he will dig the earth and with the hindmost fight like a horse setting on his blowes with great force and redoubling them againe if his obiect remoue not His voice is like the voice of an oxe when he is chased he runneth forth right Albertus The manner of his sight sildome winding or turning and when he is angred he runneth into the Water wherein he couereth himselfe all ouer except his mouth to coole the heate of his blood Nature of their breeding places Pet. crscent for this beast can neither endure outward cold nor inward heate for which cause they breede not but in hot countries and being at liberty are sildome from the waters They are very tame so that children may ride on their backes but on a suddaine they will runne into the Waters and so many times indaunger the childrens liues Of their yōg ones milk Their loue to their young ones is very great they alway giue milke from their copulation to their caluing neither will they suffer a calfe of another kinde whom they discerne by their smell to sucke their milke but beate it away if it be put vnto them wherefore their keepers do in such case annoynt the calfe with Bugils excrement and then she will admit her suckling Albertus Their strength in labor They are very strong and will draw more at once then two horsses wherefore they are tamed for seruice and will draw Waggons and plowes and carry burdens also but they are not very fit for carts yet when they doe draw they carry also great burthens or loads tyed to their backs with ropes and wantyghtes Pet. crescent At the first setting forward they bend their Legges very much but afterward they goe vpright and being ouerloden they will fall to the earth from which they cannot be raised by any stripes vntill their load or carriage be lessened There is no great account made of their hides although they bee very thicke Vse of theyr hydes Bellonius Solinus reporteth that the old Britons made boates of osier twigs or reedes couering them round with Bugils skinnes and sayled in them and the inhabitants of the kingdome of a Caraiani make them bucklers and shields of Bugils skinnes which they vse in Warres the flesh is not good for meate which caused baptista Fiera to make this poem Bubalus hinc abeat neue intret prandia nostra Non edat hunc quisquam sub iugo semper eat For they ingender melancholy and haue no good tast being raw they are not vnpleasant to behold but sod or rosted they shew a deformed substance The milke of this beast maketh very hard cheese which tasteth like earth The medicines made of this beast are not many with the hornes or hoofes they make rings to weare against the cramp The physick made out of Bugils and it hath been beleeued but without reason that if a man or a woman weare rings made of the hornes and hoofes of a bugill in the time of carnall copulation that they will naturally fly off from their fingers whereas this secret was wont to be attributed to rings of Chrisolyts or Smaragde stones To conclude some teach husbandmen to burne the hornes or dung of their bugils on the windye side of their corne and plants to keepe them from cankers and blasting and thus much of the vulgar bugill called bubalus recentiorum whose beginning in this part of the world is vnknowne although in Italy and other parts of Europe they are now bred and fostered OF THE AFFRICAN BVGILL BEllonius reporteth that he saw in Cair a small beast which was in all things like a little Oxe of a beautifull body full of flesh well and neately limmed which he could take for no other then the Affrican Oxe or Bugill of the old Graecians which was brought out of the kingdome of Asamia vnto the citty Cair It was old and not so big as a Hart but greater then a Roe The country of this beast he neuer in all his life tooke more pleasure to behold a beast then in viewing the excellent beauty of euery part in this creature His haire was yellowish glistering as if it had beene combed and trimmed by the art of a Barber vnder his belly it was somewhat more red and taunty then vpon his backe His feete in all thinges like a vulgar Bugils his Legges short and strong the necke short and thicke whereon the dewe-laps of his crest did scarce appeare His head like an Oxes and his hornes growing out of the crowne of his head blacke long and bending like a halfe Moone whereof he hath no vse to defend himselfe or annoy another by reason their points turne inward His eares like a cowes and shoulder blades standing vp a little aboue the ridge very strongly His taile to the knees like a camelopardals from whence hangeth some few blacke haires twice so great as the haires in a horsses tayle His voice was like an Oxes but not so strong and loude to conclude therefore for his discription if a man conceiue in his mind a little yellovv neate Oxe with smooth haire strong members and high hornes aboue his head like a halfe Moone his minde cannot erre from the true and perfect shape of this beast There was such a one to be seene of late at Florence vnder the name of an Indian Oxe sauing his head was greater and longer his hornes not high nor bending together but standing vpright and a little wreathing into spires aboue their roote and the hinder part of the back much lower then the shoulders but it may be the obseruer of this beast fayled and tooke not the true discription of it This creature or Affrican Bugill must be vnderstood to be a Wilde beast The nature of this beast and not of a tame kind although Bellonius expresseth not so much Leo in his discription of Affrique relateth a discourse of a certaine beast called Laut or Daut who is lesse then an Oxe but of more elegant feature in his Legs white hornes blacke nailes which is so swift that no beast can outrunne it except a Barbary horse it is taken most easily in the Summer time with the skinne thereof they make targets and shieldes which cannot be pierced by any Weapon except Gunshot for which cause they fell them very deare which is coniectured to be the Bugill that Bellonius describeth although it bee not iust of the same colour which may vary in this beast as well as in any other and I haue a certaine Manuscript without the authors name that affirmeth there be bugils in Lybia in likenes resembling a Hart and an Oxe but much lesser and that these beasts are neuer taken asleepe which causeth an opinion that they neuer sleepe and that there is another Bugill beyond the Alpes neere the Ryuer Rhene which is very fierce and of a white Colour There is a horne in the towne-house of Argentine foure Romane cubits long Of a
difference betwixt caprea and capreolus The reason of the latine name except in age and quantity The reason of these two latter names is because of the likenesse it hath with a Goat for Goats as we shal shew in their description haue many kinds distinguished from one another in resemblaunce but in the hornes a Roe doth rather resemble a Hart for the female haue no hornes at all These beasts are most plentifull in Affricke beyond the Sea of carthage but they are of another kind then those which Aristotle denied to be in Affrica there are also in Egypt Auicen The Countries breeding Roes Marcellus Albertus Pliny Strabo Their nature and seueral parts in Germany and in the Heluetian Alpes Likewise in catadupa beyond Nilus in Arabia in Spaine and in Lycia and it is to be obserued that the Lycian Roes doe neuer goe ouer the Syrian Mountaines Aelianus doth deliuer these thinges of the Lybian Roes which for the colour and parts of their body may seeme to belong to all They saith hee are of an admirable velocity or swiftnes but yet inferiour to the Lybian horses their belly is parted with blacke strakes and drops and the other parts of their body are of a red yellowish colour they haue long feet but longer eares their eies blacke and their horns are an ornament to their heads Their swiftnesse doth not onely appeare vpon the earth but also vpon the Waters for with their feet they cut the waters when they swim as with oares and therefore they loue the lakes strong streames breaking the floods to come by fresh pasture as sweet rushes and Bul-rushes Their hornes grow onely vpon the males and are set with sixe or seauen braunches Sâ—â—rpsius but the females haue none and therfore also they differ in horne from the fallow-deere so as they cannot be called Platycerotae for their Hornes are not palmed like a hand Albertus and although they be branchy yet are they shorter they differ not much from the common Deere but in their horne and whereas the hornes of other beastes are hollow toward the roote whereunto entreth a certaine bony substance the hornes of these as also of the vulgar Bucke and the Elke are solide without any such emptinesse onely they are full of pores Pliny Pâ—â—â—anias Viâ—llâ—â—us Eâ—â—chach Of their eie-sight It hath also beene beleeued that a Roe doth not change her hornes because they are neuer found whereas in truth they fall off yearly as doth a Harts but they hide them to the intent they should not be found It hath likewise beene thought a Roe was called in Greeke Dorcas because of the quicknes of hir sight Origen super caâ—t Texâ—or and that she can see as perfectly in the night as in the day and not onely for her selfe but the learned Physitians haue obserued a certaine viscous humour about hir bowels which being taken forth and annoynted vpon a mans eies which are darke heauy pliny and neere blind it hath the same effect to quiken his eie-sight It is also said of them that they neuer winke no not when they sleepe for which conceit their blood is prescribed for them that are pur-blind The taile of this beast is shorter and lesser then is the fallow-Deeres Cardanus insomuch as it is doubtfull whether it be a taile or not The place of their aboade They keepe for the most part in the Mountaines among the rocks being very swift and when they are pursued by Dogs Martiall saith they hang vpon the rocks by their horns to deceiue the dogs after a strange manner ready to fall and kill themselues and yet haue no harme whether the Dogs dare not approch as appeareth in this Epigram Pendentem summa capream de rupe videbis Casuram speres decipit illa cones yet this doth better agree with the wild Goat then with the Roe as shall be manifested in due time Their concord with other beasts Columello Aelianus saith that the Cynoprosopy men with Dogs faces liue vpon the flesh of Roes and Bugles in the wildernesse of Egypt and also it is vsuall to conclude them in Parks for they wil agree very naturally with Hares and Swine wherfore in the Lordship which Varro bought of Piso it was seene how at the sound of a Trumpet both Roes and Boares would come to their vsuall places for meate and although they bee naturally very wilde yet will they quickly grow tame and familiar to the hand of man for Blondus did nourish many at Rome Being wilde they are hunted with Dogs shot with Guns taken in nets of their taking but this falleth out sildome because they liue most among the rocks They are most easily taken in the woods When they are chased they desire to run against the wind because the coldnesse of the aire refresheth them in their course and therefore they which hunt them place their Dogs with the wind for sometimes against the hunters minds Bellisarius do what tâ—ey can to the contrary she taketh hir course that way but Harts when they heare the barkings of Dogs run with the wind that the sauor of their feet may passe away with them They are often takeÌ„ by the counterfaiting of their voice which the hunter doth by taking a leafe and hissing vpon it Cresconius The vse of their flesh They are very good meate as Philostratus affirmeth and that the Indians dresse at their feasts whole Lyons and Roes for their ghests to eate and the Sophists in their banket which is described by Athaeneus had Roes therein and therefore Fiera preferreth it before the fallow-deere alledging the agreement that is betwixt it and the body of man being dressed according to Art Hic optata feret nobis fomenta calore Simion Sethi Auicenna Trâ—â—â—anus Vda leui modicis mox que coquenda focis And therefore also affirmeth that it excelleth all wilde beastes whatsoeuer being not onely fitte for nourishment but for the sicke as for them that haue the Chollicke or the falling euill or the Timpanie and therefore they are best at a yeare olde or vnder Likewise their broath with Pepper Loueage seede of Rue Parsley Hony Mustardseed and Oyle Apicius and for sauce to the meate they take Pepper Rue Hony melted and an onyon sometime also they seeth the hanches or hippes and make Pasties of the sides and ribbes It is a Beast full of feare and therefore the flesh thereof although it be very dry Of the disposition passion yet will it engender some melancholy of the feare Martiall saith thus Tam despar aquilae columba non est Hec dorcas rigido fugar leoni As the Doue from the Eagle and the Roe from the Lyon which afterward grew vnto a Prouerbe It hath also some Epethets among Authors which doe confirme their disposition ful of feare as flying weake wanton and such like yet will they fight one with another so fiercely that sometime they kill
that these are greater and stronger then Harts Agricola Of their strength and colour their vpper part of the backe being blacke and the neather neere the belly not White as in a Hart but rather blackish but about his genitals very blacke I haue seene the hornes to haue seauen spires or braunches growing out of one of them being palmed at the top These are like to those which are called Achaeines in Greeke by reason of their paine and sorrow and Kummerer in Germane by cause they liue in continuall sorrow for their young ones while they are not able to runne out of their dennes belike fearing by some instinct of nature A secret in their paâ—sion least their tender and weake age should betray them to the hunters before they be able to runne away THE FIGVRE OF ANOTHER Tragelaphus or Deere-goate expressed by BELLONIVS THere is another Tragelaphus saith he whereof I finde no name among the French it wanteth a beard The description of his seuerall parts and the Haire thereof resembleth an Ibex-goate whose description followeth afterward among Goates the hornes heereof are like a Goats but more crooked and bending compassing behinde as a Rammes doe which he neuer looseth His face Nose and eares are like a sheepes the skinne of his Cods being very thicke and hanging downe His Legs are white like a sheepes his taile white his haires are so long about his necke and stomacke that you would thinke it were bearded His haire on the shoulders and brest blacke and it hath two gray spots on his flanks on either side the Nostriles are blacke the beake or face White so also is the belly beneath but the description heereof seemeth rather to agree with a Pygargus or Musmon of which I shall speake afterward Either sexe loose euery yeare their hoofes and Harts doe their Hornes that nature may shew their resemblance in their feet to a Hart as he doth in their head to a Goat His eare is short like a Goats but his eie genitall stones and taile like a Harts though somwhat shorter The hornes like a Rammes crooked and distinguished in the middle by a blacke line all their length which is two Roman feete and one finger and in compasse at the roote one foot one palme and a halfe standing one from another where they differ most not aboue one foote three palmes one finger and a halfe The rugged circles going about them toward the top are bunchy and toward the bottom or roote they are low with beaten notches or impressions Their quantity in length and breadth They are not at the top distant one point from another aboue one foote and a palme The length of their face from the Crowne to the tip of the Nose one foote and three fingers the breadth in the forehead where it is broadest two palmes and one finger The height of this beast not aboue three foote and a halfe except where his mane standeth and the whole length heere of from the crown of the head to the taile is foure feet and a halfe and two fingers It hath onely teeth beneath on the neather chap and those in number not aboue sixe neither did I obserue any defect in them It cheweth the cud like other clouen-footed beasts The Nostrils are blacke from whom the vpper lip is deuided by a long perpendicular line It is a gentle pleasant and wanton beast in the disposition Of the description of this beast rather resembling a Goate then a Hart desiring the steepest and slipperyest places whereon it leapeth and from whence it is reptored that it doth cast downe it selfe headlong vpon the hornes naturally that by them it may breake the violence of his fall or leape and then stayeth his body vpon the sore-knees It will runne apace but it is most excellent in leaping for by leaping it ascendeth the highest Mountaines and rockes The females are greater then the males but not in Horne or Haire it eateth Grasse Oates Cheasâ—ill Hay and Bread they bring forth twinnes euery time and this we call in England a Barbary-Deere Thus farre Doctor Cay OF THE HART AND HINDE THe male of this beast is called in Haebrew Ajal Deut. 14. The names of a Hart. and the Arabians doe also retaine that word in their translations the Persians cal him Geuazen the Septuagints Elaphos the Graecians at this day Laphe Pelaphe and Saint Ierom for the Latins Ceruus the Chaldees Aielah the Italians Ceruo the Spaniards Cieruo the French Cerf the Germans Hirtz of Hirs and Hirsch the Plimmings Hert the Polonians Gelen the Illirians Ielijelij The female or Hinde likewise termed in Haebrew Aial and sometime Alia and Aielet The names of a Hinde the Latines and Italians Cerua the Spaniards Cierua the Germans Hinde and Hindin and the Germans more speciallye Hin and Wilprecht the French Biche and the Polonians Lanij The young faunes or calfes of this Beast they call in Latine Hinnuli the Graecians Anebros the Haebrewes Ofer the Germans Hindcalb The nams of a hinde-calfe Also it is not to be forgotten that they haue diuers other names to dinstinguish their yeares and countries as for example when they begin to haue hornes which appeare in the second yeare of their age like Bodkins without braunches which are in Latine called Subulae Aristotle Pliny Oâ— Spittards Subulous they are also cald Subulones for the similitude they haue with bodkins and the Germans cal such an one Spirzhirtz which in English is called a Spittard and the Italians corbiati but the french haue no proper name for this beast that I can learn vntil he be a three yearing and then they call him ein Gabler which in Latine are called Furcarij And indeed I was once of this opinion that these Subulones were only two-yearing Harts vntil I consulted with a Sauoyen of Segusium Of Brocardes who did assure me from the mouths of men traind vp in hunting wild beasts from their youth that there are a kind of Subulones which they call also Brocardi with straight and vnforked hornes except one branch in the mountaine of Iura neare the lake Lemanus and that these also do liue among other Hartes for there was seene neere a monastry called the Roman Monasterie by certaine hunters in the yeare 1553. a vulgar Hart with branched hornes and his female and likewise with a Subulon or Brocarde which when in pursuit he was constrained to leape from rocke to rock to get to the Water he brake his legge and so was taken These Brocards are as great in quantity as other vulgar Hartes The quantity of Brocards but their bodies are leaner and they swifter in course Of their horns They haue but one braunch growing out of the stem of their horne which is not bigger then a mans finger and for this cause in the rutting time when they ioyne with their females they easily ouercome the vulgar Hart with his branched and forked hornes The
watery or sweating whole-footed and many such others both among the Greekes and Latines which howsoeuer they may containe diuers Alegories in them and therefore may seeme to be figuratiuely set downe yet I thought good being of other opinion to reckon them heere in the beginning that so the reader may consider that I would be vnwilling to omit any thing in this story which might any way tend to the dignity of the subiect we intreat of or the expressing of his nature Wherefore wee will firste of all beginne with the description of the naturall partes of a good Horsse The haire of a horsse falleth off euery yeare the neather eye lid or browe hath no long haires growing vpon it and therefore Nicon that famous painter of Greece when hee had most curiously limbed forth a horsses perfection faild in no part of nature or art The naturall outward and inward parts of Horsses but onely in placing haires vnder his eie for that onely fault hâ—e receiued a disgracefull blame The haire of the manes ought to be long that part which groweth betwixt the eares vpon the Temples hanging downe betwixt the eyes the Graecians tearme Procomion the Latines Caprona and in English it may be called a fore-top which is graunted to horsses not onely for ornament sake but also for necessitie to defend their eies Aelianus The horsses are naturally proud of these lockes and manes as may appear by those mares which are kept for procreation of mules by copulation with Asses which at the first despise to ingender with those shaueling and short haired Stallions Wherefore their keepers shaue off their manes and their fore-tops afterwards leading them to the waters wherein while the Mares behold their owne deformity they grow so shamed deiected and discouraged that euer after they admit with quietnesse the Asses to couer them Therefore it is neuer good to cut the mane or the fetter-lockes except necessity require for the mane and fore-top is an ornament to the Necke and head and the fetter lockes to the Legges and feete and he that keepeth horsses must as well regard to haue them comely for outward grace as stronge and able for necessary labour Many vse to cut the Neckes of their riding Horsses euen as they doe of their drawing Horsses which thing although it may seeme to be done for greater encrease and farther groweth of haire yet is it vnseemely for an honest rider some againe cut it to stand compasse like a bow and many vse the Armenian fashion cutting the mane by rowes leauing some longer then other as it were the batlements of a Church but the best fashion of all is the Persian cut whereby the one halfe of the thicknesse is cut away on the left side and the other on the right side smoothly turned ouer and combed according to the saying of Virgill Densa iuba dextro iactata recumbit in armo But if the Horsse be double maned and so the haire fall halfe on the one side and halfe on the other then cut all the middle haires away and leaue both the sides whole for such was the inuention of the Parthians In a Coult or young foale the hinder part is hier then the fore part but as he grows in yeares so likewise the forepart groweth higher then the hinder This beast hath two bones in his head and other two discending from his forehead to the Nostrils two inferior Gumbes or Cheeke-bones forty teeth that is to say foure and twenty grynders foure canyne and twelue biting teeth there are seauen crosse ribbes in his Necke and seuen from his raines to his hole his taile hath twelue commisures and two Ragulae in his fore-shoulders from his shoulders to his Legges other two from his Legges to his knees two moe in his knees there are twoo supporters and from the shin to the Articles two mo there are sixteene small bones in the bottome of his hoofe and but one in his brest in the inward parts there are six and twenty ribs from the hinder parts to the top of his reynes Veâ—etius the two grinding bones and from them to the hinder part of the head there are two moe and two little ribbes from the vpper part of the thigh to the Gamba and from thence to the haire of the pasternes there are two and the little ones to the hooues sixteene so all the bones in number are accounted a hundred and seuenty Now it followeth to declare the measure and number of the members there are twelue steps or degrees in the roofe of his mouth his tongue is halfe a foot long the vpper lip hath twelue ounces the vnder lip fiue euery one of the cheeks ten from the fore-locke to the Nostrils he hath one foot in length his two eares containe six ounces and his eies foure ounces a peece From his fore-locke to the Mercurius there are contained 8. ynches the backbone containeth three and thirty crosse ribs From the conuulsial of the reines to the top of the taile are twelue commissures the length of his Sagula containeth also twelue ounces from his shoulders to his legges six from his legs to his knees a foote in length from the Articles to the hooues foure ounces in his whole length sixe feete And this is the stature of a couragious and middle horsse for I know there are both bigger and lesser The quality and the measure of the nerues of sinnewes is this from the middle nostrils through the heade necke and backe bone is a dubble file or thred to the toppe of the taile which contayneth twelue foot in length The two broad sinnews in the necke do containe four-foure-foot from the shoulders to the knees there are two sinnewes from the knee to the bottome of the foot there are foure sinnewes in the fore-legs there are ten sinnews in the hinder legges there are other ten sinnewes from the reynes to the stones there are foure sinnewes so the whole number of them amounteth to thirty foure Consequently the number of the vaines is to be declared In the pallet or roofe of the mouth there are two vaines vnder the eies other two in the brest other two and in the legges other two foure vnder the pastrones two in the ancles foure in the crowne of the pastrones foure out of the thighes two out of the loines two out of the Gambaes one out of the tayle and two in the wombe or Matrix so the whole number is nine and twenty There are certaine vaines aboue the eies which are diuided in horsses wherin they are let blood by making to them small incisions the blood also is taken out of the vaines in the pallet or roofe of the mouth There was an auncient custome of letting horsses blood vpon Saint Steuens day by reason of many holy daies one succeeding another but that custome is now growne out of vse Also some take blood out of the Matrixe vaines but that is not to be admitted in geldings because
same often with their teeth which truely so soone as they shal touch or come vnto they shal presently dye But they vse a kind of incantation which is this that followeth I do adiure all ye mice which do remaine or abide heare that yee do not offer me wrong or suffer me to be wronged of any other For I do assigne and appoint you this fielde then he nameth the fielde in which if I should supprize you hereafter I cal Luno to witnesse I wil teare euery one of you into seuen pieces when as thou hast write this charme binde paper fast to the place wherein the Mice haunt and that before the rising of the Sunne so that the charecters or markes may appeare on the outside cleaning to a naturall stone of that place I haue written this saith the Author lest any thing should seeme to be ouerskipped neither doe I allow or proue such thinges can be done but I rather counsell al men that they do not set their mind to any of these which are more worthy of derision then imitation If thou shalt fill the passages of these rusticall or field-mice with the ashes of an Oak he shall be possessed with a feruent desire to it often touching it and so shall die Marcellus The medicines of field mice Scholiastes These countrey Mice that is to say those Mice which are founde in the fieldes being bruised and burned to ashes and mingled with fresh honey doeth comfort or restore the sight of the eies by diminishing the darkenesse or dimnesse thereof in what fielde soeuer you shall find any thing dig them vp by the rootes with a little stake or post OF THE WOOD-MOVSE PLiny doeth oftentimes make mention of this woode-mouse or rather a Mouse belonging to the wood The description but he doth it onely in medicines but that it doth differ from this country or field-mouse we haue shewen in the Chap. going before because it doth not habit or dwell in Countries or tilled places as the Countrey or field-mice doe but doth inhabit in Woodes and forrests The wood-Mouse is called in Greeke as the Countrey-mouse but I thinke it to bee a kinde of Dormouse which proceedeth from the kind of wood-mouse Pliny truely doth make the same remedy or medicines of a Dormouse as he doth of a Wood-mouse as I will a little after rehearse or recite vnto you Also I should haue thought that a Sorex had bin the same because it is a wood-mouse but that that one place of Pliny did hinder me where he commendeth the ashes of a Wood-mouse to be very good for the clearenesse of the eies and by and by after did shew or declare that the ashes of the Sorex were good also in the same vse as I will recite or rehearse below in the medicines or remedies of the wood-mouse Agricola a man of great learning doth interpret or iudge the wood-mouse to bee that mouse to the which they do appoint the name deriued from Auellana but hee doth account that to be the Sorex which I will shew or declare beneath to be the Shrew I do vnderstand that there are properly two kinds of the wood-mouse spoken of before The one of them that which Albertus doth write saying that there is a certain kind of Mouse which doth builde or make her habitation in trees and of a browne or swart colour and hauing also black spots in her face which onely is called by the vniuersal name of a wood-Mouse Of the same kind Pliny doth meane if I be not deceiued when he writeth that the mast of a beech-tree is very acceptable to Mice and therefore they haue good successe with their young ones The other which is peculiarly named the Sorex which saith Pliny doth sleep all the winter time and hath a taile full of haire whose shape or forme we propose and set euidently before you But that I may more distinctly handle those thinges which Pliny hath shewed to vs concerning the wood-Mouse I will write her downe seperately or by it selfe and afterwards concerning the Mouse which hath her name deriued from Filburds which the Germans haue left in writing and which I my selfe haue considered or obserued and last of all I wil write concerning the Sorex peculiarly and seuerally from the ancient writers The ashes of a wood-mouse being mingled with hony doth cure al fractures of bones the braines also spread vpon a little peece of cloth and couered with wooll is good also The medicines of the Woodmouse Pliny but you must now and then spread it ouer the wound and it doth almost make it whole and strong within the space of three or foure daies neither must you mingle the ashes of the wood-mouse with hony to late hony also being mingled with the ashes of earth-wormes doth draw forth broken bones Also the fat of these beastes being put to kibes is very good but if the vlcers are corrupt and rotten by adding wax to the former things doth bring them to cicatrising The oyle of a burned Locust is also very good Marcellus and also the oile of a wood-mouse with Hony is as effectuall as the other They say also that the heads and tailes of Mice mixed with the ashes of them and annointed with Hony doth restore the clearenesse of the sight but more effectually being mingled with the ashes of a Dormouse or a Wood-mouse Of the Nut-Mouse Hasell-Mouse or Fildburd Mouse THis beast is a kind of Sorex and may be that which the Germans tearme Ein gros haselmus a great Hasell-mouse so called because they feed vpon hasell-Nuts and Filburds The Flemings call it Ein Slaperat that is a sleeping Rat and therfore the French call it by the name Lerot whereby also we haue shewed already they vnderstand a Dormouse For this sleepeth like that and yet the flesh thereof is not good is to be eaten The colour of this Mouse is redde like the Hasell and the quantity full as great as a Squirrell or as a great Rat vpon the backe and sides it is more like a Mouse and vpon the head more red His eares very great and pilled without haire The belly white so also are his legs The neather most of his taile towards the tip white His Nostrils and feete reddish The taile wholy rough but most at the end with white haires The eyes very great hanging out of his head and all blacke so that there is not in them any appearance of white The beard partly white and partly blacke both aboue and beneath his ears and about his eies and the vpper part of his taile next his body all blacke Vppon his forefeete hee hath foure clawes or distinct toes for hee wanteth a Thombe But vpon his hinderfeete he hath fiue I meane vpon each seuerally The outside of his hinder Legges from the bending to the tip of his nails is altogether bald without haire And the sauor of all this kind is like the smell of the vulgar Mice
is in age and sicknes she recouereth by eating a sea-ape and so the Lyon by eating an ape of the earth and therefore the Egiptians paint a Lyon eating an ape to signifie the medicin of apes a sicke man curing himselfe The hart of an ape sod and dried whereof the weight of a groat drunk in a draught of stale Hunny sod in water called Mellicraton strengthneth the heart emboldneth it and driueth away the pulse and pusillanimity thereof sharpeneth ones vnderstanding and is soueraigne against the falling euill THE MVNKEY Ioh. Leo. Affrican The contrey of their abod and Breed They are bred in the hils of constance in the woods of Bugia and Mauritania In Aethiopia they haue blacke heads haire like asses and voices like to other In India they report that the Munkeys will clime the most steepe and high rockes and fling stones at them that prosecute to take them When the king of Ioga in India for religion goeth on Pilgrimage he carrieth with him very many Munkeys In like sort Munkeys are brought from the new found Lands from calechut and Prasia and not farre from Aden a cittie of Arabia is a most high hill Hart of Munkeys abounding in these beasts who are a great hinderance to the poore vintagers of the countrey of calechut for they will climbe into the high palm trees and breaking the vessels set to receiue the Wine poure forth that lickquor they finde in them Their food they will eat hearbes and graine and ears of grasse going togither in great flocks whereof one euer watcheth at the vtmost bounds of their campe that he may crye out when the husbandman commeth and then al flying and leaping into the next trees escape away the females carry their young ones about with them on their shoulders and with that burden leape from tree to tree There be of this kind of Munkeys two sorts one greater the other lesser Diuersities of Munkeys as is accounted in England and Munkeys are in like sort so diuided that there be in all foure kinds differing in bignes whereof the least is little bigger then a squirrell and because of their marueilous and diuers mowings mouings voices and gestures the Englishmen call any man vsing such Histrionical actours a Munkey The onely difference betwixt these and other Apes aforesaide is their taile Solinus Their anatomy and parts they differ from men in their Nerues in the ioynts of their loynes and their processes and they want the thirde muscle moouing the fingers of their handes Mammonents are lesse then an Ape Vâ—ssâ—â—us Mammonets brown on the back and white on the belly hauing a long and hairy taile his neck almost so big as his body for which cause they are tied by the hips that they slip not collar They haue a round head a face like a man but blacke and bald on the crowne his nose in a reasonable distance from his mouth like a mans and not continued like an Apes his stones greenish blew like a Turkey stone They are caught after the manner of Apes and being tamed and taught they conceiue and worke very admirable feats and their skins pulled off them being dead are dressed for garments The foolish Arabians dedicated Memnonius cercopithecus vnto heauen and in all afflictions implored his aide Festus another kind There is one other kind of Munkeys whose taile is onely hairy at the tip called corcolipis THE CEPVS OR Martine Munkey THE Martine called cepus of the Greeke worde The names Kepos which Aristotle writeth Kebos and some translate Caebus some Cephus or Cepphus or more barbarously celphus the latines sometimes Ortus Diodorus Siculus for indeede this kinde of ape in his best estate is like * a garden set with diuers flowers and therefore the best kinde of them is discerned and known by the sweetest sauour such being alwayes the most ingenious imitators of men It is very probable that this name cepus is deriued of the Haebrewe Koph and Kophin signifying apes in general as is before said but yet this kind is destinguished from other by strabo Aelianus and Pliny although Aristotle doeth make no difference betwixt this and another ordinarie Munkey The games of great Pompey first of all brought these Martines to the sight of the Romaines and afterward Rome saw no more Pliny The first knowledg of Mâ—rtins they are the same which are brought out of Aethiopia and the farthest Arabia their feet and knees being like a mans and their fore-feet like hands their inward parts like a mans so that some haue doubted what kinde of creature this should be which is in part a man and yet a Foure-footed beast it hauing a face like a Lyon Their country of breed Strabo and some part of the body like a Panther being as big as a wilde goate or Roe-bucke or as one of the dogs of Erithrea and a long taile the which such of them as haue tasted flesh will eat from their owne bodies Their anatomy Strabo Scaliger Concerning their coulor howsoeuer they are not all alike for some are blacke with white spots hauing a greater voyce then others some yellow some Lyon-tauny some golden yellow and some cole-black yet for the most part the head and backe parts to the taile are of a fiery color with some golden hair aspersed among the residue Their color a white snowt and certain golden strakes like a collar going about the necke the inferior parts of the necke downe to the brest and the forefeet are white Aelianus their two dugs as big as a mans hand can gripe are of a blewish coulor and their belly white their hinder legs blacke and the shape of their snowt like a Cynocephale which may be the difference betwixt Aelianus and Strabo their cepus and Aristotles Cebus for nature many times bringeth forth like beasts which are not of the same kind Cay In England there was a Martine that had his backe and sides of a green coulor hauing heere and their white haire the belly chin and beard which was round white the face and shins blacke and the nose white being of the lesser kind for in bignes it exceeded not a coney Their disposition Some of them in Aethiopia haue a face like a Satyre and other members in part resembling a Beare and in part a Dog so are the Prasian Apes This Martine did the Babilonians inhabiting neere Memphis for the strangenes the coulor and shape thereof worship for a God They are of euill disposition like Apes and therefore we will spare both their pictures and further description finding very little of them in Histories worth commemoration The Ape CALITRICH THE Calitrich so called by reason of his bearde the name and may bee termed in English a bearded Ape Pliny Countrey of breed will liue no other where then in Ethiopia and India which are easie to take but verye harde to bring away aliue
Alexander the great and last of all with his owne Syclis the king in the citty of the Boristhenites had a faire house about which there were sphinges and Gryphins wrought out of white stone At Athens in the Temple Parthenona there is described the contention betwixt Pallas and Neptune about the earth and the image of Pallas made of Yuory and gold hath in the midst of hir shield the picture of a sphinx Amasis the king of Egypt built in the porch of Pallas an admirable worke called Sai where he placed such great colosses and Andro-sphinges that it was afterward supposed he was buried therein Horodotus and was liuely to be seene imputrible To conclude the Egyptians in the porches of their Temples painted a Sphinx wherby they insinuated that their diuine wisdome was but darke and vncertain and so couered with fables that there scarce appeared in it any sparkles or footsteps of verity Of the SAGOIN called Galeopithecus This figure of the Sagoin I receiued of Peter cordenberg a very learned Apothecary of Antwerpe which is three times as big as my pictur and Iohn say that famous English Doctor hath aduertised me that it no way resembleth the Sagoin it selfe which is not much greater than a Rat a little conny The qualitie or a young Hedghog for he had seene seuerall ones of that bignesse of a gryseld colour a neate beard Colour and somewhat ash-coloured a tayle like a Rat but hayry the feet of a Squirrell the face almost like a Martine or Satyre a round eare but very short and open Partes the hayre blacke at the root and white at the end and in other conditions like a Munkey They are much set by among women and by the Brasilians where they are bred and called Sagoines it being very propable that they are conceiued by a small Ape and a Weasell for in that countrey by reason of the heat thereof there are many such vnnaturall commixtions Procreation of Sagoines It is a nimble liuely and quicke spirited beast but fearefull it will eate white-bread Their meate apples sweet-grapes dried in the sunne figges or peares There was one of them at Antwerpe solde for fifty crownes The price of a Sagoin in France they call a Sagoni a little beast not much bigger than a Squirrell and not able to endure any cold Some other affirme that a Sagoin is a bearded creature but without a taile of an ash-colour not much bigger then a fiste but of this beast there is not any author writeth more then is already rehearsed OF THE BEAR-APE ARCTOPITHECVS THere is in America a very deformed beast which the inhabitants call Haut or Hauti Theuetus Of the name the Frenchmen Guenon as big as a great Affrican Monkey His parts His belly hangeth very low his head and face like vnto a childes as may be seen by this liuely picture and being taken it wil sigh like a young childe His skin is of an ash-colour and hairie like a Beare he hath but three clawes on a foot as longe as foure fingers and like the thornes of Priuet whereby he climbeth vp into the highest trees and for the most part liueth of the leaues of a certain tree being of an exceeding heigth which the Americans call Amahut and thereof this beast is called Haut Their tayle is about three fingers long hauing very little haire thereon it hath beene often tried that though it suffer any famine it will not eate the fleshe of a liuing man and one of them was giuen me by a French-man which I kept aliue sixe and twenty daies and at the last it was killed by Dogges and in that time when I had set it abroad in the open ayre I obserued that although it often rained A secret in Nature yet was that beast neuer wet When it is tame it is very louing to a man and desirous to climbe vppe to his shoulders which those naked Amerycans cannot endure by reason of the sharpenesse of his clawes Of the Simivulpa or Apish FOXE THose which haue trauay led the contry of Payran doe affirme Pisonius Gillius The description that they haue seene a four-footed beast called in Latine Simivulpa in Greek Alopecopithecos in German Fuchssaff in the forpart like a Foxe and in the hinder part like an Ape except that it had mans feet and eares like a Bat Description and vnderneath the common belly there was a skinne like a bagge or scrip wherin she keepeth lodgeth and carrieth her young ones vntill they are able to prouide for themselues without the helpe of their damme neyther do they come foorth of that receptacle except it be to sucke milke or sport themselues so that the same vnderbelly is her best remedie against the furious Hunters and other rauening beasts to preserue her young ones for she is incredibly swift running with that carriage as if she had no burthen It hath a tayle like a Munkey there was one of them with three young Whelpes taken and brought into a ship but the whelpes dyed quickly the olde one liuing longer was brought to Syuill and afterward to Granado where the King of Spaine sawe it which soone after by reason of the change of ayre and incertainty of dyet did also pyne away and die The like things doeth Cardan report of a beast called Chiurca in Hispania noua and Stadinius of a Seruuoy in America but I coniecture that the former is this Fox ape Aelianus called in Greeke Alopecopithecos and of the Germans Fuschsaffe the latter the Female Cynocephall which carryeth her wombe wherin lye her young ones without hir belly a miraculous thing of a fish There is a fish called Glaucus whereof the male swalloweth vppe all the young ones when they are indangered by other and afterward yeeldeth them forth againe safe and sound OF THE ASSE THe Asse is called in Latine Asinus in Greeke Oros and Killos by reason of his labour in bearing burthens and of some Megamucos because of his vnpleasant voyce Of the name and the reasons thereof Of other Cochutons or Canthon from whence commeth Cantharus that is a Scarabee or Flâ—e bred of the dung of Asses The Haebrues call it Chamor Deuteron 5. and the Persyans Care the latter Haebrues doe indifferently take Gajedor Varinus Tartak and caar for an Asse the Italyans Lasino the Spaniardes Asno Epethites of in Asse the French Vng asne the Germans Esel Mul Mulle-resel and the Illyrians Osel the which beast is intituled or phrased with many epithites among Poets as slow burthen-bearing back-bearing vile cart-drawing mill-labouring sluggish crooked vulgar slow-paced long-eared blockish braying ydle deuill-haired filthy saddle-bearer slow-foot four-foot vnsauoury and a beast of miserable condition beside many other such titles in the Greeke Yet this silly beast hath among the Astronomers found more fauour for in the signe Cancer there are two starres called the two Asses placed there as
suppurations and apostems in the flesh Dioscorides If any be hurt by the starres wash them in asses stale mingled with Spiknard Galen the same force hath it against cornes and all hardnesse or thickenesse of skinne The dung of asses new with oyle of Roses Pliny distilled warme into the eares helpeth deasenes and pushes or suddaine boyles of the heade are cured with the ioyce of asses dung and of sea-oynions beat to pouder Marcellus and the fat of beefe layed to the boyles like a plaister both the dung of asses and horsses eyther raw or burnt mingled with Vineger restrayneth bleeding both in fluxes and wounds Dioscorides vsed like a plaister being new and mingled with vineger and for the bleeding at the nose snuffe in the ashes of asses dung burnt to powder The dung of asses cureth the Piles Aetius and the same dried and moistened in wine being drunk of cattell which are stung with scorpions cureth them if it be at grasie and it is found true by long experience that the dung of an asse rubbed in quantity two sponfuls and taken euery day deliuereth one from the falling euill Et miceus prodest ex vhere succus asellae Si tepedo infundas ac mello piperque This is good against the gall and running ouer thereof if it be mingled with warme wine pepper and hony The Syrians call the dung of a young Foale which it first casteth vp after the foaling Polean and giue it against the sicknesse of the milk In sapa decoctum colo megnopere prodest The same is good against the collicke and the bloody flixe The iuyce of asses dung asses milke and sweet wine annointed on the sick member cureth the gowt and the same stayeth the flowers of women with childe the iuyce heereof cureth the closing vp of the eyes in the night The skinne wherein the young foale lyeth in the dammes belly being smelled vnto by him that hath the falling euill it easeth him Anaxilaus hath reported that if the excrements of a Mares copulation be burned there will appeare monstrous shapes of Horsses heads If a horsse haue a web in his eye mingle togither the milke of an asse the blood of a Doue and the dew of Cabadges and anoint him therewith and there be some which take of the dirt where an asse hath made water in the way and therewith annoint the scabbes of sheepe for their recouery but when one is stroken with a scorpion the asses dung must be presentlye applyed or else it profiteth nothing in that malady OF THE HINNVS Jnnus and GINNVS Mannus mannulus Befi Burdones c. THere is no language beside the Greeke that haue any wordes to expresse these beasts and the Latines haue deriued these termes from them These are beasts of a small size as dwarfes among men and therefore seldome seene in these parts of the world They which are called Hinni Caelius Rhâ—d-Collumella are conceiued of a horse a shee asse who althogh they take their denomination from the male yet do they more resemble the female In ancient time the males which were conceiued of a horse and a shee Asse were called Hinnuli Pliny and likewise of an Asse and a mare Muli so are the young ones of little goats Deer Hermolâ—us hares and other like although some take Innuli for the young harts and the Hinni and Hinnuli for the breede of a horse and an Asse so that there appeareth two kinds Varro and both of them transplanted out of other The Hinnus is lesse then the Mule but more ruddie hauing ears like a horse and a mane and taile like an asse lying in the wombe before the foling twelue monthes like a horsse Nonius and are brought vp like little horsses whose age is discerned by their teeth and they are sometimes procreated of a horse and a Mule and because of their aptnes to beare Perot they are called Burdones or else of Bardus by reason of their folly and slownes Manni and Mannuli are very little low horses being very gentle and easie to be handled Porpâ—yrius being called also among the Ciuilians Burdi There is in France not farre from Gration polis a kind of Mules which in the countrey speech are called Iumar being bred of an Asse and a Bull and in the Heluetian alpes beyond Curia about the towne Speluga I haue bin sincerely informed that there was a horse conceiued of a bull and a mare and therefore Scaliger saith that such a foale is called Hinnulus whereof hee reporteth he had seene many and he himselfe had two of them and at that instant had onely one female betwixt whose eares there were two bony bunches about the bignes of halfe a Wal-nut giuing euident testimony by the forehead that her father or Syre was a bull and some say that this kinde want their vpper teeth and their vnderchappe doeth in a deformed manner stretch foorth it selfe beyond the vpper as it is in many fishes being called of the Gabala and Aruerni Befi And at this day there is in the court of France a certaine beast which in the former part is like an asse and in the hinder a sheepe Auergâ—e Lodoue Nauert In Ferraria amonge other strange beasts they nourish dwaruish Asses of whom Martiall made a Dislichon to this effect that they are not so high as a man when he sitteth on the ground His tibi de mulis non est metuenda ruina Altius in terris pene sedere soles For the Innus and Ginnus or Hinnus they are conceiued by a Mule and a Mare which are very small by reason of some disease the damme that beareth them hath in her belly the worde Inis signifying a young or newe borne Nephew and is attributed to this kind of beasts because they neuer exceed the quantity of young foles Both the Mule and the Burdâ— remaine barren and neuer conceiue Albertus Promptuat these neighe like a horse and that brayeth like an asse A Musimon is a short horse asse or Mule OF THE WILDE ASSE A Wilde Asse called of the Latines Onager of the Haebrewes Arod and Ere and as Sebastian Munster affirmeth Meroda and Arda In the German tongue it may be tearmed Ein Waldesell and the young ones are called Lalisions Dum tâ—ner est Onager solaque lalisio matre Pascit hoc infans sed breue nomen habet Martial These wilde Asses are not Elks as some haue reported of Elks nor that Oryx which the auncient writers do constantly affirme to liue in a continuall thirst as for the most part wilde Asses do Of these Asses are great store in Phrygia Lycaonia Countrey of breed and Affrica and it is saide that the Saracen king of Tunis in Affricke sent vnto Ferdinand king of Naples a goodly great wild Asse such an one as hath not bene seene in this part of the world Apollonius affirmeth that he saw
beast one resembling a Dog in his feet which is cald Canine the other a hog in his clouen hoofe and is cald Swinish also these dissoâ—â—â— the fashion of their snowt Diuersitie of kindes one resembling the snowt of a Dog the other of a swine and in their mear the one eating flesh and carrion like a Dogge the other rooâ—s and fruâ—â— like a hog as both kinds haue bene found in Normandy and other parts of France and 〈◊〉 This beast diggeth her a den or caue in the earth and there liueth neueâ— comming forth but for meat and easement which it maketh out of his den wheÌ„ they dig their den after they haue entred a good depth for auoiding the earth out one of them falleth on the backe and the other laieth all the earth on his belly and so taking his hinder feet in his mouth draweth the belly-laden-badger out of the caue A secret in their manner of digging Isidorus Albertus which disburdeneth her cariage and goeth in for more till all be finished and emptied The wily Foxe neuer maketh a Denne for himselfe but finding a badgers caue in her absence layeth his excrement at the hole of the denne the which when the Gray returneth if she smell as the sauour is strong she forbeareth to enter as noisome and so leaueth her elaborate house to the Fox These badgers are verie sleepie especiallie in the day time and stirre not abroad but in the night for which cause they are called Lucifuga that is Their meate Auoyders of the light They eat honie and wormes and hornets and such like thinges because they are not verie swift of foot to take other creatures They loue Orchards vines and places of fruits also and in the autumne they grow therewith verie fat They are in quantitie as big as a Fox but of a shorter and thicker bodie their skin is hard but rough and rugged their haire harsh and stubborn of an intermingled grisard colour sometime white sometime blacke his backe couered with blacke and his bellie with white his head from the top thereof to the ridge of his shoulder is adorned with strakes of white and blacke being blacke in the middle and white at each side He hath verie sharpe teeth and is therefore accounted a deepe-biting beast His back is broad his legs as some say longer on the right side then on the left and therefore he runneth best when he getteth to the side of a hill Cardanus or a cart-road-away His taile is short but hairy and of diuers colours hauing a long face or snowt like the Zibethus his forelegs being a full spanne long and the hinder legs shorter short eares and little eies a great bladder of gall a body verie fat betwixt the skin and the flesh and about the heart and it is held that this fat increaseth with the Moon and decreaseth with the same being none at all at the change his forelegs haue verie sharp nailes bare and apt to dig withall being fiue both before and behind but the hinder verie short ones and couered with haire His sauour is strong and is much troubled with lice about his secrets the length of his bodie from the nose which hangeth out like a hogges nose to the taile or rumpe is some thirtie inches and a little more the haire of his backâ— three fingers long his necke is short and a like a Dogs both male and female haue vnder their hole another outwardlie Her defence against Hunters theyr Dogs but not inwardlie in the male If she be hunted out of her denne with hounds she biteth them greeuouslie if she lay hold on them wherefore they auoide her carefully and the hunters put great broade collars made of a Graies skinne about their Dogges necke to keepe them the safer from the Badgers teeth her manner is to fight on her backe vsing thereby both her teeth and her nailes and by blowing vp her skinne aboue measure after an vnknowne manner she defendeth her selfe against the strokes of men and the teeth of Dogges wherefore she is hard lie taken but by deuises and ginnes for that purpose inuented with their skinnes they make quiuers for arrows and some shepheards in Italy vse thereof to make sacks wherein they wrappe themselues from the iniury of raine Badgâ— eaten Platina In Italy and Germany they eate Grayes flesh and boile with it peares which maketh the flesh tast like the flesh of a Porcupine Medicine made of Bad. The flesh is best in September if it be fat and of the two kindes the swinish badger is better flesh then the other There are sundry vertues confected out of this beast for it is affirmed that if the fat of a badger mingled with crudy hony Gratius and annointed vpon a bare place of a horsse where the former haires are pulled off it will make new white haires glowe in that place Brasanolus and it is certaine although the Graecians make no reckoning of Badgers grease yet it is a verie soueraigne thing to soften and therefore Serenus prescribeth it to annoint them that haue feuers or inflamations of the bodie Albertus Nec spernendus adeps dederit quem hestia melis And not to be dispised for other cures as for example the easing of the paine of the raines if it be giuen in a glister and likewise the fat of a dogge and a badger mingled togither doe loosen contracted sinnewes The ashes of a badger is found to helpe the bleeding of the stomacke and the same sod and drunke preuenteth daunger by the biting of a mad dogge and Brunfelsius affirmeth that if the blood of a badger be instilled into the hornes of cattell with salt it keepeth them from the murrain and the same dryed and beat to pouder doth wonderfully help the leprosie The braine sod with oyle easeth all aches the liuer taken out of water Bottillus helpeth swellings in the mouth and some affirme that if one weare soleâ— made of Badgers skins in their Shooes it giueth great ease vnto the gowt The biting of this beast is venemous bicause it feedeth vpon all venemous meates which creepe vpon the earth Brasanolus although Arnoldus be of a contrary iudgement and of this beast I can report no other thing worth the noting saue that the Noble family of the Taxons in Ferraria tooke their name from this creature OF THE BEARE A Beare is called in the Haebrew Dob and plurally Dobiâ—â— of the Arabians Dubbe of the Chaldeans Duba Aldub and Daboube Of the name of the Graecians Arctos of some Dasyllis because of the roughnes of his haire of other Beiros and Monios signifieth a solitary Beare The Latines call him Vrsus which some coniecture to be tanquam orsus signifieng that it is but begunne to be framed in the dammes belly and prefected after the littering thereof The Italians call it Orso so also the Spaniards the French Ours the Germans Baer and Beer the
which foolish people haue thought as it were by a witchcraft to cure the euils of their cattell But to let passe these and such like trifles let vs followe a more perfect description and rule to cure all manner of diseases in this cattel whose safegard and health next to a mans is to bee preferred aboue all other and firste of all the meanes whereby their sicknesse is discouered may be considered as all Lassitude or wearisomnesse thorough ouer much labour which appeareth by forbearing their meat or eating after another fashion then they are woont or by their often lying downe or else by holding out their tongue all which and many more signes of their diseases are manifest to them that haue obserued them in the time of their health and on the other side it is manifest that the health of an oxe may be known by his agility life stirring when they are lightly touched or pricked starting and holding their eares vpright fulnesse of their bellie and many other wayes There be also hearbes which increase in cattell diuers diseases as herbs bedewed with Honie bringeth the Murrain the iuice of black Chamaeleon killeth yong kie like the chine blacke Helebore Aconitum or Wolfe-bane which is that grasse in cilicia which inflameth oxen herbe henry and others It is also reported by Aristotle that in a piece of Thricia not far from that citty which is called the cittie of Media there is a place almost thirty furlongs in length where naturally groweth a kinde of barley which is good for men but pernitious for beasts The like may be said of Aegolothros Orobanche and Aestur but I wil hasten to the particular description of their diseases In the first place is the Malis or Glaunders already spoken of in the storie of the Asse The diseases which infeit Oxen Kye which may be known by these signes the oxes haire will be rough and hard his eies and necke hange downe matter running out of the nose his pace heauie chewing his cud little his backe-bone sharpe and his meat loathsome vnto him for remedie herof take sea-onoyns or Garlicke Lupines or cypres or else the foame of oile And if a Beast care hogges-dung they presentlie fall sicke of the Pestilence which infecteth the hearbes and grasse they breath on the waters whereof they drinke and the stals and lodgings wherein they lie The humors which annoy the body of oxen are many the first is a moist one called Malis yssuing at the nose the second a dry one when nothing appeareth outwardlye onely the beast forsaketh his meat the third an articular when the fore or hinder legs of the beast halte and yet the hoofes appeare sound the fourth is Farciminous wherein the whole body breaketh forth into matry bunches byles and appear healed til they break foorth in other places the fift Subtereutanrus when vnder the skinne there runneth a humour that breaketh forth in many places of the body the sixt a Subrenall when the hinder legs halte by reason of some paine in the loines the seuenth a Maunge or Leprosie and lastly a madnesse or Phrenzy all which are contagious and if once they enter into a heard they will infect euery beast if they be not seperated from the sicke and speedy remedy obtained The remedies against the last seuen are thus discribed by Columella First take Oxipanum and sea-holy roots mingled with fennel-seede and meale of beaten wheat rath-ripe put them in spring water warmed with hony nine spoonfuls at a time and with that medicine annoint the breast of the beaste then take the blood of a sea-snaile and for want thereof a common snaile put it into wine and giue the beast in at his nose and it hath bene approued to worke effectuall It is not good at any time to stirre vppe Oxen to running Cursus bonū ant ciet aluū aut febrim inducit for chasing will either moue them to loosenes of the belly or driue them into a feauer the nowe the signes of a feuer are these an immoderat heat ouer the whole body especially about the mouth tongue and eares teares falling out of the eies hollownes of their eyes a heauy and stooping drowzie head matter running out of his nose a hotte and difficulte breath and sometime fighing and violent beating of his vaines and loathing of meat for remedy whereof let the beast fast one whole day then let him be let blood vnder the taile fasting and afterward make him a drinke of bole-wort stalkes sod with oyle and lickquor of fish-sauce and so let him drinke it for fiue daies togither before he eat meat afterward let him eat the tops of Lentils and young small vine braunches then keepe his nose and mouth clean with a spunge and giue him colde water to drinke three times a day for the best meanes of recouery are cold meates and drinkes neither must the beast bee turned out of dores till he be recouered When an oxe is sicke of a cold giue him blacke wine and it will presently helpe him If an Oxe in his meate tast of hens doung his belly wil presently be tormented and swell vnto death if remedie be not giuen for this mallady take three ounces of parsley seed a pint and a halfe of Cummin two pounds of honey beat these togither and put it down his throat warme then driue the beast vp and down as long as he can stand then let as many as can stand about him rub his belly vntil the medicine worke to purgation and Vegetius addeth that the ashes of Elme wood well sod in oyle and put downe the beasts throat cureth the inflamation of hen-dung If at any time it happen that an oxe get into his mouth and throate a horse-leech which at the first will take fast holde and sucke the place she holds be it mouth or throat till she haue kild the beast if you canot take hold on her with the hand then put into the oxes throat a Cane or little hollow pipe euen to the place where the leech sucketh and into that pipe put warme oyle which as soone as the leech feeleth she presently leaueth hold It fortuneth sometimes that an oxe is stung or bitten with a Serpent Adder Viper or other such venimous beast for that wound take sharpe Trifoly which groweth in rocky places straine out the iuice and beat it with salte then scarifie the wound with that oyntment till it be wrought in If a field-mouse bite an Oxe so as the dint of her teeth appear then take a little commin and soft Pitch and with that make a plaister for the wound or if you can get another field-Mouse put her into oyle and there let it remaine till the mēbers of it be almost rotten then bruise it lay it to the sore and the same body shal cure whose nature gaue the wound Oxen are also much troubled with a disease called the hide-bound for remedy whereof when the beast is taken from
Oxen but Hercules vndertaking the labour turned a Ryuer vpon it and so clensed all When Angia saw that his stable was purged by art and not by labour he denyed the reward and because Phyleus his eldest sonne reproued him for not regarding a man so well deseruing he cast him out of his family for euer The manifold vse of the members of Oxen and Kye in medicyne now remaineth to be briefely touched The horne beaten into pouder cureth the cough especially the types or point of the horne which is also receiued against the ptisicke or short breath made into pils with Hony The pouder of a Cowes horne mixed with vineger helpeth the morphew being washed or annoynted therewith The same infused into the Nostrils stayeth the bleeding likewise mingled with warme water and vineger giuen to a Splenetâ—cke man for three dayes together the medcins of the seueral parts of oxen and Kye it wonderfully worketh vpon that passion pouder of the hoofe of an Oxe with water put vpon the kings euill helpeth it and with Water and Hony it helpeth the apostemes and swelling of the body and the same burned and put into drinke and given to a Woman that lacketh Milke it encreaseth milke and strengtheneth hir very much Other take the tongue of a cow which they dry so long till it may be beaten into pouder and so giue it to a woman in white wine or broath The dust of the heele of an oxe or ancle bone taken in Wine and put to the gummes or teeth doe fasten them Rasis and remoue the ache away The ribbes of oxen beaten to pouder doe stay the fluxe of blood Fuâ—nerius and restrain the aboundance of monthly courses in women The ancle of a white cow layed forty daies and nightes into wine and rubbed on the face with white linnet taketh spots and maketh the skinne looke very cleare Where a man biteth any other liuing creature seeth the flesh of an oxe or a calfe and after fiue dayes lay it to the sore and it shall worke the ease thereof The flesh being warme layed to the swellings of the body easeth them so also doe the warme blood and gall of the same beast The broath of beefe healeth the loosnesse of the bellye comming by reason of choler and the broath of cowes flesh or the marrow of a cow healeth the vlcers and chinkes of the mouth The skinne of an oxe especially the leather thereof worne in a shooe burned and applyed to pimples in the body or face cureth them The skinne of the feete and Nose of an oxe or sheepe sod ouer a soft and gentle fire vntill there arise a certaine scumme like to glue from it and afterward dried in the cold windye aire and drunk helpeth or at least easeth burstnesse very much The marrow of an oxe or the sewet helpeth the straynes of sinnewes if they be anointed therewith If one make a small candle of paper and cowes marrow setting the same on fire vnder his browes or eye-lids which are balde without haire and often annoynting the place he shall haue very decent and comely haire grow thereupon Likewise the sewet of oxen helpeth against all outward poyson so in all Leprosies botches and scuruinesse of the skinne the same mingled with Goose grease and poured into the eares helpeth the deafenesse of them It is also good against the inflammation of the eares the stupidity and dulnesse of the teeth the running of the eyes the vlcers and rimes of the mouth and stiffenesse of the neck If ones blood be liquid and apt to runne forth of the body it may be well thickned and retayned by drinking Oxe blood mingled with vineger the blood of a cow poured into a wound that bleedeth stayeth the blood Likwise the blood of Oxen cureth the scabs in Dogs Concerning their Milke volumes may be written of the seuerall and manifold vertues thereof for the Arcadians refused all medicine onely in the spring time when their beasts did eate grasse they dranke cowes Milke being perswaded Pliny A History that the vertue and vigour of al good hearbs and fruits were receiued and digested into that liquor for they gaue it medicinally to them which were sicke of the Prisicke of consumption of an old cough of the consumption of the raynes of the hardnesse of the belly and of all manner poysons which burne inwardly which is also the opinion of all the Greeke Physitians and the shell of a Walnut sod in cow-milke and layed to the place where a serpent hath bitten it cureth it and stayeth the poyson The same being new and warme Gargarized into the throate helpeth the sorenesse of the kernels and all payne in the arteries and swelling in the throate and stomacke and if any man bee in danger of a short breath let him take daylie softe pitch with the hearbe Mummie and harts-suet clarified in a Cup of new Milke and it hath beene proued very profitable Where the paynes of the stomacke come by sadnesse Melancholy or desperation drinke Cow-milke Womans Milke or Asses-milke wherein a flint-stone hath beene sodden When one is troubled with a desire of going often to the stoole and can egest nothing let him drinke cow-milke and Asse-milke sod together the same also heated with gads of Iron or Steele and mingled with one fourth part of water helpeth the bloody flix mingled with a little Hony and a Buls gall with cummin and gourds layed to the Nauell and some affirme that cow-milke doth help conception if a woman be troubled with the white fluxe so that hir wombe be indaungered let her drinke a purgation for hir vpper partes and afterward Asses milke last of all let her drinke cow-milke and new wine for forty daies together if neede be so mingled that the wine appeare not in the milke and it shall stay the fluxe But in the vse of milke the rule of Hipocrates must be continually obserued that it be not vsed with any sharpe ot tart liquor for then it curdleth in the stomack and turneth into corruption The whay of cow-milke mingled with Hony and salt as much as the tast will permit and drunke looseneth the hardnesse of the Belly The marrow of a cow mingled with a little meale and with new cheese wonderfully stayeth the bloody flixe It is affirmed that there is in the head of an oxe a certaine little stone which onely in the feare of death he casteth out at his mouth if this stone be taken from them suddenly by cutting the head it doth make children to breed teeth easily being soone tyed about them If a man or woman drinke of the same water whereof an oxe drunke a little before it wil ease the head-ache and in the second venter of a cow there is a round blacke Tophus found being of no waight which is accounted very profitable to Wommen in hard trauailes of child-birth The Liuer of an oxe or cow dryed and drunke in pouder cureth the fluxe of blood The gall of
a cow is more forcible in operation then all other beastes gals whatsoeuer The gall of an Oxe mixed with hony draweth out any thorne or point of a needle or other Iron thing out of the flesh where it sticketh Likewise it being mingled with alome and Myrrhe as thicke as hony it cureth those euils which creepe and annoy the priuy partes laying vpon it afterward Beetes sod in Wine It will not suffer the Kings euil to grow or spread it selfe if it be laied vpon it at the beginning The hands washed in an oxes gall and water are made white how blacke soeuer they were before time and if pur-blind eyes be annoynted with the gal of a blacke cow one may read any writing the more plainely there is in the gal of an oxe a certaine little stone like a ring which the Phylosophers cal Alcheron and some Guers and Nassatum which being beaten and held to ones Nose it cleareth the eyes and maketh that no humour do distil to annoy them and if one take thereof the quantity of a lintell seed with the iuyce of Beetes it is profitable against the falling euil If one be deafe or thicke of hearing take the gal of an oxe and the vrine of a Goate or the gall of a Goose likewise it easeth the head-ache in an Ague and applyed to the temples prouoketh sleepe and if the breasts of a woman be annoynted therwith it keepes her milke from curdling The melt of an oxe is eaten in hony for easing the paynes of the melt in a man and with the skin that a calfe cast out of his dammes belly the vlcers in the face are taken away and if twenty heads of Garlicke be beaten in an oxes bladder with a pinte of vineger and layed to the backe it will cure the melt It is likewise giuen against the Spleene and the cholicke made like a plaster and layed to the nauell til one sweat The vrine of an Oxe causeth a cold stomacke to recouer and I haue seen that the vrine of a cow taken in Gargarizing did cure intollerable vlcers in the mouth When the bee hath tasted of the flower of the corne-tree she presently dyeth by loosenesse of the belly except she tast the vrine of a man or an Oxe There are likewise many vses of the dung of Oxen made in Physicke whereof authors are full but especially against the goute plastering the sicke member therewith whot and newly made and against the Dropsie making a plaster thereof with Barley meale and a little Brimston aspersed to couer the belly of a man And thus much for the natural properties of this kind now we will briefely proceed to the morall The morral and external vse of Oxen both for labour other industry The morall vses of this beast both in labour and other things doth declare the dignity and high account our forefathers made heereof both in vintage haruest plowing carriage drawing sacrificing and making Leagues of truce and peace in somuch as that if this fayled al tilage and vintage must in many places of the world be vtterly put down and in truth neither the Foules of the aire nor the Horsse for the battaile nor the Swine and Dogges could haue no sustenance but by the labor of Oxen for although in some places they haue Mules or Cammels or Elephants which help them in this labour yet can there not be in any Nation a neglect of Oxen Varro and their reuerence was so great that in auncient time when an offendor was to be fined in his cattel as al amerciaments were in those daies the Iudge might not name an Oxe vntil he had first named a Sheepe and they fined a smal offence at two sheepe and not vnder and the greatest offence criminal at thirty oxen and not aboue which were redeemed by giuing for euery oxe an hundred Asses and ten for euery sheepe It is some question among the ancients who did first ioyne Oxen together for plowing Heraclides some affirming that Aristeus first learned it of the Nymphs in the Island Co and Diodorus affirmeth that Dionisius Sonne of Iupiter and Ceres or Proserpina did first of al inuent the plow Some attribute it to Briges the Athenian other to Triptolemus Osiris Habides a King of Spaine and Virgill affirmeth most constantly that it was Ceres as appearreth by this verse Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terram Instituit c. Whereunto agreeth Sernius but I rather encline to Iosephus Lactantius and Eusebius who affirme that long before ceres was borne or Osiris or Hercules or any of the residue their was a practise of plowing both among the Haebrewes and the Egyptians and therefore as the God of plowing called by the Romaines Iugatinus because of yoaking Oxen was a fond aberration from the truth so are the residue of their inuentions about the first man that tilled with Oxen seeing that it is saide of Cain and Noah Augustinus that they were husbandmen and tilled the earth The Athenians had three seuerall plow-feastes which they obserued yearely one in Scirus the other in Rharia and the thirde vnder Pelintus and they called their marriage feasts plow-seasons because then they endeuored by the seed of man to multiply the world in procreation of children as they did by the plow to encrease food in the earth The Graecians had a kind of writing called Boustraphedon which beganne turned and ended as the Oxen doe in plowing a furrow continuing from the left hande to the right and from the right hand to the left againe which no man could read but hee that turned the Paper or table at euery lines end It is also certaine that in auncient time the leagues of truce and peace were written in an Oxes hide as appeareth by that peace which was made by Tarquinius betwixt the Romaines and the Gabij the which was hanged vp in the Temple of Iupiter as Dionisius and Pompeius Sextus affirme in the likenesse of a buckler or shield and the chiefe heads of that peace remained legible in that hide vnto their time and therefore the ancients called the Oxes hide a shield in regard that by that conclusion of peace they were defended from the wars of the Gabij And there were certaine people called Homolotti by Herodotus who were woont to strike vp their leagues of peace after Warre and contention by cutting an Oxe into smal peeces which were deuided among the people that were to be vnited in token of an inseperable vnion There be that affirme that a Teame or yoake of Oxen taking six or eight to the Teame will plow euery yeare or rather euery season a hyde of ground that is as some account 20. Mansa or in English and German account 30. Acres which hath gotten the name Iugera from this occasion as Eustathius and varinus report A History When Sychaeus the husband of Dido who was Daughter of Agenor and sister to Pigmalion wandered too and fro in the world with
the flesh that groweth in them and if the haires of a Camels taile be wounde together like a string and tyed to the left arme Pliny affirmeth they will deliuer one from a quartan Ague Marcellus The milke of camels newly deliuered of young helpeth obstructions and all shortnes of breath and is also good against the Dropsie and hardnes of the melt Also when one hath drunke poyson this is a good Antidote and amendeth the temper of the body The fime of Camels dryed to dust with oyle will crâ—spe or curle the haire and stay bleeding at the nose and the same hot is good against the Gout The vrine is most profitable for running sores there haue bene which haue preserued it fiue yeares together and vsed it against hardnes of the belly washing also therewith sore heads and it helpeth one to the sence of smelling if it be held to the nose likewise against the Dropsie the Spleane and the Ring-worme Of the Camell DROMEDARIE A Camell is called of the Graecians Dromos by reason of the swiftnes of his race and also an Arabian camell which hath al things common with the former Bactrian camell except The description of a Dâ—omedary and the Etymologie of his name first in the shape for she hath but one bunch on the back and many Nations as the Italians French Germans and Spaniards vse the word Dromedary onely without addition The Graecians neuer name it without the addition of a camel Therefore this is a kinde of camell of lesse stature but much swifter for which cause it is deriued from running Didymus Isidorus A It cheweth the cud like a Sheepe and the other camell History the French king had sent him from the great Turke two of these white coloured and I my selfe haue seene one of them being fifteene cubits high wanting some nine inches and about six cubits in length hauing the vpper lip clouen in the middle like a Hare and two broad nailes on his feet which in the vpper part appeared clouen but vnderneath they were whole and fleshy without diuision and round in proportion like a pewter dish It hath also a harde bunch on his brest whereon it leaned sitting down and rising and also vpon either knee one these are saide to liue fifty yeares but the Bactrians an hundred Aelianus they were vsed for drawing of Charriots and great presents for Princes and when they goe to warre euery one carrieth two Archers which fit vpon him backe to backe shooting forth their darts one against the front of the enimy Diodorus and the other against the prosecutours and followers They are able to go an hundred miles in a day bearing a burthen of 15. hundred waight yea sometimes two thousand bending vpon his knee to take vp his load and rider which receiued he riseth vp againe with great patience being obedient and ruleable yet kicking when his angry which is very seldome and therefore Terence did significantly describe a good seruant by the name of Dromo deriued from Dromas a runner and for the conclusion of the History of these two sortes of camels I will heere adde the relation and memorable obseruations of Iohannes Leo Afer in his ninth booke of the description of Affricke in his owne words following But the Asians must alway carry prouender to sustaine their beastes neuer trauailing but they haue one camell loaden with meat for the other loaden with carriage and so indure a double charge and when the Affricans go to any Martes or fayres being to returne emptie and vnloaded they take no thought for their Camels food Of these camels there be three kindes one of them called Hugiun being broad and tall and therefore apt to beare packes and burthens but not before they be foure yeare olde and after their ordinary loade is one thousand waight of Italian measure being taught by the ierking of a small rod on the brest and knees to lie downe for their burthens and afterward to rise vp againe And the Affricans do vse to geld their camels reseruing but one male for the couering of ten females Another kind of their camels they cal Bechetos such as haue two bunches one for burthen and the other for a man to ride vppon and the third sort are called Ragnahil which are of lower stature and leaner bodies then the residue vnfit for burthen and therefore are vsed for the saddle by all the Noble men of Numidia Arabia and Libia being able to runne an hundred miles a day and performing long iourneyes with little or no prouender for the King of Tombuto being to send to Dara or Selmessa which is distant from his court nine hundred miles his messenger performeth it vpon one of these Ragnahils within the space of eight dayes In the beginning of the springe they are most frolicke and vnruely because then they incline to generation at which time they rage and fall vpon many that come vnto them and especially those from whome they haue receiued blowes remembring at that time and requiting their former iniuries vppon such as wronged them whome if they can take in ther mouth they lift them vp into the ayre and then cast them downe againe vnder their feet and tread vpon them in which distemperd venerous fury they remain forty daies They can easily endure thirst fiue nine or fifteene daies in necessity neither wil their keeper giue them drinke at three daies thirst for feare to harme them As these camels are plesant profitable so also they seem to participate with the nature of maÌ„ for they being wearied no spur or stroke can make them hasten to their iourneyes end therfore in Ethyopia and Barbary they sing certaine songs behind the Beast which so reuiue their decaied sprits that they set forward so fast forgetting their tyred lims to their iourneyes end that their keepers can hardly follow I haue also seene in Alcair a camell that could dance at the sound of a Timbrell being thereunto taught when he was young by this meanes first he was brought into a roome like a stable the pauement wherof was made hot by a fire vnderdeath it and without doors stood a musitian playing on his timbrell the camell not for loue of the musick but for the heat vnder his feete lifted vp first one foot and then another as they doe which daunce and so the heat increasing he likewise did lift vp faster whereunto he was accustomed for the space of ten moneths at euery time one houre and a halfe during which time the timbrell still sounded so that at last vse framed nature to such a straine that he hearing a timbrell he instantly remembred the fire that was wont to punish his feet and so presently would leap to and fro like a dancer in publick spectacle to the admiration of all beholders Thus farre Leo Afer Of the two sorts of Camelopardals THis beast is called in Haebrew Zamer Deut. 14. which the Arabians translate Saraphah and sometime Gyrapha
The vertue of smelling called in Latine Sagacitas is attributed to these as to the former hunting Hound of whom we will first of all discourse and for the qualities of this sence which maketh the Beast admirable Plautus seemeth to be of opinion that it receiued this title from some Magitians or sage wisards called Sagae for this he saith in Cureull What smelling or sagacity in Dogs is speaking of this beast Canem hanc esse quidem Magis par fuit nasum aedepoll sagax habet It is also attributed to Mise not for smelling but for the sence of their palate or tast and also to Geese In a Dogge it is that sence which searcheth out and descryeth the roustes fourmes and lodgings of Wilde Beasts as appeareth in this verse of Liuius Andronicus Cumprimis fida canum vis Dirige odoriesquos ad certa cubilia canes And for this cause it hath his proper Epithets as Odora canum vise promissa canum vis naribus acres vtilis Pincianus called this kind Plaudi for so did Festus before him and the Germans Spurhund and Leidthund Iaghund because their eares are long thin and hanging down and they differ not from vulgar dogs in any other outward proportion except onely in their cry or barking voice The nature of these is being set on by the voice and Words of their leader to cast about for the sitting of the Beast and so hauing found it with continuall cry to follow after it till it be wearied without changing for any other so that sometime the hunters themselues take vp the beast at least wise the hounds sildome faile to kil it They sildome barke Bellâ—sariâ— except in their hunting chase and then they follow their game throgh woods thickets thornes and other difficult places being alway obedient and attentiue to their leaders voice so as they may not goe forward when he forbiddeth nor yet remayne neere to the Hunters whereunto they are framed by Art and discipline rather then by any naturall instinct The White Houndes are said to be the quickest-sented and surest nosed and therefore best for the Hare the blacke ones for the Boare and the red ones for the Hart and Roe but heereunto I cannot agree because their colour especially of the two later are too like the game they hunt although there can be nothing certaine collected of their colour yet is the blacke hound harder and better able to endure cold then the other which is white In Italy they make account of the spotted one especially white and yellowish for they are quicker nosed they must be kept tyed vp till they hunt yet so as they be let loose now and then a little to ease their bellies for it is necessary that their kennell be kept sweete and dry It is questionable how to discerne a hound of excellent sence yet as Blondus saith the square and flat Nose is the best signe and index thereof likewise a small head The choyce of a hound of the best nose hauing all his Legs of equall length his brest not deeper then the belly and his backe plaine to his taile his eies quicke his eares long hanging but sometime stand vp his taile nimble and the beake of his Nose alway to the earth and especially such as are most silent or bark least There are some of that nature who when they haue found the beast they will stand still vntill their Hunter come to whom in silence by their face eie and taile Zenophon Omni bonus Oppianus they shew their game Now you are to obserue the diuers and variable disposition of Houndes in their findidg out the beast some when they haue found the footesteps goe forward without any voice or other shew of eare or taile Againe another sort when they haue found the footings of the beast pricke vp their eare a little but either barke or wag their tailes other will wag their taile but not moue their eares other again wring their faces and draw their skins through ouer much intention like sorrowfull persons and so follow the sent holding the taile immoueable There be some againe which do none of these but wander vp and down barking about the surest markes and confounding their own foot steps with the beastes they hunt or else forsake the way and so runne backe againe to the first heade but when they see the Hare they tremble and are affraid not daring to come neare her except she runne away first these with the other which hinder the cunning labors of their colleagues trusting to their feet and running before their betters deface the best marke or else hunt counter as they terme it take vp any false scent for the truth or which is more reprehensible neuer forsake the high waies and yet haue not learned to hold their peace vnto these also you may adde those which cannot discerne the footings or prickings of the Hare yet will they runne speedily when they see her or else at the beginning set forth very hot and afterward tyre and giue ouer lazily all these are not to be admitted into the kennell of good hounds But the good and aproued hounds on the contrary when they haue found the Hare make shew therof to the hunter by running more speedily and with gesture of head eyes ears and taile winding to the Hares muse neuer giue ouer prosecution with a gallant noise no not returning to their leaders least they loose aduantage these haue good and hard feet and are of stately stomacks not giuing ouer for any hate and feare not the rockes or other mountaine places as the Poet expresseth Quae laus prima canum quibus est audacia praeceps Quae nunc elatis rimantur naribus auras Et perdunt clamore feram domiunque vocando Insequitur tumulosque â—anis camposque per omnes Venandi sagax virtus viresque sequendi Et nunc demisso quaerunt vestigia rostro Increpitant quem si collatis effugit armis Noster in arte labor positus spes omnius in illa c. And therefore also it is good oftentimes to lead the hounds to the mountaines for exercise of their feet when you haue no Hare or other beast And whereas the nature of this Hare is sometimes to leape and make headings sometime to tread sofâ—ly without any great impression in the earth or sometimes to lie downe and euer to leape or iumpe out and in to hir owne forme or sitting the poore hound is so much the more busied and troubled to retaine the small sauour of her footings which she leaueth behind her for this cause also it is to be noted that the hound must be holpe noâ— onely with the voyce â—he best 〈◊〉 oâ— hunting eye and hand of the hunter but also with a seasonable time for in frosty weather the sauour congealeth and freezeth with the earth so as you cannot hunt with any certainty vntil a thaw thereof or till the sunne arise Likewise if raine fall
foure daies together being well beaten and stirred so as the Wine be as thicke as a Cawdell and there is nothing more forcible then Sea-crabs Hiera Diascincum poulder of Walnuts in warme raine Water Triacle Castoreum pilles spurge-seede and a decoction of Indian thorne with veruine giuen in water These may serue for seuerall compound inward remedies against these poysons and now follow the simple First eating of garlike in our meate drinking of wormwood rams flesh burned and put into wine and so drunk There is an hearb called Alysson by reason of the power it hath against this euill which being bruised and drunke cureth it The liuer of a Boare dried and drunk in wine hath the same operation Iewes lime drunk in water leeks onions in meat dogs blood the head the vaine vnder the tongue commonly supposed to be a worme and the liuer of the dog which hath don the hurt are also prescribed for a remedy of this euill but especially the liuer or rennet of a young puppy the rinde of a Wilde figtree a dâ—am of Castoreum with oyle of roses Centaury or Chamaeleon the roote of a wild rose called Cynorrhodon and Cynosbaton Ellebor the braine of a hen drunke in some liquor sorrel Hony mints and plantine but Pimpinella Germanica is giuen to all cattell which are bitten by a mad Dog Besides many other such like which for breuity sake I omit concluding against all superstitious curing by inchantments or supposed miracles such as is in a certaine church of S. Lambert in a citty of Picardye where the masse priestes when a man is brought vnto them hauing this euill they cut a crosse in his forehead and lay vpon the wound a piece of S. Lamberts stole burning which they say though falesely is reserued to this day without diminution then do they sow vp the wound again lay another plaister vpon it prescribing him a diet which is to drink water and to eat hard Egs but if the party amend not within forty daies they binde him hand and foote in his bed and laying another bed vpon him there strangle him as they thinke without all sinne and for preuentings of much harme that may come by his life if â—ee should bite another This story is related by Alysius and it is worth the noting how murther accompanieth superstitious humane inuentions and the vaine presumptuous confidence of crosse-worshippers and thus much of the madnesse of dogs and the cure thereof in men and beasts In the next place the conclusion of this tedious discourse followeth which is the naturall medicines arising out of the bodyes of dogs and so wee will tye them vp for this time The naturall medicines Whereas the inward partes of men are troubled with many euils it is deliuered for truth that if little Melitaean Dogs or young sucking puppies be layed to the brest of a child or man that hath infectious passions or pains in his entrals the paine wil depart from the man into the beast for which cause they burned them when they were dead Serenus doth expresse this very elegantly saying Qâ—in etiam catulum lactentem apponere membris Conuenit omne malum transcurrere fertur in illum Cui tamen extincto munus debetur humandi Humanos quia contactus mala tanta sequntur Et iunctus vitium ducit de coniuge coniux Amatus If a Whelpe be cut asunder aliue and layed vpon the head of a mad melancholike Woman it shall help her and it hath the same power against the spleene If a woman growe barren after she hath borne children Hippocrates let her eate young Whelp-flesh and Polypus fishe sod in Wine and drinke the broath and she shall haue ease of all infirmities in her stomach and wombe Furnerius Water destilled out of Whelpes causeth that pieled or shauen places shall neuer more haue haire grow vpon them With the fat of whelps bowelled and sod til the flesh come from the bones then taken and put into another vessell and the weake resolute or paralitike members being therewith anoynted they are much eased if not recouered Alysius saith he made experience of puppies sod aliue in oyle whereby he cured his gouty legd horses and therefore it cannot chuse but be much more profitable for a man The skin of a dog held with the fiue fingers stayeth distillations it hath the same operation in gloues and stockins and it will also ease both Ache in the belly head and feet and therefore it is vsed to be worne in the shooes against the gout Pliny The flesh of madde Dogges is salted and giuen in meate to them which are bitten by mad Dogs for a singular remedy The blood is commended against all intoxicating poysons and paines in the small guts and it cureth scabs The fat is vsed against deafenesse of the eares the gout nits in the head and incontinency of vrine giuen with Alumme A plaister made of the marrow of a Dog and old wine is good against the falling of the fundament The haire of a blacke Dog easeth the falling sicknesse the braines of a Dog in linte and Wooll layed to a mans broken bones for foureteene dayes together doeth consolidate and ioyne them together again which thing caused Serenus to make these excellent verses Infandum dictu cunctis procull absit amicis Sed fortuna potens omen conuertat in hostes Vis indigna noue si sparserit ossa fragore Conuentet cerebrum blandi canis addere fractis Lintea deinde superque inductu nectere lauas Saepius succos conspergere pinguis oliui Bis septem credunt reuatescere cuncta diebus The braine-pan or scul of a Dog cloue asunder is aplied to heale the paine in the eies that is if the right eie bee grieued thereunto apply the right side of the scull if the left eie the left side The vertues of a Dogs head made into poulder are both many and vnspeakeable by it is the biting of mad Dogs cured it cureth spots and bunches in the head and a plaister thereof made with Oyle of Roses healeth the running in the head it cureth also tumours in the priuy parts and in the seate the chippings in the fingers and many other diseases The poulder of the teeth of Dogges maketh Childrens teeth to come forth with speed and easie and if their gums be rubd with a dogs tooth it maketh them to haue the sharper teeth and the poulder of these Dogs teeth rubbed vpon the Gummes of young or olde caseth tootache and abateth swelling in the gummes The tongue of a Dogge is most wholesome both for the curing of his owne woundes by licking as also of any other creatures The rennet of a Puppy drunke with Wine dissolueth the Collicke in the same houre wherein it is drunke Rasis Sextus and the vomit of a Dog layed vpon the belly of a hydropick man causeth Water to come forth at his stoole The gall healeth all wheales and blisters after
biteth but eateth not the flesh When the Warriner setteth it downe to hunt Iâ—â—dorus Perâ—ttus Their drinking or bloud Agricola Their prouocation to huÌ„t hee first of all maketh a great noise to fray all the Conies that are abroad into their holes and so hauing frighted them pitcheth his nets then putteth his tame Ferret into the earth hauing a long string or cord with bels about hir necke whose mouth he muzzleth that so it may not bite the cony but onely terrifie her out of her borough and earth with her presence or clawes which being perfourmed she is by Dogs chased into the nets and there ouerwhelmed as is aforesaid in the history of the conies Theyr body is longer for the proportion then their quantity may affoord for I haue seen them two spans long but very thin and smal Their colour and eyes Their colour is variable somtime black and white on the belly but most commonly of a yellowish sandy colour like hermeline or wooll died in vrine The head little like a mouses and therefore into whatsoeuer hole or chinke she putteth it in all her body will easily follow after The eies small but fiery like red hot yron and therefore she seeth most clearely in the darke Her voyce is a whyning cry neither doth she chaunge it as a Cat She hath onely two teeth in the neather chap standing out and not ioyned or growing together The genital of the male is of a bony substance wherein Pliny and Scaliger agree with Cardan and Straho for the Ictys also therefore it alway standeth stiffe and is not lesser at one time then at other The pleasure of the sence in copulation is not in the yard or genital part but in the nerues muscles and tunicles wherein the said genitall runneth When they are in copulation the female lyeth downe or bendeth her knees and continually cryeth like a Cat either because the Male pincheth and claweth her skin with his sharpe nailes or else because of the rigidity of his genitall The number of their yong ones And when the female desireth copulation except shee bee with conuenient speede brought to a Male or he suffered to come to her she swelleth and dyeth They are very fruitfull in procreation for they bring foorth seauen or eight at a time bearing them in their littie belly not aboue fortie daies The young ones newly littered are blind 30. daies togither and within 40. daies after they can see they may be set to hunting The noble men of France keep them for this pleasure who are greatly giuen to hunt conies and they are sold ther for a French crown Young boies and schollers also vse them to put them into the holes of rockes and Walles to hunt out Birdes and likewise into hollow Trees where out they bring the Birds in the clawes of their feet They are nourished being tamed with milke Their food or with barlie breade and they can fast a very long time When they go they contract their long backe and make it stand vpright in the middle round like a bowle When they are touched they smell like a Martell and they sleepe very much being wilde they liue vpon the blood of conies Hennes Chickens Hares or other such things which they can finde and ouermaister In their sleepe also they dreame which appeareth by whyning and crying in their sleepe whereas a long fly called a Fryer flying to the flaming candels in the night is accounted among poysons the Antidote and resister thereof is by Pliny affirmed to be a Goats gall or liuer The medicines of Ferrets mixed with a Ferret or wilde Weasill and the gall of Ferrets is held pretious against the poison of Aspes although the flesh and teeth of a ferret be accounted poyson Likewise the gall of a Ferret is commended against the falling disease and not onely the gal saith Marcellus but the whole body if it be rosted dressed and eaten fasting like a young pig It is said by Rasis and Albertus that if the head of a wolfe be hanged vp in a doue-cote neither cat Ferret weasil Stoate or other noysomâ— beast dare to enter therein These ferrets are kept in little hutches in houses and there fed where they sleepe much they are of a very whottemperature or constitution and therefore quickly disgest their meate and being wild by reason of their fear they rather seeke their meat in the night then in the day time OF THE FITCH OR POVL-CAT THe difference of a Poul-cat from the wild-cat Isidorus The name the notation thereof is because of her strong stinking sauour and therefore is called Putorius of Putore because of his ill smell for al weasils being incensed and prouokt to wrath smell strongly especially the Poul-cat likewise when in the spring time they endeuour procreation for which cause among the Germans when they would expresse an infamous Whoore or whoore-maister they say they stinke like an Iltis that is a fitch or Poul-cat The French call this beast Putois and Poytois as it is to be found in Carolus Figulus the Sauoyens Pouttett the Illirians and Bohemians Tchorz and the Polonians Vijdra and Scaliger calleth it in Latine Catum fuinam by another name theÌ„ Putorius It is greater then an ordinary weasill but lesser then the wilde Martell The quantity and nature of this bâ—â—st Stumpsius Agricola and yet commonly fatter the haires of it are neither smooth and of one length or of one colour for the short haires are somewhat yellowish and the long ones blacke so as one would thinke that in many places of the body there were spottes of diuers colours but yet about the mouth it is most ordinarily white The skin is stiffe harsh and rugged in handling and therefore long lasting in Garments yet because the beast is alwaie fat the sauor of it is so rank The skins vse of them that it is not in any great request and moreouer it is said that it offendeth the heade and procureth ache therein and therefore it is sold cheaper then a Foxe skinne and the fattest is alway the worst of all The skinners approue the skins of fitches and Martils best which are killed in winter because their flesh and lust is much lower and therefore rendereth a lesse hurtfull smell then at other times The taile is not aboue two handes or palmes long and therefore shorter then is a Martilles In all other partes of the bodye it equalleth a Martill or exceedeth very little hauing thinner Neckes but larger and greater Bellies the Taile Legges and breast are also of a blacker colour but the belly and sides more yellow Some haue deliuered that the left legges thereof are shorter then the right legs but this is founde vntrue by daily experience They keepe in the toppes of houses and secret corners delighting to kil and eat hens and chickens whose craft in deuouring his prey is singular Iâ—â—lorus Their meate and subtletie not to
and therefore it is most strong in operation to scatter dissolue and resolue more then a sheep Dioscorides It cureth all fissures in the lippes mixed with Goose-greace Rozen Pitch and the marrow of a Hart. Also if one be troubled with swellings in his Temples or in his Legges let him vse of this sewet halfe a pound and a pound of Capons-greace mixed therewith and spreading it vpon a cloth like a seare-cloth let him apply it to the sore and it shall help mightily Marcellus Also when the necke of an Oxe swelleth it hath been prooued for a golden remedy to take and annoint it with Goates-greace liquid Pitch the marrowe of a Bugle or Oxe and olde Oyle and may as well be called Tetrapharmacum as that of Galen made of Wax Rozen Columella Pitch and Goates-sewet Also if the blood be fallen into Oxens Legges it must be let forth or else it will breed the mange and therefore first of all the place must be cut with a knife and then rubbed with clouts wet in salt and oile and last of all annointed with old sewet and Goats-greace Rasis Two ounces of this Goates-greace and a pinte of greene Oyle mixed together and melted in a potte and infused into one that hath the bloody-flixe cureth him speedily when the whot dung or fime of a Goate is mixed with Saffron and applyed to the gouty members Hydropicke it worketh vpon them a strange cure and some ad heerunto the stalks of Iuy beaten Mustard-seed and the flower of wilde Cucumber The Lyuer of this beast layed vppon a man that hath beene bitten by a mad Dogge causeth him neuer to be afrayd of Water the same being sodde yealdeth a certaine lyquor Galen and sore eyes being annointed with that liquor within twelue times recouer and drunke in sharpe Wine and layed to the Nauell stayeth the fluxe also sod in Wine no scumme or froth being taken off from it but permitted to ioine with it helpeth the bloody-flixe Myrepsus The entralles of a Goate eaten are profitable against the falling sicknesse The Gall killeth the Leprosie al swellings and Botches in such bodyes and being mingled with Cheese Quicksiluer and powder of sponge and made as thicke as hony taketh away the spots and burles in the face It also rooteth out and consumeth dead flesh in a wound and also mingled with bran and the vrine of a Bull cureth the scurffe in the head Actius also teacheth women how to conceiue with childe if she dip a purple cloth in Goats-blood and apply it to her Nauell seuen daies and afterwarde lie with a man in the prime and encrease of the Moone the gall of a wilde Goat is commended priuately for the helpe of them that are purblind and for all whitenes and vlcers in the eies and when the haires which trouble the eyes be pulled vp if the place be anoynted with the gall of goates the haire will neuer growe any more The melt being sod helpeth the Flix and the Spleene taken hot out out of the beastes belly and applied to the Spleene of a man doeth within short time ease it of all paine if afterward it be hanged vppe in any fume or smoake to be dryed Albertus and Rasis say Marcellus that if a man eat two Goats stones and presently lye with his wife she shall bring foorth a male childe but if he eate but one then shall the child haue but one stone The fyme decocted with Honny and layed to vlcers and swellinges dissolueth or draweth them and mingled with Vineger is most profitably vsed to take away blacke spottes in the face And if hee which is sicke of the falling euill doe eate thereof fifteene pilles or little Balles it shall procure vnto him much ease If it bee mingled with Mouse-dunge Galen toasted at the fire and sprinkled with Honney and so annointed vppon balde places where you woulde haue the hayre to growe againe and mingled with Vineger wherein a sea-onion hath bin stâ—eped and bound to the forehead or temples asswageth the pain of the brain-pan The pastorall Carthaginians to the intent that the humour flowing out at their Childrens noses may neuer hurt them burne a vaine in the crowne of the head with Wooll when they are foure yeare old and thereby they conceiue that they are kept and conserued in perpetuall good health and if when they burne their children they fell into a crampe they eased them presently by casting vppon them the vrine of goates Herodotus When a man is thicke of hearing mingle together the gall of an Oxe and the vrine of a Goate and infused into the eares although there bee in them a verye mattery substance Galen prescribeth this potion to euacuate that Water which lyeth betwixt the skinne by Vrine if one drinke Hysope Water and the vrine of a goat Likewise it helpeth the Dropsie and the duste of an Elephauntes tooth drunke in this goates Vrine it dissolueth the stone in the reynes and bladder without all fearefull perill and daunger The medicines arising out of the female goat are these we find that the Female-goat Pliny and the land toad being sodden together are cures of singular woorth for the diseases of all liuing foure-footed-beasts The Magi or wisemen say that the right eie of a greene liuing Lizard being taken out and his hedforthwith strok off and put in a goats skin is of a great force against quartan Agues The ashes of a goats hide besmeared ouer with oile Pliny taketh away the spots in the face The same ashes made of a goates hide recouereth the blisters and gals of the feet The shauiug of the Goates skinne Marcellus being rubbed with pummicestone and mixed with Vineger Pliny is an excellent approued good remedy for the smal pox If a woman bleed ouermuch at the nose Marcellus let her breasts be bound with a thong made of a goats skinne The same being sodden with the haire on it the iuyce being soked vppe Marcellus staieth the belly It is not good for those that haue the falling sicknesse to sleepe or lie in a goates skinne if at any time the passion mooueth them to it Pliny yet it is hurtfull for their heade by reason of the ranke smell and not for any other particuler priuat cause Goats haires being burnt do appease all yssues of blood Coelius Aureliaenus which being mixed with Vineger they are good to staunch the bleeding at nose and you may blow in their nostrils goats haires burnt and whole and also myrrhe mixed with goats haires so burnt Aesculapius Sextus The same also burned and mingled with pitch and Vineger helpeth the bleeding at nose Gallen and being put in the nose they stir vp lethargies Marcellus Sextus Pliny The sauor of the Goats horne or of the haire doth the like Goats dung in sweet water doth expell the stone in the body so doth the ashes of Goats haire
will cure them Goates blood sodde with marrow may be taken against all toxicall poyson Pliny saith that theyr dung being annointed with Hony is good for the watering or dropping of the eyes and their marrow against aches The blood of Goates their marrow and their Liuer is very good to ease the belly Goates blood sodden with the marrow helpeth the blody flix and those that haue the dropsie and yet I think that the bucks is more effectual and of greater operation so it be eaten with mastick Also the goats marrow is good for the eies of Horses The right Horne of a Goat is of some held to be of more effect then the other Pliny which I rather hold to be superstitious Pliny whatsoeuer other reason or secret quality the Horne may afford for the bitings of Serpents take Goates horne and burne the haires of them and the ashes of them soked in Water and Goates Milke with the horne and wilde Margerom and three cups of wine put together and being drunk against the stinging of an adder expelleth the poison Sextus The ashes of Goates horne being all annointed with Oyle tempered with Mirtle stayeth the sweating of the body Harts horne and Goats being burned and if it be requisite is good to wash the teeth withall and it will make them looke white Plinius and the gums soft It is also good against the bloody-flixe and watering of the eyes in regard they are most vsuall Yet they neither asswage the griefes nor consume them which are of a could and dry nature Harts horne being burnt as also a Goates horne taketh away bitings Goates dung or the horne being burnt to ashes and dipped in vineger stoppeth the blood Gallen The corrupt blood that commeth out of the Lyuer of a Bucke-Goate is more effectuall and of a better operation and the ashes of a Goates horne or dung soked in Wine or vineger and annoint the Nostrils stayeth bleeding at the Nose Plinius Goates Horne being burned at the end and the pieces or scorchinges that rise thereof must be shaken into a new vessell vntill the horne be quite consumed then beate and bruise them with vineger made of Sea-onyons and anoint the euill called Saint Anthonies fire and it is of a miraculous operation â—â—â—ius It will make one sleepe that is troubled with the weakenesse of his head and watching if it be layed vnder their pillow It being mixed with bran and oyle of mirtle it keepeth the haires fast that are falling off the head The sauour of the Horne burned descrieth the falling sicknes so doth the smell of the intrals of a Goat or the liuer eaten likewise it raiseth vp a lethargick man They vse also the hornes of Harts and Goats to make white the teeth and to fasten the gums The same shorne or shauen into mixt Hony represseth the fluxe of the belly In the paine of the belly perfume the shauings of the same mingled with oile burned barly the same perfume is good to be laid vpon the vlcers of horses The hoofes of Goats are prescribed by Palladius to be burned for the driuing away of Serpentes and the dust of them put into vineger cureth the Alopecias The dust of their hoofes is good to rub the teeth withall also to driue away the swellings in the disease called S. Anthonies fire Burne the foote of the Goate with the horne and reserue the dust thereof in a boxe and when you will vse it wette the place first with Wine and afterwardes cast on the powder The iuyce of a goates head sod with haire is commended for burstnesse in the belly and the ancient Magicians gaue the braine of the goats to little infants against the falling sicknesse but pressed through a golde ring the same cureth carbunckles in the belly being taken with Hony If the body or head bee rubbed with that Water or meate which falleth out of the mouth of a goate mingled with hony and salt they kill all kinde of Lice and the same thing giueth remedy to the paine of the belly but if it be taken ouermuch it purgeth The broath of the entrals to be gargarized in the mouth cureth the exulceration of the toung and arteries The Lyuer of the Female-goate sodde and eaten is giuen against the falling euill and taketh from the conuulsion and with the liquor thereof after it is sod it is good to annoint the pur-blinde eies Galen Dioscorides also it is good to holde the eyes open ouer it while it seetheth and to receiue into them the fume and the reason heerof is because that goats see as perfectly in the night as in the day time and therefore Celsus saith that this medicine is most agreeable to them that cannot see at all in the night as it hapneth to women whose monethly courses are stopped and then it is good for them to annoint theyr eies with the blood of a Goate and eate the liuer sod or rosted The pouder of the liuer burnd purged and drunke in wine cureth the collicke If a woman in trauell or with childe be swollen vp let her take a Goats liuer rowled in warme ashes Trallianus and let her eat it in foure daies and drinke old wine thereunto so shall she be deliuered The gall is contrary to all poysoned Witch-craft made vppon the rusticke Weasill and if the Kings euill be dayly touched therewith at the beginning it will keepe it from ouer-spreading Pliny and with beaten Alum it disperseth scabs The old Magicians wer wont to say that when a man rubbed his eies when he lay down and put it vnderneath his pillow Marcellus he should sleepe soundly it driueth away scabbes in the head if it be mingled with fullers chaulke so as the haires may dry alittle and the same with Honey helpeth the eies according to the saying of Serenus Hybt aei mellis succi cum felle caprino Subueniunt oculis dira caligine pressis The Physitians in application heereof to the cure of eyes take many ways and mix it with other drugs as when they giue it against whitenesse in the eyes with Hellebore againste wounds and pin and webs with wine and against the broken tunicles with a womans milk and therefore Rasis and Albertus do iustly call the gal of a goat an eie-salue and also beeing instilled into the eares when they are ful of paine it cureth them first mingling it with a scruple of Hony in an earthen sheard Marcellus and so infusing it into the eare and shutting it in with a little wooll Also all the paines in the eares are cured by the stalkes or iuyce of leekes gall of Goats and sweete water and if there be any rupture in the eare then vse therewith a Womans milke or warme oyle of roses likewise against the cankers in the gums and the Squinancy it is profitable to vse it with Hony For all tumors or swellings in the necke take equall quantities of this
fours drams of Myrrha a dram of vineger and Hony beat together Galen cureth him that hath a swimming or dizzinesse in his brain The gal newly taken forth mingled with a like portion of hony and warme in the skinne of an onyon and so put into the eare giueth remedy to him that can heare nothing If he that is sicke in the melt that is if it be ouer hard swallow downe the melt of a Hare not touching it with his teeth or seeing it with his eies it cureth him The belly of a hare with the intrals tosted and burned in a frying-pan mixed with oyle and anointed vpon the head restoreth decaied haires The raines of a hare inueterated and drunke in Wine expelleth the stone Auicen and being sod cut and dryed in the sun helpeth the paine in the raines if it be swallowed downe and not touched with the teeth The raines of a hare and of a Moore-henne cureth them that are poisoned by Spiders the stones of a hare rosted and drunke in wine staieth the incontinencie of vrine In the paine of the loines and of the hip bones they haue the same operation The secrets and stones of hares are giuen to men and women to make them apter to copulation and conception but this opinion hath no other ground beside the foecundity of the beastes that beareth them They which carry about with them the anckle bone of a hare shal neuer be pained in the belly as Pliny saith So likewise Sextus and Marcellus Take the anckle bone out of a liue hare and haires from her belly there withall make a threed and bind the said bone to him that hath the Collicke and it shall ease him The said bone also beaten to powder is reckoned amonge the chiefe remedies against the stone When women haue hard trauel put it into Creticke-wine with the liquor of penyroyall and it procureth speedy deliuery being bound to the benummed ioynts of a mans legge bringeth great ease so also do the feete being bruised and drunke in warme wine releeueth the arteries and shortnesse of breath and some beleeue that by the foote of a hare cut off aliue the gout is eased The fime of a hare cureth scortched members and whereas it was no small honour to virgins in ancient time to haue their brestes continually stand out euery one was prescribed to drinke in wine or such other thinges nine graines of hares dung the same drunke in wine at the Euening staieth coughing in the night in a potion of warme wine it is giuen to them that haue the bloody flix likewise if a man be sicke of the Collicke and drink three pieles thereof in sweet wine it procureth him much ease being decocted with hony and eaten euery day the quantity of a beane in desperate cases mendeth ruptures in the bowels Asclepiades in his medicine whereby he procured fruitfulnesse to Noble Women hee gaue them foure drams of Mirrha two drams of Flower-deluce two of hares dung confected with colliâ—iall water and so put vp into their bellies after ceasing of the flowers before they lay with their husbands Albertus and Raphael prescribe this medicine to help a woman that wanteth milke in her brests Cristall white mustard-seed and Hares dung put into broath made with Fennell THE HEDG-HOG Of the kinds of hedghogs Implici tumque sinu spinosi corporis erem The Arabians call him Ceufud or Coufed the Caldeans Caupeda the Septuagints Mugale Siluaticus calleth it Agilium Auicen Adulduâ— and Aliherha signifieth a great Mountaine Hedghog the Grecians Cher and Acanthonocos or Echinos by reason of the prickes vpon his backe The Latines Echinus Ericius Ricius Herix and Erinatius the Italians Riccio and Rizo the Spaniards Erizo the Portingals Ouriso or Orizo Cache because of hiding themselues the French Herison the Germans Igal as in lower Germany in Holland Een Yseren Vercken in English a Hedghog or an vrchine by which name also we call a man that holdeth his Necke in his bosome the Italians Gess Malax Their place of abode Illirians Azvuijer Zatho Otzischax So theÌ„ for the entrance of this discourse we take it for granted that Herinatius and Echinus signifie one thing except one of them signifie that kind which is like to a Hogge and the other that kinde which is like to a Dogge for they differ in place or in habitation some of them keepe in the mountaines and in the Woods or hollow trees The quantitye and other about Barnes and houses in the Summer time they keepe neare vineyards and bushy places and gather fruite laying it vp against winter The parts Hermolaus It is about the biggnesse of a Cony but more like to a Hogge being beset and compassed all ouer with sharpe thorney haires as well on the face as on the feete and those sharpe prickles are couered with a kind of soft mosse but when she is angred or gathereth her foode she striketh them vp by an admirable instinct of nature as sharpe as pinnes or Needles these are haire at the beginning but afterwardes grow to be prickles which is the lesse to be marueiled at because there bee Mise in Egypt as Pliny saith which haue haire like Hedghogs It hath none of these prickles on the belly and therefore when the skin is off it is in all parts like a Hog Albertus His stones are inward and cleaue to his loins like as a birds he hath two holes vnder his taile to eiect his excrements which no creature liuing hath beside him His meate is Apples Wormes or Grapes When he findeth Apples or Grapes on the earth hee rowleth himselfe vppon them vntill he haue filled all his prickles and then carrieth them home to his den neuer bearing aboue one in his mouth And if it fortun that one of them fall off by the way he likewise shaketh of all the residue and walloweth vpon them a fresh vntill they be all setled vpon his backe againe so foorth hee goeth making a noyse like a cart wheale And if hee haue any young ones in his nest they pull of his load wherewithall he is loaded eating thereof what they please and laying vppe the residue for the time to come When they are nourished at home in houses and brought vp tame they drinke both Milke and Wine Their copulation But there is an Hearbe called Potomagiton whereof if they tast they die presently When they are in carnall copulation they stand vpright and are not ioyned like other beastes for they imbrace one another standing belly to belly but the prickly thornes vppon their backes will not suffer them to haue copulation like Dogges or Swine and for this cause they are a very little while in copulation because they cannot stand long together vpon their hinder Legges When the female is to bring forth her young ones and feeleth the naturall paine of her deliuery she pricketh her owne belly to delay and put of her misery to her
statuis summittere gentis Precipuum iaminde a teneris impende laborem Continnue pecoris generosi pullus in aruis Altius ingreditur mollia crura reponit Primus Ãre viam fluuios tentare minaces Audet ignoto sese committere ponti Nec vanos horret crepitus illa ardua ceruix Argutumque caput breuis aluus obesaque terga Luxuriatque toris animo sum pectus honesti Spadices glaucique color deterrimus albis Et giluo tam si qua sonum procul arma dedere Stare loco nescit micat auribus traemit artus Collectumque praemens voluit subnaribus ignem Densa iuba dextro tactata recumbit in armo Ac duplex agitur perlumbos spina cauatque Tellurem solido grauiter sonat vngula cornu Varro sheweth that at the first foaling of a colt a man may obserue by certain signes how he will proue when he is in perfection signs to chuse a good Colt for if he be cheareful bold and not terrified at any strange sight if he run before the company be wanton and contend with his equales in course and ouer-run them if he leape ouer a ditch go ouer a bridge or through water and being prouoked appeareth meeke these are the most true signes of an elegiable Colt Also it is to be considered whether they rise quickly being stird from their rest and run away speedily if their bodies be great long full of muscles and sharpe hauing a little head blacke eies open aad wide nostrils sharpe pricked eares a soft and broad neck not long a thicke mane curled and falling on the right side a broad and ful breast large shoulders and shoulder-bones round ribs a little belly a dubble backe-bone or at the least not thin bunchie or extended his loines pressed downewards broad and well set little and smal stones a long taile with curled haire highe straighte and equal legges round knees not great nor bending inward round buttockes brawny and fleshy thighes high Columella Varro Albertus hard hollow and round hooues wel set to the crowne of their pasterne hauing vaines conspicuous and apparant ouer al his body That colt which at the time of his foaling hath the moste highest legges is likelyest by common reason to proue most able and noble in his age for of al the ioynts in the body the knees and legges grow least and they which haue flexible ioynts in their infancy wil be more nimble and flexible in their age Of the chois of a horse vn backed or neuer ridden And thus much for the parts of a colt Now in the next place we must likewise take consideration of a horsse vntamed and ready for the saddle For the outward partes of his bodie saith Xenophon yeeld euident signification of his minde before he be backed Plato willeth that the state of his body bee straight and articulate his head bony his cheekes little his eies standing out and not sunke into his head flaming like blood looking cruelly if the body be blacke but blacke eies if the body be white doe argue a gentler and better disposition short and little eares the crowne of his head greater then the residue broad Nostrils whereby he not onely looketh more terribly but breatheth more easily for when one Horsse is angry with another in their rage they are wont to stretch out their Nostrils vehemently The beake or snout of a Horsse ought not to stand out like a swynes but to bend downe a little crooked the head to be so ioyned to the necke as it may bend more commodiously that is if the necke be small next to the head so will the necke stand before the rider and his eies appeare before his feete and although he bee full of stomacke yet will he neuer be violent or stiffe necked It ought also to be considered whether his cheek-bones be sharpe tender or vnequall standing one aboue another for their imparity maketh the Horsses necke to be hard and stubborne The backe-bone aboue his shoulders higher commodious to set the saddle vpon his whole body the better compacted if the backe bone be duble and smooth for then shall the rider sit more easily and the forme of the Horsse appeare more delectable A large brest sheweth his comlinesse and strength making him fit to take longer reaches without doubling of his Legges because in a broad breast the Legs stand further asunder large side or ribbes swelling out aboue the belly for they shew the ability of the Horsse both to his food and worke a round euen belly and his loines being broad and short causeth the forlegs to be lifted vp more easily and the hinderlegs to follow for the smal loines do not onely deforme but enfeeble and oppresse the Horsse therefore the loines ought to bee duble the ribbes broad and fleshy agreeable to the breast and sides buttocks sollide and broad with a long taile reaching downe to the heeles of his hinder Legges Thighes full of sinnewes the bones of his Legges thicke like the postes of the whole body but that thicknesse ought neither to be of vaines nor flesh for then they are quickly inflamed and wounded when they trauile in rough and sharpe waies for if the flesh be cut a little the commissures parte asunder and causeth the Horsse to halte and aboue all other thinges haue a regard to his feet and therin especially to his hoof for being thick it is better then being thin likewise if they be hard causeth the pasterne to stand higher from the ground for so in their pace the soft and hard parts of the foote doe equally sustaine one another and the hard hoofe yealdeth a sound like a Simbal for the goodnesse of a horse appeareth by the sound of his feete Now on the contrary side it is good also to set downe the faults and signes of reprobation in Horsses and first of all therefore a great and fleshy head great eares narrow Nostrils hollow eyes a long necke a mane not hairy a narrow breast hollow shoulders narrow sides and little fleshy sharpeloines bare ribs hard and heauy Legges knees not apt to bend weake thighs not strong crooked legs thin full fleshy plaine and low hoofs all these things are to be auoided in the choise of your Horsse Of the choise of Stallions and breeding Mares NOw in the next place let vs consider the choise of Horsses and Mares appointed for breede and procreation and we haue shewed already that in a stallion we are principally to consider the colour forme merit and beauty This Stallion is called in Italy Rozzone in France Estalon in Germany Ein Springhengst and in Latine Admissarius quia ad generandam sobolem admittitur bicause he is sent to beget and engender The Graeci Anabates or Ocheutes Of the color First of all therefore to beginne with the colour that Horsse is best which is of one continued colour although oftentimes as Rufus saith Horsses of a despicable colour proue as
this rule first seperate them from their dams twentyfoure houres togither in the next morning let them be admitted to sucke their belly full and then remoued to be neuer more suckled atv. moneths old begin to teach them to eat bread or hay and at a yeare old giue them barly and bran and at two yeares old weane them vtterly Of handling taming or breaking of Horsses THey which are appointed to breake horsses are called by the Graecians Eporedicae Hipodami and Hipocomi the Latins Equisones Arulatores and Cociones in Italian Io Cozone Absyrtus is of opinion that foales are to be vsed to hand and to be begun to be tamed at eighteene moneths old not to be backed but onely tied by the heade in a halter to a racke or maunger so that it may not be terrified for any extraordinary noise for which cause they vse them to brakes but the best time is at three yeares old as Crescetiensis teacheth in many chapters wherefore when they begin to be handled let him touch the rough partes of his bodie as the mane and other places wherein the horsse taketh delight to be handled neither let him bee ouer seaueare and Tyrannous and seeke to ouercome the beast by stripes but as Cicero saith by faire meanes or by hunger and famine Some haue vsed to handle them sucking and to hange vp in their presence bits and bridles that so by the sight and hearing the gingling thereof in their eares they might grow more familiar And when they came to hand to lay vpon their backes a litle boy flat on his belly and afterward to make him sit vpon him formally holding him by the head and this they do at three yeare old but commit him to no labor vntill he be foure yeare old yet domesticall and small horsses for ordinarie vse are tamed at two yeare olde and the best time for the effecting heereof is in the moneth of March. It is also good in riding of a young horsse to light often and to get vp againe then let him bring him home and vse him to the stable the bottome whereof is good to be paued with round stones or else planks of oake strewing litter vpon it when he lieth down that so he may lie soft and stand hard It is also good to be regarded that the plankes bee so laid as the vrine may continually run off from them hauing a little close ditch to receiue it that so the horsses feet may not be hurt thereby and a good maister of horsses must oftentimes go into his stable that so he may obserue the vsage of this beast The manger also ought to be kept continually cleane for the receiuing of his prouender that so no filth or noisome thing be mingled therewith there ought also to be partitions in it that so euery beast may eat his owne allowance for greedy horsses do not onely speedily rauen vp their owne meat but also rob their fellowes Others againe haue such weake stomackes that they are offended with the breath of their fellowes and will not eate except they eat alone The racke also is to be placed according to their stature that so their throat may not be too much extended by reaching high nor their eyes or head troubled because it is placed too low There ought also to be much light in the stable least the beast accustomed to darkenesse be offended at the Sunne light and winke ouer much being not able to indure the beams when he is led abroad but yet the stable must be warme and not hot for althogh heat do preseru fatnes yet it bringeth indisgestion and hurteth a horsses nature therefore in the Winter time the stable must be so ordered as the beast may not be offended or fall into diseases by ouermuch heat or suddaine cold Vegetius In the Summer time let them lodge both night and day in the open aire This also in stabling of your horsses must be auoided namely the sties of Swine for the stinke the breath the gruntling of hogs is abhominable for horsses and nature hath framed no simpathie or concorde betwixte the noble and couragious spirite of a horsse and the beastlie sluggish condition of a Swine Remoue also far awaie from your horsses stables all kind of fowle which were woont to haunt those places to gather vp the remnant-graines of their prouender leauing behind them their little fethers which if the horsse licke vp in his meat sticke in his throat or else their excrements which procureth the loosenes of his bellie It must also be regarded that the stable must be kept neat sweet and cleane Camerarius so as in absence of the horsse it may notly like a place for swine The instruments also and implements thereof such as are the horsse cloathes the curri-combes the mane-combes saddles and bridles be disposed and hung vp in order behind the horsse so as it maie neither trouble him eating or lieng nor yet giue him occasion to gnaw eat and deuour them to their owne damage or hurt for such is the nature of some wanton horsses to pul assunder and destroie whatsoeuer they can reach They are therefore oftentimes to be exercised and backed and principally to bee kept in a good diet for want of food deiecteth the spirit of the noblest horsse and also maketh the meane horsse to be of no vse but on the contrary a good diet doth not onelie make a meane horsse to be seruicable but also continue the worth and value of the best which thing Poets considered when they fained that Arion the horsse of Neptune and some others were made by Ceres the Goddesse of corne which any meane witted man may intetpret to signifie that by abundance of prouender the nature of horsses was so farre aduanced aboue ordinary that like the sonnes of the Gods they perform incredible things whether therefore they eat chaffe or hay or grasse or graine according to the diuersities of countries let it be wholesome cleane fresh and sweet without dust grauel mustines or euill smell In the morning giue them barley or prouender a little at a time in distinct or seueral portions twice or thrice one after another so as he may chew and eke disgest it thoroghly otherwise if he rauen it in as he wil do hauing much at a time he rendreth it in his dung whole and not disgested About three houres after he hath eaten his prouender giue him a little of hay and three houres after that his dinners allowance of graine as in the morning and afterwards about two or three a clock hay againe and then some drink last of all giue him his allowance of prouender for Supper with a bottle or two of hay which ought to be more plentiful than the former seruings yet these rules are not to be vnderstood as though they might not be altered for the times prefixed may be preuented if ocasion require Their best prouender is oats and barley yet barly ingendreth the
foreheade and of his temples and also of his taile with a sharpe hot yron that the corrupt humours may yssue outward That done take hot brickes or else a pan of fresh burning coales and hold it nigh vnto his belly and flankes to the entent that they may bee thoroughly warmed and being so warmed annoint them al ouer with oyle de Bav or Dialthea to defend his body from the cold and let his head be well couered and al his bely kept warme Yea and it were good to bath his head sometime as Russius saith with a bath made of Rew Wormewoode Sage Iuneper Bay leaues and Hysop And let his drinke be warme water mingled with Wheat meale yea and to make it the more comfortable it were good as Russius saith to put thereunto some Cinamon Ginger Galingale such hot pieces And his meat in Winter season would bee no other but sodden corne or warme mashes made of ground Malt and wheat bran in summer season if he went to grasse I think it would do him most good so that he go in a dry warm ground for by feeding alwaies downeward he shall purge his head the better as Russius saith Thus much of the Glanders and mourning of the Chine Now we wil speake somwhat of the strangullion according to the opinion of the Authors though not to the satisfaction perhaps of our English Ferrers Of the strangullion or Squinancy THe Strangullion called of the Latines Angina according to the Physitians is an inflamation of the inward partes of the throate and as I saide before is called of the Greeks Synanchi which is as much to say in English as strangling wherof this name strangullion as I thinke is deriued for this disease doth strangle euery man or beast and therefore is numbred amongst the perilous and sharp diseases called of the Latines Morbi accuti of which strangilng the physitians in mans body make foure differences The first and worst is when no part within the mouth nor without appereth manifestly to be inflamed and yet the patient is in great perill of strangling The second is when the inwarde parts of the throat onely be inflamed The third is when the inward and outward partes of the throat be both inflamed The fourth is when the muscles of the necke are inflamed or the inward ioynts thereof so loosened as they straiten thereby both the throat or wesand or wind-pipe for short breath is incident to all the foure kinds before recited and they proceede all of one cause that is to say of some collerick or bloody-fluxion which comes out of the branches of the throat-vaines into those parts and there breedeth some hot inflamation But now to proue that a horse is subiect to this disease you shall hear what Absirtus Hierocles Vegetius and others doe say Absirtus writing to his friend a certaine Ferrer or horse-leach called Aistoricus speaketh in this manner When a Horse hath the strangvllion it quickly killeth him the signes whereof be these His temples will be hollow his tong will swell and hang out of his mouth his eies also will be swollen and the passage of his throat stopt so as he can neither eat nor drinke All these signes be also confirmed by Hierocles Moreouer Vegetius rendereth the cause of this disease affirming that it proceedeth of aboundance of subtile blood which after long trauell will inflame the inward or outward muscles of the throat or wisand or such affluence of blood may come by vse of hot meats after great trauell being so alteratiue as they cause those parts to swell in such sort as the Horse can neither eat nor drinke nor draw his breath The cure according to vegetius is in this sort First bath his mouth and tongue well with hot water and then annoint it with the gal of a Bull that done giue him this drinke Take of old oyle two pound of olde wine a quart nine figs and nine Leekes heads well stamped and braied together And after you haue boiled these a while before you straine them put therunto a little Nitrum Alexandrinum and giue him a quarte of this euery morning and euening Absirtus and Hierocles would haue you to let him blood in the palate of his mouth and also to poure wine and oile into his nostrils and also giue him to drinke this decoction of Figs and Nitrum sodden together or else to anoint his throat within with nitre oyle and hony or else with hony hogs dung mingled together which differeth not much from Galen his medicine to be giuen vnto man For he saith that hony mingled with the powder of hogs dung that is white and swallowed downe doth remedy the squanancy presently Absirtus also praiseth the oyntment made of Bdellium and when the inflamation beginneth somwhat to decrease he saieth it is good to purge the horse by giuing him wild Cocumber and Nitre to drink Let his meat be grasse if it may be gotten or else wet hay and sprinkled with Nitre Let his drinke also be lukewarme water with some barly meale in it Of the Cough OF Coughes some be outward and some be inwarde Those bee outward which doe come of outward causes as by eating a feather or by eating dusty or sharpe straw and such like things which tickling his throate causeth him to cough you shal perceiue it by wagging and wrying his head in his coughing and by stamping somtime with his foote laboring to get out the thing that grieueth him and cannot The cure according to Martin is thus Take a Willow wand rowled throughout with a fine linnen clout and then annoint it all ouer with hony and thrust it downe his throat drawing your hand to and fro to the intent it may either driue down the thing that grieueth him or else bring it vp and do this twice or thrice annointing euery time the sticke with fresh hony Of the inward and wet cough OF inward Coughs some be wet and some be dry The wet cough is that commeth of cold taken after some great heat giuen to the Horsse dissoluing humors which being afterward congealed do cause obstruction and stopping in the lungs And I call it the wet cough because the Horse in his coughing will voide moist matter at his mouth after that it is once broken The signes be these The Horsse will be heauy and his eies wil run a water and he wil forsake his meate and when he cougheth he thrusteth out his head and reacheth with great paine at the first as though hee had a dry cough vntill the fleame be broken and then hee will cough more hollow which is a signe of amendment And therfore according to Martins experience to the intent the fleam may breake the sooner it shal be necessary to keepe him warme by clothing him with a double cloth and by littering him vp to the belly with fresh straw and then to giue him this drinke take of barly one peck and boile it in 2. or 3. gallons of
hogs greace Then bring him into the stable and let him rest the space of 9. daies but let him lye down as little as may be and put on a pasterne on the sore leg so as it may be bound with a cord vnto the foot of the manger to keepe that legge alwaies whilest he standeth in the stable more forward then the other And at the nine daies end take out the prickes and annoint the sore places with a litle Dialthea or with hogs grease and then turn him out to grasse Of the swelling of the forelegs after great labor GReat labor and heat causeth humors to resort down into the legs making them swel The cure whereof according to Martin is thus Bath them with buttered beere or els with this bath here following take of Mallovves 3. handfuls a rose cake Sage one handful boile them together in a sufficient quantity of vvater and vvhen the Mallovves bee soft put in halfe a pound of butter and halfe a pinte of Sallet-oile and then being somewhat vvarme vvash the svvelling thervvith euery day once the space of three or 4. daies And if the swelling wil not go away with this then take Wine lees and Cumin and boile them together and put thereunto a little wheate-flower and charge al the swelling therewith and walke him often and if it will not serue then take vp the great veine aboue the knee on the inside suffering him not to bleed from aboue but al from beneath Of the Foundering in the forelegs THe cause of this griefe is declared before in the Chapter of foundering in the body whereas I shewed you that if a horse be foundred in the body the humors wil immediatly resort downe into his legs as Martin saith within the space of 24. houres and then the horse wil go crovching al vpon the hinder legs his forelegs being so stiffe as he is not able to bow them The cure whereof according to Martin is in this sort Garter each leg immediatly one handful aboue the knee with a list good and hard and then walke him or chafe him and so put him in a heat and being somewhat warmed let him blood in both the breast vaines reseruing the blood to make a charge withal in this manner Take of that bloode two quartes and of Wheate-flower halfe a pecke and sixe Egges shelles and all of bole Armony halfe a pounde of Sanguis Draconis halfe a quarterne and a quarte of stronge Vineger mingle them altogether and charge all his shoulders Breast Backe Loynes and Forelegges therewith and then walke him vpon some hard ground suffering him not to stand still and when the charge is dry refresh it againe And hauing walked him three or 4. houres together lead him into the stable and giue him a little warm water with ground mault in it and then a litle hay and prouender and then walke him againe either in the house or else abroad and continue thus the space of foure daies and when all the charge is spent couer him well with a housing cloth and let him both stand lye warme and eat but little meat during the foure daies But if you see that at the foure daies end he mendeth not a whit then it is a sign that the humor lies in the foot for the which you must search with your butter paring all the soles of the fore-feete so thin as you shall see the water yssue through the sole That done with your butter let him blood at both the toes and let him bleede well The stop the veine with a little hogs-grease and then tacke on the shooes and Turpentine molten together and laid vpon a little Flax and cram the place where you did let him blood hard with tow to the intent it may be surely stopt Then fil both his feet with hogs grease and bran fried together in a stopping Pan so hot as is possible And vpon the stopping clap a piece of leather or else two splents to keepe the stopping And immediatly after this take two Egges beat them in a dish and put therto bole Armony and bean-flower somuch as wil thicken the same and mingle them wel together make therof two plaisters such as may close each foot round about somwhat aboue the cronet and bind it fast with a list or roler that it may not fall away nor be remoued for the space of three daies but let the sole be clensed and new stopped euery day once and the cronets to be remoued euery two daies continuing so to do vntill it be whole During which time let him rest vnwalked for feare of loosening his hooues But if you see that he begin to amend you may walke him faire and softly once a day vpon some soft ground to exercise his legs and feet and let him not eat much nor drink cold water But if this fundering breake out aboue the hooue which you shal perceiue by the loosenesse of the coffin aboue by the cronet then when you pare the sole you must take al the fore-part of the sole cleane away leauing the heeles whole to the intent the humors may haue the freer passage downeward and then stop him and dresse him about the cronet as is before said Of Foundring OF all other sorances Foundering is soonest got and hardlyest cured yet if it may be perceiued in twenty and foure houres Markham and taken in hand by this meanes heereafter prescribed it shal be cured in other twenty and foure houres notwithstanding the same receit hath cured a horse that hath bin foundred a year more but then it was longer in bringing it to passe Foundering commeth when a horse is heated being in his grease and very fat and taketh thereon a suddaine cold which striketh downe into his legs and taking away the vse and feeling thereof The signe to know it is the horse cannot go but wil stand cripling with al his foure legs together if you offer to turne him he wil couch his buttocks to the ground and some Horses haue I seene sit on their buttocks to feede The cure is thus Let him blood of his two breast vaines of his two shackle vains and of his two vaines aboue the cronets of his hinder hooues if the vaines wil bleed take from them 3. pints at least if they wil not bleed then open his neck vain and take so much from thence Saue the blood and let one stand by and stir it as he bleeds lest it grow into lumps when he hath don bleeding take as much wheat-flower as wil thicken the blood the whits of 20. Egges and three or foure yolkes then take a good quantity of Boleaâ— minacke and a pinte of strong vineger incorporate al these wel together and withal charge his backe necke head and eares then take two long rags of cloath and dip in the same charge and withal garter him so straite as may be aboue both his knees of his forelegs then let his keeper take him out to some stony
neither at any time shall the childe be bitten by the horse Sextus The teeth which do first of all fall from horses being bound or fastned vpon children in their infancie do very easily procure the breeding of the teeth but with more speed and more effectually if they haue neuer touched the grovnd wherefore the poet doth very wel apply these verses saying Collo igitur molli dentes nectentur equini Qui prima fuerint pullo crescente caduci It is also said that if the haire of a horse be fastned vnto the house of a mans enemy it wil be a meanes that neither little flies or small gnats shall flie by his dwelling place or aboad The tongue of a horse being neuer accustomed vnto wine Pliny is a most present and expedient medicide to alay or cure the milt of a man or Woman as Caecilius Bion reporteth vnto vs that he learned it of the Barbarians But Marcellus saith that the horse tongue ought to be dried and beaten into small pouder and put into any drinke except Wine onely and foorthwith it will shew the commodity which riseth thereuppon by easing either man or Woman of the paine of the spleene or milt diuers also do thinke that a horses tongue vsed after this manner is a good meanes or preseruatiue against the biting of Serpentes or any other venemous creatures But for the curing of any sores or griefes in the inward partes the genitall of a horsse is most of all commended for as Pliny supposeth this genitall of a horse is very medicinable for the loosing of the belly as also the bloud marrow or liuer of a Goate but these thinges doe rather dry vp and close the belly as before we haue taught concerning the Goat Plinius In the heart of Horsses there is found a bone most like vnto a dogs tooth it is saide that this doth driue away all griefe or sorrow from a mans heart and that a tooth being pulled from the cheekes or iaw bones of a dead horse doth shew the full and right number of the sorrowes of the party so grieued The dust of a horse hoofe annointed with oile and water Plinius doth driue away impostumes and little bunches which rise in the flesh in what part of the body soeuer they be and the dust of the hoofe of an asse annointed with oile water and whot vrine doth vtterly expell all wens and kernels which do rise in the neck arme-holes or any other part of the body of either man or woman The genitall of a gelded horse dryed in an ouen beaten to powder and giuen twice or thrice in a little whot broath to drinke vnto the party grieued is by Pliny accounted an excellent and approued remedy for the secunds of a woman The foame of a horse or the dust of a horse hoofe dried is very good to driue away shamefastnes being annointed with a certaine titulation Marcellus The scrapings of the horses hoofes being put in wine and poured into the horsses nostrils do greatly prouoke his vrin The ashes also of a horsses hoofe being mingled with wine and water doth greatly ease and helpe the disease called the collicke or stone as also by a perfume which may be made by the hoofes of Horses being dryed a child which is still borne is cast out The milke of Mares is of such an excellent vertue that it doth quite expell the poyson of the Sea-hare all other poison whatsoeuer drink also mingled with Mares milk doth make the body loose and laxatiue It is also counted an excellent remedy against the falling sicknesse to drinke the stones of a Boare out of Mares milke or water Hippocrates If there be any filth or matter lying in the matrice of a woman lether take Mares milke boiled and througly strained and presently the filth and excrements will void cleane away If so be that a Woman be barren and cannot conceiue let her then take Mares milke not knowing what it is and let her presently accompany with a man and she wil conceiue The milk of a Mare being drunk doth asswage the labor of the matrice and doth cause a still child to bee cast forth If the seede of hen-bane be beaten small and mingled with Mares milke and bound with a Harts skin so that it may not touch the ground and fastened or bound to a woman they will hinder her conception The thinnest or latest part of the milke of a Mare doth very easily gently and without any danger purge the belly Mares milke being daily annointed with a little hony doth without any paine or punishēnt take away the wounds of the eies being new made Cheese made of Mares milke doth represse and take away all wringings or aches in the belly whatsoeuer If you anoint a combe with the foame of a horse wherwith a young man or youth doth vse to comb his head it is of such force as it will cause the haire of his head neither to encrease or any whit to appeare The foame of a horse is also very much commended for them which haue either pain or difficulty of hearing in their ears or else the dust of horse-dung being new made and dryed and mingled with oyle of Roses The griefe or sorenes of a mans mouth or throat being washed or annointed with the foame of a Horse which hath bin fed with Oates or barly doth presently expell the paine of the sorenesse if so be that it be 2. or 3. times washed ouer with the iuyce of young or greene Sea-crabs beaten small together but if you cannot get the Sea-crabs which are greene sprinkle vpon the griefe the smal powder which doth come from dried Crabs which are baked in an Ouen made of brasse and afterward wash the mouth where the paine is and you shall finde present remedy The fome of a horse Rasis being 3. or 4. times taken in drinke doth quiet expell and driue away the cough But Marcellus doth affirme that whosoeuer is troubled with the cough or consumption of the lunges and doth drinke the foame of a Horse by it selfe alone without any drinke shall finde present help and remedy but as Sextus saith the horse will presently die after it The same also being mingled with hot water and giuen to one who is troubled with the same diseases Marcellus being in manner past al cure doeth presently procure health Rasis but the death of the horse doth instantly ensue The sweat of a horse being mingled with wine and so drunke doth cause a woman which is very big and in great labor to cast a still childe Albertus The sweat of any beast but as Albertus saith onely of a horse doth breed wind in a man or womans face being put thereupon Rasis and besides that doth bring the squince or squincy as also a filthy stinking sweat If swords kniues or the points of speares when they are red fire hot be annointed with the sweat of a
the English Mole and Molewarpe The Heluetitians Schaer and Schaermouse and the Molehil they cal Schaerufen of digging The Hollanders and the Flemmings call it Mol and Molmuss in imitation of the German worde the Illyrians Krtize And generally the name is taken from digging and turning vp the earth with her nose backe according to the saying of Virgill Aut oculis capti fodere cubilia Talpae Some are of opinion that it is called Talpa bycause it is appointed to an euerlasting darknesse in the earth of which sort Isidorus writeth thus Talpa dicta est eò quòd perpetua caecitate tenebris damnata est enim absque oculis It is called also in Greeke Indouros and Siphneus of Siphnon the earth because it liueth in the earth and turneth it vpward to make it hollow for passage The like I might say of his other names Ixliocha and Orthoponticos but this shall suffice for his name Countries of Moles Aristotle Aelianus In Boeotia about the Champaignes called Orchomenius ager there are the greatest store of Moles in the world for by digging they vnder-myne all the fieldes and yet in Lebadia another country of Boeotia there are none at all and if they be brought thither from any other place they wil neuer dig but die Rodolphus Oppianus and Albertus affirme Pliny Generation of Moles that they are created of themselues of wet earth and raine water for when the earth beginneth to putrifie the Mole beginneth to take life They are all for the most part of a blacke dusky colour with rough short and smoth soft haire as wooll and those haires which were whitest when they are young are most glistering and perfect blacke when they are old and Gesner affirmeth that hee saw in the end of October a Mole taken which was very white mixed with a little red and the red was most of all vpon her belly betwixt her forelegs and the necke and that it could not be a young one bycause it was two palmes in length betwixt his head and taile These beasts are all blind and want eies Blindnesse of Moles and therefore came the prouerbe Talpa caecior Tuphloteros aspalacos blinder then a Mole to signifie a man without all iudgment wit or fore-sight for it is most elegantly applyed to the minde Yet if any man looke earnestly vpon the places where the eies should grow he shall perceiue a little passage by drawing vp the membrane or little skinne which is black and therefore Aristotle saith of them in this manner probably All kinds of Moles want their sight because they haue not their eies open and naked as other beasts but if a man pull vp the skinne of their browes about the place of their eies which is thicke and shawdoweth their sight he shal perceiue in them inward couered eies for they haue the blacke circle and the apple which is contained therein and another part of the white circle or skinne but not apparantly eminent neither indeede can they because nature at the time of generation is hindered for from the braines there belong to the eies two stronge neruy passages which are ended at the vpper teeth and therefore their nature being hindered it leaueth an imperfect worke of sight behinde her Yet there is in this Beast a plaine and bald place of the skin where the eies should stand hauing outwardly a little blacke spot like a Millet or Poppey-seede fastened to a Nerue inwardly by pressing it there followeth a blacke humor or moystnesse and by dissection of a Mole great with young it is apparant as hath beene prooued that the young ones before birth haue eies but after birth liuing continually in the darke earth without light Albertus they cease to grow to any perfection for indeede they neede them not because being out of the earth they cannot liue aboue an houre or two Esope hath a pretty fable of the Asse Ape and Mole each once complaining of others natural wants the Asse that he had no Hornes and was therefore vnarmed the Ape that he had no taile like other beastes of his stature and quantity and therefore was vnhandsome to both which the Mole maketh aunswer that they may well be silent for that she wanteth eies and so insinuateth that they which complaine shall find by consideration and comparision of their owne wantes to others that they are happy and want nothing that were profitable for them Oppianus saith that there was one Phineus which was first depriued of his eie-sight and afterward turned into a Mole It should seeme he was condemned first to loose his eies and afterward his life Their seural parts members These Moles haue no eares and yet they heare in the earth more nimbly and perfectly then men can aboue the same for at euery step or small noise and almost breathing they are terrified and run away therfore Pliny saith that they vnderstand al speaches spoken of thēselues they hear much better vnder the earth then being aboue out of the earth And for this cause they dig about their lodging long passages which bringeth noises and voices to them being spoken neuer so low and softly like as the voice of a man carried in a trunke reed or hollow thing Their snowt is not like a Weasils as Suidas saith but rather like a shrewe-mouses or if it be lawfull to compare small with great like to a Hogges Their teeth are like a shrews and a Dogges like a shrewes in the neather teeth and furthermost inner teeth which are sharpe pointed and lowe inwardly and like a dogges because they are long at the sides although onely vpon the vpper-iaw and therefore they are woorthily called by the Graecians Marootatous that is daungerous-biting-teeth for as in swine the vnderteeth stand out aboue the vpper and in Elephants and Moldes the vpper hang ouer the neather for which cause they are called Hyperphereis The tong is no greater then the space or hollowe in the neather chap and they haue in a manner as little voice as sight and yet I marueile how the prouerbe came of Loquax Talpa a pratling mould in a popular reproach against woordy and talkatiue persons which Ammianus saith was first of all applyed to one Iulianus Capella after hee had so behaued himselfe that he had lost the good opinion of all men The necke seemeth to bee nothing it is so short standing equall with the forlegges The lights are nothing else but distinguished and seperated Fibres and hang not togither vpon any common root or beginning and they are placed or seated with the hart which they enclose much lower toward the belly then in any other beast Their gal is yellowish their feet like a beares and short legges wherefore they moue and runne but slowly their fingers or toes wherewithall they digge the earth are armed with sharp nailes and when she feeleth any harme vpon her backe presently she turneth vpwarde and defendeth her selfe with her snowt and
that Mice which liue in a house if they perceiue by the age of it Presages and for knoledge of mice it be ready to fall downe or subiect to any other ruin they foreknow it and depart out of it as may appeare by this notable story which happened in a towne called Helice in Greece wherein the inhabitantes committed this abominable acte against their neighbours the Greekes For they slew them and sacrificed them vpon their altars Whereupon followed the ruin of the citty which was premonstrated by this prodigious euent For 5. daies before the destruction thereof all the Mice Weasels and Serpentes and other reptile creatures went out of the same in the presence of the inhabitants euery one assembling to his owne ranke and company where at the people wondered much for they cold not conceiue any true cause of their departure and no maruaile For God which had appointed to take vengance on them for their wickednes did not giue them so much knowledge nor make them so wise as the beasts to auoid his iudgement and their owne destruction and therefore marke what followed For these beasts were no sooner out of the citty but suddenly in the night time came such a lamentable earth-quake and strong tempest that all the houses did not onely fall down and not one of them stood vpright to the slaughter of men women and children contained in them but least any of them should escape the strokes of the timber and house tops God sent also such a great floud of waters by reason of the tempestuous wind which droue the Waters out of the sea vpon the Town that swept them al away leauing no more behind then naked and bare significations of former buildings And not only the citty and Cittizens perished Aelianus but also there was ten ships of the Lacedemonians in their port all drowned at that instant The wisedome of the Mouse apeareth in the prepararion of her house for considering shee hath many enemies Their natural wisdome and therefore many means to be hunted from place to place she commiteth not herselfe to one lodging alone but prouideth many holes so that when she is hunted in one place shee may more safely repose her selfe in another Which thing Plautus expresseth in these wordes Sed tamem cogitato Mus pusillus quam sapiens sit bestia aetatem qui vni cubili nunquam committit suam cum vnum obsidetor aliunde perfugium quaerit that is to say it is good to consider the little mouse how wise a beast she is for she will not commit her life to one lodging but prouideth many harbors that being molested in one place she may haue another refuge to fly vnto And as their wisedome is admirable in this prouision so also is their loue to be commended one to another for falling into a vessell of Water or other deepe thing Their natural loue to one another out of which they cannot ascend againe of themselues they help one another by letting downe their tailes and if their tailes be to short then they lengthen them by this meanes they take one anothers taile in their mouth and so hang two or 3. in length vntill the Mouse which was fallen downe take hold on the neathermost which being performed they al of them draw her out Euen so Wolues holding one another by their tailes do swim ouer great riuers and thus hath nature graunted that to them which is denyed to many men Aelianus Their disposition and their flesh Procâ—pâ—â—s Aristeas namely to loue and to be wise both together But concerning their maners they are euil apt to steale incideous and deceitefull and men also which are of the same disposition with these beasts fearing to do any thing publikely yet priuatly enterprise many deceits are iustly reproued in imitation of such beasts For this cause was it forbidden in gods law vnto the Iewes not only to eat but to touch mice the prophet Esa ch 66 saith Comedentes carnem suillaÌ„ abominationem atque murem simul consumentur inquit Dominus that is they which eat swins flesh abomination the Mous shal be destroyed together saith the Lord wherein the prophet threatneth a curse vnto the people Arnaldus that broke the first law of God in eating flesh forbidden and the Physitians also say that the eating of the flesh of Mice engendereth forgetfulnesse abomination and corruption in the stomacke The eating of bread or other meate which is bitten by Mice doth encrease in men and children a certaine disease in their face huâ—t by mice to the bodies of mankinde and in the flesh at the rootes of the nails of their fingers certaine hard bunches called by the Venetians Spelli and by the Germans Leidspyssen and by the Latins Dentes Muris yet it is affirmed that the flesh of Mice is good for Haukes to be giuen them euery day or euery each other day together with the skin for it helpeth their entrals purgeth fleame and choller restraineth the fluctions of the belly Medicine of Hawkes Demetrius driueth out stones and grauell stayeth the distillation of the head to the eyes and finall corroborateth the stomacke Yet we haue hard that in the kingdome of Calechut they do eate Mice and Fishes roasted in the sun And it is said by some Physitians and Magicians that the flesh is good against melancholy and the paine of the teeth but the medicinall vertues we reserue to his proper place Pliny affirmeth a strange wonder worthy to bee remembred and recorded Eating of Mice that when Hanniball besieged Casselinum there was a man that sold a Mouse for two hundred pieces of quoine so great was the extremity of famine that the man which sold it dyed for hunger and as it should seeme through the want of it but he which bought it liued by eating therof the which thing argueth that necessity hunger and famin maketh men for the safegard of life to make more reckoning in extremity of the basest creaturs then in prosperity they do of the best For that person which gaue so much mony for a Mouse at another time woulde haue scorned to haue giuen so much for foure Oxen. And on the other side the wretched loue of gaine which causeth a man to endanger his owne life for loue of siluer But I rather thinke that it was the hand of God himselfe taking vengance of such a couetous disposition which would not suffer him to liue that like Midas had gotten so much gold Enemies of Mice The enemies of Mice are many not onely men which by sundry artificiall deuises kill them because of harme but also beasts and wilde foule doe eat their flesh and liue vpon them And first of all Cats Weasels do principally hunt to catch Mice and haue bin therefore by the late writers called Murilegi for their taking of Mice And the nature of the Weasell is not onely more enclined to hunt after them
those whose eye-lids are pilled and bald Auicen to make haire to grow again vpon them being spreade or annointed thereuppon The dunge of mice being dryed and beaten into small dust or pouder and put into the teeth of any one which are hollow will presently expell away all paine from them Marcellus and also confirme and make the teeth strong The dust or pouder which proceedeth from mouse-dung is also very good to cure any disease in the fundament of either man or woman The vrine of a mouse is of such strong force that if it shal but touch any part of a mans body it will eate vnto the very bones The bitings of mice are healed by no other means but by greene figes and Garlike being mixed or mingled together and so annoynted thereupon OF THE RAT THere is no doubt that this beast belongeth also to the rank of mice The vulgar Rat or great domesticall Mouse the name thereof we haue shewed already is commoÌ„ both to the French Spanish Italian and English it may seeme to be deriued from the Greeke word Rastes or Heurex or Riscos for the Gretians vse al those words And this beast is 4. times so big as the commoÌ„ Mouse The quantity of Rats their parts being of a blackish dusky colour more whit on the belly hauing along head not much vnlike the head of the Martin short and round eares a resonable rough skin short legs and long clawes exceeding great eies such as caÌ„ see very perfectly in the darke night and more perfectly then by candle light with their nails they climbe vp steepe and hard wals their taile is very long almost naked void of haire by reason whereof it is not vnworthily counted venomous for it seemeth to partake with the nature of Serpents The quantity of their body is much like a weasels sometimes you shall see a Rat exceeding the common stature which the Germans cal Ratzen Kunig the king of Rats because of his larger greater body and they say that the lesser bring him meat and helieth idle But my opinion is that as we read of the Dormous she nourisheth hir parent when she is old so likewile the younger Rats bring food vnto the elder because through their age they are not able to hunt for themselues are also growne to a great and vnweeldy stature of body Sometimes you shal see white Rats as was once seene in Germany taken in the middle of Aprill hauing very red eyes standing forth of their head and a rough and long beard And at Auspurg in Germany about the Temple called the Church of S. Hulduic they abound in greater number then in other places They do not lye in the earth like Mice except in the vally of Ioachim where for the summer time they forsake houses and go into cony holes but in the winter time they returne to the houses againe They are more noysome then the little Mouse for they liue by stelth and feed vpon the same meat that they feede vpon and therefore as they exceede in quantity so they deuoure more and doe farre more harme They are killed by the same poysons and meates that the common Mice are killed except wolfe-baine for if they eate thereof they vomit it vp againe and are safe They are also taken in the same traps but 3. or foure times so big Their flesh is farre more hot and sharp then the flesh of the vulgar Mouse as we haue gathered by the dissection of it and therefore in operation it is very like that it expelleth and dryeth more then the other Medicins by Rats Poyson of Rats The excrements are also of the same vertue and with the dung of Rats the Physitians cure the falling off of the haire And it is saide also that when they rage in lust and follow their copulation they are more venemous and dangerous then at other times For if the vrine do fall vpon the bare place of a man it maketh the flesh rot vnto the bones neither will it suffer any scar to bee made vppon the vlcer and thus much of the vulgar Rat. OF THE WATER RAT SEeing there are two kinds of Rats one of the earth called Rattus terrestris Names of Water-Rats and the other of the water called Rattus Fluuiatilis of which we are now to entreat being also called of the Latins Mus aquaticus by the Germans Twassermaus and Wafferrat by the Italians Sorgomogange Meate of Water-Rats by the French Rat d eau This beast hunteth fishes in the winter and haue certaine caues in the water sides and bankes of the riuers or ponds For which occasion it being seene in the waters deceiueth their expectation which looke for the returne of it to the land And this beast hath beene forgotten by the ancients for they haue left of it no discription nor story because it liueth partly in the water and partly on the land and therfore he said true that spake of the habitation and place of aboade of this beast in this sort Ego non in fluuijs Places of water rats abod nec alijs aquis magnis sed paruis tantum riuis atque herbosis omnium â—ipis hoc animal frequentissimum versari audio That is to say That this beast doth not keepe in great waters or riuers but in small and little currents and pondes where aboundance of grasse and other weedes doe grow on the sides and bankes Pliny attributeth that to the warer-rat A wonder in the parts of a female Rat which is proper to the Tortise for indeed there is some similitude of natures betwixt these beasts with this exception that the females in this kind haue three visible passages for their excrements one for their vrine another for the dung and the third for the young ones that is a peculiare place for the littering of their young ones and this water-rat ouer and beside her common nature with other Rats doth swim ouer riuers and feed vpon herbs and if at any time she be hunted from her natiue biding accustomed lodging then also she goeth among vulgar common Rats and mice and feedeth vpon such as they eate and Bellonius saith that there are great store of these in Nilus and Strymâ—n and that in calme nights when there are no winds they walke to the shores get vp vpon the bankes eating and gnawing such plants as grow neare the waters and if they heare any noise they suddenly leape into the Waters againe He expresseth also the figure of this Rat which we haue omitted because it resembleth in all partes the common Rat excepting the snout or beake which is rounder blunter Among some of the ancients also there is mention made of this beast and no more Therfore Aristotle saith in the Arcadian Lusae which is a city so called as Stephanus writeth where Malampus did wash the daughters of Proetus and deliuered them from their madnesse There is
Also Hippocrates prescribeth this medicine following for a remedy or purgation to the belly Plinie first make a perfume of Barly steeped in oyle vpon some coles and then seeth some mutton or sheeps flesh very much and with decoction of Barley set it abroade all day and night and afterwaâ—d seeth it againe and eat or sup it vp warm and then the next day with hony Frankincense and Parsely all beaaen and mingled togither make a suppository and with wooll â—ut it vp vnder the party and it shall ease the distresse The same flesh burned and mixâ—â— in water by washing cureth all the maladies or diseases arising in the secrets and the â—roath of Mutton Goose or Veale wil help against the poison by biting if it be not drawn â—â—t by cupping glasse nor by horse-leach The sewet of a sheepe melted at the fire and with a linnen cloath annointed vpon a burned place doth greatly ease the paine thereof The liuer with the suet and Nitre causeth the scars of the flesh to become of the same coâ—â—ur that it was before the wound it being mixed with toasted salt scattereth the bunches in the flesh and with the dust of womens haire cureth fellons in the fingers or any parte of the bodies The sewet of sheepe or goats being mingled with the iuice of rennish wine grape and shining horse-flies doeth without all scruple or doubt ease the paine of the 〈…〉 bee annointed theâ—â— upon The fâ—â— of sheepe doeth very easily expel the roughnes of tâ—e â—ailes The â—ewet of sheepe or any other small beast being mixed with the herbe called Melander and pounded with Alum afterward baked together and wrought into the maner of a â—eare-cloath Marcellus doeth verie much ease those which are burned by fire in any parts of their body being wel applied thereto The sewet of a sheepe being also applyed to those which â—â—ancâ—kibes in the heeles or chilbâ—anes in their feet wil presently heale them The sewet of a sheepe mixed with womens haire which is burnt to pouder doeth very effectually cure those which haue their ioynts or articles loose beeing annointed thereupon Pliny The fat of Goats or sheepe moistned with warme water and boiled togither being annointed vppon the eies doth speedily cure all paines spots or blemishes in the same whatsoeuer The fat of a sheepe boiled and drunke with sharpe wine is an excellent remedy against the cough The same medicine is also effectually vsed for the expelling of horses coughes The sewet of a sheep being boiled with sharpe wine doth very speedily cure the obstruction of the small guts bloody flixe and any cough of what continuance soeuer Marcellus The same being in like manner drunke while it is hot is accounted for an excellent remedy against the collicke passion The sewet of a sheepe or of a male-Goat being mingled with the fime or dung of a female goat and Saffron doth very effectually cure those which are troubled with the gowt or swelling of the ioynts being anointed vpon the place so greeued It is alâ—o reported that the outward sewet of sheepe betweene the flesh and the skinne betweene the hinder legges is very wholesome for the curing of sundry paines and diseases dioscorides Sheepes sewet or the fat of any other small beast being gathered from the reynes mixed with salt and the dust of a pumeise stâ—ne being applyed vnto the yard of any man doth very speedily cure all paines Aches or swellings therein The fat of sheepe which is gathered from the caule or cell being mingled with the aforesaid medicines do heale all other paines in the priuy members of man or Woman whatsoeuer The same sewet doeth stay the great excesse of bleeding in the nose being anoynted therevppon Sheepes sewet mixed with Goose greace and certaine other medicines being taken in drinke doth helpe abortments in women The liuer of a Sheepe is accounted an excellent remedy against the shedding of the haire on the eye liddes being rubbed thereuppon The same being also baked or boyled is accounted verye profitable for sheepes eies if it be well rubbed thereon The marrow of sheepe is very good to annoint all aches and swellings whatsoeuer Hippocrates The hornes of sheep or of goats pounded to powder mingled with parched barley which hath bene well shaled and altogither mixed with oile being taken in a certaine perfume doth helpe women of their seconds and restoreth to them their menstruall â—uxes Sheepes hornes burned and beaten in wine vntill they be tempered like a pill the right foot being annointed with the right horne and the left foote with the left will mittigate the sorrow of those which are very sore pained and troubled with the gowt Rasis Rhewmaticke or watry eies being annointed with the braines of sheep are very speedy and effectuaâ—ly cured The braines of the same beast is exceeding profitable for the breeding of young childrens teeth being annointed vppon the gums The lungs or light of small beasts but especiallie of a ram doe restore the true skinne and colour of the flesh in chose whose bodies are full of chops and scarres Plinie The lunges or lights of the same beast concocted vppon the vppermost skinne of anye man and applyed verie hot thereunto doe diminish the blacke or blew places therein which haue bin receeiued by the occasion of any stripes or blowes The lungs of sheepe being new taken out of their bellies and applied while they are hot vnto beaten or bruised places Marcellus doeth quite abolish the signes thereof and in shortspace procure remedy The lungs of sheepe or smal Cattle being roasted and taken by any man before hee drinketh wil resist all kind of drunkennesse The lunges of sheepe taken out of their bellies and bound about the heads of those which are phâ—eâ—sie while they are hot will verie speedily ease them of their trouble The lungs of sheep being hot and bound to the head is acounted very profitable for those which are troubled with the pesteferous disease called the drowsie euill The lungs of sheepe being boild with Hempe seed so that the flesh be eaten and the water wherein it is sod be drunke doth very effectually cure those which are greeued with excoriations in their bellies and the bloody flixe The lunges of sheepe being applyed while they are hot doth heale the gowt The liuer of white sheepe well boiled made moist with water thoroughly beaten and applyed vnto the eye-lids doth purge Rhewmatick eies Hippocrates and cause them to be of a more cleare and ample sight If a woman bearing young shall be puffed vp with winde giue her the liuer of a sheepe or goat beaten into small powder while it is hot being pure and without mixture for foure daies togither to eate and let her drinke onely wine and this will very speedily cure her The gall of a sheepe mingled with hony healeth the Vlcers of the eares and procureth easie hearing The gall of a sheepe mingled with sweet wine
Pliny if it be tempered in the manner of a glister and afterwards rubbed vpon the eare-lappes the vlcers being quite purged will procure a speedy cure and remedy The gall of the same beast dystilled with a womans milke doth also most certainely heale their eares which are broken within and ful of mattery corruption The gall of a sheep being mixed with common oyle or oyle made of Almonds doth also heale the paines of the eares being powred thereinto Cankers or the corusion of the flesh being annointed with the gall of a sheep is very speedily and manifestly cured Albertus the Dandraffe or scurfes of the head being annointed with the gall of a sheep mixed with fullers-earth which is hardned togither while the head burneth are very effectually abolished and driuen quite vway The gal of little cattle but especially of a lamb being mixed with hony is verily commended for the curing of the falling euil The melt of a sheepe new taken out by magical precepts is accounted very good for the curing of the paine in the melte Pliny hee saying which may be healed that he maketh a remedy for the melt After these things the magitians commaund that the greeued party be included in his Doctor or Bed-chamber that the doores be sealed vp and that a verse be spoken thrice nine times The melte of a sheepe being parâ—hed and beaten in wine and afterward taken in drinke doeth resiste al the obstructions or stopping of the smal guts The same being vsed in the like manner is very medicinable for the wringing of the guts The dust of the vppermost of a sheepes thigh doth very commonly heale the loosenes of the ioynts but more effectually if it be mixed with wax Marcellus The same medicine is made by the dust of sheepes iawes a Harts-horne and wax mollified or asswaged by oile of roses The vpper partes of the thighes of sheepe decocted with Hempe-seed doe refresh those which are troubled with the bloody flix the water whereof being taken to drink For the curing of a horsse waxing hot with wearinesse and longitude of the way mingle goats or sheepes sewet with Coriander and old dil the Coriander being new gathred and diligently pounded in the iuice of Barley and so giue it throughly strained for three daies together The huckle-bone of a sheepe being burned and beaten into smal duste is very much vsed for the making of the teeth white and healing al other paines or aches therein The bladder of a goat or sheepe being burned and giuen in a potion to drinke made of Vineger and mingled with water doth very much auaile and helpe those which cannot holde their water in their sleepe Galen The skinnes which commeth from the sheepe at the time of their young doth very much helpe very manye inormities in women as we haue before rehearsed in the medicines arising from goats The milk of sheepe being hot is of force against al poisons except in those which shal drinke a venemous fly called a Wag-legge and Libbards bane Otmell also doeth cure a longe lingering disease a pinte of it being sodden in three cups of water vntill al the water be boiled away but afterwards you must put thereunto a pinte of sheepes milke or Goates and also Honey euery day together Some men do commaund to take one dram of swallowes dung in three cups ful of Goats milke or sheepes milke before the comming of the quartern Ague Goates milk or sheepes milke being taken when it is newly milked from them and gargarized in the mouth Plinie is very effectual against the paines and swellings of the Almondes Take a 〈◊〉 of sheeps milk and a handful of sifted Anni-seeds and let them seeth togither and when it is somwhat cold let it be drunk and it is very good to loosen the belly Medicine being made of Goats milke and sheepes milke and so being drunke is very good for the shortnesse of breath Marcellus A hot burning grauel stone being decocted in sheepes milk and so giuen to one that hath the bloody flixe is very profitable to him Goats milke or sheeps milke giuen alone luke warme Furnerius Crescontien or sodden with Butter is very profitable to those that are brought very weak with the passions of the stone and fretting of the guts To wash ones face with sheepes milke and goats milke is very good to make it faire and smooth Euenings milk of sheep that is the last milke that they giue that day is very good to loosen the belly and to purge chollor Pliny The haires of the head of a Dog burned into ashes or the gut of the priuy place sodden in oyle is a very good and soueraign remedy for the loosenesse of the flesh about the nails and for swelling of flesh ouer them being anointed with butter made of sheepes milke and hony An oyle sodden in hony and butter made of sheepes milke and honey melted therein is very profitable to cure Vlcers Old Cheese made of sheepes milke is very good to strengthen those which haue bin troubled and made weake with the bloody flix Againe old Cheese made of sheepes milke taken in meate or scraped vppon it and being drunke with wine doth ease the passion of the stone There was a certaine physitian being skilful in making medicines dwelling in Asia by Hellespont Marcellus which did vse the dung of a sheepe washed and made cleane in Vineger for to take away warts and knots rising on the flesh like warts and kernels and hard swellings in the flesh Also hee did bring Vlcers to sicatrising with that medicine which were blasted or scaulded round about but he did mingle it with an emplaister made of wax rosin and pitch dioscorides The dung of sheepe also doeth cure pushes rising in the night and burnings or scauldings with fire being smeared ouer with Vineger without the commixture of any other things The dung of sheepe being mixed with hony doeth take away smal bumpes rising in the flesh and also doth diminish proud flesh and also it 〈◊〉 cure a disease called an emmot Pliny as Rasis and Albertus say The dung that is new come from the sheepe being firste worked in thy hands and applyed after the manner of an emplaister doth eat away many great warts growing in any part of thy body The dung of a sheepe being aplyed to thy feete Vegetius doth consume or wast away the hard flesh that groweth thereon Sheeps dung doth also cure al kind of swellings that are ready to go into carbuncles It is also good being sodden in oyle and applied after the maner of an emplaister for all new wounds made with a sword as Galen saith Aut si conclusum seruauit tibia vulnus Pliny Stercus ouis placidae iunges adipesque vetustos Pandere quae poterunt hulcus patuloque mederi The dung of sheepe and Oxen being burned to powder and smeared with Viniger is very good against the bitings and
Achilles but the famous and notorious among all was Lycaon the king of Arcadia the son of Titan and the earth whose Daughter Calisto was deflowered by Iupiter and by Iuno turned into a beare whom afterwards Iupiter pittying placed for a sign in heauen and of whom Virgil made this verse Pleiadas Hyadas claramque Lycaonis arcton Ther was another Lycaon the son of Pelasgus which built the Citty Lycosura in the Mountaine Lycaeus this man called Iupiter Lycaeus On a time he sacrificed an infant vpon his altar after which sacrifice he was presently turned into a wolfe Ther was another Lycaon after him who did likewise sacrifice another child and it was said that he remained ten years a wolfe afterwards becam a man again wherof the reason was giuen that during the time he remained a beast he neuer tasted of mans flesh but if he had tasted therof he shold haue remained a beast for euer I might adde hereunto Lychophron Lycastus Lycimnius Lysinus Lychomedes Lycurgus Lycus and of womens names Lyca Lyce Lycaste Lycoris Lycias and many such others besides the names of people as Irpini of Mountaines places as Lycabetus Lyceus Lycerna Lycaonia Lycaspus Lyceum Aristotles schoole Of flouds and Riuers as Lycus Lycormas Of plants as wolfe bane Lupum salictarium lupinus Lycantheum Lycophrix Lycophone Lycopsis Lycoscytalion and many such others whereof I haue onely desired to giue the Reader a tast following the same Method that we haue obserued in other beasts And thus much shall suffice to haue spoken of the names of this beast Contries breeding wolues The countries breeding wolues are for the most part these that follow The inhabitants of Creet were wont to say that there was neither wolues Beares nor Vipers cold be bred in their Island because Iupiter was borne there yet there is in a city called Lycastus so named for the multitude of wolues that were abiding therein It is likewise affirmed of Sardinia and Olimpus a Mountaine of Macedonia that there come no Wolues in them The wolues of Egypt are lesser then the wolues of Greece for they exceede not the quantity of Foxes Affrica likewise breedeth small wolues they abound in Arabia in Sweuia Rhaetia Athesis and the earldome of Tirol in Muscouia especially that part that bordereth vppon Lithuania The wolues of Scanzia by reason of extremity of cold in those parts are blind loose their eies there are no wolues bred in Lumbardy beyond the Alpes if any chance to come into that countrey presently they ring their bels and arme themselues against them neuer giuing ouer till they haue killed him or droue him out of the countrey In Norway there are 3. kind of wolues and in Scandinauia the wolues fight with Elkes It is reported that ther are wolues in Italy who when they looke vpon a man cause him to be silent that hee cannot speake The French-men call those Wolues which haue eaten of the flesh of men Eucharnes Among the Crotoniatae in Meotis diuers other parts of the world wolues do abound there are some few in France but none at al in England except such as are kept in the Tower of London to be seene by the Prince and people brought out of other countries where there fell out a rare accident namely a mastiue dog was limed to ashe wolfe and she thereby conceiued and brought forth sixe or seuen young Whelpes which was in the yeare of our Lord 1605. or there abouts There are diuers kinds of wolues in the world The seuerall kinds of wolues whereof Oppianus in his admonition to sheapheards maketh mention of fiue the first is a swift wolfe and runneth fast called therefore Toxeuter that is Sagitarius a shooter The second kind are called Harpages and these are the greatest raueners to vvhom our sauiour Christ in the gospell compareth false prophets when he saith Take heed of false prophets which come vnto you in sheeps clothing but are inwardly Lycoy harpages rauening wolues and these excel in this kind The third kind is cald Lupus aureus a golden wolfe by reason of his colour then they make mention of two other kinds called Acmonae and one of them peculiarly Ictinus The first vvhich is svvift hath a greater head then other vvolues and likewise greater legs fitted to run white spots on the belly round members his colour betwixt red yellovv is very bold howleth fearefully hauing firy-flaming eies and continually wagging his head Oppiâ—â—us The second kind hath a greater and larger body then this being swifter then all other betimes in the morning he being hungry goeth abroad to hunt his prey the sides and taile are of a siluer colour he inhabiteth the Mountaines except in the winter time wherein he defendeth to the gates of Citties or Townes and boldly without feare killeth both Goates and sheepe yet by stealth and secretly The third kind inhabiteth the white Rocks of Taurus and Sylicia or the tops of the hill Amanus and such other sharp and inaccessible places being worthily for beauty preferred before the others because of his Golden resplendant haires and therefore my Author saith Non lupus sed lupo praestantior fera That he is not a wolfe but some wilde Beast excelling a wolfe He is exceeding strong especially being able with his mouth and teeth to bite asunder not only stones but Brasse and Iron He feareth the Dog star and heate of summer reioycing more in cold then in warme weather therfore in the Dog daies he hideth himselfe in some pit or gaping of the earth vntill that sunny heat be abated The fourth and fift kinds are cald by one common name Acmone now Acmon signifieth an Egle or else an Instrument with a short neck it may be that these are so called in resemblance of the rauening Eagle or else because their bodies are like to that instrument for they haue short necks broad shoulders rough Legs and feet and small snouts and little eies herein they differ one kind from the other because that one of them hath a backe of a siluer colour and a white belly and the lower part of the feet blacke and this is Ictinus canus a gray Kite-wolfe the other is black hauing a lesser body his haire standing continually vpright and liueth by hunting of Hares Now generally al Authors do make some two some 3. some 4. and some fiue kinds of Wolues all which is needlesse for me to prosecute and therefore I will content my selfe with the only naming of such differences as are obserued in them and already expressed except the Thoes and the sea-wolfe of whom there shal be somthing said particularly in the end of this History Olaus Magnus writeth in his History of the Northerne regions that in the Mountaines cald Doffrini which doe deuide the kingdoms of Swetia and Norway there are great flockes or heardes of wolues of white colour whereof some wander in the Mountaines and some in the vallies They feed vpon little small and
generation And if the wound be ouermuch giuen to bleede lay vpon it ashes with the spume of siluer which is apt to stanch bloud in all green wounds and that day let him not drinke and eate but a very little meate Pallaâ—tus souon Collâ—mella for three daies after giue him greene tops or grasse soft and easie to chewe and at the third daies end annoynt the wound with liquid pitch ashes and a little oyle which will sooner cure the scar and keepe the flies from stinging or harming it If at any time a cow cast her calfe you may put vnto her another calfe that hath not sucke ynough from his owne Damme and they vse in some countries to giue their calues Wheate-branne and barley-meale and tender meate Varro especially regarding that they drinke morning and euening Let them not lye together in the night with their Danime but asunder vntill their sucking time and then immediately separate them againe vnlesse the cow be well fed when the calfe sucketh Food for Calues hir ordinary foode will yeald no great trybute of Milke and for this cause you must beginne to giue the calfe greene meate betimes Afterward being weaned you may suffer those young ones to feed with their Dams in the Autumne which were calued in the spring Then in the next place you must regard the taming of the beast being ready for labour which is expressed in the former treatise of an Oxe Sacrifices of Calues The auncients called Victoria by the name of the Goddesse Vitula bycause they sacrificed vnto hir calues which was termed a Vitulation and this was vsuall for victory and plenty as is to bee seene at large in Giraldus Macrobius Nonius Ouid and Virgill but the heathens had this knowledge that their Gods would not accept at their hands a lame calfe for a sacrifice Pliny Coelius although it were broght to the altar and if the taile of the calfe did not touch the ioyntes of his hinder legs they did not receiue him for sacrifice And it is said of Aemilius Paulus when he was to goe against the Macedonians hee sacrificed to the Moone in her declination eleuen calfes Iosephus A wonder It is very strange that a calfe being ready to be sacrificed at the Temple of Ierusalem brought forth a Lambe which was one foreshewing signe of Ierusalems destruction But Aristole declareth that in his time there was a calfe that had the head of a child Monsters of calues and in Luceria a Towne of Heluetia was there a calfe which in his hinder parts was a Hart. Nioivillagag When Charles the fifth went with his Armye into Affrique and ariued at Larghera a Noble citty of Sardinia there happened an exceeding great wonder for an Oxe â—rought forth a calfe with two heades and the Woman that did owe the Oxe presented the calfe to the Emperor and since that time I haue seene the picture of a more strange beast calued at Bonna in the Bishopricke of Colen which had two heades one of them in the side not bigger then a Hares head and two bodies ioyned together whereof the hinder partes were smooth and bald but the taile blacke and hayrie it had also seauen feete whereof one had three hoofes this Monster liued a little while and was brought forth in An 1552. the 16. day of May to the wonder and admiration of all them who either knew the truth or had seene the picture Butchers are wont to buy calues for to kill and sell their flesh for in all creatures the flesh of the young ones are much better then the elder The flesh of calues because they are moyst and soft and therefore wil digest and concocte more easie and for this cause Kids Lambes and Calues are not out of season in any time of the yeare and are good from fifteene daies to two monthes old being ornaments to the Tables of great Noble men which caused Fiera to make this Distichon Assiduos habeant vitulum tua prandia in vsus cui madida sapida iuncta tepore caro est And principally the Germanes vse the chawtherne the head and the feete for the beginning of their meales and the other parts either roasted or baked and sometime sod in broath and then buttered spiced and sauced and eaten with Onyons Pliny Of the medicines The Medicines arising from this beast are the same that come from other his fires before spoken off and especially the flesh of a calfe doeth keepe the flesh of a new wound if it be applyed thereunto from swelling and being sodden it is precious against the bitings of a mans teeth and when a mad Dogge hath bitten a man or a beast they vse to pare the wound to the quicke and hauing sodden veale mingled with the sewet and heele they lay some to the wound Marcellus and make the patient drinke of the broath and the same broath is Soueraigne against all the bitings of Serpentes The hornes of a Calfe sodde soft are good against all intoxicate poyson and especially Hemlock The poulder of a Calues thigh drunke in Womans Milke cureth all filthy running vlcers Pliny and out of the braine of a calfe they make an oyntment to loosen the hardnesse of the belly Nicander The marrow softneth all the ioyntes driueth away the bunches arising in the body hauing an operation to soften fill dry and heate Take Oyle Waxe rust and the marrow of a Calfe against all bounches in the face and calues marrow with an equll quantity of whay Rasis Oyle Rose-cake and an Egge do soften the hardnesse of the cheekes and eye-lids Marcellus being laied to for a playster and the same mixed with Cumin and infused into the eares healeth the paines of them and also easeth the vlcers in the mouth The marrow with the sewet composed together cureth all vlcers and corruptions in the secrets of Men and Women The fat pounded with salt cureth the louzye euill Pliny and likewise the vlcerous sores in the head The same mixed with the fat of a Goose Marcellus and the iuyce of Basill or wild Cumyn and infused into the eares helpeth deafenesse and paines thereof The fat taken out of the thigh of a Calfe and sod in three porringers of water and supped vp is good for them that haue the flux and the dung of a calfe fryed in a pan layed to the buttocks and secrets doth wonderfully cure the bloody flixe Leonellus also layed to the raines prouoketh vrine and sod with rue cureth all the inflamations in the seate of a man or woman The sewet of a calfe with nitre aswageth the swelling of the cods pliny being applied to them like a plaister and the sewet alone doth cure the pieling of the Nayles The liuer with sage leaues cut together and pressed to a liquor being drunke easeth the paine in the small of the belly The gall mingled with poulder of a Harts horne and the
seede of Marioram cureth Leprosies and scurfes and the gall alone annoynted vpon the head driueth away nittes The melt of a calfe is good for the melt of a man and for vlcers in the mouth and glew made of his stones as thicke as hony and annoynted vpon the leprous place cureth the same if it be suffered to dry thereupon With the dung of calues they perfume the places which are hurt with Scorpions and the ashes of this dunge with vineger stayeth bleeding Marcellus magnifieth it aboue measure for the cure of the gout to take the fime of a calfe which neuer eate grasse mixed with lees of vineger and also for the deafenesse of the eares when there is paine with al take the vrine of a Bul Goate or calfe and one third part of vineger well sod together with the herbe Fullonia then put it into a flagon with a small mouth and let the necke of the patient be perfumed therewith Of the supposed Beast CACVS THere be some of the late writers which take the cacus spoken of by Virgill in his eight book of Aeneids to be a wilde Beast which Virgill describeth in these words Hic spelunca fuit vaslo submota recessu Solis inaccensam radijs semporque recenti Ora virum tristi pendebant pallida tabo Ore vomens ignes magna se mole ferebat nequeunt expleri corda tuendo Pectori semiferi atque extinctus faucibus ignes Semihominis caci facies quam dira tegebat caede tepebat humus foribusque affixa superbis Huic monstro-vulcanus erat pater c. That is cacus was halfe a beast and halfe a man who had a caue in the earth against the Sunne his Denne replenished with the heades of men and hee himselfe breathing out fire so that the earth was warmed with the slaughter of men slaine by him whose slaughter he fastened vpon his owne doores being supposed to be the sonne of Vulcan And there be some that affirme this Cacus to haue wasted and depopulated all Italy and at length when Hercules had slaine Geryon as he came out of Spaine thorough Italy with the Oxen which he had taken from Geryon Cacus drew diuers of them into his Caue by their tailes but when Hercules missed daily some of his Cattell and knewe not which way they strayed at last he came to the Denne of Cacus and seeing all the steppes stand forward by reason the Cattell were drawne in backeward he departed and going away he heard the loughing of the Oxen for their fellowes whereby he discouered the fraud of Cacus whereuppon he presently ranne and tooke his club the monster being within his Caue closed vp the mouth thereof with a wonderfull great stone and so hid himselfe for feare but Hercules went to the toppe of the Mountaine and there digging downe the same vntill he opened the Caue then leaped in suddenly and slew the Monster and recouered his Oxen. But the truth is this forged Cacus was a wicked seruant of Euander which vsed great robbery in the Mountaines and by reason of his euill life was called cacus for Caâ—os in Greeke signifieth euill He was said to breath forth fire because he burned vp their corne growing in the fields and at last was betrayed of his owne sister for which cause she was deified and the Virgins of Vesta made Sacrifice to her and therefore it shall be ydle to prosecute this fable any farther as Albertus Magnus doth it being like the fable of Alcida which the Poets faine was a bird of the earth and being inuincible burned vp al Phrygia and at last was slaine by Minerua OF THE CAMELL ALthough there be diuers sorts of Camels according to the seuerall Countryes yet is the name not much varied but taken in the generall sence for the denomination of euery particular Of the name The Haebrewes call it Gamal the Chaldaeans Gamela and Gamele The Arabians Gemal Gemel Aâ—â—egeb Algiazar The Persians Schetor the Saracens Shymel the Turkes call a company of Camels trauailing together Corauana The Italians and Spaniardes cal a Camell Camello the French chameau the Germanes Ramelthier all deriued of the Latine Camelus and the Greeke camelos The Illyrians artemidorvs The Etymologie of the word Horus call it Vuelblud and the reason of the name camelos in Greeke is because his burden or load is layed vpon him kneeling or lying deriued as it may seeme of camptein Merous the bending of his knees and slownesse of pace wherefore a man of a slow pace was among the Egyptians deciphered by a camell For that cause there is a Towne in Siâ—â— called Gangamela that is the house of a camell erected by Darius the Sonne of Histaspiâ— allowing a certaine prouision of food therein for wearied and tyred camels The epithites giuen to this beast are not many among Authors for he is tearmed by them rough deformed and thirsting as Iuuenall Deformis poterunt immania membra camell And Persius in his fifth Satyre saith Tolle recens primus piper è sitiente camelo There are of them diuers kindes according to their countries wherein they breed as in India The kinds of Camels in Arabia and in Bactria All those which are in India are saide by Didimus to be bred in the Mountaines of the Bactrians and haue two bunches on their backe and one other on their breast whereupon they leane they haue somtimes a Bore for theyr fyre which feedeth with the flocks of she-camels for as Mules and Horsses will couple together in copulation so also will Bores and camels and that a camell is so ingendred sometimes The generation of Bactrian Camels the roughnes of his haire like a Boares or Swines and the strength of his body are sufficient euidences and these are worthily called Bactrians because they were first of all conceiued among them hauing two bunches on their backes whereas the Arabian hath but one The colour of this camell is for the most part browne or puke yet there are heards of white ones in India The head and necke of this beast is different in proportion from all others yet the Ethyopians haue a beast called Nabim which in his neck resembleth a Horse and in his hed a Camell They haue not teeth on both sides although they want hornes I meane both the Arabian and Bactrian Camell whereof Aristotle disputeth the reason in the thirde Booke of the partes of creatures and fourteenth chapter Their necks are long and nimble whereby the whole body is much relieued and in their necke toward the neather part of their throte there is a place called Anhar wherein a Camell dooth by speare or sword most easily receiue his mortall or deadly wound Siluaticus His belly is variable now great now small like an Oxes his gall is not distinguished within him like other beasts but onely carried in great veynes and therefore some haue thought he had none and assigned that as a cause of his long life Betwixt his thighes he