inwardly CHAP. XLIV Of restoring the Thigh-bone dislocated inwards IT is fit to place the patient after the foresaid manner upon a table or bench in the mid'st whereof shall stand fastned a wodden pin of a foot 's length and as thick as the handle of a spade useth to bee but it must bee wrapped about with som soft cloth lest the hardness hurt the buttocks betwixt which it must stand as wee read that Hippocrates did in the eXtension of a broken leg The wooden pin hath this use Sect. 2. lib. de fract to hold the bodie that it may not follow him that draweth or extendeth it that the extension beeing made as much as is requisite it may go between the peritonaeum and the head of the dislocated thigh For thus there is no great need of counter-extension towards the upper parts and besides it helpeth to force back the bone into its cavitie help of the Surgeon concurring who twining somwhiles to this and otherwhiles to that side How to make extension and counter-extension in this kinde of fracture doth direct the whole work But when the extension hath need of counter-extension then it is needful you have such ligatures at hand as wee have mentioned in the restoreing of a dislocated shoulder to bee drawn above the shoulder One of these shall be fastned above the joint of the hip and extended by a strong man another shall bee cast above the knee by another with the like force But if you cannot have a woodden pin another strong and like ligature shall bee put uppon the joint directly at the hip and held stiff by the hands of a strong man yet so that it may not touch the head of the thigh by pressing it for so it would hinder the restoring thereof This manner of extension is common to four kinds of luxation of the thigh-bone But the manner of forcing the bone into its cavity must be varied in each according to the different condition of the parts whereunto the head inclineth to wit it must be forced outwards if it be fallen inwards and contrary in the rest as the kind of the dislocation shall be Some too clownish and ignorant knot knitters fasten the lower ligature below the ankle and thus the joints of the foot and knee are more extended then that of hip or huckle-bone for they are nearer to the ligature and consequently to the active sorce but they ought to do otherwise therefore in a dislocated shoulder you shall not fallen the ligatures to the hand or wrist but above the elbow Ligatures made for extension must be fastned near the part to be extended But if the hands shall not be sufficient for this work then must you make use of engines Wherefore then the Patient bâ—ing placed as is fit and the affected part firmly held some round thing shall be put into the groin and the Patients knee together with his whole leg shall be drawn violently inwards towards the other leg And in the mean while the head of the thigh shall be strongly forced towards the cavity of the huckle-bone and so at length restored as the following figure shews A figure which manifesteth the way of restoring the thigh-bone dislocated inwards When the head of the thigh by just extension is freed from the muscles wherewith it was infolded and the muscles also extended that they may give way and yield themselves more pliant then must the rope be somewhat slacked A general precept and then you must also desist from tending otherwise the restituion cannot be performed for that the stronger extension of the engine will resist the hand of the Surgeon thrusting and forcing it into the cavity This precept must be observed in the restoring of this and other dislocations You shall know that the thigh is restored by the equality of the legs by the free and painless extension and inflection of the lame leg Lastly by the application of agglutinative medicines whereof ws have formerly spoken the restored bone shall be confirmed in its place to which purpose ligation shall be made the ligature being first cast upon the place whereinto the head of the th gh fell and thence brought to the opposite or sound side by the belly and loyns In the mean while the cavitie of the groin must be filled with somewhat a thick bolster which may keep the head of the bone in the cavity Neither must you omit junks stretched down even to the ankles as we have observed in the fracture of the thigh Then must both the thighs be bound together whereby the dislocated member may be unmoveable and more and more strengthened Neither must this dressing be loosed until four or five days be passed unless peradventure the sudden happening of some other more grievous symptom shall perswade otherwise To conclude the Patient must be kept in his bed for the space of a month that the relaxed muscles nerves and ligaments may have space to recover their former strength otherwise there is danger lest the bone may again fall out by the too forward and speedy walking upon it For the site of the thigh it must be placed and kept in a middle figure yet this middle figure consists in the extension not in the flexion Sect. 2. lib. de fract as it is demonsrated by Hippocrates for that such a figure is accustomable to the leg CHAP. XLV Of restoring the thigh dislocated outwardly THe Patient must be placed groveling upon a table in this kind of dislocation also and ligatures as before cast upon the hip and lower part of the thigh then extension must be made downwards and counter-extension upwards then presently the head of the bone mnst be forced by the hand of the Surgeon into its place If the hand be not sufficient for this purpose our Pulley must be used as the following figure sheweth A figure which expresseth the manner of restoring the thigh luxated outwards When it is that onely extension serves for the restoring the dislocated thigh The kinde of dislocation is the easiliest restored of all these which happen in the thigh or hip so that I have divers times observed the head of the thigh to have been drawn back into its cavity by the only regress of the extended muscles into themselves towards their originals somewhiles with a noise or popp otherwhiles without which being done laying a compress upon the joint you shall perform all other circumstances as before in an internal dislocation CHAP. XLVI Of restoring the thigh dislocated forwards WHen the thigh is luxated forwards the Patient must be laid upon his sound side and tied as we have formerly delivered Then the Surgeon shall lay a bolster upon the prominent head of the bone and have a care that his servant firmly hold it then immediately just extension being made he shall with his hand force the bone into the cavity but if his hand will not serve he shall attempt it with his knee Then to
without a passage in their fundament Neither have I seldom seen infants born without any hole in their fundament so that I have been constrained with a knife to cut in sunder the membrane or cunicle that grew over and stopped it And how can such excrements be engendred when the childe being in the womb is nourished with the more laudable portion of the menstrual blood therefore the issue or childe is wont to yeeld or avoid two kindes or sorts of excrements so long as he is in the womb that is to say sweat and urine in both which he swims but they are separated by themselves by a certain tunicle called Allantoïdes as it may be seen in kids dogs sheep and other brute beasts for as much as in mankinde the tunicle Chorion and Allantoïdes or Farciminalis be all one membrane If the woman be great of a man-childe she is more merry strong Aph. 24. sect 5 and better-coloured all the time of her childe-bearing but if a woman-childe she is ill coloured because that women are not so hot as men The males begin to stir within three moneths and an half but females after if a woman conceive a male-childe she hath all her right parts stronger to every work wherefore they do begin to set forwards their right foot first in going and when they arise they lean on the right arm Aph. 47. sect 5. the right dug will sooner swell and wax hard the male-childe stir more in the right side then in the left and the female-children rather in the left then in the right side CHAP. XIII With what travail the Childe is brought into the world and of the cause of this labour and travail WHen the natural prefixed and prescribed time of childe-birth is come the childe being then grown greater requires a greater quantity of food which when he cannot receive in sufficient measure by his navel with great labour and striving he endeavoreth to get forth therefore then he is moved with a stronger violence and doth break the membranes wherein he is contained Then the womb because it is not able to endure such violent motions nor sustain or hold up the childe any longer by reason that the conceptacles of the membranes are broken asunder is relaxed and then the childe pursuing the air which he feeleth to enter in at the mouth of the womb which then is very wide and gapeing Why the infant is born sometimes with his head forwards is carryed with his head downwards and so commeth into the world with great pain both unto it self and also unto his Mother by reason of the tenderness of his body and also by reason of the nervous neck of h s mothers womb In the time childe-birth the bones of Ilium and Os sacrum are drawn and extended one from another and separation of the bone called Os Ilium from the bone called Os sacrum For unless those bones were drawn in sunder how could not only twins that cleave fast together but also one childe alone come forth at so narrow a passage as the neck of the womb is Not only reason but also experience confirmeth it for I opened the bodies of women presently after they have died of travail in child-birth in whome I have found the bones of Ilium to be drawn the bredth of ones finger from Os sacrum and moreover in many unto whom I have been called being in great extremity of difficult and hard travail I have not only heard but also felt the bones to cracle and make a noise when I laid my hand upon the coccyx or rump by the violence of the distention Also honest matrons have declared unto me that they themselves a few dayes before the birth have felt and hard the noise of those bones separating themselves one from another with great pain Also a long time after the birth many do feel great pain and ach about the region of the coccyx and Os sacrum so that when nature is not able to repair the dissolved continuity of the bones of Ilium they are constrained to halt all the dayes of their life after But the bones of the share called Ossa pubis An Italian fable I have never seen to be separated as many do also affirm It is reported that in Italy the coccyx or rump in alâ— Maidens is broken that when they come to be married they may bear children with lesser travail in childe-birth but this is a forged tale for that bone being broken is naturally and of its own accord repaired and joyned together again with a Callus whereby the birth of the childe will be more difficult and hard CHAP. XIV Of the situation of the infant in the womb The situation of the infant in the womb is diverse REason cannot shew the certain situation of the infant in the womb for I have found it altogether uncertain variable and diverse both in living and dead women in the dead by opening their bodies presently after they were dead and in the living by helping them by the industry of my hand when they have been in danger of perishing by travail of childe-birth for by putting my hand into the womb I have felt the infant comming forth sometimes with his feet forwards sometimes with his hands and sometimes wish his hands and feet turned backwards and sometimes forwards as the figure following plainly describeth I have often found them coming forth with their knees forwards and sometimes with one of the feet and sometimes with their belly forwards their hands and feet being lifted upwards as the former figure sheweth at large Sometimes I have found the Infant coming with his feet downwards striding a wide somtimes headlong stretching one of his arms downward out at length and that was an Hermaphrodite as this figure plainly declareth One time I observed in the birth of twins that the one came with his head forwards and the other with his feet according as here I have thought good to describe them In the bodies of women that died in travail of childe I have sometimes found children no bigger then if they had been but four moneths in the womb situated in a round compass like a hoop with their head bowed down to their knees with both their hands under the knees and their â—eels close to their buttocks And moreover I protest before God that I sound a childe being yet alive in the body of his mother whom I opened so soon as she was dead lying all along stretched out with his face upwards and the palms of his hands joyned together as if he were at prayer CHAP. XV. Which is the legitimate and natural and which the illegitimate or unnatural time of childe-birth TO all living creatures except Man the time of conception and bringing forth their young is certain and definite but the issue of Man commeth into the world Mankinde hath no cerâ—tin time to bringing forth young sometimes in the seventh sometimes in
figure of a Colt with a Mans face At Verona Anno Dom. 1254. a Mare foaled a colt with the perfect face of a Man but all the rest of the body like an Horse a little after that the wars between the Florentines Pisans began by which all Italie was in a combustion The figure of a winged Monster About the time that Pope Julius the second raised up all Italie and the greatest part of Christendome against Lewis the twelfth the King of France in the year of our Lord 1512. in which year upon Easter day near Ravenna was sought that mortal battel in which the Popes forces were overthrown a monster was born in Ravenna having a Horn upon the crown of his head and besides two wings and one foot alone most like to the feet of birds of prey and in the knee thereof an eie the privities of male and female the rest of the body like a man as you see by this figure The third cause is an abundance of seed and overflowing matter The fourth the same in too little quantity and deficient The fift the force and efficacy of imagination The sixt the straightness of the womb The seventh the disorderly â—ire of the partie with childe and the position of the parts of the body The eight a fall strain or sâ—â—â—k especiall upon the belly of a woman with childe The ninth hereditary diseases or affects by any other accident The tenth the confusion and mingling together of the seed The eleventh the craft and wickedness of the deviâ— There are some others which are accounted for monsters because their original or essence full of admiration or do assume a certain prodigious form by the craft of some begging companions therefore we will speak briefly of them in their place in this our treatise of monsters CHAP. II. Of Monsters caused by too great abundance of seed SEeing we have already handled the two former and truly final causes of monsters we must now come to those which are material corporeal and efficient causes taking ouâ— beginning from that we call the too great abundance of the matter of seed It is the opinion of those Philosophers which have written of monsters that if at any time a creature bearing one at once as man shall cast forth more seed in copulation then is necessary to the generation of one body it cannot be that only one should be begot of all that therefore from thence either two or more must arise whereby it commeth to pass that these are rather judged wonders because they happen seldome and contrary to common custome Superfluous parts happen by the same cause that twins and many at one birth contrary to natures course do chance that is by a larger effusion of seed then is required for the framing of that part that so it exceeds either in number or else in greatness So Austin tells that in his time in the east an infant was born having all the parts from the belly upwards double but from thence downwards single and simple for it had two heads four eies two breasts four hands in all the rest like to another childe and it lived a littly while â—aliâ—s Rhodiginus saith he saw two monsters in Italie the oâ—e male the other female handsomely and neâ—rly made through all their bodies except their heads which were double the male died within a few daies after it was born but the female whose shape is here delineated lived twenty-five years which is contrary to the common custom of monsters for they for the most part are very short-liv'd because they both live and are born as it were against natures consent to which may be added they do not love themselves by reason they are made a scorn to others and that by that means lead a hated life But it is most remarkable which Lycosthenes telleth of a * Woman-monster for excepting her two heads she was framed in the rest of her body to an exact perfection her two heads had the like desire to eat and drink to sleep to speak and to do every thing she begged from dore to door every one giving to her freely Yet at length she was banisht Bavaria lest that by the frequent looking upon her the imagination of women with childe strongly moved should make the like impression in the infants they bare in their wombs The effigies of a * Maid with two heads The effigies of two a Girls whose backs grew together In the year of our Lord 1475. at Verona in Italie two a Girls were born with their backs sticking together from the lower part of the shoulders unto the very buttocks The novelty and strangeness of the thing moved their parents being but poor to carry them through all the chie towns in Italy to get mony of all such as came to see them The figure of a man with another growing out of him In the year 1530. There was a man to be seen at Paris out of whose belly another perfect in all his members except head hanged forth as if he had been grafted there The man was fortie years old and he carried the other implanted or growing out of him in his arms with such admiration to the beholders that many ran very earnestly to see him The effigies of a harned or hooded monster At Quiers a small village some ten miles from Turine in Savoy in the year 1578. upon the seventeenth day of January about eight a clock at night an honest matron brought forth a childe having five horns like to Rams horns set opposite to one another upon his head he had also a long piece of flesh like in some sort to a French hood which women use to wear hanging down from his forehead by the nape of his neck almost the length of his back two other pieces of flesh like the collar of a shirt were wrapped about his neck the fingers ends of both his hands somewhat resembled a Hawks talons and his knees seemed to be in his hams the right leg and the right foot were of a very red colour the rest of the body was of a tawnie color it is said he gave so terrible a scritch when he was brought forth that the Midwives and the rest of the women that were at her labor were so frighted that they presently left the house and ran away When the Duke of Savoy heard of this monster he commanded it should be brought to him which performed one would hardly think what various censures the Courtiers gave of it The monster you see here delineated was found in the middle and innermost part of an* Egg with the face of a man but hairs yielding a horrid representation of Snakes the chin had three other snakes stretched forth like a beard It was first seen at Autun at the house of one Bancheron a Lawyer a maid breaking many eggs to butter the white of this egg given a Cat presently killed her Lastly this monster comming to the hands of the Baron Senecy was
lib. ss mellis ros syr rosar sic an Detergent Gargarisms â„¥ i fiat gargarisma Also the use of oenomel that is Wine and Hony will be fit for this purpose The Ulcer being cleansed by these means let it be cicatrized with a little Roch-Alum added to the former Gargarisms The Figure of an Incision-Knife opened out of the hast which serves for a sheath thereto CHAP. IX Of the Bronchocele or Rupture of the Throat The reason of the name THat which the French call Goetra that the Greeks call Bronchocele the Latins Gutturis Hernia that is the Rupture of the Throat For it is a round tumor of the Throat the matter whereof comming from within outwards is contained between the skin and weazon it proceeds in women from the same cause as an Aneurisma The differences But this general name of Bronchocele undergoes many differences for sometimes it retains the nature of Melicerides other-whiles of Steatoma's Atheroma's or Aneurisma's in some there is found a fleshy substance having some small pain some of these are small others so great that they seem almost to cover all the Throat some have a Cist or bag others have no such thing all how many soever they be and what end they shall have may be known by their proper signs these which shall be curable may be opened with an actual or potential cautery or with an Incision-knife The Cure Hence if it be possible let the matter be presently evacuated but if it cannot be done at once let it be performed at divers times and discussed by fit remedies and lastly let the ulcer be consolidated and cicatrized CHAP. X. Of the Pleurisie What it is THe Pleurisie is an inflammation of the membrane investing the ribs caused by subtile and cholerick bloud springing upwards with great violence from the hollow vein into the Azygos Of a Pleurifie coming to suppuration and thence into the intercostal veins and is at length poured forth into the empty spaces of the intercostal muscles and the mentioned membrane Being contained there if it tend to suppuration it commonly infers a pricking pain a Feaver and difficulty of breathing This suppurated bloud is purged and evacuated one while by the mouth the Lungs sucking it and so casting it into the Weazon and so into the mouth otherwhiles by Urin and sometimes by Stool Of the change thereof into an Empyema But if nature being too weak cannot expectorate the purulent bloud poured forth into the capacity of the chest the disease is turned into Empyema wherefore the Chirurgeon must then be called who beginning to reckon from below upwards may make a vent between the third and fourth true and legitimate ribs Of the apertion of the side in an Empyema and that must be done either with an actual or potential cautery or with a sharp knife drawn upwards towards the back but not downwards lest the vessels should be violated which are disseminated under the rib This apertion may be safely and easily performed by this actual cautery it is perforated with four holes through one whereof there is a pin put higher or lower according to the depth and manner of your Incision then the point thereof is thrust through a plate of Iron perforated also in the midst into the part designed by the Physitian lest the wavering hand might peradventure touch and so hurt the other parts not to be medled withall The same plate must be somewhat hollowed that so it might be more easily fitted to the gibbous side and bound by the corners on the contrary side with four strings Wherefore I have thought good here to express the figures thereof The Figure of an actual Cautery with its Plate fit to be used in a Pleurisie But if the Patient shall have a large Body Chest and Ribs you may divide and perforate the Ribs themselves with a Trepan howsoever the apertion be made the pus or matter must be evacuated by little and little at several times and the capacity of the Chest cleansed from the purulent matter by a detergent injection of vi ounces of Barley-water and â„¥ ij Honey of Roses and other the like things mentioned at large in our cure of Wounds CHAP. XI Of the Dropsie THe Dropsie is a Tumor against nature by the aboundance of waterish humor What the Dropsie is of statulencies or Phlegm gathered one while in all the habit of the body otherwhiles in some part and that especially in the capacity of the belly between the Peritonaeum and entrails From this distinction of places and matters there arise divers kinds of Dropsies First that Dropsie which fils that space of the belly is either moist or dry The moist is called the Ascites by reason of the similitude it hath with a leather-bottle or Borachio The differences thereof because the waterish humor is contained in that capacity as it were in such a vessel The dry is called the Tympanites or Tympany by reason the belly swollen with wind sounds like a Tympanum that is a Drum But when the whole habit of the body is distended with a phlegmatick humor it is called Anasarca or Leucophlegmatia In this last kind of Dropsie the lower parts first swell as which by reason of their site are most subject to receive defluxions The Symptomes and more remote from the fountain of the native heat wherefore if you press them down the print of your finger will remain sometime after the patients face will become pale and puffed up whereby it may be distinguished from the two other kinds of Dropsie For in them first the belly then by a certain consequence the thighs and feet do swell There are besides also particular Dropsies contained in the strait bounds of certain places such are the Hydrocephalos in the head the Bronchocele in the throat the Pleurocele in the Chest the Hydrocele in the Scrotum or Cod The Causes and so of the rest Yet they all arise from the same cause that is the weakness or defect of the altering or concocting faculties especially of the liver which hath been caused by a Scirrhus or any kind of great distemper chiefly cold whether it happen primarily or secondarily by reason of some hot distemper dissipating the native and inbred heat such a Dropsie is uncurable or else it comes by consent of some other higher or lower part for if in the Lungs Midriff or Reins there be any distemper or disease bred it is easily communicated to the gibbous part of the Liver by the branches of the hollow vein which run thither But if the mischief proceed from the Spleen Stomach Mesentery How divers diseases turn into Dropsies Guts especially the jejunum and Ileum it creeps into the hollow side of the liver by the meseraick veins and other branches of the Vena porta or Gate-vein For thus such as are troubled with the Asthma Ptisick Spleen Jaundise and also the Phrensie fall into a Dropsie
will be good in this case if so be that you add hereto so much powder which dryes without acrimony as occasion shall serve I admonished you before to take heed of cold and now again for it is hurtful to all wounds and ulcers but especially to these of the nervous parts hence it is that many dye of small wounds in the winter who might recover of the same wounds though greater in the Summer Aphor. 20. sect 5. For cold according to Hippocrates is nipping to ulcers hardens the skin and hinders them from suppuration extinguisheth natural heat causes blackness cold aguish fits convulsions and distentions What matter usually flows from wounds of the joynts Now divers excrements are cast forth of wounds of the joynts but chiefly albugineous that is resembling the white of an egg and mucous and sometimes a very thin water all which savour of the nature of that humor which nourisheth these parts For to every part there is appropriate for his nourishment and conservation a peculiar balsam which by the wound flows out of the same part as out of the branches of the vine when they are pruned their radical moisture or juyce flows whence also a Callus proceeds in broken bones Now this same mucous and albugineous humor slow and as it were frozen flowing from the wounded joynts shews the cold distemper of the parts which cause pain not to be orecome by medicins only potentially hot Wherefore to correct that Why things actually hot must be applyed to the wounded joynts we must apply things actually hot as beasts and swines bladder half full of a discussing decoction or hot bricks quenched in Wines Such actual heat helps nature to concoct and discuss the superfluous humor impact in the joynts and strengthens them both which are very necessary because the natural heat of the joynts is so infirm that it can scarse actuate the medicin unless it be helped with medicins actually hot Of the site and posture of wounded joynts Neither must the Chirurgeon have the least care of the figure and posture of the part for a vicious posture increases ill symptoms uses to bring to the very part though the wound be cured distortion numness incurable contraction which fault lest he should run into let him observe what I shall now say If the forepart of the shoulder be wounded a great boulster must be under the arm-pit and you must carry your arm in a scarf so that it may bear up the lower part of the arm that so the top of the shoulder may be elevated somewhat higher and that so it may be thereby more speedily and happily agglutinated and consolidated If the lower part be wounded when flesh begins to be generated and the lips of the wound to meet you must bid the Patient to move and stir his armes divers wayes ever and anon for if that be omitted or negligently done when it is cicatrized then it will be more stiffe and less pliable to every motion and yet there is a further danger lest the arm should totally lose its motion If the wound be upon the joynt of the elbow the arm shall be placed and swathed in a middle posture that is which neither too straitly bows it nor holds it too stiffly out for otherwise when it is cicatrized there will be an impediment either in the contraction or extention When the wound is in the wrist or joints of the fingers either externally or internally the hand must be kept half-shut continually moving a ball therein For if the fingers be held straight stretched forth after it is cicatrized they will be unapt to take up or hold any thing which is their proper faculty But if after it is healed it remain half-shut no great inconveniency will follow thereon for so he may use his hand divers wayes to his sword pike bridle and in any thing else If the joints of the Hip be wounded you must so place the Patient that the thigh-bone may be kept in the cavity of the hucklebone and may not part a hairs breadth there-from which shall be done with linnen boulsters and ligatures applyed as is fitting and lying full upon his back When the wound shall begin to cicatrize the Patient shall use to move his thigh every way lest the head of the thigh-bone stick in the cavity of the huckle-bone without motion In a wound of the knee the leg must be placed straight out if the Patient desire not to be lame When the joints of the feet and toes are wounded these parts shall neither be bended in nor out for otherwise he will not be able to go To conclude the site of the foot and leg is quite contrary to that of the arm and hand CHAP. XL. Of the Wounds of the Ligaments Ligaments more dry than Nerves and without sense THe wounds of the Ligaments besides the common manner of curing those of the Nervs have nothing peculiar but that they require more powerful medicins for their agglutination deficcation and consolidating both because the Ligamental parts are harder and dryer and also for that they are void of sense Therefore the foresaid cure of Nerves and Joints may be used for these wounds for the Medicins in both are of the same kind but here they ought to be stronger and more powerfully drying The Theory and cure of all the symptoms which shall happen thereupon have been expressed in the Chapter of curing the Wounds of the nervous parts so that here we shall need to speak nothing of them for there you may find as much as you will Wherefore here let us make an end of wounds and give thanks to God the Author and giver of all good for the happy process of our labours and let us pray that that which remains may be brought to a happy end and secure for the health and safety of good people The End of the Tenth Book The Eleventh BOOK Of Wounds made by GVNSHOT other fiery Engines and all sorts of Weapons THE PREFACE I Have thought good here to premise my opinion of the original encrease and hurt of fiâ—ry Engines for that I hope it will be an ornament and grace to this my whole Treatise as also to intise my Reader as it were with these junckets to our following Banquet so much savouring of Gunpowder For thus it shall be known to all whence Guns had their original and how many habits and shapes they have acquired from poore and obscure beginnings and lastly how hurtful to mankind the use of them is Lib. 2. de invent reâ—um Polydore Virgil writes that a German of obscure birth and condition was the Inventor of this new Engin which we term a Gun being induced thereto by this occasion He kept in a mortar covered with a tyle or slate for some other certain uses a powder which since that time for its chief and new known faculty is nâ—med Gunpowder Now it chanced as he struck fire with a steel and
or relaxed Now it may bee broken by som violent shock or accident it may bee relaxed by the congestion and long stay of som excrementitious tough and viscuous humor lying about the joint through which means it waxeth soft The breaking and relaxation of the internal ligament But if it bee broken how often soever the bone bee restored it will presently fall out again If it bee relaxed there is onely this hope to contain the restored bone that is To consume and draw away the heaped up humiditie by application of Medicines and Cauteries of both kindes for which purpose those are more effectual which do actually burn Gal. com ad sent 42. sect 4. de art for that they drie and strengthen more powerfully Leanness of the bodie and the want of Aponeuroses that is of broad tendons and external ligaments whereof many encompas the knee encrease's the difficultie of containing it in the place But the parts adjoining to the dislocated and not-set-bone fall away by little and little and consume with an Atrophia or want of nourishment both becaus the part it self is forced to desist from the accustomed actions and functions as also for that the veins arteries and nervs beeing more straightned and put out of their places hinder the spirits nourishment from flowing so freely as they ought to the part whence it com's to pass that the part it self is made more weak the native heat beeing debilitated through idleness it can neither attract the alimentarie juice neither can it digest and assimilate that little thereof which flow's and falleth thereto Verily the Thigh-bone as long as it is forth of the cavitie grow's no more after the manner as the other bones of the bodie do and therefore in som space of time you may perceiv it to bee shorter than the sound bone Notwithstanding the bones of the leg and foot are not hundred of their growth for that they are not out of their proper places Now for that the whole leg appear's more slender you must think that happen's onely by the extenuation and leanness of the proper muscles thereof The same thing happen's to the whole hand in the largest acception when as the shoulder is out of joint unless that the calamitie and loss hereof is the less For the shoulder beeing forth of joint you may do somthing with your hand whereby it will com to pass that no smal portion of nourishment may flow down into these parts But the Thigh-bone beeing dislocated especially inwards in a childe unborn or an infant much less alimentarie nourishment flow's to that part becaus it can much less use the foot and leg by reason of the dislocation of the Hip than it can do the hand by a luxation of the shoulder But now wee must thus understand that which is said by Hippocrates That dislocated bones and not restored do decreas or are hindred from their just growth to bee onely in those who have not yet attained to their full and naturally-appointed growth in every dimension For in men of full growth Hippocrates explained sect 1. c. 3. lib. de art the bones which are not restored becom more slender but yet no shorter as appear's by that which hee hath delivered of the shoulder CHAP. LI. Of the signs of the Hip dislocated outwardly or inwardly THe Thigh-bone or hip when it is dislocated-outwardly and not restored after som time the pain is asswaged and flesh grow's about it the head of the bone wear's it self a new cavitie in the adjoining Hip whereinto it betake's it self so that at the length the patients may go without a staff neither so deformed a leanness will wast their leg But if the luxation happen inwards a greater leannes will befal them by reason that the vessels naturally run more inwardly as Galen observ's in the dislocation of the Vertebrae to the inside therefore it com's to pass that they are more grieviously oppressed besides the thigh-bone cannot wag or once stir against the sharebone Ad sent 51. sect 3. de art wherefore if the bone thus dislocated bee not restored to its joint again then they must cast their leg about as thay walk just as wee see oxen do Wherefore the sound leg whil'st they go take's much less space than the lame becaus this whilst it stirreth or mooveth must necessarily fetch a compass about but that performeth it's motion in a right line Besides whil'st the patients stands upon their lame leg to put forwards the sound they are forced to stand crooked whereupon thay are forced to stay themselvs with a staff that they fall not Furthermore those who have this bone dislocated either backwards or outwards Signs of the thigh-bone dislocated outwards so that it cannot bee restored have the part it self grow stiff and hard which is the caus why the ham may bee bended without great pain and they may stand and go upon the tops of their toes besides also when they desire to go faster they are forced to stoop and strengthen themselvs by laying their hand on their lame thigh at every step both for that their lame leg is the shorter as also becaus the whole weight of the bodie should not lie wholly or perpendicularly upon the joint or head of the thigh-bone Yet in continuance of time when they are used to it they may goe without any staff in their hands Yet in the interim the sound leg becom's more deformâ—d in the composure and figure becaus whilst it succor's the opposit and lame leg by the firm standing on the ground it bear 's the weight of the whole bodie in performonce whereof the ham must necessarily now and then bend But on the contrarie when as the head of the thigh beeing dislocated inwards is not put into the joint if the patient bee arrived at his full growth after that the head of the bone hath made it self a cavitie in the neghboring bone wherein it may rest hee may bee able to walk without a ftaff becaus the dislocated leg cannot easily bee bended toward the groin or ham and hee will sooner rest upon his heel than upon his toes This kinde of dislocation if it bee inveterate can never bee restored And these things happen when as the thigh-bone is dislocated inwards or when the internal ligament which fasten's the dearticulation shall bee broken or relaxed But the contrarie shall plainly appear if the dislocation shall happen to bee outwards for then the lame leg becom's the shorter becaus the head of the thigh flie's into a place higher than its cavitie and the muscles of that part are contracted towards their original and convulsively draw the bone upward together with them The whole leg together with the knee and foot looketh inwards they cannot go upon their heeles but upon the setting on oft the toes The leg may bee bended which it cannot bee in a dislocation of the thigh inwards as Paulus shew's Therfore wee must diligently observ that sentence of
the eighth and sometimes which is most frequent in the ninth month sometimes in the tenth month yea sometimes in the beginning of the eleventh month Massurinus reports that Lucius Papyrius the Pretor the second heir commencing a â—â—it gave the possession of the goods away from him seeing the Mother of the Childe affirm that she went thirteen moneths therewith being there is no certain definite time of Childe-birth The childe that is born in the sixth moneth cannot be long-lived because at that time all his body or members are not perfectly finished or absolutely formed In the seventh moneth it is proved by reason and experience that the infant may be long-lived Why the childe is scarce alive in the eighth moneth But in the eighth month it is seldome or never long-lived the reason thereof is as the Astronomers suppose because at that time Saturn ruleth whose coldness and driness is contrary to the original of life but yet the physical reason is more true for the physicians say that the childe in the womb doth oft-times in the seventh moneth strive to be set at liberty from the inclosure of the womb and therefore it contendeth and laboureth greatly and so with labouring and striving it becommeth weak that all the time of the eighth moneth it cannot recover his strength again whereby it may renew his accustomed use of striving and that some by such laboring and striving hurt themselves and so dye Yet some strong and lusty women are thought to bring forth their children being lively and strong on the eighth month as Aristotle testifieth of the Egyptians Lib. 4. de hist anim cap. 7. the Poets of the inhabitants of the Isle of Naxus and many of the Spaniards Furthermore I cannot sufficiently marvel that the womb which all the time of childe-bearing is so closed together that one can scarce put a probe into it unless it be by superfoetation or when it is open for a short time to purge it self that presently before the time of childe-birth it should gape and wax so wide that the infant may pass through it and presently after it close up again as if it had never been opened But because that the travail of the first time of childe-birth is wont to be very difficult and grievous I think it not unmeet that all women a little before the time of their first travail annoint and relax their privy parts with the unguent here described â„ž sper ceti â„¥ ii ol amigd dul â„¥ iv cerae alb medul cervin â„¥ iii. axung ans gallin an â„¥ i. tereb Venet â„¥ ii make thereof an ointment to annoint the thighs share privy-parts and genitals Furthermore it shall not be unprofitable to make a tâ—uss or girdle of most thin and gentle dog-skin which being also annointed with the same ungguent may serve very necessarily for the better carrying of the infant in the womb Also baths that are made of the decoction of mollifying herbs are also very profitable to relax the privy parts a little before the time of the birth That is supposed to be a natural and easie birth The natural and easie child-birth when the infant commeth forth with his head forwards presently following the flux of water and that is more difficult when the infant commeth with his feet forwards all the other waies are most difficult Therefore Mid-wives are to be admonished that as often as they perceive the childe to be comming forth none of those wayes but either with his belly or his back forwards as it were doubled or else with his hands and feet together or with his head forwards and one of his hands sâ—â—erched out that they should turn it and draw it out by the feet for the doing whereof if they be not sufficient let them crave the assistance and help of some expert Chirurgian CHAP. XVI Signs of the birth at hand THere will be great pain under the navel and at the groins and spreading therehence toward the Vertebrae of the loins and then especially when they are drawn back from the Os sacrum the bones Ilia and the Ceccyx are thrust outward the genitals swell with pain and a certain Fever-like shakeing invades the body the face waxeth red by reason of the endeavour of nature aâ—med unto the expulsion of the infant And when these signs appear How the women that travelleth in childe-birth must be placed in her bed let all things be prepared ready to the childe-birth Therefore first of all let the woman that is in travail be placed in her bed conveniently neither with her face upwards nor sitting but with her back upwards and somewhat high that she may breath at more liberty and have the more power or strength to labour Therefore she ought to have her legs wide one from another and crooked or her heels somewhat bowed up towards her buttocks so that she may lean on a staff that must be placed overthwart the bed There are some that do travail in a stool or a chair made for the same purpose others standing upright on their feet and leaning on the post or pillar of the bed But you must take diligent heed that you do not exhort or perswade the woman in travail to strive or labour to expel the birth before the fore-named signs thereof do manifestly shew that it it at haue For by such labour or pains she might be wearied or so weakned that when she should strive or labour she shall have no power or strength so to do If all these things do fall out well in the childe-birth the business is to be committed to nature and to the Mid-wife And the women with childe must only be admonished that when she feeleth very strong pain that she presently therewith strive with most strong expression shutting her mouth and nose if she please and it the same time let the Midwife with her hands force the infant from above downwards But if the birth be more difficult and painful An unction to supply the defect of the waters that are flowed out too long before the birth A powder to cause speedy deliverance in childe-birth by reason that the waters wherein the infant lay are â—lown out long before and the womb be dry this ointment following is to be prepared â„ž but â—ri recentâ—s sine sale in aquà artemesâ—ae lâ—ti â„¥ ii mueaginis ficuum semin lini altheae cum aqua salinae extratiâ— an â„¥ ss olei â—ilierum â„¥ i. make thereof an ointment wherewith let the Midwife often annoint the secret parts Also this powder following may be prepared â„ž Cinnamom cort cassiae fistul dictamni an Ê’ i ss sacch albi ad pâ—udus omnium make thereof a most subtil and fine powder Let the woman that is in extremity by reason of difficult and painful travail in childe-birth take half an ounce thereof at a time with a decoction of line-seed or in white wine for it will cause more speedy and easie deliverance of
the back side lm and two other n n one of each side about the bending of the cubit nn The parting in twain of the Brachial artery under the bough of the cubit into an outer H HI and inner branch I. The outer branch of this division or Radius running straight along the Radius or lesser bone of the cubit to the wrist o and distributing a branch o into the muscles seated betwixt the first bone of the thumb and that of the metacarpium or after-wrist ppp which sustaines the fore-finger and then three other ppp which are dispersed into the first outer fingers the thumb and the two fingers next thereunto I The inner branch or Cubiteus passing along the greater bone of the cubit is at length consumed in a double branch upon the two inner fingers the ring-finger and little one L The remaining part of the Ascendent trunk which near to the upper part of the breast-bone is cleft into two branches MM called Carotides MM or the sleepy arteries These tend directly upward by the sides of the neck and being come to the chops are divided into two branches about N NO one of which is the outer O the other the inner P. The outer Carotis propagates twigs †to the Buccae or cheek puffs †and to the muscles of the face but about the ear it is cut into two branches a foremost one q q which is carried through the Temples r and a hinder one r that is disseminated along the back side of the ear under the skin P The inner carotis going to the skul is divided near to the basis thereof into two branches of which the one and lesser s s which goes into the sinus on the side of the thick membrane is cut off here whereabout it sinks into the skull the other and greater t t enters the skull through a peculiar hole bored for it in the temple-bone Q The Descenden Trunk of the great artery reaching downward to the rack-bones of the back From this before its division at R many propagations are scattered which we will now rehearse in order First then are Intercostales inferiores the lower arteries between the ribs uuu uuu distributed to the distances of the eight lowerâ— ribs from which propagations are brought to the marrow of the back-bone and to the muscles that grow to the back and chest After this the trunk passing on distributes two more called Phrenicae the arteries ef the midriff xx xx because they are disposed of into the midriff Then follows Coeliaca or the stomach-artery After that Mesenterica superior the upper artery of the Mesentery y y reaching out into the guts Jejunum and Ileum as also into that part of the Colon which reaches from the hollow of the Liver as far as the right kidney After this the Emulgent arteries z z propagated to the kidneys Then spermaticae α the seed arteries α going to the testicles under which is Mesenterica inferior the lower artery of the Mesentery β β departing into the left side of the colick and into the strait gut and making the haemorrhoidal arteries Lastly Lumbares the arteries of the loins γγ γγγ which going to the rackbones of the loins joint by joint are distributed into the peritoneum or rim of the belly and the muscles growing to the rack-bones R These branches being issued forth the trunk about the fifth rack bone of the loins is divided into two branches SS SS called the Iliacal both which are again broken into two other an inner branch T and an outer one V. But before this division in the very parting in twain of the Trunk arises sacra the holy artery δ δ distributed into the holes of the Os sacrum or holy bone to the marrow thereof T The inner Iliacal Artery before it falls out of the peritonaeum issues forth two propagations from its outer side that called glutaea ε ε distributed into the muscles of the buttocks from its inner side that called Hypogastrica ζ ζ going into the bladder and yard and in women also to the bottom of the womb After this it runs down and sends forth the umbilical arteries ηη ηη that tend upward near to the length of the great artery The remainder under θ θ taking to it a propagation from the outer Iliacal artery slips down through the hole of the share-bore into the Crus the end of it joining about ο with the enner muscle artery of the Crus ν. V The outer Iliacal artery likewise before it is going forth of the peritonaeum produces two The first is called Epigastrica ι ι digested into the muscles of the Epigastrium and the straight ones of the Abdomen where it is joyned by inoculation κ κ with the descending mammary artery d. Ι The other called Pudenda Ι goes to the privy parts Χ In this place the outer Iliacal artery having past the Peritoneum enters the Crus and begins to be called the Crural trunk which issues out more propagations The first is Muscula cruralis exterior the outer muscle artery of the Crus μ μ that is propagated into the muscles that cover the foreside of the Thigh-bone The second is the inner musele-artery of the Crus ν ν digested through the third bending muscle of the thigh and those muscles that are on the inside of the thigh the ends of it are joyned with the ends of the inner Iliacal artery about ο. ο The third is Poplitea the ham-artery Ï€ Ï€ running out into the muscles on the back-side of the thigh The fourth is suralis the calf-artery ÏÏ ÏÏ which is double issuing out there where the crural Trunk is hid betwixt the two lower heads of the Thigh and spreading out on both sides into the the joint of the knee and the two heads of the first extending muscle of the foot Î¥ Here the great artery lyes in the ham where it is divided into branches of unequal bigness σ A sprig issuing from its outside and reacht out to the fibula or lesser bone of the leg betwixt the muscle that moves the foot outward and the second bending one of the instep Ζ The Trunk descending hy the back-side of the leg Ï„ A higher branch issuing out of the back-side of the trunk Ï… A lower branch issuing out of the back-side of the trunk Γ The remainder of the trunk descending by the leg φ which offers a little branch φ to the inner ancle χ The division of the trunk χ into an inner branch ψ that is propagated to the great toe ψ and the two next and an outer ω ω propagated to the little toe and the two next to that The third Treatise Concerning The NERVES CHAP. I Of the Nerves of the Brain AMong those eight Conjugations which arise from
depression of the Sternon or breast bone ib. Chap. XI Of the fracture of the ribs Pag. 356 Chap. XII Of certain preternatural affects which ensue upon broken ribs Pag. 355 Chap. XIII Of the fracture of the Vertebrae or rack bones of the back and their processes ib. Chap. XIV Of the fracture of the holy bone Pag. 357 Chap. XV. Of the fracture of the rump ib. Chap. XVI Of the fracture of the hip or os ileum ib Chap. XVII Of a fracture of the shoulder or arm bone ib. Chap. XVIII Of the fracture of the cubit or ell and wand Pag. 358 Chap. XIX Of the fracture of a hand Pag. 359 Chap. XX. Of the fracture of a thigh ib. Chap. XXI Of the fracture of the thigh nigh to the joint or the upper or lower head of the bone Pag. 361 Chap. XXII Of the Fracture of the Patella or whirle-bone of the knee Pag. 362 Chap. XXIII Of a broken leg ib. Chap. XXIV Of something to be observed in ligation when a Fracture is associated with a wound Pag. 363 Chap. XXV What was used to the Authors leg after the first dressing Pag. 364 Chap. XXVI What may be the cause of the convulsion twitchngs of broken members Pag. 365 Chap. XXVII Certain documents concerning the parts whereon the Patient must necessarily rest whilst he lyes in his bed ib. Chap. XXVIII By what means we may know the Callus is a breeding Pag. 366 Chap. XXIX Of those things that may hinder the geeration of a Callus and how to correct the fault thereof if it be ill formed Pag. 367 Chap. XXX Of fomentations which be used in broken bones Pag. 368 Chap. XXXI Of the Fractures of the bones in the feet ib. Of Dislocations or Luxations the sixteenth Book Chap. I. Of the kinds and manners of dislocations Pag. 369 Chap. II. Of the differences of dislocations ib. Chap. III. Of the causes of dislocations ib. Chap. IV. The signs of dislocations Pag. 370 Chap. V. Of prognosticks to be made upon luxations ib Chap. VI. Of the general cure of dislocations Pag. 371 Chap. VII The description of certain engins serving for the restoring oâ— dislocations Pag. 372 Chap. VIII Of the dislocation of the jaw bone Pag. 373 Chap. IX How to set the jaw dislocated forwards on both sides Pag. 374 Chap. X. Of restoring the jaw dislocated forwards but on one side ib. Chap. XI Of the luxation of the collar bone Pag. 375 Chap. XII Of the luxation of the spine or back-bone ib. Chap. XIII Of the dislocation of theead Pag. 376 Chap. XIV Of the dislocation of the vertebrae or rack bones of the neck ib. Chap. XV. Of the dislocated vertebrae of the back ib. Chap. XVI How to restore the spine outwardly dislocated Pag. 377 Chap. XVII A more particular inquiry of the dislocation of the vertebrae proceeding from an internal cause ib. Chap. XVIII Prognosticks of the dislocated vertebrâ—â— of the back Pag. 378 Chap. XIX Of the dislocation of the rump ib. Chap. XX. Of the luxation of the ribs Pag. 379 Chap. XXI Oâ— a dislocated shoulder ib. Chap. XXII Of the first manner of setting a shoulder which is with ones fist Pag. 380 Chap. XXIII Of the second manner of restoring a shoulder that is with the heel when as the Patient by reason of pain can neither sit nor stand Pag. 381 Chap. XXIV Of the third manner of restoring a shoulder ib. Chap. XXV Of the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated shoulder Pag. 382 Chap. XXVI Of the fifth manner of putting the shoulder into joint which is performed by a Ladder ib. Chap. XXVII The sixth manner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arm-pit Pag. 383 Chap. XXVIII How to restore a shoulder dislocated forwards Pag. 385 Chap. XXIX Of the shoulder luxated outwardly ib. Chap. XXX Of the shoulder dislocated upwards Pag. 386 Chap. XXXI Of the dislocation of the elbow ib. Chap. XXXII How to restore the elbow dislocated outwardly Pag. 387 Chap. XXXIII Of the dislocation of the elbow to the inside and of a compleat and uncompleat luxation ib. Chap. XXXIV Of the dislocation of the Styliformis or bodkin-like processe of the cubit or ell Pag. 388 Chap. XXXV Of the dislocation of the wrist Pag. 398 Chap. XXXVI Of the dislocated bones of the wrist ib. Chap. XXXVII Of the dislocated bones of the after-wrist Pag. 389 Chap. XXXVIII Of the dislocated finger ib. Chap. XXXIX Of a dislocated thigh or hip ib. Chap. XL. Prognosticks belonging to a dislocated hip Pag. 390 Chap. XLI Of the signs of the hip dislocated outwardly or inwardly ib. Chap. XLII Of the thigh bone dislocated forwards ib. Chap. XLIII Of the thigh bone dislocated backwards ib. Chap. XLIV Of restoring the thigh bone dislocated inwards Pag. 392 Chap. XLV Of restoring the thigh dislocated outwardly Pag. 393 Chap. XLVI Of restoring the thigh dislocated forwards Pag. 394 Chap. XLVII Of restoring the thigh dislocated backwards ib. Chap. XLVIII Of the dislocation of the whirl bone of the knee ib Chap. XLIX Of the dislocated knee Pag. 395 Chap. L. Of a knee dislocated forwards Pag. 395 Chap. LI Of the separation of the greater and lesser focile ib. Chap. LII Of the leg-bone or greater focile dislocated and divided from the pasternbone ib. Chap. LIII Of the dislocatien of the heel ib. Chap. LIV. Of the symptoms which follow upon the contusion of the heel ib. Chap. LV. Of the dislocated pastern or ancle bone ib. Chap. LVI Of the dislocation of the Instep and back of the foot ib Chap. LVII Of the dislocation of the toes ib. Chap. LVIII Of the symptoms and accidents which may befall a broken or dislâ—cated member Pag. 398 Of divers other preternatural affects whose cure is commonly performed by Surgery The seventeenth Book Chap. I. Of an Alopecia or the falling away of the hairs of the head Pag. 399 Chap. II. Of the tiena or scald head ib. Chap. III. Of the vertigo or giddiness Pag. 401 Chap. IV. Of the hemicrania or megrim ib. Chap. V. Of certain affects of the eyes and first of staying up the upper eye-lid when it is too lax Pag. 402 Chap. VI. Of lagopthalmus or the hare-eye ib Chap. VII Of the Chalazion or hail stone and the Hordeolum or barly corn of the eye-lids Pag. 403 Chap. VIII Of the Hydatis or fatnâ—ss of the eye-lids ib. Chap. IX O the eye-lids fastned or glewed together ib. Chap. X. Of the itching of the eye lids Pag. 404 Chap. XI Of lippitudo or blear-eyes ib. Chap. XII Of the Opthalmia or inflammation of the eyes Pag. 405 Chap. XIII Of the proptosis that is the falling or the starting forth of the eye and of the pthisis and camosis of the same ib. Chap. XIV Of the ungula or web Pag. 406 Chap. XV. Of the aegilops fistula lacrymosa or weeping fistula of the eye Pag. 407 Chap. XVI Of the flaphyloma or grape like swelling Pag. 408 Chap. XVII Of the hypoyon that is the suppurate or putrid
motive-faculty Lib. 6. Epidem Hippocrates seems to have confirmed the same where he writes Those who have a thick and great head have also great bones nerves and limbs And in another place he saith those who have great heads and when they stoop shew a long neck such have all their parts large but chiefly the Animal Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatness of the bones and the rest of the members but that he might shew the equality and private care or government of Nature being most just and exact in the fabrick of man's body as if she hath well framed the head it should not be unlike that she idly or carelesly neglected the other parts which are less seen I thought good to dilate this passage lest any might abuse that authority of Hippocrates and gather from thence that not only the bones membranes ligaments grisles and all the other animal parts but also the veins and arteries depend on the head as the original But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body he will understand we have a far other meaning What parts are called Vital By the Vital parts we understand only the heart arteries lungs wind-pipe and other particles annexed to these But by the Natural we would have all those parts understood which are contained in the whole compass of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body and the processes of the Erythroides the second coat of the Testicles For as much as belongs to all the other parts which we call Containing they must be reckoned in the number of the Animal which notwithstanding we must thus divide into principal sensitive and motive and again each of these in the manner following The division of the animal parts For first the principal is divided into the Imaginative which is the first and upper part of the brain with its two ventricles and other annexed particles into the Reasoning which is a part of the brain lying under the former and as it were the top thereof with its third ventricle into the Memorative which is the cerebellum or after-brain with a ventricle hollowed in its substance Secondly the Sensitive is parted into the visive which is in the eyes the auditive in the ears the smelling in the nose the tasting in the tongue and palat the tactive or touching which is in the body but most exquisite in the skin which invests the palms of the hands Thirdly the motive is divided into the progressive which intimates the legs and the comprehensive which intimates the hands Lastly into simply-motive which are three parts called bellies The division of the vital parts for the greatest part terminating and containing for the vital the instrument of the faculty of the heart and dilatation of the arteries are the direct or streight fibers but of the constrictive the transverse but the three kinds of fibers together of the pulsifick or if you please you may divide them into parts serving for respiration as are the lungs and weazon and parts serving for vital motion as are the heart and arteries furnished with these fibers which we formerly mentioned The division of the natural parts The division of the natural parts remains which is into the nourishing auctive and generative which again are distributed into attractive universal and particular retentive concoctive distributive assimilative and expulsive The attractive as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricle the retentive as the Pylorus or lower passage of the stomach the concoctive as the body of the ventricle or its inner coat the distributive as the three small guts the expulsive as the three great guts we may say the same of the liver for that draws by the mesaraick and gate-veins retains by the narrow orifices of the veins dispersed through the substance thereof it concocts by its proper flesh distributes by the hollow vein expels by the spleen bladder of the gall and kidnies We also see the parts in the Testicles divided into as many functions for they draw by the preparing vessels retain by the various crooked passages in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and faculty they distribute by the ejaculatory at the glandules called Prostatae and the horns of the womb supplying the place of prostates Lastly they expel or cast forth by the prostates horns and adjoyning parts For as much as belongs to the particular attraction retention concoction distribution assimilation of each part that depends of the particular temper and as they term it occult property of each similar and simple part Neither do these particular actions differ from the universal but that the general are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers but the special by the several occult property of their flesh arising from their temperature which we may call a specifick property Now in the composition of mans body nature principally aims at three things The first is to create parts necessary for life as are the heart brain and liver The second to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living as the eyes nose ears arms and hands The third is for the propagation and renewing the species or kind as the privy parts testicles and womb And this is my opinion of the true distinction of mans body furnished with so many parts for the performance of so many faculties which you if you please may approve of and follow If not you may follow the common and vulgar which is into three bellies or capacities the upper middle lower that is the head breast The vulgar division of mans body and lower belly and the limbs or joints In which by the head we do not understand all the Animal parts but only those which are from the crown of the head to the first vertebra of the neck or to the first of the back if according to the opinion of Galen Lib. de ossibus where he makes mention of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia we reckon the neck amongst the parts of the head By the breast whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard or short ribs and the midriff By the lower belly the rest of the trunk of the body from the ends of the ribs to the share-bones by the limbs we understand the arms and legs We will follow this division in this our Anatomical Discourse because we cannot follow the former in dissecting the parts of mans body by reason the Animal parts are mutually mixed with the vital and natural and first of the lower belly Nature would not have this lower belly bony Why the belly is not bony because the ventricle might be more easily dilated by meat and drink children might grow the better and the body be more flexible It is convenient we begin our Anatomical Administration from this because it is more subject to
some muscles arising from many parts are inserted into some one part as divers of those which move the arm and the shoulder which arising from many spondyls are inserted into the bone of the shoulder and the shoulder-blade Others arise from one part and insert themselves into more as those which arise from the bottom of the shoulder-blades are extended and inserted into some eight or nine of the upper ribs to help respiration and the benders and extenders of the fingers and toes Others arising from many bones are inserted into as many as some of those which serve for respiration to wit those which we call the hinder Saw-muscles and the Semispinatus which sends a tendon into all the ribs Others have their original from many bones end in grisles of the seven ribs as those two which lie under the Sternon Moreover also these differences of muscles may be drawn from the original and insertion that some proceed from bones and are inserted into the next bone to help and strengthen the motion thereof as the three muscles of the Hip Others arise from an upper bone are not inserted into the next but into some other as the long muscles Some are named from the part they move as the temporal muscles because they move the temples others from their office as the grinding muscles because they move the skin as a Mill Differences of Muscles takeâ— from their figure to grind asunder the meal From their form or figure because some are like Mice other like Lizards which have their legs cut off for that they imitate in their belly body or tendon the belly or tail of such creatures and from whence the name of Musculus and Lacertus are derived Such are those which bend the wrist and which are fastened to the bone of the Leg and which extend the foot others are triangular as that which lifts up the arm called Epemis or Deltoides and that which draws the arm to the brest called the pectoral muscle Others quadrangular as the Rhomboides or Lozenge-muscle of the shoulder-blade and the two hindsom-muscles serving for respiration and two of the wrists which turn down the hand others consist of more than four angles as the oblique descending and that muscle which joins it self to it from the shoulder-blade others are round and broad as the Midriff others circular as the Sphincter-muscle of the fundament and bladder others are of a pyramidical figure as the seventh muscle of the eye which compasses the optick nerve in beasts but not in men Others have a sem-circular form as that which shuts up the eye seated at the lesser corner thereof others resemble a Monk's cowl or hood as the Trapezius of the shoulder-blade Besides others at their first original are narrow but broad at their insertion as the Saw-muscle of the shoulder and the transverse of the Epigastrium others are quite contrary as the three muscles of the Hip others keep an equal breadth or bigness in all places as the intercostal muscles and those of the wrist others are long and slender as the long muscle of the thigh others are long and broad as the oblique descending muscles of the Epigastrium others are directly contrary Differences from their perforations as the Intercostal which are very narrow From their perforations for some are perforated From their magnitude as the midriff which hath three holes as also the oblique and transverse of the Epigastrium that so they may give passage forth to the preparing spermatick vessels and to the ejaculatory vessels the Coat Erythroides associating and strengthening them others are not perforated From their magnitude for some are most large as the two Muscles of the Hip others very small as the eight small muscles of the neck and the proper muscles of the Throtle and the wormy muscles From their colour Others are of an indifferent magnitude From their colour for some are white and red as the Temporal muscles which have Tendons coming from the midst of their belly others are livid as the three greater muscles of the calf of the leg which colour they have by the admixtion of the white or tendinous nervy coat with the red flesh for this coat by its thickness darkning the colour of the flesh so that it cannot shew its redness and fresh colour makes it seem of that livid colour From their site From their situation for some are superficiary as those which appear under the skin and fat others deep in and hid as the smooth and four twin muscles some are stretched out and as it were spred over in a streight and plain passage as the muscles of the thigh which move the leg except the Ham-muscle others oblique as those of the Epigastrium othersome transverse as the transverse of the Epigastrium where you must observe that although all the fibers of the muscles are direct yet we call them oblique and transverse by comparing them to the right muscles as which by the concourse of the fibers make a streight or acute angle From their Fibers From the sorts of fibers for some have one kind of fiber yet the greatest part enjoy two sorts running so up and down that they either are crossed like the letter X as happens in the pectoral and grinding muscles or else do not concurr as in the Trapezii Others have three sorts of fibers as the broad muscle of the face From their Connexion From their coherence or connexion or their texture of nervous fibers for some have fibers somewhat more distant and remote immediately at their original than in other places as you may see in the muscles of the buttocks Others in their midst and belly which by reason thereof in such muscles is more big or tumid their head and tail being slender as happens in most of the muscles of the arm and leg in which the dense mass of flesh interwoven with fibers disjoins the fibers in so great a distance in othersome the fibers are more distant in the tail as in the greater Saw-muscle arising from the bottom of the shoulder-blade in others they are equally distant through the whole muscle as in the muscles of the wrist and between the ribs From their Head From their head for in some it is fleshy interwoven with few fibers as in the muscles of the buttocks in others it is wholly nervous as in the most broad muscle common to the arm and shoulder-blade and in the three muscles of the thigh proceeding from the tuberosity of the hucklebone in some it is nervous and fleshy as in the internal and external muscle of the arm Besides some have one head others two as the bender of the elbow and the external of the leg others three as the Three-headed muscle of the Thigh But we must note that the word Nerve or Sinew is here taken in a large signification for a ligament nerve and tendon as Galen saith Lib. de Offilus and moreover we must observe
that the head of a Muscle is one while above another while below otherwhiles in the midst as in the Midriff as you may know by the insertion of the Nerve because it enters the muscle by its head From their Belly From their belly also there be some differences of muscles taken for some have their belly immediately at their beginning as the muscles of the buttocks others at their insertion as the Midriff others just at their head as those which put forth the Calf of the leg in others it is somewhat further off as in those which draw back the arm and which bend the leg in others the belly extends even from the head unto the tail as in the intercostal muscles and those of the wrist in others it is produced even to their insertion as in those of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet some have a double belly distinguished by a nervous substance as those which open the mouth and those which arise from the root of the lower process of the shoulder-blade From their Tendons Moreover the differences of muscles are drawn also from the Tendons for some have none at least which are manifest as the muscles of the lips and the sphincter-muscles the intercostal and those of the wrist others have them in part and want them in part as the Midriff for the Midriff wants a Tendon at the ends of the shorter ribs but hath two at the first Vertelra of the Loins in which it is terminated Others have a Tendon indeed But some of these move with the bone some not as the muscle of the eyes and besides some of these have broad and membranous tendons as the muscles of the eyes and Epigastrium except the right muscles In others they are thick and round as in the benders of the fingers in others they are less round but more broad than thick such is the Tendon arising from the twin muscles and Soleus of the leg others have short Tendons as the muscles which turn down the hand othersome long as those of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet besides others produce Tendons from the end of their belly which Tendons are manifest others from the midst as the Temporal Muscles Besides also others diffuse many Tendons from their belly as in the hands the benders of the fingers and extenders of the feet Othersome put forth but one which sometimes is divided into many as those which bend the third articulation of the foot otherwhile many muscles by their meeting together make one Tendon as the three muscles of the Calf of the leg and those which bend the cubit and leg All Tendons have their original when the nerves and ligaments dispersed through the fleshy substance of a muscle are by little and little drawn and meet together until at last carried to the joint they are there fastned for the fit bending and extension thereof From the contrariety of their Actions for some parts have contrary muscles benders and extenders From their action From their function other parts have none for the Cods and Fundament have only lifters up From their function for some are made for direct motions as those which extend the fingers and toes others for oblique as the Supinators of the hand and the Pronators others perform both as the pectoral muscle which moves the Arm obliquely upward and downward as the upper and lowers fibers are contracted and also outright if all the fibers be contracted together which also happens to the Deltoides and Trapezius I have thought it good to handle particularly these differences of muscles because that by understanding them the prognostick will be more certain and also the application of remedies to each part and if any occasion be either to make incision or future we may be more certain whether the part affected be more or less nervous CHAP. IX Of the parts of a Muscle HAving declared the nature and differences of a Muscle we must note that some of the parts thereof are compound and universal others simple or particular The compound and simple parts of a Muscle The compound are the head belly and tail The simple are ligaments a nerve flesh a vein artery and coat For the compound parts by the head we understand the beginning and original of a muscle which is one while ligamentous and nervous otherwhiles also fleshy By the belly that portion which is absolutely fleshy But by the tail we understand a Tendon consisting partly of a nerve partly of a ligament promiscuously coming forth from the belly of the Muscle For as much as belongs to the simple which are six in number three are called proper and three common The proper are a Ligament from a bone a nerve proceeding from the Brain or spinal marrow and flesh compact by the concretion of blood The common are a vein from the Liver or trunk arising from thence an artery proceeding from the Heart What use each simple particle hath in a muscle a Coat produced by the nervous and ligamentous fibers spreading over the superficies of the muscle But for the simple use of all such parts the nerve is as it were the principal part of a Muscle which gives it sense and motion the ligament gives strength the flesh contains the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the Muscle and strengthens it filling up all the void spaces and also it preserves the native humidity of these parts and cherisheth the heat implanted in them and to conclude defends it from all external injuries for like a fan it opposeth it self against the heat of the Sun and is a garment against the cold and is as a cushion in all falls and bruises and as a buckler of defence against wounding-weapons The vein nourishes the muscle the artery gives it life the coat preserves the harmony of all the parts thereof lest they should be any ways disjoined or corrupted by purulent abscesses breaking into the empty or void spaces of the Muscles as we see it hapneth in a Gangrene where the corruption hath invaded this membrane by the breathing out of the more acid matter or filth CHAP. X. A more particular inquisition into each part of a Muscle HAving gone thus far it remains that we more particularly inquire into each part of a Muscle that if it be possible nothing may be wanting to this discourse The nature of a Ligament Wherefore a Ligament properly so called is a simple part of mans body next of a bone and grislle the most terrestrial dry hard cold white taking its original immediatly or by the interposition of some Medium from the Bones or Grisles from whence also the Muscles have their beginning whereby it comes to pass that a ligament is void of sense unless it receive a nerve from some other place for so the ligaments which compose and strengthen the tongue and yard are partakers of sense and it inserts it self into the bone and grisle that
part of the lower belly which run on the lower part of the Holy-bone into the Yard as the seminary vessels run on the upper part The ligaments of the Yard proceed on both sides from the sides and lower commissure of the share-bones wherefore the Yard is immediately at his root furnished with a double ligament The ligaments but these two presently run into one spungy one The passage of the urine situate in the lower part of the Yard comes from the neck of the bladder between the two ligaments For the four muscles the two side-ones composing or making a great part of the Yard The Muscles proceed from the inward extuberancy of the Hip-bone and presently they are dilated from the original and then grow less again The two other lower arise from the muscles of the fundament and accompany the urinary passage the length of the peritonaeum until they enter the Yard but these two muscles cleave so close together that they may seem one having a triangular form The action of these four muscles in the act of generation is Their Action They open and dilate this common passage of urine and seed that the seed may be forcibly or violently cast into the field of Nature and besides they then keep the Yard so stiff that it cannot bend to either side The Yard is in number one and situate upon the lower parts of the share-bone that it might be more stiff in erection It hath connexion with the share-bone and neighbouring parts by the particles of which it is composed It is of a cold and dry temper The action of it is to cast the seed into the womb for preservation of mankind The head of it begins where the tendons end The Nut. this head from the figure thereof is called Glans and Balanus that is the Nut and the skin which covers the head is called Praeputium that is The Praeputium or Fore-skin the foreskin The flesh of this Glandule is of a middle nature between the glandulous flesh and true skin But you must note that the Ligaments of the Yard are spongy contrary to the condition of others and filled with gross and black blood But all these stirred up by the delight of desired pleasure and provoked with a venereal fire swell up and erect the Yard CHAP. XXXII Of the spermatick Vessels and Testicles in Women NOw we should treat of the Privy Parts in Women but In what the spermatick vessels in women differ from those in men because they depend upon the neck and proper body of the Womb we will first speak of the Womb having first declared what difference there is between the spermatick vessels and testicles of men and women Wherefore we must know that the spermatick vessels in women do nothing differ from those in men in substance figure composure number connexion temper original and use but only in magnitude and distribution for women have them more large and short The twelfth Figure of the Womb. A. The bottom of the womb laid open without any membrane BB. The neck of the womb turned upward CD A part ef the bottom of the womb like the nut of the yard swelling into the upper part of the neck of the womb in the middle whereof the orifice appeareth EE A membrane knitting the womb to the Peritonaeum and holding together the vessels thereof F. The left testicle G. The spermatical vein and artery H. A part of the spermatical vessels reaching unto the bottom of the womb I. One part of the vessels coming to the Testicles * A vessel leading the seed unto the womb K. The coat of the testicle with the implication of the vessels L. The cavity of the bladder opened M. The insertion of the Ureters into the bladder N. The Ureters cut from the kidnies O. The insertion of the neck of the bladder into the lap or privity The second Figure aa The spermatical vein and artery bb Branches distributed to the Peritonaeum from the spermatical vessels c. The bottom of the womb d. The neck of the womb e. Certain vessels running through the inside of the womb and the neck thereof ff Vessels reaching to the bottom of the womb produced from the spermatical vessel gg The leading vessel of the seed called Tuba the Trumpet hh A branch of the spermatical vessel compassing the Trumpet ii The testicles kk The lower ligaments of the womb which some call the Cremasters or hanging muscles of the womb l. The lap or privity in which the Cremasters do end m. A portion of the neck of the bladder The third Figure aa The spermatical vessels bb A branch from these spermatical vessels to the bottom of the womb c. The body or bottom of the womb d. The neck of the same e. The neck of the bladder ending into the neck of the womb ff The testicles gg The leading vessels commonly though not so well called the ejaculatory vessels hh The division of these Vessels one of them determining into the horns at double kk ii The other branch ending in the neck by which women with child avoid their seed kk the horns of the womb The fourth Figure AB The bosom of the bottom of the womb at whose sides are the horns CD A line like a suture or seam a little distinguishing that bosom EE The substance of the bottom of the womb or the thickness of his inner coat F. A protuberation or swelling of the womb in the middle of the bosom G. The orifice of the bottom of the womb HH The coat or second cover of the bottom of the womb coming from the Peritonaeum IIII. A portion of the membranes which tie the womb KK The beginning of the neck of the womb L. The neck of the bladder inserted into the neck of the womb m. The Clitoris in the top of the privity n. The inequality of the privity where the hymen is placed o. The hole or passage of the privity in the cleft p. The skinny caruncle of the privity Why womens spermatick vessels are larger but shorter then mens It was fit they should be more large because they should not only convey the matter fit for generation of young and nourishment of the testicles but also sufficient for the nourishment of the womb and child but shorter because they end at the testicles and womb within the belly in women Where you must note that the preparing spermatick vessels a little before they come to the Testicles are divided into two unequal branches of which the lesser bended after the same manner as we said in men goes into the head of the testicle through which it sends a slender branch into the coats of the testicles for life and nourishment and not only into the coats but also into leading vessels But the bigger branch descends on each side by the upper part of the womb between the proper coat and the common from the Peritonaeum where it is divided into divers
the original of those Vessels which are dispersed through them To this purpose we will define what the Chest is and then we will divide it into its parts Thirdly in these we will consider which parts contain and which are contained that so we may more happily finish our intended discourse CHAP. I. What the Thorax or the Chest is into what parts it may be divided and the nature of these parts THe Thorax or Chest is the middle Belly terminated or bounded above with the Coller-bones below with the Midriff before with the Sternon or Brest behind with the twelve Vertebra's of the back on both sides with the true and bastard ribs and with the intercostal and intercartilagineous muscles The containing parts of the Chest Nature hath given it this structure and composition lest that being a defence for the vital parts against external injuries it should hinder respiration which is no less needful for the preservation of the native heat diffused by the vital spirits and shut up in the heart Why Nature hath made the Chest partly bony partly grisly as in the fountain thereof against internal injuries than the other fore-mentioned parts against the external For if the Chest should have been all bony verily it had been the stronger but it would have hindered our respiration or breathing which is performed by the dilating and contracting thereof Wherefore lest one of these should hinder the other Nature hath framed it partly bony and grisly and partly fleshy Some render another reason hereof which is That Nature hath framed the Chest that it might here also observe the order used by it in the fabrick of things which is that it might conjoin the parts much disagreeing in their composure as the lower Belly altogether fleshy and the Head all bony by a medium partaker both of the bony and fleshy substance which course we see it hath observed in the connexion of the fire and water by the interposition of the air of the earth and air by the water placed between them The number of the bones of the Sternon The Chest is divided into three parts the upper lower and middle the coller-bones contain the upper the Midriff the lower and the Sternon the middle The Sternon in Galen's opinion is composed of seven bones I believe by reason of the great stature of the people that lived then Now in our times you shall oft find it compact of three four or five bones although we will not deny but that we have often observed it especially in young bodies to consist of seven or eight bones Wherefore those who have fewer bones in number in their Sternon have them larger that they might be sufficient to receive the ribs This is the common opinion of the Sternon Yet Fallopius hath described it far otherwise wherefore let those who desire to know more hereof look in his Observations Cartilago scutiformis the brest-blade At the lower part of the Sternon there is a grisle called commonly Furcula and Malum granatum or the Pomgranate because it resembles that fruit others call it Cartilago scutiformis that is the Brest-blade It is placed there to be as it were a Bulwark or defence to the mouth of the Stomach endued with most exquite sense and also that it should do the like to that part of the Midriff which the Liver bears up in that place situate above the orifice of the ventricle by the ligament coming between descending from the lower part of the same grisle into the upper part of the Liver The common people think that this Grisle sometimes fals down But it so adheres and is united to the Bones of the Sternon that the falling thereof may seem to be without any danger although oft-times it may be so moistned with watery and serous humidities with which the orifice of the Stomach abounds that as it were soaked and drunk with these it may be so relaxed that it may seem to be out of its place in which case it may be pressed and forced by the hand into the former place and seat as also by applying outwardly and taking inwardly astringent and drying medicines to exhaust the superfluous humidity This Grisle at its beginning is narrow but more broad and obtuse at its end somewhat resembling the round or blunt point of a Sword whereupon it is also called Cartilago Ensiformis or the Sword-like grisle In some it hath a double in others a single point In old people it degenerates into a Bone Now because we make mention of this Grisle we will shew both what a Grisle is and how many differences thereof there be that henceforward as often as we shall have occasion to speak of a Grisle you may understand what it is A Grisle is a similar part of our bodies next to a Bone most terrestrial cold dry hard What a Grisle is weighty and without sense differing from a Bone in driness only the which is more in a Bone Wherefore a Grisle being lost cannot be regenerated like as a Bone without the interposition of a Callus The differences of these are almost the same with Bones that is from their consistence The differences thereof substance greatness number site figure connexion action and use Omitting the other for brevity sake I will only handle those differences which arise from site use and connexion Therefore Grisles either adhere to the Bones or of and by themselves make some part as the Grisles of the Ey-lids called Tarsi of the Epiglottis and Throttle And others which adhere to Bones either adhere by the interposition of no medium as those which come between the Bones of the Sternon the Coller-bones the share and Haunch-bones and others or by a ligament coming betweeen as those which are at the ends of the Bastard-ribs to the Sternon by the means of a Ligament that by those Ligaments being softer than a Grisle the motions of the Chest may be more quickly and safely performed The Grisles which depend on Bones do not only yield strength to the Bones but to themselves and the parts contained in them against such things as may break and bruise them The Grisles of the Sternon and at the ends of the Bastard-ribs are of this sort By this we may gather that the Grisles have a double use Their twofold use one to polish and levigate the parts to which that slippery smoothness was necessary for performance of their duty and for this use serve the Grisles which are at the Joynts to make their motions the more nimble The other use is to defend those parts upon which they are placed from external injuries by breaking violent assaults by somewhat yeelding to their impression no otherwise than soft things opposed against Cannon-shot We will prosecute the other differences of Grisles in their place as occasion shall be offered and required CHAP. II. Of the containing and contained parts of the Chest THe containing parts of the Chest are both
part which is covered with a Coat and the Bone lives and is nourished The Figure of the Thigh-Bone A 1 2 The head of the Thigh going into the cup of the Hip-bone B 2 a Sinus in the head of the thigh into which is inserted a round ligament C 1 2 the conjunction of the appendix of the thigh with the Bone it self D 1 2 3 the neck of the thigh E F the two lower heads of the thigh G 1 2. the conjunction of the lower appendix H 1 12 a Sinus betwixt the two heads of the thigh K 2 a part of the lower head of the thigh from whence the first Muscle of the Foot doth proceed L 2 another part from whence the second and first Muscles arise M 2 another part to which the Tendon of the fifth Muscle of the thigh is infixed N 1 2 a Sinus of the outward side of the head for the fourth muscle of the leg O 2 a Sinus of the inside through which the tendons do pass P 2 a protuberation at which the said tendons are reflected Q 2 the upper process of the thigh and betwixt Q and D is the sinus R 1 2 the union of the process with the thigh SS 2 a rough line from the impression of the external processes T 1 the anterior impression of the internal processes β betwixt T and V another impression higher than the former V 1 2 the fourth impression in the top of the process X 3. Four X shew the four appendices of the thigh Y 3. Three Y shew the three heads of the thigh ZZ 3 two processes of the thigh a 1 the interior process of the thigh b 1 the conjunction of the process with the high cc 2 a line descending obliquely from the inner process dd 2 a line running through the length of the thigh e 2 the largeness of the thigh in this part f 1 a roughness from which the eighth Muscle issueth g h 5 a knub of the Whirl-bone going into the sinus marked with I which is betwixt the heads of the thigh i 5 a sinus fitted for the inner head of the thigh k 5 a sinus agreeing with the external head of the thigh l 5 the lower asperity or roughness m 4 the foreside of the pattel or whirl-bone rough and unequal The other Appendix of the thigh that is the lower is the greatest and thickest rising as it were with two heads which are divided by two cavities the one superficiary and on the foreside whereby it receives the Whirl-bone of the Knee the other deep and on the back-part by which it receives the gristly and as it were bony-ligaments proceeding from the eminencie which is seen between the two cavities of the upper Appendix of the Bone of the Leg which Hippocrates lib. de fracturis calls in his tongue Diaphysis CHAP. XXXV Of the Muscles moving the Thigh THe Muscles of the Thigh are just fourteen in number that is two bend it Their number whereupon they are called Flexores or benders three extend it whereupon they are called Tensores extenders three move it inwards driving the Knee outwards and drawing the heel inwards as when we cross our Legs yet some make these three one and call it the Triceps or three-headed Muscle Six spread it abroad and dilate it as happens in the act of Venery Four of these are called Gemini or Twins by reason of the similitude of their thickness original insertion and action the two other are called Obturatores because they stop the hole which is common to the Share and Back-bone Now one of the two Flexores being round The two Flexores descends on the inside with fibers of an unequal length from all the transverse processes of the loins above the hind-commissure of the Hanch and Share-bones and is inserted into the little Trochanter the other broader and larger from the original passes forth of the whole lip and inner brow of the Hanch-bone and filling the inner cavity thereof is inserted above the fore-part of the head of the Thigh into the little Trochanter by a thick Tendon which it with the fellow Muscle lately described produces even from the fleshy part thereof wherefore you need to take no great pains in drawing or plucking them away The three Tensores or Extenders make the Buttocks of which the first being the thicker The three Tensores larger and external arising from the Rump the Holy-bone and more then half of the exteriour and hinder lip of the Hanch-bone is inserted by oblique fibers some four-fingers bredth from the great Trochanter at the right-line which we said resembled an Asses-back The second which is the middle in bigness and site descends from the rest of the lip and from the fore and out-ward Rib of the Hanch-bone and above the midst of the Bone is inserted into the upper part of the great Trochanter by a triangular insertion above the upper and exterior part thereof The third being lesser shorter and thinner lying hid under these former proceeds from the middle of the external surface of the Hanch-bone and then is inserted into the greater part of the right line of the great Trochanter These three Muscles have a great and large original but a narrow insertion as it were by oblique fibers Then follow those three Muscles which move the Thighs inwards straiten and cross them Three Intromoventes so that the Knee stands forwards or outwards but the heel is drawn inwards as you may understand by their insertion although some think otherwise But these three Muscles by their original partly fleshy and partly membranous arise from the upper and fore-part of the circumference of the Share-bone and thence are inserted into the hind-line of the huckle-bone some higher than othersome for the lesser and shorter stays at the roots of the little Trochanter the middle descends a little deeper the third with the longest of his fibers descends even to the midst of the line This if it be so that is these Muscles proceeding from the fore and upper part to be inserted into the hinder-line of the Huckle-bone whilst they alone perform their action and draw the Thighs together they will turn them outwards just so as when we put them across but they will not draw one heel to another and put the heel outwards for such like motion is performed by the inner vast Muscle of the Thigh moving the Leg. Now follow the six which move the Buttocks The first and higher of the Quadragemini or the four Twin-muscles The movers of the Buttocks passes forth of the commissure of the Holy-bone with the bone of the Rump or rather from the lowest extream of the Holy-bone and thence it is inserted into the cavity of the great Trochanter by a Tendon of a sufficient largeness The second proceeding from the hollow part or fissure which is between the extremity of the Huckle-bone and the tuberosity or swelling out of the same is inserted
the distemper and hardness of the Liver and of the other Bowels whereby it comes to pass that by breeding new waters they may easily again fall into the Dropsie And then the feaver thirst the hot and drie distemper of the bowels all which were mitigated by the touch of the included water are aggravated by the absence thereof being powred forth which thing seemeth to have moved Avicen and Gordonius that he said none the other said very few lived after the Paracentesis but the refutation of all such reasons is very easie Reasons for it For for the first Galen inferrs that harmful dissipation of spirits and resolving the faculties happens when the Paracentesis is not diligently artificially performed As in which the water is presently powred forth truly if that reason have any validity Phlebotomy must seem to be removed far from the number of wholsome remedies as whereby the blood is poured forth which hath far more pure and subtil spirits than those which are said to be diffused and mixed with the Dropsie waters But that danger which the second reason threatens shall easily be avoided the patient being desired to lie upon his back in his bed for so the Liver will not hang down But for the third reason the fear of pricking the Peritonaeum is childish for those evils which follow upon wounds of the nervous parts happen by reason of the exquisit sense of the part which in the Peritonaeum ill affected altered by the contained water is either none or very small But reason and experience teach many nervous parts also the very membranes themselves being far removed from a fleshy substance being wounded admit cute certainly much more the Peritonaeum as that which adheres so straitly to the muscles of the Abdomen that the dissector cannot separate it from the flesh but with much labor But the reason which seems to argue the unprofitableness of Paracentesis is refelled by the authority of Celsus Lib. 3. cap. 21. I saith he am not ignorant that Erasistratus did not like Paracentesis for he thought the Dropsie to be a disease of the Liver and so that it must be cured and that the water was in vain let forth which the Liver being vitiated might grow again But first this is not the fault of this bowel alone and then although the water had his original from the Liver yet unless the water which stayeth there contrary to nature be evacuated it hurteth both the Liver and the rest of the inner parts whilst it either encreaseth their hardness or at the least keepeth it hard and yet notwithstanding it is fit the body be cured And although the once letting forth of the humor profit nothing yet it makes way for medicines which while it was there contained it hindered But this serous salt and corrupt humor is so far from being able to mitigate a feaver and thirst that on the contrary it increaseth them And also it augmenteth the cold distemper whilst by its abundance it overwhelms and extinguisheth the native heat But the authority of Celius Aurelianus that most noble Physitian though a Methodick may satisfie Avicen and Gordonius They saith he which dare avouch that all such as have the water let out by opening their belly have died do lie Lib. de morb Ch. cap. de Hydrope for we have seen many recover by this kind of remedy but if any died it happened either by the default of the slow or negligent administration of the Paracentesis I will add this one thing which may take away all error or controversie we unwisely doubt of the Remedy when the Patient is brought to that necessity that we can only help him by that means Now must we shew how the belly ought to be opened If the Dropsie happen by fault of the Liver the section must be made on the left side The places of the apertion must be divers according to the parts chiefly affected but if of the Spleen in the right for if the patient should lie upon the side which is opened the pain of the wound would continually trouble him and the water running into that part where the section is would continually drop whence would follow a dissolution of the faculties The Section must be made three fingers breadth below the Navell to wit at the side of the right muscle but not upon that which they call the Linea Alba neither upon the nervous parts of the rest of the muscles of the Epigastrium that so we may prevent pain and difficulty of healing The manner of making apertion Therefore we must have a care that the Patient lye upon his right side if the incision be made in the left or on the left if on the right Then the Chirurgion both with his own hand as also with the hand of his servant assisting him must take up the skin of the belly with the fleshy pannicle lying under it and separate them from the rest then let him divide them so separated with a Section even to the flesh lying under them which being done let him force as much as he can the divided skin upwards towards the stomach that when the wound which must presently be made in the flesh lying there-under shall be consolidated the skin by its falling therein may serve for that purpose then therefore let him divide the musculous flesh and Peritonaeum with a small wound not hurting the Kall or Guts Then put into the wound a trunk or golden or silver crooked pipe of the thickness of a Gooses-quill and of the length of some half a finger Let that part of it which goes into the capacity of the belly have something a broad head and that perforated with two small holes by which a string being fastened it may be bound so about the body that it cannot be moved unless at the Chirurgeons pleasure Let a spunge be put into the pipe which may receive the dropping humor and let it be taken out when you would evacuate the water but let it not be poured out altogether but by little and little for fear of dissipation of the spirits and resolution of the faculties which I once saw happen to one sick of the Dropsie A History He being impatient of the disease and cure thereof thrust a Bodkin into his belly and did much rejoice at the pouring forth of the water as if he had been freed from the humor and the disease but died within a few hours because the force of the water running forth could by no means be staied for the incision was not artificially made But it will not be sufficient to have made way for the humor by the means aforementioned A caution for taking out the pipe but also the external orifice of the pipe must be stopped and strengthned by double cloaths and a strong ligature lest any of the water flow forth against our wills But we must note that the pipe is not to be drawn out
requiring help saying he was troubled with a grievous pain especially then when he stretched his voyce in the Epistle When I had seen the bigness of the Enterocele I perswaded him to get another to serve in his place so having gotten leave of M. Curio Clerk and Deacon of Divinity he committed himself unto me I handled him according unto Art and commanded him he should never go without a Truss and be followed my directions When I met him some five or six years after I asked him How he did he answered Very well for he was wholly freed from the disease with which he was formerly troubled which I could not perswade my self of before that I had found that he had told me the truth by the diligent observation of his genitals But some six months after he dying of a Pleurisie I came to Curio's house where he dyed and desired leave to open his body that I might observe whether Nature had done any thing at all in the passage through which the gut fell down I call God to witness that I found a certain fatty substance about the process of the Peritonaeum about the bigness of a little Egg and it did stick so hard to that place that I could scarce pul it away without the rending of the neighbouring parts And this was the speedy cause of his cure We must never despâ—st in diseases if to be â—â—oâ—e be astoâ—â—ted by Art But it is most worthy of observation and admiration that Nature but a little helped by Art healeth diseases which are thought incurable The chief of the cure consists in this that we firmly stay the gut in its place after the same manner as these two figures shew The Figure of a Man broken on one side wearing a Truss whose Bolster must have three Tuberosities two on the upp r and one on the lower part and there must be a hâ—llowness between them in the midst that they may not too strâ—itly press the share-bone and so cause pain The manner of such a Truss I found out not long ago and it seemed letter and safer than the rest for to hinder the falling down of the gut and kâ—ll A Sâ—eas the Shoulder-band which is tyed before and behind to the girlâ—e of the Truss B The Truss C The Cavity left in the midst of the Tuberosities Another Figure of a Man having a Rupture on both sides shewing by what means with what kind of and what Shoulder-band he must be bound on each groin A Sheweth the Shoulder band divided in the midst for the putting through of the head B The Truss with two Bolsters between which is a hole for putting through the yard The form of both Bolsters ought to be the same with the former In the mean time we must not omit diet We must forbid the use of all things which may either relax dilate or break the process of the Peritonaeum of which I have already treated sufficiently Sometimes but especially in old men the guts cannot be restored into their place by reason of the quantity of the excrements hardned in them In this case they must not be too violently forced but the Patient must be kept in his Bed and lying with his head head low and his knees higher up let the following Cataplasms be appiled â„ž rad alth lil ana â„¥ ij seminis lini faenugr an â„¥ ss fol. malvae viol pariet an m. ss A Cataplasm to soften the excrements Let them be boyled in fair water afterwards beaten and drawn through a searse adding thereto of new Butter without Salt and Oyl of Lillies as much as shall suffice Make a Cataplasm in the form of a liquid Pultis Let it be applyed hot to the Cod and bottom of the Belly by the help of this remedy when it had been applyed all night the Guts have not seldom been seen of themselves without the hand of a Chirurgeon to have returned into their proper place The windiness being resolved which hindered the going back of the excrements into another Gut whereby they might be evacuated and expelled But if the excrements will not go back thus the flatulencies yet resisting undiscussed an emollient and carminative clyster is to be admitted with a little Chymical Oyl of Turpentine Dill Juniper or Fennil Clysters of Muscadine Chymical Oyl Oyl of Walnuts and Aqua vitae and a small quantity of any the aforesaid Oyls are good for the same purpose It often happens that the Guts cannot yet be restored because the process of the Peritonaeum is not wide enough For when the excrements are fallen down with the Gut into the Cod they grow hard by little little and encrease by the access of flatulencies caused by resolution which cause such a tumor as cannot be put up through that hole by which a little before it fell down whereby it happens that by putrefaction of the matter there contained come inflammations and a new access of pain and lastly a vomiting and evacuation of the excrements by the mouth being hindered from the other passage of the fundament They vulgarly call this affect Miserere mei That you may help this symptom you must rather assay extreme remedies than suffer the Patient to dye by so filthy and loathsom a death And we must cure it by Chirurgery after this manner following We will bind the Patient lying on his back upon a Table or Bench then presently make an Incision in the upper part of the Cod not touching the substance of the Gut then we must have a silver Cane or Pipe of the thickness of a Goose-quill round and gibbous in one part thereof but somewhat hollowed in the other as is shewed by this following Figure The Figure of the Pipe or Cane We must put it into the place of the Incision The Chirurgical cure by the Golden Tie and put it under the production of the Peritonaeum being cut together with the Cod all the length of the production that so with a sharp Knife we may divide the process of the Peritonaeum according to that cavity separated from the Guts there contained by the benefit of the Cane in a right line not hurting the Guts When you have made an indifferent Incision the Guts must gently be put up into the Belly with your fingers and then so mush of the cut Peritonaeum must be sowed up as shall seem sufficient that by that passage made more strait nothing may fall into the Cod after it is cicatrized But if there be such abundance of excrements hardned either by the stay or heat of inflammation that that Incision is not sufficient to force the excrements into their place the Incision must be made longer your Cane being thrust up towards the Belly so that it may be sufficient for the free regress of the Guts into the Belly Then sow it up as is fit and the way will be shut up against the falling down of the Gut or Kall the process
the Physitian is often forced to change the order of the cure All strange and external Bodies must be taken away as speedily as is possible because they hinder the action of Nature intending unity especially if they press or prick any Nervous Body or Tendon whence pain or an Abscess may breed in any principal part or other serving the principal Yet if by the quick and too hasty taking forth of such like Bodies there be fear of cruel pain or great effusion of Bloud it will be far better to commit the whole work to Nature than to exasperate the Wound by too violent hastening For Nature by little and little will exclude as contrary to it or else together with the Pus what strange body soever shall be contained in the wounded part But if there shall be danger in delay it will be fit the Chirurgeon fall to work quickly safely and as mildly as the thing will suffer for effusion of Bloud swooning convulsion and other horrid symptoms follow upon the too rough and boystrous handling of Wounds whereby the Patient shall be brought into greater danger than by the Wound it self Therefore he may pull out the strange Bodies either with his fingers or with instruments fit for that purpose but they are sometimes more easily and sometimes more hardly pulled forth according as the Body infixed is either hard or easie to be found or pulled out Which thing happens according to the variety of the figure of such like Bodies according to the condition of the part it self soft hard or deep in which these Bodies are fastned more straitly or more loosly and then for fear of inferring any worse harm as the breaking of some Vessel but how we may perform this first intention and also the expression of the instruments necessary for this purpose shall be shown in the particular Treaties of Wounds made by Gun-shot Arrows and the like Ligatures and Sutures for to conjoyn and hold together the lips of wounds But the Surgeon shall attain to the second and third scope of curing Wounds by two and the same means that is by Ligatures and Sutures which notwithstanding before he use he must well observe whether there be any great flux of Bloud present for he shall stop it if it he too violent but provoke it if too slow unless by chance it shall be poured out into any capacity or belly that so the part freed from the superfluous quantity of Bloud may be less subject to inflammation Therefore the lips of the Wound shall be put together and shall be kept so joyned by suture and ligatures Not truly of all but only of those which both by their nature and magnitude as also by the condition of the parts in which they are are worthy and capable of both the remedies For a simple and small solution of continuity stands only in need of the Ligature which we call incarnative especially if it be in the Arms or Legs but that which divides the Muscles transversly stands in need of both Suture and Ligature that so the lips which are somewhat far distant from each other and as it were drawn towards their beginning and ends may be conjoyned If any portion of a fleshy substance by reason of some great Cut shall hang down it must necessarily be adjoyned and kept in the place by Suture The more notable and large Wounds of all the parts stand in need of Suture which do not easily admit a Ligature by reason of the figure and site of the part in which they are as the Ears Nose Hairy-scalp Eye-lids Lips Belly and Throat There are three sorts of Ligatures by the joynt consent of all the Ancients Three sorts of Ligatures They commonly call the first a Glutinative or Incarnative the second Expulsive the third Retentive The Glutinative or Incarnative is fit for simple green and yet bloudy Wounds What an incarnative Ligature is This consists of two ends and must so be drawn that beginning on the contrary part of the Wound we may so go upwards partly crossing it and going downwards again we may closely joyn together the Lips of the Wound But let the Ligature be neither too strait lest it may cause inflammation or pain nor too loose lest it be of no use and may not well contain it The Expulsive Ligature is fit for sanious and fistulous Ulcers to press out the filth contained in them This is performed with one Rowler having one simple head What an expulsive the beginning of binding must be taken from the bottom of the Sinus or bosom thereof and there it must be bound more straightly and so by little and little going higher you must remit something of that rigour even to the mouth of the Ulcer that so as we have said the sanious matter may be pressed forth The Retentive Ligature is fit for such parts as cannot suffer strait binding such are the Throat What the retentive What the rowlers must be made of Belly as also all parts oppressed with pain For the part vexed with pain abhorreth binding The use thereof is to hold to local Medicines It is performed with a Rowler which consists somewhiles of one some whiles of more heads All these Rowlers ought to be of linnen and such as is neither too new nor too old neither too coorse nor too fine Their breadth must be proportionable to the parts to which they shall be applyed the indication of their largeness being taken from their magnitude figure and site As we shall shew more at large in our Tractates of Fractures and Dislocations The Chirurgeon shall perform the first scope of curing Wounds Why and how the temper of the wounded part must be preserved which is of preserving the temper of the Wounded part by appointing a good order of diet by the Prescript of a Physitian by using universal and local Medicines A slender cold and moist Diet must be observed until that time be passed wherein the Patient may be safe and free from accidents which are usually feared Therefore let him be fed sparingly especially if he be plethorick he shall abstain from Salt and spiced flesh and also from Wine if he shall be of a cholerick or sanguine nature in stead of Wine he shall use the Decoction of Barly or Liquorice or Water and Sugar He shall keep himself quiet for Rest is in Celsus opinion the very best Medicine He shall avoid Venery Contentions Brawls Anger and other perturbations of the mind When he shall seem to be past danger it will be time to fall by little and little to his accustomed manner and diet of life Universal remedies are Phlebotomies and Purging which have force to divert and hinder the defluxion whereby the temper of the part might be in danger of change For Phlebotomy it is not alwayes necessary as in small Wounds and Bodies In what wounds blood-letting is not necessary which are neither troubled with ill humors or Plethorick
the present I will treat of the cure Therefore in this case for that there is fear that some vessel is broken under the skull it is fit presently to open the cephalick vein And let blood be plentifully taken according to the strength of the Patient as also respectively to the disease both which is present and like to ensue taking the advice of a Physitian Then when you have shaven away the hair you shall apply to the whole head and often renue the forementioned cataplasm Ex fâ—rinis oleo rosaceo oxymelite and other like cold and moist repelling medicines But you must eschew dry and too astringent medicins must be shunned such as are Unguentum de bolo and the like for they obstruct too vehemently and hinder the passage forth of the vapours both by the sutures and the hidden pores of the skull Wherefore they do not only not hinder the inflammation but fetch it when it is absent or encrease it when present The belly shall be loosed with a clyster and the acrid vapours drawn from the head for which purpose also it will be good to make frictions from above downwards to make straight ligatures on the extream parts to fasten large cupping-glasses with much flame to the shoulders and the original of the spinal marrow that so the revulsion of the blood running vioâ—ently upwards to the brain and ready to cause a phlegmon may be the greater The opening of the Vena Puppis The following day it will be convenient to open the Vena Puppis which is seated upon the Lambdall suture by reason of the community it hath with the veins of the brain and shutting the mouth and nose to strive powerfully to breathe For thus the membranes swell up and the blood gathered between them and the skull is thrust forth but not that which is shut up in the brain and membranes of which if there be any great quantity the case is almost desperate unless nature assisted with stronger force cast it forth turned into Pus But also after a few dayes the vena frontis or forehead-vein may be opened as also the Temporal Arteries and Veins under the tongue that the conjunct matter may be drawn forth by so many open passages In the mean space the Patient must keep a spare diet and abstain from wine especially until the 14th day for that until that time the fearful symptoms commonly reign But repelling medicins must be used untill the 14th day be past A discussing fomentation A caution in fomenting the head then we must come to discussing medicins beginning with the more milde such as is this following decoction â„ž rad Alth. â„¥ vj. ireos cypari calam arom an â„¥ ij fol. salviae majoran betonic flor chamaem melil ros rub stoechad an M. ss salis com â„¥ iij. bulliant omnia simul secundum artem cum vinâ— rub aqua fabrorum fiat decoctio Let the head be washt therewith twice a day with a spunge But yet when you do this see that the head be not too much heated by such a fomentation or any such like thing for fear of pain and inflammation A caution in fomenting the head Then you shall apply the cerate of Vigo which hath power to discuss indifferently to dry and draw forth the humors which are under the skull and by its Aromatick force and power to confirm and strengthen the Brain it thus described â„ž Furfuris bene triturati â„¥ iij. farin lentium â„¥ ij ros myrtillor foliorum granorum ejus an â„¥ j. calam A description of Vigo's Cerate aromat â„¥ i ss chamaemel melil M. ss nuces cupressi num vj. olei rosacei chamaem an Ê’ iij. cerae albae â„¥ ij ss thuris mastichis an Ê’ iij. myrrhaeÊ’ ij In pulverem quae redigi dâ—bent redactis liquefactis oleis cum cera omnia misceantur simul fiat mixtura quae erit inter formam emplastri ceroti Vigo saith that one of the Duke of Urbins Gentlemen found the Urine hereof to his great good A History He fell from his Horse with his head downwards upon hard Marble he lay as if he had been dead the bloud gusht out of his nose mouth and ears and all his face was swollen and of a livid colour he remained dumb twenty days taking no meat but dissolved Gellies and Chicken and Capon broths with Sugar yet he recovered but lost his memory and faultered in his speech all his life after To which purpose is that Aphorism in Hippocrates Aph. 58. sect 7. Those that have their Brain shaken by what cause soever mus of necessity become dumb yea also as Galen observes in his Commentary lose both their sense and motion That Cerot is not of small efficacy but of marvellous and admirable force which could hinder the generating of an abscess which was incident to the Brain by reason of the fall Yet there be many men so far from yielding to reason that they stifly deny That there may be an abcess in the brain Aph. 10. sect 6. that any impostumation can be in the Brain and augmenting this errour with another they deny that any who have a portion of the Brain cut off can recover or rise again but the authority of ancient Writers and Experience do abundantly refel the vanity of the reasons whereon they rely Now for the first in the opinion of Hippocrates If those which have great pain in their heads have either pus water or bloud flowing from their Nose Mouth or Ears it helps their disease But Galen Rhasis and Avicen Gal. lib. de inaequal intemp Rhas cap. 4. contineâ—t Avicen cap. de exit sen 3. lib. 4. cap. 20. A History affirm that Sanies generated in the Brain disburdens it self by the Nose Mouth or Ears and I my self have observed many who had the like happen to them I was told by Prothais Coulen Chirurgeon to Monsieur de Langey that he saw a certain young man in the Town of Mans who often used to ring a great Bell he once hanging in sport upon the rope was snatcht up therewith and fell with his head full upon the pavement he lay mâ—te was deprived of his senses and understanding and was besides hard bound in his Belly Wherefore presently a Feaver and Delirium with other horrid symptoms assayled him for he was not trepanned because there appeared no sign of fracture in the skull on the seventh day he fell into a great sweat with often sneesing by violence whereof a great quantity of matter and Pus flowed of forth his ears mouth and nose then he was eased of all his symptoms and recovered his health Now for the second Lib. 8. de usu part com ad Aph. 18. sect 6. Galen affirms that he saw a Boy in Smyrna of Ionia that recovered of a great wound of the brain but such an one as did not penetrate to any of the ventricles But Guido of Cauliac
subject to generate this internal cause of defluxion If external occasions shall concur with these internal causes The error of Nurses in binding and lacing of Children the vertebrae will sooner be dislocated Thus Nurses whilest they too straitly lace the breasts and sides of girles so to make them slender cause the breast-bone to cast its self in forwards or backwards or else the one shoulder to be bigger or fuller the other more spare and lean The same error is committed if they lay children more frequently and long upon their sides than upon their backs or if taking them up when they wake they take them only by the feet or legs and never put their other hand under their backs never so much as thinking that children grow most towards their heads CHAP. XVIII Prognosticks of the Dislocated Vertebrae of the back IF in Infancy it happen that the vertebrae of the back shall be dislocated the ribs will grow little or nothing in breadth but run outwards before therefore the chest loseth its natural latitude Hipp. sent 6. sect 3. de art and stands out with a sharp point Hence they become asthmatick the lungs and muscles which serve for breathing being pressed together and straitned and that they may the easilier breathe they are forced to hold up their heads whence also they seem to have great throats Now because the Weazon being thus pressed the breath is carryed through a strait passage therefore they whease as they breathe and short in their sleep for that their lungs which receive and send forth the breath or air be of less bigness besides also they are subject to great distillations upon their lungs whereby it cometh to pass that they are shorter lived But such as are bunch-backed below the midriffe are incident to diseases of the kidneys and bladder and have smaller and slenderer thighs and legs and they more slowly and sparingly cast forth hair and have beards to conclude they are less fruitfull and more subject to barrenness than such as have their crookedness above their midriffe The Bunches which proceed from external causes are oft-times curable but such as have their original from an inward cause are absolutely uncurable unless they be withstood at the first with great care and industry Wherefore such as have it by kinde Why when the spine is luxated the parts belonging to the chest are nourished and grow the less never are helped Such as whilest they are yet children before their bodies be come to perfect growth have their spine crooked and bunching out their bodies use not to grow at the spine but their legs and arms come to their perfect and full growth yet the parts belonging to their breasts and back become more slender Neither is it any wonder for seeing the veins arteries and nerves are not in their places the spirits do neither freely nor the alimentary juices plenteously flow by these straitened passages whence leanness must needs ensue but the limbs shall thence have no wrong for that not the whole body but the neighbouring parts only are infected with the contagion of this evil When divers vertebrae following each other in order are together and at one time dislocated the dislocation is less dangerous Why the luxation of one vertebra is more dangerous than of many than if one alone were luxated For when one only vertebra is dislocated it carries the spinal marrow so away with it that it forces it almost into a sharp angle wherefore being more straitly pressed it must necessarily be either broken or hurt which is absolutely deadly for that it is the brains substitute But when divers vertebrae are dislocated at once it must of necessity be forced only into an obtuse angle or rather a semicircle by which compression it certainly suffers but not so as that death must necessarily ensue thereon Hereto may seem to belong that which is pronounced by Hippocrates Sent. 51. sect 3. lib. de art a circular moving of the vertebrae out of their places is less dangerous than an angular CHAP. XIX Of the dislocation of the Rump The signs THe rump oft-times is after a sort dislocated inwards by a violent fall upon the buttocks or a great blow in this affect the Patient cannot bring his heel to his buttocks neither unless with much force bend his knee Going to stool is painfull to him neither can he sit unless in a hollow chair The cure That this as it were dislocation may be restored you must thrust your finger in by the Fundament even to the place affected as we have said in a fracture then must you strongly raise up the bone and with your other hand at the same time join it rightly on the outside with the neighbouring parts Lastly it must be strengthened with the formerly mentioned remedies and kept in its place Now it will be recovered about the twentieth day after it is set During all which time the Patient must not go to stool unless sitting upon a hollow seat lest the bone as yet scarce well recovered should fall again out of its place CHAP. XX. Of the luxation of the ribs THe ribs may by a great and brusing stroak be dislocated Causes and fall from the vertebra whereto they are articulated and they may be driven inwards or sideways Of which kind of luxation though there be no particular mention made by the Ancients yet they confess that all the bones may fall or be removed from their seats or cavities wherein they are received and articulated The sign of a rib dislocated and slipped on one side is a manifest inequality Signs which here makes a hollowness and there a bunching forth but it is a sign that it is driven in when as there is only a depressed cavity where it is knit and fastned to the vertebrae Such dislocations cause divers symptomes as difficulty of breathing the hurt rib hindring the free moving of the chest a painfulness in bowing down or lifting up the body occasioned by a pain counterfeiting a pleurisie the rising or puffing up of the musculous flesh about the rib by a mucous and flatulent humour there generated the reasons whereof we formerly mentioned in our Treatise of Fractures To withstand all these the dislocation must be forthwith restored Cure then the puffing up of the flesh must be helped Wherefore if the dislocated rib shall fall upon the upper side of the vertebra the Patient shall be set upright hanging by his arms upon the top of some high door or window then the head of the rib where it stands forth shall be pressed down until it be put into its cavity Again if the rib shall fall out upon the lower side of the vertebra it will be requisite that the Patient bend his face downwards setting his hands upon his knees then the dislocation may be restored by pressing or thrusting in the knot or bunch which stands forth Gal. com ad sent 3. sect 1.
lower end of the ligature which was fastned about the Patients arm above his elbow then put it so tied under one of the steps of the Ladder as low as he could and got astride thereupon and sate thereon with his whole weight and at the same instant made his wife to pluck the stool from under his feet which being done the bone presently came into its place as you may see by the following figure Another figure expressing the fourth manner of restoring a dislocated shoulder Another figure to the same purpose If you have never a Ladder you may use a piece of wood laid across upon two posts Also you may use a door as the other figure shews wherein you must observe a flat piece of wood or spatula with strings thereat whose use shall be shewn in the following Chapter CHAP. XXVII The sixth manner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arm-pit Hippocrates his Glossâ—comium termed Ambi. To the former figures I have thought good to adde this which expresseth the manner of restoring a shoulder luxated into the arm-pit with a spatula after the manner of Hippocrates Hiipp sent 64. 4. de artic This spatula fastned with an Iron pin to the standing frame may be turned lifted up and pressed down at your pleasure A. shewes the wooden spatula B. the frame or standing posts The figure of an Ambi fitted to a dislocated Shoulder There are other additions to this Ambi whose figure I now exhibited to your view by the invention of Nicholas Picart the Duke of Lorrain's Surgeon the use and knowledge whereof bestowed upon me by the inventor himself I would not envy the studious Reader Another figure of an Ambi with the edditaments AA Shews the two ears as it were stâ—ps mâ—de to hold and kâ—â—p in the top of the shouâ—der lest it sâ—ouâ—d sâ—â—p out when it is put into the frame or sâ—pporter BB. The frame or supporter whereon the Ambi rests CC. The pin or axeltree which fastens the Ambi to the supporter DD. Screw-pins to fasten the foot of the supporter that it stir not in the operation EE The holes in the foot of the supporter whereby you may fasten the Screw-pins to the floor CHAP. XXVIII How to restore a Shoulder dislocated forwards IT is seldom that the shoulder is luxated towards the foreside yet there is nothing so stable and firm in our bodies which may not be violated by a violent assault so that those bones do also fall out of joint whose articulations are strengthned for the firmer connexion with fleshly nervous gristly and bony stayes or bars This you may perceive by this kind of dislocated shoulder strengthned as it were with a strong wall on every hand to wit the Acromium and the end of the collar-bone seeming to hinder it as also the great and strong muscles Epomis and Biceps Hippocrates shut up within the strait bounds of the lesser Asia never saw this kind of dislocation which was observed five times by Galen I profess I have seen it but once and that was in a certain Nun which weary of the Nunnery cast her self down out of a window Com. ad sent 2â— 23 sâ—ct 1. de articulis Signs and bore the fall and weight of her body upon her elbow so that her shoulder was dislocated forwards This kind of dislocation is known by the depravation of the conformation or figure of the member by the head of the shoulder wrested out towards the breast as also the Patient cannot bend his elbow It is restored by the same means as other luxations of other parts to wit Cure by strait holding extending and forcing in Therefore the Patient must be placed upon the ground with his face upwards and then you must extend the shoulder otherwise than you do when it is luxated into the arm-pit For when it falleth into the arm-hole it is first drawn forwards then forced upwards untill it be brought just against the cavity whereinto it must enter But in this kind of luxation because the top of the shoulder is in the foreparts of the dearticulation shut up with muscles opened both to the outer as also the inner part you must work to the contrary to wit to the hinde part But first of all you must place a servant at the back of the Patient who may draw back a strong and broad Bandage cast about the arm-pit such as is the Carchesius which consists of two contrary and continued strings lest that when the arm shall be extended the shoulder follow also you must put a clew of yarn to fill up the arm-pit Sent. 23. sect 1. de art Then must you extend the arm casting another ligature a little above the elbow and in the interim have a care that the head thereof fall not into the arm-pit which may be done both by putting the forementioned clew under the arm and drawing the head another way then must you permit by slacking your extension the joint freed from the encompassing muscles to be drawn and forced into its cavity by the muscles forcible recoiling as with an unanimous consent into themselves and their originals for thus it will easily be restored and such extension only is sufficient thereto CHAP. XXIX Of the Shoulder luxated outwardly THe dislocation also of the shoulder to the outward parts seldom happens but yet Signs if it may at any time happen the extension of the arm will be very difficult but yet more difficult towards the outward part than towards the inward there is a depressed cavity perceived towards the chest but externally a bunching forth to wit in that part from whence the head of the shoulder-bone is fled For the restoring hereof the Patient must be laid flat on his belly and the elbow must be forcibly drawn contrary to that whereto it is fled to wit The cure inwardly to the breast and also the standing forth head of the arm-bone must be forced into its cavity for thus it shall be easily restored But into what part soever the shoulder-bone is dislocated What to be done to hold in the shoulder after it is restored the arm must be extended and drawn directly downwards After the restitution fitting medicins shall be put about the joint Let there be somewhat put into the arm-pit which may fill it up and let compresses or boulsters be applyed to that part to which the luxated bone fell then all these things shall be strengthned and held fast with a strong and broad two headed ligature put under the arm-pit and so brought across upon the joint of the shoulder and thence carried unto the opposite arm-pit by so many windings as shall be judged requisite Then the arm must be put and carried in a scarf to right angles which figure must be observed not only in every luxation of the shoulder but in each fracture of the arm also for that it is less painfull and consequently such as the arm may stand the
to this or that side The cause hereof may seem to depend upon the different dearticulation of the ell and wand with the hand or wrist For the Wand which is articulated on the lower part with the wrist at the thumb by its upper part whilest it receives the outward swelling or condyle of the Ell in its cavity performs the circular motions of the hands But the Cubit or Ell which in like sort is connected on the lower part by Diarthrosis at the little finger with the Wrist being articulated on the upper part with the shoulder-bone bends and extends or stretches forth the hand There is one way to restore the formerly mentioned dislocations The arm on one side and the hand on another must be extended upon a hard resisting and smooth place so that it may lye flat and you must have a care that the part whence the dislocated bone fell be the lower in its site and place and the part whither it is gone the higher Then to conclude the prominencies of the bones must be pressed down by the hand of the Surgeon untill by the force of compression and site the luxated bones be thrust and forced into their places and cavities CHAP. XXXVI Of the dislocated bones of the Wrist Sign THe Wrist consists of eight bones which cannot unless by extraordinary violence be put or fall out of their places Yet if they shall at any time fall out they will shew it by the tumour of the part whereto they are gone and by the depression of that wherefrom they are fled They may be restored Cure if the diseased hand be extended upon a Table and if the bones shall be dislocated inwards the hand shall be placed with the palm upwards then the Surgeon shall with the palm of his hand press down the eminencies of the bones and force each bone into its place But if the luxation be outwards he shall lay the palm next to the table and press it after the same manner To conclude if the luxation shall be toward either side the luxated bones shall be thrust towards the contrary and the restored bones shall be presently contained in their places with fit remedies binding rowling and carrying the hand in a scarf CHAP. XXXVII Of the dislotaled bones of the After-wrist THere are four bones in the Palm or After-wrist the two middlemost whereof cannot bee dislocated side-waies becaus thay are hindred and kept from falling aside by the opposition of the parts as it were resisting them Celsus lib. 8. cap. 18. Neither can that which answereth to the little finger nor that whereon the fore-fingers rest's bee dislocated towards that side which is next the middle bones whereof wee now spake but onely on the other side free'd from the neighbor-hood of the bones but all of them may bee dislocated inwardly and outwardly They may bee restored as those of the Wrist CHAP. XXXVIII Of the dislocated Finger ALso the bones of the fingers may bee four several waies dislocated inwardly outwardly and at each side To restore them they must bee laid straight upon a table and so put into joint again For thus they may bee easily restored Why the dislocated fingers may bee easily restored by reason their sockets are not deep and their joints are shorter and ligaments less strong In twelv daies space they will recover their strength as also those dislocations that happen to the Wrist and After-wrist CHAP. XXXIX Of a dislocated Thigh or Hip. THe Thigh or Hip may bee disloeated and fall forth towards all the four parts But most frequently inwards next to that outwards Hisp sent 68. sect 3. de art but verie seldom either forwards or backwards A subluxation cannot happen in this joint as neither in the shoulder especially from an external caus contrarie to which it usually happen's in the elbow hand knee and foot The caus hereof is for that the heads of the thigh and shoulder-bone are exactly round and the sockets which receiv them have certain borders and edges encompassing them hereunto may bee added Gal com ad sent 47. sect 4â— de art that strong muscles encompass each dearticulation so that it cannot com to pass that part of the heads of such bones may bee contained in the cavitie and other parts stand or fall forth but that they will quickly bee restored to their places by the motion and wheeling about of the joint and the strength of the encompassiing muscles But a subluxation may seem to happen in these parts from an internal caus For then the ligaments and ties being softned and relaxed cannot draw and carrie back the head of the bone standing forth so far as the edges of the socket If the Hip bee dislocated towards the inner part A subluxation may befal the Thigh from an internal caus that leg beecom's longer and larger than the other but the knee appear's somwhat lower and look's outwardly with the whole foot neither can the patient stand upon his leg To conclude the head of the Thigh-bone bewray's it self lying in the groin with a swelling manifest both to the eie and hand now the leg is longer than that which is sound for that the head of the thigh is out of it's socket or cavitie and situated lower to wit in the groin therefore the leg is made by so much the larger Now the knee stand's forth becaus necessarily the lower head of the thigh-bone stand's contrary to the socket For this is common to all dislocated bones that when as the dislocation happen's to the one side the other end of the bone flie's out to the contrarie Whence it is that if the upper-upper-head of the thigh-bone shall fall inwards then the other head which is at the knee must necessarily look outwards The like happen's in other dislocations The leg cannot bee bended towards the groin for that the dislocated bone hold's the extending muscles of the same part so stiffly stretched out that they cannot yield or applie themselvs to the benders For flexion or bending ought to precede extension and extension flexion CHAP. XL. Prognosticks belonging to a dislocated Hip. Why the thigh bone dislocated is difficultly restored or restored easily fal's out again THere is this danger in the dislocation of the Hip that either the bone cannot bee put into the place again at least unles with very much trouble or els beeing put in that it may presently fall out again For if the tendons of the muscles the ligaments and other nervous parts of the member bee hard and strong they by reason of their contumacie and stifness will hardly suffer the bone to return to its place If that they bee soft loos effeminate and weak they will not contain the restored bone in its place Neither will it bee any better contained if that short but yet strong and round ligament which fasten's the head of the Thigh-bone on the infide in the Socket or Cavitie of the huckle-bone bee broken
stone is in a boys bladder HItherto wee have shewed by what means it is convenient to draw small stones out of the ureter bladder passage of the urine now will wee briefly shew the manner of takeing of greater stones out of the bladder which is performed by incision and iron instruments and I will deliver the practice thereof first in children then in men and lastly in women First therefore let the Surgeon take the boy upon whom it is determined the work shall bee performed under the armholes Why the boy must bee shaken before cutting How to place the child before dissection and so give him five or six shakes that so the stone may descend the more downwards to the neck of the bladder Then must you caus a strong man sitting uppon an high seat to lay the child upon his back with his face from him-ward haveing his hips lying upon his knees The child must lie somwhat high that hee may breathe the freelier and let not the nervous part bee too much stretched but let all parts bee loos and free for the drawing forth of the stone Furthermore it is fit that this strong man the childe 's legs beeing bended back wish the childe that putting his legs to his hams that hee draw them up as much as hee can and let the other bee sure hee keep them so for this site of the child much conduceth to wel performing of the work Then let the Surgeon thrust two of the fingers of his left hand as far into the childe 's fundament as bee is able but let him with his other hand press the lower bellie first wrapping a cloth about his hand that so the compression may bee the less troublesom and least inflammation should happen rather by this means than by the incision Now the compression hath this use to caus the stone to descend out of the botom of the bladder into the neck thereof under the os pubis whither after it is arrived it must bee there kept and as it were governed by the command of your hand least it should slide from that place whereto you have brought it These things thus don nothing now remaineth but that the Surgeon with a wound som two fingers breadth distant from the fundament cut through all the flesh even to the stone on the left side of the Perinaeum Where to divide the perinaeum But in the interim let him beware that hee hurt not the intestinum rectum for it may and usually doth happen that whil'st the stone is brought out of the bottom of the bladder to the neck thereof this gut is doubled in now if it bee cut with your incision-knife it cometh to pass that the excrements may somtimes com out at the wound Nature verie powrefull in children and the urine by the fundament which thing hath in manie hindred the agglutination and consolidation of the wound yet in som others it hath don little harm becaus in this tender age manie things happen which may seem to exceed nature the incision beeing made the stone must bee plucked forth with the instrument here expressed Hooks to pull stones forth of children's bladders The stone beeing drawn out a small pipe shall bee put into the wound and there kept for som space after for reasons hereafter too bee delivered then his knees shall bee bound together General rules must bee reduced to particular bodies for thus the wound will the sooner close and bee agglutinated The residue of the cure shall bee performed by reduceing the general cure of wounds to the particular temper of the childe 's age and the peculiar nature of the childe in cure CHAP. LII How to cut men for the taking out of the stone in the bladder SEeing wee cannot otherwise help such men as have stones in their bladders What to bee don before dissection wee must com to the extreme remedie to wit cutting But the patient must first bee purged and if the case require draw som blood yet must you not immediately after this or the day following hasten to the work for the patient cannot but bee weakned by purgeing and bleeding Also it is expedient for som daies before to foment the privities with such things as relax and soften that by their yeelding the stone may the more easily bee extracted Now the cure is thus to bee performed How to lay the patient The patient shall bee placed upon a firm table or bench with a cloth many times doubled under his buttocks a pillow under his loins and back so that hee may lie half upright with his thighs lifted up and his legs and heels drawn back to his buttocks Then shall his feet bee bound with a ligature of three fingers bredth cast about his anckles and with the heads thereof beeing drawn upwards to his neck and cast about it and so brought downwards both his hands shall bee bound to his knees as the following figure sheweth The figure of a man lying ready to bee cut of the stone The patient thus bound it is fit you have four strog men at hand that is two to hold his arms and other two who may so firmly straightly hold the knee wish one hand and the foot with the other that hee may neither moov his limbs nor stir his buttocks but bee forced to keep in the same posture with his whole bodie Then the Surgeon shall thrust into the urinarie passage even to the bladder a silver or iron and hollow probe Why the probe must bee slit on the outside anointed with oil and opened or slit on the outside that the point of the knife may enter there into and that it may guide the hand of the workman and keep the knife from pierceing anie further into the bodies lying there under The figure of this probe is here exprest Probes with slits in their ends Hee shall gently wrest the probe beeing so thrust in towards the left side Why the seam of the perinaeum must not bee cut and also hee who standeth on the patient 's right hand shall with his left hand gently lift up his cods that so in the free and open space of the left side of the perinaeum the Surgeon may have the more libertie to make the incision upon the probe which is thrust in and turned that way But in making this incision the Surgeon must bee careful that hee hurt not the seam of the perinaeum and fundament For if that seam bee cut it will not bee easily consolidated for that it is callous and bloodless therefore the urine would continually drop forth this way But if the wound bee made too near the fundament there is danger least by forcible plucking forth of the stone hee may break som of the hemorroid veins whence a bleeding may ensue which is scarce to bee stopped by anie means or that hee may rend the sphincter-muscle or bodie of the bladder so that it never can bee repaired
Lovain of the age of fifteen years Amongst the rest she cast forth at her fundament together with her excrements a living creature some foot and half long thicker then ones thumb very like an Eel but that it had a very hairy tail I have here given you the figure of the monster as it was expressed by him The figure of a Monster that came forth of a Maids belly An history Master Peter Barque and Claude le Grand Surgeons of Verdun lately affirmed to me that they cured the wife of a certain Citizen of Verdun which out of an Abscess broken in the belly cast forth a great number of worms together with the quitture and these were of the thickness of ones finger with sharp heads which so gnawed her guts that the excrements for a long time came forth at the ulcer but now she is perfectly recovered Anthony Benenius a Physician of Florence telleth that one John Menusierus a man of forty years of age An history troubled with continual pains at his stomach was often at the point of death neither found he any help by the counsels of many Physicians which he used At length coming to have his advice he gave him a vomit by means whereof he cast up a great quantity of corrupt and putrid matter yet was he not thereby eased of his pain Therefore he gave him another Vomit by force whereof he cast up much matter like to the former and together therewith a worm of four fingers long having a red round head of the bigness of a great pease covered over the body with a soft downiness with a forked tail in manner of an half moon going upon four feet two before and two behind The figure of a Worm cast forth by Vomit The efficient and material causes of such things as are preternaturally generated in our bodies Why should I mention the prodigious bodies which are found in Abscesses as stones chalk sand coles snail-shels straws hay horns hairs and many kinds of living and dead creatures For there is nothing in the generation of these things caused by corruption preceeded by much alteration which may make us admire or holdâ—s in suspence especially if we shall consiâ—er that nature the fruitful parent of all things hath put divers portions and particles of the universal matter whereof the greater would is compoâ—ed into this microcosmos or little world man wheâ—eby he might the rather seem to be made to the resemblance and form of the greater Wherefore it so desports it self here that iâ— may counterfeit and resemble all the actions and motions which it useth to perform in the scene of the greater world in this little one if so be that matter be not wanting CHAP. IV. Of the Worms which use to breed in the guts How worms are generated A Gross visâ—id and crude humor is the material cause of Worms which having got the beginning of corruption in the stomach is quickly carryed into the guts and there it putrefies having not acquired the form of laudable Chylus in the first concoction This for that it is viscid tenaciously adheres to the guts neither is it easily evacuated with the other excrements The reason that they somtimes come forth at the mouth therefore by delay it further putrefies and by the efficacy of heat it turns into the matter and nourishment for Worms This alimentary humor being consumed unless some fâ—esh supply the want thereof which may ease their hunger they move themselves in the guts with great violence they cause grievous and great pains yea and oftimes they creep up to the stomach and so come forth by the mouth and sometimes they ascend into the holes of the palace and come forth at the nose Worms are of three sorts for some are round and long others broad and long others short and slender The first are called by the Antients Teretes that is round for that they are long and round The second are named Teniae for that their bodies are long and broad The differences of worms like a rowler or swathe The third are termed Ascarides for that they commonly wrap themselves up round Other differences of worms are taken from their colours as red white black ash-coloured yellowish Some also are hairy with a great head like the little fish which the French call Chabot we a Millers-Thumb in some diseases many worms are generated and cast forth by the fundament as small as hairs and usually of color white and these are they which are called Ascarides The diversity of colours in worms proceedeth not from the like distinct diversity of humors whereof they are generated For the melancholick and cholerick humor by their qualities are wholly unfit to generate worms But this manifold variety in colour is by reason of the different corruption of the chylous or phlegmatick humor whereof they are bred The long and broad worms are oftentimes stretched alongst all the guts being like to a mucous or albuminous substance and verily I saw one voided by a woman which was like to a Serpent and some six foot long which ought not to seem strange seeing it is noted by the Antients that they have seen worms so long An history as the length of the whole guts that is seven times the length of ones bodie Wierus writes An history that he saw a Country-man who voided a worm eight foot and one inch long in head and mouth resembling a Duck which therefore I have thought good here to express The figure of a worm generated in and cast forth of the gut Valeriola affirmeth that he saw a worm above nine foot long Now as worms differ in shape In observat so are their places of generation also different For the round and long worms are commonly generated in the smaller guts the rest in the greater but especially the Ascarides In what places of the belly-worms are generated none breed in the stomach as that which is the place of the first concoction There truly the matter which bâ—eedeth these worms gets the first rudiment of corruption but comes to perfection only in the guts they breed in some infants in their mothers bellies by the pravity and corrupt nature of the humor flowing from the mother for the nourishment of the childe which for that then they do not expeâ—l it by siege it by delay putrefieth the more and yields fit matter for the breeding of worms Ad finem lib. 4. de morbis as some have observed out of Hippocrates Lastly worms breed in people of any age that are Belly-gods and given to gluttony as also in such as feed upon meats of ill juice and apt to corrupt as crude summer-fruits cheese and milk-meats But to know in what part of the guts the worms do lurk you must note that when they are in the small guts Signs of worms in the small guts the patients complain of a pain in their stomach with a dog-like
into a gross powder make thereof a Nodula between two pieces of Cambrick or Lawn of the bigness of an hand-ball then let it be moistned in eight ounces of Rose-water and two ounces of Rose-vinegar and let the patient smell to it often Those things must be varied according to the time For in the Summer you must use neither Musk nor Civet nor such like hot things and moreover women that are subject to fits of the Mother and those that have Fevers or the head-ach ought not to use those things that are so strong smelling and hot but you must make choice of things more gentle Therefore things that are made with a little Camphire and Cloves bruised and macerated together in Rose-water and vineger of Roses shall be sufficient CHAP. XX. What Diet ought to be observed and first of the choice of Meat THe order of Diet in a pestilent disease ought to be cooling and drying not slender Why such as have the plague may feed more fully but somewhat full because by this kind of disease there cometh wasting of the spirits and exsolution of the faculties which inferreth often swounding therefore that loss must be repaired as soon as may be with more quantity of meats that are of easie concoction and digestion Therefore I never saw any being infected with the pestilence that kept a slender diet that recovered his health but died and few that had a good stomach and fed well died Sweet gross moist and clammy meats and those which are altogether and exquisitely of subtil parts are to be avoided for the sweet do easily take fire and are soon inflamed the moist will putrefie the gross and clammy obstruct and therefore engender putrefaction those meats that are of subtil parts over-much attenuate the humors and inflame them and do stir up hot and sharp vapours into the brain whereof cometh a Fever Therefore we must eschew Garlick and Onions Mustard salted and spiced Meats and all kinde of pulse must also be avoided Pulse must be shunned because they engender gross windes which are the authors of obstruction but the decoction of them is not alwaies to be refused because it is a provoker of urine Therefore let this be their order of diet The manner of Diet. let their bread be of Wheat or Barly well wrought well leavened and salted neither too new nor too stale let them be fed with such meat as may be easily concocted and digested and may engender much laudable juice and very little excremental as are the flesh of Wether-Lambs Kâ—â—s Leverets Pullets Partridges Pigeons Thrushes Larkes Quails Black-Birds Turtle-Doves Moor-Hens Phesants and such like avoiding water-Fowls Let the flesh be moistned in Ver-juice of unripe Grapes Vinegar or the juice of Lemmons Oranges Citrons tart-Pomgranats Barberies Goose-berries or red Currance or of garden and wilde-sorrel for all these sowr things are very wholsome in this kinde of disease for they do stir up the apetite resist the venomous quality and putrefaction of the humors restrain the heat of the Fever and prohibit the corruption of the meats in the stomach Although those that have a more weak stomâ—ch and are endued with a more exact sense and are subject to the Cough and diseases of the Lungs must not use these unless they be mixed with Sugar and Cinnamon If the patient at any time be fed with sodden meats let the brothes be made with Lettuce Purslain Succory Borage Sorrel Hops Bugloss Cresses Burnet Marigolds Chervil the cooling Seeds French-Barly and Oat-meal with a little Saffron for Saffron doth engender many spirits and resisteth poyson To these opening roots may be added to avoid obstruction yet much broth must be refused by reason of moisture The fruit of Capers eaten at the beginning of the Meal provoke the appetite and prohibit obstructions but they ought not to be seasoned with overmuch oil and salt that they may also with good success be put into broths Fishes are altogether to be avoided because they soon corrupt in the Stomach but if the patient be delighted with them those that live in stony places must be chosen that is to say those that live in pure and sandy water and about rocks and stones as are Trouts Pikes Pearches Gudgeons and Crevices boiled in milk Wilks and such like And concerning Sea fish he may be fed with Giltheads Gurnarts with all the kindes of Cod-fish Whitings not seasoned with salt and Turbuts Eggs potched and eaten with the juice of Sorrel are very good Likewise Barly-water seasoned with the grains of a tart Pomgranate and if the fever be vehement with the seeds of white Poppy Such barly-water is easie to be concocted and digested it cleanseth greatly and moistens and mollifieth the belly But in some it procures an appetite to vomit and pain of the head and those must abstain from it But in stead of Barly-water they may use pap and bread crummed in the decoction of a Capon For the second course let him have raisins of the Sun newly sodden in Rose-water with Sugar For the second course sowr Damask-Prunes tart Cherries Pippins and Katharine-Pears And in the later end of the Meal Quinces rosted in the Embers Marmalate of Quinces In the end of the Meal and conserves of Bugloss or of Roses and such like may be taken or else this powder following Take of Coriander-seeds prepared two drams of Pearl of Rose-leaves shavings of Harts-Horn and Ivory of each half a dram of Amber two scruples of Cinnamon one scruple of Unicorns horn and the bone is a Staggs heart of each half a scruple of Sugar of Roses four ounces make thereof a powder and use it after meats If the patient be somewhat weak he must be fed with Gelly made of the flesh of a Capon and Veal sodden together in the water of Soâ—â—el Carduus Benedictus with a little quantity of Rose-vinegar Cinnamon Sugar and other such like as the present necessity shall seem to require In the night season for all events and mischances the patient must have ready prepared broth of meats of good digestion with a little of the juice of Citrons or Pomgranats A restaurative drink This restaurative that followeth may serve for all Take of the conserve of Bugloss Borage Violets Water-lillies and Succory of each two ounces of the powder of the Electuary Diamargaritum frigidum of the Trochiâ—es of Camphire of each three drams of Citron-seeds Carduus-seeds Soâ—â—el-seeds the roots of Dictamnus Tormentil of each two drams of the broth of a young Capon made with Lettuce Purslain Bugloss and Borage boyled in it six pints put them in a Limbeck of glass with the flesh of two Pullets of so many Parthridges and with fifteen leaves of pure Gold make thereof a distillation over a soft fire Then take of the distilled liquor half a pinte strain it through a woollen bag with two ounces of white Sugar and half a dram of Cinnamon let the patient use this when he
his belly and make him to sweat Truly those that are wounded or bit with venomous beasts If they bind broom above the wound it will prohibit or hinder the venom from dispersing it self or going any further therefore a drink made thereof will prohibit the venom from going any nearer the heart Some take of the root of Elecampane Gentian Tormentil Kermes-berries and broom of the powder of Ivory and Harts-horn of each half a dram they do bruise and beat all these and infuse them for the space of four and twenty hours in white wine and aqua vitae on the warm embers and then strain it and give the patient three or four ounces thereof to drink this provokes sweat and infringeth the power of the poysons and the potion following hath the same virtue Take good Mustard half an ounce of Treacle or Mithridate the weight of a bean A Potion dissolve them in white wine and a little aqua vitae and let the patient drink it and sweat thereon with walking You may also roast a great Onion made hollow and filled with half a dram of Treacle and vinegar under the embers and then strain it and mix the juice that is pressed out of it with the water of Sorrel Carduus Benedictus or any other cordial thing and with strong wine and give the paticet to drink thereof to provoke sweat to repel the malignity Or else take as much Garlick as the quantity of a Nut of Rue and celandine of each twenty leaves bruise them all in white wine and a little aqua vitae then strain it and give the patient thereofto drink There besome that do drink the juice that is pressed out of Celandine and Mallows with three ounces of Vinegar and half an ounce of the oil of Wall-nuts and then by much walking do unburthen their stomach and belly upwards end downwards and so are helped When the venomous air hath already crept into and infected the humors one dram of the dried leaves of the Bay-tree macerated for the space of two dayes in Vinegar and drunk is thought to be a most soveraign medicine to provoke sweat loosnes of the belly and vomiting Matthiolus in his Treatise de Morbo gallico writeth that the powder of Mercury ministred unto the patient with the juice of Carduus Benedictus or with the Electuary de Gemmis will drive away the pestilence before it be confirmed in the body by provoking vomit loosness of the belly and seat one dram of Calcauchum of white Copperas dissolved in Rose-water performeth the like effect in the same disease Some do give the patient a little quantity of the oil of Scorpions with white wine to expel the the poyson by vomit and therewithall they annoint the region of the heart the breast and the wrists of the hands I think these very meet to be used often in bodies that are strong and well exercised because weaker medicines do evacuate little or nothing at all but only move the humors whereby cometh a Fever When a sufficient quantity of the malignity is evacuated then you must minister things that may strengthen the belly and stomach and with-hold the agitation or working of the humors and such is the confection of Alkermes CHAP. XXVI Of many Symptoms which happen together with the Plague and first of the pain of the head The cause of phrensie in the Plague IF the malignity be carried into the brain and nature be not able to expel it it inflames not only it but also the menbranes that cover it which inflamation doth one while hurt trouble or abolish the imagination another while the judgment and sometimes the memory according to the situation of the inflamation whether it be in the former or hinder or middle part of the head but hereof cometh alwaies a Phrensie with fiery redness of the eies and face and heaviness and burning of the whole head If this will not be amended with Clysters and with opening the Cephalick vein in the arm the arteries of the Temples must be opened taking so much blood out of them The benefit of opening an artery as the greatness of the Symptoms and the strength of the patient shall require and permit Truly the incision that is made in opening an arterie will close and joyn together as readily and with as little difficulty as the incision of the vein And of such an incision of an artery cometh present help by reason that tensive and sharp vapours do plentifully breath out together with the arterious blood It were also very good to provoke a flux of blood at the nose Aph. 10. sect 6. if nature be apt to exonerate her self that way For as Hippocrates saith when the head is grieved or generally aketh if matter water or blood flow out at the nostrils mouth or ears it presently cures the disease Such bleeding is to be provoked by strong blowing or striving to cleanse the nose by scratching or pricking of the inner side of the nostrils by pricking with an hors hair and long holding down of the head An history The Lord of Fontains a Knight of the Order when we were at Bayon had a bleeding at the nose which came naturally for the space of two dayes and thereby be was freed of a pestilent Fever which he had before a great sweat arising there-withall and shortly after his Carbuncles came to suppuration To stay bleeding and by Gods grace he recovered his health being under my cure If the blood do flow out and cannot be stopped when it ought the hands arms and legs must be tied with hands and sponges wet in Oxycrate must be put under the arm-holes cupping glasses must be applied unto the dugs the region of the Liver and Spleen and you must put into the nostrils the doun of the willow-tree or any other astringent medicine incorporated with the hairs plucks from he flank belly or throat of an Hare Bole-Armenick Terra Sigillata the juice of Plantaine and Knot-grass mixed together and furthermore the patient must be placed or laied in a cool place But if the patient be nothing mitigated notwithstanding all these fluxes of blood we must come to medicines that procure sleep whose forms are these Medicines to procure sleep Take of green Lettuce one handful flowers of water-Lillies and Violets of each two pugils one head of white-Poppy bruised of the four cold seeds of each two drams of Liquorice and Raisins of each one dram make thereof a decoction and in the straining dissolve one ounce and a half of Diacodium make thereof a large potion to be given when they go to rest Also Barly-cream may be prepared in the water of water-Lillies and of Sorrel of each two ounces adding thereto six or eight grains of Opium of the four cold seeds and of white-Poppy seeds of each half an ounce and let the same be boiled in broth with Lettuce and Purslain also the pils de Cynoglesso i. e. Hounds-tongue
brought to King Charls the ninth being then at Metz. * The shape of a monster found in an Egg. The effigies of a monstrous b Childe having two heads two arms and four legs In the year 1546. a woman at Paris in her sixth month of her account brought forth a b Childe having two heads two armes and four legs I dissecting the body of it found but one heart by which one may know it was but one infant For you may know this from Aristotle whether the monstrous birth be one or more joyned together by the principal part for if the body have but one heart it is but one if two it is double by the joyning together in the conception In the year 1569. a certain woman of Towers was delivered of * Twins joyned together with one head and naturally embracing each other Renatus Ciretus the famous Chirurgian of thoâ—e paâ—ts sent me their Sceleton The pâ—rtraiture of * Twins joined together with one head The effigies of two c Girls being twins jâ—ined together by their fore-heads Munster writes that in the village Bristan not far from Worms in the year 1495. he saw two c Girls perfect and entire in every part of their bodies but they had their foreheads so joined together that they could not be parted or severed by any art they lived together ten years then the one dying it was needful to separate the living from the dead but she did not long out-live her sister by reason of the malignity of the wound made in parting them asunder In the year of our Lord 1570. the twentieth of Julie at Paris in the street Gravilliers at the sign of the Bell these two infants weâ—e boâ—n differing in sex with that shape of body that you see here expressed in the figure They were baptized in the Church of St. Nicolas of the fâ—elds and named Ludâ—vicus and Ludâ—vica their father was a Mason his name was Peter Germane his surname Petit Dieu i. little-God his mothers name was Mathea Petronilla The shape of the infants lately born at Paris In the year 1572. in Pont de See near Anger 's a little town were born upon the tenth daie of Julie two girles perfect in their limbs but that they had out four fingerr a piece on their left hands they clave together in their fore parts from their breast to their navel which was but one as their heart also but one their liver was divided into four lobes they lived half an hour and were baptized The figure of two girls joined together in their breasts and belly The figure of a childe with two heads and the body as big as one of four moneths old Var. lect lib. 24. cap. â— Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a town of his country called Sarzano Italie being troubled with civil Wars there was born a monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in greatness and tallness to a childe of four months old between his two heads which were both alike at the setting on of the shoulder it had a third hand put forth which did not exceed the ears in length for it was not all seen it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 1514. The figure of one with four legs and as manie arms Jovianus Pontanus tells in the year 1529. the ninth daie of Januarie there was a man childe born in Germanie having four arms and as many legs The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it self In the year that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was born a monster in Germanie out the midst of whose bellie there stood a great head it came to mans age and his lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head The shape of two Monstrous Twins being but of one only Sex The shape of a monstrous Pig In the year 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Vinban in the way as you go from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Giranda the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived until the Sunday following being but of one only sex which was the female In the year 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Lorain in the Inn whose signe is the Holie Ghost a Sow pigged a pig which had eight legs four ears and the head of a dog the hinder part from the belly downward was parted in two as in twins but the fore-parts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with four teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sex was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pig for there was one slit under the tail and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this Monster as it is here set down was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physician of Metz. CHAP. III. Of women bringing many Children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but there have been some who have brought forth two some three some four some five six or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundance of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoiks affirm the divers cells or partitions of the womb to be the cause 4 De gen anim c. p. 4. for the seed being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise then in rivers the water beating against the rocks is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sows taketh no place for womens wombs have but one cavitie parted into two recesses the right and left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lie in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more then five children at one birth The maid of Augustus Cesar brought forth five at a birth and a short while after she and her children died In the year 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelenger brought forth five children at one birth three boyes and two girls Albucrasis affirms a woman to have been the mother of seven children at one birth and another who by some external injurie did abort brought forth fifteen perfectly shaped in all their parts Lib. 7. Cap 11. Cap 3. Plinie reports that it was extant in the writings of Physicians that twelve children were born at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which four several times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampiâ—â— that Bonaventura the slave of one Savil a gentleman of
presently helped and recovered by drinking the water wherein such horns have been infused for six or seven dayes space as Thevet in his Cosmography reports In one of the Islands of the Moluccas there is found a beast living both on land and water like as a Crorodilâ— it is called Campurch it is of the bigness of an Hart it hath one horn in the forehead moveable after the fashion of the nose of a Turky-cock it is some three foot and a half long and never thicker then a mans arm his neck is covered over with an ash colour he hath two feet like to a gooses feet wherewith he swims both in fresh and in salt waters His fore-feet are like to a stags he lives fish Many have perswaded themselves that this beast is a kinde of Unicorn and that therefore his horn should be good against poysons The King of the Island loves to be called by the name of this beast and so also other Kings take to themselves the names of the wilde beasts fishes or fruits that are most precious and observable in their dominions as Thevet reports Mauritania and Aethiopia and that part of Africk that is beyond the deserts and Syrtes The Indian Elephants are bigger then the Affrican bring forth Elephants but those of India are far larger Now although in the largness of their body they exceed all four-footed beasts yet may they be more speedily and easily tamed then other beasts For they may be taught to do many things above the common nature of beasts Their skin is somewhat like to a Buffles with little hair upon it but that which is is ash-coloured his head large his neck short his ears two handfuls broad his nose or trunk very long and hanging down almost to the ground hollow like as a trumpet the which he useth in stead of an hand his mouth is not far from his breast not much unlike a swines from the upper part whereof two large teeth thrust forth themselves his legs are thick and strong not consisting of one bone as many formerly have falsly beleived for they kneel to admit their Rider or to be laden and then rise up again of themselves his feet are round like a quoit some too or three hands bredth and divided into five clefts How they keep flies form them He hath a tail like a Buffle but not very rough some three hands bredth long wherefore they would be much troubled with flies and wasps but that nature hath recompenced the shortness of their tails by another way for when they finde themselves molested they contract their skin so strongly that they suffocate and kill these little creatures taken in the wrinkles thereof they over-take a man running by going only for his legs are proportionable to the rest of his body The figure of an Elephant They feed upon the leaves and fruits of trees neither is any tree so strong and well rooted which they cannot throw down and break They grow to be sixteen handfuls high wherefore such as ride upon an Elephant are much troubled as if they went to sea They are or so unbrideled a nature that they cannot endure any head-stall or reins therefore you must suffer them to take the course and way they please Yet do they obey their country-men without any great trouble for they seem after some sort to understand their speech wherefore they are easily governed by their known voices and words They throw down a man that angers them first taking him up with theit trunk and lifting him aloft and then letting him fall they tread him under foot bLi 9 de hist anim cap. 28. and leave him not before he be dead Aristotle writes that Elephants generate not before they be twenty years old they know not adultery neither touch they any female but one from which they also diligently abstain when they know she hath once conceived It cannot be known how long they go with young the reason is for that their copulation is not seen for they never do it but in secret It is not known how long an Elephâ—nt goes with young The females bring forth resting upon their hind legs and with pain like women they lick their young and these presently see and go and suck with their mouths and not with their trunks You may see Elephants teeth of a monstrous and stupendious bigness at Venice Rome Naples and Paris they term it Ivory and it is used for Cabinets Harps Combs and other such like â—â—es We have read in Thevet that in Florida there are great Bulls called in that country tongue Beautrol they have horns of a foot long a bunch on their backs like a Camel Tom. 2. lib. 23. cap. 2. their hair long and yellow the tail of a Lion there is scarce any creature more fierce or wilde for it can never be tamed unless it be taken from the dam. The Salvages use their hides against the cold Their horns good against poyson Tom. 1 lib. 2 cap. 10. and their horns as an Antidote against poyson The same author affirms that whilst he sayled in the red sea he saw a monster in the hands of a certain Indian Merchant which in the bigness and shape of his limbs was not unlike a Tiger yet had the face of a man but a very flat nose besides his fore feet were like a mans hands but the hinde like the feet of a Tigre he had no tail he was of a dun colour to conclude in head ears neck and face it resembled a man but in the blackish and curled hair a Moor for the other parts they were like a Tiger they called it Thanacth The figure of a beast called Thanacth This following monster is so strange that it will scarce be believed but by those that have seen it it is bred in America and by the Salvages called Haiit of the bigness of a Monky with a great belly almost touching the ground and the head and face of a childe being taken it mourns and sighs like to a man that is troubled and perplext it is of an ash-colour hath the feet divided into three claws four fingers long and sharper then those of a Lion it climbes trees and lives there more frequently then upon the ground the tail is no longer then the bredth of three fingers It is strange and almost monstrous that these kinde of creatures have never been seen to feed upon or eat any thing for the Salvages have kept them long in their houses to make trial thereof wherefore they think them to live by the air The figure of the beast called Haiit I have taken this following monster out of Leo's Affrican history it is very deformed being round after the manner of a Tortoise too yellow lines crossing each other at right angles divide his back at every end of which he hath one eye and also one ear so that such a creature may see on every side with his four eyes as also
the space of three years with extreme pain by reason of a great Caries which was in the bone Asiragal Cyboides great â—nd little â—â—cil and through all the nervous parts through which she felt extreme and intolerable pains night and day she is called Mary of Hostel aged 28 years or thereabouts wife of Peter Heâ—ve Esquire of the Kitchin to the Lady Ducheâ—s of Vzez dwelling in the meet of Verbois on the other side S. Martin in the fields dwelling at the sign of the S. john's-John's-head where the said Charbâ—nel cut off the said leg The operation of Charbonel the bredth of 4 large fingers below the knee and after that he had inâ—â—ed the flesh and â—awed the bone he griped the vein with the Crow-bill then the Artery then tied them fâ—om whence I protest to God which the company that were there can witness that in all the operation that was suddenly done there was not spilt one porrenger of blood and I bid the said Charbonel to let it bleed more following the precept of Hippâ—crates that it is good in all wounds and also in inveterate ulcers to let the blood run by this means the part is less subject to inflammation In the â— Cent. of â—e bâ—ok of Ulcers The said Charbonel continued the dressing of her who was cured in two months without any flux of blood happening unto her or other ill accident and she went to see you at your lodging being perfectly cured Another History Another history of late memory of a singing-man of our Ladies Church named M. Colt who broke both the bones of his leg which were crusht in divers pieces insomuch that there was no hope of cure to withstand a gangrene and mortification and by consequence death Monsieur Helin Doctor Regent in the faculty of Physick a man of honor and good knowledge Claud. Viard and Simon Peter sworn Surgeons of Paris men well exercised in Surgery and Balthazar of Lestre and Leonard de Leschenal Operation done by Viaâ—d M. Barber-Surgeons weâ—l experimented in the operations of Surgery were all of opinion to withstand the accidents aforesaid to make entire amputation of the whole leg a little above the broken and shivered bones and the torn nerves veins arteries the operation was nimbly done by the said Viard and the blood stancht by the ligature of the vessels in the presence of the said Helin and M. Tousard great vicar of our Ladies Church and was continually drest by the said Leschenal and I went to see him otherwhiles he was happily cured without the applâ—cation of hot irons and walketh lustily on a woodden leg Another History In the year 1583. the 10. day of December Toussiant Posson born at Ronieville at this present dwelling at Beauvais near Dâ—urdan having his leg all ulcered and all the bones cariez'd and rotten prayed me for the honor of God to cut off his leg by reason of the great pain which he could no longer endure After his body was prepared I caused his leg to be cut off four fingers below the retula of the knee by Daniel Powlet one of my servants to teach him and to imbolden him in such works and there be readily tied the vessels to stay the bleeding without application of hot irons in the presence of James Guillemau ordinary Surgeon to the King and John Châ—â—bâ—nel Master-Surgeon of Paris and during the cure was visited by M. Laffile and M. Couâ—tin Doctor Regents in the faculty of medicine at Paris The said operation was made in the house of John â—â—hel Inn-keeper dwelling at the sign of the white-Horse in the Greve I will not heâ—e forget to say that the Lady Princess of Montpensier knowing that he was poor and in my hands gâ—ve him mony to pay for his chamber and diet He was well cured God be praised and is returned home to his house with a woodden-leg Another History A Gangreen happening by an Antecedent cause A Gangreen happened to half of the leg to one named Nicolas Mesnager aged 76. years dwelling in S. Honores street at the sign of the Basket which happened to him through an inward cause so that we were constrained to cut off his leg to save his life and it was taken off by Antony Renaud Master Barber-Surgeon of Paris the 16. day of December 1583. in the presence of M. Le Fort and M. La Nave sworn Surgeons of Paris and the blood was stanched by the Ligature of the Vessels and he is at this present cured and in health walking with a wooden-leg A water-man at the Port of Nesle dwelling near Monsieur de Mas Post-master Another History nâ—â—ed John Boussereau in whose hands a Musket brake asunder which broke the bones of his hâ—â—d 〈◊〉 â—ent â—nd tore the other parts in such sort that it was needful and necessary to make aâ—p◠〈…〉 the â—â—nd two fingers above the wrist Operation d nâ— by Gullâ—mâ—r which was done by James Guillemau then Surgâ—on 〈…〉 the King who dwelt at that time with me The operation likewise beiâ—â—â—ly â—one and the blood stanched by the Ligature of the vessels without burning â—ons he is 〈◊〉 this present living A Merchant Grocer dwelling in S. Denis-street at the sign of the 〈…〉 named the Judg who fell upon his head where was made a wound 〈…〉 â—poral muscle Another History Operation â— done by the Author where he had an artery opened from whence issued forth blood wâ—◠〈…〉 impeâ—â—oâ—â—y insomuch that common remedies would not serve the turn I was called tâ—â—â—her wâ—â—re I found Mr. Russe Mr. Câ—interet Mr. Viard sworn Surgeons of Paris to stay â— ood where presently I took a needle and thred and tied the artery and it bled no more after that and was quickly cured Mr. Rowssellet can witness it not long since Deacon of your Faculty who was in the cure with us A Sergaant of the Chastlet dwelling near S. Andrew des Aâ—ts Another History Another operation who had a stroak of a sword upon the throat in the Clacks medow which cut asunder the jugular vein extern as soon as he was hurt he put his hankeâ—â—her upon the wound and came to look me at my house and when he took away his hankercheâ— the blood leaped out with great impetuosity I suddenly tied the vein toward the root he by this this means was stanched and cured thanks be to God And if one had followed your manner of stanching blood by cauteries I leave it to be supposed whether he had been cured I think he had been dead in the hands of the operator If I would recite all those whose vessels were tied to stay the blood which have been cured I should not have ended this long time so that me thinks there are Histories enough recited to make you believe the blood of veins and arteries is surely stanched without applying any outward cauteries He that doth strive against experience Daigns not to talk of any learned science NOw my
joyned by Anastomosis or ineculation 10. 10. The second called Pudenda 11. spent upon the privy parts 11. The third Coxalis 12 upon the Muscles of the Hip. 12. Here the outer Iliacal vein having past through the Peritoneum or rim of the Belly enters the Crus and begins to be called the Crural Trunk Γ Γ. that is undivided as far as to the two lower heads of the Thigh But it reaches forth four propagations before its division The first 13 13. is called Saphena which creeps through the inside of the Leg under the skin as far as to the ends of the Toes 14. Another 14 called Ichia is spread out into the skin upon the Hip-bone The third 15 named Muscula is sent to the Muscles 15. which extend the Leg. 16. The fourth 16 named Poplitea is distributed into the Calf of the Leg. 13. The vein Saphena also scatters from it self four surcles 17 the first 17 into the upper part of the skin of the inside of the Thigh 18. the second 18 about the middle of the Thigh 19. the third 19 into the Knee the fourth 20 is carried forward and backward to the middle of the Leg. 20. Δ. The division of the Crural Trunk near to the two lower heads of the Thigh into an inner branch Θ Θ. and an outer one Λ. Λ. Θ. The inner distributes little branches to the Muscles of the Calf 21 12. and then runs down under the inner ankle to the great Toe 22. 22. Λ. The outer presently is cleft into two branches an inner one Ξ Ξ. and an outer Π. That is spent wholly upon the Muscles of the Calf Π. this passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg through the outer and back-side of the Leg. The second Treatise Concerning The ARTERIES CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery with its propagations that are distributed through the Head THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries The Original of the great Artery but an unanimous consent that all the propagations which are scattered throughout the body take their rise from one which they call Aorta and that this is derived out of the Heart But the Heart consisting of two sinus or cavities a right and a left one this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle A where it is largest and more hard and griestly then elswhere But as soon as it is grown out and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries it presently propagates two small sprigs a a one of each side which they call Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries because together with the vena Coronalis or Crown-vein they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart But they are more and greater about the left then the right ventricle as we have also formerly said concerning the vein because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side as which beats with a perpetual and more violent motion wherein more blood is digested then the right sinus or ventricle does yet that propagation is bigger and longer which arises on t of the right side of the Artery sometimes also there is only one at whose orifice a little valve is found Those propagations being thus disseminated the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks or Arterial vein and pierces through the Pericardium and having got above it is cleft B into two branches which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks and because one ascends C and the other runs downward Q that shall be the Ascendent Trunk this the Descendent Yet the Descendent and lower one is bigger by much then the upper What parts both the Trunks nourish The order of that which is to be said because that serves more parts then this For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest to the Head and Arms but the lower to very many parts of the Chest to all the lowest belly and the Legs That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk and its progress through the Chest and Head and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest and lowest belly and lastly through the Legs The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta C being fastened to the Oe sophagus or Gullet climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery and Hollow-vein and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates For sayes he cold things as snow and ice are enemies to the Breast provoke coughs and cause eruptions of blood and distillations Truly they are enemies to the Breast because whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet they cool the rough Artery that lyes next to it together with the Gullet which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold hence the cough and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row But issues of blood happen in like manner the great Artery being cooled whereby the vital Spirits and the blood are driven back to the Heart and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head which being stuft eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils as also catarrhs and distillations it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts And hence also a reason may be rendered why some upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions and exercise of body have presently been suffocated the passion of the heart and grievous swoundings following thereupon For the Artery being vehemently coold the blood is congealed as well that which was in the Aorta or Great artery as that which abides in the heart from whence happen at first fearful symptoms and then suddain death But we have seen in these men that a vein being opened the blood hath come out thick and cold and with very great difficulty whence also we have not found a more present remedy for them then such things as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood Hence also a reason may be given why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black the diseased can hardly swallow For although it be true which is the cause commonly assign'd that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head yet we may ascribe a main
1 2 3 the upper process of the Shoulder-blade or the top of the Shoulder called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 μ 1 3 the lower process of the Shoulder-blade called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 S 1 2 the bone of the Arm called Humerus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 T V 1 2 3. the cubit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 X 1 2 3 the Wand or the upper bone of the Cubit called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Y 1 2 3 the Ell or lower-bone of the Cubit called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ν 3 the process of the Cubit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ξ 13 the process like a Bodkin or Probe called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ZZ 1 2 3 the Wrist 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ΓΓ 1 3 The After-wrist 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ΔΔΔ 1 the fingers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Τ 1 2 3 the bones joyned to the sides of the Holy-bone on each side distinguished as it were into three parts ο 1 2 3 the first part called the Hanch-bone Os Ilium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ï€ 1 2 3 the second part the bone of the Coxendix 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ï 1 2 3 the third part of the share-bone Os pubis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 σ 1 2 3 a gristle going between the conjunction of the share-bones Λ 1 2 3 the Thigh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ï„ 1 2 3 the greater outward process of the thigh called Rotator 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ï… 1 2 3 his lesser and inner process Ξ 1 2 3 the whirl-bone of the knee Patella Rotutula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ΠΣ 1 2 3 the leg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Φ 1 2 3 the inner and greater bone of the leg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ψ 1 2 3 the utter and smaller bone of the leg called the Brace-bone Fibula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 φ 1 2 3 the process of the leg or the inner ankle called Malleolus internus X 1 2 the process of the brace of the outward ankle both of them are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ο 1 2 3 the bone called the cock-all Talus ba lista Os 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 2 the Heel Calx 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b 1 3 the bone called Os Naviculare 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cc 1 2 3 the wrist of the foot called Tarsus consisting of four bones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 d e f 1 2 3 three inner bones of the wrist of the foot called by some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 g 1 2 3 the utter bone of the wrist of the foot like a Die called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hh 1 2 3 the After-wrist of the foot called Pedium by some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i i 1 2 3 the toes of the foot k 1 2 3 the seed bones of the foot called ossicula sesamina 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This figure sheweth the Sceleton of the bones and gristles of a Woman that it may appear all her bones are in proportion lesser than the bones of a man But in this figure only these parts are marked with letters wherein a Woman differeth from a Man in her bones and gristles A The sagittal suture descending into the nose and dividing the fore-head bone which is sometimes found in women very rarely in men but alwayes in infants BB the Chest somewhat depressed before because of the papps CC the collar-bones not so much crooked as in men nor intorted so much upward D the brest-bone perferated sometimes with a hole much like the form of a heart through which the veins do run outward from the mammillary veins unto the paps E the gristles of the ribs which in Women are somewhat bony because of the weight of the Duggs F a part of the back reflected or bent backward above the loins GG the compass of the hanch-bones running more outward for the womb to rest upon when a woman is with child HH the lower processes of the share-bones bearing outward that the cavity marked with K might be larger I the anterior commissure or conjunction of the sharebones filled up with a thick gristle that in the birth they might better yield somewhat for nature's necessity K a great and large cavity circumscribed by the bones of the Coxendix and the Holy-bone L the rump or coccyx curved backward 〈◊〉 give way in the time of the birth M the thigh bones by reason of the largeness of the foresaid cavity have a greater instance betwixt them above whence also it is that womens thighs are thicker than mens CHAP. XLII An Epitome of the names and kinds of composure of the Bones BEcause it is as necessary for a Chirurgeon to know the manner of setting and repairing broken bones as to put them in their places when they are dislocated or out of joynt but seeing neither of them can be understood when the natural connexion of the bones is not known I have thought it a work worth my labor briefly to set down by what and how many means the Bones are mutually knit fastned together What the Sceletos is The universal composure and structure of al the Bones in a mans Body is called by the Greeks Sceletos But all the Bones are composed after two sorts that is by Arthrosis an Articulation or joynt and by Symphysis a natural uniting or joyning together 2 Sorts of Articulation What Diarthrosis and Synarthrosis are There are many other kinds of both these sorts For these are two kinds of Articulation that is Diarthrosis or De-articulation and Synarthrosis or Co-articulation which differ as thus De-articulation is a composition of the bones with a manifest and visible motion Co-articulation hath a motion of the Bones yet not so manifest but more obscure But these two do again admit a subdivision into other kinds For Diarthrosis 3 Sorts of Diarthrosis What Enarthrosis is contains under it Enarthrosis Arthrodia and Ginglymos Now Enarthrosis or Inarticulation is a kind of Dearticulation in which a deep Cavity receives a thick and long head such a composition hath the Thigh-bone with the Huckle-bone Arthrodia is when a lightly engraven cavity admits a small and short head What Arthrodia such a connexion is that of the Arm-bone with the Shoulder-blade of the first Vertebra with the second The Greeks have distinguished by proper names these two kinds of Cavities and heads For they call the thick and long head Cephale that is a Head absolutely but the lesser they term Corone What Cephale is What Cotyle is What Glene is What Ginglymos or Câ—â—tâ—m which the Latins call Capitulum a Little-head But they call a deep Cavity Cotyle and a superficiary one Glene The third sort called Ginglymos is when the bones mutually receive and are received one of another as when there is a cavity in one â—â—â—e which receives the head of the opposite bone and also the same bone hath a Head which may be received in the Cavity of the opposite bone such a
composure is in the cubit-Cubit-knee that is in the connexion of the Thigh-bone And thus much of Dearticulation and the three kinds thereof Synarthrosis or Coarticulation another kind of juncture hath also three kinds thereof 3 kinds of Synarthrosis Gal. lib. deâ—ssiâ—us to wit Sutura Gomphosis and Harmonia Suture is a composition of the Bones after the manner of sewing things together What a Suture is What Gomphosis is What Harmonia is example whereof appears in the Bones of the Skull Gomphosis when one bone is fastened in another as a Pin is fastened in a hole after which manner the teeth are fastened in their sockets in both the Jaws Harmony is when the bones are composed by the interposition of a simple line after which manner many Bones of the Nose and Face are joyned together Hitherto we have spoken of the first construction of the Bones by articulation and the kinds thereof now it follows we treat of Symphysis Symphysis or growing together as we formerly said is nothing else What Symphysis is than natural union of the bones such union is made two manner of wayes that is either by interposition of no other thing after which sort in success of time the bones of the lower Jaw grow together which formerly in children were manifestly distinguished or by the mediation of some Medium but that happens three manner of wayes by interposition of three several Media as first of a Gristle which kind of union the Greeks call Synchondrosis after which manner the Share-bones grow together Synchondrosis and also some Appendices in young bodies secondly of a Ligament and it is named by the Grecians Syneurosis the Name of a Nerve being taken in the largest sense Syneurosis The things signified by the word Nerve for sometimes it is used for a tendon otherwhiles for a Ligament otherwhiles for a Nerve properly so called and which is the author of sense and motion But this Symphysis or union hath place by Syneurosis or interposition of a Nerve in certain bones of the Sternon and Haunch Thirdly the Bones grow into one by interposition of flesh Synsarcusis called in Greek Synsarcosis thus the flesh of the Gums fastens the teeth and makes them immoveable But if some be less pleased with this division by reason of the obscurities in which it seems to be involved this following expression comes into my mind which I was first admonished of by German Cortin Doctor of Physick which if you well observe it is both blameless and more easie for your understanding An Epitome or brief recital of all the Muscles of Man's Body As I have formerly reckoned up the Bones so here I have decreed to recite the Muscles of Man's Body Wherefore in the Face we first meet with the broad or skin-muscle arising from the fleshy pannicle and covering the whole Neck and almost all the Face Then follow 4 pertaining to the upper Eye-lids In the Orbs of the Eyes lie 14 that is 7 in each Orb of which 4 are called right two oblique and one pyramidal Then succeed 4 of the Nose two external on each side one and two internal these draw it together and the other open it After these come the ten muscles of the lower Jaw of which two are called the Crotaphitae or Temporal two Massiteres or Grinders two round which seem to me rather to pertain to the lips than to this Jaw two little ones hid in the mouth arising from the winged process of the wedg-bone two openers of the mouth being nervous or tendinous in their midst Then follow the 8 muscles of the lips that is 4 of the upper and as many of the lower shutting and opening the mouth The tongue with his ten Muscles hid as it were in the den of the mouth Wherefore the Muscles of the whole face are 51. In the fore-part of the Neck are found the Muscles of the bone Hyoides and Throttle now 8 Muscles hold the Bone Hyoides as equally ballanced of which there are 2 upper arising from the Chin 2 on the sides from the process Styloides perforated in their midst through which the 2 openers of the mouth in that part nervous do pass 2 arise from the Sternon and lastly 2 from the upper rib of the Shoulder-blade to the Coracoides which also in their midst are nervous in which place the two Mastoidei lye upon them The bones which as pillars sustain the fabrick of the whole body are either United mutually by Symphysis or union by which they are so conjoyned that there is no dissimilar nor heterogeneous body at least which may be discerned interposed between them Such union appears in the two bones of the lower Jaw at the Chin in the bones of the Sternon the Hanch with the Huckle-bones and the Share-bones between themselves of this union there are no more kinds for by this it cometh to pass that the bones which were more and distinct meet together by interposition of one Medium to wit a Gristle which now indeed is no Gristle but is turned into a Bone or Conjoyned by that which they call Arthrodia or Articulation as when they so concurr are bound together that some Heterogeneous substance may be noted betwixt them but the bones thus composed are knit two manner of wayes that is either more loosly as by Diarthrosis that is a kind of Articulation not very strait as by which it might have opportunity to perform diverse motions of this composure or Articulation of bones there are three kinds as Enarthosis when the head of a bone is wholly received in the cavity of another and hid therein as the Thigh-bone is joyned with the Huckle-bone Arthrodia when in a lightly engraven and not much depressed cavity the head of another bone is not wholly hid but only received in part thereof so that unless Nature had otherwise provided a sufficient receptacle for the head of this bone as by the ligaments of the neighbouring Muscles it would otherwise have been in perpetual danger of dislocation Thus the Arm-bone is fastened to the Shoulder-blade Ginglymos when the bones mutually receive each other such like composition hath the Cubit and Arm-bone or more straitly as by Synarthrosis when the bones are more straitly knit so that they can perform no motions in the body Of this Articulation there are also three kinds that is Gomphysis as when one bone so receives another as a Pâ—n is fastned in the hole made by a piercer thus the teeth are fastned in the jaws Sutura like a Saw or teeth of a Combe as the bones of the skull are mutually knit together or as scales or tiles are laid after which manner the stony-bones are fastened to those of the Sinciput Harmonia which is by interposition of a simple-line which parts bones abutting one upon another as the bones of the Nose The 18. muscles of the Larinx The Throttle composed of three gristles hath eighteen or twenty Muscles of which six or