutures and the hidden pores of the scull Wherefore they doe not onely not hinder the inflammation but fetch it when it is absent or encrease it when present The belly shall bee loosed with a glister and the acride vapours drawne from the head for which purpose also it will bee good to make frictions from above downewards to make straight ligatures on the extreame parts to fasten large cupping-glasses with much flame to the shoulders and the originall of the spinall marrow that so the revulsion of the blood running violently upwards to the braine and ready to cause a phlegmon may be the greater The following day it will be convenient to open the Vena Puppis which is seated upon the Lambdall suture by reason of the community it hath with the veines of the braine and shutting the mouth and nose to strive powerfully to breathe For thus the membranes swell up and the blood gathered betweene them and the scull is thrust forth but not that which is shut up in the braine and membranes of which if there be any great quantity the case is almost desperate unlesse nature assisted with stronger force cast it forth turned into Pus But also after a few dayes the vena frontis or forehead veine may be opened as also the Temporall Arteriâ—s and Veines under the tongue that the conjunct matter may bee drawne forth by so many open passages In the meane spare the Patient must keepe a spare diet and abstaine from wine especially untill the fourteenth day for that untill that time the fearefull symptomes commonly reigne But repelling medicines must be used untill the fourteenth day be past then we must come to discussing medicines beginning with the more milde such as is this following decoction â„ž rad Alth. â„¥ vj. ireos cyperi calami arom an â„¥ ij fol. salviae Majoran betonic flor chamaem meâ—il ros rub sâ—oechad an M. ss salis com â„¥ iij bulliant omnia simul secundum artem cum vino rub aqua fabrorum fiat decictio Let the head bee washed therewith twise a day with a spunge But yet when you doe this see that the head bee not to much heated by such a fomentation or any such like thing for feare of paine and inflammation Then you shall apply the cerate of Vigo which hath power to discusse indifferently to dry and draw forth the humors which are under the scull and by its aromaticke force and power to confirme and strengthen the braine it is thus described â„ž Furfuris bene triturati â„¥ iij. farin lentium â„¥ ij ros myrtillor foliorum granorum ejus an â„¥ j. calâ—m aromat â„¥ iss chamaemel melil an M. ss nuces cupresâ—â— num vj. olei rosacei chamaem an â„¥ iij. ceraealbae â„¥ iiss thuris mastichis an Ê’iij myrrhaeÊ’ij Inpulverem quae redigi debent redactis liquefactis oleis cum cera omnis misceantur simul fiat mixtura quae erit inter formam emplastri ceroti Vigo saith that one of the Duke of Vrbins Gentlemen found the virtue hereof to his great good Hee fell from his horse with his head downewards upon hard Marble he lay as if hee had beene dead the blood gusht out of his nose mouth and eares and all his face was swollen and of a livide colour hee remained dumbe twenty dayes taking no meat but dissolved gellies and Chicken and Capon broths with sugar yet he recovered but lost his memorie and saultered in his speech all his life after To which purpose is that Aphorisme of Hippocrates Those which have their Braine shaken by what cause soever must of necessity become dumbe yea also as Galen observes in his commentary loose both their sense and motion That Cerat is not of small efficacie but of marvellous and admirable force which could hinder the generating of an abscesse which was incident to the braine by reason of the fall Yet there be many men so farre from yeelding to reason that they stifly denie that any impostumation can be in the braine and augmenting this errour with another they deny that any who have a portion of the braine cut off can recover or rise againe but the authority of ancient writers and experience doe abundantly refell the vanitie of the reasons whereon they relye Now for the first in the opinion of Hippocrates If those which have great paine in their heads have either pus water or blood flowing from their Nose mouth or eares it helpes their disease But Galen Rhasis and Avicen affirme that Sanies generated in the braine disburdens its selfe by the nose mouth or eares and I my selfe have observed many who had the like happen to them I was told by Prethais Coulen Chirurgion to Monsieur de Langey that he saw a certaine young man in the towne of Mans who often used to ring a great bell hee once hanging in sport upon the rope was snatch up therewith and fell with his head full upon the pavement he lay mute was depriyed of his senses and understanding and was besides hard bound in his belly Wherefore presently a feaver and delirium with other horrid symptomes assayled him for he was not Trepaned because there appeared no signe of fracture in the scull on the seaventh day hee fell into a great sweate with often sneesing by the violence whereof a
naturall cavity When it is in it must bee bound up with compresses and rowlers after the forementioned manner To the former figures I have thought good to adde this which expresseth the maner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arme-pit with a spatula after the manner of Hippocrates This spatula fastened with an iron pin to the standing frame may be turned lifted up and pressed downe at your pleasure A. shewes the wooden spatula B. The frame or standing postes Hippocrates his Glossocomium termed Ambi. For the more certaine use of this instrument the patient must sit upon a seate which must be somewhat lower than the standing frame that so the spatula which is thrust into the arme-pit may be the more forcibly deprest so to force in the head of the shoulder-bone the patients feete must also be tyed that hee may not raise himselfe up whilest the Surgeon endevours to restore it Now he shall then endevour to restore it when he shall have bound the stretched forth arme of the dislocated shoulder unto the spatula thrust the one end therof under the slipped forth head of the shoulder bone as wee have formerly shewed for then by pressing downe the other end of the spatula which goes to the hand the bone is forced into its cavity You must diligently observe the wooden spatula which therefore I have caused to be expressed by it selfe which Hippocrates calleth Ambi whose head is a little hollowed where it is noted with this letter B. The whole spatula is marked with this letter A. with three strings hanging thereat provided for the binding of the arme that it may be kept steddy as you may perceive by the ensuing figure The figure of an Ambi fitted to a dislocated shoulder There are other additions to this Ambi whose figure I now exhibited to your view by the invention of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Lorrain's Surgion the use and knowledge whereof bestowed upon mee by the inventor himselfe I would not envie the studious reader Another figure of an Ambi with the additaments AA Shew the two eares as it were stops made to hold and keep in the top of the shoulder lest it should slippe out when it is put into the frame or supporter BB. The frame or supporter whereon the Ambi rests CC. The pin or axeltree which fastens the Ambi to the supporter DD. Screw-pinnes to fasten the foote of the supporter that it stirre not in the operation EE The holes in the foote of the supporter whereby you may fasten the screw-pins to the floore CHAP. XXVIII How to restore a shoulder dislocated forewards IT is seldome that the shoulder is luxated towards the foreside yet there is nothing so stable and firme in our bodies which may not be violated by a violent assault so that those bones doe also fall out of joint whose articulations are strengthened for the firmer connexion with fleshly nervous gristly and bony stayes or barres This you may perceive by this kinde of dislocated shoulder strengthened as it were with a strong wall on every hand to wit the Acromium and the end of the collar bone seeming to hinder it as also the great and strong muscles Epomis and Biceps Hippocrates shut up within the strait bounds of the lesser Asia never saw this kinde of dislocation which was observed fivetimes by Galen I professe I have seene it but once and that was in a certaine Nun which weary of the Nunnery cast her selfe downe out of a window and bore the fall and weight of her body upon her elbow so that her shoulder was dislocated forewards This kinde of dislocation is knowne by the depravation of the conformation or figure of the member by the head of the shoulder wrested out towards the breast as also the patient cannot bend his elbow It is restored by the same meanes as other luxations of other parts to wit by strait holding extending and forcing in Therefore the patient must bee placed upon the ground with his face upwards and then you must extend the shoulder otherwise than you doe when it is luxated into the arme-pit For when it falleth into the arme-hole it is first drawne forewards then forced upwards untill it bee brought just against the cavity whereinto it must enter But in this kinde of luxation because the toppe of the shoulder is in the fore parts of the dearticulation shut up with muscles opened both to the outer as also to the inner part you must worke to the contrary to wit to the hinde part But first of all you must place a servant at the backe of the patient who may draw backe a stronge and broade Bandage cast about the arme-pit such as is the Carchesius which consists of two contrary and continued strings lest that when the arme shall be extended the shoulder follow also you must put a clew of yarne to fill up the armepit Then must you extend the arme casting another ligature a little above the elbow and in the interim have a care that the head thereof fall not into the arme-pit which may be done both by putting the forementioned clew under the arme and drawing the head another way then must you permit by slacking your extension the joint freed from the encompassing muscles to be drawne and forced into its cavity by the muscles forcible recoiling as with an unanimous consent into themselves and their originals for thus it will easily bee restored and such extension onely is sufficient thereto CHAP. XXIX Of the shoulder luxated outwardly THe dislocation also of the shoulder to the outward parts seldom happens but yet if it may at any time happen the extension of the arme will bee very difficult but yet more difficult towards the outward part than towards the inward there is a depressed cavity perceived towards the chest but externally a bunching forth to wit in that part from whence the head of the shoulder-bone is fled For the restoring hereof the patient must bee laid flat on his belly and the elbow must be forcibly drawne contrary to that whereto it is fled to wit inwardly to the breast and also the standing forth head of the arm-bone must bee forced into its cavity for thus it shall bee easily restored But into what part soever the shoulder-bone is dislocated the arme must be extended and drawne directly downewards After the restitution fitting medicines shall be put about the joint Let there bee somewhat put into the arme-pit which may fill it up and let compresses or boulsters bee applyed to that part to which the luxated bone fell then all these things shall be strengthened and held fast with a strong and broad two headed ligature put under the armepit and so brought acrosse upon the joint of the shoulder and thence carried unto the opposite arme-pit by so many windings as shall be judged requisite Then the arme must be put and carried in a scarfe
another with the like force But if you cannot have a wooden pin another strong like ligature shal be put upon the joynt directly at the hip held stiffe by the hands of a strong man yet so that it may not touch the head of the thigh by pressing it for so it would hinder the restoring thereof This manner of extension is common to foure kinds of luxation of the thigh-bone But the maner of forcing the bone into its cavity must be varied in each according to the different condition of the parts whereunto the head inclineth to wit it must be forced outwards if it bee fallen inwards and contrary in the rest as the kind of the dislocation shall bee Some too clownish and ignorant knot-knitters fasten the lower ligature below the ankle and thus the joynts of the foot and knee are more extended than that of the hipp or huckle-bone for that they are neerer to the ligature consequently to the active force but they ought to doe otherwise therefore in a dislocated shoulder you shall not fasten the ligatures to the hand or wrest but above the elbow But if the hands shall not be sufficient for this worke then must you make use of engines Wherefore then the patient being placed as is fit and the affected part firmely held some round thing shall be put into the groine and the patients knee together with his whole leg shall be drawne violently inwards towards the other leg And in the meane while the head of the thigh shall bee strongly forced towards the cavity of the huckle-bone and so at length restored as the following figure shewes A figure which manifesteth the way of restoring the thigh bone dissocated inwards When the head of the thigh by just extension is freed from the muscles wherewith it was infolded and the muscles also extended that they may give way and yeeld themselves more pliant then must the rope be somewhat slaked and then you must also desist from extending otherwise the restitution cannot bee performed for that the stronger extension of the engine wil resist the hand of the Surgeon thrusting and forcing it into the cavity This precept must bee observed in the restoring of this other dislocations You shall know that the thigh is restored by the equality of the legs by the free painelesse extension inflection of the lame leg Lastly by the application of agglutinative medicines whereof we have formerly spoken the restored bone shal be confirmed in its place to which purpose ligation shal be made the ligature being first cast upon the place whereinto the head of the thigh fell and thence brought to the opposite or sound side by the belly and loynes In the meane while the cavity of the groine must bee filled with somewhat a thicke bolster which may keep the head of the bone in the cavity Neither must you omit junks stretched down even to the ankles as we have observed in the fracture of the thigh Then must both the thighs be bound together wherby the dislocated member may be unmoveable and more more strengthned Neither must this dressing be loosed until foure or five dayes be passed unlesse peradventure the sudden happening of some other more grievous symptome shall perswade otherwise To conclude the patient must bee kept in his bed for the space of a moneth that the relaxed muscles nerves and ligaments may have space to recover their former strength otherwise there is danger left the bone may againe fall out by the too forward and speedy walking upon it For the site of the thigh it must be placed and kept in a middle figure yet this middle figure consists in the extension not in the flexion as it is demonstrated by Hippocrates for that such a figure is familiar and accustomable to the legge CHAP. XLV Of restoring the Thigh dislocated outwardly THE patient must bee placed groveling upon a table in this kinde of dislocation also and ligatures as before cast upon the hip and lower part of the thigh then extension must be made downewards and counter-extension upwards then presently the head of the bone must bee forced by the hand of the Surgeon into its place If the hand bee not sufficient for this purpose our pulley must be used as the following figure sheweth A figure which expresseth the manner of restoring the Thigh luxated outwards This kind of dislocation is the easilyest restored of all these which happen in the thigh or hip so that I have divers tmes observed the head of the thigh to have been drawne backe into its cavity by the onely regresse of the extended muscles into themselves towards their originals somewhiles with a noyse or pop otherwhiles without which being done laying a compresse upon the joynt you shall perform all other circumstances as before in an internall dislocation CHAP. XLVI Of restoring the Thigh dislocated forewards WHen the thigh is luxated forewards the patient must bee laid upon his sound side and tyed as wee have formerly delivered Then the Surgeon shall lay a Boulster upon the prominent head of the bone and have a care that his servant firmely hold it then immediately just extension being made he shall with his hand force the bone into the cavity but if his hand will not serve he shall attempt it with his knee Then to conclude he shall use the rest of the things formerly mentioned to containe the restored bone CHAP. XLVII Of restoring the Thigh dislocated backwards THe patient shall be placed groveling upon a table or bench and the member extended as in the rest one ligature stretched from the groine another from the knee then the Surgeon shall endeavour to force back with his hand that which stands up and also to draw away the knee from the sound legge The bone thus placed and restored the cure requires nothing else than to be bound up and kept long in bed lest that the thigh if it should be moved the nerves being yet more loose might againe fall out For the thigh is in great danger of relapse for that the cavity of the Huckle-bone is onely deprest as farre as it goes in and the burden of the hanging or adjoyning Thigh is heavie CHAP. XLVIII Of the dislocation of the Whirle-bone of the knee THe Whirle-bone of the knee may fall forth into the inner outter upper and lower part but never to the hinde part because the bones which it covers doe not suffer it To restore it the patient must stand with his foote firmely upon some even place and then the Surgeon must force and reduce it with his hands from the part into which it is preternaturally slidden When it shall bee restored the cavity of the ham shall bee filled up with bolsters so that he may not bend his leg for if it be bended there is no smal danger of the falling back of the whirl-bone Then a case or box shal be put about it on the side
patient is troubled with paines in his joynts head and shoulders and as it were breakings of his armes legges and all his members they are weary without a cause so that neither the foot nor hand can easily performe his duty their mouths are inflamed a swelling troubles their throats which takes away their freedom of speaking swallowing yea of their very spittle pustles rise over all their bodies but chiefly certaine garlands of them engirt their temples and heads the shedding or losse of the haire disgraceth the head and chin and leanenesse deformeth the rest of the body yet all of these use not to appeare in all bodies but some of them in some But the most certaine signes of this disease are a callous ulcer in the privities hard and ill conditioned and this same is judged to have the same force in a prognosticke if after it be cicatrized it retaine the same callous hardnesse the Bubo's or swellings in the groines to returne backe into the body without comming to suppuration or other manifest cause these two signes if they concurre in the same patient you may judge or foretell that the Lues venerea is either present or at hand yet this disease happeneth to many without the concourse of these two signes which also bewrayeth it selfe by other manifest signes as ulcers and pustles in the rest of the body rebellious against medicines though powerfull and discreetely applyed unlesse the whole body bee annoynted with Argentum vivum But when as the disease becommeth inveterate many become impotent to venery and the malignity and number of the symptomes encrease their paines remaine fixed and stable very hard and knotted tophi grow upon the bones and oft-times they become rotten and foule as also the hands and feete by the corruption of salt phlegme are troubled with chops or clefts and their heads are seazed upon by an ophiasis and alopecia whitish tumours with roots deepe fastned in arise in sundry parts of the body filled with a matter like the meate of a chesnut or like a tendon if they be opened they degenerate into divers ulcers as putride eating and other such according to the nature and condition of the affected bodies But why the paines are more grievous on the night season this may bee added to the true reason wee rendred in the precedent Chapter first for that the venereous virulencie lying as it were asleepe is stirred up and enraged by the warmenesse of the bed and coverings thereof Secondly by reason of the patients thoughts which on the night season are wholly turned and fixed upon the onely object of paine CHAP. V. Of Prognosticks IF the disease be lately taken associated by a few symptomes as with some small number of pustles and little wandring paines and the body besides bee young and in good case and the constitution of the season bee good and favourable as the spring then the cure is easie and may bee happily performed But on the contrary that which is inveterate and enraged by the fellowship of many and maligne symptomes as a fixed paine of the head knots and rottennesse of the bones ill natured ulcers in a body very much fallen away and weake and whereof the cure hath beene already sundry times undertaken by Empyricks but in vaine or else by learned Physicians but to whose remedies approved by reason and experience the malignity of the disease and the rebellious virulency hath refused to yeeld is to be thought uncurable especially if to these so many evils this bee added that the patient bee almost wasted with a consumption and hectick leanenesse by reason of the decay of the native moisture Wherefore you must onely attempt such by a palliative cure yet bee wary here in making your prognosticke for many have beene accounted in a desperate case who have recovered for by the benefit of God and nature wonders oft-times happen in diseases Young men who are of a rare or laxe habit of body are more subject to this disease than such as are of a contrary habit and complexion For as not all who are conversant with such as have the Plague or live in a pestilent aire are alike affected so neither all who lye or accompany with such as have the Lues venerea are alike infected or tainted The paines of such as have this disease are farre different from the paines of the Gout For those of the Gout returne and torment by certaine periods and fits but the other are continuall and almost alwaies like themselves Gouty paines possesse the joynts and in these condense a plaster-like matter into knots but those of the Pocks are rather fastened in the middest of the bones and at length dissolve them by rottennesse and putrefaction Venereous ulcers which are upon the yarde are hard to cure but if being healed they shall remaine hard and callous they are signes of the disease lying hidde in the body Generally the Lues venerea which now reigneth is farre more milde and easie to bee cured than that which was in former times when as it first began amongst us besides each day it seemeth to bee milder than other Astrologers think the cause hereof to bee this for that the coelestiall influences which first brought in this disease in successe of time by the contrary revolutions of the Starres lose their power and become weake so that it may seeme somewhat likely that at length aftersome few yeares it may wholly cease no otherwise than the disease termed Mentagra which was very like this in many symptomes and troubled many of the Romans in the raigne of Tiberius and the Lichen which in the time of Claudius who succeeded Tiberius vexed not onely Italy but all Europe besides Yet Physicians had rather take to themselves the glory of this lesse raging disease and to referre it to the many and wholsome meanes which have beene invented used and opposed thereto by the most happy labours of noble wits CHAP. VI. How many and what meanes there are to oppugne this disease MAny sorts of remedies have beene found out by many to oppugne and overcome this disease Yet at this day there are onely foure which are principally used The first is by a decoction of Guajacum the second by unction the third by emplasters and the fourth by fumigation all of them by Hydrargyrum the first excepted Yet that is not sufficiently strong and powerfull for experience hath taught that the decoction of Guajacum hath not sufficient strength to extinguish the venome of the venereous virulency but onely to give it ease for a time for because it heates attenuates provokes sweate and urine wastes the excrementitious humours by drying them it seemeth to cure the disease for that thereupon for some time the paine and all other symptomes seeme more remisse but these endeavours are weake and deceitfull as whereby that only which is more subtle in the humours in fault is exhausted and dispersed by sweat But
finde out a lurking hole wherein to hide its head but the women which were present with a joynt consent fell upon it and smothered it with cushions at length the poore woman wearied with long travell was delivered of a boy but so evilly entreated and handled by this monster that it died as soone as it was christened Cornelius Gemma a Physician of Lovaine telleth that there were many very monstrous and strange things cast forth both upwards and downewards out of the belly of a certaine maid of Lovaine of the age of fifteene yeares Amongst the rest she cast forth at her fundament together with her excrements a living creature some foot and halfe long thicker than ones thumbe very like an eele but that it had a very hairy taile I have here given you the figure of the monster as it was expressed by him The figure of a monster that came forth of a maides belly Master Peter Barque and Claude le Grand Surgeons of Verdun lately affirmed to mee that they cured the wife of a certaine Citizen of Verdun which out of an Abscesse broken in the belly cast forth a great number of wormes together with the quitture and these were of the thicknesse of ones finger with sharpe heads which so gnawed her guts that the excrements for a long time came forth at the ulcer but now she is perfectly recovered Anthony Benenius a Physician of Florence telleth that one Menusierusâ—…an â—…an of fourty yeares of age troubled with continuall paines at his stomacke was 〈◊〉 at the point of death neither found he any helpe by the counsels of many Physicians which hee used At length comming to have his advice hee gave him a vomit by meanes whereof hee cast up a great quantity of corrupt and putride matter yet was hee not thereby eased of his paine Therefore he gave him another vomit by force whereof he cast up much matter like to the former and together therewith a worme of foure fingers long having a red round head of the bignesse of a great pease covered over the body with a soft downinesse with a worked taile in manner of an halfe moone going upon foure feet two before and two behind The figure of a worke cast forth by vomit Why should I mention the prodigious bodies which are found in Abscesses as stones chalke sand coales snaile-shels strawes hay hornes haires and many kinds of living and dead creatures For there is nothing in the generation of these things caused by corruption preceded by much alteration which may make us admire or hold us in suspence especially if we shall consider that nature the fruitfull parent of all things hath put divers portions and particles of the universall matter whereof the greater world is composed into this microcosmos or little world man whereby he might the rather seem to be made to the resemblance and form of the greater Wherefore it so desports it selfe here that it may counterfeit and resemble all the actions and motions which it useth to performe in the scene of the greater world in this little one if so be that matter be not wanting CHAP. IIII. Of the wormes which use to breed in the guts A Grosse viscide and crude humour is the materiall cause of wormes which having got the beginning of corruption in the stomacke is quickly carried into the guts and there it putrefies having not acquired the forme of laudible Chylus in the first concoction This for that it is viscide tenaciously adheres to the guts neither is it easily evacuated with the other excrements therfore by delay it further putrefies by the efficacy of heat it turns into the matter and nourishment for wormes This alimentary humour being consumed unlesse some fresh supply the want thereof which may ease their hunger they move themselves in the guts with great violence they cause grievous and great paines yea and oft-times they creep up to the stomack and so come forth by the mouth and sometimes they ascend into the holes of the palate and come forth at the nose Wormes are of three sorts for some are round long others broad and long others short slender The first are called by the Ancients Teretes that is round for that they are long and round The second are named Teniae for that their bodies are long broad like a rowler or swathe The third are termed Ascarides for that they commonly wrap themselves up round Other differences of wormes are taken from their colours as red white black ash-coloured yellowish Some also are hairy with a great head like the little fish which the French call Chabot we a Millers-thumbe in some diseases many wormes are generated and cast forth by fundament as small as haires and usually of colour white and these are they which are called Ascarides The diversity of colours in wormes proceedeth not from the like distinct diversity of humours whereof they are generated For the melancholicke and cholericke humour by their qualities are wholly unfit to generate wormes But this manifold variety in colour is by reason of the different corruption of the chylous or phlegmaticke humour whereof they are bred The long and broad wormes are oftentimes stretched alongst all the guts being like to a mucous or albuminous substance and verily I saw one voided by a woman which was like to a serpent and some sixe foote long which ought not to seeme strange seeing it is noted by the Ancients that they have sâ—… wormes so long as the length of the whole guts that is seven times the length of ones body Wicrus writes that he saw a country man who voided a worme eight foot and one inch long in head and mouth resembling a Ducke which therefore I have thought good here to expresse The figure of a worme generated in and cast forth of the Guts Valeriola affirmeth that he saw a worme above nine foote long Now as wormes differ in shape so are their places of generation also different For the round and long wormes are commonly generated in the smaller guts the rest in the greater but especially the Ascarides none breede in the stomacke as that which is the place of the first concoction There truely the matter which breedeth these wormes gets the first rudiment of corruption but comes to perfection onely in the guts they breed in some infants in their mothers bellies by the pravity and corrupt nature of the humour flowing from the mother for the nourishment of the childe which for that then they doe not expell it by siege it by delay putrefieth the more and yeeldes fit matter for the breeding of wormes as some have observed out of Hippocrates Lastly wormes breed in people of any age that are Belly-Gods and given to gluttony as also in such as feed upon meats of ill juice and apt to corrupt as crude summer fruits cheese and milke-meates But to know in what part of the
doe stirreup the appetite resist the venemous quality and putrefaction of the humours restraine the heat of the Feaver and prohibit the corruption of the meates in the stomacke Although that those that have a more weake stomacke and are endued with a more exact sense and are subject to the Cough and diseases of the Lungs must not use these unlesse they be mixed with Sugar and Cynamon If the patient at any time be fed with sodden meats let the brothes be made with Lettuce Purslaine Succory Borage Sorrell Hops Buglosse Cresses Burnet Marigolds Chervill the cooling Seeds french Barly and Oatmeale with a little Saffron for Saffron doth engender many spirits and resisteth poyson To these opening roots may be added for to avoid obstruction yet much broath must be refused by reason of moisture The fruit of Capers eaten in the beginning of the Meale provoke the appetite and prohibit obstructions but they ought not to bee seasoned with over-much Oyle and Salt they may also with good successe bee put into Broaths Fishes are altogether to be avoyded because they soon corrupt in the Stomack but if the patient be delighted with them those that live in stony places must be chosen that is to say those that live in pure and sandy water about rocks and stones as are Trouts Pikes Pearches Gudgions and Cravises boyled in milk Wilks and such like And concerning Sea-fish he may be fed with Giltheads Gurnarts with all the kinds of Cod-fish Whitings not seasoned with salt and Turbuts Egges potched and eaten with the juice of Sorrell are very good Likewise Barly water seasoned with the graines of a tart Pomegranate and if the Feaver be vehement with the seeds of white Poppy Such Barly water is easie to be concocted and digested it cleanseth greatly and moistens and mollifieth the belly But in some it procures an appetite to vomit and paine of the head and those must abstaine from it But instead of barly water they may use pap and bread crummed in the decoction of a Capon For the second course let him have raisons of the Sunne newly sodden in Rose water with Sugar soure Damaske Prunes tart Cherries Pippins and Katharine Peares And in the latter end of the Meale Quinces roasted in the Embers Marmelate of Quinces and conserves of Buglosse or of Roses and such like may be taken or else this pouder following Take of Coriander seeds prepared two drams of Pearle Rose leaves shavings of Hatts-horne and Ivory of each halfe a dram of Amber two scruples of Cinamon one scruple of Unicornes horne and the bone in a Stagges heart of each half a scruple of Sugar of Roses foure ounces Make thereof a pouder and use it after meats If the patient be somewhat weake he must be fed with Gelly made of the flesh of a Capon and Veale sodden together in the water of Sorrell Carduus benedictus with a little quantity of Rose vinegar Cynamon Sugar and other such like as the present necessity shall seeme to require In the night season for all events and mischances the patient must have ready prepared broath of meats of good digestion with a little of the juice of Citrons or Pomegranates This restaurative that followeth may serve for all Take of the conserve of Buglosse Borage Violets Water-lillies and Succory of each two ounces of the pouder of the Electuary Diamargaritum Frigidum of the Trochisces of Camphire of each three drams of Citron seeds Carduus seeds Sorrell seeds the rootes of Diptamnus Tormentill of each two drammes of the broath of a young Capon made with Lettuce Purslaine Buglosse and Borage boiled in it sixe pints put them in a Lembecke of glasse with the flesh of two Pullets of so many Partridges and with fifteene leaves of pure gold make thereof a destillation over a soft fire Then take of the distilled liquor half a pint straine it through a woollen bagge with two ounces of white Sugar and halfe a dram of Cynamon let the patient use this when he is thirstie Or else put the flesh of one old Capon and of a legge of Veale two minced Partridges and two drammes of whole Cinamon without any liquor in a lembâ—â—ke of glasse well luted and covered and so let them boile in Balneo Mariae unto the perfect concoction For so the fleshes will bee boiled in their owne juice without any hurt of the fire then let the juice bee pressed out therehence with a presse give the patient for every dose one ounce of the juice with some cordiall waters some Trisantalum and Diamargaritum frigidum The preserves of sweet fruits are to bee avoided because that sweet things turne into choler but the confection of tart prunes Cherries and such like may bee fitly used But because there is no kinde of sickenesse that so weakens the strength as the plague it is alwaies necessary but yet sparingly and often to feed the patient still having respect unto his custome age the region and the time for through emptinesse there is great danger lest that the venemous matter that is driven out to the superficiall parts of the body should be called backe into the inward parts by an hungrie stomacke and the stomacke it selfe should beefilled with cholericke hot thin and sharp excrementall humours whereof commeth biting of the stomack and gripings in the guts CHAP. XXI What drinke the Patient infected ought to use IF the feaver be great and burning the patient must abstain from wine unlesse that he be subject to swouning and he may drinke the Oxymel following in stread thereof Take of faire water three quarts wherein boyle foure ounces of hony untill the third part bee consumed scumming it continually then strain it and put it into a cleane vessell and adde thereto four ounces of vinegar and as much cinamon as will suffice to give it a tast Or else a sugred water as followeth Take two quarts of faire water of hard sugar sixe ounces of cinamon two ounces strain it through a woollen bagge or cloth without any boiling and when the patient will use it put thereto a little of the juice of Citrons The syrupe of the juice of Citrons excelleth amongst all others that are used against the pestilence The use of the Julep following is also very wholsome Take of the juice of Sorrell well clarified halfe a pint of the juice of Lettuce so clarified foure ounces of the best hard sugar one pound boile them together to a perfection let them bee strained and clarified adding a little before the end a little vinegar let it be used betweene meales with boyled water or with equall portions of the water of Sorrell Lettuce Scabious and Buglosse or take of this former described Julep strained and clarified foure ounces let it be mixed with one pound of the forenamed cordiall waters and boile them together a little And when they are taken from the fire put thereto of yellow Sanders one dram of beaten Cinamon halfe a
that are more weake halfe a dram It is better to give the infusion in a decoction than in substance for being elected and prepared truly into Trochises it may be called a most divine kinde of medicine Antimonium is highly praysed by the experience of many but because I know the use thereof is condemned by the councell and decree of the School of Physicians at Paris I will here cease to speake of it Those medicines that cause sweats are thought to excell all others when the Pestilence commeth of the venemous Ayre among whom the efficacy of that which followeth hath beene proved to the great good of many in that Pestilence which was lately throughout all Germany as Matthias Rodler Chancellor to Duke George the Count Palatine signified unto me by letters They doe take a bundle of Mugwort and of the ashes thereof after it is burnt they make a lye with foure pints of water then they doe set it over the fire and boyle it in a vessell of earth well leaded untill the liquor be consumed the earthy dregges falling unto the bottome like unto salt whereof they make Trochisces of the weight of a crowne of gold then they dissolve one or two of those Trochisces according to the strength of the patient in good Muskadine and give it the patient to drinke and let him walke after that hee hath drunke it for the space of halfe an houre then lay him in his bed and there sweat him two or three houres and then he will vomit and his belly will bee loosed as if hee had taken Antimony and so they were all for the most part cured especially all those that tooke that remedy betimes and before the disease went unto their heart as I my selfe have proved in some that were sicke at Paris with most happy successe Truely Mugwort is highly commended by the ancient Physicians being taken and applyed inwardly or outwardly against the bitings of venemous creatures so that it is not to be doubted but that it hath great vertue against the Pestilence I have heard it most certainly reported by Gilbertus Heroaldus Physician of Mompilier that eight ounces of the pickle of Anchoves drunke at one draught is a most certaine and approved remedie against the Pestilence as he and many other have often found by experience For the plague is no other thing but a very great putrefaction for the correction and amendment whereof there is nothing more apt or fit than this pickle or substance of the Anchoves being melted by the sun and force of the salt that is strawed thereon There be some which infuse one dramme of Walewort seede in white wine and affirme that it drunken will performe the like effect as Antimony Others dissolve a little weight of the seed of Rue being bruised in Muskadine with the quantity of a Beane of Treacle and so drinke it Others beate or bruise an handfull of the leaves or tops of Broome in halfe a pint of white wine and so give it to the patient to drinke to cause him to vomit loose his belly and make him to sweat Truly those that are wounded or bitte with venemous beasts if they bind broome above the wound it will prohibit or hinder the venome from dispersing it selfe or going any further therefore a drink made thereof will prohibit the venome from going any nearer the heart Some take of the roote of Elecampaine Gentian Tormentill Kermes berries and broom of the powder of Ivory and Harts-horne of each halfe a dram they doe bruise and beate all these and infuse them for the space of foure and twenty houres in white wine and Aqua vitae on the warm embers and then straine it and give the patient three or foure ounces thereof to drinke this provokes sweat and infringeth the power of the poyson and the potion following hath the same vertue Take good Mustard half an ounce of Treacle or Mithridate the weight of a Bean dissolve them in white wine and a little Aqua vitae and let the patient drinke it and sweat thereon with walking You may also roast a great Onion made hollow and filled with halfe a dram of Treacle and Vinegar under the embers and then straine it and mixe the juice that is pressed out of it with the water of Sorrell Carduus Benedictus or any other cordiall thing and with strong wine and give the patient to drinke thereof to provoke sweat and to repell the malignity Or else take as much Garlick as the quantity of a big Nut of Rue and Celandine of each twenty leaves bruise them all in white wine and a little Aqua vitae then straine it and give the patient thereof to drink There be some that doe drink the juice that is pressed out of Celandine and Mallowes with three ounces of Vinegar and halfe an ounce of the oyle of Wall-nuts and then by much walking doe unburthen their stomack and belly upwards and downewards and so are helped When the venemous ayre hath already crept into and infected the humors one dram of the dryed leaves of the Bay tree macerated for the space of two dayes in Vinegar and drunke is thought to bee a most soveraigne medicine to provoke sweat loosenesse of the belly and vomiting Mathiolus in his Treatise de Morbo Gallico writeth that the powder of Mercury ministred unto the patient with the juice of Carduus Benedictus or with the electuary de Gommis will drive away the Pestilence before it be confirmed in the body by provoking vomit looseness of the belly sweat one dram of Calchanthum or white Copperose dissolved in Rose-water performeth the like effect in the same disease Some do give the patient a little quantity of the oyle of Scorpions with white wine to expel the poyson by vomit therewithall they anoint the region of the heart the breast and the wrests of the hands I think these very meet to be used often in bodies that are strong and wel exercised because weaker medicines do evacuate little or nothing at all but onely move the humours whereby commeth a Feaver When a sufficient quantity of the malignity is evacuated then you must minister things that may strengthen the belly and stomack and withhold the agitation or working of the humours and such is the confection of Alkermes CHAP. XXVI Of many Symptomes which happen together with the Plague and first of the paine of the head IF the malignity be carryed into the braine and nature be not able to expell it it inflames not onely it but also the membranes that cover it which inflammation doth one while hurt trouble or abolish the imagination another while the judgement and sometimes-the memory according to the situation of the inflammation whether it bee in the former hinder or middle part of the head but hereof commeth alwayes a Phrensie with fiery rednesse of the eyes and face and heavinesse and burning of the whole head If this will not be amended with
happen by the same cause that twinnes and many at one birth contrary to natures course doe chance that is by a larger effusion of seed than is required for the framing of that part that so it exceeds either in number or else in greatnesse So Austin tells that in his time in the East an infant was borne having all the parts from the belly upwards double but from thence downewards single and simple for it had two heads foure eyes two breasts foure hands in all the rest like to another child and it lived a little while Caelius Rhodiginus saith he saw two monsters in Italy the one male the other female handsomly neatly made through all their bodies except their heads which were double the male died within a few daies after it was borne but the female whose shape is here delineated lived 20. five yeers which is contrary to the common custome of monsters for they for the most part are very short lived because they both live and are born as it were against natures consent to which may be added they doe not love themselves by reason they are made a scorne to others and by that meanes lead a hated life The effigies of a maide with two heads But it is most remarkeable which Lycosthenes telleth of this woman-monster for excepting her two heads shee was framed in the rest of her body to an exact perfection her two heads had the like desire to eat and drinke to sleepe to speake and to doe every thing she begged from dore to dore every one giving to her freely Yet at length she was banisht Bavaria lest that by the frequent looking upon her the imaginations of women with childe strongly moved should make the like impression in the infants they bare in their wombes The effigies of two girles whose backes grew together In the yeere of our Lord 1475. at Verona in Italy two Girles were borne with their backes sticking together from the lower part of the shoulders unto the very buttockes The novelty and strangenesse of the thing moved their parents being but poor to carry them through all the chiefe townes in Italy to get mony of all such as came to see them In the yeere 1530. there was a man to bee seene at Paris out of whose belly another perfect in all his members except his head hanged forth as if he had been grafted there The man was forty yeeres old and hee carried the other implanted or growing out of him in his armes with such admiration to the beholders that many ranne very earnestly to see him The figure of a man with another growing out of him The effigies of the horned or hooded monster At Quiers a small village some ten miles from Turine in Savoy in the yeere 1578. upon the seventeenth day of January about eight a clocke at night an honest matron brought forth a childe having five hornes like to Rams hornes set opposite to one another upon his head he had also a long piece of flesh like in some sort to a French-hood which women used to wear hanging downe from his forehead by the nape of his necke almost the length of his backe two other pieces of flesh like the collar of a shirt were wrapped about his necke the fingers ends of both his hands somewhat resembled a Haukes talons and his knees seemed to be in his hammes the right leg and the right foot were of a very red colour the rest of the body was of a tawny colour it is said he gave so terrible a scritch when he was brought forth that the Midwives and the rest of the women that were at her labour were so frighted that they presently left the house and ran away When the Duke of Savoy heard of this monster he commanded it should be brought to him which performed one would hardly think what various censures the Courtiers gave of it The shape of a monster found in an egge The monster you see here delineated was found in the middle and innermost part of an egge with the face of a man but haires yeelding a horrid representation of snakes the chinne had three other snakes stretched forth like a beard It was first seene at Autun at the house of one Bancheron a Lawyer a maide breaking many eggs to butter the white of this egge given a Cat presently killed her Lastly this monster comming to the hands of the Baron Senecy was brought to King Charles the ninth being then at Metz. The effigies of a monstrous childe having two heads two armes foure legs In the yeere 1546. a woman at Paris in her sixt moneth of her account brought forth a childe having two heads two armes and foure legges I dissecting the body of it found but one heart by which one may know it was but one infant For you may know this from Aristotle whether the monstrous birth bee one or more joined together by the principall part for if the body have but one heart it is but one if two it is double by the joyning together in the conception The portraiture of Twinnes joyned together with one head In the yeere 1569. a certaine woman of Towers was delivered of twinnes joyned together with one head and mutually embracing each other Renatus Ciretus the famous Chirurgian of those parts sent mee their Sceleton The effigies of two girles being Twinnes joyned together by their fore-heads Munster writes that in the village Bristant not farre from Wormes in the yeere 1495. he saw two Girles perfect and entire in every part of their bodies but they had their fore-heads so joined together that they could not be parted or severed by any art they lived together ten yeeres then the one dying it was needfull to separate the living from the dead but she did not long out-live her sister by reason of the malignity of the wound made in parting them asunder In the yeere 1570. the twentieth of July at Paris in the street Gravilliers at the signe 〈◊〉 the Bell these two infants were borne distering in sexe with that shape of body â—â—at you see expressed in the figure They were baptized in the Church of St. Nichlas of the fields and named Ludovicus and Ludovica their father was a Mason his nâ—me was Peter German his surname Petit Dieu i little-God his mothers name was Mathea Petronilla The shape of the infants lately borne at Paris The figure of two girles joyned together in their breasts and belly In the yeere 1572. in Pont de See neare Anger 's a little towne were borne upon the tenth day of July two girles perfect in their limbs but that they had but foure fingers apiece on their left hands they clave together in their 〈◊〉 parts from their chin to the navell which 〈◊〉 but one as their heart was also but one their 〈◊〉 was divided into foure lobes they lived haâ—â— an houre and were baptized The figure of a child with two heads and the body as bigge as one
of fore moneths old Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a â—wn of his country called Sarzano Italy being roubled with civill warres there was born monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in grâ—ness tallnesse to a child of foure months old between his two heads which were boâ—h alike at the setting on of the shoulder 〈◊〉 had a third hand put forth which did not â—â—ceed the eares in length for it was not all â—…n it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 〈◊〉 14. The figure of one with foure legges and as manyarmes Jovianus Pontanus tells in the yeere 1529. the ninth day of January there was a man childe borne in Germany having foure armes and as many legges The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it selfe In the yeere that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was borne a monster in Germany out of the midst of whose belly there stood a great head it came to mans age and this lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head In the yeere 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Viaban in the way as you goe from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Girandae the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived untill the Sunday following being but of one onely sexe which was the female The shape of two monstrous Twinnes being but of one onely Sexe In the yeere 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Loraine in the Inne whose signe is the Holy-Ghost a Sow pigged a pigge which had eight legges foure eares and the head of a dogge the hinder part from the belly downeward was parted in two as in twinnes but the foreparts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with foure teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sexe was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pigge for there was one slit under the taile and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this monster as it is here set downe was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physitian of Metz. The shape of a monstrous Pigge CHAP. III. Of women bringing many children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but the 〈…〉 been some who have brought forth two some three some fouâ—… sixe or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundâ—…e of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoikes affirmâ—…e divers cells or partitions of the wombe to be the cause for the seâ—… being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise than in rivers the water beating against the rockes is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sowes taketh no place for womens wombes have but one cavity parted into two recesses the right left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lye in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more than five children at one birth The maide of Augustus Caesar brought forth five at a birth a short while after she her children died In the yeer 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelinger brought forth five children at one birth three boies and two girles Albucrasis affirmes a woman to have bin the mother of seven children at one birth another who by some externall injury did abort brought forth fifteene perfectly shaped in all their parts Pliny reports that it was extant in the writings of Physitians that twelve children were borne at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which foure severall times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampius that Bonaventura the slave of one Savill a Gentleman of Sena at one time brought forth seven children of which four were baptized In our time between Sarte and Maine in the parish of Seaux not far from Chambellay there is a family and noble house called Maldemeure the wife of the Lord of Maldemeure the first yeere she was married brought forth twinnes the second yeere she had three children the third yeere foure the fourth yeere five the fift yeere sixe and of that birth she died of those sixe one is yet alive and is Lord of Maldemeure In the valley of Beaufort in the county of Anjou a young woman the daughter of Mace Channiere when at one perfect birth shee had brought forth one child the tenth day following she fell in labour of another but could not be delivered untill it was pulled from her by force and was the death of the mother Martin Cromerus the author of the Polish history writeth that one Margaret a woman sprung from a noble and antient family neere Cracovia and wife to Count Virboslaus brought forth at one birth thirty five live children upon the twentieth day of January in the yeere 1296. Franciscus Picus Mirandula writeth that one Dorothy an Italian had twenty children at two births at the first nine and at the second eleven and that she was so bigge that she was forced to beare up her belly which lay upon her knees with a broad and large scarfe tyed about her necke as you may see by the following figure The picture of Dorothy great with child with many children And they are to bee reprehended here againe who affirme the cause of numerous births to consist in the variety of the cells of the wombe for they feigne a womans wombe to have seven cells or partitions three on the right side for males three on the left side for females and one in the midst for Hermaphrodites or Scrats and this untruth hath gon so far that there have bnene some that affirmed every of these seven cells to have bin divided into ten partitions into which the seed dispersed doth bring forth a divers and numerous encrease according to the variety of the cells furnished with the matter of seed which though it may seeme to have been the opinion of Hippocrates in his book De natura Pueri notwithstanding it is repugnant to reason and to those things which are manifestly apparent to the eyes and senses The opinion of Aristotle is more probable who saith twinnes and more at one birth are begot and brought forth by the same cause that the sixt finger groweth on the hand that is by the abundant plenty of the seed which is greater and more copious than can bee all taken up in the naturall framing of one body for if it all be forced
into one it maketh one with the parts encreased more than is fit eithâ—… greatnesse or number but if it bee as it were cloven into divers parts it caâ—… more than one at one birth CHAP. IV. Of Hermaphrodites of Scrats ANd here also we must speake of Hermaphrodites because they draw the cause of their generation and conformation from the plenty and abundance of seed and are called so because they are of both sexes the woman yeelding as much seed as the man For hereupon it commeth to passe that the forming faculty which alwaies endeavours to produce something like it selfe doth labour both the matters almost with equall force and is the cause that one body is of both sexes Yet some make foure differences of Hermaphrodites the first of which is the male Hermaphrodite who is a perfect and absolute male and hath onely a slit in the Perinaeum not perforated and from which neither urine nor seed doth flow The second is the female which besides her naturall privity hath a fleshy and skinny similitude of a mans yard but unapt for erection and ejaculation of seed and wanteth the cod and stones the third difference is of those which albeit they beare the expresse figures of members belonging to both sexes commonly set the one against the other yet are found unapt for generation the one of them onely serving for making of water the fourth difference is of those who are able in both sexes and throughly performe the part both of man and woman because they have the genitalls of both sexes compleat and perfect and also the right breast like a man and the left like a woman the lawes command those to chuse the sexe which they will use and in which they will remaine and live judging them to death if they be found to have departed from the sexe they made choice of for some are thought to have abused both and promiscuously to have had their pleasure with men and women There are signes by which the Physitians may discerne whether the Hermaphrodires are able in the male or female sexe or whether they are impotent in both these signes are most apparent in the privities and face for if the matrix be exact in all its demensions and so perforated that it may admit a mans yard if the courses flow that way if the haire of the head bee long slender and soft and to conclude if to this tender habite of the body a timide and weake condition of the minde be added the female sexe is predominant and they are plainely to bee judged women But if they have the Perinaeum and fundament full of haires the which in women are commonly without any if they have a yard of a convenient largenesse if it stand well readily and yeeld seed the male sexe hath the preheminence and they are to be judged men But if the conformation of both the genitalls be alike in figure quantity and efficacy it is thought to be equally able in both sexes although by the opinion of Aristotle those who have double genitals the one of the male the other of the female the one of them is alwaies perfect the other imperfect The figure of Hermaphrodite twinnes cleaving together with their backes Anno Dom. 1486. In the Palatinatâ— at the village Robach neere Heidelberg there were twinnes both Hermaphrodites borne with their backs sticking together The effigies of an Hermaphrodite having foure hands and feet The same day the Venetians and Genoeses entred into league there was a monster borne in Italy having foure armes and feet and but one head it lived a little after it was baptized Iames Ruef a Helvetian Chirurgian saith hee saw the like but which besides had the privities of both sexes whose figure I have therefore here set forth CHAP. V. Of the changing of Sexe AMatus Lusitanus reports that in the village Esquina there was a maid named Maria Pateca who at the appointed age for her courses to flow had in stead of them a mans yard lying before that time hid and covered so that of a woman she became a man and therefore laying aside her womans habite was cloathed in mans and changing her name was called Emanuel who when hee had got much wealth by many and great negotiations and commerce in India returned into his country and married a wife but Lusitanus saith he did not certainely know whether he had any children but that he was certaine he remained alwaies beardlesse Anthony Loqueneux the Kings keeper or receiver of his rents of St. Quintin at Vermandois lately affirmed to me that he saw a man at Reimes at the Inne having the sign of the swan in the yeer 1560. who was taken for a woman untill the fourteenth yeere of his age for then it happened as he played somewhat wantonly with a maid which lay in the same bed with him his members hitherto lying hid started forth and unfolded them selves which when his parents knew by helpe of the Ecclesiasticke power they changed his name from Ioane to John and put him in mans apparell Some yeeres agone being in the traine of King Charles the ninth in the French Glasse-house I was shewed a man called Germane Garnierus but by some Germane Maria because in former times when he was a woman hee was called Mary he was of an indifferent stature and well set body with a thicke and red beard he was taken for a girle untill the fifteenth yeere of his age because there was no signe of being a man seene in his body and for that amongst women he in like attire did those things which pertaine to women in the fifteenth yeere of his age whilest he some-what earnestly pursued hogges given into his charge to bee kept who running into the corne he leaped violently over a ditch whereby it came to passe that the stayes and foldings being broken his hidden members sodainly broke forth but not without paine going home hee weeping complained to his mother that his guts came forth with which his mother amazed calling Physitians and Surgeons to counsell heard he was turned into a man therefore the whole businesse being brought to the Cardinall the Bishop of Lenuncure an assembly being called he received the name and habite of a man Pliny reports that the sonne of Cassinus of a girle became a boy living with his parents but by the command of the Soothsayers he was carried into a desart Isle because they thought such monsters did alwaies shew or portend some monstrous thing Certainely women have so many and like parts lying in their wombe as men have hanging forth onely a strong and lively heat seemes to bee wanting which may drive forth that which lyes hid within therefore in processe of time the heat being encreased and flourishing and the humidity which is predominant in childhood overcome it is not impossible that the virile members which hitherto sluggish by defect of heat lay hid may be put forth especially if to that strength of
Camell their haire long and yellow the taile of a Lion there is scarce any creature more fierce or wild for it can never be tamed unlesse it be taken from the dam. The Salvages use their Hides against the cold and their hornes as an Antidote against poyson The same author affirmes that whilest he sayled in the red sea hee saw a monster in the hands of certaine Indian merchants which in bignesse and shape of his limbs was not unlike a Tiger yet had the face of a man but a very flat nose besides his fore feet were like a mans hands but the hinde like the feet of a Tiger hee had no taile he was of a dun colour to conclude in head eares necke and face it resembled a man but in the blackish and curled haire a More for the other parts they were like a Tiger they called it Thanacth The figure of a beast called Thanacth This following monster is so strange that it will scarce bee believed but by those that have seene it it is bred in America and by the Salvages called Haiit of the bignesse of a Monkey with a great belly almost touching the ground and the head and face of a child being taken it mournes and sighes like to a man that is troubled and perplext it is of an ashe colour hath the feet divided into three clawes foure fingers long and sharper than those of a Lion it climbes trees and lives there more frequently than upon the ground the taile is no longer than the breadth of three fingers It is strange and almost monstrous that these kinde of creatures have never bin seene to feed upon or eat any thing for the salvages have kept them long in their houses to make triall thereof wherefore they thinke them to live by the aire The figure of a beast called Haiit I have taken this following monster out of Leo's African history it is very deformed being round after the manner of a Tortoise two yellow lines crossing each other at right angles divide his backe at every end of which he hath one eye and also one eare so that such a creature may see on every side with his foure eyes as also heare by his so many eares yet hath hee but one mouth and one belly to containe his meat but his round body is encompassed with many feet by whose helpe he can go any way he please without turning of his body his taile is something long and very hairy at the end The inhabitants affirme that his blood is more effectuall in healing of wounds than any balsome It is strange that the Rhinoceros should be a born enemy to the Elephant wherfore he whets his horne which growes upon his nose upon the rockes and so prepares himselfe for fight wherein he chiefly assailes the belly as that which he knowes to be the softest he is as long as an Elephant but his legs are much shorter he is of the colour of box yet somewhat spotted Pompey was the first that shewed one at Rome The effigies of a Rhinoceros The figure of a Chameleon Africa produceth the Chameleon yet is it more frequent in India he is in shape and greatnesse like a Lizard but that his legs are straight and higher his sides are joyned to the belly as in fish his backe stands up after the same manner his nose stands out not much unlike a swines his taile is long and endeth sharpe and hee foulds it up in a round like a serpent his nailes are crooked his pace slow like as the Tortoise his body rough hee never shuts his eyes neither doth hee looke about by the moving of the apple but by the turning of the whole eye The nature of his colour is very wonderfull for he changeth it now and then in his eyes and taile and whole body beside and hee alwaies assimulates that which he is next to unlesse it be red or white His skin is very thinne and his body cleare therefore the one of these two either the colour of the neighbouring things in so great subtlety of his cleare skinne easily shines as in a glasse or else various humors diversly stirred up in him according to the variety of his affections represent divers colours in his skinne as a Turky-cocke doth in those flethy excrescences under his throat and upon his head hee is pale when he is dead Mathiolus writes that the right eye taken from a living Chameleon takes away the white spots which are upon the horny coat of the eye his body being beaten and mixed with Goats milke and rubbed upon any part fetcheth off haires his gall discusseth the Cataracts of the eye CHAP. XXIII Of coelestiall Monsters PEradventure it hath not bin strange that monsters have beene generated upon the earth and in the Sea but for monsters to appeare in heaven and in the upper region of the aire exceeds all admiration Yet have wee often read it written by the antients that the face of heaven hath beene deformed by bearded tailed and haired Comets by meteors representing burning Torches and lamps pillars darts shields troups of clouds hostilely assailing each other Dragons two Moones Sunnes and the like monsters and prodigies Antiquity hath not seene any thing more prodigious than that Commet which appeared with bloody haire in Uvestine upon the ninth day of October 1528. for it was so horrible and fearefull a spectacle that divers died with feare and many fell into grievous diseases going from the East to the South it endured no longer than one hower and a quarter in the toppe thereof was seene a bending arme holding a great sword in a threatning hand at the end thereof appeared three starres but that over which the point of the sword directly hanged was more bright and cleare than the rest on each side of this Comet were seene many speares swords and other kinds of weapons died with blood which were intermixt with mens heads having long and terrible haire and beards as you may see in the following figure The figure of a fearefull Comet Also there have beene seene great and thicke barres of Iron to have fallen from heaven which have presently beene turned into swords and rapiers At Sugolia in the borders of Hungaria a stone fell from heaven with a great noise the seventh day of September anno Dom. 1514. it weighed two hundred and fifty pound the Citizens hanged it up with a great iron chaine put through it in the midst of the Church of their City and used to shew it as a miracle to travellers of better note that past that way Pliny reports that the clashing of armour and the sound of a trumpet were heard from heaven often before and after the Cimbrian warre The same author also writes that in the third Consul-ship of Marius the Amarines and Tudortines saw the heavenly armies comming from East and West and so joyning those being vanquished which came from the East Which samething
of the cavities or fissures of thâ— Throttle What the necke is What to be considered in the vertebrae of the necke Which be the right processes of the vertebrae Which the transverse Which the transverse The connexions of the vertebrae of the necke The processe called the tooth By what articulation the head is bended backwards and forewards The Vertebrae of the Holy bone The manifold uses of the backebone What a Ligament is Why it is without sense What parts may be called Ligaments in a generall signification The differences of Ligaments properly so called Their number Which may be truly called the proper muscle of the necke The two motions of the head The Transversaâ—… The Spinatus The Lâ—… The Scalenus In what the Vertebrae of the necke and loines agree and disagree How the tenth Vertebrae of the backe may be said to be the middle of the spine The number of the muscles of the Chest The muscles dilating the Chest The muscles contracting the Chest The Subclavius is the first of the muscles dilating the chest Serratuâ— major Serratus posterior and superior The oblique ascendent of the lower belly The eleaven Intercostales externi 6. Intercartilaginei The Sacro-lumbus the first of those which contract the chest The oblique descendent the right and transverse of the Epigastrium Triangulus musculâ—s Intercostalcâ— incerni Intercartilaginei interni Muscles alwayes receive their nerves in their heads The midriffe The muscles of the loines They are three pairâ—… Trianguluâ— Semispinatu Sacer The description of the blade-bone or shoulder-blade The basis of the bladâ— The head of the shoulder-blade The spine of the blade The processes Acromion and Coracoides The muscles of the shoulder blade Rhomboides Levator Trapezius Latissimus Pectoralis What is meant by the hand in generaâ—l The differences of the hand from the site thereof Why the hand is devided into so many fingers Why the nailes are added to the soft flesh of the fingers Why the nailes grow continunally The Cephalicke vaine The median veine Howby opening the median veine you may draw more or lesse bloud from the head or liver The axillary is devided into The deepe axillary and outward axillary The Selvatella and Splenitica An Aontomicall Axiome The 7 paire of nerves of the necke The first paire The second paire The third paire The fourth paire The fift paire The sixt paire The seventh paire The 12. pairâ— of Nerves of the Chest The first paiâ—â— The second paire The otheâ— paires The Nerves vvhich are carryed to thâ— Armes The greatnesse and figure The Appendix of the Arme. The processes of the Arme The figure of the Arme. The originall and insertion of the pectorall muscle The Deltoides The Epomis or Scapularis What is ment by the Cubit What the Olecranum is The 2 bones of the Cubit The two Appendices of the wande The figure and fite of the wande The 2 Appendices of the bone of the Cubit The figure of the Cubit bone or Ell. The muscles moving the Cubite The Biceps or 〈◊〉 headed muscle The Brachiaus The Longus The Brevis What the Hand properly so called is What the Annulus oâ— Ring is The bones of the Aftervvrest The bones of the fingers When at the mailes are generated The ossa Sesamoid or Seed-bones Their use The museles of the Cubite The Supinatores The Carpitensores The Digitum-tensores The Obliquator externus The first of the Supinatores The second The upper of the Carpitensores The lower The greater of the Digitumtensores The lesser The Obliquator or Abductor externus The muscles of the inner part of the Cubit The Palmaris The Pronatores The Carpiflexores The Digitum-flexores The Sublimis Digitumflexor The profundus Digitum-flexor The number of the muscles of the inside of the hand The Thenar The Hypothenar The externall Abductor of the thumbe The Lumbrici The Interosses The number of the muscles of the whole taken in generall The diverse acception of the Legge The thigh The legge or shanke The foote The division of the foote The Instep The top of the foote The toes The beginning of the Crurall veine The two branches thereof By what veines the matter causing those tumors called Bubones flows downe Where and in what diseases the Sapheia must be opened To what places and by how manifold devisions the internall branch of the crurall veine goes Ischiadica Vena Muscâ—la 〈◊〉 Poplitea 〈◊〉 Suralis venaâ— Ischiadica maior muscula The five conjugations of the nerves of the loines Where the testicles have their nerves The conjugations of the nerves proceeding through the holybone An Anatomis call axiome Of how many bones the Ossa Ilium consist What the Os Ilium strictly taken is What theline lippe brow and rib of the Os Ilium are The Os Ischium or huckle-bone The Os pubis or share-bone The descript of the thigh-bone The two appendices of the thigh-bone The two processes of the thigh-bone make the two Trochanters Whence the marrow becomes partaker of sense Their number The two flexores The three Tensores Three Intromoventes The movers of the buttocks The two Obturatores What the Paiella or whirle bone of the knee is The use thereof What and how many bones the legge hath The legge-bone What Diaphysis is The Perone fibula or shinne-bone Their number The Longus The Membranosus The Rectus The two Vasti The Crurcus The three Internall The Biceps or two-headed muscle The Popliteus or ham muscle Their number The bones of the Instep The Astragalus it s three connexions and their use It s three processes The description of the Calcaneum or Câ—… Why a fracture of the heele is so dangerous Hippocrates Sect. 3. lib. de fracturis The Os Scaphoidos or boate-like-bone The Os Cuboides or Die-bone The Ossa innominata or namelesse bones The bones of the foote or Pedium The bones of the toes The Seed-bones of the foote The twofold use of the feete Their number Musculus Peronaus Tibiaeus anticus The Toestretcher is two-fold The 6 hinde muscles The 2 Gemeli or Twins muscles Yn what place the kibes breed The Plantaris The Soleus The Tibiaeus Posticus The Digitum-flexor two-fold Their number The Abductor of the Toes or Pediosus The Flexor superior The muscle equivalent to the Thenar The 4 Lumbrics The descripâ—â—on of the upper and loâ—… Interosses The bones of the face 15. The teeth 32. The bone Hyoides The bones of the spine 34. 2 Coller-bones The Ribs 24. The bones of the Sternon 3. The bones of the whole arme 62. The bones of the whole leg 66. What the Sceletos is The bones are composed two manner of wayes 2 Sorts of Articulation What Diarthosis and Synarthrosis are 3. Sorts of Diarthrosis What Enarthrosis is What Arthrodia What Cephale is What Corone is What Cotyle is What Glene is What Ginglymos 3 Kinds of Synarthrosis What a Suture is What Gomphosis is What Harmonia is What Symphyasis is Synchondrosis Syneurosis The things signified by word Nerve Synsarcosis The â—8 of the
21. sect 3. lib. 3. Epid. Wounds made by Gunshot are not burnt The reason why wounds made by Gun-shot looke blacke The reasons of our adversaries refelled Quaest nat lib. 2. cap. 49. The stinking smell of lightning Quaest 2. cap 51. The wonderfull nature of some lightning A Historie Why the wounds made by Gunshot some few yeares agone were so deadly The cause of the transmutation of the Elements * These bellowes here mentioned by the Author are Bals made of Brasse in forme of a peare with a very small hole in their lesser ends when you would fill them with water you must heate them very hot and so the aire which is conteined in them will be exceedingly rarified which by putting them presently into water will be condensate as much and so will draw in the water to supply the place ne detur Gacuum Theâ— put them into the fire and it againe rarifying the water into aire will make them yeelde a strong continued and forcible blast The cause of the report and blow of a Cannon A Historie The cause of an Earth-quake How the aire becomes hurtfull Aphor. 17. sect 3. Flesh quickly putrifies in maritime places In what bodies 〈◊〉 and wounds are not easily cured An argument of great putrifaction of the humors All contused wounds must bee brought to suppuration A division of wounds â—on the variety of the Wounded parts From the difference of Bullets Wounds made by 〈◊〉 shot 〈…〉 〈◊〉 Signes of Wounds from their figure From their colour From the feeling the blow From the bleeding From the heats of the Wound Whence these wounds are so much confused Strange bodies must first be pulled forth The manner how to draw them forth What probes fit search these wounds A Caution in the use of suppuratives Why Escharotickes must be eschewed in these kinds if they be simple How an Eschar may cause putrefaction The description of an Egyptiacum How and when to temper this Egyptiacum The oyle of Whelpes a digestive anodyne and fit medicine to procure the falling away of an Eschar Lib de ulter The faculties of the powder of Mercury The force of ealcined vitrioll How wounds made by Gun-shot may be combait Scarification An Astringent repelling medicine The binding up How oft the wound must be drest in a day Why wounds made by Gun-shot are so long before they come to suppuration Why Turpentine must be washed Gal. lib. 3. Meth. A detergent medicine Why tents must be neither too long nor thicke When you must use injections An Injection The quantity of Egyptiacum to be used in an injection Why none of of the iniection must beleft in the wound Hollow tents or pipes The manner of binding up the wound Two causes that make strange bodies hard to he taken forth The Indication which is drawne from the strength of the patient is the chiefest of all other Why wounds of the head at Paris and of the legges at Avignion are hard to be cured An indication to be drawne from the quicke and 〈◊〉 of the wounded parts Gal. lib. 7. Meth. et 2. ad Glauc Gal. lib. 7. Meth. How and when we must take indication of curing from a symptome Why such as are wounded must keepe a slender Diet Why we must open a veine in such as are wounded by Gunshot Gal. Lib. 4. Meth. cap. 6. Gal. Lib. 1 de comp Med. secund gen c. 〈◊〉 An Anodyne and ripening Cataplasme Why Leaden Bullets lye in the body so many yeeres without doing any harme Cordialls to strengthen the noble parts A cordiall Epithem Pomandera Frontalls to cause rest and strengthen the animall faculty A sweete water Perfumes to burne The maligne symptomes which usually happens upon wounds made by Gunshot Matter may flow from the wounded Iimbes into the belly A breefe recid tall of the manner of the cure Horride symptomes occasioned by a wound made by Gun-shot Incisions wherefore made Wherefore I used fomentations Mixed or round frictions as they terme them A medicated Lye A discussing Cataplasme The occasion of writing this Apologie The chiefe heads of our adversaries Treatise All wounds made by Gun-shot are contused A suppurative medicine of tryed efficacy The force of Egyptiacum against putrefaction The force of the ayre in breeding and augmenting diseases A History Hip. Aph. 1. sect 3. In our second discourse The power of the starres upon the Aire and our bodies Aoho 20. sect 5. The similitude betweene Thunder and great Ordinance maintained Our adversaries method and manner of cure reproved Gal. lib. 9. simpl 10. Method Vinegar put into a wound doth not stay but causes bleeding A History Balmes are fit to heale simple but not contused wounds Egyptiacum howsoever made is a clenser not a suppurative The occasion of this Apologie The reasons of our adversaries that the Bullets may be poysoned set downe and confuted In praefat 〈◊〉 6. Diascor Wounds made with Arrowes and such like things are often without contufion But are oft-times poysoned The differences of Arrowes In matter In signe In bignes In number In making In force You must not leave the weapon in the wound The manner of drawing forth 〈◊〉 and such weapons When to draw forth the weapon on the coutrary side When by the same way it went in A Caution The benefit of bleeding in wounds The signes of poysoned wounds Remedies in poysoned wounds Gal. Lib. de artis constâ—â—â—t Sect. 2. lib. de fracturis Causes of Bruises and Sugillations Sect. 2. lib. de fract Ad sentent 62. sect 3. lib. de Articulit A potion to dissolve and evacuate clotted blood A hot sheeps skinne A discussing oyntment A sudorificke potion to dissolve congealed blood Surupe hindering putrifaction and congealing of blood A drinke for the same purpose A pouder for the same The distilled water of greene Walnuts Baths Lib. 3. de vict deut lib. 3. de morb Sect. 2. lib. fract A suppurative Cataplasme A caution to be observed How contused wounds must be sowed Phlebotomie Scarifying Cupping glasses Astrictives how good in Contusions After astrictives must follow discussives Sect. 2. lib. de fract The cause of a Gangreene The use of a Scarificator A fomentation to discusse and draw to the skinne In sect 2. lib. de fiactur A discussing plaister Hip. sect 3. lib. de art sent 58. 65. Remedies for a mucous and flatulent tumor of the ribbes The cause Mummie a frequent and usuall medicine in contusions The reason that the Author makes no mention thereof amongst his medicines The opinion of the Arabians concerning it Lib. 4. cap. 84. Another opinion of Mummie Another What our Mummie usually is Mummie is no way good for contusions But hurtfull and how The effects of oxycrate in Contusions The reason and syptomes of Combustions The cause of the blisters rising upon burnes Variety of medicines to take away the heate and asswage the paine How fire may asswage the paine of burning Beaten Onions good for burns and how Lib. 5. simpl How often in