The Kidneys are bigger and unequal in their superficies and look as if they were compounded of a collection of very many Glandules 11. The Renes succenturiati are exceeding large they do not only border upon the Kidneys as in the adult but lie upon them and embrace their upper part with a large Sinus as it were 12. The Ureters are wide and the Bladder distended with Urine 13. In Females the Vterus is depressed the Tubae long and the Testes very large The difference in the Limbs consists 1. In the tenderness and softness of the Bones 2. The little bones of the Wrist and Instep are gristly and not firmly joyned together XXXV Of the Birth THE Foetus swimming in the liquor of the Amnios and the Navel-rope being so long it must needs have scope enough to change its situation and that is the reason that Anatomists differ so much about it But according to Doctor Harvey its usual posture is thus Its Knees are drawn up to the Belly its Legs bending backwards its Feet across and its hands lifted up to its Head one of which it holds to the Temple or Ear the other to the Cheek where there are white spots on the Skin as if it had been rubb'd upon The Back-bone turns round the Head hanging down towards its Knees It s Head is upwards and its Face commonly towards the Mothers Back But towards the birth sometimes a week or two before it alters its situation and tumbles down with its Head to the neck of the Womb with its Feet upwards Then the Womb also settles downwards and its orifice relaxes and opens And the Foetus being now ill at ease sprawls and moves it self this way and that way whereby it tears the Membranes wherein it is included so that the Waters as they call them flow into the Vagina which they make slippery for the easier egress of the Infant though sometimes the Membranes burst not but come forth whole as they do commonly in Brutes At the same time the neighbouring parts are loosened and become fit for distension the joyntings of the Os sacrum and Pecten with the Coxendix as also of the Ossa pubis are so relaxed that they yield very much to the passage of the Foetus And its motion gives that disturbance to the Vterus that presently the animal spirits are sent plentifully by the Nerves to its constrictory Fibres and the Muscles of the Abdomen which all contracting together very strongly expell the Foetus which in the most natural birth goes with the Head foremost and if the Feet or any other part besides the Head do offer it self first the travail is always more painfull and dangerous The several sorts of Creatures have sundry terms of going with young The stated and most usual time of Women is nine months though some bring forth some weeks sooner and others later But when it is given out that perfect and sprightly Infants are born at seven months end it is either to hide the faults of some new-married Woman or from the mistake of the ignorant Mother As also when sometimes the Mother has affirmed her self to go eleven months or upwards it is either through mistake or to keep fast some fair Estate when the pretended Father's dead without an Heir for which the cunning Widow plays an after-game Divers reasons are given why the Foetus at the stated time of birth is impatient of staying any longer in the Womb. As the narrowness of the place the corruption of its aliment or the defect of it the too great redundance of excrements in the Foetus and the necessity of ventilation or breathing All these are plausibly defended by their several Authors But without blaming ingenious Men for exercising their wits on such a Subject we choose however rather to be content with resolving all into the wise disposal of the great Creatour whose power and wisedom were not more eminent in creating Man at first out of the Dust of the Earth than out of those principles and in that method whereby he is produced in ordinary generation The Explanation of the Table Figure I. Representeth the usual situation of the Foetus in the Womb. A It s Head hanging down forwards that its Nose may be hid betwixt its Knees BB Its Buttocks to which its Heels close CC It s Arms. D The Vmbilical rope passing by its Neck and wound round over its Forehead Figure II. Sheweth the Foetus taken out of the Womb and as yet tyed to the Placenta the Umbilical vessels being separated at their rise AAA The Abdomen opened B The Liver of the Foetus C The Vrinary bladder DD The Intestins Tab. VIII p. 206. Fig 1. Fig 2. E The Vmbilical vein FF The Vmbilical arteries G The Urachus H The Vmbilical vessels united and invested in their common Coat I The Funiculus umbilicalis reaching to the Placenta KKKK The Veins and Arteries dispersed through the Placenta LLL The Placenta of the Womb. The end of the First Book The Second Book OF THE BREAST CHAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it HItherto of the Lower Belly or Abdomen and of the parts contained in it whether appointed for Nutrition or Procreation Now it followeth that we describe the middle Cavity called Thorax which containeth the Organs of elaborating the Bloud and Vital spirits and the rise of the Vessels whereby they are distributed into all the parts of the Body for their instauration and the preservation of their natural heat It is bounded above by the Claviculae or Chanel-bones below by the Diaphragm or Midriff whereby it is severed from the Abdomen in the fore-part by the Breast-bone and Cartilages in the Sides by the Ribs behind by the vertebrae of the Back The figure of it is in a manner oval somewhat flat before and behind whereas in Beasts it is somewhat sharp So that only Man lieth on his Back The parts whereof it is composed are either containing or contained The parts containing are either common or proper The common containing parts are in number four Cuticula Cutis Pinguedo and Membrana carnosa Of which having at large discoursed in Book I. Chap. 3. when we treated of the common containing parts of the Lower Belly we shall not here repeat what is there delivered but only shew some small matters wherein they differ As First the Skin and Scarf-skin are hairy under the Arm-pits and above the pit of the Heart the Skin of the Back is both closer and thicker and so is less hairy Secondly the Skin of the back-parts is of a more exquisite feeling first because many twigs of Sinews are bestowed upon it from the Nerves proceeding from the Spinalis medulla secondly by reason of the Muscles of the Thorax that lie under it which being tendinous are very sensible As for the fat it is not so plentifull here as in the Belly first because the natural heat here
the Caul c. is called sevum Suet or Tallow And they differ in this that pinguedo is easily melted but not so easily congealed but sevum is not easily melted but is easily congealed Besides pinguedo is not brittle but sevum is The uses of it are these First it defendeth the Body from the air so Apothecaries when they mean to preserve juices pour oyl upon them Secondly it preserveth the natural heat Thirdly it furthereth beauty by filling up the wrinkles of the Skin Fourthly in the Muscles it filleth up the empty places rendreth the motion thereof more glib and easie so it do not abound too much and keepeth all the parts from driness or breaking Hence it besmears the extremities of the Cartilages the joyntings of the greater Bones and the Vessels that they may pass safely Fifthly in a special manner it helpeth the concoction of the Stomach whence the Caul being taken out there follow flatus and belchings and in such case it is necessary to fence the Stomach extraordinarily with outward warmth Membrana carnosa or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so called in Man not that it is in him fleshy but nervous and so should rather be called Nervea but because in Beasts which the Ancients used most commonly to dissect it is endued with fleshy Fibres In the birth it is red but in those of ripe age white in the Fore-head and Neck it is more fleshy Within it is bedewed with a viscous humour to further the motion of the Muscles by keeping the superficies of them from desiccation which otherwise might fall out by reason of their motion It is of an exquisite sense wherefore when it is pricked with sharp humours it causeth shiverings such as are felt in the beginning of Ague-fits First it preserveth the heat of the internal parts Secondly it furthereth the gathering of the fat Thirdly it strengtheneth the Vessels which pass between it and the Skin In the next place according to the usual method of Anatomists we should come to speak of the Muscles of the Abdomen with their Membranes c. But we have thought it more convenient to treat of the Muscles of the whole Body in a particular Book and so shall but onely name the Muscles of the lower Belly here as they appear one after another to the dissector And first there shew themselves the obliquely descending pair secondly the obliquely ascending thirdly the Recti fourthly the pyramidal and lastly the transverse All these being removed there appears the peritonaeum of which in the next Chapter CHAP. IV. Of the proper containing parts THE proper containing parts are the Muscles of the Belly and the Peritonaeum Of these Muscles we shall speak Book 5. Chap. 17. The Peritonaeum or inmost coat of the Belly derived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its office of encompassing is tied above to the Midriff below to the Share and Flank-bones in the fore-part firmly to the transverse Muscles but chiefly to their Tendons about the Linea alba behind to the fleshly heads of these Muscles loosely The end of this firm connexion is to press equally the Belly for the expulsion of the Ordure and for respiration If this connexion had not been the Peritonaeum would have become wrinkled the Muscles being contracted If it had not been loose tied to the fleshly parts the contraction of them in the compression of the Belly had been hindred It s figure is oval its substance is membranous the inner superficies of it which respects the Guts is smooth equal and slippery bedewed with a kind of watery humour contained in the Abdomen but the outer superficies whereby it cleaves to the Muscles of the lower Belly is rough and unequal As for the origine of it Fallopius will have it to proceed from that strong plexus of Nerves from whence the Mesenterium is said to have its beginning Some will have it to proceed from the Ligaments by which the vertâ—brae of the Loins and of Oâ—s sacrum are tied together Picolhomineus will have it to be framed of those Nerves which spring out of the spinalis medulla about the first and third Vertebrae of the Loins But Fallopius's opinion seems the most probable for there it cannot be separated without tearing and is very thick It is double every where but appears so to be chiefly about the vertebrae of the Loins where between the duplications lie the Vena cava the Aorta and the Kidneys In the Hypogastrium two Tunicles are also apparently seen between which the Bladder and Matrix lie The umbilical Vessels also are placed in the duplicature of the Peritonaeum that they may march the more safely Above where it is tied to the Midriff it has three faramina or holes the first on the right side whereby the ascending trunk of the Vena cava passes the second on the left side for the Gullet with the Nerves inserted into the mouth of the Stomach to descend by the third by which the great Artery or Aorta and the Nerve of the sixth pair may pass Below it has passages for the strait Gut for the neck of the Bladder and in Women for the neck of the Womb also for the Veins Arteries and Nerves that pass down to the Thighs Before in the foetus for the umbilical Vessels and the Vrachus But the most remarkable are its two processes placed before near the os pubis on each side one They are certain oblong productions of its outer Membrane passing through the holes of the Tendons of the oblique and transverse Muscles and depending into the Cod there bestowing one Tunicle on the Stones There are also two processes in Women but they reach onely to the inguina or Groins and terminate in the upper part of the Privity or the fat of mons Veneris The inner Membrane of the peritonaeum in Men reaches but to the very holes which it makes very strait but being either relaxed or broken the outer gives way and so there follows a rupture either the Caul or the Guts or both descending thereby By the holes of the processes there descend in Men the Vessels preparing the seed and the Muscles called cremasteres and by them ascend the Vessels bringing back the seed In Women there pass by them the round ligaments of the Womb which after growing somewhat broadish are joyned to the clitoris or else terminate in the fat of Mons Veneris The peritonaeum is thickest below the Navel for that when one either sits or stands his Intestines bear down heavy on that part so that unless it were there stronger than ordinary it would be in danger of breaking In Women with child also it is very much extended in this region And thus far of the parts containing The Explication of the Figure AA The coverings of the Abdomen dissected and turned back that the inner parts may come to view B The sword-pointed Gristle or cartilago ensiformis CC The gibbous part of the Liver DD
which ensueth if they be pricked But either it is framed by nature out of the first matter of the Embryo as other parts called Spermatick are and so is an independent part or else it is a coalition of the Fibres of the Muscle being emptied or freed of their parenchyma The Tendons are sometimes round as in the musculus biceps sometimes broad as in the oblique and transverse Muscles of the Belly These are the parts constitutive of a Muscle It hath besides these parts derived from the Position and those are three The Head the Belly and the Tail The Head is the beginning or that part unto which the Muscle is contracted the Belly is the thickest part and the most fleshy the Tail is the ending of it and is inserted into the part which is moved It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and commonly Tendo The use of a Muscle was set down in the last part of the description in that it was said to be the instrument of free motion which word we rather make use of than of voluntary because beasts have Muscles and motion unto whom will properly so called is denyed because it presupposeth reason CHAP. II. Of the differences and actions of the Musclâ—s THE differences of Muscles are taken from sundry things First from their substance so some are fleshy as sundry of the Tongue and larynx some are membranous as the constrictores or internal adducents of the nose and some are partly fleshy and partly nervous as the temporal Secondly from the quantity Some are long as the streight Muscle of the abdomen the longest of the back c. others short as the pyramidal at the bottom of the abdomen some broad others narrow some thick others thin and slender c. Thirdly from the situation from hence some are called external some internal some oblique some streight some transverse Fourthly from the figure as deltoides because it resembleth the Greek letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 delta Some round others square c. Fifthly from their beginning so some proceed from bones one or more some from cartilages or gristles as those of the larynx Sixthly from the variety of parts so some are called bicipites and tricipites having two and three heads others biventres having two bellies Seventhly from their composition so some are single some double because some have more heads some more tails than one The unity of the Belly and Membrane which enwrappeth the Muscle causeth the unity of it and the plurality of the Membranes and Bellies the plurality of Muscles Eighthly from their action Four differences of Muscles are taken from hence for first some are hence called fraterni or congeneres brotherly some antagonistae adversaries Secondly some onely move themselves as the sphincters some other parts as the rest Thirdly some have one onely action as the greatest part of the Muscles some have divers actions as the masseter and trapezius The fourth difference is taken from the variety of the action so some are called flexores others extensores some elevatores others depressores some adductores others abductores Others suspensores rotatores c. As for the proper action of a Muscle it is nothing else but the contraction of it towards its beginning The diversity of the action proceedeth from the diversity of the situation of the Muscles so a streight Muscle hath a streight motion a transverse a transverse motion an oblique an oblique motion and that which compasseth a part hath an orbicular motion as the sphincters So all internal Muscles serve for bending all external for stretching out Now of the motion of the Muscles there are four differences first the contraction secondly the perseverance of the contraction thirdly the relaxation of the contraction and fourthly the perseverance of the relaxation This perseverance is called motus tonicus whenas the member is still kept in the same posture The efficient cause then of the action is the soul moved by its appetite It useth three Instruments the Brain the Nerve the Muscle the Brain receiveth the charge the Nerve carrieth it to the Muscle with the animal spirits and the Muscle doth perform the action So that a Muscle from its action may thus be described A Muscle is an organical part of the body appointed for the free contraction of it self towards the beginning for the moving of the part into which it is inserted CHAP. III. Of the Muscles of the Eye-lids THE Lids of each Eye have three Muscles the first is called rectus or aperiens to lift it up This is placed in the upper region of the orbit of the Eye and springeth from the same origine with the elevator of the Eye above it namely at the hole through which the optick Nerve passes into the orbit and holds the same course with it being of the same figure and substance viz. fleshy till at last parting from it with a pretty broad but thin Tendon it is inserted into the cartilage of the upper Eyelid which it serves to lift up and so to open the Eye The two others are called Claudentes or shutters of the Eyelids as also semicirculares others call them circulares taking them for one They are placed between the membrana carnosa and that Membrane that is extended from the pericranium Each Eyelid has one the upper a larger the lower a less That which draweth down or shutteth the upper ariseth from the inner corner of the Eye and that part of the supercilium that is next to the Nose with a sharp beginning from whence it passes transversly toward the outward corner growing presently fleshy and broader so that it filleth up all the space betwixt the Eyebrows and the lowest edge of the Eyelids on which the hairs grow which is called cilium or tarsus and at length is inserted into the outer corner That which moveth the lower though but obscurely in order to shut it is membranous and thin arising from the side of the Nose with a sharp beginning as the other whence being carried transversly it comes to the middle of the Eyelid where becoming something fleshy it continues its course to the outer corner which it turns about and ascending to the upper Eyelid is inserted into it with a broad end These two Muscles being contracted shut the Eye the greater drawing down the upper Eyelid and the less pulling up the lower But it is to be noted that besides the Rectus aforesaid to open the Eye there sometimes concur when we would open them very wide the musculi frontales on each side one which springing from the Skull near the coronal future and having one side knit to the temporal muscles do meet one another with the other side upon the forehead and descend with streight Fibres to the Eyebrows where they terminate By the help of these we draw up and wrinkle the forehead and by consequence pull up the
middle substance they are joined three manner of ways First by a simple line as the Bones of the upper Jaw and Nose this is called Harmonia Secondly by a suture as the Bones of the Skull Thirdly when one Bone is fastened in another as a nail in wood and so are the Teeth fastened in the Jaw-bone this is called Gomphosis If Bones grow together by a middle substance it is either by a Cartilage as the Share-bones are joined which unition is called Synchondrosis or by a Ligament and so the Thigh is joined with the Hip-bone this is called Syneurosis or more properly according to Spigelius Syndesmosis or last of all by Flesh and so is the Bone of the Tongue by its Muscles to the adjacent parts this is termed Syssarcosis Spigelius reckons two other heterogeneous middle substances by which Bones are united one when they are joined by a Tendon as the Knee-pan to the Thigh-bone and Tibia which unition he calls Syntenosis the other by a Membrane as in Infants the Bones of the Synciput with the Os frontis and this he calls Synymensis CHAP. IV. Of the Sutures of the Head THE Bones of the whole Body belong to these four parts of it the Head and Neck the Breast the lower Belly and the Limbs The Head is that part which is above the vertebrae of the Neck of it there are two parts the Skull and the Face The Skull is that bony substance which containeth the Brain and is decked with hair In the description of the Bones of the Head these two things are to be noted the Sutures and the number of the Bones The Sutures are either proper or common The proper are those which join the Bones of the Skull one with another and they are either true Sutures or mendosae counterfeit The true are those which represent two Saws joined together by their Teeth and these are three in number the first is Coronalis which is seated in the fore part and passeth from one Temple to the other transversly joining the Os frontis to the Synciput The second is Lambdoides opposite to this resembling the Greek letter Λ. This beginning at the basis of the Occiput ascends obliquely to either Ear and joins the Bone of the Occiput to the Bones of the Synciput and Temples The third is Sagittalis which beginning at the top of the Lambdoides comes streight forward by the Crown to the middle of the Coronalis and in Children for some years sometimes in the adult it runs to the top of the Nose dividing the bone of the Forehead into two The counterfeit or mendosae resemble a line only and might more properly be called Harmoniae than Sutures They are two in number The first passing from the root of the Processus mammillaris upwards with a circular duct circumscribes the Temple-bone on each side of the Head descending down again to the basis of the Ear this joins the Bones of the Synciput Occiput and Sphenoides with the Temple-bones these lying upon those like the Skales upon Fish whence these Sutures are called Squamosae The second runs from the top of this squamous conjunction obliquely downwards towards the orbit of the Eye to the beginning of the first common Suture and joins this Bone above with the Bones of the Synciput below with the Bone of the Forehead The common Sutures are those which belong to the Skull the wedge-like Bone and the upper Jaw The most remarkable are these first Frontalis by which the outer process of the Os frontis is joined with the first Bone of the upper Jaw The second is Cuneiformis by which the wedge-like Bone is joined with the first Bone of the upper Jaw The third is Cribrosa this is common to the wedge-like Bone and the Septum or partition of the Nose The Sutures have three uses The first is to help to stay the Brain from tottering and its parts from being misplaced in violent motions by permitting some Fibres to pass through from the Dura mater to the Pericranium by which the said Mater and the Brain invested in it are suspended as it were The second is to permit the steams and fumes in the Brain to evaporate And the third to hinder the fissures that happen in the Skull from knocks or falls c. from extending any farther than through one Bone for they generally stop at the next Suture CHAP. V. Of the proper Bones of the Skull THese are in number six one of the Forehead another of the Occiput two of the Crown and two of the Temples First Os frontis the Forehead-bone It is bounded by the Coronal and first common Suture before and in the sides by the temporal Bones It is but one in those of ripe age but double in Children being divided by a Suture passing from the Coronal to the Nose Betwixt the Laminae of this Bone in the upper part of the Eye-brows at the top of the Nose there is a large Cavity often two from whence two holes pass to the Nostrils The outer Lamina that constitutes this Cavity makes the upper plane part of the orbit of the Eye but the inner on each side above the Eyes forms a bunchy protuberance uneven with many jettings out like little Hills The Cavity is invested with a very thin greenish Membrane and contains a clammy humour What its use may be is hard to say some think it gives an Echo to the Voice making it more sonorous others that it receiveth the odoriferous air drawn in by the Nose to stay it awhile before it be sent to the Brain It hath two holes in the middle part of the Eye-brow which go to the orbit of the Eye by which the first branch of the Nerve of the fifth conjugation of the Brain goes to the Muscle of the Forehead c. It hath also four processes the greater two are seated at the greater corner of the Eye but the lesser two at the lesser making the upper part of the orbit The Bones of the Crown are in number two Before they are joined with the Bone of the Forehead by the Coronal suture behind with the Os occipitis by the Suture Lambdoides and on each side to the Temple-bones by the Suturae squamosae They are joined to one another in the middle of the Crown by the sagittal Suture On the outside they are smooth but on the inside uneven for they have a great many furrows running along them for the passage of the Veins of the Dura mater Their substance is thinner and more rare even in the adult than that of the other Bones for the better exhalation of vapours but in Infants that abound with much humidity they are membranous and soft hardening by degrees Under these on each side are the Bones of the Temples They are joined in their upper part to the outside of the Bones of the Crown by the Suturae squamosae before to
them except only the last or third Bone which is received by none but is fenced by a Nail The second Bone is joined to the first and the third to the second by Ginglymus and by them the Fingers are only stretched out and contracted For as for their motion sideways that depends only upon the articulation of the first Bones with the Bones of the Metacarpus which is done by Enarthrosis or at least by Arthrodia The jointings of the Thumb answer to these of the Fingers saving that its upper appendix is not joined to any Bone of the Metacarpus with which it has no communication but immediately to the Wrist and its lower has but one head whence the second Bone has but one Sinus in its upper appendix to receive it Besides these Bones there are in the inside of the Hand at the joints of the Fingers some small Bones called from their figure and bigness sesamoidea like the Grains of Sesama a sort of Indian Corn so called by Pliny They resemble in figure the Knee-pan and seem to serve for the same use for in strong extensions of the Fingers they strengthen the Tendons of the Muscles upon which they are placed and hinder the luxation of the joint Authors differ very much as to their number because being so small they are seldom all found but most agree upon the number of 12 to each Hand placing them thus At the second joint of the Thumb there are two The second and third joint of the Fore-finger have each one but its first joint as also the first of the other three have each two In Children they are of a cartilaginous substance but grow bony by degrees being invested with a Cartilage yet not solid but fungous or porous CHAP. XXI Of the Thigh-bone and Patella THE Leg in a large sense is divided into three parts the Thigh the Shank or Leg strictly so called and Foot The Thigh hath but one Bone but of all others it is the longest and thickest Before it is round but behind something depressed and hollow In the upper part it has a round head the slender part under this is called its Neck and is pretty long and oblique The Neck is an Apophysis or process to the Bone it self and the round Head an Epiphysis or Appendix to the Neck This Head is received by the large Cavity or Acetabulum of the Coxendix and is detained therein by two strong Ligaments one that encompasses the brims of the Acetabulum and another that springs out of its bottom and is inserted into the tip of this round Head or Appendix At the lower end of the Neck there spring two Prominences which because the Muscles called Rotatores are fastned to them are called Trochanteres The hinder and lower is the lesser Trochanter and the lateral or uppermost the bigger The lower end of the Thigh-bone growing thicker by degrees hath two pretty large Prominences or Heads leaving a cavity in the middle which receiveth the Apophysis of the Tibia And again these Prominences are received by the cavities of the Tibia by a â—oose Ginglymus both the Prominences and Caviâ—ies being lined with Cartilages The forepart of this articulation is called the Knee the hindermost the Ham. Upon the Knee appeareth a Bone not joined with any other Bone called the Pan or Patella it is roundish about two inches broad plain without having many holes but within bunched covered with a Cartilage It is set before the Thigh-bone and the Tibia to strengthen the articulation for otherwise the Thigh-bone would be in danger to slip out forward in going down a Hill or the like It cleaveth to the Knee by the thick Tendons of the second third and fourth Muscles that extend the Tibia which pass under the Patella to it and are implanted into its fore-knob Two Ligaments fasten the articulation of the Thigh-bone with the Tibia the one fastens the Cartilage that environs the brims of the Sinus of the Tibia the other rises out of the Apophysis of the Tibia and is inserted into the Sinus of the Thigh-bone Behind there are two Ossa sesamoidea which adhere to the two beginnings of the first Muscles which move the Foot to strengthen them Great wounds of the Ham are mortal by reason of the great Vessels which pass that way CHAP. XXII Of the Bones of the Shank THE Shank or Leg strictly so called is composed of two Bones The greater is called Tibia the lesser Fibula These are slightly articulated into one another near each end but in their middle they recede one from the other yet so as they are tied together by a strong Ligament that comes between them The Tibia commonly called Focile majus is partly triangular by its sharp edge before making what we call the Shin It has an appendix at each end That above is bigger and in its upper part hath one Process which is received by the Sinus of the Thigh-bone and two longish Cavities for the receiving of the two Prominences of the Thigh-bone so that the articulation is by Ginglymus as was said in the foregoing Chapter About the brims of these Sinus there is joined by Ligaments a moveable Cartilage soft slippery and bedewed with an unctuous humour called Cartilago lunata the Moon-like Cartilage It has also a little Head behind below the foresaid appendix which enters into the Sinus of the upper appendix of the Fibula It s lower appendix is less than the upper jetting out with a notable Process toward the inside of the Foot making the Malleolus internus or inner Ankle It has two Cavities one less in its side by which it receives the Fibula another greater and lower divided as it were into two by a small Protuberance in the middle and lined with a Cartilage receiving the convex head of the Talus that lies under it as the said Protuberance is received by the shallow Sinus in the convex head of the Talus the one being articulated into the other by Ginglymus so that the Foot moves upwards and downwards upon this joint The lesser and outer Bone of the Leg is called Fibula or Focile minus it is as long as the former but much slenderer This has also an appendix at each end the upper of which reaches not so high as the Knee nor is it jointed to the Thigh-bone but in its inner side has a shallow Cavity which receives the little hinder or lateral Head of the Tibia that is seated under its upper appendix which is jointed with the Thigh-bone Below the Fibula is received by the Sinus of the Tibia and extends its appendix with its process to the side of the Talus making the Malleolus externus or outer Ankle which is lower than the inner CHAP. XXIII Of the Bones of the Tarsus OF the Foot as of the Hands there are three parts Tarsus Metatarsus and the Toes The Tarsus is the distance between the lower end of the two